Welcome back to the series of lectures on English language and literature. As you are aware, these lectures are being brought to you by NPTEL, the National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning and these are brought to you by the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institute of Science. Our course is entitled English language and literature and we are in the second lecture of this series. In the first lecture, well, let us do a recap. In the first lecture, we began by talking about the aims and the scope of our course. As declared in the course syllabus in the website, this course seeks to impart in both a compact and comprehensive manner the necessary knowledge in English language and literature that an undergraduate student should possess. The course aims to help students understand English language and literature using a multifaceted methodology that includes the historical, the linguistic, literary and the critical dimensions. We also looked in detail at the course structure and we found that in the first module, we talk about a certain newer issues that have come up. For instance, as in today's lecture, which is devoted to the scope of English studies, then for instance, international English, the globalization of English, the rise of cultural studies and how it has impacted the study of English language and literature, how it sort of was partly responsible in the rise of what today we call English studies. Then, we saw that in the second module, we are going to talk largely about language and particularly the history of the English language and which we divided into old English, middle English, early modern English, modern English and ending with English in India. Then, we saw that in the third module, we would talk about the different, the so called periods or the different ages in English, in the history of English literature. So, the previous module was on the history of English language. The third module, excuse me, would talk about English literature in its different phases or in its different ages or periods. For instance, we talk about the age of Chaucer, Art of Milton, the Augustans, Victorian English and ending again with Indian writing in English. Further, we saw that the next module is devoted, module 4 is devoted exclusively to genres and in which we talk about, you know, certain aspects and certain key important works as far as, for instance, the novel is concerned, as far as poetry, autobiography, etcetera are concerned. Finally, we move on to pretty detailed discussion of another important aspect of the study of English language and literature and of English studies. This is the various critical approaches that are there in the study of literary and language texts and among them, the important one, you know, we have tried to sort of, you know, talk about as many as possible. This, of course, is again, as I said in the last lecture, not an exhaustive list and we talk about Nehistoricism, Marxism, Feminism, Ecocriticism, Postcolonialism, Cognitivism, etcetera. So, we found in the last lecture that our effort has been to talk about the study of English language and literature and what goes on, you know, in the different approaches to the study of English language and literature and we have tried to make it as varied as possible. By no means, of course, is this the course, this is also not really English 101. It is more backed into this and in certain cases, we may, you may have, say, electives, say, only on something like this, say, you know, on English theory, literary theory, sorry, and literary criticism, for instance, you could have a whole course, an elective course on the novel, for instance. So, we, what we have done, Professor Krishna Baurava and I, we have tried to sort of give you as far as possible, an idea at least, so that you are aware of the various ways, of various things that entail in the teaching of English language and literature. Though this lecture, the lecture 2 is devoted to, you know, showing you the aspects of what entails when we mean English studies, even though we did not really adopt that title for various reasons, we kept it partly in a sort of traditional. We move now to the whole topic of English studies and the text here that you may want to look up is, for instance, Smidson and Ruff's edited volume, English studies slash culture studies, institutionalizing descent. Now, this very title of this book will give you an idea of what, how English studies really differs from, you know, English language and literature, because there is this whole question of descent, this whole question of, you know, of, you know, revising the canon, revising what goes into English language and literature. And you see the presence of culture studies. We have a whole lecture in this module, I think it is the last lecture in this module, devoted to rather rise of cultural studies. So, English studies is impacted, so to speak, by the rise of culture studies or cultural studies, with the rise of ideology, with the rise of, you know, this impulse to revise. And this revise, the curriculum revise the syllabus and this is also to do with, obviously, the spread of English language and literature beyond, you know, historically and contemporarily, beyond the boundaries of what is written. Another book, which is, you know, both from the point of view of theory and practice is important here, is Rob Pope's The English Studies book. It is like a handbook of, you know, English studies and the next, I will refer also briefly, of course, to Macaulay's important minute on Indian education, because we also talk about English in India briefly, though there is another lecture on English in India, in the second module. Then Gauri Vishwanathan's Marks of Conquest is something I refer to, but if you wish to have a resource, you know, page on English, the history of English studies, may be, you would do well to go to this website here, mentioned here, by Rita Rayleigh. And in this website, you have a number of links that take you to important texts that will show you both historically and theoretically. Many of the debates are in here in the studying and teaching of English studies, not necessarily English language and literature. So, to set the record straight, what I do here is, you will see, you know, by the end of this lecture, that means, even though this course is not entitled English language and literature, there are, we have tried, except perhaps, you know, the proficiency part of it, the skill part of it, we have tried to, you know, we talk about world Englishes, about world literature, about, you know, as much as far as possible. So, to give this course that we are bringing to you, some sort of, you know, the English studies approach to it also. So, these are some of the texts, as I said, that you may want to look at. Now, so, well, this lecture is on the scope of English studies and again, there are many ways in which you can talk about the scope. And within the constraints of a single 40 minute or 50 minute lecture, I know that it is not possible for me to talk about or to bring to you so many different aspects. But, let me say this. When you talk about the scope of English studies and really the scope is growing, it is becoming quite accommodating and commodious, if you will, the scope of English studies first necessarily needs to refer to the study of English literature. Look at this slide, please. It refers to literatures in English, English linguistics and English sociolinguistics in the sense that even though the, you know, the margins are being stretched, so to speak, even though there are so many other things that are being accommodated within this, you know, we will see a couple of comments that have been made, for instance, by Rob Pope, you know, about this whole plurality of this exercise. Nevertheless, you would, you cannot do without talking about these three core aspects, okay, literature in English, English linguistics and English sociolinguistics, right, fine. So, the other, some of the other areas, at least, that may come into into the rubric of English studies are also in, you know, they include apart from the three main ones. Let us look at this slide, please. Includes the study of the use of English in journalism, okay, the study of philosophy of language in general and as applied to the study of the English language and its variations and developments. It definitely includes the study of literary theory and criticism. Then, the issue of creative writing is again a very important part of English studies, you know, as we go on studying the development, the creative development of the English language, its development, growth and variation, as we see in, you know, in creative writing, okay, as English is being written increasingly by second language because of the, or people who, you know, writers whose native languages or mother tongue has not been English. Similarly, in contemporary times, another emerging area of study in the scope of English studies is the idea of not traditional publishing, but publishing electronically, digital publishing. The question of electronic text, for instance, is also another study of electronic text and all issues relating to publishing, including the political, okay, these form an important part of at least contemporary English studies and film and media and communication. These are also important areas of studying, of, you know, of exploring English studies. So, what are, let us quickly look at it again. What is the scope of English studies? The scope of English studies is first, okay, the literatures in English, English linguistics and English sociolinguistics in no particular order really here and the others as we saw journalism, for instance, media and communication, film, creative writing, literary theory and criticism, study of aesthetics, the study of, you know, the study of various schools and approaches to the literary texts, okay. So, if one is to summarize, this is, these are some of the things that you would talk about, but this again is not the whole story. We need to, you know, recognize so many other aspects of the study of English as English studies and as I had mentioned, which does not really fall in our course, because again, as we said, since we kept it English language and literature, we thought that the study of proficiency, the whole issue of proficiency in English studies and for instance, the use of English for special purposes, right or for instance, the use of English as a second language, right. These are certain issues, these have really become part of a huge area of study, okay, which is the teaching, the English language teaching, English again, as I said, English as a second language, English as a third language, for instance and as far as the proficiency is concerned, NPTEL has provided, there are courses in, for instance, English, in communication skills, the courses on better English, etcetera, that you may take up, right. Now, if you recall, I mentioned that Rob Pope's handbook on English studies is an important text, both from, you know, the theoretically and largely from the practical points of view, there are several texts there that you, that are, you know, are analyzed and it is really a rich book that I may, that I would recommend to you. Now, let us look at what Rob Pope says here, you know, Pope rightly points to what he, you know, calls the capacious subject matter, okay, the capacious subject matter of English studies, that is, English studies can accommodate and continues to accommodate rather than English, you know, the old, the English, the more traditional English language and literature, okay, continues to be capacious, continues to accommodate so many, so many areas, accommodate descent, for instance, okay, and accommodate revision, revisions of new envisioning of syllabi and curriculum. Second, he says that English studies also looks at the pedagogy or, you know, education strategies, the science and art of teaching, you know, English language. It will question, it will critique, okay, it