Just to start off with, if you're looking for investment advice, sadly I don't have anything because the nature of this talk is going to be on speculation and what exactly it is and why it's happening in this epoch because what we've seen in recent years is an increasing tendency for capitalism to indulge in these orgies of speculation which have really reached unprecedented levels. Last year, 2021 was the most speculative year in the history of capitalism. During the pandemic, the amount of money invested in crypto currencies like Bitcoin went from $350 billion to $2.9 trillion within a year and in the same period, the amount of money invested in NFTs, non-frontable tokens, went from $372 million to $17 billion. This was also the year where a group of amateur reddit traders pushed the price of GameStop shares from $17 to $340, specifically in order not only to make money but to have the short-selling hedge fund owners who are betting on the demise of the company on it going down. The question is therefore why is this happening so much? Why is it happening now in this epoch? The reality of this is that all of these forms of speculation, whether it's in crypto currencies or NFTs or in the legal and respectable areas like the stock markets or the property markets, all of it reflects an underlying necessity which is the overproduction and anarchy inherent within capitalism, the contradictions which lead to its crisis. And with every speculative bubble in history, there is a crash sooner or later and many ordinary people will lose out in the process of this due to the inherent volatility and instability that comes with it. The inherent speculation is a symptom of the impasse of capitalism and how it's unable to develop the productive forces in the same way as it did in the past. In the words of Marx, at a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or with property relations within the framework which they have operated here to. From forms of development of the productive forces, these relations turn into their fetters. Not simply remove speculation, you can't reform it out of existence and expect to magically transform capitalism into a rational, healthy system. Speculation is an intrinsic element to capitalism. To truly do away with it, we must abolish the capitalist system itself and replace it with a rationed, planned and democratically grown economy under socialism. Now capitalism traditionally is supposed to be based on production, on the creation of new value in the economy, genuine trade and investment, development of the productive forces by which I mean the production and distribution of the necessities of life, which include science and industry. What we need to survive under capitalism is producers' commodities or sale on the markets. We need food, we need shelter, etc. These are sold to us. All new value in the economy is produced by human labour. In other words, it's created by the working class in production and not only consumer goods as well. Things like raw materials and fuel are also commodities. This is our starting point. Now what would think that the point of the capitalist system is to produce commodities? Even if you're selling them for profits, even if you try to make money, you would think that they try and produce these items and sell them. Within capitalism itself, we have productive areas of the economy which produce value and surplus value in the form of goods and services, in the form of commodities, and we also have what we call unproductive areas which do not produce new value. What these unproductive areas do is extract a slice of value created in the productive side on the economy. They're a drain. Now, for us, it's important to remember this isn't a moral judgment. For example, nurses, doctors, teachers at the public sector are of utmost importance in society. It's more, no, but they're unproductive from capitalism's perspective because they don't produce value. They don't produce surplus value. So today, you have many advanced capitalist economy, sorry, including Britain. They become parasitic. They become rentier economies. That is that they are unproductive. They're rent-seeking. They're not based primarily on commodity production and exchange, but they're based on things like the financial services sector, other unproductive areas which do not increase the wealth in society. What they do is they distribute the wealth that already exists amongst the capitalists, like a giant casino, basically, and the end result is that you have the growth of these unproductive sectors and they become a burden on the productive economy. So we talk about all of these areas like productive and unproductive areas of the economy. So why is it bad to have unproductive areas increasing to such a degree, to have an economy based mainly on financial services and other unproductive things, like speculation? To understand why this is bad and the damage it can do, we have to understand the law of value and the difference between price and value. So as I mentioned, the necessities of life are produced as commodities. And of commodities, as Joe explained in the previous economic story, they must have a use value. They must be useful in society to somebody and someone. And they must have an exchange value which is objectively measured by the amount of socially necessary labour time that has gone into its production. Now exchange value, or just value, expresses the fact that all commodities are products of human labour and this social quality is expressed through exchange on the market. If there's more socially necessary labour at a time that has gone into a commodity, its value is higher. For example, if I were to offer you a choice between a car and a pencil without stating the price of the objects, all of you would obviously choose the car because you understand the objectivity of it having a higher value. It requires more time and more skill to produce. The greater quantity and quality of raw materials are needed, etc. So profit comes from selling a commodity at its value. And of course it's formed in production itself, not in exchange, not in circulation. And the worker is not paid the full value of what they produce because the working day is made for two parts, the part where the worker produces value to cover their own subsistence and the part where surplus value is formed, value beyond what it costs to cover the wages of the worker. Now surplus value is then divided into rent, interest and profit. And of course the capital is pockets and profits, but should in theory be reinvested into profits in order to then increase production and then to make more profits in the end. So profit is quite literally the unpaid labour of the working class. And of course the capitalists, again as a starting point, should be employing human labour power in production in order to produce commodities and sell them for a profit. Now I'll return to this question shortly. In terms of the market price for a commodity, what it's sold for on the markets, this is often confused with value, but they are different, they're different things. The value of a commodity, as I mentioned, is socially necessary labour time. The price will gravitate around this value, but of course it can become divorced, the value and price can be separated due to supply and demand. If demand is high and supply is low, the price goes up. If supply is high and demand low, then prices are lower to try and attract more buyers. Now in the abstract, the cycle of capitalist production, as Marx explains it, in volume two of capital goes money, commodities, money with a dash on the end. So m, c, m dash, the dash representing extra. Now the capitalists invest money in commodity production, sells the commodity for a profit, and then ends up with more money than they started. That's m, c, m dash, basically that equation. But increasingly what you have is the capitalist faced with competition, uncertainty and oversaturated markets. They turn to making money from money itself to m to m dash, skipping out c altogether, skipping out commodity production. And this is because the point of capitalism is not actually to produce commodities, as you might think. It's to produce surplus value. They want profits. It doesn't matter actually where the profit comes from to the capitalist, whether they profit from Bitcoin investment or from commodity production, as long as they profit. So the reality is that if it's easier and quicker for a capitalist to benefit from speculation to profit from that, they will do that. Rather than bother with commodity production, buying raw materials, buying human labor power and producing for an already oversaturated market. And this is really the essence of why speculation in all its forms is so rampant today. It's because investment in real commodity production is not simply an attractive option anymore. It's not as profitable anymore. Now speculation is an attempt to undertake m to m dash, to make money from money. They're actually trying to benefit from the divorce between price and value of something. For example, you have someone that speculates what they're hoping is that tomorrow, the thing that they buy today for 10 pounds, for example, will be worth 20 pounds. Now let's say this takes place. You buy 10 pounds worth of value. Tomorrow you exchange for 20 pounds. 10 pounds of value exists still. There's no increase in the value there. But of course, the money exchanged has increased. And of course, the Macantalists, the dawn of capitalism, the vulgar bourgeois economists who followed Marx, they didn't understand this process because what they thought is that profit was being created in speculation basically, in circulation, in buying stuff for cheap and then selling it for dear. But of course, this is false. The amount of value is the same. So speculation doesn't make society any richer, basically. It doesn't increase the value that exists in the economy. And this is why rampant speculation is so harmful to the real economy. And it's not a sign of a strong and healthy, productive economy. In fact, it's a sign of weakness. It's a sign of frailty and speculation, ultimately, for this reason, is parasitic. It drains the economy. Because those who profit from speculation are quite literally siphoning off value from the productive sectors of the economy. The origin of speculation that we see worldwide today is a symptom of the global capitalist crisis. And it's many contradictions, namely that the pursuit of profits by individual capitalists through speculation and other means is entirely rational for that. It makes sense for the capitalist to maximize their profits. But the end result overall for capitalism is irrationality, it's chaos. It's a system where more and more rent and interest seekers are fighting for a slice of the value that is created in the productive economy. Now, hopefully I'll explain in the course of this discussion that this isn't a process that is confined necessarily to one country or even to one historical period of capitalism. By no means is it always and only happening in a period of crisis. So paradoxically, what initially begins as the source of enrichment for the capitalist, private property, commodity production and exchange, turns into its opposite. And production no longer becomes a viable option for them in an oversaturated market, which is dominated by major international monopolies. And so this is a natural push for the capitalist towards speculation. The surplus value that is extracted from the working class during production results in an inherent inability for the working class to consume what they produce. Workers cannot collectively buy back the value of the goods that are produced across the entire market. So the market cannot keep up with the ever-expanding push for production. You have competition between capitalists driving them forward to increase productivity to exploit the working class more. You have situations where unemployment increases, wages are pushed down further, workers are forced to compete with each other for jobs. You have panic and fear setting in when the glut of a market is realized, then commerce and trade comes to a standstill. Investment ceases, credit dries up, factories and offices are closed down, unemployment increases, and the whole of society is thrown back into stagnation. This is the essence of the capitalist crisis. Now we have modern crises, which are expressed as crises of the financial system and the money system. But of course what lies behind those things fundamentally is capitalist overproduction. And of course again, this is what propels speculation to the heights that we see today. The reality for capitalists is that they're unaware of the dynamics and the laws of their own system. They don't realize when they speculate the overall drain of the economy when everyone does the same as what they're doing. Now this process has been accelerated, I'd say in recent decades, by a vast increase in what we call fictitious capital. Now Marx described fictitious capital as the money which acts as capital, money that is looking to make more money that's not connected to any real value in the economy. Now fictitious capital is in distinction to real capital, which Marx described as value that is capable of producing more value. For example, you have a capitalist that puts 100 pounds in the bank. That capitalist has their claim to that 100 pounds