Don't get it twisted fam. Do not get it twisted. I've had more success in three years in Africa Than I had in my whole career in England You wanna come up? Oh my If you all can remember two years ago, I interviewed a woman in the Gambia and the video actually went viral And she just said one thing England is a dumb Sorry, I'm the one who said it. Yeah, I think this is the clip But other than that, England is an absolute dump. It's a dump and London is a dump You have small pockets of nice areas as you do in every country, but for me England is a dump And now I'm here to find out it's been two years. How has life been in the Gambia? What is going on in the Gambia with her life? How is everything with that? That's just two things that England is a dump because she was saying that Africa is a paradise I don't know Africa is the most beautiful place on the planet up into 27 countries And I have been coming back every single year since 2011 till now. I said, I've got to live here How can you not? How can you not live in paradise? I mean when people move from up the West and come to Africa for the first time they come with dollars They come with pounds they come with heroes and they start thinking that Africa is a paradise But it's been two years. Let's find out if she's still gonna talk the same way that she spoke two years ago Come with me Geez Come on Look where you were when we met exactly where you are now Where is this? We built this Talking that you're building a house. Yeah, we built it. It's down. Yeah. Last time you were living in a rented house Yes, this one is your own house. Yeah, we've which is I used to go to set up. England is a dump. Yeah, two years Oh, you've changed your mind now. What come on now? You know England's a dump I'm I pretending I got to tell the truth. I can't lie. You know, England's a dump. This is paradise. Look at this Would I believe it like this in England without my swimming pool in England? Yeah, would I be repping like this in England? Come on now? Oh No, I did have a range in England. That's not the point Would I be repping like this in England? No, I wouldn't tell the truth. We'd be dead in England Yeah, we wouldn't be living our life. Listen, by the minus and my energy comes from the Sun Yeah, my water comes from the earth. Yeah, my plants and my herbs. Yeah, I eat fresh food You don't see my guava tree. Come on now. Come on now. Will you say Africa is still a paradise? Africa is paradise. There's no doubt. No doubt. No doubt. Three years of experience. No doubt Gillette, I thought by the time I come in here Maybe you would have given up on Africa already because people are telling me that you came with dollars Pounds that's why you're saying that oh, England is a dump. Is that what they think? You didn't go back for the dollars. What for? What for? What you came back for money when there's money right here? Don't get it twisted fam. Do not get it twisted. I've had more success in three years in Africa Than I had in my whole career in England Listen, this conversation is gonna be deep Hey, it's nice to meet you again man. Welcome. Thank you. How is it? Good. You've grown man.  Let me give you a hug bro Thank you for watching Blacksit. Please subscribe to our channel Blacksit. That's your voice. Yeah Is that your voice? Yeah So yeah, we've come along Blacksits come along. Remember when we we worked all night? Yeah They don't even know the story behind that youtube page. They don't have to see you again. Oh, thanks for coming Thanks for coming.   So, um, the Blacksit youtube channel is one of the seats that we saw in the Gambia Yes, and I think I've emitted a lot of people telling me that they Move to the Gambia because of your videos. Absolutely, which is inspirational. So I'm so glad I did that I'm Danjo Kajabi also known as Juliette Ryan from Blacksit Blacksit is a channel dedicated to your repatriation relocation back to Africa And that is the journey that I've taken. I've been living in Africa for three years. I'm living in the beautiful beautiful lovely smiling coast Someone is country in Africa the Gambia and this is where I call home When you come here the first thing they said to me is welcome back to your spiritual home That's what they said to me. I didn't get that when I went to Jamaica. I didn't get that when I went to America I didn't get that when I went to europe spain, france, turkey, portugal, italy I didn't get that when I went to Mauritius. I didn't get that when I traveled to cuba I didn't get that in all of the places that I've been. I didn't even get that in Tunisia, Morocco I didn't get that when I went to Egypt But I got that when I came back to the proper motherland, which I call, you know, black Africa And this is why like I said you have to make this your home. You're not living in England. You're surviving You're you're not even thriving You're just about existing and and this is what we're doing We're working to ourselves to death in England literally and the government are now trying to you know make You work harder for longer till 67 till you can retire. No So many of my friends have died before they even got to my age because of stress and other illness not eating good food Not, you know, not breathing good in not drinking clean water. This is the truth This is the truth trinkets and technology don't make a society people make a society in Africa You have what I call true community true love true bonding true unity And that's why I'm here I was Even here for how long now three years Three years three wonderful wonderful years. Wow You can make a business here You can make a business here and survive really well on that business It's not like England where you can't even afford to open a shop. You can't even stock it Here you can open a business and you can survive you can build a house You can buy a piece of land for like 2000 pounds and build your house Yeah, build your house put a few a few thousand aside and build your own home.   Yeah, absolutely. So proud of a few. Yeah, loving it. I'm not going anywhere. I'm going nowhere I'm going nowhere. Well, I'll travel but I'm coming back traveling to where yeah yesterday. I was in Senegal How are you all doing today? Today we are going to Senegal. Oh, you're traveling within Africa. Yes, of course Africa is like I said, it's a mansion with many rooms We've got so many Africans in the diaspora who love to hear your voice. Yeah, if you have something to tell them, what will I be? Um, love Africa investing in Africa Everything you need is right here. Everybody else is taking out of Africa. We need to put back into Africa And so we need to become investors in our own future We need to become investors in our own destiny and we have to believe in ourselves first and foremost We have to have race solidarity race priority and we certainly need to have dignity and unity That's what we need moving forward and we need to plant, you know Agriculture is the way forward.  