Hello, and welcome to the 2021 Martin Meyerson Berkeley Faculty Research Lectures. My name is Jennifer Johnson-Hanks and I am this year's chair of the Berkeley Division of the Academic Senate. I'm honored to be with you here today to continue an esteemed Berkeley tradition that has endured for 108 years. This afternoon's event marks the first of two lectures this year. Thank you so much for joining us. The Berkeley Academic Senate selects members of our faculty for this prestigious lectureship, which recognizes the scholarly work of those who are among our most distinguished faculty members. Before we begin, a small housekeeping note. You can submit questions for Professor Zimmering throughout the lecture by clicking on the link in the lecture description at the bottom of your YouTube screen, and I will read those during the question section. Now, before I invite our Chancellor, Carol Christ introduced today's speaker a few words about our Chancellor. Carol Christ joined the faculty of the English department at Berkeley in 1970. She's a scholar of Victorian poetry. Between 1985 and 2000, Dr. Christ served as department chair, dean, and provost at Berkeley. In 2002, she became president of Smith College and served there until 2013. Dr. Christ returned to Berkeley and then did a second run as provost before becoming our 11th Chancellor in 2017 as the first woman to serve in this role. She is a role model for so many of us. It is my great honor to welcome Chancellor Carol Christ. Thank you, Jenna. Good afternoon. It's my great pleasure to welcome you all to the first of this year's Martin Meyerson Berkeley faculty research lectures. I'm delighted that you could join us. For more than a century, Berkeley's academic senate has singled out members of our faculty whose research has changed the trajectory of their disciplines. These lectures shine a bright light on an inseparable, irreplaceable part of our mission, the creation of new knowledge. The innovation and creativity that fuel the quest to know and understand more are at the heart of our university's antipathy toward the status quo and our shared interest in making the world a better place. Being selected to deliver the faculty research lectures is one of Berkeley's greatest honors. For members of the campus community and the broad public we served, this is a unique accessible forum for the presentation of scholarly research of the highest caliber. This series also represents an outstanding and almost unbroken Berkeley tradition. Since its inception 108 years ago, the faculty research lecture was suspended only once. During 1919, I should observe during the year of another pandemic. If only they had access to Zoom, the string might have been unbroken. The two individuals chosen by our academic senate to give the 2021 faculty research lectures are Brigitte Whaley, professor of chemical physics and director of the Berkeley quantum information and computation center, who will be presenting next month. And Franklin Zimmering, the William G. Simon professor of law, we're honored to hear from today. Now let me introduce Professor Franklin Zimmering. Professor Franklin Zimmering is a brilliant, preeminent pioneer in the fields of crime, criminal justice, and family law. Across an incredibly wide and diverse array of related subjects, he has marshaled empirical research and rigorous social science methodology to enhance our understanding of complex social challenges and advance the policies needed to confront them. Professor Zimmering attended Wayne State University and earned his Juris Doctorate degree from the University of Chicago Law School, where he became the only graduate directly appointed to its faculty in 1967. When Frank joined the Berkeley Law Faculty in 1985 as director of the Earl Warren Legal Institute, he was considered to be the best in his field and his stature has grown ever since. In 2006, he became our first Wolfen Distinguished Scholar serving in that capacity till 2013. Frank is currently the William G. Simon Professor of Law and the Faculty Director of Criminal Justice Studies at Berkeley Law. In 2020, Professor Zimmering was awarded the 2020 Stockholm Prize in Criminology, the field's top international honor. As one of his colleagues, Emeritus Professor Malcolm Feely put it, Frank has a genius for identifying an important problem around which there's muddled thought and just drilling in and clarifying it and outcomes some stunning observations. Suffice it to say that Professor Zimmering is an incredibly prolific author of numerous books and major research papers on subjects including juvenile crime and juvenile justice, deterrence, incapacitation, criminal sentencing, trends in crime, crime control and capital punishment. He's also done groundbreaking work in two areas that today are sadly at the very top of our national agenda, gun violence and police killings. And all of these areas, Frank, in truly true Berkeley fashion, has not hesitated to speak his mind and has not shied away from advocating for new evidence-based policies and approaches to some of our most trenchant challenges. The quality of his work, the depth of his commitment to the truth, to reform, to justice embodies the very best that the university has to offer. Professor Zimmering's most recent book published in 2017 is titled When Police Kill, a powerful piece of work that offered the first comprehensive analysis of police use of lethal force in the United States and provides an account of how governments can reduce killings by police without risking the lives of police officers. Nothing could be tom lear. And so I ask that you join me in honoring and welcoming Professor Franklin Zimmering who will present a lecture entitled Police Killings and American Tragedy. Well it's going to take me half of that lecture to recover from the kindness and excessive enthusiasm of that introduction. What I'm going to be talking about today is what I want to call the tragedy of unnecessary killings by police in the United States. About a thousand times a year in the United States civilians are shot and killed by local police and the authorities say that such killings were either necessary or at least justified. But even with those honorific labels that's three killings a day every day. And that's too many violent deaths in the country which already suffers from an excess of violent death. Most of these deaths are not necessary to preserve the life of the police officer or any innocent civilian. If the police didn't shoot there would probably be no loss of life as a result. So in that sense the majority of these police shootings do not contribute very much directly to public safety and should be avoided when they can be avoided. But that's the secret when they can be avoided. But these are justifiable killings in a society which already suffers from very substantial supplies of regrettable interpersonal violence. Now how to reduce if we can the share of civilian killings that are contributed by police in their interaction and law enforcement. Well if the police officer honestly believed that gunfire was necessary to protect innocent persons he or she will not be charged with a crime and will not be convicted of anything. But unnecessary lethal force is still a problem. There still are deaths and it is still a regrettable public health problematic. Now the first chart figure one which has been put on your screen gives us a general international comparison of all killings by police for five prominent developed countries that are normally considered comparable to each other. The United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, England and Wales. But they are not directly competent not directly comparable when you compare them to killings by police as a rate per hundred thousand. The United States has five times the rate of killings by police as the second most prominent killings by police environment which is Canada and almost 25 times the rate of Australia and even larger magnitudes when you compare it with Germany, England and Wales. So we are a developed country but we are a developed country with very substantial rates and experience of violence of all sorts and that has led to killings by police with a corrected US rate which is anywhere from five to thirty times that of other comparable developed countries. Now the ideal way of passing rules to try and reduce the rates of killings which are regrettable even though they are also non-criminal is to find restrictive police policies on killing citizens which will probably have to operate through the administrative regulation of police by police departments. If you ask who governs police in the United States the answer is police have to govern police. It is an administrative process and saving civilian lives should be a very important part of every police chief's job. But police chiefs also want to support their police officers and often find and assume that the shootings are fully justified. So the question as an administrative question is how to motivate police administrators to protect civilians as much as they can but also to protect civilians from their own police behavior. This is where money can talk. If courts award sufficient and significant money damages in cases of wrongful death that result in civic recoveries municipal governments and police administrators will be motivated to avoid the fiscal pain. Most of the killings by police in the United States are not criminal but they are nonetheless regrettable and result in major social costs. The less killings we have even if justifiable the better the society that we're living in. So that the potential of financial loss in this case is intended to motivate police administrators to save civilian lives and tight administrative rules what police can't do what police are punished for doing what police are rewarding for avoiding are a very good way of reducing the unnecessary death rate for most major police departments in the United States. So killings by police are necessities in many circumstances but they are costly necessities and the less violent killing by police as well as by citizens the better the country we're living in. So those are the circumstances that motivate what should be extremely tight regulations for police officers from their police forces to shoot only when necessary. The problem is that in a high violence environment like the United States that is a very frequent number of situations where interactions between police and citizens result in violence and life-threatening violence which threatens the police and threatens the civilians. The high violence environment in which American policing takes place is a very important organizational characteristic of policing it makes it more dangerous it makes it more important and it makes it more subject to public scrutiny. And this brief presentation has been an introduction to one branch of that public scrutiny the killings by police as a high American rate which is apparently necessary to continue police safety administration on the streets. That is a brief statistical profile of where the statistics on police use of violence interact with the tasks of police administration in the United States and it creates major costs and major problems but is also an unavoidable part of what is policing big cities with high rates of violence in the United States of America. That is the fundamental framework that I wanted to impose on these statistics and with that data already presented I would be very happy to respond to questions and to integrate what it is that we think we know about violent interaction between police and citizens into the topic of today's research. Is somebody going to administer a Q&A process here? I think this is Jenna again. Are we ready to move to the Q&A now? Yes. Wonderful. So thank you very much for that engaging that engaging address of audience members. I remind you that you may submit questions by clicking on the link in the lecture description at the bottom of your YouTube screen. I have gotten a few questions in here and I'm sure there will be more coming. Professor Zimmering, could you please start by just talking to us a little bit about how we should think about the relationship between police killings and other kinds of killings? You have done extensive work on a variety of kinds of violent crime. How do you think about the relationship between those kinds of deaths? Well, in the first instance when you talk about the special problems which put pressure on police to use or anticipate life-threatening violence, it is that you're dealing with a society which has hundreds of millions of guns and guns are among other things the most life-threatening threat to police on the streets, visiting homes, doing their jobs that exist in the United States. So what you have is a relatively high violence potential that police have to respond to. That's one of the reasons why police carry guns. That's