secure. Only they have that 100 pounds there. But of course if a capitalist then puts 100 pounds into shares or into government bonds or to derivatives or whatever else, what you now have is a claim on future value, claim on future profits in the form of the dividend, the shares paid or the bond paid out, et cetera. This is fictitious capital. It's not real capital because it's no longer involved in the process of making new value. It's not in production anymore. And of course the share, the bond, the derivative, all of these products, they're not real value themselves, but they're traded and they're exchanged as if they are real values. Now banks themselves, they play an essential role in the capital of the system. Marx has made this clear as does the credit system. What these things do is allow the capitalist to overcome bottlenecks, overcome shortages in production and circulation. Now Marx explains in capital volume two that financial services sector, amongst other things like insurance and other things like that, it represents for the capitalist an additional cost, an additional cost of circulation which doesn't add value to a commodity but is no less essential to the process. And of course it represents an increasing cost on society as capitalism develops as it becomes more complex as access to markets becomes more and more difficult, more and more convoluted and more complicated. And of course when this class of financiers speculate as middlemen, bankers, when it grows and all of these different types of weird and wonderful financial investments increase, you have these institutions which then loan out and invest more than they actually hold in the form of deposits. The term for this is actually in bourgeois economics called fractional reserve bank. The bank only holds a certain percentage, a small percentage of the deposits in readily available cash. Now the result of this is that millions of investors all across the world in the market, they hold claims on the same units of original value which hasn't increased. When shares, bonds, other financial products exchange, they're not actual values being exchanged, they're claims of future values which might not even exist at this present point in time. But government bond for example is a claim on future taxes. This is the fictitious nature of it, it's not real. It's impossible for all of these claims to be realized at once because if that happened theoretically, then the value to back them up simply wouldn't exist, they wouldn't be able to pay. Now the expansion of fictitious capital is a method that is used by the capitalist class historically for reasons which I'll explain. Now I think an important thing to remember about speculation and all of these different types of bubbles is that there really nothing new in the history of capitalism. You know, one of the most famous examples which I'm sure many of you are familiar with was the Dutch tulip bomb. In the late 16th and 17th century in the Netherlands there was an explosion of economic growth and you had a wealthy mercantilist class beginning to merge as a result of it. Now these merchants, they sought to fraud their wealth by collecting what were then exotic flowers, tulips.  You'd have people buying the bulbs on credit with the hope of selling them on later and eventually repaying the lot of them, exactly like the stock exchange investors just before the 1929 Wall Street crash in America. Now eventually in 1637 the tulip bubble burst and the price of the bulbs came crashing down. Now speculative bubbles also do form in periods of capitalism up-swing, in periods of boom. And I think a really good example of this is just before, sorry, is during the 1846 to 47 financial crisis which actually did lay the foundations for the 1848 revolutions of class struggle which swept across Europe. Now this crisis was partly caused by railway mania which is basically when speculation took place and building of railroads. Now in the mid 1840s you had a frenzy in railway investments because you had investors piling into what was now a revolutionary form of transport, promising untapped growth and expansion. And then by 1845 you had railway investment being 7% of British GDP. And again, just like the situation today you had interest rates being lowered, you had railway stocks being made easier and easier for people to buy and it facilitated the creation of a bubble. And the value of these railway stocks were far higher than their capacity for profit-making. And what happened is that the bubble of course as all bubbles do eventually burst in the late 1840s. Many investors lost out of course but there was actually a tangible benefit in that thousands and thousands of miles of railways which were actually built and utilized productively in the economy. So the point here is that speculation can still take place in useful and productive areas like railways. It's not just crypto currencies, it's not just art and all these other things. The Wall Street crash in 1929, you'll all be familiar with that. Perhaps the best known example of a speculative bubble it triggered the world economic slump of the 30s. Now after World War I there was an explosion of fictitious capital during the war, thank you. Because of the war itself and of course in the years that followed during the we go. And this was a period of serious growth for American capitalism. But it was speculative in nature, superficial. And of course it laid the foundations for an even bigger crisis in 1929. So initially, stock markets, they serve as a way for new companies to raise funds, to expand, to attract investors to gain a piece of the company and entitlement to the future profits. But of course this stock, once you own it, is not just sort of kept and held by the capitalists. They buy and sell it as if it were a commodity in its own right with value. Even though of course it's not value, it's an entitlement to future value. Now the stock market develops in size and in complexity and there was a growing separation of the money markets from real production. The relationship between the stock markets and the real economy becomes inverted. And it no longer becomes a true representative, a direct representative of the real economy. It becomes a market for fictitious capital in and of itself, a vehicle for speculation. The capitalists become coupon clippers. They're divorced from real production. They just invest in unproductive speculation with the exception, sorry, with the expectation of receiving the average rate of profit. And because the goal of stock market speculators is to make money from the price of their investments, it doesn't matter whether the company itself is valuable, whether it's profitable, as long as the value of their assets, their holdings increases. In other words, a speculator can make money for company does well, but also they can make money for company does badly and go bankrupt. And that's what the hedge funds do when they bet against the panic, when they bet against game stock on companies going under. Now this is in short contrast to the productive capitalists who must make and sell real values, real commodities in order to financially gain. So back to the 1929 crash, you had companies expanding their profits, but of course the stock of these companies becomes inflated as a result as well. And eventually it becomes more profitable to speculate in the stock itself than to invest in a real company for the sake of a dividend return to push the company forward. And there's a vast separation of the value of the stock and the real value and profit-making ability of the companies, and it allows the speculation to run rampant basically to increase. And then of course by 1929, the system reaches limits. You have industry slowing down, there's an oversaturated market. There are several potential triggers like a regulatory investigation that took place into the overvalued shares, shares of a company called Boston Edinson, which scooped the investors on the market. But of course, whatever the incidental triggering was and it could have been many several things in combination, the underlying necessity of an economic slowdown was revealed in that crash. It caused panic and it started the mass share sell-off before rapidly spreading throughout the rest of the economy. So more recently the dot-com crash of the 2000s who had low interest rates and had cheap credit aligned for boom in these startup companies, which were taking advantage basically of the novelty of the internet, even if they had no viable business plan. You had investors throwing money into everything with dot-com in its name and you had technology shares inflated to absurd proportions before coming crashing swiftly down to earth. So what I'm trying to demonstrate here with all of these historical examples is that the fundamental dynamics of every bubble remains essentially the same. Investors pile in for whatever reason, the bubble is fueled and then all of them flood out when the bubble bursts and people lose money. In terms of the context for the current crisis, the situation that we're in now, we've basically entered into a new economic slump. Technically, we're in the session already in Britain and it's unprecedented. We're only two years after the previous crisis triggered by the pandemic and of course the current crisis we're in is in the context of the 2008 crash, which again, huge bubbles driven by speculation, particularly in housing and credit, coming crashing down. And in turn, I would say that 2008 is the result of processes that have taken place in the world economy since the 1970s. It forms the context for the booms and slumps that follow. In Britain, you had industrial production in this period being consciously destroyed by the ruling class, former nationalized industries being privatized. The service sector consciously promoted and pushed forward in emphasis on finance and legal services. Deregulation is also pursued to increase profits to make a quick book today at the expense of tomorrow, trade union rights and the conditions of the working class were also severely attacked in this period as well. Now all of this is done to restore the profitability of the capitalist system, but the problem is it's short-sighted. Rather than thinking about the fate of capitalism and the health of capitalism in the decades of following, the ruling class at the time, they decided to just make a quick book and worry about the consequences later. And I'd say that similar processes took place across Europe and in the USA as well. Now, the 1990s and the early 2000s saw a period of relative stability, relative growth, but again, it's based mainly on debts, on fictitious capital as opposed to a real boom in real commodity production and exchange. Now, as a result of all of these factors in combination with each other, we have in Britain a lopsided economy. It's sick, it's a run-to-year economy. And that's part of the reason why crises like 2008 are so devastating because so much of the economy is tied up in debt, it's tied up in speculation. Now, in terms of the 2008 crisis, you had speculation in mortgage-backed securities, of course, triggering the 2008 crash. And it's expressed, you can see, there's a financial and a monetary crisis, a credit crisis. Different crises are expressed in different ways initially, but of course, you look underneath and what you see is, of course, the crisis of overproduction. The financial system has become bloated, inflated and filled with debt precisely because the capital is sought to maximize their own profits cheaply and easily with unproductive speculation as opposed to real production. And the result of this is creation of a ticking time bomb. Now, huge amounts of taxpayer money was then used to bail out the banks and the institutions, which was then also followed cruelly by 10 years of brutal austerity, cuts to living standards. And just like what happened after the 1970s crash and just like what happened after the Great Depression as well. Now, right now, in this current period, there's an enormous property bubble taking place in China. I've been mentioned several times already over the course of the weekend. And it shares many similarities to what happened in 2008 in the crisis in the Western economies. And it's on the brink of bursting. You have property developments making up 30% of Chinese GDP. Evergrande, the largest property developer has borrowed astronomical amounts of money to fuel its developments. On the assumption that property crisis will simply keep on increasing. But of course, home sales by value is about 17% in September of last year and 19% in August of the same year. You have cases of properties being sold with 30% discounts. Hundreds of developments have been sold to investors. Many of them ordinary people being left uncompleted entirely. Despite the huge interventions, the huge Keynesian measures undertaken by the Chinese state, soon relate to this bubble will burst as it always does. Now, pension funds have been mentioned already again on the weekend. They won the brink of crisis. Now, these pensions invested heavily in what was called liability driven investments, LDIs, which are basically sold by fund managers as safe and risk free areas. They're not meant to be risky products. Except the problem is they invested heavily in these complicated financial products which do resemble the mortgage backed securities of 2008. And