The many social cultures of Nigeria, if you don't eat fruits you'll die of cancer. If you don't do this, this will happen to you. Why is the Nigerian way of life to instill fear in you to ensure compliance or as a marketing tool? And I'm going away from all we've talked about on the governance, on disabilities and to some light-headed banter. You know, I'm genuinely triggered by the negativity loop that's consistently manipulated in our society. And I personally look forward to an era where we actually appeal to a higher emotional tug. But there is a particular societal slant I want to talk to today. And that is the culture of I must marry or you must marry.  If you're not a married man by 35, you are irresponsible. Why are you rushing to get married is my question today. Well, I'm going to state upfront that I think that weddings are so beautiful looking and the glam and the glitz is to die for and all marriages can be bliss on earth and full of sugar and spice, you know, all things yum and so sweet. But a beautiful wedding day is easy to plan and you can have whatever your budget can afford. But can you have the marriage of your dreams based on your budget? The Nigerian society is one that places a premium on one's marital status. And I'm sure that as you are watching right now, an irate mother is frantically calling her son to ask yet again when he's coming to introduce his wife to be to her. And Daddy Dearest is sitting in the palo expressing his displeasure to his friend that his 34-year-old graduate daughter is busy chasing her career, breaking glass ceilings, he doesn't understand that at all, making a lot of money for what? But without a single thought about settling down with a man and having children. What a mess. Now, not many people actually put much thought into the fact that marriage calls for skills, great, and is striving for something akin to perfection in managing each other's persons and expectations. Let's look at all the other perpetrators of the Marinal culture. Friends, oh dear friends, they are just as bad as parents, especially when one by one crew members start tying a knot.  And sometimes it's that pressure that leads people into relationships and marriages they have no business being in. Truth be told, oftentimes the actions are carried out with the best intentions, and while some would almost shame you into marrying, others do it so subtly and even unintentionally. But some people on the other hand have set goals and so have placed themselves under personal pressures to get married. And while we're on it, let's not forget the great social media, coupled with age, your age hang-ups, and the busy body aunts and uncles, aka family members, who have set up a weekly schedule to remind you that your biological clock is ticking like the timer on a bomb. Well, one thing that all those pressure groups, as that is what they are, don't factor in, is that the timelines of each and every one of us differ. What applies to you may not apply to me. So I would say today, know this and know peace. And so while you want all your hot pictures on the gram, there's a ton of work that you must put in behind the scenes. Are we ready for that? Getting married? Having babies? Doing all the amazing public display of affection for social media and all the other great things is what every one of us desires. Well, maybe almost all of us, but are we all ready for it? It appears that a lot of who are yet to understand this. Or maybe they know and they are just not ready to think about it. Well, it's important that they take note that the rate of divorce today is attesting to this. Marriages are crashing every other day. So stop press. Jumping in with both feet without proper planning, financial, mental, and emotional stability is like taking a shovel and digging a pit for yourself. And sadly, that pits me widening and worsening till it swallows the person up whole unless there's an intervention. And at that point in time, where are all the pressure group members, the aunties, the uncles, the daddies, the mummies, the sisters, all those friends that were pressuring you to marry? You find that it's just you. Thinking about getting married when you're not even self-sufficient is a catastrophic state of mind. So it's planning to get married without having to take in charge of your emotions. I'm going to ask you today, how wise and sensible are you with money? And we know what Nigeria is talking about today. How about that temper? We're fighting domestic violence today. What is it without your bad mouth?  Anything you say what comes into your mouth as you want to say it. Do you even know the level of importance it's attached to getting married? Or is it just because everyone else is doing it? You know, let's ask ourselves, do you have any idea about birth control? Or do you want to be helping babies out every year? Do you have money making ideas? In today's Nigeria, I repeat once again, now without filling in all the necessary emotional, financial and mental boxes, no one should be thinking of a marriage. I say, are you trustworthy? Do you know how to trust somebody?  Have you had the talk about what you like or what you don't like? Does your partner know or possess traits that you may not even be able to deal with? Because most people just want to get married to somebody without even thinking about what the other person wants. And I would like to say here, it is not enough to love someone. Do not be fooled, love is never enough. There are so many boxes to fill and check before you could even think about being self-ready for a successful marriage, a lifetime of togetherness. And while a dramatic proposal is definitely interesting and to be talked about, it is not the guarantee for an amazing marriage. And sadly, a lot of marriages that have not yet crashed are simply being held together for many various reasons, from the children to what people will say, to what will happen to me if I leave you, and sometimes just to keep up appearances. I would say if you are listening to me today and you know deep within you that you are nowhere close to actually being ready for marriage, I would ask you once again, why are you rushing to get married? Is it about getting married or actually having a sense of personal responsibility? Do you have an understanding of your life and what marriage really means to you as a person or to your society in home? So, are you trying to scare people from getting married? I think I am simply trying to let people realize that there's a lot of responsibility at that rate. I'm not just for a non-shell. I just call it that for people, they feel that it's only men. I'm a Nigeria man. You have hit that big dude, you have some money. You are living on your own. Out there, you don't have money. Why bring it? Why take your girls for you? I mean, do you think that it has to do with... For me, when it comes to marriage, there is always a cultural and a religious intersection, right? You know the whole concept of going to the world, multiply, have dominion. For you to multiply means you have to get married because in our culture, children come as a byproduct of a marriage. So the real focus for many of these parents and pressure groups is that cute niece nephew, the grandchild. It's not necessarily because they want to see you or bling-ring or they see you in a home. They need you to go in there because a child comes from that process. But to be on a serious note though, because of the high rate of divorces, I'm going to agree with you on this one completely. Divorces leave a negative impact on the couple, as well as the children, if not handled very carefully. There's a lot of baggage that comes with it. There's a lot of bitterness, you know, and if it can be avoided, right? Really, it's better to wait than make a mistake. The pressure comes from people just trying to do what is a natural progression of life. So many times now, I actually find that the pressure is no longer coming from the families. In recent times, for a lot of people, the pressure is actually coming from themselves. So you have two schools of two groups now. The people who are put themselves under pressure because it's the natural progression of life. I'm out of university, I have a job, it's time for me to get married. And then you have the ones where the families are making comments like, what are you going to do? But