A very good evening aspirants, I welcome you all to the daily hindi newspaper analysis brought you by Shankar A.S academy for the date of 10th July 2023. Displayed here are the list of articles that we are going to discuss today. Now without wasting any time let us get into our discussion. Take a look at this news article. Yesterday the South African president Cyril Ramposa said that the Russian president Vladimir Putin has been invited to attend BRIC summit which is going to be held in South Africa next month. Mr. Putin has been invited to South Africa despite an arrest warrant issued on him by the international criminal court. See South Africa is a member of international criminal court so it would be expected that the South Africa will arrest Putin if he sets foot in the country. This is all about the news. In this discussion we will understand about the international criminal court. The international criminal court was established in 2002 based on the provisions of roman statute. Basically the ICC is an international tribunal which has jurisdiction to prosecute the guilt person for committing the most serious crimes of international concern. The jurisdiction and functioning of the ICC shall be governed by the provisions of roman statute. The ICC has its headquarters in the Hague, Netherlands. The idea for the establishment of an international tribunal was first mooted during the First World War. Subsequently many discussions and actions have been taken place to establish ICC. Finally on December 2000 the UN General Assembly voted to endorse the ICC. And following the ratification of 16 nations the international criminal court was formally established in 1st July 2002. Now talking about the jurisdiction of international criminal court the jurisdiction of the ICC shall be limited to the most serious crimes that affects the international community as a whole. The crimes include the crime of genocide, crime against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression. Now talking about the members currently there are 123 countries that are party to roman statute. These countries in turn are members to the ICC as well. The map of the member countries is displayed here you can go through it. Some 40 countries never signed the treaty including China, India, Indonesia, Iraq, North Korea, Saudi Arabia and Turkey. And several others signed the statute but not ratified it. They include Egypt, Iran, Israel, Russia, Sudan, Syria and the United States. Now talking about the composition of ICC it has 18 judges and they are elected by the member states of the ICC. While electing judges the member state should maintain a gender balanced bench and the judges should be elected from a different member country. Also the judiciary must include representative of each United Nations five regions. In addition to this international criminal court also has the president and two vice presidents. They are elected from among the judges. The main role of the president and the vice presidents is to handle the administration of the court. Now how this ICC functions? ICC carries out its investigative work through the office of prosecutor. The court can open an investigation into possible crimes in any one of the following Firstly when a member country refers a situation within its own territory to the court. Secondly when UN Security Council refers a situation and finally the prosecutor can launch an investigation into a member state on one's own initiative. Based on these three ways the ICC can open an investigation. Apart from this the court can investigate individuals from non-number states if the alleged offenses took place in a member state's territory. This can be done only if the non-number states accepts the court's jurisdiction or with the Security Council's authorization. Now finally let us look into the funding pattern. The majority of the funding of ICC comes from the member states. The contributions are determined by the same method as done by the United Nations. The funding roughly corresponds to the size of each member's economy. Apart from this UN General Assembly can approve additional funding for cases referred to the court by UN Security Council. In addition to this some governments and transnational organizations also offer voluntary contributions. That's all regarding this topic now let us move on to our next article. Take a look at this science page article as the title itself means this news article talks about the Global Tropical Primary Forest Cover. See according to the new research done by the World Resources Institute tropical area has lost 4.1 million hectares of forest cover in 2022 alone. The name of the research is Global Forest Watch and the land lost is actually equivalent to losing an area of 11 football fields per minute. This forest loss produced by 2.7 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions which is around the same as India's annual emissions due to the combustion of fossil fuels. This is about the news article given here. In this context let us quickly go through what are this primary forest why they are lost and what can be done to address this issue. Before that the syllabus. So what are the primary forest? See primary forest are nothing but a mature natural forest that have remained undisturbed in recent history. They usually store more carbon than other forests and are rich resources of biodiversity. Primary forest loss is almost irreversible in nature meaning if the green cover regrows still it will be a secondary forest it cannot match the extent of biodiversity and carbon sequestering capabilities of a primary forest. That is why primary forests are irreversible in nature and that is also the reason for why we should not destroy them. Primary forest account for roughly 50% of all forest in tropics. Brazil, the democratic republic of Congo and Indonesia have the most primary forest in absolute terms whereas the territory of France, Guiana, Gabon and Suriname have the largest proportion of their total land area covered by primary forest. Primary forest have not been mapped comprehensively outside the tropics. In this map you can see the extent of primary forest. See the rate of loss of this primary forest has continued to increase in recent years. As the population of the country grows there is more demand for food which in turn leading to an expansion of area and agriculture and encroachment of land hosting primary forest. Primary forest are burned for short term cultivation and then left fallow for regeneration of soil nutrients. This type of cultivation is called shifting agriculture and it is very common in areas near tropical forest. However increased demand for food has shortened the fallow periods. This is currently destroying more forest. This is the major challenge faced by the primary forest. Secondly forest loss in the Amazon basin not only affects the carbon but also regional rainfall. If the deforestation continues at the current rate it may eventually lead to a tipping point that if cross could convert most of the ecosystem into a savanna. This is a major concern apart from deforestation, illegal logging, fragmentation, climate change, invasive species, infrastructure development and lack of protection and governance are some of the important challenges faced by the primary forest. Now let us quickly go through the finding of the report and what can be done to reverse the consequences. See the World Resources Institute measures progress on the forest related commitments using two goals. First one is ending deforestation by 2030 and the second one is restoring 350 million hectares of lost and degraded forest by 2030. The primary forest cover loss in tropical areas in 2022 was 10 percent more than in 2021. This means that the world off track to meet the 2030 goal and we need to reduce the global deforestation by at least 10 percent every year to meet the 2030 target. And to meet the target of restoring 350 million hectares of forest globally by 2030 the world need to increase tree cover by 22 million hectare per year between 2021 and 2030. Despite registering some gains, the overall change in tree cover in the past 20 years was a net loss of 100 million hectares. This means that we are still losing forests and not restoring them at required rate. For example, Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo with the most tropical forest cover has registered losses of this resource in 2022. Ghana and Bolivia also rapidly losing their primary forest cover. On the other hand, Indonesia and Malaysia managed to keep their primary forest cover loss to record low levels in 2022. Coming to India's specific findings, according to Global Forest Watch, India lost 43.9 thousand hectares of humid primary forest between 2021 and 2022, which accounts for 17 percent of country's total tree cover loss in the period. The total tree cover loss in India between 2021 and 2022 was 25,000 hectares. In