In the previous lecture, we have been looking at the importance of sonochemistry in material synthesis and we title this previous lecture as unusual form of energy in synthesis. So, I will just try to quickly recap where we stopped in the previous lecture and then continue from there on. We have shown this flow chart where the power of sonochemistry can be manifested where if you start with a carbonyl or a nitrocyl metal salt. So, M can be anything and if you have metal attached to carbonyl moiety or nitrocyl moiety, it is much easier to cleave the organic part by ultrasound and thereby you can stabilize nanoparticles of any metal and these nanoparticles are very reactive and sensitive to atmosphere. Therefore, you can stabilize it as a colloidal form, you can use sulfur source to convert it into sulphide, you can use hydrocarbon to stabilize the nano phase of these alloys or metals, you can use oxygen to convert it into respective oxides and also you can trap this in inorganic support like alumina, titanium and so on to create a set of metal catalyst. In all these cases, the corresponding n products are extremely reactive because of the nano sized metal particles that we can get out of this. One of the main reason that sonochemistry is still being used is because the starting materials are very attractive. So, when you actually have metal is attached to carbonyl groups, all that the sonochemistry can do is just break this bonds. So, when you break the bonds finally, you end up with the metal nanoparticle and this carbon monoxide groups or carbonyl groups usually go out as carbon dioxide or as carbon monoxide in the presence of a carrier gas. So, the n product is actually free from any further chemical contamination therefore, you can really rely on using the metal particles as such without any sort of washing or other serious protocols. So, this is one of the main reason why we resort to sonochemistry for getting real ultra powders and another way that we can ascertain that these powders are really nano is when you expose it to air, they decompose immediately into corresponding oxide indicating that they are very reactive powders. Now, in the previous lecture we looked at one of the examples of the cobalt platinum alloy and how this alloy affects both the amorphous property as well as crystalline property. Today's lecture I would like to concentrate little bit on iron platinum alloys as I have titled it here the amorphous alloys of iron platinum when they are prepared sonochemically they actually turn magnetic. What is unusual here in the iron platinum phase diagram which we will see shortly, there are regions where when platinum is doped across the series there are some limiting compositions where the alloy turns non-magnetic. So, when there is a magnetic non-magnetic phase usually the properties would vary but what we see in amorphous alloys of iron platinum irrespective of the composition of platinum everything is turning magnetic and this is one of the view graph which shows that amorphous alloys are turning magnetic and the T c seems to be somewhere around 240 Kelvin. How does the iron platinum alloy look? You can see from this TEM view graph that almost all the particles are mono size and of the order of 1 to 3 nanometers. This is very difficult because usually when we generate such nano phase alloys you end up with agglomeration and as a result to stabilize these sort of alloys usually we resort to some stabilizing agents or surfactants. But what we see here is that even without surfactants you can clearly isolate such alloys and one fascinating feature is throughout the TEM samples we keep observing this set of self assembled pattern of iron platinum alloys and they are held together in some sort of form but nevertheless they seem to have almost a mono size when prepared. Now if you look at the x-ray diffraction pattern you can see here they show not absolutely amorphous but with more and more of platinum there seems to be some crystallization process that is happening but without platinum you can see that this is a typical amorphous phase as seen from the x-ray diffraction pattern and you can see this prominent peaks are emerging out due to platinum as you increase the ratio to 40 percent of platinum. Now if you look at this equilibrium phase diagram which was proposed by Masalki and coworkers and this is available in the binary alloyed phase diagrams published by ASM international. Now if you see here there is a region up to 15 percent or so you can see that in this region the alloy is actually non magnetic and there is a region here where alloy is non magnetic and there is also a region here where alloy is non magnetic and there is another region where alloy turns non magnetic. So there is a transformation from ferromagnetic to non magnetic ferromagnetic to non magnetic so if one can prepare across the series the alloys we can look at the magnetic property and see whether it is really resembling that of the equilibrium phase diagram. So in the next slide we can see here this is what happens when you heat this iron platinum nano alloy as you would see in the previous slide that it is amorphous but once you heat it to 900 degree C you can clearly see the FCC pattern stabilizing. So this is a FCC iron platinum alloy that is formed as you know when you heat it to high temperature iron is actually transforming to alpha iron phase or alpha iron which is which resembles a BCC phase but even at high temperature we are able to stabilize FCC iron and this is because of the not only the effect of platinum but also it is the effect of sonochemistry because even for undoped one we are able to stabilize FCC pattern. So the formation of metastable phase is one of the real trump cards of sonochemistry mainly because you are able to get the as prepared powder which is amorphous in nature. Now if you carefully look at the VSM data or the magnetism M versus T plot here we in the y axis we have plot plot at the magnetization and in the x axis we have a temperature sweep. So if you actually do this both in ZFC as well as FC this is the zero field cooled curve and this is the field cooled curve and as you see here the blocking temperature is somewhere here which means there are lot of anti ferromagnetic interactions. So if you do not cool your sample in magnetic field then you see this sort of anti ferromagnetic interactions maneuvering the ferromagnetic ordering but if you cool the sample in the field which is called a field cooled then you can see here that it is turning ferromagnetic and this is not there only for axis equal to 10 you also see the same trend for axis equal to 20, 30 and 40. So irrespective of any composition you see iron, platinum, amorphous alloys are magnetic across the doping concentration. If you quickly remember the equilibrium phase diagram that we saw these two regions are supposed to be magnetic according to the phase diagram whereas these two are not supposed to be magnetic but irrespective of that in amorphous phase all the compositions are turning magnetic whereas if you look at the crystalline phase which is the 900 degree sintered samples when you do the m versus t curve you can clearly see that the x is equal to 10 and x is equal to 40 they are immediately turning non-magnetic. So this is according to the equilibrium phase diagram whereas in this case we see it is against the prediction of the equilibrium phase diagram. So what we can say that although in bulk the compositions are known to show order disorder transformations leading to magnetic and non-magnetic phases in amorphous form the interactions are totally different as a result you get magnetic phases throughout the entire doping concentration of platinum. This is one of their fascination of studying nano particles because in when the band gap is altered when we try to play with the finite size effects then you