then you also have a group of people now who are deciding that, you know what, marriage and children is not an option for me. And that's what I'm discovering too, people are saying that. And people are starting to say that it's not an option for me. And I think there's also something that married people need to do better. And that is speaking about the good sides of marriage. What you find now is that a lot of people are going to marriage with a lot of baggage. Other people's baggage, not their baggage. They've seen marriages around them fail. So they've come with that thing of, oh, I've heard something that happened to my friend. And say, eh, when I marry, I'm not going to take that. So you already go in guns blazing, right? Your tentacles are already up, you're already paranoid. And so something that you may have handled in a particular way, you handled it with force and aggression. And of course, that's not going to work. Love is a decision, okay? It's not a feeling. So when people are going to marriage on the basis of love, and I ask them, what does it mean when you say that you are in love, right? They're never able to articulate it because it's a feeling. If you're able to articulate it, then I know that you're onto something because love is a decision. Love is deciding that I'm going to tolerate that mistake that you're going to make. I'm going to think of the worst case scenario. What's the worst thing that you're going to do? And I'm staying within the confines of, please, let's stay out of domestic violence, you know, things like that.  Am I going to still be able to forgive you? Am I going to be able to stay with you when there's no money, right? Am I going to take on your battles? Are we working towards a vision? So it doesn't have anything to do with a feeling. It has to do with a decision that I'm going to work this journey with you. And people are able to answer those questions carefully and intelligently. Not all, I like the way he or she makes me feel. And they're not ready. That's the truth. So that's very true. It's better to wait. Well, it's quite a very, like I said before now, it's a whole lot brought into one. Kids, the whole marriage institution, the love aspects to it, and the societal pressure that comes with it. Particularly for people of my generation who, like he pointed out, that when you're not done with your university, have you got a master's degree, you're not working on any sort of money, the natural expectation is actually talking about getting married and all of that. And beyond that natural expectation that is forced on us by, that's a function of society, we all live, you understand? And it's not necessarily bad if you ask me. It's not necessarily bad that when you begin to attain a certain age, people, your friends, family will be, let me know as they will be interested in knowing when you're not eventually going to settle down and then perhaps open the chapter of your own family.  And even in the Bible, even the Bible, like he pointed out, the Bible also ordains that institution, that the man, the woman has to live and together they become wife and procreate, fuel the air to multiply. So as the cultural and religious are basis for this, what I see that has happened now is how society has made it as though they have now, they don't allow it to happen, to just happen from the standpoint of the individual. That's where I'm going to, that's the point, yes. For the individual coming to the realization that okay, now I think I should now start off on, it should come from the individual. When it is now being forced from the societal pressure and family, it causes the problem that makes someone to now perhaps rush into it. And most times when you rush into it, you also rush out of it. As you say, you rush out of court. So those are the issues and I think we have to actually, we should not be drawn into all the bedlam out there. People should know what they want and know when to start this institution of marriage, if they feel they need it. I quite agree with both of you, but I think the part that I am beginning to, well maybe personally see and to talk to, is the fact that, like Uche rightly said, feelings and emotions have taken on the decision making. But one of the things, and this is totally away from the fact that it's a societal norm, life skills around decision making, critical thinking, as well as emotional intelligence, understanding of how people relate. We are not taking in the thinking part of decision making. This is a lifelong decision. And I'm saying that rather than be moved by societal norms or pressures within you or your sense of expectation to take in that cold eye review of what you want to get into. I mean, how many of us actually understand the other person? You know what I'm talking about? Wife material or husband material will look at things like I can tolerate his excesses. But have I ever actually thought of what actions or remedies or steps I want to use to tolerate those person's excesses or not? Who is that person? But then you know, I mean, these conversations that we're having today could go on and on and I'm sure they're really triggering conversations. Yeah, because it's an economic dimension to why people get married. I hope you know that. Oh yes. In fact, we're just chipping something. There was something that Chimaman Dengosa said sometime, that there is no timeliness to success. So for those who have seen marriage as a sort of a prize, or is a huge prize which must be won, they should know that there is no timeliness to it. She said a law degree that's gotten for his later and one got him for his earlier. They are all law degree. Fantastic. Very true. Thank you so much Raymond for that. Well, we have come to the end of today's episode. However, the advocacy continues on our social media platforms on Facebook at plus TV Africa hashtag the advocate NG or on Instagram at plus TV Africa hashtag the advocate NG. So catch up with previous broadcast, go to plus TV Africa dot com forward slash the advocate NG. And don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel plus TV Africa till next week. Same time on this station, let's keep advocating for a better society. Thank you. Bye for now.


Roots in the soil are a very, very complex system, so the fine roots are not visible. If you pull out a plant, you only see the more coarse roots. The fine ones are only visible under a microscope and they will die off every two, three days leaving new roots are built. The roots can be enormously extended and supported by specific fungi that are called mycorrhiza. It's natural, so if you have a very healthy, good forest soil, mycorrhiza is there. If you have an agricultural land, if there is an agrochemical agriculture going on since some time, no mycorrhiza, plowing destroys them, pesticides destroy them, mineral fertilizer destroys them. So one of our most beneficial support systems, the mycorrhiza fungi, is normally destroyed. So in reproductive agriculture and of course in organic agriculture, a lot of this is done in organic agriculture, but now the conventional goes this way, so I'm lucky that we have that. And the mycorrhiza fungi make a network here, a very fine network and the root of the tree may go here. But the mycorrhiza can go here and it actually can go to another tree here, connect them. They can send nutrients from this to this, they can send information from here to there. If there is an animal grazing this tree, this tree can send a signal through the mycorrhiza fungi, take care, bring out your bitter stuff that you don't taste well anymore so that you are not grazed down. And this is an amazing network and one of the big benefits is that the phosphate can be activated in a very, very wide range, also deep down. And phosphate is often considered one of the big limitations in agriculture. If you have mycorrhiza fungi, you can access phosphate that would be never accessible otherwise. So once again, you don't have to buy this because a lot of land has phosphate for hundreds of years. I heard numbers that many soils hold phosphate for 500 years minimum. And so if there is mycorrhiza fungi, you have access to an enormous wealth of your soil that you haven't been aware of. Instead of buying this, just access this with your little helpers and only thing you have to do is provide them a living environment where they can thrive.