I'm sick of seeing imported stuff We need to manufacture. We need to produce and we need to come home We need to come home once we come home with the skills and the abilities We can all work together to make it happen. So what are you doing now in the Gabya day? I am here to show you something very special Outside of obviously blogging and doing black sit Um, we help to people to repatriate. We do we almost become like relocation repatriation specialists And inward investment specialists. I was a a business Developer in the UK. So I've really taken that to another level here Helping people to establish their businesses helping people to um, establish their homes Helping people to start their own estates their own portfolios Um, in addition to that doing a lot of charitable work loads and loads of charitable work Taking my automatic citizenship campaign to another level Have a come down passport now It's coming How soon? Well, the president said he's coming I'm sorry. I'm sure it is. No, no, no. I think we need to let the president know that It has to be faster. You know, we need that automatic citizenship I mean Ghana is doing it. So let Ghana inspire you all to start giving the dashboard that are returning in here Passport, you know what moving to Africa is not a movement. You know that yes You have to say something to me How has life been in the Gabyas? And this is my beautiful wonderful best husband in the whole wide world My age It's been good, um, brother It's been real good. It's a completely different to the west You know here feel more relaxed. I feel more free. You know, you get up you eat healthy and start exercising heavily now. So You know, um, I couldn't ask for anything better than to be here in the Gambia.  You see it there Yeah You couldn't buy a house in the UK with a swimming pool You can just cost a hell of a lot of money and of course you have to have a heated one because it's so cold and of course we're out of the cold No, no hot no heating bills. Listen people will not believe that you've got your own house even when they're pooling Yeah, did it cost you that much to own this? No, not really not really everything here is cheaper. So You know everything in here is more cost effective. So how is cost of living in the Gambia then? For us, it's absolutely fantastic I think your your your your your delasi stretches depending on your lifestyle And the lifestyle that I have I think People might think that I'm quite I don't know. Um, I think I'm quite modest. So I have modest lifestyle.  So I try to keep costs low So But no you're out there and what you're doing to inspire us is just totally life changing I would say, you know, this is universe changing. You understand I'm going more than life changing. I'm going universe changing and So many people have said to me even yesterday on the ferry.  She came from God. She's Garnier born in England But she came to Gambia and she's opened a chicken farm. Whoa. Yeah Massive like they they like 10,000 chicken. I love for you to go and see her You're not just changing lives inspiring lives, but we're actually living it and doing it You know living it and doing it and you're showing that it's possible Not only have you changed the narrative of Africa, but you've changed the narrative of africans How are you guys? We're cool on the Gambia beach here in Boorford. Yes, just enjoying it. Oh, thank you so much Are you? You take care. I follow your stuff on youtube sometime. I like your positive work in this continent Oh, thank you, sir. And I like your afro-centric same too. Oh, thank you so much. We are all one people one Africa One people one Africa. That's it.  Thank you so much Some people's minds are messed up, but don't allow them to discourage you. Thank you so much.  Yeah How does it feel living with a superstar? Ah, it's good But she's very popular Even me we're not going walking around in Senegambia everywhere. Adrian, how is Juliet? I said she's fine. She's fine.  I think we spent a whole night Just to create a channel for her created her first video I've made an agreement with Vodemire that I'm going to create content And I'm going to put content out to promote Africa in a positive light and to show the real Africa And I want to say thank you so much for accepting this. Um, thank you And the channel still exists Blacks it but I can't comment on the channel anymore Oh, you know, we had cyber bullying. I'll gotta be honest with you. We had some serious high level Cyber bullying. I didn't even know what cyber bullying was. In fact, I didn't know what spamming was either If you remember, right, they had to call you to ask you what that was. Yeah I didn't know what any of this stuff was because remember I was new to youtube new to this whole online stuff I've been don't get me wrong. I've been on tv and I've been in the media in the uk a lot But those are unlike sky bbc itv but not my own sort of channel So I didn't I wasn't really that exposed as such to social media and and really I'm still not that really effective in social media However, um I realized that there's a lot of Also, there's a lot of positivity, but there's also a lot of negativity and I wasn't prepared for that So I'm like that. I will personally get involved and take it personally, which I probably shouldn't you know But I did No, you have to take it all back again because it causes engagement Yes Feel free.  You have to get used to it by now.  I mean We are giving this channel a new phase once again. So, you know what you're gonna do for me We've done it before. I mean We've done it before, right? We've got this channel 10,000 subscribers in few days So we can do it again Do me a favor the link will be in the description go subscribe support the channel and listen This channel is my baby So yeah, my own baby. Yes. So if you're seeing the dad in here, please subscribe to the baby Now thank you. Thank you There's a lot of investment going on in the gambia, right? A lot a lot a lot so much is going on at the moment A lot of development And a lot of that has come in from the diaspora and I've met them I've actually met a lot of the diaspora who've now established business who are building who are establishing You know manufacturing production soap factories Agri-processing it's all happening It's all happening people are coming back and doing major Agriculture as well and they're coming back from the diaspora and they're coming back And also gambians are also coming back home who left the gambia as economic migrants And so this is like been so refreshing to see We've engaged with so many different people on so different levels. We've even met the president, you know, I interviewed here as well and When I went to introduce myself you guys I know you are my subscriber Ha ha ha ha ha ha What are the opportunities in the gambia that you think the diaspora and the people of the gambia can take advantage of? Definitely agriculture without doubt agriculture. This place is so as you can see in my own gardens The place is so so fertile and it you know, you're good to grow rice You're good to grow anything here really it's suitable for most agricultural products as long as the weather suits obviously And I also think that it's right for the development with tourism as well And that is happening especially diasporas are now coming and bringing a lot of development within the tourism sector And of course there's a real estate because there's a shortage of housing here Um, as you know, there's taff city. Yeah coming up. Yeah coming up and loads of other estates And also all of the new and prospects that have also been done By self-raiser So there's a lot happening as well as uncle taff and what he's doing And so I think there's so many prospects especially for training education health centers And a lot of investment in social in social projects is needed here Clean water running water for certain villages electricity solar power and projects. I mean just The the opportunity is endless I don't think all is rosy. I don't think anything is rosy anywhere. I'm not a rose Not a rose. I'm not a rose. Can you can you tell me major challenge in the gambia? There's not um many major challenges, you know, I mean I could see the use of um Of an upstilling center where you know, you have a training center if we could bring that in so that we could help Just you know increase coming um Increase customer service and different things. These are some of the aspects that we want to work on Training centers, you know, like for me myself. I was a builder. So I would like to come and um Give you know, just give my talent give You know give back to the community help up skilling, you know, since you build that guys you build this house then Yeah, I was here when it was um all taken place. I was with it. So most of the different designs and all of that Um, I put it into place. Is this house off grid?  