can clearly manipulate or bring a drastic change in the magnetic property and the same is true if you try to do rho versus t plot that is the conductivity plot in case of amorphous alloys in case of amorphous alloys as you can see all the compounds are showing same metallicity and it is very clear they show a periodic metallic transformation whereas the crystalline phases those which are magnetic namely x is equal to 10 and 40 which is magnetic in amorphous form they are non-magnetic in crystalline form therefore they show a different resistivity pattern compared to x is equal to 20 and 30 which is magnetic according to the phase diagram and as you would see here in this rho versus t plot it is linearly decreasing whereas in the case of the true magnetic phases you can see there is a small change in the slope specially in the place where there is a t c as you would see here I just want to point out because the t c is somewhere here as a result you would see a small inflection here going hand in hand so the magnetic phases show a different rho versus t behavior compared to the amorphous pattern. So these are the surprises that we can see and also if you correspondingly take these compounds amorphous and crystalline compounds and if you can make a solid you sinter it below the crystallization temperature as I showed for cobalt platinum you have to do the d ac curve and below that crystallization temperature if you can sinter the compact and if you can do magneto resistance studies magneto resistance studies this is for the amorphous pattern or for the amorphous sample you can see in amorphous sample almost all the samples show this sort of a m r behavior meaning the resistance is maximum but as you sweep the field the resistance drops down. So even though the magneto resistance ratio is feeble not of a very high order but you can see in all cases it is turning that way whereas in the crystalline phases in the crystalline compounds you can clearly see the non magnetic phases do not show any magneto resistance whereas the 20 and 30 percent which shows a magnetic transition they respond nicely and they show magneto resistance behavior. So this is going hand in hand only compositions that are ferromagnetic show considerable magneto resistance at T c. So this is a confirmation that there is definitely influence of the size effect when we study the magnetism and electronic property and you see a systematic change when you go from amorphous alloys to crystalline alloys therefore as we title in the earlier slide truly iron platinum nano alloys have the potential to turn magnetic against the equilibrium phase diagram predictions mainly because of the influence of sonochemistry. So therefore we can even go one step further to sort of propose a new phase diagram for amorphous alloys. So in crystalline alloy this is a paramagnetic metal this is in this phase it is a ferromagnetic metal in this phase it is a paramagnetic metal but in our study we can show that the entire region from 10 to 40 is actually turning ferromagnetic metal. This is the beauty of studying the amorphous phase and we can even go one step further to say this is the first observation of ferromagnetism in alloy compositions which are turning magnetic which is predicted to be non-magnetic ferromagnetism is actually stabilized by short range ordering and weak exchange coupling and the propose phase diagram for the amorphous and platinum nano alloys entirely different from the crystalline and platinum phase. Now to give you another variation and to stress the beauty of sonochemical approach I am going to show you one example of how complex metal chalcoginates can be formed. For example if you take Fe Cr2 S4 this is a chalcoginate this is crystallizing in a spinal phase and this is a typical representation of spinal where in a cube there are 8 octans and each one has a specific metal to oxygen ratio and distribution and iron occupies all the tetrahedral holes as Fe2 plus and the chromium occupies all the octahedral holes as chromium 3 plus and the close packing is actually done by sulphur atoms therefore in a cubic close packed sulphur close packing of this chalcoginates you actually have the chromium occupying the octahedral void and iron occupying the Fe2 plus void and as you would see here this is one of the very complex oxides where selectively each of this ions have to go and occupy therefore preparation is a major challenge most of these spinels are prepared about 1200 degree centigrade. Now we can try to see if sonochemistry can be used to prepare this oxide now what is the reason why this became prominent this particular composition was reported by Ramirez and coworkers in US in the year 1997 where they predicted that this particular group of compounds are showing unusual magnetism and unusual electronic property leading to a very large change in magneto-resistance values as you would see here ion chromium sulphide can be formed and they show a typical ferromagnetic loop somewhere around 180 Kelvin and you can see here that this is the magneto-resistance plot for a typical ion chromium sulphide but if you are going to dope 0.5 of copper instead of iron then you are talking about iron copper chromium spina copper chromium spinal so in a solid solution containing equi-atomic ratio of iron and chromium in the spinal you can see from 180 Kelvin the T C is actually pushed above room temperature so in that case it becomes a very good candidate for magneto-resistance effect now typically you can see there is a colossal change in the resistance in this particular composition therefore this was reported to be a very good C M R colossal magneto-resistive compound and also because it shows T C above room temperature this can be thought or explored for commercial applications. Now having this as a motivation if you try to attempt preparing this iron copper chromium spina sulphide spinal using sonochemistry this is the protocol that one would follow you can take chromium hexacarbonyl in decane iron pentacarbonyl in decane and copper acetate because copper does not have a copper carbonyl compound therefore you take this and you try to dissolve it in deoxygenated solution of water where you try to bubble this with argon or nitrogen and saturate the water and then you dissolve copper acetate then you can take ethylene diamine with the sulphur powder and if we can sonicate it for 6 hours in argon flow we can expect some sort of a black residue and incidentally that happens to be that of iron copper chromium sulphide. So this is the protocol that we follow we do not just mix everything together first we take copper chromium carbonyl sonicate for 3 hours then you get a black solution which will be like this and then this chromium is now added to iron pentacarbonyl then you get the iron copper chromium sulphide and then because this is amorphous you try to heat this at 900 degree C and one would see a very clear evolution of this chalcogenate coming from a simple protocol of sonochemistry. So you can see you play around with a variety of compositions of iron copper in this spinal and what we have found here is for a optimum concentration of 0.6, 0.4 you can get the T C to be around a 200 and then that also shows a typical metal to insulator transition going with the T C therefore one can easily prepare such oxides. And what is fascinating is if you try to take the 30, 70 composition of iron copper then you see the transition to be to come somewhere above room temperature actually if you do the row versus resistance versus temperature plot you would see a typical graph like this but if you try to blow up this area you can clearly see that there is a metal insulated to metal transition that is happening which is going with the magnetic property. So in such case if you take the this particular composition and try to measure the resistance both at 0 tesla and