will critique and analyze the pedagogies that have been, that are, that are established in the teaching of English language and literature with a view to, you know, with a view to revising and correcting some of, some of the, what shall we say, not many mistakes, may be, sorry, some of the established tendencies in the pedagogy of English language and literature teaching, right. And third, not the least, of course, he points to the tremendous inter-disciplinarity of English studies and I would hasten to say that this is something that you need to compare. However, compared to English language and literature, we say that this is, English studies is far more interdisciplinary. It is really, you know, talking about everything that is involved when you talk about English, okay, not as a language, just as a language, but, you know, English in, in anything that entails sociolinguistics, for instance, right, what we call high theory for, you know, for instance and down to the skills, you know, down to the questions of proficiency, right. Now, this is again by Rob Pope and I am quoting from his, his handbook. He actually, he plays on, you know, the, he plays on this, he plays on, he says, let us, when we talk about English studies, he says, English is a fundamentally plural and constantly changing series of subjects. So, the plurality and the dynamism of the English part of it, okay. So, English is a fundamentally plural and constantly changing series of subjects. It often turns out to be there. So, the study, it is not in the singular, it is in the plural, okay. So, English studies is studying English in plural ways, okay, studying, taking into account and meeting, you know, squaring up, so to speak, to his dynamism and in realizing this, we talk about English studies. It is in the same spirit that scholars, many scholars have begun to talk about Englishes, okay, where this Englishes becomes a legitimate term. So, you no longer talk about English. So, in the, in seminal spirit, right, we talk about Englishes, as far as languages are concerned, in a more broad sense, in a broader sense, really, English studies is, you know, follows the same spirit of, you know, understanding and appreciating, right, recognizing the plurality inherent in it, okay. Now, if you, you look at the history of the study of English, you will find that it is rather different from the kind, from the, you know, again, the capaciousness of this subject as it exists today, okay. So, if you go back to the England of the 19th century, you will realize that the study of English, when you say, for instance, when you say in India, for instance, say the department of English, okay. So, when you say the department of English, what you expect first is, of course, that the department offers courses in English literature, right, and not necessarily in solely on English, on English language or, you know, or linguistics, right. So, the first expectation is that there will be courses on Shakespeare, there will be courses on Chaucer, on, you know, on American English for instance, on Indian English for instance, right. But if you go back, the interesting, very interesting point is, if you go back to the history, you will find that up to, okay, up to the 19th, I mean, as, as late, relatively speaking here, as late as the 19th century, the study of English in the universities in England entailed not just the study of literature, but entailed studies, this happens more in, you know, in, was in the beginning of the departments, study of oratory, the study of rhetoric, study of grammar, philology and literature. So, there was more, in fact, let me say, in the beginning there was, the owners was more on, on these areas, okay, oratory, rhetoric, grammar and philology than on literature. And later on, you will find some, some very interesting claims being made by critics on how really the study, the of, of literature, okay, the study of the literature of England was not so, you know, what should I say, not so core to the syllabus of syllabi in England than it was, when it was introduced in India, for instance, and more about that, when you talk about the work of Gauri Vishwanathan and the work, you know, for instance, when we look at Macaulay's Minute. So, we find that the history up to the 19th century, the word changes no doubt, but usually or, you know, in the beginning at least rhetoric oratory, a philology were more important, grammar were more important than the study of literature per se. Now, let, let us look at an early essay by J. M. Hart published in P. M. L. A. P. M. L. A is a publication of the Modern Language Association in the U. S. and it is considered one of the core, you know, journals in, in, in English literature. And this essay, 1884 to 1885, is by J. M. Hart and it is in, it is entitled, The College Course in English Literature, how it may be improved. Now, the reason why I am bringing this and this I have found in, in Rayleigh's, if you remember, I mentioned Rita Rayleigh's resource in the net that you can look up, the college course in English literature and how it may be improved. Now, let us read this slowly and see how, you know, from the 19th century, the whole idea of improving, so to speak, the college, college course in, or syllabi in English literature has changed over the years. So, this is J. M. Hart. To my way of thinking, the study of English literature means the study of, look at this, the study of the great movement of English life and feeling. So, of, look at this, the great movement of English life and feeling. This kind of declaration is precisely what is, you know, queried, critiqued and sought to be revised by this domain called English studies. To my way of thinking, Hart says, the study of English literature means the study of the great movement of only one kind, the life of one people, that is the English, English life and feeling as it is reflected in, look at this, the purest prose of, look at the words like great purity, as it is reflected in the purest prose of, again, look at this representative men. Now, these are the words, the greatness of, you know, for instance, these are the ideas that precisely are queried by English studies, the greatness of and purity of one way of life, given by the great movement of English literature. Quote unquote, representative men. So, those men who have led their people's sympathies, the proper object of literary study in one word is to train us to read, to grasp an author's personality in all its bearings. Particularly, this first part of the essay is something that is extremely telling when you look at how English, how the curriculum of the syllabus and the effort to improve the syllabus finds its core claim or core, sorry, to say score argument in these kinds of feelings, sorry, these kinds of claims that it is the study of a particular kind of way of life or people by its representative men and women, not of course, men here, men or its writers in its purest form, rise of, you know, a polemical way of looking at life. The philosophy, if you may say, of polemics, of difference, of celebrating variation that is cultural studies has been also, I would say, very important in the growth and sustenance of what we call English studies. Cultural studies is an area of or is a discipline that celebrates difference that queries, you know, epistemological claims, that queries dominant narratives that seeks to bring marginalized peoples and narratives to the fore. So, obviously, when we query English, you know, when we query English, you know, sorry, the syllabus of English language and literature, cultural studies becomes, you know, a methodological tool that enables you to or that gives you the terminology to query these, you know, essays such as these, for instance, essays like J. M. Hart's college course and how it may be improved. So, the coming of the growth of cultural studies, particularly, I would say from, even though you have writers talking, bringing in that strain of argumentation before the 80s, but I would say, from the 80s, this new polemic has been not just in English studies, this new polemic has been extremely important in bringing in note of dissent and bringing in a note of revising the need for, you know, re-looking or taking, sorry, a new look at all established knowledge domains. So, the rise of cultural studies and I did mention, you know, I think, Smithson and Ruff's book, right, edited volume, English studies slash cultural studies, something that you may look into and some of the essays are what also forms the bulk of this lecture. I mentioned Gauri Vishwanathan whose, you know, mass of conquest based on her doctoral thesis is again another important work that one uses to, you know, to analyze, you know, the English education in colonial India and listen to this carefully, let us read from her text mass of conquest and I shall explain it in a while, the amazingly young history of English literature as a subject of study. It is surprisingly, it is a English, the study of English literature as a subject that is in universities and colleges. This is something that we had mentioned just a while ago and she calls it as amazingly young history, which means that the study of English literature as part of the syllabus, even in Britain, was is relatively, relatively, it has a relatively young history. It is less than 150 years old is this amazing young history is frequently noted, but less appreciated is another aspect of it and what is it? Less appreciated is the irony that English literature appeared and this is what is as said is the stunning claim that English literature appeared as a subject in the curriculum of the colonies long before it was institutionalized in the home country. So, studying, you know, English, English literature as part of the curriculum was something that happened in the colonies and if it, sorry, happened in the colonies, then one has to look for the reasons as to why such a phenomenon would occur at all, why the study of one country's or one nation's literature, its formal study as part of formal education begins elsewhere and not in its own land. So, this is a core issue that is taken up by Vishwanathan. Let me read it again. The amazingly young history of English literature as a subject of study is frequently noted, but less appreciated is the irony that English literature appeared as a subject in the curriculum of the colonies long before it was institutionalized in the home country that is England. Further, she says, when the classical curriculum still range supreme in England, despite the strenuous efforts of some concerned critics to loosen its hold, English as the study of culture and not simply the study of language with this, English as the study of culture, here culture means way of life or ways of life, fine. So, English as a study of culture and not simply a question of philology or of grammar or of rhetoric. English as a study of culture and not simply as a study of the English language had already found a secure place in the British Indian curriculum. So, the change happens not in the home country and it says here that when the classical curriculum still range supreme in England. The change, however, happened in British Indian curriculum. Further, the circumstances of its ascendancy are what this book is immediately concerned with, that is masks of conquest. Its prime concern is on this particular phenomenon that is British Indian curriculum or curricula in India and the very interesting and important say political phenomenon of beginning to teach or include English literary texts in education in India. This book also simultaneously draws attention to the subsequent, look at this word, institutionalization and ideological content of the discipline in England as it developed in the colonial context. To follow, this is what really we call a contrapuntal method, perhaps I can use the word here, looking at it parallelly. The growth of English, the establishment or the introduction and subsequent establishment of English literary studies in colonial India and of course, the