Yes I'm eco crazy. I'm eco crazy. So everything has to be totally off grid. You have to be self sufficient The water come from the borehole everything is there Then we have the solar the battery is there Yeah So everything here is off. I don't even have to ask if you're living or you're surviving in Africa. I'm thriving honey. I'm thriving It's being a challenge. We all the attacks online and everything is just being a challenge You know every day that's why I'm the commenters down off every day people attacking you attacking you Who are the people? They're just anybody calling us names. You know, it don't make sense Yeah, I mean there was one person in particular that you know has obviously got a gripe and took to making nearly 43 videos negative ones You know, you know, I would tell that whatever people are saying pretend I see if you've not even seen it Yes, and do your own thing. Yeah, that's what I'm doing. So I mean I don't I'm for me personally. I don't like negativities. All I do is like I always put my mind with positive me too so fill yourself with positivity and keep moving because He is not a target The target is to bring the diaspora back home. Exactly. And that is what you need to focus on Listen Moving to Africa is not a movement and I don't want you to stop I want you to keep doing what you do and I'll always be a fire You know, I can't always come on board to support but I'm always supporting from afar I always see whatever you're doing. So I am very very grateful with blacksit You know, especially what they have done to bozora because water is everything in humanity. So This grateful I forgot to mention we've done some successful projects here We've done that bull hauling bozora that was successful We helped with our temporary world in our name And now so we give them petrol pumps So when they have the heavy flooding, you know, you could get the water channel away from the homes So we've done a lot of projects here. We give out food. We do so much different when the winds damage Yeah, the windstorm came we gave out 1,200 Corrigate sheets to help people restore their homes So we wanted to do more and solar lights as well and we helped to With a mosque that was broken down So we do a lot of community projects and that's really been very good And we got the black books project because I realized that it wasn't enough black books in schools So a lot of people donate their black books to us for the children have finished using someone new as well And we go out and we give that to schools just to balance The narrative that they're seeing the the the influence so they can also read about themselves read about their heroes The end of the day, you know, we have our own kings and queens that we can look up to And we have to and there are still kings and queens who are still occupying their thrones today So if you need to look for royalty, there is still african royalty in africa And so, you know, we need to realize how valuable africa is africa is the bread basket of the world We are the ones that are giving the cold bolt to the world. That's where all the phones are coming from All of the resources of africa everything in africa is what is power in the west So once we take control of our resources, we take back our power And that's what we need to do. We need to invest in ourselves. We need to stop the exports and start You know growing and making if we eat what we grow and grow we eat we don't have to depend on nobody else You've lived in africa for so long. So I guess like if you have one thing to change up africa, what would it be? Roads. I would put more investment in roads roads infrastructure transport. Yes And also we need to change the mindset Because a lot of africans look to the west as the best So we need to change that so that africans could come back here and invest back into africa Because africa have everything Education start in africa All the first um successful heart operation done in africa So we need to get our african minds back to africa itself and look into africa as a future You know and um as i was saying the work the black city is doing It has brought a lot of people back to invest people come back with their families to live in africa And that's that's is a great thing because it showed our mindsets are changing So most importantly is the mindset while the mindset change everything will change because the infrastructures the roads and all of that will be developed You know because she wants to change the mindset. That's why she said england is a dam Of course Of course, of course, you know it is come on. I don't know. You know right now, right? They had a windstorm a terrible windstorm, right? My mom sent me pictures the trees blown down everything is everywhere And the thing is is that what makes it a dump is the racism it's the total and complete racism someone sent me a video today of A lovely nigerian man on top saying that he wants to um, you know be the new elected mayor of peckham And they were doing voxpox underneath and she goes we've got enough of those over here We don't need any more of those nigerians here. They go back to nigeria That is what the white women were saying and that is the attitude So we do need to come back home there We've had years of them telling us to go back to our own country go back to the jungle go back to africa So let's go back to africa because this is paradise How does it thank you so much for everything thank you so much for spending time with me I really really appreciate you all don't stop what you're doing Go check out the black city tip channel subscribe and be part of the family My name is still water Maya the one and only annoying village boy from Ghana, and I'll see you all in the next one


Hey guys, we're here day three of the Forestwood Cup at the Ridge of Booth here with Noah and we're watching Kickin' Their Bass TV Hey guys We've got our full light display for everything from trucks to boats to planes trains and all of them Some of the lights that we use mostly in Marines, especially on the bass fishing side, our A-Series lights Those are packaged in our better brand upon Xutra series edition Deck light kit, a four light kit, a six light kit which you've got in your boat, which might have to crown that Also use those same lights in your in your compartments to light up your tackle, light up your rods and reels Just kind of give you a little more light at night so you can see what you're doing See what you're getting rigged up. We all know those lights are important You know, that's literally a lost fish or a caught fish, so make sure you get the right light for that Another light light display, this is our Min-Code of Portrait's Total Water Light This is a director placement for that diversion play On your Portrait's Total Water Light Great little light, it's got a spot light built into it It allows you to see movies at night, take off in the morning It's just a great overall light, you can just spot out your hands Put your hands back on the wheel, it's a great safety feature It's a really cool light, it's a lot of great stuff from American Industries We've got a lot of new stuff coming, so stay tuned for that I'll start with a quick tour of the Ritchie Boot The FLW 2014 on Lake Murray Definitely go check out the Rigid Lights, I'll leave a link in the description To the Rigid website Definitely check them out, the best lights in the market Thanks guys


