CHAPTER XIII of FEMINISM IN GREEK LITERATURE This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Rick Veena FEMINISM IN GREEK LITERATURE by Frederick Adam Wright CHAPTER XIII. ARISTOTL As the political life of Athens ends with the Masthanes, so the creative force of the Greek genius ceases with Aristotle. There are some brilliant and many charming writers after his time, but they rely for all the originality of their thought on their great predecessors. Aristotle is the last of the creators. TULERESSE LITERATURE Hence his unique importance in the history of human thought not merely is he perhaps the greatest mind that Greece produced, but he has the advantage of coming last in the long line of thinkers on whom nearly all our intellectual life even now depends. In every department of civilized existence the influence of Aristotle must still be taken into account and his judgment of women's position in society, a view sincerely held and on the whole most temperately expressed has had far more effect on the world than have the idealist theories of Plato. His statement of the moral disabilities of women is to be found best in the ethics of their social disabilities and the traitees on generation. The following quotations are from the English translations of those works by Weldon, Jawet, and Platt. To begin with the moral situation in the ethics, Aristotle several times repeats the statement common enough in ancient literature though it seems now open to serious objection that women are less temperate and continent in their desires than men. He does not blame them, but rather regards them with pity.  A line from the beguiling of Zeus is quoted to support this view by the authority of Homer and the philosopher himself agrees with the common Greek view that for a woman to wish to keep her husband to herself was a proof that she was both unreasonable and lascivious. So in discussing certain morbid habits such as the practice of biting one's nails or eating cinders, Aristotle has the significant remark. Quote, now whenever nature is the cause of these habits nobody would call people who give way to them in continent any more than we should call women in continent from being not males but females. It is perhaps this belief in the natural incapacity of women for virtue that is the cause of the depreciatory remarks concerning the essential excellence of an Athenian woman, bashful modesty. Quote, it would not be right to speak of a sense of shame as a virtue for it is more like an emotion than a moral state. At least it may be defined as a kind of fear of ignominy and in its effects it is analogous to the fear of dangers for people blush when they are ashamed and turn pale when they are afraid of death. It is clear then that both affections are in a sense corporeal and this seems to be the mark of an emotion rather than a moral state. End quote. Other slighter defects in the female character as conceived by Aristotle are hinted at in the remark Quote, it is only exceedingly slavish people who eat and drink beyond the point of surfeit. End quote. And in the well-known description of the magnanimous man, Aristotle's ideal, who unlike the shrill voiced woman Quote, will have a deep voice and a sedate manner of speaking and be slow in his movements. He will not be in a hurry or emphatic in speech for there are not many things he cares for nor does he regard anything as very important. And these are the causes which make people speak in shrill tones and use rapid movements. End quote. These are some of the deficiencies in women. We have to go to the rhetoric to get Aristotle's idea of their merits. The passage is significant. Readers note. A sentence in Greek letters. End note. The excellence of females is A. physical, a large and beautiful body. B. mental. Virtuous moderation and a love, but not a sorted love of work. First, it will be seen comes physical attractiveness. The excellent woman must be good-looking, and by good-looking we mean tall and stout, for ethereal grace does not suit the harem master's taste. Secondly, she will be temperate in her desires. The word safrasini, virtuous moderation, is the chief virtue in a woman. It is the faculty of doing without, love, food, pleasure, consideration, etc. And the Greeks, unlike the Romans, really did admire this passive merit, even in men. Thirdly comes industry. With the restriction that a woman must not be a slave to work, she has other, even more important duties, her master's pleasure, for example, and work must not be allowed to interfere on Julie. In his conception of female virtue, Aristotle has advanced somewhat from Pericles's negative ideal, but he has not got very far. The most instructive passages, however, in the Ethics are in the Eighth Book, where friendship is considered. Quote, there is another kind of friendship or love depending upon superiority. The friendship or love of a father for a son, of a husband for a wife, of a ruler for a subject. These friendships are of different sorts. The love of a husband for a wife is not the same as that of wife for a husband. There is a different virtue in each, a different function and different motives. It follows that the services rendered by each party to the other are not the same, nor is it right to expect they should be. In all such friendships as depend upon the principle of superiority, the affection should be proportionate to the superiority. That is, the better or the more useful party or whoever may be the superior should receive more affection than he gives. This may sound to us humorous, but Aristotle is quite serious. It is part of his great doctrine of proportional equality, and his only doubt is as to which adjective is most appropriate to man, better or more useful or simply superior. Friendship leads to a discussion of domestic associations, and while the rule of a slave master seems a right form of despotism, the association of husband and wife is judged to be aristocratical, for the husband's rule depends upon merit and is confined to its proper sphere. He assigns to the wife all that suitably belongs to her. If the husband is lord of everything, he changes the association to an oligarchy, for then he acts unfairly and not in virtue of his superior merit. Quote, Sometimes the wife rules as being an heiress, but such rule is not based upon merit. End quote. Last comes the question of children, and here at least we need make no criticisms. Quote, It is evident why mothers love their children more than fathers. The procreation of children is the universal function of animals. In the case of other animals, this is the limit of their association, but men and women unite not only for the procreation of children, but for the purposes of life. As soon as they unite, a distribution of functions takes place. Some are proper to the husband, and others to the wife. Hence they supply one another's needs, each contributing to the common stock. Utility and pleasure seem alike to be found in the marriage relationship, but its basis will be virtue too.  