changes that took place in the discipline in England, in the home country as it began to develop in the colonial context. So, this is this kind of thing is this kind of analysis is utterly welcomed by English studies. Fine, again going back to English studies slash culture studies by edited by Smithson and Ruff, you find that in you know, they to talk about not just a language, that is English, not just a literary text, but they say that English studies particularly as it is informed by culture studies needs to look at the interrelationship between or among different domains which have perhaps been perhaps hitherto been looked at sort of in an insular sort of way, in a discrete sort of way. So, the coming in of English studies, following the cultural studies you know impact or influence is that we now study the relations among diverse aspects or facets, that is relations between language, the text, cultures, readers and writers. So, this is really a whole circuit in a whole circuit here you find in which all these are related to one another in different ways. So, you do not study the English language without looking at the cultures under which such a language develop or the variations or the changes over the years historical changes develop. You do not look at the text without looking at the positionality and the condition of the reader, the historical, cultural, socioeconomic condition of the reader, do you understand. So, it is safe to say here that hitherto discrete point sense philology, rhetoric, literature, these were more or less taught in a discrete manner in a insular manner. Now, becomes because again remember because of the ideology of cultural studies begins to be looked at in more interdisciplinary and a more related manner, these are all correlated. So, again put they put it so beautiful, they said it is not only about content, the study English studies is not just about content, it is also about contests, it is about contests, it is about dissent, it is about revision, not just that content of a course or syllabus has been established and you do not question it over the years. It is important that changes are brought because primarily because of ideological dissent and the need to revise it, that is say you know dismantling the canon and to make the newer canons. A Smithson and Ruff put it as this, they call it English studies disputes, English studies revises, it transforms what hitherto establish methods, principles, theories and the scope of studying English language and literature. So, look at these words disputing, revising, transforming all these things and methods, principles, theories and scope of what it means to be said and that is why apart from the capaciousness of English studies, we also note its dynamism. So, it is so dynamic that it keeps sort of makes the traditional English language and literature title seem to be really you know devoid of any such exciting sort of changes that have taken place and that are being brought you know brought about by English studies. So, Smithson and Ruff says disputing, revising and transforming these are some of the important activities in English studies. So, therefore, British literature, American literature, world literatures in English, that is a literature that has been written in English by writers in different parts of the world and of course, the whole question of translation from English and from English and to English to the English language, these are then some of the primary concerns of English studies and to this I may add it is related to the whole topic of world literature, the whole idea of comparative literature. The whole idea of comparative literature today sees a huge resurgence, a huge interest and this is also because of the fact that English studies as a domain has been able to incorporate the comparative analysis of literature through particular through translation and the recognition of world literature as something that is worthy of being incorporated into syllabi. Then, another aspect of English studies is its global dissemination, this is something that has been recognized by, there are so many, I mean I have, we have lectures on for instance, global English, lectures on international English in this very module itself, international English, global English, the alchemy of English. You can look up for this whole, the study of global dissemination of English, you can look up the work of Sabraj Kachru for instance, there are several lectures here in this module, but suffice it for us here to say that the means, the aims, the strategies, the politics behind the global dissemination of both English language and literature. For instance, American English and how it has, kind of how different it is or how it is different from sorry, how it is different from the so called standard English, Indian English for instance, then the use of English in global trade situation, in global economic situation, the use of English in global, so called globalized world, these are some of the areas also are that, sorry also that have been taken up in this particular sub branch, if I may use a word of English studies, the study of English I mentioned earlier for special purposes, English as second language, etcetera fine. So, let me next take you to another essay, specifically look at Franklin Court's introduction in the book, institutionalizing English literature, culture and politics of literary studies 1750 to 1900, I mean look at the world, you know these are words that will keep coming up over and over again, the whole issue of how English, the study of English literature is institutionalized, these are not decisions that are devoid of politics, they are not decisions that are devoid of economics, the essay calls it the culture and politics of literary study and let us read from this, the historical development of English literary study in Britain and the United States is different. Now, we talked about you know Trugori Vishwanathan's Marks of Conquest, we talked about in English literature study in institutionalized in India, Court refers to the difference in you could say motivation for instance, as far as English literary study is concerned, the difference between that in England and in America, let us read this, the historical development of English literary study in Britain and the United States is different, the inherently class conscious, look at this, the inherently class conscious and racially ethnic character of British education, produce a discipline far more explicitly concerned with social and ethnographical issues than its American counterpart, look at this very carefully. Court claims that the study of English literature in England, it is impulse so to speak, its motivation if you will rests on the important issue of class consciousness in literature and the racially ethnic character of British education. Therefore, the discipline called English literary study becomes more ethnographically and socially motivated or the approach is more social you know based on issues sociological or social and ethnographic and then he contrasts this with the study of English literature in America and he says let us look for the answer here, he says the wars for legitimating the study in the United States were fought primarily in institutions for higher learning. So, the impulse is on what you know historically on what institutions look for, the changes happen not so much with regard to you know to social for instance issues of social stratification or issues of race for instance in the United States not so much that at least directly as compared to England, but due to some you know due to some institutional needs let us look at this again, the wars for legitimating the study in the United States were fought primarily in institutions for higher learning making the formative years of English literary study here see more of a cultural hybrid look at this, this is class conscious and racially ethnic on the other hand here the at least in the formative years the impulse was towards cultural hybridity fine more of a cultural hybrid a blend of American curricular experimentation look at this word curricular experimentation and contrast it to what happens in England a blend of American curricular experimentation with the distant, but established authority of English intellectual tradition. So, this whole question of revising happens here question of revising even if it is with a view to you know view to the necessity and so to speak of encouraging cultural hybridity of recognizing different you know different ethnic ethnic groups or you know and races and for instance African American writing for instance of Hispanic writing for instance. So, there is this what should I say maybe I can use over this desire for cultural hybridity that at least in the formative years was an important impulse in you know in revising what he calls here the already established authority of the English tradition in this intellectual tradition by contrast let us read the by contrast the rise of English studies in Britain is more clearly implicated in examinations of its political and social history. So, this is an extremely important to me an extremely important inside that is given to us by Franklin court. So, the difference in impulse and motivation in you know in the institutionalization of English literary studies in the home country and you know in the second home country in the United States. So, I am referring again to one such important person and important one such important figure in this whole in you know as I said the hybrid the hybridity impulse the cultural impulse in fact the word culture studies was coined by her and she is Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak or many of you have heard of her and in her book in other words published in 1987 this is what she says I am attempting to suggest our pedagogic responsibility in the situation so the scholars doing those times took it upon us as a responsibility in you know in teaching and devising and revising curricula in forming you know and reformulating the canons for instance. So, she says I am in during that time you know historically if you look at this is what they felt and as been articulated by Spivak I am attempting to suggest our pedagogic responsibility in the situation to ask not merely how English how literary studies more correctly look at this. Now, you understand this Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak as a faculty in an American university definitely referring to the institutionalization of literary study as an as a universal sitarian discipline as something happening in the university and you look at what court says here the was for legitimating the study of English literature in the United States were fought primarily in institutions of higher learning that is the university and here is Spivak saying agreeing that you know she and other such faculty recognized the importance of taking up this pedagogical responsibility and to ask merely to ask not merely how literary studies or the university discipline of English studies can adjust to social demands, but also how we could by change look at this by change this is the revision that happens in the US by changing some of our assumptions contribute towards changing those demands in the long run. So, the university curriculum is seen by Spivak and you know the people revising you know the curriculum there was seen as a very important you know it is not that you wait for social change and that sort of reflects begins to slowly seep into the university, but it is seen as a responsibility which she says here by changing some of our assumptions contribute towards changing those demands in the long run. So, there is a even a proactive I may use the word a proactive role that is sought by it says what court calls the institutions of higher learning in the United States towards social change. Then finally, Macaulay's minute on Indian education and I will briefly touch upon this because this is something that will be you know core to another lecture