I don't see video for whichever leader is going to be feeding the presentations or the room recording in progress. So now that I can at least see the room I think you can get started time is 632. And the September 15 meeting of the development reward for the city of a new ski has been called to order. The DRB is a quasi judicial volunteer resident board that upholds standards and procedures as defined in the Winooski zoning ordinance review and make decisions on some of the visions site plans conditional uses variance and appeals of the zoning administrators determinations. The DRB has authority through the state Vermont state statute and ensures due process protects the rights of applicants and the rights of the public to participate in proposals for land development here within the city. Appeals of the decisions made by the DRB are heard by the Vermont Superior Court Environmental Division and the Vermont Supreme Court. My name is Matt base so it's I am the board chair with us is Harlan Miller. Also, Elsie Goodrich I believe is in the room as well as David Weisberger our newest member Jordan Matt is here and online with us is Aaron Guyette. Did I miss anybody. I think I got everybody Wow. Next up on the agenda are changes to the agenda. Does anybody have any recommendations or requests to make any changes to the agenda as presented. Oh for sure. Yes. Very happy to have Jordan here it was a great, I don't know probably half hour chat a couple weeks ago with with Eric and I and welcome Jordan here with open arms. Thank you. On the agenda of Vermont's open meeting law grants an opportunity for public comments at every public meeting if anybody would like to comment about anything that is not on our current agenda. This is your opportunity right now. Hearing nothing seeing nothing we can move along to the next agenda item which is approving the previous meeting minutes from last month. I skimmed through them I didn't see anything glaring. If anybody else sees anything that needs to be changed. Let us know. Otherwise I will entertain a motion to approve the minutes. Good catch David. Any seconds Harlan motions Aaron seconds all those in favor of approving the minutes please raise your hand or give us a thumbs up or say I all opposed say nay. Any abstentions. One abstention LC abstains. Motion carries the minutes are approved. Next on our agenda is our first of three substantive items here, which is a hearing on a subdivision at 262 North Street. So we will invite the applicant to please come join us. Yes, we do we do ask that before anybody speaks you swear and affirm that everything you are saying is the truth under the pains and penalties of perjury. This is everything you're about to say is the truth. Thank you. Thank you. So, tell us a little bit about the plan. Subdivision we had originally had between the two lots. There's an existing residents are opposing to create one lot. So a lot as the existing residents lot being is the proposed lot existing porch on the south side of the house partly in with something with DRB. So we have sides and back. So that adjusted the size of the lot on 1770 square feet. So it's still sufficient room to be able to build proposed driveway off of North Street to access the proposed lot being us was to issues outside of our control came in after the staff report was done. But it has been forwarded so that proposed lot would have an address of 258 North Street. So I was not there for the sketch plan review back in July so I'm not entirely familiar with the conversations that happened a couple months ago. But if anybody else who wasn't attendance, or who wasn't. I would just add is at the meeting with the sketch plan one of the items that you all did agree to was to have this come forward as a preliminary final. So this will be unless you have significant concerns or want to change things. This would not come back again for a final review. So if anybody else who wasn't attendance, or who wasn't has any questions, please chime in any questions or concerns. Okay. And, and Eric just to verify everything here does make this a fully conforming lot. Okay. Well thank you we invite anybody else who would like to speak on this project to come up right now. I don't know if we have anybody online. I don't think we do. And Eric you said there was nobody else in attendance to speak on this project. Okay. Well, what we typically do is either after this meeting or a date soon to be determined. We will go into deliberative session to discuss and make a final decision on on this project. So we thank you for your time. The next on our agenda is a hearing on a conditional use request for 157 West Allen streets, and we'll make it far less formal next time I promise. Do you affirm that everything you were saying is the truth. Okay, thank you. Your name I'm so sorry I didn't catch that. So this is just for build out of the first floor of the garage. All right, thank you. Yeah, tell us a little bit about the projects. What are your plans for the second floor just to keep it as a storage space of some sort or Eric does this meet Parker requirements for the city is for there would be three living units now on this lot correct. So, based on the regulations as a pre existing non conformity, they can make some changes and adjustments as long as it doesn't increase the degree of not separated by the driveway as well so there is some screening there already. Yeah, I think there's a six foot fence on both sides between James, me and Sarah. But I think you said that that was one thing that they so choose to request additional screen. But yeah, so there is there's some fencing there now. The structure immediately to the left of the building we're talking about. That's on the next lot. Is that a garage or is that a living space. Okay, and the paved air. I see there's a looks like a carport that's going to be constructed off to the side. Okay. So no, there would be no additional paving. It looks like all the, the asphalt that's currently in place would be there. Okay. The board have any questions before we move on. This is the minimum requirement. Okay. I know you've been living there for the last year or two. Are there concerns about where you're going to put snow. When the time. So you typically have this number of cars in your driveway now, he said. Is there a plan for when you have new tenants move into the larger space is there a plan for a place for them to park. Okay. Yeah. And I know that, you know, situationally right now doesn't mean that that's going to be the case five years from now and you might only have three cars there five years from now. Okay. So I'm going to move on. Yeah. As long as it meets current than that, that's good. I don't have any other questions. Does anybody else. Awesome. Well, thank you, Mr. Handy. We appreciate your, your time with us. If nobody else has any other questions, we will invite anybody else to come up and speak on this project right now. And just to clarify, this is a final decision today. Right. It's a deliberative session either tonight's or in the next couple of days, hopefully, and we'll have a decision for you very soon. The last substantive item on our agenda is a public hearing on a variance request for a project at one on one main streets. That also includes 109 main streets. And we invite the applicants or their representatives to come forward now. Same project to be rebuilt. The city only allows for a permit issued. It's good for one year and you can get a one year extension. And then that's it. That's, that's the most we allow. So since this project was approved has been changed. Okay, thank you. Development, which is our very similar plan also local development. We've done several projects, city blocks and recently city gardens. And we work with summit on Park, Paris and Casablan as well.  So this was the city. So, so projects in the state, there was such a large number of projects and we ended up having two applications in. They said, we can only do simple mechanism in the code to just extend past specifics on and especially the change in the code. Certainly see the site slopes from one side to the other street. So, so I'll just try to try to walk you through. So of the sheet, there's the garage entrance and you can see the parking that's closest to Main Street, maybe six months ago or so, unless it's 100% below grade. So even though we're partially below grade, this whole lower parking Main Street would not be allowed in this location. So because of the topography in this site is very unique shape and size, the new code. I'm sorry, because it's not 100% below grade or 100% at low. So, so basically they're parking setback line in the form based code. So there was some ambiguity in what below grade meant. So the code was changed to now say parking setback line unless it's complete fronting sidewalk elevation or something to that effect. So if you look at the plants here again and if you look at the big square where there's an elevator and stairwell, that whole piece, basically everything above those spaces. Use those spaces. Not only would this project most likely not be viable, but we still would not change the facade of the building. The facade would be the same. We still have the same amount of street activation, which we actually do space here some at grade service space activation, a decent amount of street activation for such a complicated site. Switch back to this. So again, back to this you see in the, the medium gray color is our commercial space right at the corner. And so it doesn't make it look like you're just walking it up like slats. So where we would bring that space and if there's ways we can. It looks as though there's an outside outdoor lot as well behind the building. Is that, is that true? Or am I, so that would only be accessible from mansion street. Okay. So there are some easements involved between the two properties, but 18 mansion street is not included in this, in this development. So any concerns about that the lot coverage is pretty much almost entirely building or parking about runoff into the rail ravine. Okay, okay. Right. Eric, can you clarify you said that there were two options for the variance we can either extend the expiration or you said