at 8 tesla you can see that there is a huge drop in resistance of this order which means there is more than above 70 percent of magneto resistance is observed above room temperature for this particular composition this is reporter for the first time in the literature. So this is not actually going with the report of Ramirez in nature because there they have worked on a 50-50 composition but definitely what we find here is that the there could be a inherent sulfur non-stratiometry which can actually induce this sort of huge change in the resistance not only that you see here that when you apply magnetic field then the resistance is higher compared to the resistance at 0 tesla which means the magneto resistance here is not negative but it is positive. So what is reported is a negative magneto resistance but what we see here is a positive magneto resistance at room temperature. Therefore this is also typical of the method that we adopted to prepare this sulphur. So this is reported for the first time it has appeared in general of applied physics in the year year 2008. So I will also take you to another example where we are actually trying to study the electronic conductivity of oxide polymer nano composite. So what is beauty here polypyrrole is a conducting medium and if you can code this polypyrrole which is a good conductor and intrinsically if you can code this nickel ferrite nano particles then you can actually affect the conductivity of this nickel ferrite because nickel ferrite is ferromagnetic it is actually used as a spin injection layer in the magneto resistive device nowadays and nickel ferrite is a insulator. So if you want to see some sort of a magneto resistance effect then one can try to intrinsically code this with polypyrrole. So how can you do that there is a protocol by which one can apply if you take pyrrole and APS and you sonicate it is possible to prepare polypyrrole therefore you take polypyrrole you try to polymerize pyrrole inside to as and when you are trying to generate nickel ferrite. So you are generating two things you are taking the salts of nickel and you are trying to sonicate it by reduction method hideous in method. So as you are generating nickel ferrite you are also trying to inside to polymerize. So both are happening in a single part that is what we have mentioned it here. So you have a polymer support then you have a nickel ferrite spinal which is generated and all in one chamber and in that case the sort of mechanism that we foresee is you get nice nickel ferrite particles and these may be randomly oriented but they are actually embedded or intrinsically coated in a polymeric matrix. So you actually generate a nano composite of this choice and as I have discussed in the last lecture this is the machine that we use in our laboratory and this is the cartoon of the sonochemical cell that we use. Individually if we prepare this spinal ferrite and the polypyrrole we can characterize it before we make a composite out of it and typically the particles are of the order of 20 to 30 nanometer you can see the TM morphology of this nickel ferrite nanoparticles and you can see the SEM of the nanoparticles and they are more like waferic clusters of oxides which are present. And typically you can see the ion oxide stretching frequency which is characterized by this and also the spinal pattern which is emerging from the XRD. So all we can clearly say is that we have a clear proof that we can make a nickel ferrite nanoparticles and similarly we can make a polypyrrole out of sonication take a pyrrole and sonicate it. This is the SEM feature which clearly shows that you can get fine particle polypyrrole either as a very thin film form which can be coated on the sides or you can isolate this as a powder and this will not be crystalline because you can see here it shows a typical XRI amorphous pattern because it is a polymeric unit. Nevertheless the IR shows typical stretching frequencies for polypyrrole. So individually using sonochemistry we can establish the synthesis of both ferrite and the polypyrrole. Now we can go one step further to prepare this composites and as I already discussed with you take pyrrole then nickel ferrite and try to inside to polymerize then you can get this sort of composite and this is typical X-ray graph for the composite. As you would see here Ppy which is the polypyrrole without any loading of nickel ferrite and as you keep loading a nickel ferrite even up to 90 percent of nickel ferrite in polypyrrole you still see a amorphous pattern that is the beauty what does that mean that there is a intricate mix of the pyrrole over every single particle of nickel ferrite as a result you do not see any X-ray pattern for nickel ferrite whereas just the nickel ferrite prepared by sonochemistry gives a clear XRD pattern. So even with 10 percent in other words even with 10 percent of polypyrrole you can surface coat these powders effectively so as to mask the crystallinity. So it is possible to surface coat all these nickel ferrite particles using polypyrrole and in that way you are actually bringing about a conducting media between any two given nickel ferrite particle because the outer cluster coating that is happening due to pyrrole is actually conducting matrix and this is also clearly proved by the IR pattern this is the typical stretching pattern for nickel ferrite and you would see only with 90 percent of nickel ferrite you see this intensity of the peak growing. So this clearly proves that you can intimately coat the nickel ferrite particles with polymer and you can also see that there is typically no change in the morphology for polypyrrole and even 90 percent nickel ferrite which means the morphology of the polypyrrole is retained even for a 90 percent composition whereas nickel ferrite has a different SEM image. In the next slide you can see the X-ray pattern T M pattern of this nickel ferrite this I have already shown the as prepared one and how the ferrite loading alters the particle size of this composite and the magnetic property shows a very clear systematic change with the increasing loading of nickel ferrite you can see the magnetic signal is changing and a very clear loop is seen in the middle and typically indicating these are soft magnets and if one would plot the loading concentration of nickel ferrite as a function of the coercivity one can say that there is a plateau between 50 to 90 percent. So the coercivity does not seem to be largely affected by the coating so although there is a very small variation from 13 to 20 or so the coercivity does not seem to be varying much although the magnetic moment is sufficiently different in the polypyrrole coated nickel ferrite powders and you can also make a plot of the resistivity versus temperature plot showing that they all are magnetic and their ferromagnetic as well as they are conducting only at low temperature you see this upturn in resistance mainly that is coming because of the conduction mechanism therefore if you plot log rho versus T to the power minus half this is typically a model related to Mott's variable range hopping and if you make a plot of this you can see that there is almost a good agreement over the entire range for this particles indicating that there is a 3 D variable range hopping when there is larger doping of nickel ferrite whereas with lean doping of nickel ferrite the gamma value that is the parameter for variable range hopping differs from 1 by 4 to half indicating that it goes through a 1 D tunneling when the loading concentration of nickel ferrite is very less. So we can make a very systematic analysis of how the properties are varying with respect to nickel ferrite loading and we can also try to see whether this has any pronounced effect on magneto resistance we have seen that although magneto resistance is not highly altered yet that seems to be a systematic change