which is the last lecture in module 2. Module 2 as you know is devoted to the history of the English language and that module ends with a lecture on English in India historically the introduction and the growth development of English both language and literature in India. I will end today's lecture by a brief you know a reference to Macaulay's minute on Indian education and which is symptomatic really of the colonialist enterprise as far as introducing English language and literature was concerned. So, this is Macaulay in his minute we have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother tongue we must teach them some foreign language. The claims of our own language is it is hardly necessary to recapitulate it is talking about the English language it stands a preeminent even among the languages of the west it abounds with works of imagination not inferior to the noblest which Greece has be quitted to us with models of every species of eloquence with historical compositions which considered nearly as narratives have seldom been surpassed and which considered look at this as vehicles of ethical and political instruction have never been equal. So, in the so celebration of the English language you know which the high claims being made by Macaulay even as he is doing that in his minute he also at the end of this passage as seen he talks about you know the fact that even as a political tool or tool for politics and ethics of models the English language according to him is unsurpassed and unequaled and in the lecture on English and India we shall see how this was used or English was English you know and English literature the introduction of English literature in India during the colonial times was a political move and this is also something that is mentioned by Macaulay in his minute I have more slides on the minute which I will not use now and I will save it for that lecture in the second module. And we do not have much time really and I will quickly do a recap by way you know recap of this lecture by raising you know or letting you know of some of the ways in which we have questions about you know questions may be formulated in your exams. For instance we what did we talk about in this lecture it was a scope of English studies and you may get a question like how is there any difference between English studies and English language and literature that is the study of English language and literature and you would say yes many consider English language and literature the study of English language and literature as the title as symptomatic of you know more canonized and traditional way of studying the subject whereas English studies is a far more you know capacious or commodious you know domain which includes chiefly of course the study of English the English study of the English language of English literature but not only as something that emanates from Britain as world literature as world literature is written in English and of translations right it also includes study of English that is used in journalism study of the philosophy of English language as applied to English study of media of film of communication of cultural studies right or could be study of definitely of law of publishing of digital world all these and also not the least important which is the study of ways and strategies of proficiency in the English language and we have seen can you may also point to the study of ESL or English you know as a second language or English for special purposes right comparative studies of first language and second language English as a first language and second language and finally, the global whole question of the global dissemination of English both as a language and literary forms. So, you may say that yes definitely scholars are more and more pressing that English studies in be the title that is that and to replace English language in literature though we still have keep you know title our entire course English language in literature because we are not talking about for instance we do not have modules on the proficiency of you know learning teaching and learning English this is something which is missing from our course syllabus and been taken up by other courses in NPTEL right. It is not that we are not aware of this, but we finally chose to call it English language in literature because see for instance we have modules on the history of English and in the module of the history of English language we are focusing apart from the fact that we have English in India lecture in English in India. We are focusing on say the development of the English language as it happened in England in Britain. We are not looking at that elsewhere and because of that because of this gap or lacuna we have also in you know to make up for it included lectures such as in this module the alchemy of English or international English or the globalization of English. So, this is really our defense of why we in for instance again on the different periods of English literature we refer quite traditionally I may say to the age of Milton or you know the age of Shakespeare and to the Victorians etcetera without talking about you know the development growth development and different periods we may say of English literature in English in other countries. So, we finally, settle for English language and literature and let me again remind you is not because we are not aware of the importance on the pedagogical and ideological importance of English studies. Then you may also get a question like how or which discipline was also responsible for creating this influence on the you know on the ideological point of view and you refer to cultural studies. The polemical strain in cultural studies leads to what you know rough spits and rough hair as called the revising of and then you get another may have another question get another question like for instance what are the things that are according to spits and rough that are disputed revise then it is in time the methods the principles the themes that are there sorry they have been existing as far as English language study of English language and literature are concerned then when you if you ask a question on give for instance you know what is the irony of English literature historical irony of English literature you know as a university discipline. You say that the irony is according to scholars like Gauri Vishwanathan that English as a department you know or a department really or say a discipline belonging to formal education taught formally as part of you know of education did not happen in the home country. The study of English literature was almost peripheral in the English departments up to the 19th century and we have enough proof of this here in our lecture up to the 19th century because the more important things were study of philology the study of the study of grammar the study of rhetoric and oratory was only in the colonies and in India we see English literature being used as a political tool which we found in sorry we will find in McCauley's minute. So here we come to the end of a lecture on the scope of English studies and you may wait for other lectures that are there which will throw more light on the scope sorry I have only outlined the scope here. So let us end this lecture here with the promise that more of this for instance specially if you are interested in English in India we taken up in module number 2. Thank you so much.


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woman uncovers manhole under carpet in master bedroom. After removing some carpet, a woman discovered a manhole under a dresser in the master bedroom of a California home. Armed with a camera, she opened the manhole cover and showed social media viewers what she found below the house. Jennifer Little discovered a manhole underneath a dresser and carpet in a central California home. An estate manager made quite the discovery when she moved a 400-pound mid-century modern dresser and some carpet from the master bedroom of a central California home. Underneath the dresser and carpet was a manhole, and when Little opened it, she made an unexpected discovery. Hidden under the manhole cover was an underground cold-war era bomb shelter, and while that might sound bizarre to you or me, Little explained that nuclear fallout shelters were actually pretty normal at the time the home was built in 1951. Although she didn't state where exactly the central California home was located or whether she owned the house, Little did treat social media users to quite the experience. Jennifer Little posted a video about the secret room on TikTok under her at kitty underscore girl underscore California account, quickly wowing viewers with her discovery as she gave a video tour of the cold-war era shelter, which people have since been urging her to fix up. In the clip, a man is seen dusting off the cobwebs at the opening of the manhole before going inside, leaving viewers excited to see what was below. Thankfully, Little didn't disappoint. In the footage, Little reveals that the abandoned shelter features two flat bunk beds for sleeping, a bedpan urinal, and glass bottles that were strewn above. Perhaps the strangest item by far, however, was a vintage staffer's posture rest machine that was popular at the time. Known as the magic couch, the vibrating chair was sold as a weight loss device in the 1950s. Jennifer Little uploaded a video tour of the shelter. The people who built the house also added hidden ventilation in the walls, the Daily Mail reported. People were so afraid of a nuclear bomb happening on the California coast, especially in central California because it's so exposed, Little explained, revealing that the unusual discovery was actually pretty normal, considering the time the home was built. In follow-up posts, Little went on to explain that the musty bomb shelter's stone foundation was leaking and the room was in disarray, covered with over 70 years of dust. After 50 years it was clearly not weathertight, but we still found some treasures, Little said of the abandoned room. The bomb shelter featured a bedpan and other vintage treasures. Jennifer Little explained that the musty bomb shelter's stone foundation was leaking. The house also featured a dry storage room for the bomb shelter that was covered with cans and supplies that had fallen over on the floor. The storage room wasn't actually connected to the bomb shelter, though, which Little found confusing. I'm not sure why they built it this way, she said. You'd have to leave the shelter to go into the dry storage room. After her first fascinating video was watched over 8 million times with thousands of people commenting, Little uploaded additional footage. In another clip posted of the shelter, a man wearing a fire department jacket was seen investigating the shelter before climbing out of the manhole and letting out a laugh. Not every day you get to do that, right Rob, someone joked as he emerged from the underground room. The cold war era bomb shelter was complete with bunk beds, left, but perhaps the strangest item in the room was a stoffers, post-arrest, machine. The dry storage room wasn't actually connected to the bomb shelter, which Jennifer Little found confusing. Photo credit, screenshot. While some joked about the shelter sending their claustrophobia through the roof, others mused about the usefulness of the shelter. Well if there is a zombie apocalypse at least you'll be safe, one such user quipped while others insisted that the bomb shelter could be useful now, normal for back then. Like, I think we need them now more than ever. Indeed, while this discovery is a fascinating glimpse of days gone by, it's also an eerie reminder of what could be. After all, it wasn't that long ago that our fellow Americans were taking such seemingly extreme precautions out of fear for their lives. Let's hope fall out shelters and the need for them continue to be a thing of the past. While it's great to be prepared, it's also reassuring that, for the most part, we live each day without that kind of dread.