the assumption made by these investors was that government bonds would remain safe, that prices would remain stable, and interest rates would remain low. But that confidence plummeted. It was shattered overnight, basically. You had rates, interest rates, rising to significant levels and government bonds falling in value almost overnight. And the pension schemes were hit by margin calls to cover emergency cash and then were forced to sell their guilt holdings, which showed the price spiraling down even further. And again, I mentioned this earlier but the damning thing about this is that LDIs are supposed to be risk averse. They're supposed to be safe investments and yet they're still subject to the same volatility and risk as all speculation ultimately is under capitalism. There's no safe areas, really, if you think about it. Thank you. So what the pandemic hits in 2020, the signs of a new slump were everywhere. The pandemic only triggered the crisis. Once again, you had vast amounts of debts and credits, rock bottom interest rates and government spending was used to prop up the world economy. And a enormous amount of money was used that went straight into speculation. It went into housing. It went into the stock market, into cryptocurrency. And again, this I think is what lies behind the explosion and subsequent crash of things like Bitcoin. Now all of this Canadian spending thrown at the economy by the ruling class after 2008, it creates stability in the short term, yes. But it creates instability in the long term with speculative bubbles with inflation and it prepares an even bigger crisis for the future. And this is painfully clear, I think, when you consider that the unprecedented stimulus from the pandemic has not actually stopped us from entering into a recession less than two years afterwards. But on the other hand, of course, what you have is the Hayekians, the libertarians, who represent the other side of the same coin thinking that they can avoid crisis merely by monitoring tightly, by increasing interest rates, by cutting government spending. And what this does is provoke an immediate crisis and confrontation with the working class instead of just kicking down the can down the road like the Keynesians do. Now neither the Keynesians nor the libertarians have a solution for the working class. Neither of them are interested in preventing crisis or solving the contradictions which are inherent within capitalism. Now the expansion of financial services, the ever-increasing growth in speculation, these things are direct products of how the ruling class has attempted to get out of each crisis through debt, through credits, things like quantitative easing and government-driven stimulus packages. Now as each crisis becomes more and more acute, the bubbles become more and more absurd. And this of course is in a period where vast amounts of the real economy and lockdown, for example, was frozen. All of the money pumped in, $10 trillion I think in the space of two months alone during the pandemic, all of these things, much of it went into direct, sorry, directly into the hands of workers through stimulus checks, through furlough schemes. And of course, all of these recipients of that money put it into the only viable profit-making area at the time, which is speculation. And of course, many ordinary people were amongst those who put their earnings and savings into stocks and shares and cryptocurrency. In fact, many of these people were laid off workers who turned to amateur trading in order to make a living. Even outside of the conditions created by the pandemic, there is so much chaos and uncertainty in the real economy that the capitalists still prefer speculation to real investment because the most profitable sectors of the real economy remain dominated by giant monopolies, many of which profiteer from scarcity like the fossil fuel industry, for example. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and NFTs are no different to any other kind of bubble. Normal currencies are backed by central banks and backed by governments. But crypto is decentralized. It's not controlled by any one person. And the Bitcoin network is maintained by volunteers who receive Bitcoin in return for maintaining the network. And all Bitcoin transactions are maintained by the blockchain, which is a digital ledger which provides records of transactions. Now, cryptocurrency fanatics can talk as much as they want about the future of money on all of these things, the potential. But at the end of the day, the only reason anyone invests in cryptocurrency is to make money, is to speculate and to make profits. And the price of Bitcoin and other crypto currencies is incredibly volatile. They rise and fall as much as 50% in a matter of hours which makes them completely unsuitable as a means of exchange and as a store of value. Sorry, Bitcoin and other crypto currencies also have no inherent value in themselves because of course they're not products of socially necessary labor. So they're not backed by any real value in the economy. And so they can never be a viable currency under capitalism. But of course the thing about capitalism which is so incredible is that because commodity's production and exchange dominate society, these relations are so ingrained in society, literally anything can be bought or sold as if it were a genuine commodity, whether it has value or not. And this is what Marx called commodity fetishism. The idea that the economy appears to us as relations between items and things, but actually there are social relations, relations between real people. And of course the point that crypto currency will never be viable as the currency was demonstrated I think by the various crashes and bubbles which have repeatedly taken place over the past few years. And it's also the same story for NFTs. There's craze around non-fungible tokens. Now when we say NFT, most people think digital art but of course the NFTs are not the artwork itself. They're not the asset connected to them. It's a unique digital token that is stored on the blockchain. It's a digital certificate of ownership which doesn't control the asset in any way but what it represents is an attempt to introduce artificial scarcity into the digital world because of both images, files, data, all of these things can be instantly transferred and replicated on computers with zero labor at the click of a mouse in fact. Now the buyers of the NFTs are hoping that they appreciate in value due to their one-off nature. The art itself, most of which is terrible, that's irrelevant. The reality is that most of the arts around NFTs is juvenile, it's disgusting, it's horrible. But of course, it's not about the art. The NFTs are designed for speculation and profit making with buying and selling in mind. It's almost like a science effect that they're connected to these artworks. And capitalism, if you look at its history, always seeks to find unique items that can be bought and sold for speculation. So there's nothing new really in this sense about NFTs. What marks them out, I'd say, is unique is the fact that they've been designed to artificially generate scarcity where it shouldn't exist at all. Millions and millions have been spent on NFTs and the artwork is of course atrocious but for me that is just an indication of the rottenness of the capitalist system that this is the sort of level of speculation that exists today. Now the stock market is perceived as at least being in some way linked to the real economy but the link is so distorted that it doesn't provide a real accurate reflection of economic growth. Tesla, Elon Musk's company, is vastly overvalued in its shares. The 2021 valuation would imply that it owns 118% of the electronic vehicle markets which require about 31 million sales a year. Last year it sold 308,000 cars. So we have to draw some general conclusion I think from the various examples of speculation that are outlined. And the overall point I think to make is that speculative bubbles in whatever form they come, they're an inherent feature of capitalism which is driven by profits. It's irrelevant that shoe lips have value although Bitcoin does not or that the art attached to NFTs is bad because the reason for bubbles forming in the first place is the need to make profits. Speculation is not just confined to socially useless things like Bitcoin or company stocks but speculation permeates the entire capitalist system and it affects even necessities as well. You have speculation in food prices causing wild swings in price that can raise food for ordinary workers across the world. You have speculation in land, in currencies, power speculators and one of the biggest is housing because of course that's an absolute necessity for workers and yet speculation adds to the shortage of affordable housing stock which is driven beyond the needs of ordinary, the reach of ordinary workers. None of these examples which I've mentioned have anything useful to give to society. None of it enriches society in any way. All of it's there to make profit at the expense of someone else. Now all of these examples I would say demonstrates what is an underlying necessity and that is the anarchy of the capitalist mode of production where society is subjected to blind market forces, instability and crisis. And of course crisis is the product of what is completely rational for the individual capitalist which is investments in areas which make easy profits. And if all capitalists follow this path the result is what we have today, instability and chaos. We see the bubbles and crypto currencies, NFTs and the property giants like Evergrande and all of these volatile bubbles. They're all hard bringer of the new world slump which lies ahead just like they were in 2008 and in 1929. I'll try and bring things closer but all of this money that is going into speculation instead of real production is not without consequence. And the serious members of the bourgeois class do realize this and they're afraid of it. No one, Smith of Bloomberg said the following. It's not just a tech or a unicorn bubble. We're in everything bubble. Valuations across the board are simply too high. What happens when China's housing and stock market bubbles crash? What happens when the Federal Reserve raises interest rates? We've entered into a new economic crisis following devastating drops in the value of various forms of speculative investments but there are more shocks coming. The vastly inflated property market will be hit very soon as interest rates increase to tackle inflation. An increase in the cost of borrowing, of course, will further damage an already weak and inflating world economy. And all of this speculation and debt creates a volatile mix which can combust at any point in time. And of course I'd say we can expect more speculation and more manpower to come. As the capitalists desperately go from one thing to another to try and protect their wealth. The reformists are wrong when they say you can just remove speculation or reform it away and restore a nice possible system. No such form of capitalism ever existed. It's a complete utopian illusion. Capitalism is so bloated and contradictory that it can't develop the productive forces anymore without dealing itself with multiple blows and ever increasing amounts of capitalists fight each other for a slice of wealth made by the working class internationally. The reality is that capitalism itself must be abolished if we're gonna see an end to this speculation but also to the crisis, the inequality and the chaos that's inherent within it. By nationalizing the commanding heights of the economy under workers control, we can utilize all the productive forces worldwide for the good of society. We can nationalize and merge the big banks and financial institutions which are the arteries of the capital system at the moment. We can then use the vast amounts of capital that they have and put it directly into building and production in the nationalized economy. We will then use the financial and the technological resources to end climate change, to feed the world 10 times over and to finally provide a good standard of living for everyone. And all of the money that has gone into speculation can be used to fund the NHS, to pay for free education, to undertake a mass house building and infrastructure program which doesn't exist under capitalism. And of course, all of this will be paid for by expropriating the billionaire capitalists who hold their wealth and speculate wealth that they didn't produce themselves. And capitalism now has ultimately become a barrier to the further developments of society and therefore it has to be replaced with socialism which is a higher stage based on conscious planning of the economy. And only then will we no longer be subject to the blind economic forces to the anarchy of the market that we can have control over our lives, over our destinies. And this is ultimately what Marxism is all about and what socialist appeal and the international Marxist tendency are fighting for. So I urge any of you who agree with the ideas that I outlined today, who agree with the discussions you've heard so far, if you haven't already done so please, seriously you consider joining socialist appeal on the INT and help us in the revolutionary fight to build a fair and equitable society free from the swindling and the gambling and speculation of the casino capitalism.