why police use guns. But what it also does in that sense is completely reframe around the fear and the prospect of this kind of life-threatening violence almost every interaction of police with citizens. Yeah, I think that answer already addresses that the next question that came in is about why there are so many more police killings in the US than other countries. But I think you've really already spoken to that. In the first instance, police have to carry guns because so many of the people they police are carrying guns. Unilateral disarmament is not a happy event. So you always have the possibility of life-threatening violence being a part of interactions on the street. I cannot say that it happens an enormous amount in the US. And most police conduct careers without being subjected to life-threatening violence on a continuing basis. But it is a fact of life, the prospect of violent death on the streets, which informs not merely the definition of police work, what it is that we want our police to do, but also how our police have to do it and what they have to be consciously aware of when they are attempting to police street safety. Yeah, that's that's just that's a very compelling and interesting way of thinking about it. I'm getting in a whole series of questions here about your proposed remedy about high cost fines for police forces in cases of violent in cases of police killings. So the first question that arises is just why have we not implemented that policy already? If this would be effective and it would seem relatively uncomplicated, what has held us back from implementing these very costly fines that you're that you're talking about? Well, there are there are two different countermeasure remedies that are used to control police violence when it has gone over the boundaries that we think is are permissible. One of them is that when killings and woundings take place, there are money damages that are frequently awarded to victims. And the second is police discipline of police. And that is most impermissible police use of violence in street settings is also a violation of police rules. And so police are punished. That is far less consequential damage than a criminal conviction. But it's plenty of incentive to encourage police to to abide by the rules and regulations to control violence that police forces provide for them. Remember, a high violence environment is one which affects also how police feel when they're on the street. What risks they presume are there and how great their fear and tendency to react perhaps early would be if they are not trained and disciplined to control themselves. Yeah. So now we're getting in a series of questions continuing on the quest on the possibility of thinking about the solution that you propose and other possible solutions. Several of our of our listeners are asked are asking about the possibility of either banning assault weapons or large large capacity ammunition magazines about reducing the general abundance of criminal weapons if reductions of supply of firearms might directly or indirectly reduce police killings as well. Well, this is going to be a good news and bad news joke. Let's begin with the good news. If you could reduce the number of operable firearms that potential enemies of police or citizens are carrying on the streets, that would reduce the need for police to constantly think about their own use of defensive violence and to anticipate the potential of violent attack in many settings which are business as usual and city patrols. So if we had less guns on the other side, if it were a somewhat less exciting urban environment, it would be an easier one to police and the police would have to shoot their weapons considerably less often than if danger is encountered on a continuing basis. But the problem is that you have to, when you are policing a city street, sort of desire the best and plan for and make precautions for the most dangerous environment that is going to confront the police person and also to confront the citizens that the police person is there to protect. So if it's a dangerous environment, damage control and risk control is still very important, but it has also got a limited upside. There is a reason why police carry instruments of deadly force and think about them rather consistently when they are doing urban policing in circumstances where they don't feel they can completely control. Thank you. You've said several times here that you've talked in a very interesting way about the way that police think and the way that they're obliged to defend themselves or think ahead to defend themselves. Several of our audience members are wondering whether either making different kinds of hires into police departments or altering the way that we school and train police officers if we might be able to either hire people who think in a different way intuitively or if we might be able to induce them to think differently by teaching them differently. Do you see any chance for optimism there? Surely, but the question involves something that an awful lot of police I know would very much heartily disagree with. It suggests that the reason police are prone to worry and to shoot is their attitudes and not the inherent dangerousness of the activity that they're engaged in and the signals that they're getting from street policing among strangers. This is not a low risk business and the reason that police have to carry instruments of deadly force is because instruments of deadly force are prominent and more than occasional threats that the police are going to encounter in doing their jobs. So it would be wonderful to have police with better attitudes, but what the police would also like is to carry those better attitudes into environments which are also less life-threatening dangers. Yeah, that's very clear. You've several times now spoken about these killings as regrettable and not criminal but regrettable. Could you talk a little bit about the legal category of not criminal but regrettable? Do you think that the current state of criminal law is correct in this regard? Would there be any benefit or wisdom in moving the line of what counts as criminal action by police in the case of police killings? Well, okay, so the first question is this. There are things that police can't do with the instruments of deadly force that they have which are unreasonable and are regarded as criminal and also I would add as subject to disciplinary proceedings because, remember, police cherish their careers. They'd like to be promoted. They don't need to be punished by police departments, so there are real incentives to comply not only with the criminal law standards, but also the standards of justification that are imposed by police departments. But that said, at the end of the day, there are still going to be a large number of circumstances in any urban police department where instruments of deadly force are necessary as far as the police are concerned within the rules that they impose and often even there sometimes mistakes are made. So the potential for regrettable high violence is something which comes with the territory of urban policing. Police can't decide how many guns are going to be in the cities they police and that has to determine what their own policies are for carrying weapons of deadly force and for rules about engagement in using them. Thank you. Several of our questions now address the political scene of the last year and particularly the role of race and policing. Could you talk a little bit about the role of race and all of this and, for example, the statistics of the races of those killed and police officers and if you have any any advice for people who are thinking about race and policing, how that would be a use, how most usefully they could do that. Okay, well when you talk about race and ethnicity as an influence on the rates at which police are involved in use of deadly force either by police against them or against police in interactions with them, the rates are higher for urban minorities, urban minority males, sometimes literally approximately double the rates of white non-Hispanic non-African Americans in big city police departments and environments. So that is a very problematic but essential characteristic of what the risks are and that's the risks for police and also police risks in dealing with citizens who it is their duty to protect. It makes life tough. It also means that policing can be a potentially very hazardous job. Police carry instruments of deadly force but police aren't the only people that carry instruments of deadly force in urban street environments and those possibilities put very definitional constraints on what police can do and can't do and what they have to fear and whether they're going to make mistakes in using deadly force. Police in the United States make those mistakes. They make them frequently but one of the reasons they make them frequently is that the circumstance for making those hard decisions, for calling the tough questions, for dealing with the stranger who may be armed and who you don't know, that's tough work and it's not unrisky work. Certainly not unrisky. One of our audience members is curious that the rates of police killings vary very significantly both between different police departments within the U.S. and within single departments over time and even across different officers. Some of that is likely driven as you're saying by differential rates of riskiness on those streets but are there other reasons for that variation? I'm sure there are but the real question is can you do a definitive study and then once you've done that if it were good to find just all the really dangerous actors and everybody else could have all the guns they want it would be a much safer environment to police in the United States. It's also probably impossible. What we do instead is pay very close attention because police are armed with deadly weapons and when police job performance has involved serious rates of dangerous behavior then there is a disciplinary intervention which police management has to make but once you've done that you still have street environments where police need to have deadly weapons and where they're not the only people on the streets with deadly weapons. So the environment not just police profiles and police preferences are one of the reasons why the risks are substantial and why police have to confront very tough decisions about risk on a not infrequent basis. Thank you. I think we have time for just one more question and there are a whole number that have come in but I'm going to just select this one which is could you talk a little bit about what you see as the stakes for us as a society in think in reducing police killings what is the is there a bigger message that you'd like to convey about what kinds of a what kind of a future what kind of an America we might be able to achieve if we were able to reduce police killings. Well it would be very nice and I think it is also important to emphasize that the risks of street policing and the likelihood that police are going to be on the receiving end of life-threatening violence is substantially less than one might think given how easy guns are to acquire and use and how frequently they're on the streets. We've already done a pretty good job of keeping police and ordinary citizens on the street an awful lot safer than they could be. The situation is dangerous. It does require danger management and the danger management of civilians with guns as an important part of the urban police mission but it is not an ungovernable situation and by and large police administrators have done better jobs and police have done better jobs than we frequently give them credit for. Thank you so much Professor Zimmering for this very enlightening presentation this super engaging conversation. Thank you also to all of our guests for the questions that you've submitted there were too many for us to cover all in one lecture but I hope we were able to capture enough to address some of your key questions and spark all of you in further discussion and contemplation. For all of all of you at home I want you to know this lecture will be available online following the event at facultylectures.berkeley.edu so that you can watch it again or share it with friends and thank you everyone for being here. I look forward to our next lecture coming up next month. I hope all of you have a wonderful rest of your day or evening or morning whatever you're joining us from. Thank you again and Fiat Luxe.


Valability, heuristic or availability bias, describes the tendency to evaluate a topic using the information we can quickly recall to our mind that is available to us. However, this is not necessarily the best information, rather it's the most vivid or recent. Even so, due to this mental shortcut, we tend to think that what we can recall must be right and ignore any other information.