Hello. Yes. Yeah. Okay. So the last part we are going to do today is the imperfection of solids imperfection in solids imperfection is nothing but defects. Okay. We also call it as defect. So what is defect or what is imperfection? It is the departure of a crystal which is there in ordered arrangement means when arrangement is different. Okay. For any crystal we have seen the various structures like NaCl and other crystals we have seen the structures. So that is the definite arrangement we have ordered arrangement we have if there is any departure from that particular arrangement or any change in the arrangement of the crystal by any means like suppose if you heat it or suppose if you add an impurities. Okay. So any one of these things will change the property of the solids or crystals. So that change in property that departure from the ordered arrangement is called imperfection or defects in solid. Okay. So right on this imperfection or defect is the imperfection or defect is the departure from is the departure from perfectly ordered arrangement perfectly ordered arrangement of constituent particles of constituent particles in the crystal of constituent particles in the crystal. Next slide down perfect or ideal crystal perfect or ideal crystal exist only at absolute zero temperature that is zero Kelvin ideal crystal exist only at absolute zero temperature or zero Kelvin. Okay. Next line this imperfection can be intrinsic or extrinsic intrinsic or extrinsic extrinsic when we add some impurities into this intrinsic or extrinsic when you add some impurities or in presence of impurities will have extrinsic imperfection impurities. For example, you see if you have gem stones, gem stones are the crystal of Al2O3 is a crystal of Al2O3 and the pure thing is this the perfect crystal that we have ideal crystal that we have it is colorless. Okay. It is colorless in nature. When you add some impurities into this that is extrinsic imperfection. If you add some impurities, you know, in every three plus iron if it is present into this, it's color is blue. Okay, sapphire blue exact color if you see, or if it contains CR3 plus iron with it, it's color is ruby red. This color is because of the change in color is because of the impurities present into this. Okay, so because impurities may be the property of the solid or crystal changes, or it will have a new properties or the color of the crystal changes. Okay, so all these things are, you know, shows the imperfection in solids. Okay, now imperfection we have three types, mainly we have two types, but total different classification of imperfection you see we have three types of imperfection. First one is electronic imperfection electronic imperfection as the name suggests, it is because of the movement of electrons. The second one is atomic imperfection. It is because of the movement of atoms, atoms or ions atomic imperfection or atomic defects. And the third one is line defects. Which we also call it as dislocations or dislocation line defects is nothing much we have a solid crystal and the edge of the site changes, there will be some imperfection into that that we call it as line. Okay, dislocation about a point or along the edge that is line defects or dislocation. Atomic defects or electronic defects like I said, this is because of the movement of electrons, and this is because of the movement of atoms or ions. Okay, this atomic defects further classified into different categories. Okay, we'll write down everything here, but we'll discuss only few things which are important. Okay, we can go through LCRT is given over there, you can just read once not much important these things are what are important things I'll tell you atomic defects. We have three types. The first one is stoichiometric defect. The second one is non stoichiometric and the third one is third one is we have impurity defects. Give me just one second. So impurity defects is stoichiometric defects and non stoichiometric defects. Okay, is stoichiometric defects further it is classified into different different categories. Okay, like the four different types of defects into this non stoichiometric defects are also further classified. Okay, so that's why I'm telling you if you look at all these things. We have a lot of theory to go through it. Okay, so everything is not important, but I would suggest just NCRT you have to read once. I'll just write down all the names here and just tell you the important points, one of the important points that we have here. And few things are important that we'll discuss after this indeed. Okay, stoichiometric defects we have four different types. One is one is vacancy defect vacancy defect. Vacancy defect. Other one is interstitial defect interstitial defect. Next one we have a short key defect, short key defect. And one more we have that is Frankel defect. Both are very much similar, means this two belongs to this two is defined for non ionic solids. The type of imperfection is almost same, but this two is defined for non ionic solids. And this two is defined for ionic solids type is same. But for ionic the name is short key and Frankel. And here it is vacancy and interstitial defects. Okay, ionic solids and non ionic defects. The only difference is here the crystal maintains its neutrality, electrical neutrality maintains over here. Okay, so in all these things, till now you can say 90% of the time they have asked question on Frankel and short key. Now, coming back to non stoichiometric defects. Okay, this also we have two, three types. Okay, like metal excess defect and metal deficiency defect. Two types we have here, non stoichiometric defect. This is metal excess defect, metal deficiency defect, metal excess defect and metal deficiency defect. Okay, now you see at the as the name suggests here, metal excess defect means what we have more metals present metal ions will be more that is metal excess defect. Okay, so metal ions would be more. So how do we get more number of metal ions. Again, we have two, three categories for this. Okay, I mean, we can have metal excess defect in two different ways. One is when we remove some anion from the crystal. Right, initially we have electrical neutrality. So metals, positive ions and negative ions are safe. If you remove the anions will have more number of metal ions present metal ions is cations we're talking about right. So in that way we can achieve this metal excess defect we may have another way is what you add more amount of metal ions on to that. Okay, so the first case by which the metal excess defect possible that is the anion vacancy by the removal of anions. So in this thing, we have two different ways. By anion vacancies by having anion vacancies means what anion you are removing from the site. So eventually what is happening the metal ion is getting more number of metal ions is increasing in the crystal. That's why we have metal excess defect this anion vacancy we call it as f center. Okay, so we call it as f center on this also they have asked few questions. Okay, so one, two, three, these three points are only important. Okay, but yes you have to go through once the NCRT. Okay, so that you will have the idea of what all things. So metal excess defect one possibility is by removing anions another possibility is what by the presence of extra ions means extra cations not ions extra cations. If you add extra metal ions into that in that way also we have metal excess present in the crystal and hence that also leads to metal excess defect. Okay, metal deficiency defect is just opposite of that remove metal ions from the crystal. Right, so few properties of this will tell you impurity defects is what it is the same thing. Suppose we have group 14 element you must have done P type n type semiconductor right. Right, so that is the same thing we have impurity defects is