End quote. The politics begin with a discussion of slavery, and by an association of ideas natural in Greek society. For Aristotle never attempts to rise above the conditions of life about him. Slaves and women are treated together. Quote, He who can foresee with his mind is by nature intended to be Lord and Master, and he who can work with his body is a subject, and by nature a slave. Hence, master and slave have the same interest. Nature, however, has distinguished between the female and the slave. For she is not niggardly. She makes each thing for a single use, and every instrument is best made when intended for one, and not for many uses. But among barbarians no distinction is made between women and slaves. End quote. It should be noticed here that the essential quality of the master is not physical strength, but mental capacity. It is the mind and not the body that makes the natural slave, the live tool as Aristotle defines him. Man and woman, master and slave, these are the foundations of the family. As Hesiod says, Quote, First a house, then a woman, and then an ox for the plow. End quote. An Aristotle has no difficulty in finding the arrangement right. He puts the question, Quote, Is there anyone intended by nature to be a slave, so that for him the condition of slavery is expedient and right? Or rather, is not all slavery a violation of nature? End quote. And gives the immediate reply. Quote, There is no difficulty in answering this question on grounds both of reason and of fact. For that some should rule, and others be ruled, is a thing not only necessary, but expedient. From the hour of their birth, some are marked out for subjection, others for rule. End quote. The law, he thinks, holds through all nature. Quote, Tame animals have a better nature than wild, and all tame animals are better off when they are ruled by men, for then they are preserved. The male is by nature superior, and the female inferior, and the one rules, and the other is ruled. This principle of necessity extends to all mankind. Nature would like to distinguish between the bodies of freemen and slaves, but this does not hold universally. End quote. So the string of assertions goes on, and the discussion closes. Quote, It is clear, therefore, that some men are by nature free and others slaves, and that for these latter slavery is both expedient and right. End quote. Having thus justified slavery to his own satisfaction, Aristotle proceeds to deal with household management, which he subdivides into three parts. The rule of a master over slaves, of a father, and of a husband. Quote, A husband and a father rules over wife and children, both free, but the rule differs. Over his children it is a royal, over his wife a constitutional rule. For although there may be exceptions to the order of nature, the male is by nature fitter for command than the female. Just as the elder and full grown is superior to the younger and more immature. End quote. To illustrate his point, Aristotle quotes the saying of Amisus and his footpan. A good story, although it does not exactly strengthen the philosopher's position. Amisus was a commoner, who became king of Egypt, to prove to his subjects the essential equality of all matter. He had his metal bath melted down and recast as a statue, to which all the people made humble obeisance, although they had treated the footpan with contempt. Then Amisus drew his moral. The substance of both bath and statue is the same. There is merely a difference in outward form. Of this kind, says Aristotle, is the relation between male and female, but there the inequality is permanent. It is the business of household management to ensure excellence, and we are faced at once by a difficulty. Can a slave possess virtue? If he has virtue, in what will he differ from a freeman? A similar question may be raised about women and children. Aught a woman to be called temperate, brave and just? Aristotle solves the difficulty thus. Quote. Women and slaves have a sort of virtue. The virtue of the irrational part of the soul. The slave has no deliberate faculty at all. The woman has it, but with her it is inconclusive. The ruler must have moral virtue in perfection. The subject requires only that measure of virtue, which is proper to him. Virtue will be common to man and woman, but it will not be the same virtue. For example, the courage of a man is shown in commanding of a woman in obeying. End quote. These are hard sayings, and they bring Aristotle into direct conflict with Plato, who, in the Meno, discusses the question whether the virtue of a man and a woman is the same or different, and comes to the conclusion that it is the same. But Aristotle never hesitates to criticize his former teacher, and it is a curious point how far his low estimate of women is not the result of the pupil's unconscious reaction against a master's enthusiasm. A great part of the politics is, in fact, a criticism of the Republic, and the discussion on slavery, which occupies most of the first book, is followed by a close consideration of Plato's communistic state. The objections raised are of a severely practical nature. For example, quote, If the women are shared in common and private property is retained, the men will see to the fields, but who will see to the house? End quote. And again, quote, Two virtues are destroyed in the communistic state. First, temperance towards women, for it is an honorable action to abstain from another man's wife for temperance's sake. Secondly, liberality in the matter of property. The legislation of such a state may have a specious appearance of benevolence, but such evils as there are in property are due to a cause that laws cannot eradicate, the wickedness of human nature. Indeed, we