conclusion, addressing all these challenges, a combination of conservation efforts, sustainable land use practices, improved governance and international cooperation to protect and restore primary forest. This will ensure their long-term ecological, social and economic benefits. That's all regarding this topic. Now let us move on to our next article. Look at this news article. It basically discusses the current state of world trade organizations dispute settlement system that is DSS and the challenges it faces, particularly due to United States opposition. In this discussion, we will try to understand the points provided in the article in detail. Before that, the syllabus. Before getting into the article, it's important for you to understand some basics about the WTO and its dispute settlement system. See the World Trade Organization is an intergovernmental organization that was established in 1995. It was established to regulate and facilitate international trade among its member countries. It serves as a platform for negotiating trade agreements, resolving disputes and promoting global economic cooperation. Now talking about the dispute settlement system of WTO, see the DSS is an important pillar of WTO. It ensures the effective enforcement of trade rules. So basically the dispute settlement system is designed to provide a fair and impartial mechanism for resolving trade disputes among member countries. It aims to ensure that trade rules and agreements are followed and that countries do not engage in unfair trade practices. Know that dispute settlement system operates in two-tired structure. Listen this carefully. This will be the basis of the discussion later on. See the first day consists of panels. These panels are composed of trade experts. They hear the initial arguments and the evidence presented by the disputing parties. The panel examines the case, evaluates the argument and issues the ruling on the matter. Now if either party is dissatisfied with the panel's ruling, they can appeal to the second tier known as appellate body. The appellate body is composed of seven members. These members review the legal aspects of the panel decision and determine whether it is consistent with WTO rules and principles. So the appellate body ensures that the dispute settlement process is transparent, objective and fair. Now with this understanding, let us see what the article says. See in June 2022, the member countries of WTO reached an important agreement at Geneva Ministerial Conference. This agreement aimed to restore WTO's dispute settlement system by 2024. This is because since 2019, the dispute settlement system remained paralyzed and non-functional. This is because the United States has blocked the appointment of members to the appellate body. We just saw that the appellate body is the second tier of dispute settlement system that is responsible for hearing appeals from WTO panels. The appellate body has played a significant role in upholding international law. It has even held powerful countries accountable for breaching trade agreements. However, in recent times the United States has turned into a strongest critic of this body. The US accuses the appellate body of the judicial overreach and exceeding its mandate. One major point of contention is the creation of binding precedents through its decisions. Now what does this mean? Let me explain. See if the WTO's appellate body makes a decision in a trade dispute case, that decision becomes a rule or standard. This standard will be followed in similar future cases. It is like setting an example for how similar situation should be handled in future. For example, consider the appellate decision body decides a certain trade practices against WTO rules and should be prohibited. Now this decision becomes a president. It means that in future cases, when a similar trade practice is challenged, the appellate body is expected to apply the same ruling based on the earlier decision. But take the dispute settlement understanding of WTO. It explicitly states in article 3.2 that rulings of the appellate body should not add or diminish the rights and obligations of member countries. This provision reflects the principle that there is no rule of stair basis or president in international law. Despite this explicit provision, the appellate body has been accused of creating binding precedents through its decision. So the United States argues that the creation of binding precedent by the appellate body goes against the WTO's dispute settlement understanding. Now what is the argument of the appellate body? See the appellate body of the WTO has said that it is possible to make exceptions or changes to the previous rulings. If there are good and convincing reasons the appellate body can make changes. For instance, yesterday you called a cat as a cat, today again it is a cat only.  So the appellate body argues that only if sufficient reasons are there, changes can be made. But the problem is that people still think that the appellate body has created a system of binding precedent. A system where its previous decision are seen as important rules to be followed in future cases. Now if you see other international courts such as the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for Law of the Sea, they also follow past decisions. They deviate from the previous ruling only if there are valid reasons to do so. The appellate body has given an explanation but the US is still not convinced. So what is the intention of the US? The author explains it here. He says that the larger goal of the United States seems to be dejudicization of trade multilateralism. In other words, the US wants to decrease the role of courts in making decisions about trade rules and disputes. So basically the United States seeks to weaken the international courts and regain the decision making power over its trade policies. This is particularly in light of emerging challenges posed by a rise in China. The author says this because the United States has not provided any constructive suggestions in that regard. Here we should also note that dispute settlement understanding of WTO recognize that the dispute settlement is crucial for providing security and predictability to the multilateral trading system. Therefore the appellate body should aim to strike a balance. It should ensure consistency in the interpretation but should not create binding precedence. One option proposed by Henry Gavo is for countries to elect appellate body members through voting at WTO's general council meeting. According to the author, this approach is likely to further provoke the United States. It also remains uncertain whether the countries are willing to take this path. These are the important points from the article. So in this discussion we have seen about the WTO, about its dispute settlement system and about the objection of US regarding this dispute settlement system and finally the important points provided in this article are discussed. That is all regarding this article. Now let us move on to our next topic. Look at this article. It talks about LMV3 rocket. See Israel is set to launch its Chandra N3 mission on July 14 using the powerful LMV3 that is Launch Vehicle Mach 3. LMV3 is early known as GSLV Mach 3. In this context let us learn about LMV3. First let us begin by exploring the key specifications of the LMV3. It stands at a height of 43.5 meters with a diameter of 4 meters. It consists of three stages. Its lift of mass is 640 tons which demonstrate its remarkable power and capacity. Now let us talk about the three stages of LMV3. See the first stage consists of two solid rocket boosters known as S200. These boosters play a crucial role in lifting the rocket off the ground and provide an enormous amount of initial thrust. Moving on to the second stage we have the liquid core stage called L110. This stage operates using two WCAG engines. We know WCAG engines are liquid engines developed by ISRO. These engines burn a combination of UDMH that is unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and H2O as fuel. So it generates the necessary thrust to propel the rocket further into space. Lastly we have the third stage known as the cryogenic upper stage or C25. This stage is powered by a cryogenic engine called CE20. This is the largest cryogenic engine developed by ISRO. Cryogenic engines operate by combining liquefied hydrogen with liquefied oxygen as propellants. In terms of payload capacity the LMV3 can carry satellites weighing up to 4000 kilograms to geosynchronous transfer orbit that is GTO. This orbit is commonly used for communication satellites. Additionally it has the capability to transport payloads weighing up to 8000 kilograms to low earth orbit. That's all regarding this topic. Now let us move on to our next article. Take a look at this news article. As we all know currently violence is going on between two groups in the state of Manipur. The