But first, I just want to give a huge shout out to everyone over on Patreon as a part of the Daily Disciple Club. Daily Disciple Club members are people that are passionate about Jesus and want to support me in my mission of helping people follow Jesus daily. So thank you if you're a part of the Daily Disciple Club and if you'd like to join, head on over to dailydisciple.ca slash club. The link is in the description. Thanks so much, guys. Today we're talking about three things that will absolutely kill your spiritual growth. This is serious stuff because we want to be progressing in our spiritual growth, but a lot of things, there's a lot of things that will stifle it. So the first thing is secret sin. Ultimately, there's no actual secret sin to God because God sees everything. Proverbs 28, 13, it says, whoever conceals his transgressions will not prosper. But he who confesses and forsakes them will obtain mercy. Probably one of the most common secret sins is pornography. It is probably the most widespread just because it has infiltrated our culture. It has really torn people's lives to pieces. Even Christians' lives, like, we're not exempt from this. There's been many studies done in the church that's shown, look, pornography addiction is widespread even among pastors. So we've got to be thinking what is going to stop our spiritual growth. It's going to be the secret sins. So how do we get rid of them? How do we stop this? Well, we've got to be continually confessing our sins to God, not hiding them from God, even if that were possible, which it isn't, but confessing them each and every time because he is gracious and merciful to forgive us our sins. You see, the issue is sometimes when we partake in these quote-unquote secret sins is they draw us away from God instead of drawing us back to God. When we sin, we have to, you know, move back into God's presence and move back into right relationship with him. But instead, we often let us draw us further and further away from God, either because of shame or guilt or of pride. We don't want to admit it, but we need to humble ourselves and come back to God and say, God, I'm sorry. Can you please forgive me? And God will always forgive us. And for Christians, he has already forgiven us our sins past, present and future so we can draw back to the throne with confidence. So the second thing that will stifle your spiritual growth is intentionally spending large amount of time, a significant amount of time with people that are drawing you away from God. I want to make a couple of things clear here. Having non-Christian friends is important. It's actually essential for the Christian. You should never put yourself in some sort of spiritual bubble where there's only people that you, you know, agree with or only hold your beliefs at that would be bad too. Because we're called to go into all the world to make disciples. We can't just do that by, you know, excluding everyone else that doesn't hold our specific beliefs according to whatever denomination you're a part of. I want to make all that clear. But we also need to understand that, look, the people that we spend a significant amount of time with, we need to be discerning to see are the, is this person moving me closer to Christ or moving me actually further away? Larry Crabb said this, every conversation either stimulates or dampens our desire for God. Have you found that to be true? Because in my life, there's definitely people that I will talk to and they will just like, yeah, I'll stimulate that desire for God and my passion for Him and that kind of thing. And there'll be other conversations that actually walk away and I feel, I don't know, almost disinterested in God or less motivated to pursue my relationship with Him and my desire for Him isn't as awakened. And that's not to say that we never spend time with people that actually drain us, because look, that's life and also that's our calling, that's serving other people that might not be, you know, the best examples or whatever. But we need to be discerning about how much time we're spending with them as opposed to time we're being refueled and our desire for God is being awakened in the midst of relationships. It's a balancing act. It's a discerning act but we need to be aware of it because if it's all just with people that are gonna drain us and they're gonna pull us away from God, man, that's gonna stifle our spiritual growth.  In Hebrews 512, it says this, for everyone who lives on milk is unskilled in the word of righteousness since he is a child, but solid food is for the mature, for those who have their powers of discernment trained by consistent practice to distinguish good from evil. Now notice here in this verse it's talking about this idea of milk and solid food. When we have just become a Christian, man, we're taking in all this information and we're really drinking the milk of the word. The idea of just this simplistic gospel, the gospel in the Bible talks about that even a child can understand the gospel, which is true, which is the beauty of God's word is, it's very simple in some ways, but it's so deep in other ways. There's this quote, I don't exactly know who it is, but it's like the Bible can be understood by a child in some ways and yet understood and the depths of it can be discovered by scholars for centuries and millennia honestly. So it's like, oh man, this is really understandable stuff in some ways, but also if we wanna go deeper in our faith, we gotta move past just the basics, right? We gotta move past just the milk of the word. And so my encouragement to you is if you wanna grow in your faith, find those places, find those outlets, whether that's with your church or whether that's online teaching as well, like find those places where you can grow in your faith and your knowledge of God and your knowledge of him and his word. I think it was Vodibhakam who once said that the churches are filled with people that are very passionate about Jesus that they do not know. Look, we know, like we can get all amped up and we can get all excited about living for Jesus, but look, do we actually know him? Do we know about him? Do we know who he is? Do we know God's character? We gotta go deeper than just surface level teaching. Well, that's all I have to say. You can follow me at it's Isaac David on TikTok and Instagram and yeah, subscribe down below cause I'm putting out new videos every single Thursday. Give this video a like if you enjoyed it and comment down below. Maybe another thing that can stifle your spiritual growth. I'd love to hear from you. Thank you so much for watching. Thank you again to the Daily Disciple Club members on Patreon. Link in description to join. It is an amazing thing and really only through that support and I continue to do what I'm doing and I'm so thankful that I'm able to do it. So, I'll see you next time.