Hold on That's what that was. Hey, welcome back to our stupider exit. It's I'm Corbin Instagram Twitter from all juicy content Today we're acting reacting to some It's called daily economics. What does it take to run a puhua stall in Mumbai? I don't know what a puhua stall is.  I Do not know what a poha stall is. I'm guessing it's a food stall. Okay, so poet is an Indian dish prepared in the Indian states of Maharashtra Odisha Maria Mahir Pradesh Karnataka, Gurdjit in Rajasthan amongst others It is made from the process of flattening rice roasted with chilies onions mustard and cumin seeds and curry loose Called Kali Pata. It is highly carbonated low-fat quick meal that can be made in minutes Okay, I'm guessing this woman has a stall And and she's going to be showing us how she runs it. So that's cool. Cool. All right, ready? Yeah, three two one go Hey, I'll be standing here. Yeah, I'm here. That's all say business. I'll do it Sheera, poha upma Sabudana Khichdi Subhachar, but you do What kind of cutting? Sheerah or upma was a separate one out of the People thought I'm gonna tell you cut it up about sabudana khichdi Yes, I'm talking about it The whole business starts from 7 am to 11 pm. My husband, son, and I are family. We take care of the whole family. There are no people from outside. There are many people from the railway company. There are 300-400 people. It's flying by. Welcome rupees a day. Average cost is 15. Monthly cost is 80,000. Monthly profit. The car comes at 10 am every day. It's been two months. We have been running for two months. We are not letting you earn. We are not letting you do anything. The whole business is closing. There is a solution on it. You can do something for a month. There is a lot of oil in it. The oil is low in the oil. If you don't take the chapati and roti in the morning, then you take the chapati and roti with you. That's what they eat in the afternoon. I didn't see the profits. Her cost is $50 a day. I didn't see what her daily profits were. She is clearly profiting. Monthly, if it's 3500 times 30, that would be her daily. Monthly revenue has a 1, a 95,000. I don't know what that means. They are making a good profit. They are making a really good profit. Based on that, they are making 10 times what they invest at the end of the month. I'm just confused. There are two commas, so it should be in the millions. When they get up to like a crore, their commas don't fall in the same slots that ours do. It's not the same numerical. What would that be? 1,95,000. What is that? I don't know what number that is. I don't know. 1,95,000. You're right on the video. Here.  I'm trying to understand. 1,95,000, right? Somebody in the comments says it's 12 lakhs per year. That's in the comments of the video. 12 lakhs per year? Yeah. Okay. 12 lakhs per year. Hold on. Okay, so that's 1.2 million a year divided by 365. Oh, that can't be right. Why? They said they were spending $3,500, 3,500 rupees a day. 12 lakhs is 100,000 is a lakh. It's 12 lakhs. It's 100,000 times 12. That would be the year divided by 365. That comes out to 3,287. They said they spend 3,500. I don't know. Do you mean they lose money? Maybe they do. I don't know. I have no idea.  Guys, I was told there would be no math. But I can tell you the food looked phenomenal. Maybe I should make it on my channel. I've actually never heard of this food. Yeah, I haven't either. It made me miss the sights and sounds of Mumbai though. Yeah, it made me too. Because she's in Mumbai. And there was so many different food stalls. And we didn't, like as you know, we didn't get to do our street food tour in Mumbai like we wanted to. Just because of, there was just so much going on that entire week we were in Mumbai. And also, we were extremely tired. It was at the end of the leg of the trip. I can't tell you how tired we were some nights. I think we were so tired. But yeah, that was great. Let us know the math because I don't know it. I don't know anything. I'm done. Don't look at me. Algebra is the only class I failed.


Itamar, one of the things I've asked you to talk a little bit about is Syria because it hangs over the region in a very depressing way So you've written at least two books already on Syria and are now finishing a third. So I'm over to you, please Thank you With Syria at a different time So for several years actually the Syrian crisis was the focal point of Middle Eastern politics and not just the Middle East Waves of refugees rattled Europe in 2016 and affected elections in Europe and Brexit and the shockwaves reached all the way to the American elections of the end of 2016 and Not just a few days terrorists thousands of ISIS recruits who European citizens trained in Syria and Iraq and fought there and came back To Europe and some of them are actually in sleeping cells of terrorism And I hope that we will not hear again from them the way we did in Paris and Brussels, but they are there. So it's not a local crisis. It was a major International crisis a terrible humanitarian tragedy half a million killed many many wounded and maimed almost six million refugees out of Syria and almost half of the population displaced inside Syria now one of the Explanations for the complexity of this crisis was the fact that it was not one crisis, but three in one domestic regional and international the conflict between the regime and the opposition a Regional conflict between the camp supporting the regime and those supporting the opposition and international one now the domestic crisis the civil war itself Was resolved in December 19th 2016 when the regime with the Russian and Iranian help Captured Aleppo that was the end of the civil war. He said the opposition does not practically exist neither the political one nor the military one there are still thousands of Opposition fighters who are in the area of Italy, but they are not operating out of it now Winning the civil war did not mean normalization of Syria as a state the regime controls Maybe 60% of the national territory There is the area of Idlib that I mentioned there is an area actually conquered and Managed by Turkey and there is about at least 30 percent in the east and northeast that are dominated by the Kurds and the Syrian Democratic front. It will be a while before and Unitary Syrian state exists and exercises sovereignty over the national territory There is the question for reconstruction a very costly project Where will the money come from? Some of those who can offer the money the United States European countries will not offer the money without Return of the refugees, but the regime is not particularly interested in the refugees and Apparently the leadership is Quite happy with the situation that Syria now is a more homogeneous country less Sunni is more or proportionately More allies and and so forth. So the country is very far from normalization Furthermore the end of the domestic conflict meant an exacerbation of the regional and international conflict originally Iran And together with Russia actually dominate Syria, but child Assad remained in power But he is not fully an independent ruler. He is very much under the Iranian and Russian boots Turkey is a major actor interested largely the Kurdish question the preoccupation not to say obsession of Missa Edouan and Turkey is not to have an autonomous area in Syria certainly not to have a Kurdish continuity along the Turkish border and Connected possibly to Iraq. And this is the main motivating force in Turkish policy now Iran after making this massive investment in keeping Assad in power wants to benefit and It has wetted the appetite of the Iranians who want to use the presence in Syria in order to continue to build The original hegemony in an effort to build a second Lebanon Against Israel his Bala and more than a hundred thousand missiles and rockets in Lebanon They are now trying to build a military infrastructure in Syria. It's sort of an offensive defensive Attitude towards Israel. And of course if Iran is making that investment Israel is determined to prevent it now internationally the two major actors are Russia and the United States During most of the Syrian crisis the United States was absent Termination by President Obama not to be drawn played a secondary role and Russia came to play the major role under President Trump there is a Change and more recently a new team that was given charge of Implementing a policy the essence of which is to deny President Assad Money for reconstruction and to continue to exert pressure on him and through him on Only run in Russia, but Russia is now the dominant actor in Syria it has Not just a naval base, but also an air base and with a very small investment in fact has made actually Substantial gains in Syria. So Assad is left with these two patrons the Russians and the And the Iranians he is actually more comfortable with the Russians because the Russians have limited ambitions They don't want to manage they want them to penetrate the society or to expand Shiite influence They are just interested in the hegemony and the projection of power and influence to the rest of the Middle East and it's likely that Assad will try to play off the Russians against the Iranians So where does it does it leave us? It leaves us with the situation whereby The Syrian crisis as distinct from the Syrian civil war is far from being over the normalization of Syrian life and statehood and politics will take several more years and the region and the world will have to continue To live with a Syrian problem that needs to be better managed in the future than it was managed in the past Thank you. Thank you very much