what suppose we have any group 14 elements you add or you mix group 15 elements into group 14. So group 15 plus group 14 gives you what more number of electrons so we have n type semiconductor that is impurity defects. Okay, in group 14 you add group 13 that is P type semiconductor to this kind of thing we have under impurity defects imperfection. We have these three types in this will discuss little bit of electronic defects will discuss Frankel and Schottky. Okay, important point difference into these two and we discussed an ion vacancy. Okay, a few properties will see in metal deficiency defects also. Okay, other things that deficiency part the imperfection part just go through and CRT that will be more than enough. Okay, so first point you write down electronic defects. Like I said, it is due to the irregular arrangement of electron one second it is due to irregular arrangement at zero Kelvin. There's no movement of electrons and hence we say no electronic movement. I'm just giving you the key points here that is it no electronic movement and hence we do not have any conduction no conduction temperature increases as temperature increases transition of electron takes place. Transition of electron takes this basically electrons occupy higher energy state takes place and hence it shows conduction. So when the electron leaves its original site or original position. It creates a whole at its original position right right on due to the movement of electrons due to movement of electrons holds creates and holds are represented by a small achieve holds creates. At the original position of electron where the electron was initially present original position of electrons holds create next concentration of electron the concentration of electron is represented by is represented by a small n and that of hole is represented by a small p. Right concentration of electron is represented by a small n and that of holes is represented by a small p both electron. Both electrons and holes both electrons and holes gives rise to electronic imperfection gives rise to electronic imperfection. Next slide down atomic defects or point defects okay atomic defects or point defects are the same thing. This type of defects observed due to movement of constituent particles due to movement of constituent particles previously it was electrons here we have particles to possibility we have when the particles are missing from its from its original position. In the lattice right it is missing from the lattice completely another one that it occupies the industrial sites on the same lattice okay leaves its original position and occupies the industrial sites. Okay both way this kind of defects possible okay like I said the point defects. Are again classified into three categories that is the stoichiometry defects and then we have non stoichiometry defects and then we have impurity defects so in stoichiometry defects we have first one we are going to see that is short key defects short key. Write down write down it generally observes in AB type crystal it generally observes in AB type crystal it generally observes in AB type of crystal. A plus B minus I nick AB type of crystals and in this type equal number of cations and anions equal number of cations and anions are missing from their are missing from their original. Original or normal lattice sites original sites so when they're missing when they're missing from their original position it creates holes right. It is observed in a strong ionic compounds like NSCN KCN KBR CSCN AGBR AGBR also shows us. Okay few properties of this kind of defect you must remember like the ions are missing from their original sites hence we can say density of the crystal decreases in this type right stability also decreases lattice energy also decreases lattice energy and stability both decreases. And property because the disorder disorderness is increasing it was originally it was ordered arrangement defects is all about you know the disorder arrangement right or the other disorderness so we can say that and property because the defect increases so property based question they have asked in this okay short key defect. Examples and property based question. Okay, now the second one is. Did you copy this second one is frontal defect this type of defects observes when the ions in bracket you write down usually cations because of the ions usually cations. Of the lattice of the lattice occupy the interstitial interstitial sites leaving a corresponding number of normal site vacant means polls created repeating this. Yeah, this kind of defects observes when some of the ions usually cations some of the ions usually cations of the lattice occupy interstitial sites interstitial sites. Leaving a corresponding number of holes. Next slide. It creates vacancy defect it create vacancy defect at original site because you know the position is getting vacant right so vacancy defect at original sites and interstitial defects at the new site. New site means where the ions goes the new site where the ions are present. There we have interstitial defects interstitial defects and vacant defects at the original sites. There are few we have one condition one or two condition for this but obviously we have some exceptions also here. That's why I said you have to know memorize this. For all those crystals whose coordination number is low coordination number is low can show this kind of defect. Okay condition size difference. Of an ion and cation is more right so size of an ion. Is bigger than or the size of an ion should be bigger more than that of cat ion. So in this case these two cases this kind of defect possible see alkali metal highlights the size of cat ion and an ion are very much similar like the difference is not that great. Hence alkali metal highlights does not show this kind of defect. Okay right down this point the size difference in alkali metal highlights is not high or more. Hence Frankl defect is not observed. See the ions does not leave the site okay means leave the crystal it is present in the crystal only but not at its original position. Okay if you have NCRT you can open it and you can see the diagram okay or after the class you can see right so ions are present in the crystal but not at its original site. So because of this only the density change is not there no change in density no change in density. Here also lattice energy and stability decreases decreases disorderness increases so entropy also increases the molecule which shows this kind of defect is AGCL. AGPR again I am writing it down here it is important it shows both defects AGPR, AGI, ZNS all these shows triangle defect. So in AGPR both Schroedtke and Frankl defect observed since AGPR is ionic but again the size difference is also very much. That's why Frankl it shows yes now we'll see one or two things in non stoichiometric defects, non stoichiometric defects. This kind of defect observes in non stoichiometric crystals mainly this observes in non stoichiometric crystals. This also classified into various categories like I said we have metal excess defect. So metal excess defect is possible in two different way one is you add the metal ions in the crystal will have excess of metal metal excess defect. Other one remove an ion from the crystal that is an ionic vacancy right now in this type metal ions or in this type metal ions or cations metal ions or cations are in excess in excess. This defect may develop in two ways this defect may develop in two ways the first one is in two ways. The first one is when excess cation excess cation occupy occupy the interstitial position so number of cations increases metal excess defect and the second one is we call it as an ion vacancies and vacancies. Write down in this write down when a negative ion negative ion is missing from its lattice sites when a negative ion is