see that there is much more quarreling among those who have all things in common, though there are not many of them, than there is among the vast majority of men who keep to private property. End quote. The criticism, however, although acute on points of detail does not touch the essentials of feminism. And in the politics, Aristotle often reveals himself unconsciously as Plato's former disciple. His remarks on education are based very largely, although he makes no acknowledgment on his master's teaching, and scarcely harmonize with his own views on women. The concluding sentences of the first book, for example, are distinctly platonic in their tone. Quote. The relations of husband and wife, parent and child, their several virtues, what in their intercourse with one another is good, and what is evil, and how we may pursue the good and escape the evil will have to be discussed when we speak of the different forms of government. For in as much as every family is a part of a state, and these relationships are the parts of a family, the virtue of the part must have regard to the virtue of the whole, and therefore women and children must be trained by education with an eye to the state, if the virtues of either of them are supposed to make any difference in the virtues of the state, and they must make a difference, for the children grow up to be citizens, and half the free persons in a state are women. End quote. So in discussing the Spartan Constitution, he says, quote, a husband and a wife being each a part of every family, the state may be considered as about equally divided into men and women, and therefore in those states where the condition of the women is bad, half the city may be regarded as having no laws. End quote. A sentiment taken with a slight difference of application directly from Plato himself, and the Platonic influence is plainly seen in all the chapters which treat of marriage and education. Quote. Since the legislator should begin by considering how the frames of the children whom he is rearing may be as good as possible, his first care will be about marriage, at what age should his citizens marry, and who are fit to marry. End quote. So the discussion starts reasonably enough, but the conclusion hardly agrees with modern ideas of eugenics. Quote. Women should marry when they are about 18 years of age and men at 7 and 30. Then they are in the prime of life, and the decline in the powers of both will coincide. Furthermore, the children, if their birth takes place at the time that may reasonably be expected, will succeed in their prime when the fathers are already in the decline of life and have nearly reached their term of three scores years and ten. End quote. Aristotle here seems to be following not any ideal system, but the actual practice of his time, a practice which Euripides, from 319, had already condemned. The gap in age between husband and wife is far too great for any real, physical or moral companionship. The husband, moreover, remaining unmarried until the age of 37, can hardly be supposed to have escaped from the illicit connections which were allowed and encouraged by Athenian custom. To say that such a one is in his prime is surely to mistake the case. The art of being a grandfather, also under this system, tends to disappear, for a man could hardly hope to see grandchildren of his own if neither he nor his sons married till they were 37. His daughters, of course, as Euripides again tells us, from 320, on marriage passed altogether out of their father's life. The whole arrangement is obviously wrong, but it suited the conditions of Athenian domestic life where a young wife could be more easily kept in subjection, and large families were neither desired nor customary. And because it existed, therefore, to Aristotle it seemed right. The female, found to be inferior in a moral and political sense, is also considered by Aristotle to be physically inferior to the male, and in the traitease, on generation, he deals with this question frequently and at some length. Male and female differ in their essence by each having a separate ability or faculty, and anatomically by certain parts. Essentially, the male is that which is able to generate in another. The female is that which is able to generate in itself, and out of which comes into being the offspring previously existing in the parent.  An animal is not male or female in virtue of an isolated part, or an isolated faculty. When that which distinguishes male and female suffers change, many other changes accompany it, as would be the case if a first principle is changed. The traitease is concerned chiefly with the phenomena of reproduction. For the business of most animals is, you may say, nothing else than to produce young, as the business of a plant is to produce seed and fruit. Sex characteristics accordingly are described mainly in accordance with their reproductive functions. As regards the origin of sex and the causes of male and female, Aristotle is a curious mixture of prejudice and insight. He begins thus, to suppose that heat and cold are the causes of male and female, or that the different sexes come from the right and left, is not altogether unreasonable in itself, for the right of the body is hotter than the left. With him it is an unquestioning belief that the right is in nature superior to the left, the upper to the lower, the front to the back, and nature, when no more important purpose stands in the way, places the more honorable part in the more honorable position. So it is that the heart, which is the nobler organ, is in the upper part of the body, while the stomach is in the lower. As he is equally sure that the male is superior to the female, the male elements in reproduction will come from the right, or noble part of the body. But the part taken by the male and female elements in the process of generation is, according to Aristotle, absolutely different. The child is not formed from a mixture of both, but the female contributes the material. The male is the active agent. The analogy used is that of a bed. The female is the wood, the male the carpenter, who, from the wood, makes the bed. The female is passive, the male is active. Quote, it is through a certain incapacity that the female is female. Females are weaker and colder in nature than males, and we must look upon the female character as being a sort of