Don't scare me. I'm Rick, and audio quality is better because we have a new camera. Woo woo! I saw some people comment that just yesterday on the first video that we filmed on it. The audio, the visuals, it's all so good. Thanks, Apple. But uh, please follow us on Instagram, Twitter, and all of our juicy content. It's so juicy. And the grossest on Patreon and follow us on official Twitter account. And today, uh, a new trailer dropped, uh, of... Sandkai Anka. Sandkai Anka, right? That's close enough to not be carbonized. And it's the one with topsy-panoo. Remember the old days when things used to be carbonized all the time? Yeah. Oh well. Yes, this is the one we saw the teaser of. Topsy-panoo? Right. Topsy-panoo, uh, Bumi Pednekar, and Tashar Hernandi. I don't know those other two names. But this is the one we've seen the teaser of. It's based on real people. Old people. Right. That were great marksmen. Yeah. Great shooters. We love Topsy. And we'll see how this is. Yup. Here we go. Andu, m'jakna hai. Ye m'merdo ka gaya na hai. Am m'merdo ke hati aachin agai. Hey, ye utha hai a. Anjana kaya sunna. T'boor sayi, tai. A toh usne ke hai. Eh, nitha manin. Ke raya? Arre, ke kari, tai, m'jakna, lajya ka tai. Ye kha ho tum dunno. Nisana bilkul seeda laga ho. Gani. Nisana sayi laga hoegi toh. Nisana sayi laga hoegi toh. Kalta hai, main aur seh bhaii. Dunno anke. Bul ko mar hai. Iski bhanak kisi aur ko nahi hu chahi. Yo, khel sab pant pant ke khel na hai. Maa bhai, baate, jib badegi. Jib khaab le aaluma hai. Guma nahi hai. Tadi maino jaa gaya mani. Tain pe bhasat hai. Aksse kumaar gaya sun. Aksse kumaar na aaluma hai. Aksse kumaar na aaluma hai. Sabhasre hum. Terusi ka wajah ka naum hai. Aaj maar na hai apni chhor yuk liye. Dekha apni batisi. Tain chaar ki jindagi banan khatar. Teri ek ki jaan bili di bade jaa ba. Tuk kui haran jina hai, bitta. Ibu tum bata, bitta. Madhuri India ka birju bane ga kir raha. Besey, aapki umri kya huge? Lagbhaag... Saad ke upad ne kya huge, haan. Besey, Tadi, ek baat do. Aur aap chahi kisi bhi mukaam prpaun cha hai. Aur apni sayumru batane se khatraa dhi hai. Isana hai. Sayumar batal mike hai. Par rasal ne aurat usumar ka sahi hesaab na laga sakhe hai. Chosne apne neg ji ho. Come in. Yep. And it looks almost... Parts of it almost looked like it was kind of a style of a... What's that film? Amir Khan. He's done a lot. Dungle. Yeah, dungle. Yeah, very much aesthetically. Aesthetically it looked and felt a lot. The production design and everything did. All of the work on training some young girls. Correct. And at one point of the trailer. Right. Yeah, and the empowerment of women and the expectations being so low on a female and then a competition where they have very much reminiscent of dungle. Yeah. And I mean obviously because Tapsi is in it, interested, I'm not... It's very, very rare. We've mentioned this before. I think we mentioned this in the teaser. It's very rare for a makeup department to get old age makeup and hair right. So I don't believe those women are in their 60s. But that's okay. I can get past that and believe they're telling us the story. And it's not... That is quite a jump for some... I mean Tapsi is probably what? Early 30s at the latest. Early 30s. Yeah, early 30s at the latest. And mid 20s. Yeah. Possibly a lot. You can pull off mid 20s. Yeah, of course. So it's quite a jump. I mean actors have done it before, of course. Yeah, of course. Benjamin Button. I mean there's been a bunch of films where somebody has gone that drastic of an age difference. Yeah. But it's usually a progression so they kind of... Yeah. And it's very rare that you can get... I mean the first one that comes to mind as far as a makeup and hair team being just flawless to the point of blowing my mind was what they did for Gary Oldman in Darkest Hour. Oh yeah. That was extraordinary. The weight and age they put on him was really extraordinary. It was impressive. Really impressive. It's just really, really hard to do. And it's very expensive because oftentimes one of the things you have to do to make up for the spots that are missing in the physical is digitize it, to fix it. And that's expensive. I wonder... I guess I know the answer. The reason you would cast women in their early 30s to play women in their 60s is for two-fold, number one, name recognition. Yeah. Number two, I'm supposing we're going to get a larger story of these women's lives and so we're going to have to see them younger. Yeah. They can't be cast in the age they are when they did what they did. We didn't see any of it though, did we? We didn't, but I can't imagine this doesn't give us some of their back story and we actually see them at a younger age. Yeah. You know? That could be a reason and I agree that the star power as well would be a reason. But I mean, if it's not, like the argument could be made, why wouldn't you cast people that were that age? Right. Like somebody who comes to mind right off the bat is Shahid Kapoor Stepma. True. Yeah, 100%. But then you also have to take into consideration the fact that there are certain aspects of the physical element they're going to have to show. For example, if these women were in their 60s, they were shooting like a man in his 20s in terms of the strength and the stability and everything else, there's another reason. Yeah. But aside from that, the fact that this is a true story, those are always massive appeals to me. Yeah. Because it's a story I don't know and I want to know the story. I also hope they don't do with this, what they did with Dongle, where they add elements for dramatic effect that really aren't part of the true story. Yeah. I'm not a big fan of that. Yeah. This is following the exciting story of the world's oldest sharpshooters, Chandra and Prakashy Tomar. The drama marks the directorial debut of a claimed screenwriter. Oh, so this is the first directorial debut. Interesting. Sweet. What did he do? I can't, the foe, gotcha. The film stars Bhoomi Pettinacar and Topsy Thunewich. Bhoomi Pettinacar had some aspects of her facial features, especially in the last thing. She reminded me quite a bit of Priyanka, just in the natural way in which she was expressing herself and some physical attributes. I'm very, this is one I absolutely want to see. Absolutely. I mean, we love Topsy. Yeah. She's a phenomenal actress. We like her a lot. Tisha, this guy did the flying, we have it right to the trailer, but I've seen it requested a flying to... Jot. Jot. Flying Jot and Naksha. Yeah, I've seen that. So apparently he screen wrote those. Okay. He was a writer on Ike Velan. Uh-huh. Any film right now that can tell us true stories about wonderful women who were breaking the stereotypes and show that empowerment, that is important. Those are important stories. And this comes out October 25th of Diwali. Yeah. Yeah, it's a Diwali film. When is Diwali? It's late October. Late October. Yeah, like right around there. 25th. 25th. Yeah, I have it in my calendar. It's like a week, right? Yep. I got it in my calendar, actually. Diwali begins... What has she done? October 23, October 24, October 25, October 26. So the other main actress... It starts on the 27th. Okay. I believe... The other main actress was... Okay, anyway. In toilet. That last week of October. The other main actress was in toilet. Me? Uh, that we've seen. Yeah. It was with Akshay Kumar. Yeah. Um, I believe, right? It was with Akshay. Yeah. Toilets with Akshay. That was a funny line, by the way. Yeah. I swear on Akshay Kumar. That's really funny. That's all we're gonna use. And I know... I swear on Akshay Kumar. We missed the Mother India joke at the end. Yeah. Because we have to see that one. So, yeah. But we're getting there. We got the Akshay Kumar joke. So... We get points for that. God, swear on Akshay Kumar. We're gonna start using that now. You know what's really fun? When I run into people from India now who find out about the channel. Uh, and... And I talk to them. And they...  Not just... That always happens with the Hindi on my arm. But, when they start talking about movies and I say, Oh, yeah. We've seen Akshay Kumar. We know Big B. We know Shudevi. And we know... And I go down the list of all of the people. Right there. We know.  You know about our world. And on the one hand, it makes me happy. On the other hand, it makes me disappointed. Because the whole world should know about this world. Yes. And this looks like... I'm interested. Yeah. I hope it's as good as it looks. And I hope the story is as good as it should be. Yep. Which is kind of a start. Because it's a cool concept story. And I'm rooting for Topsy. Because it's time for her. She's starting to do the films where she's now the main lead. The main draw. The supporting. Yeah. And I really am rooting for Topsy. Because we like her a lot. And I really would like to see her become a big box office draw. And so, I'm in. She's doing kind of... It seems like to me... Different kind of roles. Kind of like a Yushman Karana. Or Rajkumar Rao. Yeah. Selection of her type of film. She also... This may be a strange comparison. Because I don't mean this in terms of her look or personality or anything. She reminds me a little bit of the way her career starting to go. Of the way that Sandra Bullock's career went. Where Sandra Bullock started with some films where she was supporting. Where she did lighter fare. And then really started to get into stuff where she could carry a film like Gravity. Where she is the film. Yeah. And I like her the way I like. I've always liked Sandra Bullock. I've always rooted for Sandra Bullock. And I feel the same way about Topsy. The same thing with Kalki Kekla. Which we know how to pronounce Kalki's name the way it should be. Kalki Kekla. Kalki Kekla. Kalki Kekla. Rooting for Kalki. Which we've seen her flex her thespianatic muscles. In ways... I mean... Badla with her against Big B. That for me was... Badla and Pink. Pink for sure. But Badla was... You've got to hold your own one on one with nothing but dialogue. Yeah. With Amitabh Bachchan. And she... She did. Yeah. Yeah, she did. She's great. Nice to meet you. Good luck. I'll see you next time. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye All. Bye All. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye All.