police and armed forces are struggling hard to curb the violence. Recently the armed sources said that operating without legal cover provided by the armed forces special power act that is AFSPA is a major limitation that security forces are facing in Manipur. Last March the union government had removed the AFSPA in certain areas of Manipur. So the armed forces are saying that removal of AFSPA in certain areas acts as a hindrance to curb the violence in Manipur. This is all about the news. In the discussion we will understand some points about the armed forces special powers act. The armed forces special power act was enacted in 1958. AFSPA is a special legislation created to maintain peace in the disturbed areas. The act grants special powers to the Indian armed forces to maintain law and order in the disturbed areas. Apart from this the act also allows the armed forces to aid the civilian administration in the peace disturbed areas. Now where is AFSPA currently applicable? See the AFSPA is currently applicable to various areas in four northeastern states of India. The states include Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagalan and Manipur. Apart from such northeastern states the AFSPA is also currently applicable in union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. However it was administrated by a separate act called armed forces Jammu and Kashmir special powers act 1990 which was enacted in wake of growing insurgency in the valley. Now we will look at some of the important provisions of the act. According to the act the term armed forces means the armed forces of the union government and it does not include the state police forces. Then section 2b of the act provides for the ground to declare an area to be disturbed area. According to the act a whole or part of state can be declared as a disturbed area. Now who can declare disturbed areas? It is provided under section 3 of the act. As per this act section 3 the union government or governor of a state or administrator in case of union territory can declare an area as disturbed areas. Now what are all the special powers granted to the armed forces under AFSPA? The act even allows a non-commissioned officer to fire or to use force against persons who act against law and orders. It also confers special powers to the armed forces to search the place and to arrest persons based on mere suspicion. Apart from this the act also protects the armed officers against civilian litigation in case of performing duty based on AFSPA. So in this discussion we have seen what is AFSPA, where it is applicable and about the special powers granted to armed forces under the AFSPA. That is all regarding this article. Now let us move on to our next topic. Look at this article here. As we all know the central government and state governments have been undertaking large-scale human efforts to clean the polluted Ganga river under the Namami Ganga program. In these rejuvenating efforts, Marine lake especially turtles has been playing a key role. Now in this discussion we will understand how the turtles help to clean the Ganga river. First of all know that in 2014 the Wildlife Institute of India and the Ministry of Forest have joined hands with the National Mission for Clean Ganga to rejuvenate the Ganga river. The National Mission for Clean Ganga is a registered society under the Societies Registration Act 1860. It is the implementing wing of the Namami Ganga program. Since 2017 the National Mission for Clean Ganga and some of the bodies have been running the Turtle breeding and rehabilitation center in Varanasi. At the center turtle eggs brought from various regions gets hatched and hatchlings are monitored in an artificial pond for two years. After that they would be released in Ganga river. As of now roughly 5000 turtles have been released into the Ganges river from Varanasi breeding center. Now how does turtle help to clean Ganga river? As we all know daily many human dead bodies and flowers are thrown into the Ganga river. This in turn pollutes the river and it also affects the quality of water. Some of the turtle species in India are both herbivorous and carnivorous. They consume both meat and plant parts. These kinds of turtles help to maintain clean water by consuming rotten or half-burnt human bodies as well as flowers dumped into river Ganges. Some officials said that the quality of water in Ganga has improved since the introduction of the turtles. Apart from this there is also improvements in biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen levels. This is how turtles help to clean the Ganga river. That's all regarding this topic. With this let us move on to our next part of discussion that is prelims practice questions discussion. Today we will be having four questions. I will solve three of them and one question will be a quiz question. Now let us take up our first question. This question was asked by UPSC in the year 2018 civil service prelims. Three statements are given and we have to find the correct ones. First statement says that PSLV launched the satellites useful for earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. This statement is correct. PSLVs primarily used to launch earth observation or remote sensing satellites. These satellites are designed to monitor and gather information about the earth's resources and GSLVs designed for launching heavier payloads such as communication satellites into space. Second statement says that satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky as viewed from a particular location on earth. This statement is incorrect. PSLVs used to place satellites into sunsynchronous circular polar orbits. In this type of orbit the satellite passes over the earth's pull and maintains a constant angle between its orbital plane and the sun. This means that the satellite will pass over any given point on earth at the same local solar time during each orbit. In other words the satellite will always be in sunlight or shadow at the same time of the day. Second statement says that GSLV Mach 3 is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. The third statement is also incorrect. GSLV Mach 3 is a three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle developed by ISRO. It consists of two solid strap-on boosters, a core liquid booster and a cryogenic upper stage. So the correct answer here is option A. Now let us move on to our next question. This is a statement based question about international criminal code. Four statements are given and we have to find the correct ones. First statement says that it is one of the organs of the United Nations. This statement is wrong. International criminal code does not forms a part of the UN. The international code of justice is the judicial organ of the United Nations. The second statement says that India is a member to ICC. No, this statement is also wrong. India is not a member to ICC. Third statement says that it can carry out investigations into possible crimes when UN Security Council refers to it. Yes, third statement is correct. And the fourth statement says that it can investigate the individuals from non-member states. Yes, the fourth statement is also correct. The correct answer here is option B, only two. Now let us move on to our next question. This is a statement based question about AFSPACT of 1958. Three statements are given and we have to find the correct ones. First statement says that it grants special power to the Indian armed forces to maintain law and order in peace disturbed areas. Yes, from our discussion we know that this first statement is correct. Second statement says that it is currently applicable in some areas of six northeastern states. No, this statement is wrong. Why? Because AFSPAC is currently applicable only in four northeastern states. Those states are Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagalan and Manipur. Third statement says that as per the act, the chief minister of a particular state can also declare an area as disturbed area. No, this particular statement is wrong. As per section three of the act, the union government or a governor of a state or administrator in case of union territory only can declare an area as disturbed areas. The chief minister is not empowered to declare an area as disturbed areas under the act. So the correct answer is option A, only one. This is your quiz question for the day. Think well and post the correct answer in the comment section. These are the main practice questions for the day. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post them on comment section as well. With this we have come to end of our discussion. You can share your thoughts in comment section. If you found this video useful, hit the like button and share it with fellow aspirants. And don't forget to subscribe Shankar Ace Academy's YouTube channel for more UPS related content. Thanks for listening patiently. Have a nice day.