natural deficiency. End quote. Women, in Aristotle's view, are rather plants than animals, for the animal differs from the plant, chiefly in having sense perception. If the sensitive soul is not present, the body is no better than a corpse, and this sensitive soul is supplied only by the male. The female provides the material, the male fashions it, the body is from the female, the soul from the male, who can stand outside the body just as the artist stands outside his creation. It certainly seems that female children progress more quickly than male, but that is merely a proof of their inferiority, for all inferior things come sooner to their perfection or end, and as this is true of works of art, so it is true of what is formed by nature. These quotations will illustrate that curious depreciation of the female element in nature, and especially in man, which is one of the weaker points in the treaties. It is continually recurring. For example, in describing the hair of animals, these are the reasons given for baldness.  Women do not go bald. So in the discussion of voice we read, the voice of the female is higher than that of the male in all animals, and in man this is especially noticeable. A deep note is better than a high-pitched. Depth belongs to the nobler nature, and depth of tone shows a sort of superiority. Nor is this view of the physical and consequently the mental inferiority of the female confined to degeneration. It permeates the history of animals and finds its clearest expression there in a passage which perhaps gives the ultimate reason of Aristotle's error. In all genera in which the distinction of male and female is found, nature makes a similar differentiation in the mental characteristics of the two sexes. This differentiation is the most obvious in the case of humankind, and in that of the larger animals in the viviparous quadrupeds. In the case of these latter, the female is softer in character, is the sooner tamed, admits more readily of caressing, and is more apt in the way of learning. With all animals, except the bear and the leopard, the female is softer in disposition than the male, is more mischievous, less simple, more impulsive, and more attentive to the nurture of the young. The traces of these differentiated characteristics are more or less visible in every species, but they are especially visible where character is the more developed, and most of all in man. The fact is, the nature of man is the most rounded off and complete, and consequently in man the qualities above referred to are found in their perfection. Hence woman is more compassionate than man, more easily moved to tears, at the same time is more jealous, more querulous, more apt to scold. She is furthermore, more prone to despondency, and less hopeful than the man, more void of shame or self-respect, more false of speech, more deceptive, and of more retentive memory. She is also more wakeful, more shrinking, more difficult to rouse to action, and requires a smaller quantity of nutriment. The Athenian women of the fourth century were the women that Aristotle knew best, and given Aristotle's character and scientific method, it is not surprising that he should judge woman in the abstract to be an inferior animal. If he had been a little more of a poet and idealist, in other words, if he had not been Aristotle, he might have taken another view, but considering the facts of Athenian life in his day, in Aristotle's disposition to cling to facts, we need not wonder at his estimate. The real mischief, and Aristotle's influence in this matter has been an enormous hindrance to human progress, was done not by the philosopher himself, for in his time the position of women could hardly have been altered for the worse, but by his blind followers in later ages, when his slightest word was regarded almost as inspired truth. Aristotle himself is never dogmatic, he leaves that to weaker men, and does not profess to give anything but the somewhat casual expression of his own personal knowledge and opinions. It is hardly right to blame him. Women in his time undoubtedly were the inferior sex, and Aristotle is always the prophet of things as they are. The protégé of the absolute monarchy, which had overthrown the city-states, he has no belief in abstract freedom or in social reform. In his time, what is, is right. Women and slaves are inferior, he says to himself, by the conditions of existence as I see them. Therefore they are inferior by the laws of nature. And although he knows that this inferiority was the result of the conditions of their life, his business is only with facts. But he generalizes from insufficient data. Woman for him means the women of his time, and although he points out the influence of environment, he fails to distinguish between innate and accidental characteristics. And so again, in treating of the female sex in nature, he is too inclined to confine himself to the higher mammals. He emphasizes the case of the herbivorous animals, those that go in herds, and are polygamous in their habits. Deer, for example, where the male has a distinct advantage in size and strength. While he says little of the carnivora, who hunt in pairs and are monogamous, where the female tends to be equal in every respect to the male. Insects he almost disregards, and the microscope, in the hands of a naturalist, of genius, like Mishir Vab, has opened up for us a world from which Aristotle was debarred by the material limitations of his instruments. We see now that nature, at least, has no favored sex, and that Euripides's words are as true and a zoological as they are in a sociological sense. Quote, all that can be said of the male can be said equally well of the female, and vice versa. End quote. The male that in some species is the stronger and more active, in others is the weaker and plays a passive role. The female mantis that devours her feeble mate is the reverse side of nature's picture. So again all the fascinating problems of parthenogenesis, whereby the female may produce for several births without the intervention of the male, have received a new light from the close study of the hive. Aristotle's chapter on bees suffers materially from lack of first-hand knowledge, and, as Professor Platt says, although it is greatly to his credit for hard thinking, it reveals the fact that he knew next to nothing about the subject. Of course, the