missing from its lattice sites leaving behind leaving behind a vacancy or a hole leaving behind a vacancy or a hole. Which is occupied by which is occupied by by the electrons which is occupied by the electrons in order to maintain in order to maintain electrical neutrality to maintain electrical neutrality. Trapped electrons are called f-centers the trapped electron are called f-centers centers f-centers which is responsible for which is responsible for imparting color to the crystals which is responsible for imparting color to the crystal. Which is responsible for imparting color to the crystal this defect is similar to short key defect similar to the short key defect and it is observed in the crystal which shows short key defect. So this is f-center just one thing you have to take care of write down one note greater the number of f-center more will be the intensity of color greater the number of f-center more will be the impurities sorry the intensity of color. Okay, so this is it for imperfection these two things no they have asked in the exams okay but ncrt like I said you must go through it is completely theoretical you have to memorize certain things okay and that is it the first part you can understand everything logically all the positions of point and everything. But this thing you have to memorize another thing is what there is one more thing that is magnetic property that is paramagnetic behavior paramagnetic diamagnetic behavior we have ferromagnetic substance anti ferromagnetic substance also there for that it's not at all important but for that I will share one pdf okay so whenever you get time you just go through that pdf it is more than enough given into that. Fine, so this is it for this chapter okay we are going to start next that is chemical kinetics. Okay, just one minute.


Well, you know, so am I and I'm not sure how old you are, but if you're a young man, and I think I'm sorry That's that's young to me I think that that lesson is so powerful, you know, and it got for me. It was reiterated me last year last year I Took a sabbatical to work on my next book. My next book is on global entrepreneurship and I wanted to get understanding of how Entrepreneurship was different in different countries and how it was being used to to empower the emerging markets and emerging world So I I decided to take a five-month sabbatical for my business I got on the ship and literally sailed around the world for five months Visit about 35 countries and about a one about a hundred ports of call Every continent it was just an amazing life-changing experience and there are many things that I learned on that trip But one of them was is that how? how Connected we are as people not just nationally not just in your country, but globally I learned the commonality between entrepreneurs and all markets, you know and emerging markets and the and the old world and the new world And and the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere countries. I mean, there's there's a commonality there that is global that's universal and that ties into what we're talking about about the importance of Partnerships and alliances. I mean I was in I was in Thailand and I met these brothers who Who specialized in blockchain blockchain application development? Well now if my company's moving into blockchain development, they are our partner there. They're in Thailand We're in US, but because of technology we can talk every day. We can share files You know at the speed of light we can we do all the things that we need to do in order to be successful in business And that perspective I would not have been able to to set that up had I not Had the perspective that I I'm looking for partners. I'm looking for people that can work with me I'm looking for people who share my vision and who share my values I'm looking for these things and so when you look forward you'll find But unfortunately a lot of people don't look forward, but it passes them by And so I think that as a young person or in person I think if you recognize that you need help Recognize that you need people to help you then what you begin to see is these Opportunities where people can help you and where they will help you but unless you recognize that upfront you'll miss it You'll meet people you'll be in situations I can be the next best thing for your business or for your ability to to create wealth But you missed it because you're not looking for You get to get to look for these things and so I've learned to look for these opportunities and they and they come your way That touches me to a point where you talked about five critical lessons and building effective and sustainable Alliances as strategic partners. So I wrote down some notes here. Number one. It says leverage or emotions Number two present does not define your future Right number three allow partners to do what they do Mm-hmm number four work toward shared objectives and dependent distractions and number five watch work and war


God tells Jonah to go to Nineveh. Jonah runs away on a ship, God sends a storm, the sailors toss Jonah overboard. God sends a big fish to swallow Jonah. Jonah prays really hard and remembers God. The fish vomits Jonah. Again, God tells Jonah to go to Nineveh. Jonah proclaims 40 more days and Nineveh will be overthrown. The Ninevites believe and repent and God repents and doesn't destroy them. Jonah has a temper tantrum about God's compassion. God teaches Jonah by sending a plant to come to Jonah in the hot sun, then God kills the plant. The end.


The Cardinals, plus 600 to win that. I mean, if it's plus 600 for the Cardinals just to win the NFC West, yeah.


Who says you can't have it all? Not Appalachian Wireless. We know what you want. Appalachian Wireless offers the hottest smartphones and unlimited data plans, all on the region's number one network. For more than a month, we have been reporting on the current financial struggles in the Pike County Fiscal Court. And Wednesday morning, the Kentucky Department for Local Government addressed those issues in a press conference, saying their office became involved in April after Pike County went more than a year without filing any quarterly reports. Came down to see if there was any needed assistance in getting those filed to find out if there was any impediment to that. By the beginning of June, none of those quarterly reports had been filed, which triggered a decision to lower than revoke Pike County's bond rating and led to the resignation of longtime county treasurer, John de Billeter. At that point, they started the Herculean effort, as I mentioned before, of going back over almost two fiscal years and updating these quarterly reports and reconciling bank statements. Two different task forces were formed, with one focusing on the 2017 fiscal year and the other on 2018. And everything was on schedule to get the county in compliance by the end of the day, Wednesday. In which case, DLG will be able to review their budget for next year and approve it tomorrow. And a special meeting is scheduled for Friday for the second reading of the budget and the approval. Once the budget is finalized and approved, the Pike County Fiscal Court can focus on steps that it needs to take to reestablish the county's bond rating. And DLG officials say things are finally moving in the right direction. This was a group effort. Everyone was on board. Everyone wanted to do what was humanly possible to accomplish this. And it appears that we have done that. Pike County Deputy Judd's executive, Herbie Deskin, says it's a goal of the current fiscal court to be able to get the county back on track before the new administration begins in January. It's our goal, and to try to give the employees a raise so that this next fiscal court can start off on an even budget. In Pikeville, I'm Shannon Deskins, EKB News.