for a 50 percent or a 90 percent doping compared to polypureult. So in terms of magnetic influence definitely it does change whereas the magneto resistance does not seem to be much altered with the nickel ferrite loading and one more example that we can think of is using this we can prepare n number of ferrites using a sonar reduction process. So far I told you how we can prepare alloys and how we can trap these alloys and how we can try to make composites with polymer support here is one example where we can use a different variety of chemical processes but coupled with a sonar chemistry therefore we coined this as sonar reduction because this is typically a reduction process where you take a metal salt and try to reduce it with the hydrogen to prepare the corresponding nano metal. And what is interesting is the influence of sonar chemistry on the resulting metal powder seems to be enormous even though you are using a conventional chemical reduction route. So let us take the case of iron or cobalt now this can be reduced into corresponding cobalt or iron powder in sonar chemistry but you do not have to resort to any carbonyl or nitrosyl compounds of iron or cobalt you can take simple metal salts instead of costly carbonyl or nitrosyl starting material and you can reduce it to corresponding metal. Now what will happen suppose I take cobalt and iron and my final aim is to prepare cobalt Fe2O4 which is final. So which means I will take these two salts in the ratio 1 is to 2 and then I will try to reduce it and oxidize this to cobalt Fe2O4. There are interesting things that are happening which we will see in the next slide. So we will see in the next slide how this ferrites can be made as you would see from these two x-ray pattern interesting things happen. Now when you take the cobalt and iron salt and when you try to reduce it instead of passing oxygen if you are going to do this in argon atmosphere and if you are going to change to oxygen or air you can see the corresponding n products are not essentially the oxide. For example, if you bubble it in argon atmosphere the x-ray pattern that you get is peculiar and it is quite different from what we expected as cobalt Fe2O4. So if you carefully look at this pattern this amounts to CO Fe2 which is a ferromagnetic alloy and in the literature there is no way that you can make this alloy using a wet chemistry route. You would always end up with a oxide and the only way that you can prepare such an alloy is by conventional metallurgical route where you can use a crystal growth method or so to grow a CO Fe2 alloy but it has never been reported in the wet chemistry approaches to isolate a cobalt Fe2 alloy of this form with a clear single phase. What is the advantage? If you can prepare such alloys then it is possible for us to make any sort of shapes of these alloys because it is easy to make the samples of any shape with alloy compared to oxide. So if you could make it into a rod or rod shape or a pellet shape then you can correspondingly try to decompose this into the corresponding ferrite. For example, if I now take this alloy and try to heat it in air then what I expect is a spinal ferrite which is nothing but CO Fe2O4. So this is one of the first time that we could ever show that such alloy we are talking about CO Fe2 and this is based on the mole percent of this. So you are actually talking about alloy composition somewhere here which is supposed to be actually BCC but what we are getting is actually a FCC CO Fe2 alloy and this is the first time we have demonstrated that using sonochemistry you can prepare alloy of any nature if you can do this reaction just in argon. So if you instead of taking argon if you directly bubble through either air compressed air or if you can do it in oxygen atmosphere straight away in one shot you can actually get CO Fe2O4. As you would know the conventional solid state method you take COO plus Fe2O3 and when you heat it this can be either COO or CO3O4 for that matter then the corresponding oxide will be CO Fe2O4 if you take in stoichiometric proportion. So this is the conventional way of preparing but for the first time we could observe that cobalt ferrite can be made even using a amorphous alloy as a precursor and you can see here this is the morphology of CO Fe2O4 and this is the morphology of CO Fe2O4 and this is the SEM pattern of the oxide powder that we can prepare and these are the cobalt Fe2 nanoparticles which are prepared and the dimensions of the lattice spacing exactly matches with that of the CO Fe2O4 Fe2 phase therefore we can clearly prove that it is so but from a chemist point of view it is much easier for us to ascertain whether it is really the alloy or the oxide itself. How do we do that? Take the alloy powder that you prepare and try to do TG so usually we are all familiar that TG we always think about weight loss when you heat any sample but if you are actually going to take CO Fe2 and if you are going to heat it in air then you would not expect a weight loss but you should expect a weight gain because it is going from CO Fe2 to CO Fe2O4 therefore it has to be a weight gain and as you can see here interestingly it shows a clear increase in weight and this weight gain say from 100 to 121 exactly corresponds to the weight gain that you would expect out of CO Fe2O4. So just simple TG technique can be used to ascertain what is exactly going on and by this way we have made sure that you are exactly isolating an alloy powder of this form and you can also see corresponding to that is a typical endothermic conversion because there is a weight uptake due to conversion from alloy to oxide so that is clearly seen in the DTA curves and we also see that the formation of the oxide is pronounced due to this typical stretching which observes at 600 centimeter inverse confirming that the oxide formation is indeed correct and we can also clearly distinguish between the alloy and the oxide powder if you take a typical M versus H loop the alloy composition will have more moment compared to the oxide composition so you clearly see the change in the magnetization values between the alloy and the compound and as you see here the change in the coercivity also is there for the alloy as prepared powder if you are going to do a temperature sweep saying that this is truly a ferromagnetic alloy. Now as last example I would like to cover this issue that sonochemistry can be used as a tool for preparation of porous metalloxides and this was actually exploited more by Gedenkin's group for example you think of just technologically important ion oxide or you think of CO 3 O 4 or you can think of tin oxide nickel oxide which is anti ferromagnetic you can prepare any sort of precursors any sort of oxides using corresponding precursors so if you are thinking of Fe 2 O 3 there are protocols by which you can prepare that nicely using ion 3 ethoxide if you want to prepare tin oxide then you can use tin ethoxide. The general protocol that Gedenkin group has followed in preparing complex metal ions or porous metalloxides start with the inorganic precursor like ethoxide as listed here take this with surfactant in ethanol and try to form a gel by adding ammonium hydroxide so it is essentially going to precipitate this is a hydroxide so you get a gel here and gel you try to sonicate it for 3 hours then you get a precipitate from this gel and this precipitate you can centrifuge you can wash and dry under vacuum and then you can get a as prepared compound and this as prepared compound can be either amorphous or it can be crystalline directly indicating that you are getting something so if it is amorphous then you try to calcinate and try to see the porosity of this metalloxides they are indeed porous. Now this can be adopted for several applications because there are several devices where you would like to have a porous metalloxide in such