something about the same project would have to be rebuilt. Okay. Okay. Okay, I, if the board doesn't have any more questions. I think we should bring up anybody else that would like to speak on this topic. Okay. Yeah. Thank you. And then we'll ask you to just raise your hand and swear that you're telling the truth. Thank you, thank you. I just realized I was muted. Can we bring Nate and Tom back up just for a second. I just have a question and I want them to get close to it. Oh, do we. Okay. But yes, let's take that. So John Hain. HA, I am E. Oh, PA YM me. I'm sorry. Okay. Great. Thank you, John. I had a follow up question for, for Tom and Nate. Unless there's anybody else. No, okay. I just wanted clarity on the funding that you are trying to secure right now. If you had not changed this project to a, to the mixed income. Or market level apartments. If you had not changed it to include the low income. You, that's the reason why you have to secure this funding. Correct. That reason why you are securing this funding. If this was still, you know, market rent apartments, then, then your funding would be coming from a different source. Okay. Awesome. I just wanted clarification on. Like. The city decided not just something that we handed out to the developers to build monstrosities, right? This is what we all collectively as a city decided appreciate. I appreciate that. I'm sure you, the legal issue and specific site characteristics that were pointed out in our memo. And I'm sure you, the slope of this site is one of the factors that makes it so that the intent of that code cannot be strictly met. The intent of these revisions were to have an engaged street space so that you wouldn't have parking in the street space. That cannot be done on a site that's this sloping. So, I don't think it's worth trying to dive into. Make this work, plus the site characteristics, which are unique and specific to a highly sloping site that makes it so that you cannot present the engaged street space and so. Thank you so much. Does anybody have any questions. Probably no. All right. Very good. Well, thank you. Again, we'll, we'll go to deliberate session probably tonight. This is actually moving. This quicker than I thought. So I think we'll be able to meet tonight and get these, get all three of these items hashed out. Next up on the agenda is a continuation from last month's meeting in regards to election of officers for. So, I do recall from last month's meeting, David and Aaron both said that they were not interested. Is that correct. That's the only. I'm sorry, that's the only responsibility. That works for me. You saw it correctly. It's somebody to make that motion and somebody to second it. I'll second it. Aaron seconds, all those in favor of that slate, please raise your hand say aye. Any opposed. I saw all hands up so and I'm assuming no abstentions motion carries unanimously. Hey, we have a full slate of officers. Yes, we do. Next up on the agenda is sitting updates from Eric. I will be, I will be there tomorrow to sign it. I was trying to get there today and I just ran out of time. Oh, very good. No other updates. We'll go to the next agenda item, which is other business. Very good. So how does everybody feel about deliberating tonight about these three items? So Aaron with a thumbs up. I didn't see anybody else. Good to go. Okay. So with that, I think we can go into deliberative session. After maybe a five or 10 minute break. Once we've adjourned and we'll jump onto that private link, but we'll entertain a motion to adjourn right now. Sounds good. Any seconds. David seconds, all in favor of raise your hand say aye. I believe so. Yes. Awesome.


Many of you probably see crypto as a tool to make a ton of money. Well, Eric Voorhees, the CEO of ShapeShift, believes crypto's ultimate goal is creating a new financial system, a system where money is separated from the state and governed by open immutable code. What should the price of money be? That's a question for markets, not for politicians, not for banks to decide for us. But states won't give up their control over money without a fight, and the battle for the future of finals may have already started. In recent months, United States regulators have moved against the world's largest crypto companies, cutting off ties linking crypto with a traditional banking system. So is the crypto industry facing its most crucial tests? And can open immutable code prevail against the power of the state? I talked about it in my conversation with Eric Voorhees, the CEO of ShapeShift and one of the most influential people in crypto according to Cointelegraph's Top 100 list. Before we start, don't forget to like the video and subscribe to our channel. I'm Giovanni, on this show, we challenge the ideas that shape the world of crypto. In each episode, we assess a crypto narrative, a macro-economic outlook, or a potentially disruptive technology. Only the most solid ideas will make it to the other side. So you said that your personal mission in crypto is separating the money from the state. So why do you think that is so important? Great question. So yeah, I think money should be separated from the state, which means that the institution of money, which is obviously so important, like we're all using it every day for everything, should not be centrally planned or controlled. And this is essentially a result of just feeling like markets handle goods and services better than central monopolies. I think most people agree with that to some extent, and yet they allow the most important good of all, which is money, to be centrally controlled by a monopoly. And there's a number of reasons why it should not be the case. One is a matter of economic efficiency, like what should the price of money be? That's a question for markets, not for politicians, not for banks to decide for us. There should not be like one price of money that is set by a group of figures in a building in Washington, DC. Like that sounds very Soviet to me. That does not sound like what the world's largest capitalist economy should have. And then the other is about censorship and control. And I think it would be a very scary world in which the money that you have can be censored, blocked, reversed, canceled, deleted, if you hold the wrong opinion. That's already the case in China, and if people are not careful, that is the direction which fiat currencies will go in the Western world. We are seeing that the Biden administration is apparently adopting a very tough stance on the crypto industry. Do you believe that there is a coordinated effort in the US to crack down on the crypto industry? It appears that there is some degree of coordination, especially in the last two, three months. Maybe as a result of the crazy blow-up of FTX last fall, the degree to which it's coordinated is hard to know, but all these agencies share a similar interest. So even if they're not actively coordinating with each other, it's reasonable that they would come to the same conclusions that they would start acting sort of in concert. And that is that cryptocurrency, blockchains, decentralized systems pull power and authority away from government and put it in the hands of people. So of course, people that work in the government are not going to be okay with losing that power, and they're going to work where they can to eliminate that change. You know, I'm a little surprised it took this long, but we're entering more of a, you know, than-they-fight-you kind of stage. I was talking to Corey Cribson from Swan Bitcoin a couple of days ago, a few days ago, and he was, we were discussing the situation in the US, and he was making a big difference between like how this crackdown is impacting crypto and how this crackdown is impacting Bitcoin. For him, this crackdown, in a way, it's benefiting Bitcoin because it's sort of affecting mostly everything else. So he sees everything else, except Bitcoin as a distraction. What is your view on this sort of maximalist Bitcoin business? Anyone who says that Bitcoin is not part of crypto is disingenuous and just technically full of nonsense. Like, obviously, these are similar systems existing in a similar space. They overlap, they have differences, but it's all crypto. And these maxis that try to distinguish Bitcoin from the rest of the industry, I mean, I guess it's good, it's a good rhetoric, but I don't know why, I don't know why it's helpful. Like, what's more helpful is to distinguish quality projects from non-quality projects. For example, the entire stablecoin market, which is this multi-billion dollar market that people are finding immense value in, superior to banks, not superior to Bitcoin, different than Bitcoin, but superior to banks, certainly, is all enabled by Ethereum. Like, Ethereum has allowed an immense amount of economic activity that Bitcoin hasn't been designed to and cannot and does not provide. These are wonderful complementary systems, and it's absurd for the maxis to try to throw everything under the bus and just focus on their one preferred protocol. It's partisan, it's tribalist. The one we are seeing now, they are fighting us moment. So, basically a moment where the government is not ignoring crypto anymore, it's not laughing at it anymore, but it's trying to recognize its potential to disrupt the establishment system, and that's why they are trying to fight it. So, would you say that this is the final showdown between crypto and the government, the moment where crypto needs to go through the maximum pressure in order to show that it's able to survive? We're definitely not at, like, the final moment or the final boss at all. Like, the fight is really just getting started. I don't actually think that many people in the government believe that crypto is a threat to fiat. I think the ones who are attacking it, largely see it as opportunistic. Like, they see it as sort of this scammy area where they can come in and look like the hero for cleaning up a mess. This is why the attention has been so much larger, you know, during a bear market and in the wake of all the blow-ups we had last year. When they start waking up to the fact that this stuff actually threatens fiat, actually threatens the banking system, I think the