Hey Psych2Goers, do you have a favorite music genre? You know, your favorite music can say a lot about you. One 2010 study from researchers at Harriet Watt University asked its 36,000 participants to complete a brief form of the Big 5 personality inventory. They were also asked to rate over 104 different music styles and give more information on their favorite musical taste. Based on their findings, the study states that personality factors were related to both liking for the musical styles and participants' reason for listening to the music. However, on the whole, these latter variables were related more closely to participants' age, sex, and income than to Big 5 scores. Thus, personality is related to musical taste, but other individual differences are arguably related more closely. Researcher Adrian North seems to think people often feel defensive about their favorite music because it relates to their personality, often as well as their attitudes. What's more, North suggests that people use certain music to define themselves and relate to others who like similar music genres. So, wondering what your favorite music reveals about you? According to North's study, here's what your favorite music genre says about you. 1. Pop Music Are you often listening to pop music on your car rides home? Those who love popular pop music are often extroverts, who are truthful and conventional. Their self-esteem is often high, but most are less creative and uneasy than those who like other musical genres. The good news is, they can be hardworking as well, as honest too. 2. Rap and Hip Hop Are you a fan of rap and hip hop?  They're extroverts and are very social beings. You can find them at a fun party or hang out with friends a great deal of time. 3. Rock and Heavy Metal Music Before this video, were your headphones blaring out heavy metal music? Rock? You may like the harsh and loud sound of heavy metal music, but you're a gentle soul. Researchers found many who love to listen to rock or heavy metal music have a low self-esteem. They're often found to be introverts, as well as with a great amount of creativity. Time to start your own rock band? 4. Indie Music Do you love indie music? Well, like your heavy metal and rock lovers, no not Dwayne The Rock Johnson, but you are also very creative. And you're likely more introverted than extroverted. However, according to researchers you're not as gentle as heavy metal music lovers, you're a bit anxious, not as hardworking, and are more inclined to develop low self-esteem. Along with being a bit passive at times, you're quite the intellectual, as well as creative. So start creating! 5. Classical Music Do you enjoy sitting back and relaxing to classical music? Chopin, Bach, Beethoven? What about good old Hayden? According to North Study, you're not only creative, but you have that high self-esteem to go along with your creativity. You like to reflect and spend a fairer amount of time alone to do so. Likely because you're more introverted as well. 6. Country Music Do you love country music? Well, not only are you outgoing, but you're more likely to be emotionally stable. Yay! You may not be as open to new experiences, but you are a hard worker who enjoys being around others and making new friends. 7. Jazz, Soul, Blues Music Are all your playlists filled with jazz music? Soul? Blues? Well, according to the study, you're extroverted, creative, intelligent, and have high self-esteem. Live in the good life! You also live life often at ease, and since you're extroverted, you'll likely often be enjoying that jazz music with others. 8. Dance Music Do you love to dance? Maybe you've fallen in love with dance music because of this, and you can't get enough of it. Those who love to listen to dance music are often very open to new experiences. They stand up for themselves, and often express who they truly are. If you like dance music, you're likely assertive. You're also very outgoing, so invite those friends over! Dance Party! So, what does your favorite music genre say about you? Do you have more than one favorite genre of music? Let us know in the comment section down below. We hope you enjoyed this video, and if you did, don't forget to click the like button and share it with a friend. Subscribe to Psych2Go and hit the notification bell icon for more content like this. As always, thanks for watching!


I am welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. The question says, evaluate integral of cos square x from 0 to pi by 2. Let's now begin with the solution that i is equal to integral of cos square x from 0 to pi by 2. We know that 1 plus cos 2 x divided by 2 is equal to cos square x. This is equal to integral of 1 plus cos 2 x divided by 2 from 0 to pi by 2 is equal to integral of 1 by 2 from 0 to pi by 2 plus 1 by 2 into integral of cos 2 x from 0 to pi by 2. This is equal to 1 by 2 into x lower limit is 0 and upper limit is pi by 2 plus 1 by 2 into sin 2 x lower limit is 0 and upper limit is pi by 2. Now this is equal to 1 by 2 into pi by 2 minus 0. We have substituted the upper limit and then we have substituted the lower limit plus 1 by 2 into sin pi minus sin 0. Now this is equal to pi 2 into pi by 2 plus 1 by 2 into 0 and this is equal to pi by 4. Hence our required answer is pi by 4. So this completes the session. Bye and take care.


Welcome to this course on Transition Metal Organometallics in Catalysis and Biology. We have been discussing olefin metathesis in the context of catalyst development perspective, and in that regard what we had discussed is the fact that the strategies which were put in place in making the catalyst effective one, with that effectivity I mean that the catalyst should be highly active in terms of being able to convert substrate to product, and towards this goal several designing changes have been adopted in the course of making catalyst for olefin metathesis. We had seen the strategies which have been employed by Grubbs, Schrock, Lappert and others for designing Gladys for designing catalyst for olefin metathesis reaction. Now in this discussion I would like to draw the attention towards the discussion about co-ordinative and electronic saturation and unsaturation aspects that plays a crucial role in the design of catalyst co-ordinative and electronic saturation and saturation of catalyst. Now by these one refers to the sterics as well as electronics sterics and electronics. So, one plays with the sterics and electronics of the catalyst complex by changing the coordination and making the metal center more crowded when it is saturated as whereas when if something is co-ordinatively unsaturated that means that there are vacant sites accessible to the metal center. Same is the case of electronic saturation or unsaturation. Now this follows from the fact that there are ligands which either donate electron to the metal center or ligands which pull away or suck electron density from the metal center making the metal more electron rich or more electron deficient as is the case, and thereby modulating the reactivity of the catalyst with refer to particular substrates. So, here is the discussion about the modulation of sterics as well as electronics in designing the catalyst aspect. Now in this discussion in our previous class we have spoken about how these steric and electronic factors were put in place for designing Grubbs catalyst and what we had observed is that for the ruthenium carbene Grubbs catalyst the Grubbs catalyst the measures were taken to make this metal center more favorable for the metathesis reaction and in this case what we had observed that the people have played with the sterics in terms of putting bulky triphenyl phosphine substituent and then also played with electronics in terms of making more sigma donating ligand and so that the metal center is more electron rich and hence can help perform metathesis reaction in a better way. So, we had also seen that these catalyst the Grubbs catalyst you know carries out metathesis but the initiation takes place by two important step one is phosphine dissociation and the second one is olefin binding. So, what to be discussed over here is the point that the sterics have been employed the steric factors have been used for taking care of phosphine dissociation whereas this olefin binding is successfully taken care of by modulating the electronics of the metal center. So, I am going to illustrate this in another set of example particularly with Grubbs second generation catalyst in which the cyclohexylphosphine is replaced with NHC or N-heterocyclic carbines and these are