Uploading files into Moodle. There are two ways of adding documents such as presentations or word processed files to your course. One way is dragging and dropping, as we've seen in an earlier video. If you can't use drag and drop, this next method uses Moodle's activity chooser and file picker. To upload files this way, we need to turn on the editing. Then, in the section where we'd like to upload the document, we click the link Add an activity or resource. This brings us to the activity chooser, and we scroll down to resources. A document is a resource, and we're going to add a file. So we click file twice to go straight to the setup screen. Name is important because the name is what the students will see on the page when accessing it. The description is also important. You may or may not want a description, but if you do, and you want it displayed on the course page, tick the box. Then, we arrive at the file manager, and again if your browser allows, it's possible just to drag the file straight into here. But we are going to click Add, and this takes us to Moodle's file picker, which we will explore in another video. We just want to upload a document, so let's ignore for now the other options. We can choose or browse for a file, and then click to find the file we want. We can change its name if we want to, we don't have to. We can change the author name, change the license if we're not happy with the default license, and then click to upload the file. It's worth exploring some of the other settings, such as in appearance, we can display the size of a document, useful if your students have poor internet connections, and we can also display when it was uploaded, so let's do that. If we now save and return to course, we can see our file displayed on the page with its upload date.


10 African presidents that were assassinated. Western powers have been making a lot of interferences in African politics since the period of the scramble and colonization of African countries in the 1800s. The process became a power thirst quest so much so that African leaders who dared to oppose these Western powers were overthrown and either assassinated or exiled from their territories. The assassination of a president, prime minister, king or other world leader has the potential to send shockwaves throughout a country. The killing of a leader can sometimes be so frightening and profound that it generates what psychologists refer to as flashbulb memory in the inhabitants of a country. Many people will remember where they were and what they were doing when they learned that their leader had been assassinated for the rest of their lives. Because of tragic experiences in their pasts, most nations now surround their leaders with security, ranging from a few personal bodyguards to elaborate security agencies in order to discourage a potential assassin or group of assassins from carrying out their fatal acts. Unfortunately, some people continue to succeed. Six African independence leaders were slain by their former colonial masters between 1961 and 1973, including former Congo prime minister, Patrice Lumumba. Hello viewers, welcome to another day on Africa Reloaded. We shall be taking a journey down memory lane to look at those presidents who were assassinated while in power. This list includes 10 well-known assassinations that have occurred since 1960. 10. Sylvanus Olimpio, Togo, January 13, 1963 Sylvanus Epifanio Olimpio, September 6, 1902, January 13, 1963 was a Togolese politician who served as prime minister and then president of Togo from 1958 to 1963. His uncle, Octaviano Olimpio, was one of Togo's wealthiest persons in the early 1900s and he came from a prominent Olimpio family. He worked for Unilever after graduating from the London School of Economics, eventually becoming the general manager of the company's African business. Following World War II, Olimpio became a significant figure in Togo's campaign for independence and his party won the 1958 election, making him the country's prime minister. When Togo gained independence in 1961, he won the presidential election, making him the country's first president. During the coup to Tad in Togo in 1963, he was killed. 9. Juvenal Habirumana, Rwanda, April 6, 1994 The airplane carrying Rwandan president Juvenal Habirumana and Burundian president Cyprian Intaremira, both Hutus, was shot down by surface-to-air missiles Was it prepared to land in Kigali, Rwanda? On the evening of April 6, 1994, the assassination set in motion the Rwandan genocide, one of the darkest catastrophes of the 20th century. The Rwandan Patriotic Front, RPF, a Tutsi rebel group, or government-aligned Houdu power supporters opposed to negotiations with the RPF are the most likely suspects, according to most theories. 8. Anwar Sadat, Egypt, 6 October, 1981 On the 6th of October, 1981, Anwar Sadat was assassinated. Egypt's president, Anwar Sadat, was assassinated during the yearly triumph parade in Cairo commemorating Operation Batter, in which the Egyptian army crossed the Suez Canal and reclaimed a small portion of the Sinai Peninsula from Israel at the start of the Yom Kippur War. Members of the Egyptian Islamic jihad carried out the assassination. 7. Samuel Canyon Doe, Liberia, May 6, 1959 to September 30, 1990 Samuel Canyon Doe was a Liberian politician who led the country from 1980 to 1990, first as a military leader and then as a civilian leader. Doe conducted a violent coup d'etat in April 1980 while serving as a master sergeant in the armed forces of Liberia, AFL, making him de facto president of the country. President William Talbert and many of the true Wake Party leadership were assassinated during the coup. Doe then founded the People's Redemption Council, rising to the rank of general in the process. A civil war broke out in Liberia in December 1989 when rebels crossed the border from Ivory Coast, capturing and deposing Doe on September 9, 1990. Doe was then tortured and murdered by his captive Prince Johnson, a former buddy of Charles Taylor, during interrogation. He was killed at the age of 39. 6. Marion Ingwabai, Republic of Congo, March 18, 1977 Marion Ingwabai, or Ingwabai, December 31, 1938 to March 18, 1977 served as the Republic of the Congo's third president from January 1, 1969 to March 18, 1977. Once in power, President Ingwabai renamed the country the People's Republic of the Congo PRC, proclaiming it Africa's first Marxist-Leninist state and establishing the Congolese Workers' Party, PCT, as the country's sole legitimate political party. President Ingwabai was assassinated on March 18, 1977 at 1430 hours. Those accused of involvement in the assassination were tried, and some, including the Samba Debat, were executed. Following the assassination, the party's military committee, CMP, was selected to lead an interim administration with conservative Colonel Joakim Ingwabai-Aupengo serving as head of state. 5. Laurent Desiree-Cabilla, DR Congo, January 16, 2001 On January 16, 2001, Laurent Desiree-Cabilla, the incumbent president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was assassinated in his office in the Palais de Marbeur in Kinshasa. Rashidi Maisel, an 18-year-old teenager who has also been identified as Rashidi Kassareka, was the assassin who killed him. Maisel was assassinated afterwards. Former child soldiers, Cadogos, were thought to be involved in the plot. In the months preceding up to his assassination, Cabilla was responsible for the deaths of a large number of Cadogos. Cabilla had just ordered the execution of 47 Cadogos accused of plotting his assassination the day before. Cabilla's military position had weakened, putting his life in danger. Cabilla believed he had discovered a plot against him in November 2000 and detained, tortured, and assassinated soldiers loyal to Kamendan Anselmi Masasu and Daga, who had given a speech at a meeting of 1,200 Cadogos in Kinshasa just days before. Early in January 2001, a group of Cadogos arrived to Brazzaville to plan Operation Embango Zero, a plot to assassinate Cabilla. 4. Francois-Tombebe, Chad, April 13, 1975. Francois-Tombebe, June 1918 to April 13, 1975. Also known as Engarda-Tombebe, was the first president of Chad. He was a Chadian teacher and trade union activist. After serving as the head of Chad's colonial government and ruling party, the Chadian Progressive Party, from 1959 to 1960, Tombebebe was named the nation's leader after the country's independence on August 11, 1960. He governed as a tyrant until 1975, when he was deposed and assassinated by Chadian military members. 3. Patrus Lumumba, D.R. Congo, January 17, 1961. Patrus Henry Lumumba, July 25, 1925, January 17, 1961. A Congolese politician and independence leader was the first prime minister of the Independent Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly the Republic of the Congo, from June to September 1960. He was a pivotal figure in the Congo's journey from the Belgian colony to an independent republic. He led the Congolese national movement, MNC, party from 1958 until his assassination. He was an ideological African nationalist and Pan-Africanist. He was widely regarded as a martyr for the Pan-African movement after his assassination. Over the years, investigations have uncovered more information about the events surrounding Lumumba's death, including the roles played by Belgium and the United States. Belgium officially apologized for its role in the assassination in 2002. 2. Muammar Gaddafi, Libya, October 20, 2011. After the Battle of Sert on October 20, 2011, Muammar Gaddafi, Libya's overthrown leader, was caught and killed. Gaddafi was discovered west of Sert after NATO planes assaulted his convoys. He was then kidnapped and assassinated by National Transitional Council, NTC, forces shortly after. Although a gruesome video of his last moments showed revolutionary fighters assaulting him and one of them sodomizing him with a bayonet before he was shot several times, the NTC first claimed Gaddafi died from injuries incurred in a gunfight when loyalist forces sought to liberate him. Gaddafi's assassination was widely condemned as a violation of international law. Human rights watch and amnesty international have demanded an independent autopsy and a probe into Gaddafi's death. 1. Thomas Sankara, Burkina Faso, October 13, 1987. From his coup in 1983 to his deposition and murder in 1987, Thomas Isidore Nal Sankara, 21 December, 1949, 15 October, 1987. Was a Burkina Bay military officer, Marxist Revolutionary and Pan-Africanist who served as president of Burkina Faso. He is often referred to as Africa's Chi Guevara by admirers who see him as a charismatic and legendary figure of revolution. Sankara's revolutionary programs for African self-sufficiency made him an icon for many of Africa's impoverished and he remained popular with a large majority of his country's population. Despite the fact that some of his policies alienated segments of the old ruling class, the Burkina Bay oligarchy, tribal leaders who were stripped of their long-held traditional privileges of forced labor and tribute payments, and the governments of France and its ally the Ivory Coast, which had previously dominated the country through colonial power, were among the antagonistic groups. Sankara was assassinated on October 15, 1987 by troops led by Blaise Compeyore, who took over as president of the country immediately after.