Good afternoon everybody. I am Antoine and I do research in computational biology at Harvard University and today I'd like to discuss with you how we started using Blender to simulate biological cells in 3D and well as I'm probably one of the very few biologists in this room I was curious to know the first thought that would come to non biologists minds when they saw the title of my talk and so I did what any very rigorous scientists would do I went and asked my mom and dad and so they responded this great question which I really love and so is Antoine why on earth would you want to simulate cells and well I responded to them that cells are one of the fundamental components of life that they can be found in all living things including microorganisms, plants and animals like us humans and that a greater understanding of how cells behave and operate together in our tissues might result in improvement in biomedicine and other related fields and well even though my parents were slightly disappointed that I was not going to save the world say with Blender I kept on explaining to them that modeling and simulating are great ways of figuring out which mechanism prevails in systems with several mechanisms which is very much the case when trying to understand collections of cells or should I say tissues and in our lab we study the embryonic development of zebrafish that is how can one single fertilized egg can evolve into a fully grown fish and it all starts with a zygote the zygote is the first cell the first fertilized cell and it first divides into then it divides again again and again and so it reaches about a thousand cells in just a matter of three hours which is completely mind-blowing and development then continues to reach gas relation and epiboli during reach some cells from the external layer of the embryo tug into the interior and that will form future tissues and so after about say 10 hours of embryonic development the head and the tailbud now becomes visible and then development continues the tailbud will continue to extend and body movement will now be possible and the primary organs now become visible development is happening and so after say something like 20 24 hours we now clearly see something that resembles a tiny fish and so as you can all appreciate it is mind-blowing how in such a short amount of time development happens so the precision and the robustness of the cell is something that we're fascinated by and that I hope everyone will be after this talk and so we believe that nature has developed a recipe book of strategies for precisely programming tissue patterns and shapes and so in order to decipher these recipes in that book our lab has pioneered a suite of approaches and so well first we can genetically perturb those love these living embryos that mean that we can turn on and off some components and properties of the cells then we can visualize those genetic perturbations using a microscopy technique called in total imaging and in total imaging is gorgeous because it allows us to image and track every single cell movement in a living embryo in 3d and over time so I mean look at that it is simply gorgeous even though it is not yet a blender animation it inspires us and then we can digitize those time-lapse 3d images using computer vision and meshing algorithms then finally we can use mathematical modeling to identify the set of general principles that can recreate life on computers and it is the last bit here that I really want to stress out during this talk and so there are many ways of modeling a system but here I'd like to introduce one of the inspirations behind this project and that is cellular automata theory and one of the most famous applications of this theory remains the game of life that John Conway genius mathematician developed in the 70s and well even though I discovered this game when I was a kid or probably more a teenager I never thought it would actually inspire my research but here we are and so say you have a grid and each cell on that grid is an agent and very simple rules basically governs the behaviors of that cell and so from such a simplistic set of rules what Conway observed is pretty remarkable because some very complex multicellular patterns arise from that and so that got us thinking about embryonic development basically can we recreate as a realistic game of life with a set of rules that are rigorously based from principles from biology and physics and so you know to do so I need to introduce a little bit more biology bear with me I promise should be easy or at least bring back some lovely memories maybe from high school biology and so yeah we'll define some rules together here well first thing first biological cells are deformable 3d objects and they obey to some very specific surface and soft body physics and we can model them mathematically using meshes that is as you all probably know a collection of vertices connected by edges and messages are great because they have a really high spatial resolution so that allows us to capture quite precisely and plausible positions and shapes of cells within tissues then biological cells move in their environment and we have observed that one type of movement that those cells can be approximated by a random walk so in other words the position of a cell at its next time steps can be approximated by the position of that cell at the previous time step plus a random coordinates that can be generated really easily then say you have two distinct cell and they move randomly in the environment and so at some point they will get close to each other they will collide and so thanks to cell cell adhesion now those two cells will stick together they now adhere to one another and so this is a strategy or rule that is super important to development because otherwise life would just fall apart tissues would not stick together I don't know what we would look like probably not like humans and so we've seen in microscopy movies that those cells divide and a really simple model for cell division here is the following so first you have a cell that grows that grows its volume until he matches a certain target then a ring pinches there's the cell surface along a division plane and how the division plane is being computed by cell is rather complex but here we just assume that the division plane is the plane that is perpendicular to the lot to the cells long axis that we need to compute and that passes through the cells center of mass and because all of these are measures we can do that mathematically and so once a constriction is done you now have a model cell that has been divided into two distinct data cells and then cells often need to work in harmony pretty much like us and even when they are separated by really long distance and so say we can isolate two cells here and even though they are quite not touching they are actually intrinsically linked because they're having molecular conversations here and in other words cells can send molecules in their environment but they can also monitor the molecules that are in their environment and it is I mean communication is super important I'm sure we can grasp that as humans as a society that it is crucial for coordination and regulation of collectives of agents and in this case cells and so the next rule we should discuss is how these external from external information molecules are being processed by the cell to change in fun in cells functions and properties so picture cell and be that we've seen previously we know that they're having some kind of a molecular conversations between each other and now imagine we can zoom inside cell B and so what we actually observe is a lot of molecules all over the place and we can model that in a set of circuits made of genes proteins and RNAs here simply put as A B and C for illustration and we can we call that regulatory circuits because A B and C can regulate each other's positively or negatively and the output of the circuits is again the regulation of the cells function such as the rate of growth such as the rate of division such as the strength that they will have between each other and so they really are a key part of maintaining the delicate cells balance within an environment that is constantly changing birth rate division rate these are strengths being modified here and so now that we have defined models for each individual rule what might happen if we combine them together in simulations on computers and it's really this question that drives the development of goo and so goo is a Python based blender extension to simulate biological cells in 3d and that's what I've been working for now a bit more than a year and a half and that was already previously developed before and I will now discuss the different implementation behind our blender extension so first thing that got me that really got me thinking about cells in blender is the amazing soap bubble simulations that you can find all over the place on YouTube they are gorgeous and we found that the common feature between a soap bubble and a cell is that they will both undergo deformations when a stress is being applied so in other words they are just soft bodies in the realms of simulation and so as many of you might be aware blender's cloth physics offers a powerful solution for simulating soft bodies and so that's what we did and so the way cloth are being simulated in blender is via mass spring damper systems in such systems every mass every node is a mass that is being connected by springs and those springs then can be controlled by a certain stiffness and so that will control the overall mechanical behavior of those soft body and so what we just did is transforming ordinary meshes into dynamic soft bodies and those soft bodies are now capturing the overall mechanical behaviors of cells and we took an amazing care at fine-tuning lots of blender parameters towards applications of cells and so a crucial characteristic of those soft bodies and of cells is their elasticity because when a relatively normal stress is being applied such as as when two cells collide and adhere the cells are the good deformation but when the stress is being relieved the cell will then revert to its original shape and that's the concept we call elasticity I should of course note here for some biologists and maybe physics in the room or the ones looking from their home that this of course only applies to deformation or stresses that are below a certain threshold because above that threshold then that would cause permanent deformation and so on top of cloth physics we also added an adaptive remeshing algorithm to improve numerical stability and so that's really powerful when we're simulating really complex shapes and so here meshes are allowed to dynamically relax over the simulation time and so therefore each frame meshes are being remeshed to ensure the numerical stability then we also use force fields to program cells to adhere to one another and we design these force fields in such a way that they can now follow the cells center of mass of their corresponding cell of course and then also cell solid illusion is a process that only happens at the surface of the cell so we made those force fields so that they are only active bounded around the surface of each of each cell and so cell solid illusion is a widely studied concept in biology and in developmental biology and it's a metric that is in a metric that is commonly reported in this field is the contact area between the two mesh and so thanks to that thanks to simulation we can report these metrics in a very easy way and so we implemented a method to calculate that and as expected when a decision strength increases so does the contact area between the two cells so I've now discussed a little bit of like details about blender implementation but let's take a break from that and have a little sneak peek inside blender and so we can we coded our library written in Python so that it's super user-friendly you can actually launch simulations in just a few lines of codes and also we are taking advantages of the collections in blender so that each cell has its own collection that acts as a container for its underlying mesh but also for all the attributes and force fields then we actually also use force field to make cells move randomly in their environment and how we do how we did that is that we programmed force field to move around a cell or mesh and it attracts the cell and so the consequences is that you will have cells that move randomly according to where the force field is