This presentation is going to be a little bit different Okay, cool. Excellent. Great. I'm glad I don't have to tell my jokes twice. So so Basically the question is From this from this talk is I mean to some extent I want to address what for me is has been Historically a really embarrassing question that you get asked all the time the question is well deep down Why are we building a quantum computer? What real practical valuable problem do we hope to solve? Using using one of these devices now. I've always said quantum simulation clearly That is the application that will provide the most value in the shortest time, but What sort of quantum computer are we going to need in order to be able to capitalize on this vision? How many qubits are we going to need air correction? Are we not going to need air correction? And how do I know that we're looking at a problem that is both important and Hard to simulate using classical devices and that really is the aim of this work and it should be seen as kind of Complementary I feel to Andrew's talk earlier. What we're doing here is we're looking at a much harder problem We're looking at something that to the best of our knowledge the best Classical methods for these for this the problem. I'm going to be talking about will struggle And so the aim here that I hope that you guys will take out of this is an idea of what the Challenge is right now for quantum computing and how we should improve things not just on the hardware level but also on the algorithmic level so that we can capitalize on this vision of Building a quantum computer that can solve the world's hard hard problems in chemistry so But first we have to solve the world's hard problems in pointers Excellent that one was easier than nitrogen fixation so The basic idea behind quantum quantum simulation is Really simple what we want to be able to do is we wanted to be able to get hard problems like problems involving photosynthesis high-temperature superconductors or this problem I'm going to be talking about about nitrogen fixation and we'd like to be able to map them directly onto the quantum computer So the idea behind it is really primitive in some ways what you want to be able to do is you want to be able to get the Lie to the quantum computer and get it to trick it into thinking that it's the molecule that you want to simulate then because of Universality you can ask any question that you could ask of the molecule and perform that logical experiment on the device So at a high level that's basically what we're we're looking at And so what we want for this talk the question is well What is the application that we want to look at and the one that we chose is biological nitrogen fixation now? Why this topic you know a fertilizer doesn't exactly sound like the sexiest thing in the world? especially once you see what most of it's made out of but The point is is that actually? Fertilizer production or in particular in particular ammonia production is One of the most costly things on the planet energetically speaking It uses up a sizable fraction of our energy budget every year just carrying out this process known as the Haber process The Haber process was well invented by Fritz Haber basically about the turn of the century and it is Arguably one of the most important industrial chemistry processes and no one it single-handedly kept Germany in the first world war and it as I said is responsible for almost everything to some extent that we eat and so Given all this time you would assume that this process has been optimized to the point where we have Wonderful catalysts in order to be able to do this ideally at low temperatures and pressures But the truth is we don't and that's one of the reasons why it uses up so much energy Because what we need to do is we need in order to make this reaction go forward in an industrially scalable way High temperatures and pressures and those cost energy So given all of this you might think hey well, you know, maybe this is just a fundamental thing in nature Maybe we can't beat this but unfortunately compared to The the true masters of fertilizer production. We know nothing and the true masters are bacteria Bacteria have actually found a way to do take nitrogen from the air Split the triple bond that holds it together and make ammonia out of this at room temperature and pressures And if we could find something like this that we could execute on an industrial scale It would fundamentally change the world But a problem with it is that if we take a look at the molecule that's responsible for it This is the active site. It's a little poetic to say this But the this is sort of the molecular knife that slices the triple bond that holds together the nitrogen and so in order to understand how this process works and Build a synthetic catalyst that we could actually use in a scalable way One thing that we'd like to be able to do is simulate this active sighting here Problem is is that we can't do it and to give you an idea about how hard this is even Experimentally until very recently. We didn't know what X is yes For those of you, I'm glad I can allay this concern X is not a new element X is simply an unknown element In this case and tell very recently we didn't know that that was carbon So that's how unknown this This was and how recent this development is that we could even begin thinking about this So the point is is that the despite the fact that that bacteria use this mold this knife essentially to cut it We our best classical methods really struggle with simulating this and one of the reasons why they struggle is because of the fact that you if You take a look at this this thing is chock full of Heavy metals molybdenum iron things with D electrons and typically is a rule of thumb When you see things like that a lot of classical methods will begin to fail because of the fact you get very Correlated electrons as they start moving around these heavy positive charges and so Classical methods tend to fail for this and so That's why this is a good target for a quantum computer. It's important and it's hard and so that's why we look at this as a particular example because it's a it's a Fantastic case study of something that we would one day want to simulate in order to actually be able to probe reaction dynamics for any sort of industrial process So but again the main question is what type of quantum computer are we going to need for it? You know, it's a small quantum computer of about a hundred and eleven cubits going to be sufficient Or are we going to need a bigger one? And if we want to do this at a sensible speed how fast this is is going to be and to me This isn't just an academic question because giving these kinds of numbers right now I feel is an inspirational thing to let the experimentalist know what we're looking at for hard problems That we'll want to see it solved down the line so that hopefully we can meet in the middle with the hardware that'll be required to do this So to give you an idea about you know, what this actually ends up looking like is this is the whole protein That's responsible for for what we're looking at so Something that I thought before I started looking looking at all of this is I assumed with a quantum computer What you naturally would do is you would take this entire mess out here and encode that in cubits in the In the system because that's just the most direct way of doing it But it turns out that that actually isn't the information that chemists need What hybrid methods can be used where portions of the problem are solved classically and other parts are solved quantum mechanically So the idea basically is this entire protein sheath kind of around the outside of this active site Almost all of that actually can be simulated classically very easily The only part that we actually have to simulate quantum mechanically is this Portion which you can see zoomed in in that part of the protein over there And so that's our goal. We wish to simulate this This part of the molecule and combine that with a classical