case you follow this sort of a protocol where whenever you do not require a porous metalloxide then you can completely eliminate this protocol and go for a simpler one like the sonar reduction method that I was talking about where you just reduce it and immediately convert it into oxide even without involving a calcination. So that is the beauty because most of the wet chemical roots it involves isolation of a metal oxide and then converting it into a crystalline phase by another protocol involving calcination for long hours or for short time but what we see from sonar chemical approaches you do not even need to prepare to calcinate the compound directly by bubbling it because of the cavitation and because of the high temperature that you can generate locally these compounds which prepare they are not only amorphous in the beginning but they tend to crystallize as you sonicate it for few hours. These are some of the news that is coming which I wanted to highlight that in Israel's nanotech research which was reported this month we found that Gadenkin's group has made another contribution where he has used sonochemistry to develop sterile hospital sheets and ropes and this has been patented and they are trying to look for variety of applications. They have also tried to observe another interesting aspect in the recent past which has come out in the literature a one step synthesis of prolate spheroidal shaped carbon produced by thermolysis of octin under its autogenic pressure. The autogenic pressure is nothing but sonochemistry here but what they found was when they thermalize several of hydrocarbons like octin in this case they found that typically this particular prolate spheroidal shape of carbon they are able to isolate and this seems to be critical characteristic of sonicating any hydrocarbon in using ultrasound and there is a lot of interesting applications that are forcing for this set of compounds. So, several things are happening it is not just merely preparing oxides or alloys of different kind but several other applications can be envisaged and worked out using sonochemistry. I will also touch upon one more interesting application which I have not covered in general under the title of material synthesis this is another company which is using ultrasound technology in the pharmaceutical industry. As you would see in the next slide more efficiency and better quality with ultrasonic activated processor envisage in the drug making company. So, drug and pharma industries are also seriously involved in using ultrasound to make good and better quality medicines especially when you are making tablets like this what is critical is that you need a mono sized one to get a good compact otherwise your tablet will crack if you are going to have a different size range. So, mono sized particles of your tablet of your medicine is very important for pharma industry therefore, they are resorting to sonicating the sort of compounds that they are finally, planning to take it for example, the real drug may be actually dispersed in a safe matrix it could be a polymer or it could be a oxide some matrix where such tablets are made. So, the base material has to be mono sized and that is what we see here you can see this is one of the powder that the pharma industry makes and size reduction or of color within the nano range is emphasize which is possible using ultrasound. So, several applications are there which are hidden not necessarily coming out in open as a material synthesis and therefore, in the last two exercise I have told you how the ultrasound can be used this is again a view graph of how the pharma industry is actually using ultrasound in emulsifying in dispersing in homogenizing the compounds ultrasound is regularly used and this is one of the simplest setup that any laboratory can afford to manipulate or to engineer new materials. So, I have highlighted in the last two lectures how ultrasound can be used for material synthesis, but as you would see from the history it was the organic people who have exploited in the earlier years how to prepare organic molecules and how to make some conversions very effective and also improving yield and they have come out with some theme saying that only cation in reactions involving cations are speeded up by ultrasound free radicals are affected by ultrasound and lot of understanding is there now in the organic synthesis on the use of ultrasound and also in the last two lectures I have highlighted several examples of how we can make inorganic solids using ultrasound waves. So, I stop here and we will continue with other non-conventional chemical routes in the next few lectures.


Even as late as the First World War, men climbed into the cockpits of their planes with a strained sense of acceleration, as though they expected some sort of mystical experience beyond the clouds. And indeed, there is, in the official records of the British Air Force, a story of two men who may well have had such an experience, though what it was, no one will ever know. The two men were Australians, one a pilot, the other an observer. On a morning in the autumn of 1917, they set out in an RE-8 on a reconnaissance flight together with a second plane. Three hours passed, and then the officer heard the roar of an approaching motor. He stepped out on the field and shading his eyes from the sun glanced upward. There was only one plane overhead. He scanned the sky anxiously, but to no avail. The RE-8 was missing. The other planes circled the field, landed, and taxied up to the airfield. When the pilot leaped from the cockpits, he found the officer waiting for him. Trouble? Oh, not so bad, sir. A couple of finies intercepted us on the way back. But the other men? Where were they? Hanged upon there, sir. When the dogfight was over, we got back on the course. We took it for granted they were right behind us, and so they were, at least for a minute or two. And then? Well, they flew into a cloud. They should have come right out again. What could have happened to them? I don't know, sir. By mid-afternoon, a heavy salance settled over the occupants of the air-droom. The grim, almost sullen salance of men who know that two more of their comrades must be reported missing in action. Well, got to send out a call for replacements. They may show up yet, sir.  Where could they be? That's just the point, sir. There must be some place they couldn't have crashed. They met another enemy plane. But there weren't any others. Not between here and the spot we last saw them. Well, nevertheless, I... Wait a moment, sir. Look! Look out there! Isn't that an RE-8? And so it was. The missing plane, its wings gleaming in the afternoon sunlight, slowly approached the field. Listen, sir. Can you hear her motor? I know. I can't. She's flying dead, sir. And that means trouble. In almost eerie silence, the RE-8 settled slowly to the earth. She landed smoothly and gracefully without a jolt, without even a shudder. The men hurried across the field, expecting each moment to see the two Australians climb out of the cockpit. But no one appeared. When the officer reached the side of the plane, he could see its passengers still sitting quiet and motionless in their place. Where on earth have you... Look at them! Good Lord, sir. They're dead. Both of them. What's more, they've been dead for hours! Medical examination served to corroborate the officer's judgment. The two Australians had died not long after they had last been seen. The plane itself had flown on until it was out of gas. And then it had made a perfect landing on its home field. Where it had been in the interim, what had kept it in the air, whether it was by mere coincidence, that it had returned to the air-droom. All of these things are subjects for speculation. Only one thing is certain that this is a story which so far has defied explanation. A story incredible but true.