being positioned in the scene and using our library you have a really simple function that lets user to try out many combinations of parameters such as the strength of that motion forces or also the random distribution or the size of that distribution that can be used to control the movement of the cell and so typically adhesion forces are larger than random forces so that means that when put together two cells will travel randomly and then very soon while they collide it will stick together and then their motion will now be correlated that's what we are observing right now and so implementing cell growth in blender was actually super straightforward I was very happy with that and because we use the built-in mesh shrink factor shrinking factor and when this factor is below zero or below the initial shape then it shrinks otherwise it grows and that so we then extended this function so that users now can choose between a an exponential or a linear growth because both are possible in development in biology basically then I should note that a tissue is actually a very confined environment like moving around when there's many cells around you many molecules proteins is quite the task so it's super packed and so it's only natural that we started making those simulations of cells growing in boxes and sphere and that allows us to investigate how cells grow when put in a constrained or confined environment which is very much the case in reality and so now that we have soft body physics running we have motion we have growth and we have adhesion we can start creating those nice simulations of growing tissues and so each of the 22 cells here moves independently from the others but they all adhere to each other plus they grow until reaching a volume that is about three times higher than their initial volumes we also implemented different cell types in blender and a type here from a biological point of view is defined as a unique set of biophysical properties that's unique to a specific collection of cells and so here in this example cell solid adhesion is specific to each type meaning that red would only adheres will only adhere to red purple to purple but also it's harder to see but the red cells actually moves faster than the purple cells and so now I'd like to discuss a last few work in progress regarding cell division and solving differential equation with simulation nodes so first implementing cell division in blender has proven to be quite the task and I tried a few different blender functions to achieve these results but didn't manage to get it running for now so the first thing I tried was using a subdivision surface basically cutting the topology into filling up the holes but this is really computationally intractable when we're expending the simulation to many cells then I found a trick to do that which is using a Boolean surface with a super thin division plane that's all the issue but this is not really how cell division work and so the last thing I tried was to have kind of a toaster like ring that pinches the cell along the division plane but that proved to be really hard to do even though it's computationally tractable and realistic we're still struggling with that and how to at the end bring those two newly created atmospheres into a new spherical topology so I'm very happy to chat with anyone that has an answer here because I've been struggling you would save my time so I'm also working on using the new simulation nodes to solve regulatory circuits and so I will illustrate the idea with the quite simple circuits here where a converts into b at rate beta 1 b into c at rate beta 2 and b and c also being degraded respectively at rate alpha 1 and alpha 2 and so the circuit it can be rewritten as a system of ordinary differential equation I promise we're not going to dive into equations just to give an example here and so in order to solve the system it requires integration of a time at each frame and which is basically what a node e solver is supposed to do and so given some initial condition this particular system of equation can be solved with a python od solver here and that gives the concentration of each a b and c over time and so what we want to do now is because we want to do everything when blender because we don't like library dependencies and everything I am working on using the new simulation nodes to work on two implementations of of od solving and two famous methods of that are the forward earlier and the run scooter implementations it's a work in progress I've seen some people working already on that so I'm sure there's a lot of collaborations here to do so from taking inspiration from the famous cellular automata concept and from the large and amazing blender community we extended the software towards applications in artificial life or a life for short we aim on the long run to recreate several hours of principles of zebrafish embryonic development and so also on the long run we aim to develop to evolve programs to make patterns and shapes which means quantifying how well specific programs on rules I've we've seen our rules are basically selecting patterns and shapes over time and so the parameter space here explore explore explode or blows up really quickly and so we need an efficient 3d mesh based cellular model in which we can vary the initial conditions and the regulatory circuits to explore to run simulations and then to see what is the outputs which one is favored through selection and so great news because blender proved to be a very promising tool to pave the way towards this this direction and I will end with a very slight note meaning that you will find currently a release that is simply a python library that can be run in blender which is say the beta version and we are aiming in the in the next couple months to add new functions that is cell division differential equations being solved and also molecular communications with particle systems and we will of course release that through geometry nodes and simulation nodes that should I mean we hope there will be a really nice user interface for people to use but also should bring more power and will allow us to do more powerful simulations and so we are a team of computer we are a team of biologists and computer scientists so we really we're really looking to have collaborations with blender aficionados so please come and talk to us after because we'd love to get involved with you guys and so to conclude I'd like to thank all the ones that contributed to the development of goo until today and so you can find all the information about goo and this website and finally I'd like to thank also the magazine laboratory for which I work at Harvard because it is a dream job so it's pretty amazing so please come and find me and Sean magazine in the couple next days thank you


Over the past week, victims of crime and their families were honored as part of National Crime Victims Awareness Week. A small group gathered tonight at Paul Bunyan Park in Bemidji to mark the occasion. The Beltrami County Sheriff's Office, Bemidji Police and Ambulance were all present to show support and provide people a chance to connect one-on-one with them. But due to the cold and wintery conditions, tonight's ceremony had to be postponed until a later date. We were going to have the emergency management vehicles here. We were going to have kids' corners so that the kids can play and see the squad cars and really have a community family event. We were going to have a press conference from area officials talking about how crime impacts the community. And we had Red Lake Law Enforcement and Leech Lake Law Enforcement as well, so we're really expanding that circle and reaching all victims. The public event has been rescheduled for 7 p.m. Friday, April 27th at Paul Bunyan Park. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


Hey, this is Brett with Summit Auto in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and use Jeep and Jeep Wrangler headquarters. I'm super excited to be showing you this brand new 2021 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara package in bright white. This one has a 3.6 liter Pentastar V6 motor, which is going to get you 24 miles per gallon. Yes, 24 miles per gallon on the highway, 19 city and an average of 21 miles per gallon. This one is at 3.6 with the e-torque. So that's where you're going to get that good fuel economy. This one also has the LED lighting group and the color match hard top package on it as well as blind spot cross path detection. And it also comes with the dark saddle brown leather interior. So we're going to check out all the options on this video or on this vehicle. And speaking of the video, we shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device, turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to look at the vehicle. Check out the options, check out the styling, check out those headlights and see the color all before seeing it in person. And if you'd like to check out all the photos on this vehicle in the upper right hand part of your screen is a link to our website. You can click that and check us out there. So here's come with the color match fenders. It also comes with the factory running boards on there. You also get the silver trim throughout the vehicle, including the Jeep and Sahara logo. You also get the silver trail rated badge. This one comes with the 18 inch polished aluminum and painted granite crystal pocket rims. Has Goodyear Wrangler all terrain adventure tires on here. These are 25570 R18s and they are definitely an all terrain tread pattern on there. Like I said, the color match fenders come standard with the Sahara. Very popular option to do on the Sahara though is that color match hard top which is not a cheap option. You can see those LED running lights there. Also the LED headlamps and you get LED running lights in the fenders and the LED fog lamps. One thing to note on the Sahara here is the silver trim around the fog light bezels around the grille inserts there and around the headlight bezels are all that silver. I'm not sure if it's billet silver or bright silver. I'd have to probably say it's probably billet silver would be my guess. But you get the Jeep logo and the Sahara in that same color. A couple of little Easter eggs, you get the Jeep on the shroud here. You get the sandals and then on the windshield you get the Jeep climbing up the side of your windshield so kind of cool stuff there. Has the T50 indicators on the door hinges so that you know that the Torx 50 wrench is what you use to get those door hinge bolts out. Here's the original window sticker. I'm not going to go through everything on here but I am going to show it to you so feel free to pause this at any time so you can check out all the options to make sure that this is the one that you want. So you can see it as a 2021 Wrangler Unlimited Sahara 4x4 comes with the bright white clear coat interior dark saddle colors, 3.6 with the eTorque 8-speed automatic transmission. Everything on the left here is going to be standard equipment. So you got the backup camera, the command track, four-wheel drive system keyless entry, garage door opener, 7-inch Uconnect radio, Android Auto, Apple CarPlay, 115 volt, all that stuff is standard on the left.  The LED lighting group which is $1295, the safety group which is $895, the 8-speed and the V6 are $3,000 put together. This one does have anti-spin rear differential and the color match hardtop is $2,395 so definitely not a cheap option to get that color match hardtop but a lot of people like it so that's why we usually order them that way. Total MSRP is $49,935 and if you want to get your Summit price in the upper right hand party screen there's a link to our website, click that and check us out there to get all the rebates and incentives. 