ligands of the type shown over here and they are very good sigma donors. So, when the this cyclohexylphosphine one of the phosphine is replaced by NH-heterocyclic carbine or NHC then the Grubbs second generation catalyst which is supposedly more active than the first generation catalyst in metathesis reaction can be synthesized and and that have been successfully employed by controlling enhancement in the steric and electronics at this ruthenium metal center. Let me illustrate this with this example. So, this is the Grubbs second generation catalyst which has a cyclohexylphosphine bound to ruthenium as well as a carbine with bulky mesoidal substituents bound to the metal center. So, these the sterics allows the first step which is phosphine dissociation to give this complex which is to give this complex which is co-ordinatively unsaturated because this is co-ordinatively unsaturated because there is a vacant site which is generated. So, this is the active species which is co-ordinatively. Now, to this the olefin comes and binds to give the to this this olefin comes and binds olefin comes and binds in the vacant site and this is called olefin coordination step olefin binding step. Now, this is facilitated because of the first step which is dissociation of the phosphine and that is promoted by the steric factor promotes this phosphine dissociation which helps in term allows the olefin binding. Now, once the olefin binds then that results in the complex. Now, this is a olefin bound to ruthenium complex. Now, what we had observed that both sterics and the electronics are important in modulating the metathesis reaction and this is the instance where the electronics comes into play as NHCs are good sigma donors. So, they make the metal center more electron rich and as a result olefin binding binding is facilitated by metal to ligand pi back donation. So, this is a important contribution what we see that electronics kicks in or helps the second step where the good sigma donating ability of the NHC ligand makes the metal ruthenium metal very electron rich and as a result the metal to olefin pi back donation is favored and which results in the good binding of this olefin otherwise olefins are not very good binding ligands to the metal. Now, once that successful binding of olefin happens the next is the metathesis reaction which gives this four-membered ruthenium metallocyclobutane intermediate and that eventually gets converted to product with the formation of a different kind of carbene species and a different kind of olefin bound to the metal. So, what is to be seen over here is that a different olefin bound species is formed where instead of ruthenium benzyl species carbene species over here there is a new kind of ruthenium carbene species and instead of the olefin over here a new kind of olefin metathesis product olefin is formed. So, here what is observed that proper choice of sterics and electronics help facilitate the first steps first is the phosphine dissociation and the next is the olefin binding resulting in favoring the metathesis reaction. So, this is a very important demonstration of the catalyst development strategies which often involve modulation of the sterics and electronics and what has been observed that this strategy has been put in place in a very efficient manner while designing Grubbs second generation catalyst in which one of the phosphine has been replaced by a bulky anhydrocyclic carbene ligand which because of its bulky mesetylene substituents help facilitate phosphine dissociation giving rise to coordinatively unsaturated species and now that also allows olefin binding and then simultaneously with that the presence of very good sigma donating ligand further reinforces the olefin binding to ruthenium because of metal to olefin pi back donation and then the stabilization of the ruthenium olefinic complex because of the sterics and electronics leads to the formation of the ruthenium metallocyclobutane intermediate resulting information of another ruthenium carbene species with the metathesis catalyst. So, overall Grubbs second generation is better than the phosphine complex and presence of bulky and electron donating group the presence of bulky and electron team group carbene carbon increases the catalyst activity. So, this was a very nice demonstration of the modulation of sterics and electronics in enhancing the activity of the metathesis catalyst. Now, in this context it is important to mention a beautiful work done by a Herman in which he had indeed shown superior activity of the second generation catalyst over the first generation catalyst. Herman's work demonstration that the second generation of catalyst is better than the first generation and this has beautiful work is published in Anguicam 98372490. Now, what Herman did, Herman actually compared the activity of Grubbs first generation second generation catalyst in ring opening polymerization of cyclo octane compared activity of Grubbs first and second generation catalyst in ring opening metathesis polymerization of cyclo octane. This is best illustrated by the equation and this was carried out at 25 degree centigrade in cyclo octane to catalyst ratio of 250 is to 1 and the struggling result of superior activity of the second generation catalyst could be seen very prominently in Herman's experiment and which sort of once for all establish the superiority of the second generation catalyst over the first generation once. So, what Herman observed is the superiority of the second generation over the first and when he and he observed that by plotting yield with time that of the conversion and for the catalyst which is a first generation for the catalyst shown over here Grubbs first generation he observed sort of a steady growth in the product whereas when he took the second generation catalyst which was in isopropyl he observed a drastic increase in the reaction yield and then plotting. So, this is generation 2. So, the result distinctly showed that the second generation catalyst is better than the first generation catalyst. Now, these led to the development of the Grubbs second generation catalyst in much more detail and then the next ongoing thing over here was in development of chiral catalyst and in this regard significant development in chiral metathesis reaction was also observed with the following complexes metathesis catalyst synthesized of molybdenum this is the answer which kind of complex another is the derivative of similar type with t butyl t butyl the third one is another type with the dichloro imido binol kind of setup and the last but not the least is the carbene enythrocyclic carbene with one side isopropyl group. So, this shows this sort of shows that the extent of creativity in terms of people coming up with so many different modifications of chiral metathesis catalyst that not only were synthesized but also their applicability in the asymmetric modifications reaction performed and some of representative examples of such range of complexes are also shown over here. So, with and these the molybdenum ones are imido carbene complexes. So, there is a metal ligand multiple bonding two types one is metal carbene and metal nitrogen these are all imido carbene complexes and the last fourth one is the ruthenium complex where it is bound to NHCs as well as cyclohexyl phosphine. So, with these I come to conclusion to today of today's lecture where we have looked into the catalyst development aspect particularly from the use of sterics and electronics in facilitating the binding of olefin and subsequently favoring the metathesis reaction. And we have also in that process looked into Harman's experiment which sort of distinguished grads generation to catalyst from generation one and successfully showed that these second complexes better than the first one. So, with that we come to an end of today's lecture and we are going to be talking about this catalyst development particularly from the application point of view in more details when we meet next in this series of course lectures. So, with that once again I would like to thank you for being with me and I look forward to being with you in your next lecture where we take up this topic in more details. Thank you.