How long you been selling for? Okay, you ready? I'm going to hit you with an objection right now. Hey, really appreciate you, Kevin. You sound like an amazing guy. By the way, Kevin, what's my payment going to be? You don't know what you want to say, do you? Not really, no. I'm not a car salesman. I'm a business man. I am in the transportation space and as an automotive sales pro and not an amateur, I want to tell you guys, do you guys speak publicly for a living? Do you guys speak with your mouth? Do people need to want to hear you speak? Yes or no? Yes. Okay, if you can't look at me in the eye when you're talking and you look away when you're thinking about what to say, I'm not going to spend my money with you. How in the world can you talk to people about spending more money with you if you can't even look in them in the eye? You guys feel me? Now, listen to me.  I need you to understand this. I don't care what your age is, old or young. You need to look sharp. You need to look professional and you need to be a badass.  Everybody forgot how to sell. Everybody forgot that outcaring your competition is actually your real skill. Everybody forgot that daily, if I don't have a client, which means I'm selling something, I should be looking for something to sell or I should be training to get better. Why would we train all day long if we don't have a customer or we're not calling somebody?  Now, remember what I said. Do we all have plenty of time to be with our families when we get home if we put our phone down? Yes or no? Yes. And if we're there and we're intentional and we are where our feet are and we treat it like it's the beginning, we'll never be in it. Who's married in here? Raise your hand. You know what I know? Me and my wife are marriage millionaires. We're closer than ever. We fall more in love with each other every single day. You want to know how we do it? It's simple. I watch people. They're like, oh, we're going through marriage counseling. We're having trouble. We're sleeping in the same bed. We're miles apart. I say, dude, if you guys treated each other like it was day one, there'd never be an end.  How'd you guys treat each other when you first got together? What was day one like? You guys are probably pretty good to each other, right? Yeah? What changed? What changed? Yeah, you changed. You take it for granted. Everybody's taking this job for granted. You guys are sitting in here and everybody should be earning at least $200,000 to $250,000 a year. Am I correct? Yes or no? Yes. If you're not, does the company have a problem or do you have a problem? Who can fix you? You. So, what I do is I'm no one for truth bombs. Okay, I'm no one for truth bombs. You know why? Because people lie to me for a long time in my life and tell me lies. They try to feed me ice cream, treat me like a three, four and five year old, make me feel good. You know what I want? I want the cold hard truth. I want you to tell me what do I need to do? And if I'm ready for a paradigm shift in my life, can you please tell me exactly what I need to do? Number one, stop lying to yourself. You're not training enough. You've taken for granted your job. If you didn't, you'd be making at least a quarter of a million to five million or to 500 grand. And by the way, you can make a million a year. You can. Okay, everything's possible. Everything is possible. Do you guys understand that? Okay, now listen to me. You're young. You know what I would do? I'd kick everybody's no, no, no, because I'm an underdog. I keep what's called a chip on my shoulder every freaking day. You know who I train? I train the most elite in the world. You know what that means? I don't want your excuses. My job isn't to make you feel good. You know what the cost is going to be for you to get become great more than you want to pay? More than you want to pay? You're not going to be comfortable.  Hey guys, we'll get back to the video in a sec. If you're watching this video because you want to level up in life and business, then one thing you got to do is optimize your sleep. One in three people worldwide reported not getting enough good sleep every night. A big part of the why? Mouth breathing. Luckily for you, our sponsor hostage tape is your best friend when it comes to sleeping.  Poor sleep affects essentially every area of your health, wealth and happiness.  Several hours later, you wake up feeling refreshed and energized. If you're ready to feel focused, clear-minded and energized, go visit hostagetape.com backslash Elliot and get yours today. Thanks to Hostage Tape for sponsoring this video. Now let's get back to the show.  And once we get rid of the ego, the pride and the entitlement, now we just got work to do. And once you guys get a spiral notebook, a pen and piece of paper and you can learn the right words, it's over. You guys can annihilate everybody. I see all these fake people running around pretending that they got it guys. Here's what I want to tell you, okay? My prayer today coming in here, I told Josh that I would give you guys some wisdom to change you guys's life. The car business is the most amazing secret in the world. The problem is all the amateurs ruined it. They didn't, though. The top 1% still know it's the most amazing secret ever because I know it and my team knows it, okay? And I promise you, if you can come into work and they're 60 minutes in an hour and you can work 60 minutes in that hour and if you don't have a customer, you're looking for something to sell or you're training to get better. You're logged into your training. Have fire, have intensity. Guys, be magnetic. Do what you do so great and care so much. People question why the f*** you're doing this. Why do you care so much? You know why? Because it's my life, okay? You got a family? It's your job to bring home special energy to them. Would you agree? And if you don't do it, who else is going to do it? Nobody. I want to tell you guys, life is easy. It's super easy, but everybody's so confused out there that most people even though that like I just told you guys what to do, treat it like it's the beginning or never be an end. Don't take for granted for your children. If you got three kids today, I'd dare one of them if they drowned it in a pool. You'd start taking a good attention the other two. Don't wait for something bad to happen before you got to wake up. Right now, you may not be paying attention to your health.   You start doing that now. It's common sense, right? Okay, were you an athlete in school? Good. Go back to being an athlete again. What's the difference between Kobe Bryant and you? Nothing. Nothing. This is called mastery. This is a game, Josh. Okay? It's very easy to win. The game is called mastery.  Am I right? Yes or no? Yes. You're not doing enough training. By the way, they say that training is jaded. What do you mean? Making a lot of money is jaded. Making a lot of money is bad. Do you guys know how people feel alive and how they go crazy? It's because of progress.  Right. Feel amazing. Guys, this is the good stuff in life. Money is a byproduct of everything that you do, but everybody's chasing money and they're saying, once I get money, I'll go get the rest. Dude, don't do that. They end up out of shape. They end up losing their families. They end up not close to their kids. Their kids choose someone else to be their hero. They're not present. They could have been, but they say, well, my job, I worked too many hours. No, you weren't disciplined. You didn't put your phone down. That was your fault. You're the best excuse maker in the world. I need you guys to understand today, whatever you want, you can have them. All right? How long have you been selling for? Four years. Okay. You answer the phones? Yes. Okay, you ready? I'm going to hit you with an objection right now. All right, you ready? I enter a credit application on 28. Come here. Get up here, because I want you next to me.  