3-year 36 bumper to bumper, 5-year 60 powertrain, miles per gallon, 24 highway, 19 city, 21 average and that's all thanks to that 8-speed automatic transmission and the e-torque system on here. 4-star front crash test rating and 3-star rollover the others are not rated. We'll get back to the interior in just a second but I wanted to finish up the outside of the vehicle and check out the back of the vehicle you get the four wheel disc brakes on the Sahara or any Wrangler you get the LED tail lamps as well comes with that matching spare and this is where your backup camera is and you can get a good idea of that tread pattern on there you do get a little Jeep logo on that rim LED lights on the license plate and you do get a tow hook there as well back storage area is pretty ample you do get storage space underneath here with a plug for draining it if you do get water back here when you have the top off you also have spots for your door hinge roof and windshield bolts as well as the jack tools that are underneath there notice that they have all the bars color matched to the body so when you do have the hard top pieces off everything will look uniform speaking of those hard top pieces this is the case for the front pieces you have to take those off for first before you take off the backs or the back piece three bolts on each side two on the top so a total of eight bolts and then two quick disconnects to get that hard top off and then you can put those disconnects right there there's a little storage area for the electrical and windshield washer fluid those seats do fold down which I'll show you in just a little bit how that works the glass and the rear doors are just the same as the JKs they've made these doors a lot lighter though on the jails and then they got this badge back here for a wheelbase and overall length for the two door four door and water 40 tells you where it's made to lead Ohio and these doors they close a lot nicer lot smoother they're a lot lighter than the old JKs you also get the black finish on the fuel door there and really like that color match hard top I think it's worth it it's seems like a lot of money but when you're paying this much for Wrangler what's next or $2,300 right anyways line spot monitoring heated mirrors inside that dark saddle brown I think is a great accent to the white on the vehicle you get the sehara stitched into the back rest and it's almost like a metallic stitching there it's kind of cool driver seat height adjuster you do have lumbar there they do have side airbags now on the seats and you do get factory formats auto headlamps tilt and telescopic steering wheels so they go up and down now and then they telescope out and back in they never used to do that on the old JKs you do get power mirrors power locks and power windows inside you get the 7 inch LCD display we'll turn the ignition on here so you can see that you get the little Jeep animation on there sehara as well you get a digital speedometer compass outside temp display and you can change those corners to read pretty much whatever you'd like just a really nice instrument cluster on there you get the leather wrapped steering wheel with the nice white stitching cruise controls on the right bluetooth and information center controls on the left and you do get audio controls on the back of the steering wheel before we get to the radio I do want to point out the dash so the dash trim is all leather wrapped here you get that same stitching right there as well as on top and that's the stitching or that's the trim panel that they use for all the sehara's they have a different one for pretty much every different trim level the sehara happens to be this leather wrap my favorite by far here's the 7 inch uconnect radio amfm and serious xm radio capabilities this is also where you can do your climate controls notice you do get dual climate control on this vehicle and then you can do your other controls which is just basically your backup camera take note how crystal clear that backup camera is they went to HD backup cameras for the Wranglers which I really like and that grid line is lined up right with the center of the vehicle so if you were to put a hitch on here it'd be lined right up with that and like I said those grid lines turn as you turn the steering wheel so you can kind of see where you're going in the future as you're backing up and then you have all your different apps here including Android Auto and Apple CarPlay where you can project your cell phone to the screen so while this vehicle does not have navigation on it you can project your cell phone to the screen and if you have a navigation system such as Google Maps or Waze you can project it to the screen and then it's just like you have navigation on the radio so pretty cool system we actually did a demo on Android Auto if you want to check that out it's in the upper right hand part of the screen so click that and check us out there down here are your more tactile climate controls as well as a tactile volume in tune knob and your dual climate controls there start stop capability stability control parking sensors you can turn those off down hill assist control and you can turn the screen off altogether if you want has a push button start and it has the proximity key right here it's a switchblade style key so that key flips out like so really a chunky heavy-duty key fob you always know which key you have in your pocket when you get your Wrangler key on you here your power windows you get a 12 volt power point you get an Augs USB and USB C jack your command track four-wheel drive system here's your shifter four-wheel drive high two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive low as well as a neutral setting and then you have your eight speed automatic transmission you get the little Jeep logo on top there the red button to engage it and yeah that's pretty much it for the dash on these really like that once again that saddle brown leather you get the crushed eggshell finish look to the hard top pieces you get the quick disconnects for those hard top pieces they're easy to get off you get home link buttons standard on the Sahara these are for your garage door security systems lighting systems and yeah that's pretty much it the one thing they don't have that the old JKs had were these knobs that secured the hard top pieces they don't have that anymore so it's a lot easier to get those off a lot of people didn't even have them in on the JKs anyways so we'll check out the back seats and then we'll do one more final walk around here so the first thing I noticed on the JLs was there's more leg room back here it's a little bit more comfortable to sit back here you do still get the latch child safety system and then the second thing I noticed is that these headrests they go down even when the seats in the upright position which they never did before every time you put the seat up in a JK that headrest would go up well now you can just put the headrest down for better visibility when nobody's riding back here and then the last thing I noticed was that these seats go down very easy they don't rub on the back of the front seats which is really nice to put them up and to put them down you don't feel like you're going to be wrecking the back of your front seat you also get two USBs two USB C's back here for charging and then you get a 115 volt 150 watt plug-in use your rear window controls get some air vents right there factory floor mats couple coin holders and then you get child safety locks on those back doors as well and that's pretty much it for the 2021 Sahara Wrangler we're gonna do one more final last walk around take note of the LED license plate lights the LED tail lamps and I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you will gotten a really good idea of the overall looks and styling and options on this particular Jeep Wrangler unlimited Sahara in bright white and one more look at those super bright headlights and fog lights and running lights and to see more pictures of this Jeep Wrangler one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks SUVs minivans Wranglers you name it we got it go to that website right there www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summit auto.com and if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there in fact in a second you will see link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left it links more Jeep Wrangler videos like this one on your right if you have not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out and we're super excited to be offering this brand new 2021 Jeep Wrangler unlimited Sahara in bright white clear coat with the saddle brown interior thanks again for checking out the video


Walter earlier's Disney was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States on 5 December 1901. At four, he and his family relocated to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his uncle had just bought a land. Walter grew up within this vicinity and as a child, he loved drawing. His passion for drawing was ignited after he got paid to draw the horse of a well-respected doctor who lived within the neighborhood. He sharpened his drawing skills by copying front-page cartoons and later learned how to beautify his drawings with crayons and watercolors. In 1911, when Walter attended the Benton Grammar School in Kansas City, he fortunately met the fellow students who had a passion for pictures and imagery just like himself. This friend of his was from a family of theater fans and in no time, he familiarized Walter with Valdorville World and motion pictures. When Walter got admitted into high school, he was the cartoonist of the school newspaper, helping to create patriotic pictures of the first world war. In 1911, he was recruited at a commercial art studio as an apprentice where he was engaged in drawing commercial illustrations for theater programs and cat-lugs and adverts. A year after, Walter and his older brother began their own cartoon business, which they called Laffogram Studios. In less than a year into business, the company folded due to inadequate finance to appropriate the establishment. Immediately after his loss, Walter, with only $40, left for Los Angeles to venture into acting. However, acting didn't work out. He was declined several times. Walter discovered that California didn't have animation studios, so he encouraged his brother to join him to start up another cartoon business. Walter soon found a breakthrough after successfully creating Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. This cartoon character brought a major success to Walter's career, but things later turned unpleasant. Walter traveled for a while and before he got back, his producer had overthrown him and taken control of his team of animators. Walter lost his legal rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. He didn't bother fighting back. He instead left to start all over again. Soon after his loss, he created another cartoon, Mickey Mouse. Bringing Mickey Mouse alive to a large audience was a tough problem for Walter. For about 300 times, he was rejected by investors, until one who reluctantly said yes, the Walter's Mickey Mouse. Years after his Mickey Mouse animation became successful, Walter encountered problems with his partners and suddenly ran into serious debts. In the Second World War, Walter's animators went on strike, increasing his debt up to $4 million. In the midst of all this, however, Walter remained strong and refused to lose strength and faith in himself. With much effort, he managed to rebuild his company and opened Disneyland in 1955. The launch of Disneyland was what eradicated his business problems and cleared his debts. Hundreds of people steadily bought tickets to visit Disneyland. He also came up with several other cartoons that were shown on TV. Walter finally came back stronger and better. To this day, Walter Disney's company, the Walt Disney Company, remains one of the world's top animated movie producers. Disney World that was once mocked is now one of the most beautiful and fascinating places in the world today, virtually everyone craves to visit Disneyland. As someone who has an unbeatable will to be great in his Ohio endeavor, achieving success should be practically possible. This unbeatable will represent the inner strength in you, the strength that empowers you to get something done even when it's very difficult. Mahatma Gandhi said, �Strend does not come from fiscal capacity, it comes from indomitable will.� The strength mentioned here is not fiscal ability. Instead, it is your unquarable desire to achieve success. It's only a strongman that can continue to try tirelessly and relentlessly until he gets what he wants. Ralph Waldo Emerson said, �Concentration is a secret of strength. Your ability to keep chasing your dreams without losing focus or concentration clearly shows that you have strength on the inside of you.� Oprah Winfrey said, �Where there is no struggle, there is no strength. Your struggles help you to discover the capacity of your strength.� If Walter Disney weren�t a strongman, he would have easily given up after encountering failures but he had strength on the inside which enabled him to become great. Don�t give up, you are stronger.