tone is going to be much more hostile. And so, we're in a race to make sure that the world understands why this is valuable and that enough of the world is comfortable in using it so that when the politicians do see the existential threat to fiat, it will be too late for them and people won't buy their arguments that this is some evil system because too many people are already used to it and they can see for themselves that it is valuable. A lot of people see DeFi as basically the antidote to CBDCs, that CBDCs are this sort of basically the quintessential example of how the government can really control money and so the antagonist basically have crypto and the strong point that they are probably going to offer to people is convenience so good user experience, simple and so on. So can DeFi compete with this? Can DeFi win this race for the hearts and minds of people? Yeah, I mean not only can it win it, it will win because of economic principles. So CBDCs are fiat. Fiat degrades in value over time because it's printed more and more and more. Bitcoin cannot be printed and so over the long term all else equal Bitcoin appreciates relative to fiat and the world will slowly learn what that feels like to save in an asset which is not debased continually. It will win even if only for that reason and there are more reasons than this, right? So like capital goes where friction is least. Capital does not like to be bound by borders. Capital does not like to be restricted in where it can move and when. Capital does not like to be frozen on a Sunday or on Christmas and in the crypto world capital moves freely, it moves effortlessly, it moves without restriction or friction. And so over time capital is going to flow through those channels which are the least restrictive. Just before I get to the final question I just wanted to drop there a provocative question. If you were the president of the United States what would be your first sort of approach to crypto? I would state categorically that Americans have a right to privacy. There's a right to privacy in their own homes. It's a right to privacy in their property and it's a right to privacy in their finances. And as such I would state categorically that surveillance of innocent people who haven't even been accused of a crime is unethical and should be illegal and that anyone that's building private financial systems should be applauded as a pro-American hero rather than as some evil terrorist. And I would state that loud and clear and I would expect my executive branch to follow through with policy in that line. You have to say that open and immutable code is what is going to bring us salvation. So you put a lot of hope in this concept of an open immutable code on which the financial system of the world will be based. This open immutable code is also a product of humans and therefore it's also prone to failures and so don't you think that relying entirely basing the entire financial system on this open immutable code that also creates a centralized point of failure because as soon as this code just fails then everything else crumbles. And don't you think that a government as a safe net that will act if the code fails it's still preferable than just having the code there. Well, there's not one code, right? Like, DeFi and crypto is not one code base. That would be dangerous. That would be centralized if there was just like if all the DeFi code for some reason was in like one code repo and acted in one way but that's not how it works. It's decentralized. You know, there are thousands of projects, tens, hundreds of thousands of developers writing these things, challenging each other all the time. It's highly adaptive and it gets resolved. So these things aren't perfect. Obviously there have been big bugs. There will be more in the future. But the difference with a market and with open source code is that the bugs can be seen ahead of time. And once fixed, you know, you get closer and closer to like mathematical truth and a principle of engineering. So like when people are building, you know, towers and buildings, they don't generally fall down. It's because humans have learned the engineering principles of how to build tall, large buildings in a very safe way. And that's an open system, right? Like the dynamics of how architecture works and engineering is not some closed secret knowledge. Everyone can use it and build on it and it's adapted with humans over time. Now we can do that with money. Like these open source financial protocols allow us to engineer money and people will make mistakes but we can get better and better over time. And that competition among these projects is really where the safety and the security comes from. Okay, I think that was a great note to close our conversation. Eric, it was super interesting to talk to you. Actually, I'm happy that you came to our channel. It was a long time since you were here last time. And yeah, hopefully we can talk again very soon. Yeah, thanks so much. It's been a good conversation.


We demystify what goes on behind the therapy room door. Join us on this voyage of discovery and co-creative conversations. This is the therapy show behind closed doors podcast with Bob Cook and Jackie Jones. Welcome back to the therapy room behind closed doors and this is episode 27. It feels like we've been doing these forever Bob. And in this episode we're going to be looking at the importance of boundaries within the therapeutic relationship. Yeah, yeah, that's a good subject. I'm looking forward to this one. Okay, so do you want me to start some of my thoughts? Yes, as always, lots of wisdom Bob please. Okay, so the way I see this is in many different facets but let's start with boundaries and contracts. Yeah, in other words, boundaries within the therapy relationship are particularly linked to the contract that you have at the beginning of the therapy process. Yeah, so you've got many different types of boundaries.  But boundaries really, if we think of it around contracts, is shaping the relationship between the therapist and the client. Yeah. And so on. And I think boundaries are so fundamentally important to provide a structure of the way forward in the therapeutic relationship. Yeah. See, there's lots of different areas, I think that boundaries come under. I don't know whether I'm going off track a bit here. But again, it links into trust. And it's kind of like, I want to say, aligning the sand that we don't go over. Yeah, they provide a structure. Yeah. Yeah. A sense of the form of the relationship was acceptable, not, you know, and what isn't acceptable. So, you know. Because as a therapist, it's about outside the therapy room as well as inside, I think. That's right. Yeah. It's very much about the therapist with the client setting the boundaries, the structure, the formation of the therapy process, and what is acceptable and what isn't accessible.  Yes. That's where my mind is going when you were talking about boundaries was ethics. That's the word I was looking for, Bob. Yeah. Yeah. So, there's a sense of accountability. Yes. And that it actually means that the client or the therapist don't get exploited. Yeah. Yeah. Because these boundaries have been spelled out and should be spelled out at the beginning of the therapeutic relationship, which is a wise link to contracts. Yeah. And I think that as a therapist is really important, you know, to work ethically within the therapy room. Oh. Yeah. Yeah. So. Did you see that program that was on a while back about people claiming to be able to cure certain things? No. It's really interesting. It's sort of you'll be able to watch it on catch up on our player. It's about unregulated therapists, you know, claiming to cure anxiety in under an hour and charging an astronomical amount of money for it with no qualifications. Yeah. Except I see that as very different from what we're talking about. Okay. I think I know where you're going, which is about ethics. So, if it was a podcast on ethics, then I can see where you're really going. If we've got a podcast on boundaries, I think boundaries is, there's course got ethics there, but it's linked to the contract. So, in other words, you know, therapists should, and many TA therapists do, have a contract which is signed. Yeah. And those boundaries are written down, and if it's not written down one is verbally stated. So, for example, what you brought up, which is that the therapist sees the client in the venue, wherever their office is, for 15 minutes or an hour every week at the same time, and that they, though they might be friendly towards their clients, this is not about being friends to the clients. This is a professional relationship. So, we are heading towards the over ethics. Yes, I can see where you're going with that. And I think boundaries are linked to the contract. Yeah. Yeah. Because then it's written down and it can be referred back to. And I know we spoke earlier on in these podcast episodes about the things that we've got in contracts about, you know, not coming under the influence of drugs or alcohol and, you know, not being physical and all those sort of things. Yeah. Yeah, 100%. Yeah. And they are in my contract and it is signed even though it's digitally signed now because I'm not seeing clients face to face. But yeah. Yeah. So then the question is who's responsibility, responsibility is it to set the boundaries in a therapeutic relationship? And my response to that is it's the therapists. Yes. Yeah. They may do it with the client. However, they set the boundaries and it provides a structure for the clients. It also reduces anxiety for the clients. Yeah. And the therapist, by the way. Yes. Yeah. Both parties know where they start and where they begin. Yeah. And I think one of the things that I kind of, I don't want to say I struggled with that, that I was glad of boundaries and ethics and things was clients attempting to contact me outside of the session. Yeah. So as you said, the first podcast or podcast on contracts, that one of the, I assume, I can't remember that podcast, but I assume one of your boundaries, which probably written into the contract, is that they can't do that. Yeah. Or you might have written down something like, and some therapists do, might have written down something, well, in case of emergency, I don't know what your contract is, but it's a boundary. Yes. Yeah. Yeah. I think mine says that the only contact outside of the session, to rearrange or cancel the session and telephone calls or whatever can be made, but obviously they need to be booked in. It's a booked in thing as opposed to randomly phoning me up, if that makes sense. Yeah. So yeah.  