If you still believe that you can affect the world and you can change the effect of the world through politics, you still believe there's causation in terms of form, rulers, politicians and so on and so forth. And the solution is much, much simpler than that. That's quite a complicated attempt. If you take a side for good or evil in this world, or one side in a world war or so on and so forth, it means you have an opinion. And that opinion is what sickness is. The teachings are judge not, and if you hold on to opinions, you have a sick mind, because God did not create an opinionated mind. That's not something that's part of creation. God didn't extend opinions. Opinions are blocks to love and light. Of course, the Holy Spirit has to work with the mind that believes in opinions and use everything the ego made to lift the mind up back into a state of pristine stillness and perfection. And that's the Holy Spirit's job. John and Yoko decided that they had to have a reason to come together, and what they decided upon was the reason for them to come together was peace. They would straw the attention to world peace, so they spent tens of thousands of dollars on billboards. They would sing songs like, Give Peace a Chance. And I remember watching a documentary one time with Yoko and John, and one of the things they decided to do, they had some really interesting ideas. They decided to do a bed inn. They just decided, we'll just stay in bed and we'll invite the press into our bedroom. They put signs up behind themselves of statements, make love not war and so forth, and draw in the press. And they would answer questions about peace and world peace and about the purpose of their life. But it was interesting because one time I was watching a documentary on their life, and it actually showed them at the end of the day after the press had left, and everyone had left, and the cameras were rolling, and it showed them. And they started just opening the windows and looking out into the stars. And they got very deep and mystical and philosophical, and it was a great moment that captured on film where they kind of looked at each other, and they went, you know, it's all about us. They just had one of those mystical moments that they saw in one instant in front of the camera. You could just feel it that they saw that it really wasn't about world peace, that all the billboards, all of the songs, all of the press and everything they were doing, they kind of looked at each other and they said, it looks like we have to be peaceful. I mean, it just zoomed back in into a state of mind, into taking responsibility for a state of mind, even with all of the layers of that. And so I really feel like that's what we're zooming into here, and that's really the purpose of this whole retreat is going in so deeply that you start to take full responsibility for your state of mind, absolute responsibility for your state of mind. Any time a projection arises, any time a temptation arises to point the finger, to look at a circumstance, to look at the world, look at the conditions of the world or the circumstances, it's all pulling us inward to just accept full responsibility for that state of mind. And of course, in one sense, that's where relationships are a speed up because the temptation to project can arise in a very strong way in what we would call relationships. I think once you go very, very deep with the journey, you start to encounter extreme rage, extreme anger, extreme pain and hurt, and the interesting thing about it at a certain stage is when you look around, there's nothing in form that even seems to be causing that.  There are the mystics and saints that have gone down, down, down to a certain point when they would like to blame the rocks or the rain, but they see how irrational it is to be blaming the rain for this rage, absolute intense rage. So really, relationships are more of like an inroad because there's so much mirroring that's going on. They just take you in and down faster, and Jesus is saying, your way will be different. A holy relationship is given you. He's really saying the mechanism of relationships is given you to speed up your awakening. He talks about contemplation and meditation, and he says these means will reach the end, but they are tedious and time-consuming, and relationship he offers as an alternative. So it's part of the dismantling. It's part of the fast track, and that's something that we're embracing. That's what we embrace in this seeming community, even though when we say community, it usually conjures up thoughts of group or bodies or location or something like that, and really community is just another metaphor for coming to a state of communion and seeing that everything is mined without exception. There really aren't groups. There never have been individuals or groups. There never has been a collective. That's a word that gets tossed around a lot in spirituality, the collective.  Collective what? Private minds, there is no collective mind. That's just another construct of all these layers of constructs that you move through in just coming to an experience that everything without exception is mind. There's not mind and matter. There's not mind and physicality. Everything is mental. That's why Jesus says all illness is mental illness. Sometimes people read that in the Course and they say, how can that be? All illness is mental illness. It's because there is only the mental. Illness has no other category to fall in.  Think of the most physical thing you can think of and it's mental.  It's true. You should acknowledge it.  I am a mental case. And I've been working on that but I'm actually wanting to get to such a place of allowance and acceptance that I can go, yeah, I'm a mind. I'm a mind. Okay. I'm in the mind of God and I'm happy. Ultimately that's your resting place. You will only rest in mind. There's no rest in this world. There's no rest for the body. You can try to sleep at night but it doesn't bring an end to the mind chatter or to the monkey mind. There is no rest for the monkey mind but in divine mind is the rest. So that's what we want to do tonight through our joining together is to open up together into an experience of mind. It's actually, when I talk about words like joy, the only joy that you'll ever know, the only joy that you'll ever experience is sustained joy. If you have a little bit of joy here and there, that's not it. That's not it. That's why I talk a lot about divine providence, about letting the Holy Spirit do it through you, about getting so immersed in your purpose that you lose track of everything else and you're just gliding in the joy, gliding in the joy. It's like glee, glee, glee, glee, glee. It has to be sustained joy, sustained glee or it's not really glee. It's not really joy. That would make the angels laugh. Oh, I have a little snippet of joy and that's a joke in heaven. How can you have a snippet of joy? Angels don't get that. That's angel humor. It's the same with reverence. Sometimes we talk about reverence. You want to get into such purpose, in such devotion that it's like you get swallowed up in reverence. It's not something that you get every once in a while or have a feeling of and go, ooh, got my attention. It's something you want to be swallowed up in it. You just want to give yourself so fully over to it.  And then what do you need? You need hot water. And the liquid in the drink we'll say is that's the majority of the whole drink. Not the liquid, it's not much of a drink, a little powder or cream or whipped cream or something. What? This is not it. I paid for a drink. The drink is the trust. The only way that that cup fills up is through trust. And we've been talking about that. You have to have trust. It's the key, it's the centerpiece of everything. And then as you get into more of the flavor of the drink, you might say, then you're getting into the nuances. That's where you have the consistent trust and you start to get that feeling of joy. And then at times you start to feel more and more of that deep reverence. You know, the spices start to come in and the whipped cream or the toppings, the cherry, whatever you have on, it just gets better and better as your Starbucks drink just keeps starting building and building and building, you know, to the full thing. And that's what we're here to do. We're here to give ourselves so completely over to the spirit that we start to feel the fullness of that experience. It's not a glimmer, glimmer, glimmer, glimmer. It's just the fullness, the richness of that experience. So I've been talking a lot over the last week about extension, the joy of extension. Inspirations start to come to mind. Inspirations start to come in. Oh, yeah. It's like there's something moving inside there that just wants to burst through. It wants to shine and share and burst forth and that's what extension is.  You want to have that bursting feeling because that's what's going to carry you. It's not going to be like another task. Like, okay. I'm supposed to extend. Okay. What do I do? You know, you want to feel the feeling spilling over in your heart so that it's like you're carried and the extension comes through you in more of an involuntary way instead of you trying to work up into it. Like you're going to work up, work up to it, work up to it. You want it to just flow through you. So I think that's something we can talk a bit about tonight, that extension. Because it's something that is coming. You can feel it coming more and more and we have lots of opportunities to practice extending with our brothers and sisters and there's lots of ways that the Spirit gives us to practice this extending, but we want to master it. We want mastery through love. We want the love gushing through us to wash away every other vestige of anything else that there could ever be.