Okay. So this is our definition of the chemical potential. Chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy. It's the rate of change of the Gibbs energy as we change the number of moles of some compound holding the temperature pressure and other moles constant. To understand a little better what the chemical potential means, what it's telling us about a particular system, we can explore that in a little more detail. And it turns out chemical potential is not just related to the Gibbs free energy, but it also has a connection to the other forms of energy as well. So to see why that's true, let me go back to one of our definitions or important statements about the Gibbs free energy. For example, I can say the Gibbs free energy is the enthalpy minus t times s. And since we're talking about differentials, if I take the differential of both of those sides of the equation, dg is equal to dh. And product rule on ts gives me tds and sdt. So now what I want to do if I bring the sdt term over to the other side, so I can say dg plus sdt is equal to dh minus tds. That allows me to say, since I often think about Gibbs free energy when the temperature is held constant, if the temperature is constant, the left side of this equation says dg at constant t under which conditions the dt term goes to zero. On the right side, if I want to make this term go to zero, I have to hold the entropy constant. So if I'm holding entropy constant on the right, this tds term goes away. So what this statement says is for an isothermal process, the change in the free energy is equal to the change in the enthalpy if that process were done at constant entropy instead. So that just looks like an interesting little fact to observe. But now let's suppose that the process we're doing that changes the free energy isothermally and is equal to the enthalpy change when I do it under a different set of conditions, let's suppose that the change I'm making is to change the number of moles of compound I. So changing the number of moles at constant temperature, dg dn at constant t is equal to dhd change in the same number of moles at constant s. That's now beginning to look, at least the left side is now beginning to look a lot like this chemical potential. If I in addition do it at constant pressure and do it without changing any other types of composition, any other moles of any other compounds on the left, I also don't change the pressure, don't change the moles of any other compounds on the right. Then I've manipulated the left side until it looks exactly like our definition of the chemical potential. Chemical potential is the partial molar free energy. That happens to be the same thing as the change in the enthalpy as I change number of moles, not while holding t and p constant, but while holding the entropy and the pressure constant. So it turns out the chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy, but it's also related to the change in the enthalpy as I change number of moles just under different conditions. So let me write those two statements down separately. So I can go back to our original definition. Very often the most useful one chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy. We've also just discovered that the chemical potential can be thought of as the rate of change of the enthalpy as I change the number of moles, but at constant s and p. And now it may not surprise you to learn that we have similar equations for each one of the four forms of the energy, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, internal energy, and the only difference is what's being held constant. t and p, the natural variables of the Gibbs free energy are held constant in this expression. s and p, the natural variables of the enthalpy are what's held constant in this expression. And I won't bother to derive the other ones if you want to check me and do that for yourself. If we want to derive the one for the Helmholtz free energy, for example, we just have to go back and find a relationship, recall the relationship between Gibbs free energy and the Helmholtz free energy or for this last relationship for the internal energy, we'd use the relationship between Gibbs free energy and the internal energy. And it probably will not surprise you to learn that in each of these expressions, the variables that need to be held constant are the natural variables of that particular form of the energy. So we can treat these as definitions. They're worth putting in a box because there's occasions when we'll need each one of them. But the important thing to remember is the chemical potential, what it means, what it means to say the chemical potential of a particular substance is 500 kilojoules or 500 joules per mole or some particular value. That is the rate at which the free energy is changing when I add more moles of the substance, when I do that at constant temperature and pressure, or if I happen to be doing something at constant temperature and volume, then it's the Helmholtz free energy that's increasing by that number every time I add a mole of the substance and likewise for whatever other conditions there are. So we can use whichever one of these we want. They're all true statements. Depending on what conditions we find ourselves using, one of these statements may be more useful than the others. The other useful thing that this now lets us say is we've seen in the previous video that what we've called the fundamental equation for Dg that can be extended for a multi-component system as long as we remember to write down the chemical potential times the number of moles or the change in the number of moles. That tells us Dg. Again, if we use these expressions, if we go back and look at this one, for example, Dg differs by Dh only with these terms of Tds and an Sdt. So if I were to write down what does Dh look like, if I add a Tds and add an Sdt, one of them cancels the Sdt that's here with a negative sign. So that's the fundamental equation that we already know for the enthalpy. Nothing has happened to this expression. I still have chemical potential times the change in the number of moles. There's no, the only differences between Gibbs free energy and enthalpy involve the temperature and the entropy. Modifying this term doesn't modify the VDP term, doesn't modify the chemical potential term. So these two equations are related to one another. We can see looking at this expanded fundamental equation, the chemical potential, just like the entropy is one of the fundamental derivatives, the volume is one of the fundamental derivatives from this fundamental equation, the chemical potential is one of the fundamental derivatives. It tells us how the free energy is changing as I change the number of moles if I do it at constant temperature and pressure. This expression tells us that the chemical potential is the rate of change of the enthalpy as I change the number of moles as long as I do it at constant entropy and pressure. So these definitions of the chemical potential are related to these expanded versions of the fundamental equation and I'll just write down the last two for the Helmholtz free energy and the internal energy. We have Helmholtz energy being minus SDT minus PDV, again plus some of the chemical potentials times the number change in number of moles. Internal energy is TDS minus PDV plus chemical potential times change in number of moles. So those are our new versions of the fundamental equations for a multi-component system where we have more than one type of molecule in the system. So again, each one of these equations is true. We're able to use any one or all of them that we wish. Often which one is most convenient to use depends on whether the temperature and pressure are being held constant or the temperature and the volume and so on. So these are not the only examples where a single component expression like the fundamental equation we've had for the single component system gets expanded or needs to be written a little bit differently when we have a multi-component system. Many of those multi-component expressions do turn out to involve the chemical potential. So the next step is to see how some of our familiar single component thermodynamic expressions get changed when we're thinking about a multi-component system.


Hello everyone, this is the next Tendermint demo with simple fault injection. I will use Yudica Tendermint Testnet shell script and all comments that I'm going to use are introduced using LAS. So let me run the testnet, sorry. So the setup is the same, four Tendermint nodes and two Yudica nodes and I will restart one Tendermint node with the corresponding application. So let me remind you that this terminal and this terminal are Yudica Demons and these two terminals are miners. So first of all I'm going to connect the second Yudica node with the first one over peer to peer and now the nodes are connected. And we can see that the current blockchain head is 43 on the two nodes. And now I'm going to start, I'm going to stop the Tendermint node. The stop command stops the corresponding Docker container and stop the corresponding Tendermint application. And now we can see that the Demons process can't verify, can connect to Tendermint RPC and verify blocks. Now we're going to start the app and the node. The current blockchain head is 90 and here we see now that the second Yudica node can access Tendermint RPC and it's verifying blocks and the head, the blockchain from a Yudica one node perspective in is 118 and here blockchain head is 118 at that time. Blockchain head is the same for two nodes. We can also check that sending messages does work, that's all.


Hello Aces, welcome back to module six, lesson five, creating your loyalty program that's gonna drive your customers to come back again and again. Did you know that a 5% increase in retention of your existing customers would produce as much as 100% increase in your profits? That means that maybe if you can keep five people out of 100 people, you're gonna be able to make 100% more of profits that you can put in your pockets. That's a lot of money that you can save by focusing on your repeat customers, which not a lot of people do. All people care about is, hey, how can I get new customers? That's what people put their focus on and oftentimes that's the wrong focus.  What does that mean?  That's what it means. Did you know that number one reason why restaurants fail to get their customers to use these loyalty programs is because their customers feel disengaged. They don't feel like it's fun. They don't feel like it means anything. That's why they throw those cards away. Whereas if you think about the people that are using McDonald's monopoly deal plays, a lot of people use them and a lot of people are engaged. People talk about it through dinner. Hey, do you have this property? Do you have this property? And they trade. That means that McDonald's had done something right with their monopoly campaign for their loyalty program, and which we'll go into that a little bit more later. Most effective way of collecting personal data is through loyalty programs. So then that way you can market to them a little bit better. You get their numbers, you get their address, you get to know how often they come back again and again. That's the reason why loyalty programs are so, so important. Now what is a loyalty program? A loyalty program is a game, guys. A lot of people see it as a way to bring in new customers and to retain customers. But no, guys, we need to see loyalty program as a game in order for us to create something that people will use. Their challenge within this game is the program that you design. And the reward that you give them is the prize that you give them. So just think about that a little bit. Your job is to make this game fun and engaging and keep them engaged. Keep them feeling like they have to play this game again and again. Now, you might be asking now, well, how do I keep them engaged throughout this loyalty program? A loyalty program is a loyalty program. A stamp card is a stamp card. How can I make this a game? It doesn't make sense, Wilson. And that's the reason why we cover the three secret ways to keep them engaged. So take out your notebooks, take out your pens and start taking notes. This is the monopoly style that I was talking about that McDonald's does such a fabulous job on. Number one is don't limit any barriers to enter. According to Thaks, customers spend more than 10 to 15% more on average order value when they enroll in your loyalty program. That means they spend more just by being in your game. So what does that mean? Make it super easy and accessible for your customers to join your program, to join your game. Just like how it does not make sense to only play monopoly on a Monday and a Tuesday, why would we put restrictions on loyalty rewards that is only applicable on the weekends? This is something that I see again and again that happens to a lot of people is that they put restrictions on their loyalty program because they wanna be able to maximize their slow times and during the peak hours, they don't want to reward their loyalty program people. And that is a huge mistake when they have these barriers to enter. It doesn't make their customers that are joining these games feel like it's fun, that it's rewarding, that, oh, there's so many different limitations. I don't wanna join anymore. I don't wanna play anymore. That's when people feel disengaged. Next up is to tear down hurdles.  How does that feel? It feels terrible, guys, and which is the reason why you wanna tear down all their hurdles. That's exactly how your customers feel. When they come in, they really have all the intent to support you to become a loyal customer, yet they can't find their reward cards, and yet when they give you their number, you can't find them in the system and they just cannot feel like that they're engaged. They cannot feel like that, oh, damn, I missed out, and they don't wanna play this game no more. So make it super easy at their contact info so you can actually search their profile in your system. A lot of point of sale systems already inputted this feature. So make sure you talk to your point of sale systems and actually ask them about, hey, is there such a thing in order for me to build this whole loyalty program out? A lot of them already offer something similar to this, and you can customize it to your specific campaign in your specific game. Make it fun, make it easy to become a loyal customer with you. Next up, everyone like bonuses, okay? Incorporate bonuses.  It feels amazing, which is the reason why you should surprise your customers with extra reward points for ordering specific drinks or menu items, make it fun for them, make it like, oh wow, I'm getting something different, something out of the ordinary, something that is not scripted. That allows them to feel that they're being taken care of, makes them feel like they're VIP. Surprise them with a special drink, just to make them feel like they are a VIP. This is a very important message that I'm sharing with you. Make them feel like a very important person. That small gesture goes a long, long way guys and consider this as a marketing expense. You just by giving them a drink that is worth to you at cost 50 cents, this could very well become your talking points in their dinner table and that brings in a new set of customers to your doors. And that's the reason why consider these freebies that you give out as marketing expenses. It will also guarantee a much more loyal following for your restaurant. Bonus, so like I said, everyone loves bonuses and that's the reason why I'm giving you guys one bonus to this, incorporate referral guys. In your loyalty program, make sure to incorporate a referral. Once again, with a monopoly analogy, how fun is it to play a two-people monopoly versus a four-person monopoly? Much, much more fun when it's more people. So it's much more engaging when you have all your friends and you're able to battle it out and that's the reason why you wanna be able to incorporate a referral program in your loyalty program as well. Add an element where whenever they refer someone, they're heavily rewarded. We either a big discount or a free item or a free drink whenever they refer someone to come and join your referral program. You spend hundreds of dollars on ads and billboards and radios and all these things just to have and attract new customers. Why don't we spend those monies and reward it to our existing loyal customers? They are the ones that become your loyal fans and would spread the message for you to market for you. So they can actually easily grow your loyal customers based by doing this, by you rewarding them, by you heavily incentivizing them to bring in their friends and family because they enjoy their experience. But first and foremost, you must guarantee them a pleasant experience. If it's a bad experience, there's no way they will refer you to their friends. On the contrary, they'll be talking about you but in a very negative light to their friends. Now it is your turn to craft your ultimate loyalty program with the four secrets that I've shared with you in mind. Make it fun, make it engaging. If it is something that you're willing to play and engage in, then that's probably a good sign that it's a good program. But if it is boring, if it is like any other programs out there, then probably not the best program and probably need some work. In the link below, download the worksheet so you can work on it together. So in this lesson, we talked about how you can create a loyalty program that brings in your customers again and again. In the next lesson, we're gonna be talking about how do you connect with your top thousand loyal fans so then that way you can build a seven figure restaurant. I'll see you guys in the next lesson.