whole method of bee generation is totally at variance with Aristotle's theory of male superiority, and if he had possessed our knowledge, his theory might have been modified. In the world of insects at least, feminism reigns. The male is weak and subservient. The female is the ruler. Often the male is an accident. The female would have sufficed. So true is this that a modern essayist, M. Rami de Gaumont, writing under the influence of Valve's discoveries, can vary Aristotle's analogy and compare the female to the clock and the male to the necessary key that winds up the mechanism. But although Aristotle can scarcely be said to understand all the mysteries of sex, he anticipates some of the most fruitful investigations of modern research, and in all questions of pure science, within the limits of his own experience, he is almost infallible. It is unfortunate that his experience of women was misleading, and that the problems of feminism do not always fall within the confines of science. That he was wrong in this matter is chiefly the fault of his times and their social conditions, and those who live in other days and amid other surroundings should remember his own significant words, spoken indeed about bees, but equally applicable to other social animals. Quote, Such appears to me to be the truth, judging from theory and what I believe to be the facts. But up to the present, the facts have not been sufficiently comprehended. If ever they are, then credit must be given to observation, rather than to theories, and to theories only, if what they affirm agrees with observed facts. End quote. And with that quotation, we may well leave him. Amicus Aristoteles, Magis Amica Veritas. If the facts of modern existence show women to be the inferior sex, then, and then only, are we moderns justified in holding that opinion. But every man should judge for himself on the evidence that his own observation gives and not be influenced by the theories of other men or by the literature of the past. In Aristotle's time, for reasons which this brief survey of Greek literature has perhaps made plain, the facts of women's nature were certainly not sufficiently comprehended. Euripides and Plato are almost the only authors who show any true appreciation of a woman's real qualities. And to Euripides and Plato, Aristotle, by the whole trend of his prejudices, was opposed. His mistake was that he failed to realize the moral aspects of feminism, a nation that degrades its women will inevitably suffer degradation itself. Aristotle lent the weight of his name to a profound error and helped to perpetuate the malady which had already been the chief cause of the destruction of Greece. End of Chapter 13 End of Feminism in Greek Literature by Frederick Adam Wright


Last night's Trab revealed some major nerfs and buffs coming to Destiny 2 with Shadowkeep, also giving us a glimpse at all new armors, all in which we will cover today and as always guys, me giving you guys my opinion on all coming changes. How's it going guys? My name's DP Jen. I'd like to thank you for stopping by and checking out my video. If you do enjoy it leaving a like really helps out and if you are new around here and enjoy daily Destiny 2 videos be sure to subscribe. Okay so the entire Trab if you want to read through all you will find it linked within the video description. It's pretty lengthy to say the least. Okay so the Trab opens up with the announcement of a new Bungie Bounty. I mean if you are lucky enough I mean super lucky on Tuesday, September 10th, 3-5pm PDT. Phil Spencer and Pete Parsons are playing strikes leaving one spot open. This will be on Xbox and if you manage to get that third spot over the course of these two hours, you'll snag yourself this pretty epic looking emblem. I mean good luck trying to get this. It will be streamed on Mixer to up your chances of when to join that strike playlist in search trying to get that third spot but in my opinion will need a miracle. Also if you are watching and participating in the Mixer chat there's a chance you'll be able to win the sold out Shadowkeep collector's edition. Okay so moving on to PvP director changes as well as the removal of certain PvP maps. We've removed the quick play and competitive nodes from the director. If you're looking for an experience like quick play we've added Classic Mix a connection based playlist like quick play today. Classic Mix includes Control, Clash and Supremacy. Competitive is replaced by 3v3 Survival which now rewards Glory. We've also added a Survival solo queue playlist which also rewards Glory. We've added 6v6 Control as its own playlist with the potential influx of new players this fall. We want to have a playlist that signals to new players where to start. We feel like a 6v6 control is the right start in place when introducing new friends to destiny. We've added a weekly 6v6 Rotator and a weekly 4v4 Rotator. These Rotator playlists are where models like Clash, Supremacy, Mayhem, Lockdown and Countdown will appear. We want to create some variety in the PvP experience from season to season and one way we're doing that is to bench some maps for the season. While they're out of rotation if time allows we also hope to improve how they play by tweaking spawn areas and more spawns and overall structure so they return better than before. The first four to be removed from all playlists are Dead Cliffs, Legion's Gulch, Retribution and Solitude. We also made a pass on all playlists, removing some maps from playlists where they don't shine. Echo Nox is now only in Scorched, Mayhem and Breakthrough and Firebase Echo is only in Supremacy, Mayhem and Breakthrough. While we are removing a few maps we are also introducing Widow's Court, Twilight Gap and a new map, Fragment. Think Dreaming City meets Infinite Forest. So they are removing a few certain maps people, to be honest looking at these images I think they're the only damn maps I seem to match into. The fact we are getting back Twilight Gap though and Widow's Court is absolutely epic, I loved both these maps and a new one called Fragment could be good. Elimination is also making a return to Crucible Labs, I believe here what they are trying to do is create the perfect trials mode and what better way to test it. Okay so moving on and changes are being made to heavy ammo spawns in 6v6 playlist modes and this will work a lot like it