So I think these boundaries here are pretty standard. I think that probably the people in these podcasts would understand contracts and boundaries. However, if we move to a more subtle part of boundaries, which I'd quite like to move to, which is, you know, the clients and you will have, I assume, because you've worked quite a long time, have many therapists who actually may not really understand the term boundaries. In other words, their model of boundaries may have been from a dysfunctional system, but the boundaries are set very loosely, vaguely or very strictly. Either way, their concept of boundaries has probably been, or might have been, quite unhealthy. And that, in fact, might have been why they've come to therapy. Yeah. You know, in other words, in relationships with romantic partners or even other types of relationships with friendships or business parties, they are unable to keep boundaries or they see boundaries in a sort of merging capacity rather than what's acceptable and what's not acceptable. Or people who might have the problems in saying no, and just body else's sense of boundaries, and they then end up maybe in a co-dependent relationship. Yeah. Yeah. Which, when, as you were talking then, I automatically went to, you know, somebody that as a people pleasing personality driver that, yeah, it's really easy for in the session for the client to be people pleasing as opposed to, you know, sticking to the rules or things. Yeah. So if we look at some of the problems around boundaries, one of them will be, might be a sense of co-dependency or a lack of what we call interdependency, where both parties are responsible for keeping these boundaries. So it will depend again on the history of your client. Yeah. So they've been in a situation where, let's, let's, let's, let's look at what. They are, they're, you know, they're perhaps been born to a situation where their parents split up when they would say, had a client today at eight. Yeah. So the mother remarries or has a new boyfriend and the mother has one set of boundaries and the new boyfriend has another set of boundaries. So for the new boyfriend, it doesn't really matter what time the person goes to bed, the child goes to bed or the other person they're very strict on what is in this. So the person gets mixed messages around boundaries. Yeah. So when they grow up, they have confusion over boundary setting, for example. Yeah. So I was a therapist, one of the jobs you will be doing is helping the person have a more sense of clarity, confusion and predictability about what, what they want in terms of setting limits and boundaries in a healthy way. It might be something a therapist would have as a contractor look at. Yeah. Yeah. Because again, you know, I know you've said it in the past and, you know, I 100% agree with it. It's about bringing our past into the present and how that will play out in a relationship if, you know, they're unclear about what boundaries are. I've had clients in the past that's parents kind of had no boundaries or very strange boundaries. I can't hear. Sorry, I was saying that I've had clients in the past that either their parents had no boundaries. So there wasn't any rules. It was kind of a free for all. But then they would make up a rule randomly that made no sense. Yeah. So what happens is the client ends up getting confused. Yeah. Yeah. So one of the jobs of the therapist has not talked about enough in terms of boundaries, as far as I'm concerned, is to provide a healthy model around boundaries. Yeah. Would that come under the heading of reparenting? It depends what you call reparenting, doesn't it? You know, it's like, it's a very big word, isn't it? And some people listening to this might think of it in cult terms. So, you know, it's like a continuum. Mentoring, parenting, is that reparenting? It's another podcast, really. But in terms of actually having a model of healthy mentoring, or healthy, you might want to call it parenting, if the earlier history was unhealthy. It's more like spot reparenting for me. Okay. It's not really like a full blown with parenting, is it? No, no. But it's again, like you say, it's modeling healthy boundaries and, you know, how we do that on a daily basis. So when I said reparenting, it's kind of like that we model the boundaries and not let the client push the boundaries. That we need to be quite potent in getting the agreement to the boundary in the first place, and us not being laxie-daisical with them, and modeling that in the therapy room. Yeah. And in transaction analysis language, and forgive me for people listening who don't know TA, but I think those boundaries need to be made bilaterally from an adult to adult place, other than just happening from a parent-child place. But sometimes do we need to buy into that for the therapeutic relationship? What do you mean by that Jackie? Well, if we're looking at reparenting, and you know, if the model of boundaries, say for example, weren't that strong, that we need to be potent enough to stick to that. Yeah, I agree, I'm okay, you're okay, and adult to adult, but if then the client pushes the boundaries, is that, does that not come under the terms of reparenting? I think reparenting is an evocative term, and it would mean what you mean by reparenting. You see, for me, I think these boundaries, contracts, etc., need to come from an adult to adult place, not a parent-child place where the therapist defines the boundaries, and doesn't allow any opportunity for discussion, for example. So, if you make the boundaries in a bilateral adult to adult way, almost before therapy starts, or as you go on in the therapeutic relationship, so there's an adult agreement, whether after that might move to transplants or whatever you like, but at least there's a sense of empowerment and autonomy in the boundary settings, rather than what can be seen as a defined position by the therapist. Yeah, yeah, no, I understand what you mean, but the contract in itself is kind of is that up for discussion? Yeah, so all the way through as far as I'm concerned. Okay. Because otherwise, it's the opposite of empowerment and autonomy, isn't it? In the therapy room, yeah, yeah, I was thinking that, you know, the contract that I've gotten written, I'm not sure whether the things I've got on it would be open for discussion. Well, it depends how you see contracts again. I mean, it'd be good for people to listen to when we talk about, but there's different types of contracts. Yeah. The overall contract at the beginning, yes, but as you go along, there's process agreements. Yeah. Now, in the process agreements and the process contracts as you go along, that is the time, surely, from an adult to adult place that you might negotiate boundaries. Yeah, yeah. Rather than, I think, you might have been, you know, when you talk about re-parenting, which I have my own bias against, you might have re-parenting where there isn't a encouragement on negotiation, empowerment and autonomy. Yeah. I can just remember in supervision early on in my career that, you know, I had this discussion with my supervisor about feeling like I was parenting and, you know, it was said to me that that's okay. It's okay for you to do that and then we model individuation and separation and how that's done appropriately within the therapy setting. Well, different therapists and supervisors have different views on things. Yeah. And I think the word parenting is one that people often have different views on. So, for example, is a teacher parenting, is a mentor, mentor, parenting. So, what I'm trying to say is that I'd rather have an adult to adult discussion about boundaries rather than one that is defined by the parent. Yeah. Now, interesting enough, in some therapeutic and canceling circles, parenting would be seen as not okay, because it, because it could be seen as an abuse of power. If it's discussed from an I'm okay, you're okay, adult to adult position, I think we've got a different process going on. Now, that doesn't mean that transferentially the client might not project onto the therapist, an idolized parent that they never had. Yeah, that doesn't mean that that doesn't happen. I'm sure it does happen a lot. And maybe even that we could argue that that is one of the goals of therapy, by the way. However, it doesn't mean that we don't negotiate from adult to adult frameworks around boundary setting. Yeah. Yeah, because the boundary setting, you know, can be used in that, you know, if you don't like the re parenting, but the modelling of appropriate relationships that the boundaries are used within that in the therapy room. I think I prefer Jackie this term spot you parenting. Yeah. Michelle, where there may be, in that particular instance, a modeling, which resembles a health healthy parenting, but it is not like a overall we parent parenting sequence, where the person clients goes back to different developmental stages and replays parental processes. Yeah. Yeah. I get what you're saying. That's because that's one school of transactional analysis, isn't it? And that's that's not what I was meaning. It's more. Yeah, when a client goes into that vulnerable place and feels unsafe, then I do see that part of my role is to hold them in that safe space as whether you call it a mentor as in a parent figure as in I don't see that as abusing. No, because that's more spot. Right. Yeah. Yeah. Otherwise, if you do, let's put another way around. Yes, I agree with you in terms of spot re parenting or momentary parenting or healthy modeling. Yes. But if you did that all the time, yeah, that would lead, I believe, or could lead to infantilization. And therefore, the opposite, what I believe therapy is about, which is autonomy and empowerment. Yeah. Yeah. If you did that all the time, Jackie, and came from a parent position