I want you to bury me. Okay? This is simple. Get up here. Easy stuff. Kevin, I enter a credit application on 2018.gram. I enter a credit application. I wonder if I can get approved, right? Josh is like, yeah, get him in. Okay? Go ahead and call me. Let me know. You got a way to go. Ready? Ring ring. Call me. It's Andy. What's up? Hey, this is Kevin over at Mack Hecks Chevy. So we just got that credit application. So we just need a couple more information from you. What time can you make it in today? Hey, really appreciate you, Kevin. You sound like an amazing guy. By the way, Kevin, what's my payment going to be? I'm not too sure just yet, but we'll figure out the details once you're here. We'll have to work everything whenever you're here. Okay. Can you give me an idea before I come in? Sure, I can. Let me just give you a minute. You guys see it? You guys see it, Josh? You see it? Everybody step three feet out of the crash site for just a minute. Step three feet out of the crash site. What the hell's going on here in this room? You don't know what you want to say, do you? Not really, no. Would you come buy something for me if I told you I couldn't give you the payment? Probably not, no. But you use it on your customers. You guys feel me? Okay, you ready? Tell me. Ask me what my payment is going to be. Say, Andy, what's my payment going to be like I hit you with? Oh, okay. Hey, what's my payment going to be? Everybody repeat after me. Say, I'm so glad you asked that. So glad you asked that. Sounds pretty good, right? Pro say, hey, I'm so glad you asked that. Amateur say I can't give you that. Yeah. Okay, Kevin, I'm so glad you asked that. Our licensed finance department uses a very strict budgeting system ensures that listen, Kevin, you don't ever have to worry about your payment being too high. As a matter of fact, Kevin, most of our clients that have the same concern as you in the past actually left with a much lower payment than they were expecting. So getting to know you here on the phone were phenomenal in that area. You don't have to have anything to be concerned about. By the way, Kevin, what time can you make it in right now or after work? What colors the vehicle are going to be pulling up in? Done, that quick. Hold on. Was that smooth? Can I get them in? Are you guys coachable? Everybody repeat after me, I'm so glad you asked that. Our licensed finance department uses a very strict budgeting system that ensures that you don't ever have to worry about your payment being too high. As a matter of fact, most of our clients that have the same concern as you in the past actually left with a much lower payment than they were expecting. Getting to know you here on the phone, we're phenomenal in that area. You don't have to have anything to worry about, zero concern. What time can you make it in? Right now or after work? Right now or after work. By the way, what color of the vehicle are you going to be pulling up in? By the way, what color of the vehicle are you going to be pulling up in? Hey guys, I just want to tell you, you're the true one percenters. You made it to the end of the video. Do me a favor, share it with the friend that wants to go to another level. Make sure you like the video, comment below so I know who you are. Set your notifications and then subscribe to the channel. We got daily sales training videos dropping. I'll see you soon.


All right, let's let's take some questions and we have a couple of wireless mics here So if you have a question just raise your hand and I would ask that you Not give a speech But ask a question. Yeah a question, but I I have this fantasy that some day There will be a day without Trump in any of the media. His name will not appear His picture will not appear that is a fantasy isn't that I know it's not it's not going to happen Okay, so dial it down a little bit Don't you think that there as you could maybe cover Trump a little less than you do and Relegate his tweets to an inside page or up or not mention them for a day or something like that I think that's what the Chronicles doing. Yeah, I mean, you know, we We don't cover Trump we have cover a lot of things besides Trump But it is I mean I on my phone I wake up and I see I get his tweets, you know, that's the first thing I see I got to change that did I tell you when I got a new iPhone I forgot to turn on Twitter notifications and I was like, oh my god He didn't tweet for a few days and then I realize I took a Trump vacation, but no, it's a it's a it's a great question, but I think it also It's a hard one, right? I agree I think sometimes we're reacting too much to his reacting in a crazy manner, but you know To the point about the actual things that are happening. They're important and these are real people I mean, I'm in the midst of reporting out some of the immigration stuff And it is I mean really deeply upsetting and important I think that we tell these stories and then we tell them in a narrative way, right? That we show people that we don't just say this is happening, but we show what what the real-life examples are Yeah, I mean, I want to break too, but I don't see it coming for another maybe Twitter will enforce their standard Yeah, okay right here. Yeah, find raise my hand Should we stop using we in the media? I've been a journalist for 30 years. Should we in the media stop using the word objective? I have Wondered for a long time. I've wished for a long time that the New York Times might stop using the word objective and Replace it with the word fair I've also wondered if We should stop running at for cover every time though we talk about somebody accuses us of being part of the liberal media because the last time I checked Giving voice to people who have no voice was the foundation of what liberal theology was all about thoughts objective I mean as as as you Journalists know there's no more complex word than objective and it entails balance and and and facticity and and disengaged Independence and and and being just the facts and so and So it's always been controversial. I mean since since the Yeah, I mean the time it was first introduced as a journalistic But Michael should sit is written about this as a journalistic norm. It was under attack at the same time I'm and Jim Rutenberg wrote a piece in the Times and said well, maybe we just have to bail out on objectivity I'm that same time my sense is that You just have to understand object I mean think about objectivity in different ways and understand it in different ways to my mind to say that the claim that there were three million illegal Voters is bogus is a matter of objective fact And it doesn't have the sound of what we would have taken as an objective fact Ten years ago or something but but it's objective It's a matter of fact and and should be reported and considered a matter of objective to my mind It's still an idea like isn't fairly not the term Linguist yes back back there some questions Yes, I was curious. I realize you're not working members of the Washington press corps But if we go to the title of the program the most dishonest people on earth and and enemy of the people and we think about his His conduct during his first presidential news conference where he Said to a reporter your fake news I'm not going to take your question or he told the Reporter from the Jewish publication sit down I'm not going to I know I heard the question. I know what you're right what you're asking. So I'm curious This seems to really try the objectivity again objectivity or at least the the fairness of Working journalists because you are the basic premise of your profession is Being challenged as being dishonest without any basis for it and How do you? How does one deal with that? That fundamental disrespect particularly where your job is to represent a Candid and honest portrayal of here's here's where it gets different member Jorge Ramos Okay, so we are in a situation as working people where we will be physically evicted in a press conference Okay, and and this So this is a new standard a new reality And that's why we're enemy the enemy of the people or the enemy of the state and the use use of that kind of terminology also is Stalin or Mao or Authoritarian Language And I'm afraid that that is a reality that we don't control That's not the reality we control it. I think that this will only be solved when whenever if the public becomes in some way Mobilized to change it But we do control what we cover and how we cover it and how much airtime we give and I will say that a conversation That's happening, you know at NPR and to my understanding in a lot of the networks is like do we just carry the presidential press conference in Its entirety I mean in general there's a question. I think about live interviews and news and you know if we're living in an era where people who are elected to public office are comfortable going on the air and just spouting Objectively untrue statements, otherwise known as lies Then do we let that happen and and I think that that's what I mean when I say maybe access journalism is dead right it used to be maybe even a year ago that the plum assignment for a lot of people was to be in that White House press corps and to be in the room when the you know spokesmen or the president themself were speaking and I would say that that is Still important and and we you know should be there I guess if they let us in but that the real reporting and the real important work is happening outside of that room And so that's something that I think that we're grappling with but you know the press conference that you refer to I mean I think we all on to these don't know if you all watched it live. I know I did Marisa. I think you did We certainly had what we would think Describe as an objective impression of that Sort of unhinged performance, but there was a big swath of the country. They didn't see it.  