did in Destiny 1 but instead of having to be within a certain radius I do believe it spawns for all players on a team that grab the heavy and you will have 7 seconds to grab that heavy before it despawns. Changes are also being made to ranks, Glory Valor and Infamous Streaks have been made more resilient, instead of resetting your streak, losses will now reduce your Valor and Infamous Streaks by 1 and your Glory Streak by 2, you can still lose glory but if your rank is at or below fabled you can't lose glory, if doing so will drop you below that rank, each rank through fabled acts as a floor for glory. Competitive matchmaking changes Destiny has always tracked players skill behind the scenes, taking into account things like kills, damage dealt and so forth. These factors all contribute to a player's skill rating in season 8 with map skill ratings to glory ranks, with the lowest end of the scale mapping to Guardian 1 and the high end mapping to legend. Most players are somewhere between these extremes, as you play in the survival playlist, the glory system will accelerate you to the rank that corresponds to your skill rating. If your current rank is below where your skill rating says you should be, you'll earn extra glory based on criteria above so you can get your expected rank faster and lose less glory so you don't fall farther away. Once you reach your expected rank, glory gains and losses will normalise. Okay so we're going to move on to the sandbox changes to abilities and wow, there are some pretty big changes here for sure. Starting with the Hunter Nightstalker bottom 3. Vanish, smoke bomb grants invisibility to allies, gives one stack of heart at a pack newly revamped to all allies hit. Grants plus 32 to armor recovery and agility gives weapon reload speed and handling max 3 stacks, increased invisibility duration from 7 to 8 seconds. Provision, killing tethered enemies creates orbs and increases agility, armor and recovery for allies. New perk, old perk benefits move to be part of the Morbius Quiver. Damaging enemies with your grenades reduces the cooldown of your smoke bomb, 6% per damage tick. Making allies invis gives you grenade energy, 17.5% per ally. Morbius Quiver fires super multiple times and deals massive damage to tethered targets. Added the old Provision perk to naturally be a part of Morbius Quiver. Killing tethered enemies creates super orbs and grants stacks of heart at a pack for allies. Expending the range of heart of the pack from 20 to 30 meters. Shadow shot super, top and bottom 3, damage increased from 150 to 250.  Supress is unhitted is more consistent, yeah we'll see about that. Well to be honest some pretty decent change is stated there but we will see how it handles in-game, I mean it looks good on paper but that isn't always the case of how it actually handles and as we know. Moving on to Titan Sentinel Top 3. Defensive strike, melee ability that creates an over shield for nearby allies. All kills while the over shield is active grant melee energy for the player with the shield. Work for all allies you grant a shield too, wow this is based upon enemy threat level. From 5% for minor enemies and 25% for bosses and players, i.e. guardians. Rallying force, melee kills heal nearby allies. Heal buffed from 10 health and 10 shields to 10 health and 20 shields 50% increase. Wall of Dawn, alternate super that creates a shield bubble. Increase ward health versus supers, more supers will require the whole thing to be dumped on the ward to destroy it but will usually not kill the players inside. Wall grants weapons of light buff when passing through it, 35% weapon damage for 15 seconds, wow grants an additional super orb 3. Auto generated orbs now grant the same amount of super energy as regular super orbs. Previously the orbs had less super energy they were on par with master work orbs. Sentinel, cold of the aggressor, bottom tree, shield bash, shoulder charge that disorients nearby enemies, wow no supers sister, target hit and any enemy within 2 meters have to be basically right next to them, well that's reassuring. Void walkout attunement of hunger, bottom tree. War techs, normal bomb leaves behind a damaging area of effect pool. Initial explosion damage increased 15%, lingering damage increased 15%. Dawnblade attunement of grace, wall of radiance, alternate super that creates a healing buffing fluid for allies, grants an additional super orb 3. Auto generated orbs now grant the same amount of super energy as regular super orbs. Previously the orbs gave less super energy which were on par with master work orbs. Okay so decent but now let's check out the nerfs. Nightstalker wear the trapper top, shadow shot fires an arrow that damages enemies and debuffs enemies nearby. Damage sharing for the nightstalker player significantly reduced from 100 to 50%. Now all allied players have 50% damage sharing on tether, wow. Nightstalker wear the wraith middle, flawless execution, headshot kills while crouch grants invisibility and true sight. Now true sight lasts 3 seconds down from 9. Wow that is a nerf sharing strike. After performing a flawless execution your melee attacks have a longer lunge range and weakens enemies. Advanced warning when we made the change to flawless execution is automatically unintentionally nerf this ability to only last 3 seconds. It was directly tied to the true sight. We have prepared a fix for the 4.6.1 patch to restore the weakened and lunge range increase to last the entire 9 seconds regardless of true sight and invisibility status. Changes are also being made to abilities and the exotic switch grants instant reload people so let's get into it. Tight and rally barricade. This ability now provides a large increase to reload speed for the duration of the effect. The ability no longer automatically loads your weapons from reserves. Warlock, rift and weller radiance. Lunification boots now provides a large increase to reload for the duration of the weller radiance. It's exotic no longer automatically reload your weapons from reserves. Wow. Now I know there's been a little uproar over the past 12 hours due to these changes and yeah I kind of understand but in reality and the bigger picture here I understand why these changes are being made along with others which will come to in a second and changes to various supers and so forth which we've already covered. The truth is