all the time in the service of what we might call reparenting, that is one style of therapy. And you could even argue that you will be setting boundaries from a different place than the original parent was access. However, if you do it all the time, I think you have different therapeutic contract. You might be called to reparenting contract from the beginning. Yeah. Yeah. But what you're talking about, I think, is that within the therapeutic process, you may sometimes model a healthy parental experience which they never got. Well, I hope that's what I do. That's what I think you're talking about. What you're not talking about, though, is doing that session after session after session without an agreement. Yeah. No. No. No. And I wouldn't feel comfortable even if there was an agreement to do that ongoing in a therapy situation. Yeah. So we got back to boundaries a moment. So I hear what you're saying that you would do that from a place of what was a deficit, perhaps for the client, and then through the modeling from your parenting process, which you're talking about, they start to integrate more healthy boundaries and start to understand what's acceptable and what's not acceptable and what to negotiate and what not to negotiate and what's safe and what's not safe. Yeah. Yeah. I think that's part of a duty for therapists in a way. It's when the problem is, it's when the therapist steps into the process in a more generalized manner and starts to define reality for the client. Yeah. I think I was getting mixed up with what you were saying. I think I was thinking more of the end result and the modelling of, you know, separating out. If the client does become dependent on the therapist and use the therapist as their only safe space and all those sorts of things to model this, you know, the individuation and separating out in a healthy way that, you know, you're not abandoned. We're not going to leave you. This is not replaying history. We can do it a different way. Yeah. I get that. Yeah. And if we're talking about badges again, one of the most common breaches of boundaries is what I would call or may call a codependent action. In other words, when the therapist's sense of self and the client's sense of self get merged. Yeah. So both parties lose each other. So the boundary between boundary is self identity between the client and the therapist gets lost. The boundaries blurred. So for example, you know, they start perhaps be, you know, friends outside the therapy room. Yeah, which goes back to what I was saying earlier on about, you know, making connections outside of the therapy room and things like that. Yeah. You know, your sound is often going momentarily. Do you know that? In this podcast, you go for a couple of seconds and come back again. And I was wondering if it's because you're not near the microphone or something. Yeah. No, it's not moving. I don't know. Just thought I'd say that for the people listening. Okay. Well, I apologise if that's happening. I have no idea what's going on. Yeah, I'll tell you that. But I'm sure you can catch up with this. So, yeah, so boundaries are very important in terms of self identity between client and therapist. And what can happen often is that therapists get merged somehow with the client. And that's often because the client is coming from a very needy place and projects it onto the therapist. The therapist buys into it somehow, perhaps from a rescuing place, for example. And they end up losing their sense of self, both of them. And you get a codependent relationship. So, for example, instead of stopping at one hour, it goes onto two minutes past the hour. And the next session, it ends up at five minutes past the hour. And then all of a sudden it says 15 minutes past the hour, because the two people have lost their own senses of self identity in that process. One a rescuer and the other one is more, well, in TA terms, you might call it victor, but it's projecting their needy vulnerable self on the therapist. You've been listening to The Therapy Show behind Close Doors podcast. We hope you enjoyed the show. Don't forget to subscribe and leave us a review. We'll be back next week with another episode. Yeah, and a definite blurring of the boundaries. I can remember in my early days of seeing clients, it was really uncomfortable for me at times to stick to the time, particularly if they, you know, they do the age old thing where they drop a bombshell five minutes before the end of the session to actually leave that and not pick it up necessarily. And I think that comes with experience and having boundaries in place. Yeah, so it's very important that the therapist sets boundaries to minimise exploitation, for example. And you are right that clients, often, especially if you work transferentially, need to have a safe, secure place where they can actually do the deep therapeutic work, which is often needed. And you'll only get that through safe boundaries. Yeah, for both parties, it's for both parties. Yeah. But it is the duty of the therapist to initiate the boundaries and maintain the boundaries, not the client, often because the client has gone to a younger developmental level. Yeah. But it's about us protecting ourselves as well as protecting the client in that situation. Yeah, absolutely. Our own well-being so that we can stop at one hour and go off and enjoy our evening and not stay there an hour and a half and have a partner that's very fed up with you and you've missed your dinner. Yes. For example. That would be horrendous. So, you know, some of these boundaries. And it is not even that, you know, if you're working in, say, for example, Manchester Institute and you, you know, have a 50 minute session and you have 10 minutes where you can catch up on your notes and everything and kind of cut off from that one client and prepare for the next client. You've also got a responsibility to the client that you've got coming up next to stick to the time. So, there's a lot of reasons why the boundaries are important. Yeah, of course. So, I think, again, to repeat, it's the therapist's duty to maintain the boundaries, not the clients. Yeah. And that's because clients often regress and go to a developmental level. And it's very important the therapist sees it that way. It's very interesting stuff. And like you said, on a psychological level, the stuff that's going on in the therapy room, it is, yeah, there's so many different levels. So, for example, the question listeners might want to ask themselves is, how come clients will often, many, many times, push the boundaries with therapists? Now, that doesn't come from an adult place. It usually comes from an TA place, a younger developmental time, where, of course, and you know this yourself, where the client isn't the age they are in the room, three, whatever it is, they might be, I don't know, might be 13, they could be three, they could be five. But that developmental age might be about pushing boundaries to have their own sense of empowerment and own sense of agency, which is very important that developmental level. And if that didn't happen, then what we said earlier on, it is the duty of the therapist, I think, to model that healthy boundary. Yeah. Now, of course, the more disturbed the client is, then the more emphasis, I believe, and the more the therapist needs to be vigilant about the power plays by the disturbed client to push boundaries. Now, we've talked about that, haven't we, in the borderline client? Yeah. Yeah. Or the narcissistic client who believes they're in the centre of the world and their sense of entitlement is, you know, the top, they're the top. So I think regardless of the ups and downs emotionally, or whatever's going on, the therapist needs to be very consistent or keep into those boundaries that have been set. Yeah. Yeah. And I have in the past, you know, if I felt like the boundaries are being challenged or the client is pushing them, in the subsequent session spoke about it because I'm really conscious of not blaming and shaming. You know, if a client's really wanting to prolong that session and I'm saying, you know, this is not happening, it's how that can be perceived by the client as well. So you would do see that's what I'm talking about. I know it's good to hear that you do it. You do process contracts from an adult place. Yeah. Yeah. But I would go back and, you know, have a discussion about how the last session ended, maybe, and bring that up. Yeah. From an adult place? Yes. Yeah. That's what I said. And that's an arm and an autonomy, isn't it? Yes. Yeah. Rather than infantilising. Yeah. Yeah. And I think, you know, I misunderstood what you were saying before when I was talking about reparenting and things like that. But it is sometimes if you are with somebody who is pushing the boundaries that you need to be firm, that those boundaries are there for a reason. It's not because I've decided to put them there. It's because it's to protect me and it's to protect the client. And there's a reason for them. Yeah. In CA terms, that would have come from a healthy controlling parent position. Yeah. Very needed. And with more disturbed clients, very much the emphasis is needed from that position. Yeah. And the therapists that Bowen who cave in on that, not only are ceding seeds of destruction for themselves, but they're not helping a client at all. No. Yeah. And I think as well, you know, in the early days, that was difficult to see sometimes. No. Sowing the seeds for something further down the line, if you didn't stick to the boundaries that we agreed upon. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. It's very interesting, Bob. So what we're going to do in the next podcast is the use of the self and self disclosure in the therapeutic relationship, which I guess kind of follows on a little bit from this. It does. And the boundaries and how much do we share and how much do we not? Yeah, absolutely. Yeah. So we will, we will be back next week with episode 28. Good. I look forward to that. Okay. Speak soon. Speak soon. You've been listening to The Therapy Show behind closed doors podcast. We hope you enjoyed the show. Don't forget to subscribe and leave us a review. We'll be back next week with another episode.