Evidence is so strong that once this liberalization took root and countries began to own it, growth rate is significantly higher actually in the mid-1990s onwards period. You can really engineer faster growth. Growth in the range of 8-9% a year as some of the most successful countries were able to do. And then there is no way forwards are left behind. Trade by itself is not sufficient. But it is perhaps the most important necessary condition. Once you begin to open and feel committed to opening the economy to trade, you are also going to do other policy reforms systematically. If domestic policies are incredibly constraining like India had all this license, investment licensing, all sorts of rigidities in the labor markets, rigidities in the land markets, then also the impact of the policies will not be realized. Welcome to a discussion series on free trade and liberalization. As part of the 1991 project, I am Shruti Rajagopalan and in this conversation, I am going to be talking trade with Arvind Panagaria.


Hello everyone, I'm Sanjay Gupta. I welcome you on Sanjay Gupta Tech School. So this is day nine of this C and C++ coding boot camp. And in today's session, I will be discussing about switch selection statement. And I will be giving you some demonstration, like how you can implement it actually in C programming. And the switch selection statement is basically used in different programming languages like C++, Java, Apex. So this is important to know like how this switch is working in C programming so that in different programming languages also you can leverage this. Okay, so I just welcome everybody, those who are watching this session live and I welcome to those as well who will be watching the recording. So I see like lots of people are seeing the recording as well because due to some time constraint, they are not able to make it to watch sessions live. So I'm happy like people are watching recordings as well. So this is about me. If you are for the first time on this channel, Sanjay Gupta Tech School, and if you don't know about Sanjay Gupta, so you can just go through with this slide. So you will be able to know about me. So on this YouTube channel, major content I delivered, but now I'm collaborating with other creators as well, other instructors as well. So they are also delivering some content. So we have one more bootcamp which is related to Appian. So one of my friend instructor is delivering that content, right? So we are doing a lot for you and be consistent because consistency is the key. So if you want to make your career in IT or like Salesforce ecosystem or any other technology that is related to IT, so you need to do consistent learning and do regular practice so that you can learn things and join this telegram group which is specifically for C and C++ coders. So if you see any kind of challenge, you can ask your query in this telegram group so that I or any other folk who is part of that group, they will be answering your query. So do follow Sanjay Gupta Tech School on YouTube, LinkedIn, Instagram and Telegram. And important links are available in the video's description. And nowadays like giveaway is going on my telegram channel. So if you follow that, so you can win exciting prizes through that giveaway event. So that is happening every week and different, different things I am sharing with the top 50 folks, those who are winning the quizzes. Okay, so with this note, let's jump on to the switch selection statement directly. So first I will be explaining you how, like how we can write this and what it is actually. And then we will be implementing a couple of programs in C. So basically a switch statement is used to select one option from many cases. So prior to switch, we also saw how we can implement if else condition. So in if else condition, basically what happens, you provide some condition if it is true. So true part is executed, if it is false, so else part will be executed. But in switch, you can have any number of options or cases and basis on the like selection, whatever option you are selecting, a basis on that particular case will be executed automatically. So if you want to implement manual driven programming where lots of options are available and you want to select one option. So for that, you can do programming with the help of switch. So sometimes switch is better than conditional statements if you have many choices. So for example, if you talk on mobile customer case center, so they ask lots of options like for one, for this press one, for this press two, for this press three. So they have lots of options. So these kind of problems we can implement with the help of switch in C programming. Then in ATM or menu of any hostel or restaurant, phone, a menu. So if you want to configure them like basis on the choices. So in the back end, if you implement any programming language, so for that, you can implement switch statement properly. Okay, so this is the syntax of switch. So we need to understand the syntax properly if you want to implement it in C programming. So basically you need to write a keyword that is switch. Then inside parenthesis, you will be writing integer expression, right? So it should be always integer expression. Float is not supported here. Then that integer expression will be matched with constant one, constant two, and so on. So if that integer expression matches with any of the constant, so that particular case will be executed. And you can see in each case, we have the statements. So whatever statements you will be writing, those will be executed. And after each case, you need to write a break keyword. So if you don't write break keyword, so whatever case matches, so including that case, all the followed case will also be executed. So if you want to execute only one case that is matching with that integer expression, so after each case, you need to write a break keyword so that switch will stop there only. And at the bottom, you can see we have default keyword. So if your integer expression is not matching with any of the case, so in that case, default block will be executed. And in default, you can write any number of statements and those will be executed automatically. So this is the syntax that we are going to implement. Before implementing real-time examples, let's take a look on this. So it is the explanation of the syntax that we saw earlier. So basically in that syntax, we have total four keywords. So first is switch, second is case, third is default and fourth is break. So these four are keywords that we used in previous syntax. So if we go back, so here you can see in this syntax, we have switch, case, break and default. So these are basically keywords. Then always use integer or character constants with case keyword. So if I go back, so here we need to define constants, constant one, constant two. So these can be integer or character. So basically float or real values doesn't work with switch or you can say switch doesn't support those values if we talk about constant or expressions, right? But here when you are writing statements, so in these statement calculation, you can use float. So Mamta is asking, can we use string instead of integer? So no, you can use only two things. One is integer or another is character. Character means the character which is enclosed in single quotes. Strings are basically enclosed in double quotes so you cannot use them. Then break, I already explained break is used to terminate execution of the switch statement. Then default is executed when integer expression does not match with any case constant. So this also I already explained with the syntax and break and default both are option, both are optional in switch statement, right? If you don't write break and default, so your syntax will be appropriate. It won't be giving you any error. But if you don't use break, so there may be chances, unnecessary cases are executing. And if you don't write default and if any of the cases not matching, so nothing will happen, right? So that's why if you write these two, so that will be helpful. So now, we discussed about the syntax now. I'm going to implement first program for you. So we need to write a program to implement simple calculator, right? So I will be giving three, four options like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and from those options, anyone will be executed, right? So I'm going to implement this code here. So I'm removing extra statements. Okay, so now here I will be implementing the code. So first of all, I am creating some variables. So num1, num2, then a variable result and then ch for choice. So here we need to write printf. So I will be writing printf. So here I'm writing one for addition. Then one more printf. So here I'm writing two for subtraction. So I'm giving the choices. So through printf, all these choices will show up on UI. Three for multiplication and four is for division, right? So we are just creating simple calculation related stuff. So if you have two values, you can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication or division and that too, basis on your choice. So now what I'm going to do, here I'm going to write one more printf which will show enter your choice. So whatever choice you want to perform that you need to enter. So here I'm writing scanf, percent d and then m percent ch. So whatever choice you are writing, like one, two, three, four or any other value other than one, two, three, four. So that will be stored in this ch variable. Now after that, what we need to do, we need to receive two values as well from the user. So you will be writing enter two numbers because we showed all the choices. We received user choice, but we don't have values on which we will be applying the calculation. So for that, what we need to do, we need to receive two values. So enter two numbers and those two numbers, we are going to store in num one and in num two. So first number will be stored in num one and second number will be stored in num two, right? And we have percent d here. So first number will store into num one. Second number will go to num two and percent d because all the variables are of type integer. So this way we need to show the choices. We are reading the choice. We are reading the numbers on which we need to apply the logic. Now here we need to apply switch and inside switch we are going to pass ch. So this ch will be your integer expression. ch will be treated as integer expression and here we are going to implement the case. So case one, one is basically a constant value. So ch will be receiving either one or two or three or four. So if value of ch is matching with case one, right? So what we need to do? We need to perform addition operation. So I can write result equals to num one plus num two. Okay, and then after calculation I'm going to show the result. So sum equals to percent d and then result. So this way this sum equals to will display as is. Percent d will be replaced with the value of this result variable, right? And if you want to terminate your case execution. So after completion of after writing all the statements you can just write a break keyword so that your switch will be terminated, right? So this way I just implemented a case for you. Now we need to implement total four cases. One for addition, one for subtraction, one for multiplication and one for division. So what I'm going to do? I'm just going to copy and paste it. So it will be case two. And here I'm writing num one minus num two. So subtraction will be calculated. So here I'm writing subtraction, right? So this way case two is implemented. Again, I just pasted it. So I'm going to implement case three. So case three is for multiplication. So here you can see num one multiplied num two. So this way multiplication is calculated. So here I can write multiplication. So multiplication will show up as a result. And we need to write case four. So case four is for division. So num one upon num two. And here I need to write division, right? So this way total four cases I have implemented. So if I go above, so first we created all the variables. Then we showed all the choices. We are going to receive the choice. Then we are going to