This paper reviews the current knowledge of the mechanisms between shift work and cardiovascular disease, CVD, highlighting how shift work can increase the risk of CVD through psychosocial, behavioral, and physiological pathways, but compelling evidence on any specific mechanism is lacking. This article was authored by Samsa Putnam, Miko Harma, and Krista Hublin.


Everybody forced here ripping 21 2021 and 21 22 Donors optic basketball hobby 4 box mixer number 6 It's random team style break. You can always find the results of late in sports cards calm Thanks for joining. Good luck. Sup, Chris rat jam. Is that you're whatever you're going with? I want to check out what this emoji Oh heck.  Right jams. Awesome. I said, I know everybody knows cat jam Not a lot of people know that jam Yeah All right, we'll start with 21 22 we'll start with the new stuff for the current year Hello Clippers Kawhi Leonard. You got our auto. It's a tray man. Hollow rated rookie auto thunder with a first hit of the break 75 years Jason kid Cameron Thomas lime green Nets Joe Harris 90 of 149 Shreve Cooper a hollow for the Sun's Cameron Johnson Kyrie and hard and I'll roll the die here one two three left four five six right This is gonna go for the next two boxes here Unless there's a low number like a gold or lower and then we'll random instead As a one goes left on these Warrior Steph Curry red 45 out of 99 Hollow 76er Seth Curry. Oh all stars Damie low down of the Mitchell going left to the Blazers You see I've will put them start of the third to Yeah, never graduated, but no, yeah, I went there orange Garuba rated rookie 138 of 199 Yeah, I didn't they were right Yeah Got lime green next rated rookie myles McBride 70 of 149 Hollow rated rookie pelicans tray Murphy the third JT Thor 75 years Chris Paul Trayman hollow rating threes buddy healed Kings Chris Duarte rated rookie hollow rated rookie wizards Corey Kispert Made of uncrustables I Think velocity bucks Bobby Portis 51 of 79 on the Bobby Garuba you got hollow nets Kevin Durant Hey Chris, what's up, man?  Bones Highland rated rookie hollow lead dominators LeBron James Lakers Hollow pelican Zion Williamson 75 years Jamal Murray. Yeah, you're on Alvarez tab you the fork is what it sounds like Opera and Shengyun rated rookie hollow jazz Joe Engels Moses Moody 75 years Bama to bio. He's he's Arguably like I know judge had 60 home runs, but you're on is just as good a hitter Jalen Green rated rookie Hollow Kawhi Leonard stargazing 75 years Kate Cunningham Yeah, and that just just missed opportunities It's true Chris. He is we can garza blue Clint Capella 25 out of 59 The hawks and it's all because of the cheating scandal I think that's the only reason Tray Murphy the third rated rookie auto pelicans not numbered feeling sugs And orange jacapoldle Spurs 43 of 191 99 Hollow rated rookie Rockets. It was Monteruba. Okay 20 21 time Hollow Anthony Davis Lakers Dominators Patrick Williams rated rookie Orange Hawks Deandre Hunter 159 of 199 Washington the football game chris Nalakai Flynn hollow Nick Julius Randall I'm watching an exciting football game. UCF temple Donates Yeah charge on as they say School that I almost graduated from Hey almost Siddiq Bay Oh, Nick. Oh Kongu Hawks rated rookie auto Hawks doing pretty well here All stars well in bead Did your did your kids go to school here? Yes, like high school Keldon Johnson red 54 and 99 Massive UCF fans. Oh jeez. That's more than me hollow rated rookie jazz Elijah Hughes Oh nice Any idea Got a hollow rating threes JJ eretic that was 20 What year was that 2017 18? That was embarrassing winning national championships. Anything was embarrassing. Yeah blue for the Pacers tamata sabonis 33 59 I'm defeated. I mean better than dama They were just too afraid to play UCF. They always are they're always too afraid to play little schools too much from the lose Halliburton rated rookie hollow rated rookie thunder. Alex. I poke a sevsky. I'm with you saying Yeah, those are the good days of college football now, it's just the same team as every year Pink velocity Jalen smith rated rookie 48 of 79 and sticks for the Suns Hollow pistons Blake Griffin Good luck impressing Sean. He's he's tough. He didn't like culvers. All right last box I'm down What is it? No, you see if not overrated way underrated. Hello Ben Simmons sixers Domayors It's uh There is a photo to show here, I think is it there's a there's a bunch of there's a few Brazilian steakhouse this year Mike Conley jazz red 13 and 99 Jalen Smith was good last year hollow for the next kevin knocks a second He was a lottery pick for the Suns He was like 10th overall in 2020 Tyrese Halliburton rated rookie We're kings Hawks again, dude. Hawks did really well. All dominators rookie Otto onyeka. Oh kong lu 14 of 99 Hawks break Stargazing step curry. Yeah, seriously, and then he got hurt like as soon as he got there Bad luck sometimes What Robert Woodard Eric Pascal lime green warriors 84 of 149 Hollow rated rookie Hornets Nick Richards Hollow reigning trees d'Angelo Russell. Come on. Let's see a big rated rookie here. I haven't had a big rated rookie in The whole break so far as a bouquet A red rj Barrett nicks 25 out of 99 second-year rj Poku, there's a hollow rated rookie josh green for dallas Easy over real. Is that a is that a chain chain? God start gazing jimmy butler heat blue 41 to 49 The rookies james wiseman warriors Killian Hayes orange jamal Murray number 38 of 199 nuggets Hollow for the Sun's Devin Booker And that we'll do it All right, we just had four autos. We had two old kong woos to 99 Dominators and a base rated rookie For the hawks pelicans tray murphy the third and a hollow for the thunder tray man That'll do it another one of those breaks coming up


any other kind of surface. So, we have discussed how light get deviated because of reflection and because lights get deviated it not coincide with the object. You may get a feel that light is coming from somewhere else, not from the object because that is deviated now. So, that is why we talk about formation of image because ultimately what your eyes observe is the image where I feel that light is coming from. So, we have done entire reflection then after that we started reflection. Reflection is slightly bigger topic than reflection because we are not only dealing with lenses but interface between the two mediums. In reflection you have light that changes the medium, it goes from one medium and how you define the medium with what factor? Refractive. Now, how much light depends not only depends on the refractive index but on how the geometry is of the interface between the two mediums. So, we have only when the interface is horizontal straight or planar we have found out where the image will be how much shift in the object will be apparent shift. So, we have done all the reflection which is total internal fine. So, there will be lot of very nice question on reflection only this much of you know. So, and how is critical surface creates an image right. So, we also refraction because even which is lens from this particular equation ok. Because finding out lens formula if we already have interface formula while we need a lens formula. So, you guys notice image location you do not need to use interface formula two times because they are two different interface forms image ok. So, either you use interface formula and use two step approach to find the image or you use lens formula to directly get the location of image ok. So, that is what we have lens formula ok. And when we say lens formula both are same ok. And the difference of the glass could be anything glass or whatever substance it is made up of. But both sides should have same refractive index. Then only your lens formula which we are going to derive will be valid ok. Suppose because n3 then you cannot use lens formula. Then what you have to do? Use interface formula first between these two interface then. So, these are the few things and another assumption when we are studying lens is that these lenses are thin ok. So, write down few assumptions for lens. The assumptions are in our syllabus ok when we are talking about lens. So, we call them thin lenses ok. They are thin and also their aperture is less. Say that having in case of spherical lens ok. So, how about here also ok. So, before we shift we should first try to find out few terminologies which we will be using to explain about lens. Like for example in case of mirror what are things we have used to explain what is happening with mirror? There is a curvature center of curvature and then focal length aperture and all that right. So, similarly let us see what are the terminologies for lens ok. Now, before we will lens learn that dim lens ok. This is also point going forward is that we are not going to study all lens ok. And then we will be using sign convention because of that sign convention whatever formula you derive will be true for all cases. We are getting it?