The first two episodes of The Lord of the Rings, Rings of Power, that's a title, are out now on Amazon Prime.  Or is it the greatest TV series of all time? Well, people have certainly said both. I don't think it's either of those things. Let's talk about it briefly. As some of you may know, Amazon purchased the rights to Lord of the Rings a few years back for a small sum of like a billion dollars.  This is a beautiful show. It's easily the prettiest thing I've ever seen. And I get to wake up and look at the mirror at this guy every day. A close second in beauty though is Galadriel. Wow, what a knockout. And not only is she a beauty, she is the full package. She's a badass. She's got the cool accent, that elvish accent on her voice. She's a strong female lead. And honestly, it's about time. It's an ongoing joke here. There's also black people in this. So I know it's not what Token envisioned when he made his all whites only books, but things changed in the world. And maybe the tone of the skin isn't the biggest deal. We're just gonna scorch earth with this video. Yeah, these are things people are upset about. It's too woke. It's not woke enough. There's not enough representation. There's too much representation. You know what I think?  I just want to watch a movie and a TV show and enjoy it for once like a normal person who stays off the internet. I watched this show with my wife. We both had a great time. Is it perfect? No. Lord of the Rings is the movies. I haven't read the book.  But book purists also hated the Lord of the Rings. Not all of them, but some of them were like, that blade of grass was not described that way in the book. So I can understand if they're upset about things here. I just want to be entertained. I want to get lost in Middle Earth again. And this provided that. I already talked about how it's visually beautiful. It's a splendor on the eyes. The acting's great. I like all the characters. I will say there's a new archer that was introduced around, you know, like two thirds through the first episode. And that whole section felt a little worse than the previous stuff. Like the B unit did the writing and the filming of it. Kind of took me out of the picture, but then it brought me back in for the final act. Second episode was much better. This show, the saga, whatever they're going to make it, takes place centuries before the Lord of the Rings and the Hobbit. So there's only a couple characters that have come back. It's the elves because they're, you know, ageless. They're born with it. Maybe it's Maybelline, something like that. And of course, we can't forget that gift that keeps on giving, Sauron.  He's just always around causing trouble. I'm gonna have to watch this again to understand a lot because Galadriel narrates and she's got this beautiful, elvish voice, but it's almost too elvish. It's like Nicole Kidman with her British accent. I'm not buying it, lady. You're a British person pretending to be British. It's just weird. If you take a step back and really dissect things, yeah, you could say, okay, we have female hobbits this time instead of boy hobbits, even though they're not hobbits, they're called like little foots, like the land before time or half-foots, something like that. Not fully hobbits yet. Not a girl, not yet a woman, Britney Spears, somewhere in the middle. I assume they're ancestors. We have a cave troll in the first episode. It's a snow troll. Gets taken out pretty easily though. Lord of the Rings does them so much better. Listen, this isn't better than the Lord of the Rings movies. We're only two episodes in. Two hours have been told. And I went into this show thinking it was going to be kind of a hot mess because Amazon hasn't produced anything I've been impressed with yet, but here I am. Telling you it's great.  I'm invested. I thought it was far better so far than the new Game of Thrones show. House of Dragons, House of the Dragons, something like that.  I love it.  There is absolutely craft on display here. Absolutely, heart was put into this show to make it the best they could. I implore you to give it a chance at least, and you might be pleasantly surprised like I was. All right, those are my thoughts real quick. Let me know what you thought in the comments below. Like the video if you maybe got something out of this and want to hear more. Subscribe to me at Adam Does Movies as I post tons of movie and TV show reviews each and every week for your hopeful pleasure. And until that time, take care. Wow, we certainly went on a journey together and we made it this far, so you might as well go even a step further. Follow me on TikTok at Adam Does Movies or follow me on Twitch at twitch.tv slash Adam Does Movies. Give me some of those Jeff Bezos bucks. You know you get a free Amazon Prime membership each and every month. Most people just toss it right in the trash. You could give it to me. Ha, Amazon. You're not getting all my money this week. Adam's getting some because he earned it. He's put it in the work. If you really, really super duper like what I'm doing, I'm on Patreon at patreon.com slash Adam Does Movies, or you can become a member right here on YouTube via that join button and say, Adam, here's five bucks a month. Keep it up, son. You're doing great. And I will. I'll do the best I possibly can.


Isaiah Berlin distinguishes in his book Two Concepts of Liberty between negative liberty and positive liberty. Negative liberty describes the individual freedom from something, from external constraint, and from outside interference. It's the absence of obstacles within a society. Positive liberty means freedom to do something, to act upon one's will, to take control of one's life. It's the possession of the power to proceed regardless of structural limitations in society. Sounds confusing? The problems of two imaginary people illustrate this difference. This is Frank. He lives in Freeland with the two things he loves most, his kids and his weights. And then there is Lily. She lives in liberty, values justice above all, and dreams of becoming a judge. But both face lots of obstacles. To Frank, there is nothing more important than his health and his family. He gets up very early for his routines and then takes the children to school. He pays strict attention to his diet and his kids' education and looks down on people who neglect both. He doesn't like the authorities. In Freeland, they collect lots of taxes to fund the public healthcare system. Why pay the medical bills for those that don't care about their health, he wonders. Frank seeks freedom from these taxes.  Yet, recently, Freeland prohibited working out in public after 10pm. For Frank, that's none of the government's business. He wants freedom from laws that restrict his recreational habits. And there is one more thing. Frank also doesn't like public schools. He thinks they are useless and would prefer to teach his kids at home. But in Freeland, homeschooling is illegal. Frank thinks that is outrageous and wants freedom from compulsory education. Eventually, he's had enough and moves to liberty where the taxes are lower, the government's smaller, and where he believes he's got greater freedom from external constraints. Liberty is already there and feels trapped. Lily recently tripped and broke her leg. Now, she needs surgery, but medical treatments are expensive in liberty. To pay for it, Lily has to take out a loan. She thinks the system is unfair and feels she doesn't have the freedom to receive decent affordable healthcare. And things get worse. After her surgery, Lily needs to rehabilitate and takes walks around the block. This is when she realizes that she hates the smoke from all the cars on the street. The smog she inhales is clearly dangerous. Lily finds she has no freedom to recover appropriately. This injustice reminds Lily day in and day out that she wants to become a judge. But since she's from a disadvantaged family, she can't afford the tuition fees of a university. And to take out another loan scares her. Eventually, she just feels frustrated and bitter. She thinks she has no freedom to pursue her dreams. Lily isn't happy in liberty and moves to Freeland with a stronger welfare state. A place where she has the power to act regardless of structural limitations in society. Supporters of negative liberty tend to sympathize with classical libertarian thoughts. They think of the state as a coercive force that limits individual freedom and prefer a small government with few taxes and regulations. Advocates of positive liberty tend to identify as social liberals. They usually want a big welfare state that ensures a fair redistribution of wealth and provides equal access to opportunities. What about you? Which kind of freedom do you want for yourself? And do you think Isaiah Berlin's theory, the two concepts of liberty, is right or wrong? Share your thoughts in the comments below. If you like how we explain complicated ideas in simple cartoon animation, you can support us. Visit patreon.com slash sprouts. Just visit us, learn how it works and what's in it for you. We hope to see you there. And if you are a parent or educator, check out our website, sproutschools.com. There you can find this and other video lessons, additional resources and classroom activities. If you found this helpful, check out our other videos and subscribe. If you want to support our work, join us on patreon.com slash sprouts. For more information and additional content, visit sproutschools.com.