receive two numbers on which we are going to apply the operations. Then we implemented switch and different cases. Now last is default. If any of the case is not matching, so you can write default. And here you can write you have entered wrong choice. Okay, so this way, this switch is implemented. Now we just need to close this main. So main is already closed. So this way all the statements are written. So I hope you understood how I implemented this code with the help of switch. Now after implementation, you just need to click on run so that it will start its execution. So here you can see at the bottom results are available. So it is showing one for addition, two for subtraction, three for multiplication, four for division. So I'm entering one as choice. Now it is asking for two numbers. I'm entering 10 and 20. And you can see it is showing sum equals to 30. So this way whatever code I implemented, it is working fine for first case. Now I'm going to run it again so that I can show you subtraction. So this time I'm going to enter choice as two and numbers I'm entering as 10 and five. And you will see subtraction equals to five. So basis on the choice, it is showing the result. Okay, so one more time I'm going to run this code and this time I'm going to enter choice as five. And it is asking two numbers, but it will show you have entered wrong choice because number five is not available. We have choices from one to four. So this way, like if you have different options and you want to apply switch, so this can be applied in this way. So those who are watching live, if you have any doubt, you can ask that in the chat. So I would be happy to answer your query. So meanwhile, if you have any doubt, you are writing in the chat. So I'm going to show you another problem which is write a program to read two numbers and an arithmetic operator and perform the specific task using switch. So what we need to do, instead of showing these as an option, so what I'm going to do, I'm commenting these, right? And here what we can do, we can read arithmetic operator. So enter arithmetic operator and operators are of type character. So here I'm using care and percent C. So whatever arithmetic character I will be entering, it will go into CH. Two numbers will go into num one, num two and here we are applying CH. So this time what I need to do, I need to write it like this. In single quotes, I will be writing plus. So if you have character entered and that character you want to use as a switch option. So CH we are using as switch in these expressions. So basically it will be checked like this. So plus, minus, then we have multiplication sign. Then we have division sign, right? So this way you will be modifying this. And here you can write you have entered wrong operator. So rest of the code will remain same. A few things I have changed. So I hope you have noticed whatever I have changed. So one more time I'm going to show you what I changed. So here I just created two types of variables integer and character. Then here I just commented all these four lines and then the sprint f and scan f will be receiving an arithmetic operator. It can be plus, minus, multiply or divide. If you want to include modulus, so in that case you need to implement one more case here for modulus, right? So it depends on how much options you want to provide to your user, okay? So this way this code is implemented. So most of the logic is same. I just modified it so that we can receive an operator and basis on that it starts its execution. So again I'm clicking on run. So you can see it is asking for arithmetic operator. So I'm entering plus. Now it is asking for two numbers. So I entered 10 and 20 and you can see it is showing some equals to 30. So this way also your code is working fine. So this way I hope you understood how we can use integer as well as character as constant and as the switch parameter. So we can use either integer or we can use characters for the calculation, okay? So I hope with this way you are able to understand the logic whatever I have implemented here.  So whenever you get time, so you can also implement these examples at your own so that you will become expert in this topic. And we have one more problem that says write a program to read a number and perform one of the following operation. So we need to check whether entered number is even or odd or we need to check whether entered number is positive negative or zero. So now what we need to do while implementing switch, we need to implement if else conditions as well. So everybody please understand whenever you are trying to implement switch. So inside case you can implement conditional statements. Those are if else or nested if or else if letter, right? So any without any problem, you can implement those features inside switch. So now I'm going to show you how we can implement solution for this problem, okay?  So I'm going to solve this problem number three. First and second problem I already solved for you. So coming here, I'm removing all the code, okay? So we need to read a number. So I'm creating a variable num. So only one number is required for even odd or for positive negative zero. So we need only one variable and one variable we need for choice. Now I'm going to show different choices. One for check even or odd. So even or odd both collectively are one option. So don't think even or odd, they are two options. So this is one option. Either number will be even or it will be odd, right? But it is one option. Then we have another option which will be checking positive negative or zero. Then you can ask enter your choice and then scan of percent D and ampersand CH. So basically we are showing two options. Either you want to check whether a number is even or odd or you want to check whether a number is positive negative or zero. So there are two options. And here I need to write two because it is second option and user will be entering either one or two or any other number. So that choice will be available into the CH variable. Now we need to receive that number as well. So I'm going to receive a number on which we need to apply these conditions. Okay, so something is wrong here. Yeah, now it is correct. So with this printf scanf, I will be able to enter a number and that number will be stored in this num variable, right? So this way I hope till now, whatever I return, you are able to understand. So these are two printers which will show these two options as is. Then this printf scanf will receive the choice and with the help of this enter a number, we'll be able to enter a number and that number will store into num. Now after this, we need to apply a switch and see it carefully. I will be implementing if else inside switch. So this is important to understand how we can merge two features together. So switch and here I'm writing CH. Now inside this switch, I will be implementing the cases. So case one says even or odd. So here I'm writing if num modulus two double equals to zero. If it is true, so here I'm going to display. Number is even else. I'm going to display number is odd. So this way, if you focus on this, so from here switch is starting. So this is switch block and this is case one and inside case one, I implemented even odd logic with the help of if else. So it is possible and it is totally correct. Now after this, I can apply a break. Then I'm going to write case two. So case two will be checking for positive, negative and zero and I showed you two ways to check positive, negative and zero. So we can check it through else if ladder. We can check it through nested if. So here you need to use any one from them. You don't need to write both the ways. You just need to write only one way. So I'm writing if num is greater than zero. So I can write number is positive. Else if number is less than zero. So here I can write number is negative. So I'm using else if letter. If you want to use nested if that is also fine. And in last, I can write print f number is zero. Write and then break. And then you can write default and inside default you can write. You have entered wrong choice. Okay, so this way the whole code is implemented. So first of all, we need to create variables. Then we are going to show the choices. Then we are going to read the choice. Then we are going to read the number on which we need to apply operations. Then switch case one, then switch case two and then default and both the cases are having if else logic implemented, right? So this way we can implement it completely. Now it would be interesting to show to see how it will be executing in actual. So I'm clicking on run. I will be running both the cases. So here you can see it is asking for choice. So I'm entering one. Then it is asking a number. So I'm entering 39 and I'm entering. I'm pressing enter key. So it is showing number is odd. So as per our choice, even our odd is checking. If I run this code again, this time I'm entering two and number I'm entering as minus four, five. So you can see it is showing number is negative. So as per the choice, particular case is executing and particular case is also checking whether number is like even or odd or number is positive, negative or zero. So this way in actual in C programming you can implement switch case statement. So I hope with the help of this demonstration it is more of relatable and fruitful for you to understand how we can actually implement switch case in C programming. And in other programming languages like in C++ it is same in Java also it is same but little bit advancement is there. In Apex also little bit advancement is there. So now you got the basic idea like how we can implement switch. So whenever you are going to learn any other programming language. So you will be having an idea like how switch is actually implemented and basis on that in that programming language whatever way it is being used. So you just need to focus on the syntax. Overall working style will be same, right? So as per the syntax you need to implement switch in that particular programming language. So the idea is like if you are a BTEC beginner you should know how switch is implemented in C programming. If you are non-tech folk and you want to know like what is switch. So I hope with this session you are able to understand the working of switch statement properly, right? So if you have any doubt you can ask in the chat because this is it what I prepared for you for today. And in upcoming sessions so next session will be happening after two days because we have new bootcamp in place. So every week I will be having two to three sessions for C and C++ and two sessions will be having for Appian. So this way we'll try to balance it out. And if you are able to join live so that is good enough. If you are not able to so you can just watch the recording so that you can strengthen your coding skills. And I'm delivering everything totally free of cost. So you just need to watch the sessions understand the concept whatever examples I'm implementing you can implement that at your own. And I will be updating the exercise sheet. So from there also you can pick some of the examples and you can practice, right? So this is it for today. If you have any question you can post in the chat otherwise I take your leave and see you in the next session I will notify in our telegram channel like when next session will be happening. So you can join accordingly. Okay, so I don't see any question. I think it was very easy topic and thank you Mamta for appreciating my efforts. So this actually boost my energy so your words of appreciations are very much important for me. So do provide some reviews or feedback whatever I'm doing for the community, right? So thank you so much for joining this session. See you in the next session and next topic will be loop so it will be very much important. So don't miss those sessions because looping is very much important if you are a beginner in the programming or if you want to learn any other programming language. So you need to understand how actually loop works. So I will be discussing that in our upcoming session. So thank you so much for joining today's session. See you in the next session. Thank you, bye.