all these instant reloading tactics paired with crazy OP supers and instant super regions and so much more means that destiny 2 is easier than ever the way it is right now and let's face it it is that way people. There isn't a single activity within the game which is a struggle. Everything is simple. Every activity has a method of completing seductivity in mere seconds and really although it's fun to steam through these things and get that loot in the long run it does kind of take away the enjoyment of activities. The change I feel won't drastically change how easy some things are but they will as I believe intended make people more so think about said loadouts. They're also nerfing super regeneration. New energy granted by super orbs. Super orbs have a 50% reduction now grants 7.143% of your super. Masterwork orbs 50% reduction 2.5% towards your super kills 25% reduction and assists 25% reduction. Wow I just hope it doesn't turn out to be how destiny 2 was at launch having like one super per PvP game was just so boring and made it so slow paced but we will see so moving on to damage multipliers and this concludes with my point of thinking getting a little harder going forward. They state gold. At destiny 2 launch damage buffs were fairly sparse. There was empowering rift for a small increase and you could combine it with a weakening effect such as hammer strike but very little else. As time has gone on and we have introduced well of agents weapons of light guiding flame, frontal assault etc and combining these effects has resulted in player damage output far beyond what was previously available. Even with just a small amount of them a player can go from 1 times damage to 3 times and beyond causing there to be an extremely large gap between standard player output and theoretical output. By preventing the larger effects from stacking we are able to keep each of them around without having to do something in response like raise boss health to compensate for these tactics as well as create more of them. As an example lumina would not have been created in world where the damage bonus effect of noble runs stacked with other damage effects and these changes are simply an extension along those same lines. While the weakening effects never stacked we also took a look at them and adjusted their values as many of our more powerful units would simply evaporate when touched by one of them. But we compensated for that in other ways such as either extended duration of the effect or in the case of shadow shot making the effect power weapons. Player damage buffs, player bonuses, damage bonus effects that apply to all of a player's weapons simultaneously and no longer stack multiplicatively? Wow that's a big word. The highest applicable bonus will be used instead. This does not affect single weapon buffs such as rampage, kill clip or exotic weapons that increase their own damage. These will still stack multiplicatively. Buffs that provide bonus damage will still exist simultaneously on the player so in the event that the one of the highest multiplayer wears off the next highest will be used instead. This change affects the following weapons abilities in pairing with frontier assault, guarding flame, sun warrior, inertial override, well of radiance, lumina noble rounds and weapons of light. Notable exceptions, vengeance, one eyed mask, frontier assault, bonus damage is now at plus 20 previously plus 25, sun warrior, damage bonus is now at plus 20% previously plus 25, well of radiance, damage bonus is now at plus 25% previously 35% and weapons of light, damage bonus is now at plus 35% previously 25%. Enemy debuffs are weakened, shadow shot, incoming pve damage is now at plus 30% previously 35%, incoming pve damage is now at plus 50% previously plus 55%, this affect no longer exclude power weapons. Tractor cannon reports a force, incoming pve damage now at plus 30 for all elements, previously plus 33% for non void and 50% for void damage respectively and it's the same for pvp, besides incoming pvp damage is now at plus 50% for all elements. Hammer strike, incoming pve damage is now at plus 30% previously 50%, duration increased from 6 to 10 seconds in pve, shattering strike, incoming pve damage is now at plus 30% previously 50%, duration increased from 6 to 10 seconds in pve. Super damage resistance is also being lowered people, here's what's changing and this also coincides with reports out of packs that 90 rpm snipers can one indeed kill you in your super with a headshot. Super damage resistance removed from master work inherent super damage resistance lowered by category c below okay so let's get into that. Low 55 to 49%, novel warp, thunder crash, blade barrage, novel warp and well of radiance, medium 56% to 51%, hammer of soul and daybreak, high 6% to 53%, fist of havoc, burning more, sentinel or shield, arc staff, arc lightning and shadow shot, unchange, spectral blades, golden gun and chaos reach so guys some massive changes coming to the sandbox ones that will definitely change the feel of the game and the way most people think about playing this and to be honest guys I'm excited for this it's a change I do indeed welcome but what do you think about all these let me know down below in that comment section are there any issues you see bubbling in the future here let me know down below okay so we're going to move on to shallow keep armor sets and exactly what armor will be available when armor 2.0 system comes into effect on october 1st okay so the shadow keep armor sets the dream bane armor this is acquired from activities under moon and it looks amazing now we have seen a lot of these people in like wallpapers and sold many other images on twaben via press kits and so forth but yeah it does look absolutely epic next up we have the garden of salvation raid armor now this was obviously previously leaked from packs we only got images of the icons and one Titan helmet I mean yes they are these skins but yes they do indeed look absolutely incredible with them blue holograms substitutional armor set acquired from seasonal activities three seasonal rewards and premium seasonal rank rewards this indeed looks decent too phenotype plasticity universal armor set acquired from premium seasonal rank rewards and I mean like wow this has got to be the best looking armor I've seen so far then we have the iron will armor set acquired from