What's going on everyone Sam here late in sports cards we're ripping 22 tops 5 star baseball hobby 8 box full case break number 5 Random division style. Here's looking at your divisions as always you can find these on the website under the results tab as well as the link in Chat good luck everybody. Let's do it. I bet you John hit something good That was kind of impressive Not gonna lie box one again guys not gonna do a recap everything is a hit in this unless there's something like super crazy We've got Corbin burns again starting off the break and El Central and nice one here going to John a That's gonna be David right one of ten on the gold Mets captain David right One of ten very nice It's gonna be Dylan Carlson and El Central base auto redemption is five-star dual subject Potamorous penmanship of Corey seager and Marcus Simeon Going to the AL West Congrats John D. That's gonna be cool, man It's the first duel I've pulled out of this Congrats John John with that last spot mojo picking up a nice dual seager and Simeon that What does they short and second yeah That duo right there nice one here is gonna be Bobby of Bray you four out of ten for the NL East Phillies Yankees legend Bobby of Ray you That's nasty this next one That's NL East John a love it man And then how this one's awesome. We've got going to the AL East CC Sabatia two out of 75 Captain Crunch legend CC Sabatia two boxes a day of Captain Crunch To keep that prime physique There you go John and with the AL East CC was the man that's gonna be a Tyler McGill rookie auto for the Mets I kind of is actually how lean CC is now it's awesome and We've got Lee Smith 35 out of 40 going to the NL Central on the silver of signatures Brewers legend. Oh, yeah Cleveland legend CC He was actually very good in Cleveland. Not as great in Milwaukee How about brewers legends Zach Ranky Forgot that happened for a bit. Oh One of one Curtis Terry Boom L central Johnny H. Congrats, man. Go I don't think there was someone more talked about this morning Nice one there one of one and then right behind it about 19 out of 50 Ronald Acuna, Jr Boom what a box John. Hey, that's a great box Ronald Acuna, Jr. Not signing probably where he's supposed to though That Cunha just saying just put in his name and anywhere on a card and saying that goes hard Tell you Adams rookie auto for the NL East nationals, so coupe and Snell Zilla 11 out of 50 Blake Snell and OS Actual raise living there you go Peter No joke Big time big time raised legend Louise Heel Rookie auto not numbered for the AL East and nice one here going to the NL Central Spencer Torkelson Congrats on that there and our ale central nice torque in the area All right last box guys. Good luck everybody. It's gonna be a rookie auto Jake Berger 25 out of 25 on the blue Louise Heel Billy was Louise Heel the rookie a pitcher and Going back to the AL East we got Donnie baseball Don Mattingly Nice one there. Congrats on that that will do it for the break. Thank you everybody again for the fill next up We've got random team style


How's it going everyone Caleb here with late in sports cards next tonight Collin G going with one 2021 222 recon basketball hobby box. Thank you very much Collin. Let's get it going. Good luck tonight Next tonight is D&W and then Alexandros s Thanks for the orders guys. Let's keep going. Here we go. Here we go. All-card ship here for you, man To 199 red Dwayne weight Rookie recon Josh Christopher autograph is Nets Darren sharp There you go, Collin Lucanard nice guys the limit Kate Cunningham awesome hits There you go, man Congrats on that one Very cool Keon Johnson to 299 Dirk And maneuvers of Deontay Murray James Harden Bradley Beale and Nicola Vuce of it Vuce of itch pink Sandro rookie to 99 Mike Conley Rock the rim Shaquille O'Neal nice Christian Wood silver to Margea Rosen pink aired Eric Bledsoe Moses Moody rookie Silver Eric Gordon and maneuvers of Yolkish Nicola Yolkish One hit to go man. Good luck. We can find It's gonna be autograph Kai Jones number 22 of 49. There you go, Collin Kai Jones auto nice Sadiq Bay and rock the rim Dominique Wilkins Elprin Sangoon to 299 James Harden and future legends of SGA Last pack the amount of bio silver Joshua Primo rookie and a pink miles bridges Thanks again so much Colin appreciate the order on the recon basketball. We'll have them all well protected and right out to you


What's going on guys it's your boy BPJ here today with another Destiny video and today I want to talk about Destiny 2 and what we know so far, but if you guys enjoyed the video do hit that like button, I do appreciate the support and it really helps out.  Ok so yesterday was Activision's earning report and Investor Call and the little info we got out of it was actually enough to keep us going a little longer. Ok so first up we got this coming straight from the Activision's earning report. This is what they had to say on Destiny, a full Destiny sequel in 2017 to broaden the franchise's global reach which along with follow one content plans sets the stage for growth. Now this is a relief to a lot of people as it's been rumoured for quite a while that Destiny 2 may be delayed until 2018 which would have been shitty but I guess we all come to the conclusion that if it was delayed at least the game we would be getting would be a full game instead of what we got with Destiny when it was released, basically what seemed to be an unfinished title. Also it states a full sequel to broaden franchise's global reach pretty much confirming the game will come to PC which I suppose is pretty damn epic, might actually be the first PC game I actually part money with 2 buy.  I think you got 300,000 Redditors to breathe a huge sigh of relief when you confirm Destiny 2 for this year. Could you say, could you give any indication of whether you expect that in Q3 or Q4 and then could you talk about what you and Bungie learned from Destiny 1 that's informing the design process for Destiny 2 and your plans for post-launch content. Thanks. Hey Tug, it's Eric. Yeah I think the best thing we can say about Destiny is that the development is going great and it is indeed on track to release this fall. As for the particulars we've got a reveal, a big reveal plan, I'm going to let the game do most of the copy but I'll give you some broad strokes. I think that our team and our great partners at Bungie are doing a very nice job on two fronts. One is if you're one of the millions of players who really invested in Destiny 1 and have put a lot of hours and passion into that game, you're going to love this game and there's a lot more of what you love here. For anyone who either hasn't yet tried Destiny or hasn't played it in a while, we think we've made a game which the sequel is going to have a lot for them to love too. The cornerstone of that is a great cinematic story that's at a real focus with a great cast of memorable relatable characters coupled with some very nice ways to make the game more accessible to a casual player without losing anything that our core players love. We've made it more accessible to someone who just wants to have a great more casual first person action experience. We're also going to introduce Destiny to a number of new people by going to some international markets that we haven't been in before. So I'm going to leave the rest for the reveal but we're very excited about the game and it'll be coming this fall. So you heard it from the horses mouth, that horse being the CEO of Activision. He stated Destiny 2 is on track for release this fall. Now me and many other people do think it will be September time due to Activision and many other titles coming out towards the end of the year like basically Call of Duty November times. He also states basically if you were a year one player and put a lot of time into the first game there is plenty of what you will love within Destiny 2 which I suppose is what we want to hear but he also states if you are a new player to Destiny or ain't played it in a while there will also be a lot to offer you within Destiny 2. He goes on to say there will be a great cinematic story, very great cast of memorable relatable characters. He basically goes on to say that this game will offer something for us hardcore players as well as often something for the casual players. Now this is the way Destiny 1 kind of turned towards year 2 and year 3. It kind of took away the grind and added a much simpler system of earning that loot. Now whether or not this is what he means with Destiny 2 we will wait and see. Now to end this discussion on this call I want to talk about one of the first thing he states. We have a big reveal plan I'm going to let the game do most of the talking. What is this reveal and when will it be revealed? I'm actually guessing we might see a little something within the next month or two hopefully anyway. It sounds to me though like all is going to plan and in my opinion I can't wait to see more. Okay so moving on and quoting Kotaku and Jason Shryer who is a known and credible source when it comes to early Destiny information. He states the following although some of the folks behind Destiny 2 might crave more time to add content and beef up the game he is an interesting bit of news to consider. If Bungie misses this year for Destiny 2 Activision is awarded a hefty chunk of the independent studio stuck according to two sources familiar with goings on at Destiny. Bungie employees stuck resting schedule is also based on game releases including Destiny 2 which gives a major incentive to get the sequel out this year. Fans have been worried most of due to the lack of news regarding Destiny 2 and coming to the conclusion that Destiny 2 might be delayed out of this year but consider this with the first Destiny Bungie started talking way too early and wound up showing a number of features and plot points that never actually made it into the final game. This time they want to avoid those mistakes which means we likely won't hear about the game until closer to launch. The roadmap will likely include a Destiny 1 Spring update then their Destiny 2 reveal they launch this fall. They've got a lot of people on this one from what idea at least three other Activision studios are working on the game in addition to Bungie. Destiny 2 is also coming to PC and will likely be a total overhaul so don't expect to bring your Destiny 1 gear with you. So this pretty much guarantees Bungie will get that game ready and released this year.  I mean look at the effect it did have on Destiny 1 and a negative publicity that came with the release of the game. People straight up knew that it wasn't the game they've been talking about and advertising to us were not in full anyway. The one thing I don't really like the sound of is the way he states for us not to expect to bring our hard-earned gear over to Destiny 2. That if true will be a shame but I'm pretty sure this is something Bungie have considered pretty heavily and I can't wait for them to confirm this matter.  In the meantime I'd expect a few more updates to come with Destiny but mostly this year I'm guessing will be spent playing other games until something great drops. Next week we have a Crucible Patch which I will cover through various weapon testing videos while basically me playing PvP and getting owned as per usual but until then guys I will have you covered on any new info that drops regarding Destiny 2 or Destiny 1 or absolutely anything. Hope you guys enjoyed the video thanks for stopping by as always and I will catch you on that next one.