What's up everyone, Takedown here. Welcome back to another video today. I'm gonna be sharing with you what to do if your PlayStation 5 controller Will not connect to your PlayStation 5. Let's get right into this So this easy fix is just like I did before in the past for the PlayStation 4 Controller not connecting to the PlayStation 4. It is basically the same exact steps And it is super easy and most of these most of the time these steps do work for most people So I recommend checking these out first before you go and purchase a new ps5 controller because that will cost you money Most of these if not all of these won't cost you anything So let's just get started The first thing you're gonna want to do if your ps5 controller won't connect to your ps5 is to connect the controller to the PS5 using the cable that came with your ps5 and then press the PlayStation button This should let you use the controller Then if it does you're gonna want to disconnect the cable and it should continue to use Continue to connect via Bluetooth if it doesn't work anymore You're gonna want to check the next step, which is to use a different USB type C cable Now sometimes the cables are really cheap. They can become damaged But if you use a different one, you're gonna want to use one that's not only good for charging but also transferring data That's the one you need to be able to use for the PlayStation 5 controller I'm not sure why I thought the charging only one will work But it's recommended that use one that can also transfer data as well So if you try a new cable and that works with the new cable whenever you disconnect it It stays connected to your system via Bluetooth your problem is solved if it still doesn't work move on to the next step The next step is to simply check the USB port on the ps5 and the type C port on your controller You're basically looking for any type of damage or anything. That's out of the ordinary and for certain Circumstances, which normally the ps5 is new so I wouldn't include it some people neglect their systems Unfortunately, and some people don't have it in a clean environment and there can be dirt and other things that are built up Into these ports, you're gonna want to clean it Make sure there's no damage make sure everything's okay if it is move on to the last step And the last step for an easy and quick fix to connect your ps4 to your PlayStation 5 If you're having a problem doing so is to simply unsink the ps5 controller from the ps5 to do this You're gonna want to connect the controller to the ps5 Using the cable if that does work for you and it does work while it's wired You're then gonna want to go under devices and you're gonna want to unsink the ps5 controller Then you're gonna want to connect the cable once again And you're gonna try it again as if it's a new ps5 controller You're gonna connect the cable to it. You're gonna press the ps button and hopefully that does work And it does connect via Bluetooth then when you unhook the cable It should stay connected once again if it doesn't there could be something internally with the PlayStation 5 controller It could be one of the little cables either the Wi-Fi or the Bluetooth cable That is for whatever reason disconnected and you either have to open up the controller or Possibly purchase a new controller if you don't know and you're unsafe Or if you're unsure how to open up the controller and you don't want to do it if you're not tech savvy I recommend taking it somewhere that can open it up See if there's an issue before going and spending so much money on a brand new controller But these for the most part will work for most people the easy fixes I talked about in this video So recommend checking these first before advancing to taking it somebody for repairs or buying a new controller Because that will cost you a lot more money than checking these easy fixes would so hope this has helped you fix your PlayStation 5 Controller if it did please leave a like but also if it didn't Realize that these easy fixes don't work for everybody. This isn't a scam I'm not trying to scam you and get views these fixes work for a lot of people the comments will show that But again, it does not work for everybody if you haven't a bigger problem than what I can fix with an easy fix It obviously won't work for you, but I hope you guys didn't like this video But I hope you guys enjoyed this video. I hope it helped fix your ps5 controller and I'll see you guys in the next one Please take care peace


I guess my question is on the ICOs, we're about to launch an ICO in August, and my question is do you see ICOs as being a disruptor and democratic venture capital, or do you see it as being a bubble fueling greed? Do I have to choose? I mean, obviously it's both. Obviously it's both. There is a certain contingent that is looking at this ICO thing and revealing some of their very, very statist and traditional ideas. Part of the reason we have things like the SEC and securities laws and the restrictions we have on initial public offerings was because, in the beginning, it was a crazy out-of-control bubble. The slogan at the time was protecting widows and orphans. I kid you not, right? And so the regulation would probably be called the Protecting Widows and Orphans Act of we are now in charge, pay us, right? Regulations are the old way of dealing with things. People see this ICO bubble, and it will have negative consequences. And people will malinvest, and people will get burned, and people will run away with the money invested, and it's a bit wild out there. And yet it's created an opportunity to do something that's never been done before, which is bridge the gap between early-stage organic financing and stock market public offerings, which is a pretty big gap. And in that gap, it's now created the opportunity for companies to fundraise from a completely global audience at enormous velocity. That will create a very new environment for fundraising. It will create some spectacular successes and some spectacular failures. And so what's the answer to that? Do we go, great, let's regulate this. Let's put rules in place. Let's create oversight and apply the securities laws. That's the old way of doing things. We have programmable money. What can we do with programmable money that's different, that's new, that's decentralized, that allows us to reimagine funding and fundraising with protections driven by crowdsourcing? If the crowd is funding, the crowd should be vetting. We can do new things. We can create escrow structures. We can create protections within the programmable money infrastructure. So this is an opportunity.  Here's the other thing you should pay attention to. Banking is not the primary incumbent that is being disrupted by this stuff. Regulators are the primary incumbent that is being disrupted by this stuff. This is not just saying we don't need banking anymore. Primary is saying we don't need institutional oversight anymore. We don't need central banking. A lot of people don't like that idea. Sounds wild. Yes, it is. If you don't invent some new ways of doing things better. I think we can. Now we're going to see a lot of funding, and part of that is going to create these big bubbles that are going to burst, and re-inflate, and burst, and re-inflate, and every time they're going to be bigger and bigger. In that people are going to be burned, lessons are going to be learned, and people are going to build solutions because it will become profitable to build good solutions that are decentralized and give us consumer protection. Fascinating stuff. I can't wait to see it. In the meantime, I'm not going to be investing in most of these. Like 99.999% of these ICOs. Why? Because I don't invest in a minimally viable white paper. The new standard for startups. Peter Todd actually went one further and said, We don't even need that. Here's a minimally viable tweet for an ICO. This is my Bitcoin address. Fund me to get nothing in return. Guaranteed. People sent him money. Awesome. We're redefining entrepreneurial capitalism. We're redefining corporations. We're redefining securities. We're redefining fundraising. We're redefining stock markets. We're redefining everything financial and the regulatory system around it. Hang on. It's going to be interesting. Thank you all so much for coming.


The five educators honored for their long and exemplary service to the island's education system included Althea Ernest, Simonyo Jabatis, and Sabina Ale, who retired as principals, as well as Martha Foster Donalian and the Gabriel John St. Paul, who were once principals but retired as district education officers. Fellow educators, government officials, and other invited guests joined in the celebration in thanking and recognizing the five women for their contribution to the classroom and to education in general at various levels. President of the National Principals Association Valry St. Helen Henry told retirees that their service rendered through the years is valued and that their hard work and dedication to the education system will not end with retirement since they will continue to remain active members of the NPA. NPA St. Lucia wishes the retirees good health during this new chapter. Good luck in their new endeavors and great success in new projects as you retire. You will always be remembered for your accomplishment and contributions at your respective schools and districts. Thank you for your years of hard work and dedication to this profession and to our country. Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Education, Senator Honorable Dr. Pauline Antoine Prosper expressed the ministry's gratitude for the service rendered by the retirees and the impact their contribution has had on the education sector. Dr. Prosper, who is a retired principal and district education officer, encouraged retirees to allow the amazing memories garnered through the years to surpass the pitfalls and difficulties experienced along the way. You have indeed positively impacted the lives of thousands of our youth, notwithstanding the myriad of challenges along the way. Tonight, we celebrate your achievements and express our profound appreciation for your long, dedicated service, your commitment, and your great strength and courage during those years in the education system. Acting Deputy Chief Education Officer, Jeannette George, while extending the appreciation of the school and instruction management section of the ministry lamented the exit of many teachers from the profession, not just in St. Lucia but across the globe. Globally, statistics show that 44% of teachers leave the profession within the first five years, but these people on average spend more than 30 years in the profession. Can you imagine the wealth of knowledge, good practices, advice, and stories these retirees could bestow on us? Collectively, the five retirees have contributed a total of 193 years of service from the classroom as teachers to the management of schools and instruction on the island. From the communications unit of the Ministry of Education, Sustainable Development, Innovation, Science, Technology, and Vocational Training, I am Chris Satney, reporting.