Thank you very much Professor Yeh for inviting me and I've been really enjoying visiting Shamen and I hope that you'll find my talk interesting. So first an overview of the talk. So I will look at words for Tiger in Southeast Asia and then words for Tiger in Tibet and Japan where they don't have Tigers. So they probably will use someone else's word. And then how do we reconstruct Tiger in all Chinese? So first looking at Tigers in Southeast Asia in Angkorian Khmer the word for Tiger is Kla. And in Old Burmese the word for Tiger is Kla. So basically all of Southeast Asian languages they have a word like Kla for Tiger. So that's Tiger in Southeast Asia is Kla. So how about in Tibet and Japan? So in Japanese the word for Tiger is Kora. And it's first attested in the year 702. And then in Tibetan the word for Tiger is Stak. So here I just want to say that possibly you know there's no relationship between Tiger in Southeast Asia, Tiger in Japan and Tiger in Tibet. This I don't think actually that my presentation needs to hang on this question. But some people have thought that these words are related to the Chinese. So I want to look at that a little bit. Okay. So Alexander Vovin who is a Japanologist, a guy who studies the history of Japanese language in 2021. So quite recently and actually he has subsequently passed away. So this is one of his very last articles. He directly connects the Japanese and Southeast Asian forms. He's not very clear about what he has in mind. But he more or less proposes that the Japanese T in Torah corresponds to the K in Kla and the Japanese R in Torah corresponds to the L in Kla. So it's not clear to me how he thinks it works. But this much he does make clear that he thinks Torah comes from Kla. Now I talk about in Tibet. Yeah. So Beckwith, who's an American and Kyosei, a Japanese scholar, they reconstruct all Chinese stars. Okay. Which would be in the conventions in just the symbols used by Backstreet Cigar would be star. So I think most people think this is a very strange way to reconstruct all Chinese and that they are basing it very closely on the Tibetan form. This reconstruction is according to the normal rules of all Chinese historical phonology. It's not possible. Yeah. But if Japanese and Tibetan we think of as having similar words for Tiger and somehow they do, right? Like they both have a T and then a vowel and then some kind of consonant at the end, right? So stuck and Torah could be somehow related, especially because Japanese would have added a vowel there, right? They do that in Japanese. They always add vowels for monotactic reasons. So maybe the Japanese and Tibetan are related. If they are, they would have to come from China, right? Because China is the place between Tibet and Japan. So I'm going to work on the hypothesis that the Chinese borrowed a word like kala and then they loaned a word like, you know, stuck or Torah, right? So that seems to be the, I think the, in some ways, the null hypothesis, right? That like, because tigers are probably oldest in, I don't know, a monk mare or, you know, Southeast Asian languages. So maybe Chinese borrowed kala and then lent something with the T. That's my hypothesis. And then we see whether I can get it to work or not. That's kind of the rest of the papers to see whether to get it to work. Okay. So now let's look at Tiger in Chinese. So the word for Tiger is who, right? So in middle Chinese, it's, it's, it's also who. But I just explained, yeah. This is, this is, yeah, the little X is up. And the big X means Hong Kong. No, sorry, no, is that right? Yeah. Okay. So yeah, so yeah, middle Chinese has four tones, right? Yeah. So this is writing in there in Baxter or in Baxter's system for writing middle Chinese. So what does it come from in all Chinese? Well, this comes from, yeah. And this is the so-called the fish section.  Yeah. So it's a, in middle Chinese is who and in all Chinese are. So if you've studied Chinese stochophonology, that will just be something you know. But I will give you some proof anyhow. So the word Buddha, which in middle Chinese would be something like, it is Buddha in, let's say, Pan Dynasty Chinese. Yeah. So the, the do comes from the Da, right? Okay. Now, also, if you look at Sino-Tibetan comparisons, we have, I don't know, Wu maybe, like Wu is me. Yeah. So in middle Chinese, it was pronounced Wu. But the Tibetan word is Nga. And the Burmese word is Nga. Yeah. So we think the old Chinese was probably Nga. Yeah. So now I've given you at least some indication that the Wu in middle Chinese comes from ah, in old Chinese, right? So now if we just imagine our word for tiger, it's something like ha, right? Maybe not who, but ha. Yeah. But what does the the sound come from? The, what is the sources of ha in all Chinese? Yeah. That's this question. What is the source of the ha in old Chinese? And I think I don't prove it because it gets way too complicated. Yeah. But I just tell you the sources of ha in old Chinese. So these are the three main sources of ha in old Chinese. And then I'll just point to them and say them as best I can. So this one is a voiceless veal or nasal. So it's Nga. Yeah. Okay. This one is a voiceless bilabial nasal. So ma. And this one is a aspirated uveal or stop. So it's very hard for me to do, but something like ah. So this is, you know, let's say most people, I think, at least in Dublin and in Shaman, we agree these are three sources of middle Chinese ha. So now we could say tiger, maybe, maybe tiger was ma or maybe it was ma or maybe it was ha. Okay. But it's not so easy even because in a western dialect of old Chinese, there's three more