Hi everybody, Joe for JaspysCaseRace.com coming at you with our last random number block randomizer featuring these teams right here to unlock Picker Team 3 coming up in the next video, in a separate video. That's how it works if you're not familiar with it. Remember, any non-numbered cards, downtowns are not numbered, just keep that in mind. Any non-numbered cards are randomized to someone in the group. Big thanks to this group right here for making it happen. There are the numbers right here. Let's roll it, let's randomize names and numbers four and a two, six times. One, two, three, four, five and sixth and final time. We got Shawn Matic down to Anthony. Picked up that last spot, Mojo. Four and a two, six times. Four of the numbers. One, two, three, four, five and sixth and final time. Five and sixth and final time. Five down to zero. I wanna pull a downtown. So see me in the next video. Hopefully I'll pull one of those. Shawn, five, Gretchen with four, Hans with one, Chad with seven. Hans with six, nine, three. Kihun with two, Gretchen with eight, and Anthony with zero, zero. Anthony gets you any and all redemptions for that group of teams highlighted down there. In that tab, including one-of-one redemptions, but Hans, you'll still get any live one-of-ones that we hopefully will be lucky enough to pull. All right, I'll see you in the next video. Jasper'scasebreaks.com.


Welcome to Toffey TV, this is the match preview. Southampton versus Everton at St Mary's. Primarilyg football is back and this is, this is the big chunk now innit, before the break for the Whale Corp. It stops again. And obviously it's obviously important to start it well. We finished before the international break well. Obviously 1-0 win, but Southampton always always well. I say always the last 10 years since they came back to the Premier League. It's been a tricky game as there are only two wins in that time. The last one was a 2-1 win with the Charleston getting the winner. I was there. A 3-0 win under Roberto Martínez, a fine performance in the green kit. But we struggled, we struggled of late. So how are you seeing this game, Baz? Yeah, another tough game. We've lost seven of the last nine at St Mary's, or seven after the last nine at St Mary's rather. So it has been a kind place for us to go. But Everton are on a good run at the moment, you know, six games unbeaten in all competitions. We've had two clean sheets in the last two games that we've played. And that'll be something that we're looking to build on. So I'm dancing one there first down game last time at St Mary's against Chelsea and that all win. So it'll be tough. It'll be a tough game. I've gone in a slightly different direction this season, with young bang, younger players and stuff. The man has to keep all the tea items obviously evident. We're very interested in him. But for us it's a case of, you know, can we just keep this run going? Keep it nice and tight at one end. Can we nicks up on the break at the other, hopefully? We'll have Dominic Alvedlun backing the squad for that one. There'll be a big boost, obviously Malpie getting the win the last time, which is really good for us and for him. But it'll be better to have Dominic Alvedlun as well, obviously, then it gives you some more options in the final third. Yeah, because obviously we've got got players missing.  Obviously he was close for the West Ham game, but subsequently found out here there's a groin issue, so it'll be interesting to find out whether he can play. We've got obviously got Jordan Pickfield who's been, who missed the last game, would have obviously missed the Arsenal game if it had happened. So it'll be interesting to find out where he is at the moment. I think for us there's a continuity to the side, obviously, which with the injury to Nathan Paterson, obviously he's going to be missing for up to six weeks, let's just say. It's just knocking another place out, isn't it, where you want to just keep that team as together as possible. Let's just have a look at the side that took West Ham on. So obviously Begavitch in goal, that had Paterson at right back. Do you see many changes in that side ahead of this game? I think obviously if Jordan Pickford is back, he will play as good as Begavitch did in the last game. I think Pickford will play. Obviously Seamus Coleman will come in for Nathan Paterson. I imagine at right back. And then everybody else, no, I wouldn't touch the rest of it. Even if Dominic Alder Llewman's fit wouldn't make any difference to me. I think it's, having them on the bench is really, would be really good news. For us, like I said before, Neil Mawpai 100% deserves a start in place after getting the win the last time out. He's brilliant. Took his goal brilliantly rather than work hard. So now I wouldn't I wouldn't be making any changes other than like I said, Pickford has to play. He's been in soft form. He's got to play if he's fit. And obviously Seamus is in through necessity. So even if Everton would have had a full strength squad, which we don't know what that is, but if he would have had a full strength squad, I wouldn't have been making any changes anyway. Because when you look at it, where are you making those changes really? There's only, I think there's only really Dominic Alder Llewman who you could argue would get into that side over Neil Mawpai, but then Mawpai's done, I think he's done really well last two games. So then is it a case of do we move, say, Anthony Gordon out the side from Mawpai to play wide? Well, that's changing a little bit of the way you're doing things. And obviously we'd like Anthony Gordon to get more goals and get more assists. Of course, he would. He had an assist in midweek for the under-21s for Conor Gallagher's goal with to doing the world a good.  We've not seen him yet. He was sub last time out against West Ham. He went away with the under-21s and he played a little bit of the first game. He played 70 odd minutes against Germany. He didn't even the second game. He did really well. So, you know, he's potentially knocking on the door, but then are you very splitting up in midfield three, which looks quite good at the moment. Yeah, but going back to James Coleman though, I think, you know, it makes sense he started the game. He is the back-up right back. He played most of last season. Okay, yeah, he got injuries and we had to cope with that in the directs of John Joe Kenny at the filming there. But he is the back-up right back.  But you want to keep that continuity, don't you? You want to keep what has been aside for the last five or six games, which has grown to the point of winning against West Ham. You've got to keep as much as that as possible. And I think, yes, we're going to miss, we're going to miss Nathan Paterson and we don't have anyone else who can fill in that space. So, with Seamus coming in, with Connor Cody and James Harkowski next to him and Michael Encode, then you've got, you know, you've got the continuity there. You've got Garner in midfield as well, which will help Seamus coming on that side as well. And, you know, for me, that's the point of when people talk about having a squad and bringing players in. And that's why you should always look to improve and then knock down the fellas in that place. And then, if they have to come in as the back-up, then that's, you know, that's what happens. Seamus Coleman is the perfect back-up right now. He's got all the experience he's, you know, he knows, knows the job. And yeah, he's not going to be quite Nathan Paterson.  But you have to adjust accordingly, don't you?  You've got to look at the situation and, right, well, we have to adjust. This guy is our back-up right back now. He's got bags of experience. He goes in and he does a job and we have to use all that experience. So, for me, you know, he goes in on satty, you know, Brainy had 15 minutes for Ireland over the weekend. Okay, I'd like, would have liked them to have a little bit more. But, you know, he's fresh coming off the back of an injury, you know, you know, he'll work hard, he trains hard and we have to get on with it. Shea, he's still a good defender, still a good one-v-one. Yeah, he's not going to be the same as Paterson. He's not going to be raving nothing down that right-hand side all day. But then again, it's not like Nathan Paterson has been scoring goals and getting assists. So, like, we're taking a big chunk of that out the side. What we're getting is someone who will do his job at right back. It will be slightly different, of course, it will.  I'm not going to say shea can't join in every now and again, but it will be more focused on making sure we're tight at the back. So, I'm not, it's not ideal because Paterson is the youth, it's the energy, that's what we want to see about Shea. I've seen a lot of people, you know, talking about games, as if he's awful, as if he's, you know, Cucamartina levels or something.  But he's still a good sub, he's a good addition, he's a good squad player to have right now. And then, I'm adding Stanley Mills will be on the bench to back him up. You take it week by week, don't you? You know, we know Paterson is going to be out. You take it week by week, you see what happens, you know, Mason Holgate, you know, could be back in the next few weeks as well. Possibly, I don't know how close he is, he was supposed to be on similar trajectories yet he mean, and yet he mean is apparently back in the next 10 days according to self-American media. So, there could be a case that Mason Holgate comes back, and then he's an option as well. If needed, if needed, but for now I think Shane was coming, just goes in, fills the role, and silly for another way game where you're just trying to keep that, trying to have that clean sheet again, and allowing players like, you know, in front of them, haven't they gone or, or they might be great to do what they're going to do. So, if I ever can get a clean sheet at the weekend then, I think if I want to win, 100% I want to go for the win. But if we come away with a draw then you just keep this season's about building and building and obstacles that are coming your way, finding solutions for them so that the team builds up and they can be knocked down this challenge and I'll can be knocked down that challenge. We had to tighten up. Last season we were just porous. Goals were flying in everywhere, set pieces were flying in everywhere. We had nothing at the top end once the charlots and the dom were injured. So, we were already starting to gain basically a goal now, and then no, and we didn't have anything in it. Hence why we had one win in 40. This season obviously Frank Lampard and the coaching staff have decided let's do it. Very much what David Moyes would do it, is let's start from a solid base. It's all fair and it's what the top sides have always done. Get your defence right and then everything else comes with it. Okay, we haven't got the resources or the top teams in the final third but if you're keeping clean sheets then at least you're getting the points over the game. This is there for the, don't get me wrong, all that being said this game is here for the taking. These aren't great. They're a tough game because they will win. They'll feel like they can win, of course they will, but so we should be going there now and thinking, we know we're going to be in it. Can we get something? It's tricky because it's obviously coming off the back of an international break as well and there's less preparation time. You haven't got much time with the plays, you've got to travel and it makes it a little bit tricky but that's why I'm saying my continuity is so important going into these games. Not changing too much, just putting a, if a player's out put a replacement player in, don't start mixing too much and the same if Dom's available, you know, put that, if