calculation in order to give us all the information We need to figure out reaction rates and so just to give you an idea this is In some sense strongly hybrid algorithm because of the fact that classical and quantum computation are going to have to be Going on for us to really realistically be able to estimate these reaction rates We have to start and generate particular structures optimize them compute the Hamiltonian terms You know those end of the fourth terms or n squared depending on how you do it But I guess those n squared terms are a little bit easier, but I digress so the for in the the the We have to generate these terms then feed them to the quantum computer the quantum computer is the only thing That's that's used over here in the quantum level. So we figure out energies from this And those energies are passed back to the classical algorithm They're combined with a classical part of the energy that's being computed and also in tropic Calculations because in order to figure out the reaction rates We need to figure out free energy differences and free energies are have an atropic part and an energy part Entropy is easy to get the energy is hard to get so that's all what we're doing here and yes Cool and so just to give you again an idea Ryan did a great job of doing this But I'll just recap it you know in order to in order to jog the memory a bit But basically what the idea behind behind what we want to do in order to simulate that quantum part of it Is we want to begin by taking some physical molecule over here, and we want to map that to a quantum computer So the way that we do this is we have to have a math mathematical model standing in the way All right, so this mathematical model that that's going to be used in at least my talk for both of the methods that I'm going to be talking about is a second quantized representation so We use that and we just look up in a book Unfortunately, I guess it's a bad example because they don't really talk about second quantization here But I like the cover better of this book. So that's how it made it. So anyways the that's the basic idea We take the physical system we mathematically model it and then we simulate it on a quantum computer So how do these second quantized quantized models work? Well, what we do is we break up our space into a series of basis functions these can be chosen in a number of different ways and Actually, a lot of the art of chemistry goes into selecting what basis functions are going to be needed in order to be able to do a calculation From my perspective, it's it seems almost magical actually when you take a look at real pros Who take a look at this because they have a lot of insight that they and domain expertise that they use for choosing the right functions To represent it these ones over here. These are just hydrogenic Orbitals so these ones are at least easy to understand but in principle you can pick anything you want for this problem And so how it works with second quantized is just like you remember from you know, your your undergraduate chemistry courses We have each of these individual orbitals over here and they can they can each take two electrons one spin up one spin down And so what we do is we model this by occupation. We say okay Well, if this orbital can have you know two different configurations in it We can store this as a pair of qubits right first qubit stores whether or not there's a spin up electrons second one stores Whether or not there's a spin down electron So in this particular case, we've got a full orbital the qubit representation would be one one this one over here Be zero one and these over there would be zero that's it So that's entirely how the encoding ends up working and the real art ends up coming in to choosing these orbitals in a Smart way to make the Hamiltonian simple and also to make the number of orbitals i.e. qubits that we need to represent the problem low All right, so that's basically the idea And so what we want to do in this process is the simulation go typically ends up going as follows What you do is you first begin by preparing the states in the qubits in some sort of a state in Our case in order to figure out these energy differences We really need to be able to figure out our the energies we need to be able to figure out what the Essentially the ground state energy is in different configurations. It's not always ground states Sometimes you're interested in excited states, but for this problem over here. We focus on ground states so First thing you do is you begin by preparing the the system in an approximation to the ground state Common things to do is to begin with a mean field approximation to it or adiabatic There's a bunch of different choices, but you got to start with something that is an approximation to the ground state Then what you do is you compile the dynamic dynamics so this is where you do a dynamical evolution very similar to what Andrew was talking about earlier and At that point you can use things like Trotter Suzuki formulas to do it Which is the method that I'm going to be exclusively talking about in this talk so Then afterwards we need to estimate the energy out of it So we use quantum phase estimation to be able to do it and These things together form kind of like the cycle that we we use in order to solve basically all of these problems So in order to give you an idea about how this works You could end up actually just looking at a Hamiltonian that's very similar to how Ryan ended up putting it This Hamiltonian is a direct consequence of the Coulomb interaction When you write out the Coulomb Interaction for any orbital basis in general unless there's symmetries like the kind that we were seeing with a plane wave basis You end up getting something it ends up looking like this with end of the end of the fourth terms in it And so these operators over here just to give you an idea they represent hopping So this one over here says you kill an electron at site s and site q and create one at site r and site p This one over here just talks about hopping it says you hop from site q to hop to site p And so these are these represent you know These are called one body terms and these are generally two body terms and they just the later Describes interactions between electrons and that's the one that we're usually most vexed by when it comes to quantum simulation so To give you an idea again about how many qubits we end up needing for this a lot of a lot of the the a Lot of the the optimism that ended up coming from this is that to do some of these molecules over here You need a relatively small number of qubits now these aren't natural targets It turns out for quantum simulation the reason why is because these sorts of organic molecules They tend to be very easily simulatable with existing classical methods at least to the level of precision we need But the key point is even large things like this They don't typically require a huge number of qubits in order to represent them. So there's some optimism for that Now Basically as I said before you know what we really want out of this is we want the ground state energy in order to be able to Estimate the reaction rates because that helps us figure out the free energy but we need to really be able to get an idea of the cost and How many trotter steps how much phase estimation we're going to need and the like and so that's where the majority of this ends up Going the effort ends up going in so from a theoretical level the the perhaps the biggest pain with doing these sorts of cost analyses is that When you're looking at this process, there's several steps that end up coming in That end up impacting the air in the simulation and we need to make sure the air in the simulation is sufficiently low that we Are going to be able to accurately predict at least the direction of that the chemical dynamics is going to go in So we need to make sure that the air is less than something known as chemical precision Which ends up at least giving you that sort of information at room