options. No, four options. Yeah, four options. So I'll go through these as well. So this one is a voiceless R. So no, but it's okay. It's like an R. Yeah. But then, but then you make it voices. Like, like this, you can make the normal theories are like, you know, world venture, but then don't vibrate your voice. You say, it's it. Okay. And then this one is same, but for an L. So say, like love, like lie or lie. You say slice. Okay. And then also no, no. And then this one I won't, well, maybe I'll try to say it's like the earlier one, like this one, but with an R after it. So. So I don't know whether everyone, let's say these are relatively uncontrovertible, like, like Leap On Kuei said this, these two. And then this one is from Phan Nguyen in the 90s, I think late 90s. I don't know whether people generally agree or not, but the idea, but I'm following your back since you got 2014. So they proposed in their 2014 book that, you know, Western dialect of Chinese. These are four sources of in Middle China. Okay. So now we have four, five, six, seven possible origins of the sound in Chinese. So, so which one is it, right? We have to try to narrow it down. Okay. Okay. So let's look at the Xie Xiang connections of Tiger. I don't know if everyone here like knows what is Xie Xiang series. Yeah. Okay. So which characters does are written using Tiger as phonetic, right? So here they are and they're and I'm giving the Middle Chinese, right? So Hu, Qiu, Chou, Lu, Liu, Liu, and Zhu. So then I reconstruct the ones that are easy to reconstruct. Okay. So this is just if you just follow normal ways of like, you know, I don't know, if you just take one class in reconstructing all Chinese and someone says, okay, reconstruct these words into from Middle Chinese into all Chinese. This is what you would get. So quite, these are the easy ones, right?  It's hard. You can't tell in murder. So then we write the R in parentheses because we don't know. Does it have a R? Does it not have a R? Anyhow. Then this is so and it comes from ta, ta. So again, this is the, this is the function. Okay. And then this one's very easy. So line will come from R in all Chinese to the row.  Yeah. So that's why there's no little symbol. This symbol means not something. Okay. So this one is this one. So this age is the future. Yeah. So this is and then this one is. So this is how I think, you know, if you, if I gave you a test and said to reconstruct these words into all Chinese, this is how you should do it. Yeah. Okay. So now I just point out that this one is ta is weird, right? Like, they all have some kind of raw in them, except this one. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Uh, uh, 因为他根据这个汉,就是刚才这个词的读,他对应的是乌达,就是这个词,就是阿不是东古的乌可以对散古的阿,所以由此来非断他的散古的运猛是,不是乌持阿。 然后现在他要解释的是,生母,就是说东古是喝嘛,我们现在也是喝,对不对?但是呢,散古他不是喝,那么他就觉得,他就说,给你们介绍一下就是有几种可能,比如说这个,这里面讲的这个,呃,这个,这个,一个,就是底下加一个圈,或者上面加一个圈,呃,实际上是表示,呃,我们知道这个,我们的鼻音, 比如说它卓德的类,那加了圈的这个是清的,那,因为我们现在汉 Yes, it's a... We're all going to be... I know it's a light. So, how many kinds of drinks do you have? Like, a Chinese drink? We have a lot of drinks now. So, how many kinds of drinks do you have? It all becomes a drink. So, what's the next thing he wants to tell you? What's his conclusion? The question is, this is who, right? So, why do they write who? Why do they use who to write you? Right? Why? And why do they write who to write you? Is who and you not so similar? So, one way to understand is I'm looking here for what does everything share? Right? What does the series mean? What's common all here? And it looks like it's a Ra. Because here you have Ra, Ras, Ra, Ra, Ra. So, it looks like Ra is what the symbol who means. Right? But there's one problem, which is this Ta. There's no Ra, right? So, this one is very strange. You know, we want it to be Ra, right? Ra, Ra, Ra, Ra, Ra. But why Ta? It's strange, right? So, I asked myself, can I make it Ra? Somehow, according to the rules that Baxter and Sagar give, the answer is I can, yeah? But it has to be this. It has to be this, yeah. So, these ones we forget about now, because we are finished with them. So, we leave them on. So, there's a Ta, right? So, you said there's a Ta, right? So, maybe the last one is this one. There's another one that says, there's a Ra. So, there's a Ra, right? In ancient times, it means Ra. So, we read Ra now, right? But in ancient times, it's different. So, you said there's a Ra, right? Yeah, so, like, I skipped this, but just, you know, if you read their book, Baxter and Sagar, they think that the Ra would mean the just Ta, yeah? So, this is, like, I'm allowed to do it. It's okay. If I really want to put a Ra into this, it's how it looks, yeah?  So, now, it's Ra, Ra, Ra, Ra, Ra, and probably Ra, right? Or Ta, Ra, Ra, yeah? So, now the question is, what about who? Yeah? What does who come from? Like, the tiger word, yeah? So, let's go back and remind ourselves, these are all the options. So, is it this one? No, probably not, right? Is it this one? No, this one? No, this one? This one? This one? Which one is it? It's the R, right? Because, because, you know, let's say these are the possible sources of Ha and only the R would make sense in the series, right? Here's R, here's R, all R, everywhere, R, yeah? So, that means who also has to have an R, right? Because we only get R as a source of Ha in a Western diet. So, now, it looked to me like this is what we should reconstruct, right? Because this is the only way to get the whole series to make sense. But this is not what Baxter and Cigar do. This is what Baxter and Cigar do. So, they reconstruct this Q, H, R, A. Here, R, yeah? And then this one we don't know. It