The theater presents Jane Powell and J. Carol Nash. The Mutual Network in Cooperation with Family Theater presents the fledgling starring Jane Powell. To introduce the drama, here is your host, J. Carol Nash. Thank you, Tony LaFranco. You know, family theater's only purpose is to urge everyone to pray, to pray together as a family. Because family theater is convinced that only by this means can family happiness be guaranteed. And certainly this needn't be a stone and a solemn thing to do like some sort of a nervous duty. But it's a gay and homey custom in the name of a kind father who wants all his children, especially in families, to be happy. And that's the idea. And now sit back and laugh with us as we bring you our comedy, The Fledgling, starring lovely Jane Powell. Yeah? What can I do for you? I'm German LFBI. Oh, yeah. We were wondering when you'd show up. This is my co-pilot, Ed Lawrence. Hi. Glad to know you, Mr. Renault. You're going to be taking that London plane out tonight with us? Unless I break a leg. What's all the hush-hush about? Oh, it's about one of the passengers going out on your flight. Let's go and dispatch your officer when you talk, huh? Okay. Now tell me, have either of you seen the passenger list for the London flight tonight? Not yet. We heard it wasn't very big. Oh, it isn't. You'll be carrying nine people, including me. We think we've got a hold of something concerning one of your passengers. You know what the government means when it says that a person is a bad security risk? Maybe they're disloyal? Working for another government? Captain Griggs came closest. The key word is maybe. Just maybe they're disloyal. Maybe they're working for another government. But the maybe's big enough so that you wouldn't want them to get a hold of any information that another government and unfriendly government could use. And we've got a passenger like that aboard tonight? We think you have. Where do we come in? Well, you come in in case something goes wrong, which is unlikely, but we want to cover all the bases. How do you mean goes wrong? Well, the whole reason for my going along in this flight is to point out this passenger to a British security man who'll be waiting when we land at Croydon Airport in London. And then my job's done and he takes up the trail. Sounds simple enough. Yeah, it is. But that's probably for me. Hello. Ranella speaking. Yeah. No, no, thanks. I'll take the call out there. I'll be right out. Is who? Captain Griggs? Yeah, he's here. Hold on just a minute. For you, Captain, information does something about your stewardess. I've got a call waiting for me on one of the pay phones out in the terminal. I'll be right back. Hello, Captain Griggs? She's got what? Holy cat. What's the matter, Captain? Sally Connors went to the hospital half an hour ago, appendicitis. Oh, no. Well, how's she doing? Sure. Sure, well, that's great. Yeah, but, yeah, well, look, Muriel, we need a stewardess to replace her. The flight takes off in less than an hour. Honey, I don't care who you get. Well, then get one of the trainees. Sure, anyone. Just gather and tell her to hurry. I'm Jane Wiley. Well, I've got, of course, my my goodness, yes. Flight number seven. Yes. Oh, yes, I'll hurry. Yes, goodbye. Margie, Margie. What's going on, Janey? It's happened, Margie. I got my first flight out tonight. Oh, that's well, honey. Where to? Oh, I don't know. Amarillo, I guess. They're usually to Amarillo, but I've got to hurry. My first flight. Oh, take it easy, Janey. Take it easy. It's just a training flight. Oh, but somehow I have a feeling it's going to be very special. Ten minutes will take off. I don't get it, Eddie. You didn't see Rinella anywhere in the terminal? No, Cap. What's more, I couldn't find anyone who had seen him since he left us in the dispatcher's office. Well, I guess it's possible he might want to keep out of sight until right before we take off. Maybe, but I'd give a lot to know who it was that called him on the phone. I've been wondering about that myself. It could have been a trap, but... You! Seven? It's a flight seven. Am I late? Oh, I'm not late, am I? Oh, you're the sturdest, replacing Sally Connors. Oh, I didn't know I was replacing anyone, but if this is flight seven... It is, it is. I'm Captain Gregson. This is co-pilot Laura. Oh, how do you do? How do you do? I'm Jane Wiley, and this is my very first... Glad to know you. We take off in ten minutes. You'd better get up on the ramp. Oh, the ramp. Oh, yes, Commodore. Captain, you got a copy of the passenger list? Yes, the passenger list. I mean, no, no, I don't. I don't have a copy, I mean. Here, Dolphys, take my copy. Oh, thank you, thank you. But I want it back when we get to London. London?  Is that very far from Amarillo? Oh, brother, what they've dealt us this time. You'd better get up on the ramp, Miss Wiley. The passengers will be getting aboard in a minute. Right now, oh, I'm so thrilled. Oh, I can't tell you how thrilled I am. Yeah, it's breathtaking. Look, we want you to do something. Anything, oh, anything. There's a name on that passenger list. Rinella, Mr. Rinella.  Rinella, up front. As soon as he gets aboard, yes, yes. And I'll go up on the ramp right now and don't you worry about a thing. Okay, if you say so. Oh, what a night for flying. Just look at those stars. Oh, Texas, here we come. Seven of towers, seven of towers, standing by, standing by, over. Still no news from a little Miss Muffet. I guess Rinella didn't make it after all. You better go back and make sure. Maybe the guy's following didn't show up either. Maybe. Don't be too long. I won't. Everyone just lean back and enjoy himself. If you like sleeping, go ahead and sleep. If you feel like reading, just go ahead and read. Miss Wiley. Yes? Oh, co-pilot Lawrence. This is our co-pilot, everyone. Hi, folks. He takes over in case anything should happen to the captain. Now, for instance, if the captain should fall asleep with the controls or anything like that. Miss Wiley. Oh, will you excuse us just a minute, folks? I want to talk to you. Come in the back of the plane. Did I say something wrong? Never mind. Now, what about Mr. Rinella? He didn't show up? No. All right, look. We're taking off in a few minutes. Come up front as soon as you can after we're airborne, huh? I'll be happy to. Just happy to. Shall I bring along anything? Magazines? Gums? No, no, don't bring anything. Just your own sweet, simple self. Oh, co-pilot. And don't forget, will you? It's important. Oh, stewardess. Oh, yes, Miss Robinson, isn't it? That's right. Would you mind helping me with the seat belt? It seems to be stark. Oh, of course, of course. They're really quite simple. You see, you first pull... You pull this. Just a minute. I'll get a better grip. I'm sorry to be all this bother. No bother at all. That's what I'm here for. To help the passengers with the little things like... My feet! You smashed me in the feet! Oh, Mr. Mecklen, I'm so sorry. You can't slip the seat belt. Oh, can you ever forgive me? Well, excuse me, please. In the face of error. It's my fault, sir. This young lady was just trying to help me. Oh, young helpings. She smashes in the passengers like that. Oh, there was something I could do to prove how sorry I am. I know, when we get to Amarillo, won't you let me buy you a taxi ride or something? Amarillo? I am not to Amarillo. Amarillo, Texas.  No, excuse me, please. I am to Rome. All I want is, please, no more belts in the face, please, and goodbye, thank you. Rome? Well, there isn't any Rome in Texas. Well, I am not to Texas. I am to Italy, where there is a Rome right in the middle. Italy? Well, this plane isn't going to Italy. Oh, Miss, don't you know that this is a flight to Europe? Europe? I'm not going that way. London, Paris? I'm afraid it's too late now, dear. We're underway. Underway? Oh, my. Well, fasten your seat belts. We're taking off, everyone. Fasten your seat belts. Here, Mr. Mecklen, let me help you. Oh, no, make your distance, please. I am not for seat belts either, especially again in the face. Well, here we go, everyone. Up, up, up to Europe. Now, that's not detectives. And even if we were detectives, don't tell me that noodle-brained stardust could be any help to us. If it's a user, Ronella missed the plane. All the other eight passengers are aboard. That means the guy he was supposed to be following is aboard. So, oh, we'll have to keep an eye on the passengers. I mean, Jenny the stewardess will. Maybe she'll see something. You bet she will. I know her kind. They see snakes in the geranium bed. Mice in the pantry, whatever you want. They see it. But, Cap, she's always got this trip. We have to take a chance on her. All right, all right. Let her in, let her in. I guess she can't do any more than ruin the airline. You'll see, she's a good kid. She's just high-spirited. You wanted to see me, co-pilot? Good grief, get her in here, close the door. Jenny, what's the