he is available put him on the bench, you know, let him come off the bench and obviously he's missed a lot of football anyway so it wouldn't be right to, I don't think to just stick him straight into the team but you know, keep that continuity, that got us three points in the last game anyway and I think that's what saved us well in the last few games having a settled, settled team. Yeah, everyone knows the jobs then, don't they? I don't think Dominic, even if he's fit, he's Dominic Alvaluam is not starting anyway but it's good to have him on the bench. You start looking at the bench then and going, we've got options in the field, we've got options in the final third, we've got, you know, plays on the bench at the back as well so we're well covered there. Then are you staying in the game long enough to go, let's actually go and win it with Dom, let's save Dom, can Nick or something, can have it and get a couple of goals up anyway and then can we drive it out? It's all of those things, the Ffrancland part of things to try and bring in. Like you said before, these will be tough because they are, it's a tricky place to go but they're not Manchester City or Liverpool or a game like that where it's, you know that it's going to be a real tough afternoon for you. It can be, you know, when you think back to, I think it's Ffrancland part, like second away game something last season wasn't it and we went there and we just didn't perform. The first half was okay until Alan got booked and once he got booked he couldn't tackle and that was it then Southampton got a grip of it and then we had the goldish so I did me just after the break which Dom, which would have been nice but it didn't quite pan out like that and they ended up winning the game but it was tight for a long time in that game. You know we've got a goldish express ourselves, can we get in front and ask questions of them then that's the big thing and then once you're asking questions of them I think a large part of last season when we played there was the midfield wasn't he just mentioned Alan, Alan gets a stupid booking on that free line but then also Gomez was so slow in the game and you know he was awful and you know you look at the make-up of those positions now it's completely different so well let's have a little look at Southampton's team there, obviously last time I got beat 1-0 by Aston Villa. Yeah, a lot of... Well they brought in like Bizzuna, a lot of oysters, you know, you should go goalie, you know, you should go keeper and we know that, we know Carl Walker Peters is very active up and down man like he's on the side isn't he but I think Salasiu is decent as he is, could be gore, definitely, Tia Adams, someone who hasn't been very interested in it, a lot of energy from them. And War Prowers is obviously any seple you give away around the box and corners with him is always a threat, you know, always a threat so we'll have to do that. They're a very hard work inside aren't they, they give everything, sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn't and obviously they, you mentioned before Tia Adams, someone who's been, who is linked with Evan, let's just have a look at his numbers. So six games, two goals, no assist, 1.8 shots per game, got the winning goals at least I was thinking in that winning, really, you know, someone Evan obviously looked at, someone who runs the channel as well, someone who's, it's not massive physical presence but I do think he's come on in the last couple of years, added to that playing games for Scotland as well and he has come on since the Bolton from Birmingham and, you know, he brings other plays into the game as well, you know, he's not a massive goal scorer but he brings other plays into the game and can be that danger and obviously with that movement and obviously we'll have three players at the back who, you know, who are touching 30 or over 30, it's, there's a little bit lack of pace and he'll, he'll try and exploit that and he, as I said, you know, you've got to be careful because if he does win the likes of the set pieces as well, War Prowers is, it's, you know, it's just someone to keep an eye on. Definitely, I mean, Evan a Defendant, very deep, obviously with the delight these three with Conagog, we didn't try a cough sheep but that's fine because we're not giving a lot of spacing behind. It's not like we've been done over the top time and time again, have we? We've had a couple of issues with Brentford and I think we've, we've sort, kind of sorted that by the time we went to, you know, we went to Leeds a few days later so we haven't left loads of spacing behind. Not having that recovery pace of Ben Goffrey, obviously you can't do it. But those two lads at the heart of the defence, about 29, you know, you're touching the 30, that's, they're still 29, youthful 29s. They're experienced, James Coleman, very experienced, so this is why I think if Jordan Pickford's back as well, just with his kicking and things like that and his communication, I think that helps. But Saltampton will be a handful, you know, Tia Adams is a, is a hard working centre forward. He's a lad who scored obviously 20 odd goals for Birmingham. Saltampton, so he couldn't score a face. He's won a gap in the Premier League in the Championship but last couple of years he's got more durable. He's a handful, he's won eight or ten goals a season. Like Maupai, you know, that done really well in the Championship. Adam Armstrong's another one Saltampton have got scored against Chelsea last time out. He's another one, done very well in the Championship, but Blackburn hasn't really translated it into the Premier League. They'd scored against Devon last season, a good listen. But they've got players, listen, they've got players you can hate you, but we've got players you can hate. Do you think, do you think Frank Lampard, as we go forward, has, and maybe start with this game, has to start looking at, at those places gone on the bench as well, you know, just seeing, just seeing James Garner playing for the under 21s, decent performance for England 2130, decent performance, good on the ball, shot, set pieces. Do you think someone like that, the manager has to maybe start looking a little bit more just during the games because I think so far we've seen, we've seen quite reluctant when you look at the bench you can understand why. But he's getting more of a shape of a squad that he wants. Do you think he has to start maybe trusting those players a little bit more to just get a little bit extra? Yeah, because you substitute can win games, the matter is sometimes. It's key and I understand the certain aspects of it. You look and say, for argument say, Alex Awalby's running all over the pitch, he's on the bench, Alan has been in the past. He's like to be put in and he's not the same, can't run up and down or Tom Davis is good as Tom Davis has done at times this season, he's not Alex Awalby. But now Evan have got Adelaide Decori on the bench who maybe doesn't use the ball as well but he gets it on the pitch earlier well. James Garner has got a different skill set, he's someone who set pieces as dangerous, good passer of the ball, mobile, so he's another choice. So all of a sudden you've got two lads sat on the bench, you could actually play an arm with the field, that's an option. Then you'll have Dominic Alvert Llewyn hopefully there, so you go on this mobile being in this game or, you know, as Anthony Gordon in this game is he doing enough? Anthony Gordon's had two poor games, the last two games for Evan, but then he's going to go and assist for England with a given confidence. So the manager does have to look at the bench and think, where can we win this game? If the 11 on the pitch aren't doing it, he's gone and after it, and it might just be confidence with him the more he gets of those first choice players back, you know, whenever they've had eight injuries already this season to players who would play. It's a lot, you know, and a lot of them have been in games. The more of those he gets back when he's got genuine options on the bench, then of course you have to use them because everybody else is. Now Pep Guardiola, Jürgen Kloddeidol, panach about taking a player off, he's really good. We've had two in the past because it felt like we've had 11 players and the subs are just nowhere enable. He's starting to get players you, but you could argue, you could fight to get in that team over someone else. So you might see a situation and I don't really like doing this, but there might be a situation where he looks and thinks, Anthony Gordon's not on this today. I'm going to push Alex O'Woby there because he can do it and I'm going to put James Gardner on for argue and say to get on the ball a little bit. I don't really want that to happen because I want O'Woby to stick with a position, but someone like Alex O'Woby does give you. I mean, in fact, against West Ameddon, Alex O'Woby, when I played a bit higher up and I'd be like the core, I come on. So there is those options as short term solutions within a game and I think once we get to January, they'll be looking to bring it forward on the winger anyway, so to give them even more. I'd be an interest in option money because obviously someone like James Gardner, the set pieces, what we've seen from him so far in the forest and stuff, that can be an option as well. So it'll be interesting. I think he does have to start as we move forward. I haven't trust in his plays because a lot of them are his plays now, so that'll be an interesting one going forward, but it's a tough game. I don't know, it just always seems a tough game playing them. So expecting nothing less and as you said before, if we can get a clean sheet out of it, then we'll start from that. And I think that to me, that's got to be at the moment what we're looking for. I think a big part of that for me in this game is first 20 minutes, get all the, you know, not played for a couple of weeks, get all the little, because we've seen this against Westam, because we haven't played for a couple of weeks, it was just we were a little bit open as well. So let's get through the first 20 minutes, settle everyone down and then hopefully, you know, go forward. Let's hope the AARs work on properly this year. You know, should have been given a penalty in the first two or three minutes last year. Well, yeah, the handball. No, I think you're right. Can we just grind a few results out there over the next few weeks? I'm happy with that. We need to add quality final third. I think everyone watching this, every blue watching this will agree and say, yeah, we need another winger who could get on the end of things, you know. Cude, this has been one Cody Gach postcode for Holland in midweek, so another kind of one, he was linked with both of these teams. Southampton actually had a bid for him. So someone like that in January, but just right now, just keep nicking results, build the confidence, be a little bit more expansive and then the goals will come. And then that's when you then start becoming a team, where you look at any game and think we can go there and get a result, because we're nice and solid, we're competitive, but you're right, opening 20, don't give them any encouragement, get on top of it and hopefully we'll come out victorious. There you go. Let us know your thoughts in the comments on this one. Is there someone else you'd like to see it right back, let us know. We're not doing any stats now. No, not doing any stats because we stopped the stats, we don't know right. Don't know right. Leave them over there. There you go, give this video a like, subscribe if you haven't already. If you want more videos live, live exclusives jump over to Toffy TV, print me at the link is in the description and the QR code will be on the screen in a moment. See you later.