If we want any kind of gas exchange to happen at all, then the bottom line is we are going to have to set up some kind of partial pressure gradient between the alveoli and the blood and the blood and the body cells.  What? I know, I know. I continually shock you with my strategies for teaching anatomy and physiology. This strategy is going to involve drawing a mouse with a trachea, lop, lop, lop, and an alveolus, because, you know, don't you think they kind of look exactly like this? Not even close. This is a diagrammatic view of the alveolus because I want to fit everything on here. So here's what else I'm going to draw. I need a blood supply. So this right here is where I'm going to do external respiration between the alveolus and the blood. And then I'm also going to do internal respiration between the blood, oops, I need to get it a little bit closer, between the blood. Please, I'm going to show you my arrows in just a second, and the body cells. So as we already know, because we dealt with the concept of capillary exchange, we know that every single cell has to be within diffusion's distance of the capillary or the cell's going to die. You can imagine this little red vessel here is a capillary. And here's my organization. First of all, this is the atmosphere. So this is the air that you're breathing. Our blood flow is going to go this direction. So I would imagine that this is going to be blood, dirty blood, that's coming in contact with an alveolus in the lungs. And it's going to travel to the body. And here's a capillary that's in contact with some body cells. And then the blood, of course, after it drops off its oxygen and picks up its carbon dioxide, it's going to come back to the lungs. And we can throw in all the anatomy. We can go to the correct places in the heart. We can follow it all around. But right now, let's just focus in on what's going on. What are the partial pressure gradients that are going to motivate internal respiration and external respiration? And here's the scoop. I'm going to tell you, we're going to keep track of PO2. I don't think I want it to be green. I think we're going to do PO2 in red and we'll do PCO2 in blue. There is oxygen in our atmosphere. Thank goodness for that. So we can throw a partial pressure. We know that number. It's actually about 160 millimeters of mercury. All my partial pressure units are going to be in millimeters of mercury. I'm going to stop putting my units on here just to save us a little bit of time, but do not forget that we're talking about millimeters of mercury and know that if you ever give me numbers without units, it will be a sad story and probably won't get credit.  This is wild. Are you ready for this amazing fact? I mean, we talk about carbon dioxide concentrations in our atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, something we should definitely be concerned about. Do you know how much carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere? What? The partial pressure is 0.25 millimeters of mercury. You got to be kidding me. That isn't very much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at all. Now, imagine I'm going to take a nice, fresh breath of air and I'm going to divide my alveolus in half just so we can keep track of after external respiration has taken place what our new numbers are. So relax because watch how this is going to work. Obviously, the entire quantity, blob of air from the atmosphere is going to go into the entire alveolus. I'm dividing it in half, so you can imagine the change that's going to happen over time. So this air, this fresh blob of air, whose characteristics I've given you over here, I'm going to throw it into this half of my alveolus and now I'm going to tell you that my partial pressures of my gases is different now. Po2 is actually about 100 millimeters of mercury. Look, I did it. I couldn't help it. And PCO2 is about 40. And I'm telling you which one's which based on the color. Okay, seriously, what happened? That's the fresh air that I just breathed in. Why did my Po2 go down and my PCO2 went up by a whole bunch? Why? What happened? Remember that there was that whole chunk, that blob of air in your lungs that you can't ever breathe out. So you aren't ever going to have an inhale that is purely atmospheric concentrations. You have leftover air in there that is highly concentrated with carbon dioxide and not so much oxygen in that air. So we can accept that when we mix with that residual air that you can never actually breathe out, these are my new partial pressures inside the alveoli at the beginning of a breath. So you take a breath. Fantastic. And now inside my alveolus, these are my partial pressures. It's probably relevant right now to say, okay, what's the partial pressure of the blood that's coming back from the cells? This is the used up blood. The cells have sucked out as much of the gases, the oxygen as they possibly can, and they've had as much of the carbon dioxide as possible, sucked out of them. So watch this. Inside venous blood that has come from the cells, we have a partial pressure of carbon dioxide of 46 millimeters of mercury, and oxygen is at about 40 millimeters of mercury. Okay, why? What did the cells do? It's like thirsty cells sucked all the oxygen out of the blood down to 40 millimeters of mercury. Now, gases move down their partial pressure gradient. Do you agree with that? Absolutely. So what direction is oxygen going to move? We don't have to think very long to go, oh, well, of course, oxygen is going to move from 100 millimeters of mercury down to 40 millimeters of mercury. What's going to happen to the partial pressure in the blood when this happens? Well, the partial pressure of the blood is going to increase. And in fact, because of some amazing mechanisms that we'll talk about later on in this lecture, after external respiration is complete, the blood and the alveoli have effectively changed concentrations. They've switched. So the alveoli now have, now this is after external respiration has occurred, the alveoli have only 40 millimeters of mercury of oxygen, whereas the blood now has 100, which just is more oxygen molecules dissolved in that blood. What do you suppose has happened to the carbon dioxide? Dude, carbon dioxide is going to move down to the partial pressure gradient. It's going to move out of the blood and into the alveolus, and it switches right down. I mean, it makes perfect sense. So we end up with 46 in the alveolus and 40 in the blood. And that travels to the cells. Now, what's going to happen in the cells? Your cells don't ever end up with a partial pressure of oxygen that's high. They're constantly saying, we need more oxygen. They use up the oxygen that they're exposed to. So the PO2 in the cell usually really ends up being about 40. And you can imagine that the more active a cell is, the more it uses up oxygen in its environment, the lower that partial pressure is going to go. So that can vary depending on the metabolic activity of the cell. But check out what's going to happen to if your cells essentially hang out at about 40 because they are using the oxygen that's available to them. Then the oxygen inside, it's going to come around at the beginning of the capillary. We're going to have oxygen at about 100. But by the end, all the oxygen has been sucked out of the blood and into the cells, and they're just using it. That's how we end up with 40 millimeters of mercury when we head back to the alveoli. Carbon dioxide on the other hand, carbon dioxide shows up, the blood shows up with a partial pressure of 40 for carbon dioxide. And your cells, again, they're chronically producing carbon dioxide. So essentially, you can imagine that they're producing it enough to be a partial pressure of about 46. So the carbon dioxide is going to continually diffuse in. In the end game, you end up with about 46 millimeters of mercury in that old used up capillary blood, which travels to the alveolus for external exchange. Internal respiration happens here. Internal respiration happens here. Cellular respiration is happening in here. Does that work for you? You might be like, dude, numbers. The numbers are handy. The numbers help you visualize the push for why this gas exchange happens at all. There are several factors. We're going to look at this diagram and get several factors that can affect gas exchange, internal and external gas exchange.