could be a T or a K or a T. They don't know, yeah? But they think this one's some kind of constant. And then this one, a T. So, they think that K is somehow the same. So, I don't know why, right? Or it's confusing. So far, I've tried to do everything by the rules. Like, okay, we say what are the sources of who, the Ha sound, what's in the Checheng series. And I came up with a different reconstruct. So, why do they do it? Let's see what they say in their book. So, they say, as noted by Norman, 1973, the Min dialects occasionally have Proto-Min K-H for ka. So, this is, oops. Okay. So, here you can read the quote in Chinese. And then these are the forms they give. And I don't know these dialects. So, I can't really pronounce it well. So, in Zhen Qin, they say ku. And in Jian O, they say ku. And then in Jian Yang, they say ho. Okay. So, these are mean forms. That's why Bacter and Sagar reconstruct the Q. So, now I have a problem, right? Because I like my reconstructions more, right? Because, you know, let's just remind ourselves. This is mine, yeah? So, I want this in order to get the R everywhere, right? So, theirs doesn't have the R everywhere. Mine has the R everywhere. I think it's the only way to make sense of the Checheng series is to have the R in all of the characters, right? So, what do I do with these mean forms? Okay. I go forward. Just pause on this one just to remind you, yeah? Yeah, so now I need to change my reconstructions to somehow explain these mean dialect. And, you know, I'm not going to invent some whole new system of all Chinese reconstruction. So, instead, I just ask, okay, Bacter and Sagar, they don't do it, but according to their rules, according to their system, what am I allowed to do? Can I keep what I've done so far with the R and also explain the mean forms following their system, but not following their choice of how to reconstruct Q. So, these are the mean forms, yeah? And then, this is what I propose. So, basically, I add a K with a schwa bell. So, Ke, Ke, Ra, yeah? And then, Ke, Ra. And then here, we already had it. Ra. But if you type, oh, sorry, yeah. Well, I don't really need to do this, but I'm allowed to. I can just make it look more similar, right? So, according to the Bacter and Sagar rules, these are things I can do. So now, I've made myself happy because these haze in the word for tiger can explain the mean forms, but I still have the R to explain why the K-tron series is written all with R, right? So, that's tentatively, this is what I propose to reconstruct.  Because, as you just saw, in the Bacter and Sagar rules, the word for tiger is not a tiger, right? So, to put it simply, the tiger in the tent is also related to the K-tron series. So, its meaning is that the upper part of the word is also related to the two-ringed-jie. So, in the Bacter and Sagar rules, the word for tiger is R. But I have to explain why the K-tron series is written all with R. So, this is why the word for tiger is like this. So, the word for tiger is like this. We don't know the meaning of the word for tiger. So, we will make a hypothesis. The hypothesis is like this. But our hypothesis is not based on the word for tiger. Our hypothesis is, for example, our dialect, our language, and the relationship between the dialect and the Tibetan language. According to the terms, for example, the word for tiger is written all with R. Why the word for tiger is written all with R? Why is it written all with R? Why is it written all with R? So, the word for tiger is written all with R. So, in a way, I could stop here and just say, this is what I propose to reconstruct. But I keep talking anyhow. Let's look at words for tiger in the Fang Yan. You know the Fang Yan? I'm confused because Fang Yan is just a normal Chinese word for dialect. There's also the name of a book from the Han Dynasty. So, I'm talking about the book from the Han Dynasty. So, in this book from the Han Dynasty, it's called the Fang Yan, we look for Hu. And these are the four possible words for tiger that occur in the Fang Yan. So, here they are in Middle 30s. And here they are in Old 20s, just according to the normal root. So, it means that, you know, in the Han Dynasty, there were somehow words like this, you know, that meant tiger. So, something like, kua la, kua la, kua long. Yeah. Okay. So, kua long. So, when we talk about the?" It's also the angua saying. So now how do we incorporate this information, right? Well, what's the big difference between what I had reconstructed and in this form? These forms have an L, whereas I reconstructed an R. Just remind you, this is what I had. So I say, but in the fangyan, it's not, it's, so what to do? Well, it turns out that in the history of Chinese, 下 and 下 merge, they were, they became the same thing. Yeah. So now I give you some evidence of that. So this is the merger of 下 and 下, yeah. So this guy, his name is Tang, okay. He was the founder of the 下 dynasty, yeah. So later, his name is Tang, this one. So it used to be this one, then it was this one. I think it's Su, Mr. Su. Okay. So this one reconstructs to 下. Yeah. This is from back then. So it shows that 下 and 下, they merged, yeah. This is a Tongjia relationship, right? So because 下 and 下 merge, then I can reconstruct, I can reconstruct 下, yeah. No problem. Okay, now you say, wait a second. You reconstruct 下, the 下. But these forms, they're not 下. This is in the Tongjia, wait a second, you can see it. These ones, it's q, it's not 下, it's q, yeah. So you think you're wrong because it's q, it's not 下. So how do I deal with this? It's actually no problem at all. Because in type A syllables, that means in 下 and 下, although it's a little bit more complicated than that. But basically, in 下 and 下, then k in the Han dynasty was pronounced like q. And the way we know this actually is loans from Chinese into 苗苗. So 苗苗, they distinguish 下 and 下, yeah. And in 上等, they borrow 下 as 下. But outside 上等, they borrow 下 as 下, yeah. So we know that in the Han dynasty, 下 in non-sungdom. So we'd say type A syllables was pronounced as 下, yeah. This part maybe people don't follow. Yes. So we're from, have you ever learned Chinese? No. Have you ever learned it? No, I haven't. No, I haven't. So Chinese is one, two, three, four. And in 下等, 下等, 下等, 下等, 下等, 下等, 對,就是像, 你們看到那個有個問號的那個文號, 他就是這種區別, 就是有那個問號的, 他就是, 一二四的, 然後有沒有那個字三的。 