matter? We're going the wrong way. If this is an example of your friend's high spirits, we'd better be careful not to depress her. I thought this was a training flight. Well, I guess it is for you. But I can't fly over the ocean. I get seasick. Look, Jenny, there's no difference between flying over land and flying over water, not at this altitude. And you'll love Europe. Have you ever been there before? No. Oh, it's beautiful this time of year. Yes, but so is Amarillo. All right, I tell you what we'll do. When we get back to New York, Captain Greggs and I will see that your next assignment is on a flight south to Amarillo. Yeah, maybe even as far south as Little America. Well, it was mostly the shock that upset me, I guess, if I'd only been told. Yeah, sure, we know. And now that you have been told, there's... Well, there's something else we want to tell you because we need your help. Don't we, Captain? OK, OK. All right, Jenny, what we're letting you in on is very confidential. Oh, I won't be the word of it. Now, don't get overly excited. You don't have to worry about me, co-pilot. Good. Now, just let this sink in for a minute. Don't try to say anything. You ready? Ready. There's a passenger on this plane that our government suspects of being a foreign agent. You mean like a spy on this plane? She sure took it like a little soldier. A spy? A spy? Well, we'll have to arrest him. Shh, that's just the point. We can't arrest him because we don't know who he is. Oh, what's the difference? Who he is? If he's a spy, he ought to be arrested. That's what we're trying to tell you. We don't know who he is, so how can we arrest him? But if he don't know who he is, how do you know he's a spy? We don't know he's a spy for certain. We just suspect that he is. You suspect that who is? We don't know. That's the problem. Look, let's start over. Mr. Ranella, the man who missed the flight. Maybe he was a spy. Will you let me finish, please? Mr. Ranella, far from being a spy is with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. A G-man? A G-man. Now. I bet he wouldn't have missed this flight if he'd known there was a spy aboard. No. He did know there was a spy aboard. And while I'm at it, Janie, the person we're looking for is called a security risk, not a spy. Well, I thought a security risk was someone a bank wouldn't lend money to. That too. That too. Janie, this is a different kind of security risk. It means they might be a spy, but no unsure. The main point is we've got to find out which one of the passengers Ranella was following. And that's where you... I know. I know. It's Mr. Mecklin. See? Just like that. Mr. Mecklin, he's the one. I never saw such a spy. Who's Mecklin? What did I tell you? Snakes in the geranium bed? He even carries a black briefcase. Mecklin's a cheese salesman. He takes this flight once a week. He's the one, Mr. Mecklin. What a spy. Look, I happen to know that Mecklin's a respectable businessman. Admit it, though, Cap. He's an ideal business to double as a contact man. Say, maybe he's got something in his luggage that had given him away.  All spies have something in their black briefcases. Eddie, this is the craziest idea I ever heard of. Cap, look at it this way. What if it turns out something really serious happened to Ronella? You can't tell me it was done without the knowledge of the person he was following on this plane, which makes said person an accomplice before the fact. I cursed the day you quit law school. Legally, we're obligated to investigate Mecklin. Copilot, I'm making you a present of this mess. You and Miss Counterespionage of 1952 can handle it any way you want. But if anything, you hear me? Anything goes wrong. I'll tell the authorities you're a couple of storeways that I never even saw before. I see Mecklin's still awake. He hasn't dropped off once. He'll be daylight in another hour or so. It's too bad he's not sitting on the aisle. You know, I was thinking, I could walk up very quietly and conk him. No, Jenny, for Pete's sake, no. Well, he never know who did it. I'm telling you, no. I wonder if there's any way we're getting to change seats with Miss Robinson. Who? Miss Robinson, the lady sitting next to him. Yeah, that might be an angle. If I could just get my hands on that briefcase of his. Well, we can't do anything while he's awake. I've got to get up front again. Make a little coffee, will you, Jenny? Sure. And don't take any chances. I wouldn't want anything to happen to you. You wouldn't? I should say not. Well, my gracious copilot. Edward. Copilot, Edward. Plain Edward. Forget the copilot. Forget the copilot? Oh, no, Edward. I couldn't do that. Well, say I... I'd better go forward now. I'll see you later, Jenny. I like coffee, I like tea. I like the copilot and he likes me. Excuse me, please. Please, no smashing, please, huh? Oh, Mr. Mecklen, I didn't see you in the dark. Yeah, but I... I ask, please, a favor. You have a pill for sleeping. I could not sleep. A pill? Yeah, and for in my head also. Like five hammers pounding at the same time. I could not sleep. Well, you sit right down here in my seat, Mr. Mecklen. Thank you. I'm warming up some milk. No, no, please, please. I am not for milk. I am for a sleepy pill. Oh, well, yes. Yes, of course. But I'll have to go up front and get one from the... To the front. Yeah, from the pilots. They have all the sleeping pills. You wait right here and I'll be right back. Also, please bring for my head the pill, huh? Oh, yes, yes, an aspirin, I will. My seat's right along here if I can just grab his suitcase for a few moments. Is there anything wrong, Miss Wiley? Oh, Miss Robinson, you're awake. I felt you leaning over me. Where's Mr. Mecklen? Oh, Miss Robinson, you've got to trust me. I'll explain everything later. We think Mr. Mecklen's an agent for a foreign government and a man from the FBI was supposed to be following him on this flight, but something happened to him and I'm sure I can prove Mr. Mecklen's an agent for a foreign government if I can just look through his briefcase. Good heavens, are you sure of what you're saying? Oh, I know in a minute. Please hand me that briefcase, please. We're here. Oh, thank you. I'll be right back, right back. Be careful, dear, be careful. I've got it. I've got it. Jenny. Close the door. Close the door. I've got it. Got what? Mecklen's briefcase. Holy smokes. Is he asleep? No, he's back by the buffet waiting for a sleeping pill. Let's take a look inside quick. You've got sleeping pills back there. Of course I have. I just used coming up here as an excuse to pass a seat and grab the briefcase. You better look fast, Eddie. He comes back to his seat before she recognizes. I'm hurrying here. Here's some papers. Yeah, I'll look them over. You keep digging. What's that? Some kind of a package. Nothing here. These are sales reports. What have you got? I don't know. Oh, be careful. Please be careful. Something wrapped in brown paper. About six inches square, two inches deep. Don't squeeze it for Pete's sake. You think we ought to open it? It might go off. Looks harmless enough. Well, you don't jiggle it, hey. What are we going to do? I say we ought to keep it up here in front with us. We can turn it over to the authorities when we get to England. If we get to England? But what about Mr. Mecklen? You take the briefcase back to his seat. Don't say anything. We'll let him make the next move. All right. Give it to me. All right. Here. And keep your chin up, honey. Oh, Eddie. Eddie, don't you try to open up that thing? Don't worry. We won't. I'll get going. And be careful. Be careful. And be careful when we return the briefcase. Miss Wiley, is everything all right? Yes. No. I think so. Oh, here, Miss Robinson, put this briefcase back on his seat. Did you find what you were looking for? Well, I think so. I mean, I hope not. I'll tell you later, please. Did Mr. Mecklen... He hasn't come back yet. Oh, thank heavens. I'll tell you all about it later. I have to go now. I can help in any way. Thanks. I'll let you know. Always still by the buffet. Still there. So it's now for my head, the sleepy pill you have it, huh? A sleepy pill? Oh, yes. Yes, I had them here all the time, Mr. Mecklen. Oh, so here? Here where? Here where? Oh, here in the cabinet, here. Oh, well, that's nice. Oh, that's a nice little bottle. Oh, that's fine, fine. Here you are. Thank you. Thank you very much. While you were gone, I... I smelled the hot milk on the cooker. It smells good on the cooker. Why would you like a cup of hot milk? Yeah, I would like it, please. Also, I should make apologize for my