Types of High School Kids on Holidays in Perth. Minecraft on day for two weeks.  Let's go to Jundalup and pretend we're tough and pretend we're going to roll someone. But we're actually little bitches. Ha ha! Oh my god I'm so bored, there's nothing to do. I'm so buuuuuude. Guys let's go to the shops. Mom I'm bored, when you get home from work can we go out and I can drive? I need a practice for my owls.  Yeah, my craft!


Hey survivors and frivers Welcome to the video Please like comment share and subscribe if you would like to donate My PayPal link is in the video description If you are interested in one-on-one coaching You can email me at nagsfivercoaching at gmail.com the narcissist will hold you down Most narcissists have dead-end jobs and dead-end lives They are never about anything great We become like the standard of people we surround ourselves with and if you look at the narcissist and who they are with It's always other people with low standards or dead-end jobs Low-level people always stick together and team up on whoever they believe is above them Which means that even if they did potentially come into contact with a person who could better them or improve their lives in some way They would sabotage it their pathological envy and jealousy Produces an obsessive need to compete and prove themselves So this is why they surround themselves with other low standard low-level people Because at least then there's nothing to be envious or jealous of They're all miserable Disatisfied and unfulfilled together and that's why you need to avoid bringing these types of people into your life Because we become like the standard of people we surround ourselves with so if you're around these people long enough You will become like that too You'll be bitter Envious and jealous just like them Narcissus are not about growth or personal development They target people who are above them and trying to climb higher Then make them believe through emotional abuse and manipulation tactics That the bottom is the best place to be Everything you could ever want is at the bottom if you don't believe them and continue to climb high They will grab you and physically pull you down to their level once you are at the bottom with them You then realize that they were lying to you It was a game a Manipulation tactic all along. There's nothing great at the bottom In Fact, it's the lowest possible standard of living You could ever imagine but they made you believe that it was so great and while you're down there They will continue to make you believe that it is the place to be they will use manipulation tactics like projection denial Blameshifting and gaslighting Distorting your reality Making you see things differently. They will take on the role of your favorite celebrities Dressed like them Take on their characters or personalities but this is all Just a front To corrupt the truth That you are now at the lowest standard of life and once you've been down here long enough They soon stopped giving it a damn They don't care to convince you that it's a great place to be anymore Now they're more focused on devaluing and degrading you trying to put you beneath them Beneath the ground Then you realize that nothing is going to change and you've got to get out of there But now they won't let you go You're trying to climb higher But now they're grabbing onto your legs and trying to pull you back down to their low level Their low standard of living and this is where you're at right now You're trying to get out you're trying to get away from these people ask yourself Do you really want to go back down to that level that? Lowest standard of living with a narcissist because that's all you're going to get from them They will cover it up and make you believe that it's so great down there And it's really the place you want to be They will never tell you the truth about how they really feel Because then they know you wouldn't want anything to do with them And that's the last thing they want It's for you to realize that they're really not about anything great Because then they know they're going to lose you Shake them off and keep climbing high You will find a place where you belong Remember everything the narcissist tried to get you to believe How they try to appeal to your own ideals and mirror what you were interested in How they always created illusions and told you what you wanted to hear or showed you what you wanted to see You will never get any of that from the narcissist It wasn't real But if you keep climbing You are going to reach a place where where it all becomes very real a Place where everything they mirrored all of the illusions they try to create actually exists for real and This is the reason why the narcissist have worked so hard To try and keep you down at their level there was a time when they once tried to climb high They wanted to reach the top and experience all of those amazing things They tried their best to climb up there, but they didn't possess the strength the capabilities They fell down and hit rock bottom the lowest level It caused a narcissist injury and since then they always avoided trying to climb up But they noticed other people up there trying to climb higher chasing their dreams These narcissists became envious and jealous of them So they tried to trick them into going down rather than up They tried to make them believe that the bottom level is the place to be The narcissist couldn't reach the top and when they failed they chose not to try again They created all of these perceived limitations and restrictions in their minds Their goal from this point on was to secure an unsuspecting victim and place those limitations and restrictions on them Because they are envious and jealous They cannot stand to watch you reach the top while they are stuck at the bottom through their own choice their own laziness and There's nothing great going on at the bottom level That's why they will spend all of their time watching you watching you trying to reach the top While they use manipulation tactics to try and trick you into falling to the bottom All of the illusions the narcissist displayed to you Everything they tried to get you to believe It does exist And the narcissist had a glimpse of this reality at some point in their lives While they were trying to climb higher they had a partial view of what existed at the top But they couldn't climb to the top They didn't work on themselves so they didn't have the capabilities to get to that level They fell down to the bottom and became hateful and resentful to anyone above them From this point on they have chosen to use this to lower people into their realm Knowing all too well that they're not about any of that They don't even know what it's like to be at that level They don't know how to climb So shake these narcissists off and keep on climbing if you are watching this video you have the capabilities to be something great Just don't let the narcissist bring you down to their level. I'll see you at the top Thank you for watching. I hope this video resonated with you. Please like comment share and subscribe More videos soon


This paper analyzes the impact of reducing lattice thermal conductivity, CAPA-L, on Z-T improvements, using electrical conductivity, sigma, total thermal conductivity, total, and Lorenz number, Vell. The Weidman-Franz law is used to estimate electronic component of thermal conductivity, CAPA-E, from sigma measurements. However, significant deviations from the degenerate limit occur for non-degenerate semiconductors, where L converges to 1.5 times 10 minus 8 W omega k minus 2 for acoustic phonon scattering. The decrease in L is correlated with an increase in thermal power, absolute value of C-beck coefficient S. A first-order correction to the degenerate limit of L can be based on measured thermal power, independent of temperature or doping. The equation proposed is L equals 1.5 plus exp, dash 0.7 S, and is accurate within 5 percent for single parabolic band slash acoustic phonon scattering assumption and within 20 percent for PbC, PbS, PbT, C0.8 go 0.2. Using this equation for L instead of a constant value will significantly improve the estimation of lattice thermal conductivity when detailed band structure and scattering mechanism is not known. This article was authored by Hyunsik Kim, Zachary M. Gibbs, Inglutang, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.