participating in the iron banner pretty damn cool people imperial cartography universal armor set acquired from the ever-virus store this looks pretty good too not gonna lie so some seriously amazing looking armor here people I cannot wait to obtain it they also go on to state the current arm is in game which will be available with shadow keep as armor 2.0 okay so crucible year one armor includes year one ornaments vanguard year one armor includes year one ornaments the black army forge armor gambit armor all of it including gambit prime menagerie all the menagerie armor mean the ones you can roll also raids the life and ease of worlds by the stars and lash wish gorgeous the past and crown of sorrow destinations european dead zone titan nessus ior mercury mars vendor and escalation protocol tangled sure and dreaming city there will also be additional world drops that can be found in legendary engrams which have been updated to armor 2.0 so there's a lot of armor to chase now the one thing I am still unsure about is what happens if we pull these armors out of our collections that we've already collected will they still be armor 2.0 I mean I'm guessing they will have they already confirmed I know they confirmed it with exotics that you could pull out your vote and it'll be armor 2.0 but I'm not sure about legendary armor pieces but we will see as time goes on unless they've already mentioned this and you can clear that out for me down below in that comment section people and guys that is it shallow keep is just around the corner it's shaping up to be something amazing in my opinion and I cannot wait let me know what you think about this down below in that comment section people now if you enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out if you're new around here and enjoy daily destiny videos be sure to subscribe and if you never want to miss a video I upload you can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button but guys thanks as always for stopping by hopefully you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on that next one


Hello friends. So in this session, we are going to learn a technique of Multiplying any number by five So any number when multiplied by five can be equivalently Calculated as multiplying by ten and then dividing the result by two. How does it work? So let us say we have a number x and then if I multiply this by five It is equivalent to multiplying the number x by ten and then divide by two right because ten by two is five Let us see a few examples So here twenty four into five is given so first step is I'll go a little slow in while calculating this so that you Can understand it But then with a little bit of practice you'll be able to do it in your mind itself So you don't require even pen and paper to do it. So twenty four into five is nothing but twenty four into ten by Two now multiplying twenty four by ten is much easier. It will be simply 240 So in your mind itself two forty by two is nothing but one twenty Right similarly here. It is five seventy by two now I'm writing it but usually while calculating it you need not write it You can do it in your mind itself now five seventy by two is easier to calculate because it is two eight and then five Right, it has to be done in mind mind you it is not needed to use pen and pencil But initially for practicing you'll be requiring the help of pen and pencil But after that in the flow you will be able to calculate in your mind itself now two two four into five is simply two two four Zero by two. This is what the mind is calculating and here the number will be one one two zero This is how multiplication by five is done Now let us understand the process of multiplication by 25 Let us say we have to multiply a number x by 25 So if you see this is nothing but x into hundred by four because 25 is hundred upon four. So this technique we will be applying to multiply two numbers using by 25 now first step is to multiply it by hundred and then Divide it by four. So let us take 24 into 25 first example. So it is nothing but 2400 by four. So clearly this is not a big deal. This is 600 because 24 by 4 is 6 Now second is 57 into 25. So what do you need to do? 5700 by 4 so if you calculate it it is one then four and then two and five Okay, now this has to be done mentally guys because you know, this is a training module So we'll have to go a little bit slow. Let us take the third example. So in this example, what is this? This is 224 into 25. So it is nothing but 22400 by four, which is nothing but five six 00 correct. So this is the answer So likewise, you can have any two digit three digit five digit number and you when you have to multiply by 25 Simply multiply by hundred and divide it by four Now, let us understand the process of multiplying it any number by 125 again It is simple. So if you see multiplying any number X by 125 requires that you multiply that with 1000 first and then divide the entire result by eight because if you see thousand upon eight this number is Nothing but 125. Let us take examples now. So if you see first example is again 24 into Sorry, this is 125 24 into 125 so 24 into 125. How do you do 24,000 and divided by 8 now clearly 24 by 8 is 3. So answer is 3000 Okay. Now second one is 57,000 Divide by it, right? So now you'll see what is this eight seven times 56 and is there? So one 20 is there. So two and forty so seven one two five Right, so instead of multiplying otherwise, what you would have done you would have taken 125 and then 57 and then you have Multiplied 125 by seven first. So like this 7535 carry three. So seven twos are 14 17 carry one and seven on the seven eight 75 and then five five is a 25 carry two Five twos are 10 12 carry one five and a five and then six. So hence then you'll add Right. So this will take this much time to solve like this, right? Otherwise alternatively you can just multiply by thousand and divide by eight. You'll get the same result now Let us see what is 224 into 125. I'll go slow again. So two two four triple zero, right? And then this divide by eight. Okay. So now Multiplying by 125 is you know a little bit or relatively more tedious than dividing that number by eight So let us say what is this? This will be eight two times sixteen, right? So carry the six is remainder so 64 and now 64 is Eight times right done 28,000. So this is how it can be done so quickly