What's the objectivity there? I mean, you know, it's just it's just opinion, right? It's how you perceive it It's like you said at the beginning you can people can look two people can look at one article and take very different things away from it Is that what does that matter? So can I give you example of I think a good reporting which came up in that ethics Conversation we had whereas there was a like was it a congressperson who made the comment about the Ninth Circuit? I think it was a member of Congress as somebody elected who came on NPR and told Rachel Martin 80% of Ninth Circuit court decisions are overturned which is not true And so that ran live on the East Coast But when it ran on the West Coast they actually stopped the broadcast and Came in with a voiceover and said that's not true. This is actually the number and then they went back to the interview And then they went back to the interview. I mean, maybe that's what we do I don't know. I think that that That's one way to do it, right? And it's hard to do in a in a I mean in a press conference We're clearly the president has the power like literally he's in front of the room with the mics and but it's but It is something that we have the power to do on live radio or on, you know radio and on broadcast and It's it is harder to do when it's live, but it's an option. Yeah, all right another question Yes, ma'am back there This is still pushing the same sort of question about what kind of stories get told and what don't I the audience I'm starting to feel like we're being gained that We we're understandably consumed by the Russia collusion stories, but at the same time The Mexico wall is being built the Dakota Dakota pipeline is being built these horrific appointments are being made. How do we? We we get a more balanced ear. I it's very very frustrating as a news junkie as I am to Hear the real stories about what's happening while all this crap is going on When you say more balanced ear, what do you mean a ear by the media or what do you mean? An ear that here is what's happening. Yeah, I think those stories are out there I mean, you know NPR covers a lot of them, but it's just I think it's the volume of stuff It's like overwhelming.  What do you cover? I think the Russia Trump story is really interesting myself Just because I have an obsession with oligarchs and and and the subject area But also because it seems to me that it's not in it still hasn't been put in the right context That is that that If if the military were talking straight, they would tell you Russia is our main enemy I mean just militarily because of nuclear weapons and And the number of them that are focused at the United States In our cut in the coverage is also I think a little bit neutered because we haven't talked about the fact that Reminded the public that the man that the president is saying is a better leader than Obama Kills journalists in his own country and overseas Poisoned a journalist with polonium in London has done all kinds of thuggish things And so the actual description of why this is important and why it has many people alarmed particularly in In the in the panoply of people that I talk with as sources in law and federal law enforcement or in the intelligence community Is that this is really unprecedented and and it's it's like Watergate upside down Because all of the issues you may recall that when as Nixon Nixon's demise was in a way because he alienated the FBI He tried to take this make the intelligence community take the rap for various things and they turned on it deep throat Was in the FBI? Well, he was the deputy director of the FBI. So so That's he's starting out going after these these organizations at the top and Beheading those organizations is as a particularly dangerous thing to do And I don't and and talking about Putin in the way that he has is I think a particularly dangerous thing to personally and and I don't think it's actually been told in a way that you Understand it that way It's more like oh, well, he was hanging out with Russians or this guy was seen with an ambassador What is it? You know the his Trump son said we get a lot of Russian money and we're dependent on it But what does that really mean and it's got people in Europe pretty anxious All right, I think we have time for one more question And I'm gonna let the people with the mics decide who that's gonna be and we're gonna stick around for a Yeah, I just Many thanks for an outstanding panel. Oh To what extent is advertising by the oligarchs and the corporateocracy Compromising the ability of journalists to tell the truth Do you mean in Just advertising corporate money Well, I don't know the ratings Trump has been good Financially for the corporate media in general and all media in terms of sales and so on and Advertising rates and so forth. So I don't know that it's had a huge influence in in one way or another In terms of what's going on other than giving him airtime It seems like it's more corrupting in a way the closer you get to local coverage, you know because Whether it's restaurant reviews or you know any if you lose your local Advertising by pissing them off by covering them in a way that Makes them just withdraw their funding. I mean I think it seems like corporate funding Funding of the companies is so much bigger and the sources of money are more diverse in some ways, but Yeah, I would agree and I would say I think that's like an easy Target, but I think kind of back to our anonymous sourcing conversation It's generally not like in media or in one organization of vast conspiracy It is one person whose ear You know who has the ear of an important reporter or editor or one person, you know in positions of power and certainly there's You know terrible instances. I think of journalists or organizations being sort of swayed by advertisers, but I don't think that's generally the way Bad journalism happens. I think it's sort of like death by a thousand cuts more than That sort of yeah, just I don't think that the the what's interesting to me If you look at the history of these attacks on media bias during the Roosevelt years Harold Ickes was Roosevelt's point man on on on media bias He was going after the the corporate that the department stores. He says the department stores and the The car dealers who don't want to report elevator accidents and and the the utilities who don't want to report things and so on but the the bias of the press for him was very much shaped by corporate advertisers and it's now what's interesting now is that when people talk about media bias They don't have that in mind. They have in mind rather these cultural dispositions of the elites and so Well, I want to thank y'all for coming to listen to some of the most dishonest people in the world Marisa Lagos, Jeff Nunberg, Lil Bergman. Thank you all very much


Okay, so what's the what's the most interesting celebrity tattoo story you have? money bag Money bag is crazy. Is he? No, not like crazy like that.   I got a show. Yo, you want to go? Oh Shit, I got a show. I've been let's go So we go go this show.  I did his hand I didn't yeah, I did a couple tattoos on him. So what he went to he did the show with the the rap on He did the show with the rap. I did it afterwards. Oh, I thought you started and then you had to stop Okay, no law. Oh, that's me. I'm sorry I thought I turned everything off. I'm not the curses person Told me No, he did it after see I was with him from 12 and at the noon So like six in the morning Yeah, but it was fun. I got to live like a rapper for a day What's up y'all? It's your girl Brianna Imani and the clip may be done, but there's still more to come So make sure you like comment and subscribe