outshouting when you smash me in the face. Oh, you don't have to apologize for that. Well, no, but I think about it and I think it was not a smash on purpose. Of course it wasn't, Mr. Mecklen. Well, so I think that I should not outshout because anyone can make an accident so I want to be apologized for it. Why, certainly. And I'm terribly sorry about it, too. Oh, that's nice. Well, that's fine. I just think of an idea. Will you wait until I get it? Oh, Mr. Mecklen, where are you going? Just right here on my seat. I have something. What? Right here inside my briefcase. Your briefcase? Yeah, well, I carry always inside, something for that. Oh, look, it's not here. What? I have two sandwiches. Sandwiches? Two cheezles, God, Limburg. They have been stolen. Oh, Mr. Mecklen, please calm yourself. Oh, Pombonickle. Well, there must be some mistake. Speak up, everybody. Who is the cheese dealer? Mr. Mecklen. What's the matter? What's going on back here? Oh, Eddie. Do you know what happened? A stealer stole my sandwiches. Two cheezles. Your sandwiches? Limburg and Swiss. He had them in his briefcase. Yeah, well, stop the plane. You mean he had them? In his briefcase. Yeah, but I know what. We find out who smells from the Limburg and that's the stealer. Oh, for heaven's sake. Well, I'm sure we'll find your sandwiches, Mr. Mecklen. Oh, well, of course. They must be around here somewhere. So, first, a belt on the face, and then it has gone to sandwiches. Who would steal that? Who? I question that. Well, I... Well, maybe it was a male. Oh, Janie, it's not your fault. You did your best. Oh, but I was so sure, Mr. Mecklen, was a foreign agent, Captain. Ah, no, Janie, no tears. We're going to be setting down in London in a minute. I'll come back to you as soon as we land. All right, Eddie. One moment, you can loosen your seat belts in a moment. And now you can. Oh, here, Miss Robinson, let me help you with that belt. I'm afraid it does seem to be stuck again. Here, I hear I'll loosen it. Please, you don't. Please, smash me in the face again. Please. No, no, Miss Mecklen, just remain seated. If I could just pull this through. I am sorry to be such a nuisance. No, no, Miss Robinson, compared to most of my problems on this flight, this is very little. This is a very little one. You never did find the person Mr. Rinella was following. No, we tried everything, but... Mr. Who? Oh, my face. That makes two slashes in the face. Who did you ask me about? Why, that FBI man you said was following Mr. Mecklen. Two belts in the face, one for each cheese sandwich. I didn't tell you his name. I never said it was Mr. Rinella. Yes, you did. I didn't. Not once. You. It must be you thereafter. You're crazy. Jenny, we just got word from the tower. New York phoned that Rinella's okay. Eddie, Captain Griggs, I found her. It's Miss Robinson. What's going on here? These poor girls hysterical. Eddie, Eddie, back in New York, did Mr. Rinella tell you it was a man he was following? Did he say that for sure it was a man? Well, I come to think of it. My gully, that's right. All Rinella said was a passenger. Well, it's her, Miss Robinson. She knew Rinella's name and I didn't mention it to her. I know I didn't. Beyond you didn't smash her either in the face like me. I'm warning you people, you're making a big mistake. You can't prove a thing, not a thing. We'll see about that, Miss Robinson. This captain of the ship, I'm placing you under arrest. Come on. My loyal have something to say about this. Yeah, and it better be good. I'll get a hold of you two later. Excuse me, please, but I also am for a judge. Oh, Mr. Macklin, you mustn't. I am so sorry. After all, it was an accident, Mr. Macklin. Well, also too much once was an accident. And a judge could settle it. I heard some places the law in the airlines but says that no lady helpers are married, huh? That's right. Stewardesses cannot be married. In your case, that's a wonderful rule, I think. Yeah.  Please accept the proposal. Proposal? Why, Eddie hasn't proposed to me. Please propose to her. Well, uh... Well, will you?  She accepts. Oh, uh, of course I do, Eddie. Yeah. And I accept on behalf of the airline on the passengers' resignation.  Excuse me, please. Well, this is J. Carol Nash again to thank, on behalf of Family Theater, Jane Powell and the rest of this wonderful cast. In fact, I've been authorized by Family Theater to say that without the constant devotion of Hollywood stars and people, a program such as this would be impossible. And they want me to say thanks to Jane, to you, and all the stars and players. Oh, and you're one of them, too, Carol. As I recall it, you've been on Family Theater 11 times yourself. Well, to tell the truth, Jane, I'm a great fan of Family Theater. Oh, so am I. But I mean, I listen to it every chance I get. I do, too. I think we're all, as you say, devoted to it. And the one thing I like is that family can listen. Well, of course, that's why it's called Family Theater. There's nothing controversial. Sometimes they give us a comedy, sometimes a drama, or even a melodrama. They've done some fine historical things, too. I like the variety. Well, that's because of the variety of the players, Jane. And some do one thing, some another. For instance, with this moustache, I couldn't possibly play a pretty airline hostess, could I? Oh. And I couldn't do your wonderful Latin characterizations. But I do see what you mean. The program varies from star to star. Jane, it goes beyond the stars. What would be called the commercial, for instance, on another program with a product to push? Of course, Family Theater has a product to push. That product is family prayer. The whole reason for this program, which never preaches during the drama, which doesn't even conceal a message, is nevertheless to urge folks to pray, to pray together as families. I might as well admit, Jane, we do. I think that by now nearly all the stars do who appear on Family Theater. And while there's no commercial sponsor, as you say, there's a sense in which every mother and father in this country is a sponsor of this program, because every parent is responsible for making the home happy and wholesome and good.  Well, I couldn't have said that better myself, Jane. I'm sorry I forgot all wound up. Oh, don't apologize. It's very commendable. So again, in behalf of Family Theater, our deep gratitude to you, Jane, all of our supporters and benefactors and listeners. And we hope everyone will take to heart the great weekly message and slogan of Family Theater, that the family that prays together stays together.  From Hollywood, Family Theater has brought you the fledgling starring Jane Powell. J. Carol Nash was your host. Others in our cast were Gene Bates, Howard Culver, Jack Krushen, and Curly Bradley. The script was written by John T. Kelly, with music composed and conducted by Harry Zimmerman, and was directed for Family Theater by Joseph F. Mansfield. This is Tony LaFranco expressing the wish of Family Theater, that the blessing of God may be upon you and your home, and inviting you to join us next week, when Family Theater will present the People's Choice, starring Gene Lockhart. Join us, won't you? Family Theater's broadcast throughout the world originates in the Hollywood studios of the world's largest network. This is the Mutual Broadcasting System.


Today, I'm going to demonstrate a simple way to install backflow prevention between the faucet and a fertilization feeder. The backflow preventer or check valve is a critical piece of the irrigation system. The backflow preventer is true to its name. It prevents irrigation water from re-entering or backflowing into the water supply. Backflow, sometimes called back siphoning, occurs when there is a negative pressure or pressure loss on the supply side of the irrigation system. Without a functioning backflow preventer, there is a risk of contaminating the water supply. It is important to make sure that you install the backflow preventer in the correct direction. When installing it, make sure to look for the manufacturer's stamp directional arrow that is located on the side of the backflow preventer. The backflow preventer can be installed using a glue fitting as shown or as a threaded fitting depending on the model that is used. The arrow is the direction of water flowing through the pipe. If the backflow preventer is installed backwards, then it will stop the flow of water to your field. We hope this video was very useful. Please check out our video series to learn all the steps in installing a simple irrigation system on a small phone. Thank you.