那其實他就說 上古是灰山的那句, 那就是二四的。 二四的他覺得他的歌是來自, 這個歌是, 我們現在說的是叫軟二音嗎? 但是那個歌是一個小舌音是更厚面的, 其實它是, 就是我們人體的發音器官有小舌音在這裡面, 然後舌聲音靠前一點, 在往前就是我們不要出現的歌呢? 叫舌音嘛,對。 那其實他就說這個灰山的歌就是那句小舌音。 So, let me just sum up and say, this reconstruction, it explains the Feishan relationships, it explains the Min forms, and it explains the evidence from the Fang Yan. So, I think it's kind of has a lot going for it. So, and this thing about Nya Nya loans, is just to point out that the Fang Yan form with the Q aren't a problem. It's okay, I can reconstruct it, it's okay. So, I like this reconstruction, it's what I'm endorsing. It deals with the Feishan evidence, it deals with the Min evidence, and it deals with the Fang Yan evidence. Oh, and then also, you know, like, it's almost exactly the same as the Khmer Mon Burmese, right? So, it's Kala, right? So, it makes a lot of sense as borrowing from Southeast Asia into old Chinese. So, now the question is, what about Tibetan and Japanese? So, again, I don't think this really matters in a sense, like, if you don't like it, that's fine. Like, if you're convinced so far, we can say who cares what Tibetan and Japanese come from. But, let's try to see what we can do with it. So, this ta, ta, could come from flam. Basically, you get rid of the k, because if you drop the k, then you get flam, then it would become ka in Chinese, right? So, if Tibetan and Japanese borrow the word from Chinese, they borrow it probably from a form like this, yeah? So, you can imagine that Japanese toda comes from ta. Well, what about Tibetan stak? Well, the s is the problem. So, we would expect ta to be borrowed as gtak in Tibetan, but it's not gtak, it's stak. But, and let's say, according to Tibetan orthography, gtak could be possible. But, actually, I'll just tell you, it looks weird to me. Like, it looks weird. No word could ta. So, maybe it's not possible for phonotactic reasons. I'm not sure. I would have to study the question more. Say, like, why did they borrow ta as stak and not gtak? It's, this is the weakest point, I think, for me. So, now I just conclude. In old Chinese, the word for tiger was ka-cha. In early Han Chinese, it was ka-la-la. Yeah. So, the k changes to a few. The type A symbol is normal. And then, this form is recorded with these cells in the fangnye. In a Western dialect of later Han, we get ta. And that becomes pu. In a Eastern dialect of later Han, we get ta. And then, this is borrowed as stak and hora. So, that's the summary of what I think happened. So, what are the problems? So, Tibet is in the West. So, why would they borrow a word from Eastern dialect of Han? This is a problem, right? But it's not necessarily a big deal, because the capital is lo-yaan, and lo-yaan is in the East. So, maybe it's OK. But it's, if you think it's a problem, I'm OK with that, right? Like, Tibet's in the West, they should borrow the Western word, not the Eastern word. But they borrowed the Eastern word. That's one problem, but not a big problem, I think. The other problem is, why does Chinese, like modern Chinese, why did they use the Western word, rather than the Eastern word? So, I don't have an explanation for that. But it's part of the larger question of how different dialects merge in the Han dynasty to create Middle Chinese. But so, these are, you know, I think these are some problems that need maybe more research. But basically, I'm happy with this story. So, that's everything. So, I just say, thank you. Thank you. So, in the middle of the night, I wrote an email saying that Han Kongfeng was out of control. So, I didn't tell him to sit down. So, he, but at that time, I really don't know. When I got up on the second day and found this problem, he only came back to London to wait for my news. Luckily, Han Kongfeng was out of control. He changed his mind, so he insisted on coming. So, I think we have to thank him very much. So, this is a very intuitive study of Han Chinese dialects. You can see the success of our report. So, first of all, he studied Chinese. And because of the relationship between the Chinese and the Chinese, he decided to study Chinese. So, a foreigner can study Chinese so well. He has a lot of achievements. One of them is one of the students who studied in our university before. He is now studying in China. And the other two students are also from China. They are working in China. So, they are currently working with Dr. He. They work with our Han Chinese dialects. So, today, Dr. He is sharing with us this story. The old tiger is a very familiar animal. He is very young and scared and very affectionate. I think this is a very interesting story. So, Dr. He is going to use English to speak. So, I invited Ms. Anna today. She is my student. She is my research student. She graduated a few years ago. She is now working in China. So, after Dr. He talks about it, if you don't understand, please come and help us to translate it. Okay? So, let's start with Ms. Anna. Please translate it.