temperature So the sources of error that we end up getting that come into here our phase estimation errors We get errors from using the trotter formula in our case And we also get errors from circuit synthesis because you know if you've you've got rotations that naturally end up showing up In these trotter decompositions and we've got to convert these to a to Clifford and teagates All of these things have errors that have to combine together And we've got to balance them off in such a way so that we minimize the total number of operations to hit it So for example, you know, we might want to throw You know the majority of our air budget into phase estimation because the air scaling for phase estimation is pretty awful Then throw some of it into the trotter decomposition and throw basically like none of our budget into circuit synthesis because it's a lot logarithmic and cost but Formalizing that balance between all three of these in order to get an optimal trade-off That's what actually ended up taking the majority of the work here and showing that these errors actually do lead directly in the worst-case scenario To errors in the estimated eigenvalue But there's another source of error that experimentalists tell me unfortunately exists Believe it or not gates aren't perfect. I know it came as a shock to me too, but The point is is that we're likely going to need air correction And that's something I'm going to talk about later in a talk How much air correction are we actually going to need in order to realize these algorithms? so Think it's a bit of a review to give you an idea of what phase estimation ends up looking like is that? We have a circuit that ends up looking like this you can really think about it You know for those of you who haven't dealt with it much this really is kind of like an interferometer What we're doing is we begin with this qubit at the top is in a state 0 we Apply had in our transform which puts it in a superposition of 0 and 1 we've got a kickback phase over here Which is somewhat optional and then conditioned on whether this bit is 0 or 1 we apply a unitary to this arm Then we recombine both the paths and measure and so the probabilities that we end up getting out depend on the phase That's accumulated in the path where the top qubit is 1 because that's the only one where the unitary is applied By measuring the statistics on the top just like an interferometer. You can estimate what the eigenvalues are That's the idea behind it So we apply this and by doing this a sufficiently large number of times changing M and theta accordingly What we can do is we can estimate what the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian are and that's how we end up doing it So that's how this part of it works now for Trotterization again the key point is that if we look at our Hamiltonians that we end up getting out of this The Hamiltonian is naturally this monster up here to give you an idea about how many terms We end up having in our Hamiltonian. We've roughly got about 10 million terms in the descriptions of these Hamiltonians So these things are just monsters And so there's no way that I that you're likely going to have this as a native gate on your computer So the idea behind the Trotter decomposition really is just giving you a prescription for Compiling this over here down to a bunch of rotation gates once you have these rotations then you can implement those using Using your favorite Operations in your gate library. So the way that you do it basically is you just apply the Trotter Suzuki formula which says more or less take this formula and pretend all the terms actually commuted and Technically for we we symmetrized this over here although for ground state estimation It turns out believe it or not the basic Trotter formula that isn't symmetric has exactly the same air scaling as the one that is Symmetrized it's surprising it doesn't hold for dynamics, but for your ground state estimation for these guys it does So that's what we do and the idea behind it basically is kind of like a light switch Right if you flick a light switch on back and forth over and over again really fast It makes it seem like it's on the entire time and that's what's happening with the Trotter decomposition We want to simulate all of these individual Hamiltonian terms being on during the entire evolution And so what we do is we rapidly switch between each of the individual terms And the effect is is if they were on the entire time So that's how it all works and in order to make the air small what we have to do is we have to pick these T to be appropriately small in order to in order to reduce the air and so We do that and the air just in case that you're curious this value of T that you end up having to pick Basically ends up going like one over square root epsilon for this case But what we have to do is we take each of these individual terms though Over here, and we have to convert these into fundamental gates and in order to do this We have to choose a representation for our our cubits. There's many choices You can just go to the literature and find one that really fits your needs The three most popular ones right now are Jordan vigner bravy kid have and also there's this Really kind of slick encoding that I really like that bravy and some other people at IBM did that can also Be used, but we focus on Jordan vigner the Jordan vigner transform because it worked a little bit better than bravy kid have for for our stuff But that's basically how we do and so the idea basically is the Jordan vigner transformation takes these creation annihilation operators and ends up expressing everything as a series of exponentials of Pauli's and Basically the way that we end up doing this is once we have these exponentials of Pauli's given by Jordan vigner representation We just flip to the appropriate chapter in Nielsen and Schwung and look at the methods that they propose for Exponentiating Pauli operators and then you can execute it Turns out there's better methods that we also talk about in the paper than doing this But nonetheless the actual numerics are generated with this approach so Basically what we have to do in order to do this is we have to execute a series of these templates Okay, and so just to give you an idea these sorts of circuit templates depend on a type of term that we're looking at So for the one body terms the HPP terms, they're very easy They're just a phase that you have to apply to the the system for the hopping term Things actually aren't so bad What you what you have is you've got a series of pair of controlled rotations with these things these things by the way They're often called Jordan vigner strings, and they're used in order to Compute make sure that the the creation annihilation operators anti commute rather than commute when they they occur on different sites and so That's basically the idea behind it and incidentally Ryan's fermionic swap trick that he was mentioning during his talk It's a fantastic way to remove the need to do those But that's how these guys end up working now for these terms over here that have two mixed indices where they're diagonal Circuit ends up looking also pretty similar Okay, so cool things are looking pretty okay Hopefully nothing gets really gnarly when we go up, but once we get to three things start getting a little more complicated But four looks like this Isn't that fun? Oh Yeah, and the best part about it is these guys are actually the most numerous of all of the terms almost all the terms end up looking like this And so when we're looking at a quantum simulation We're going through a whole bunch of circuits over and over and over again that end up looking like this There's optimized it a few optimizations you can make but basically this is it This is the bulk of what our quantum simulation is doing Okay, so in order to figure out how all of these errors come together One of the the hardest parts about all of this as Andrew rightly pointed out is accurately Estimating what the Trotter Suzuki errors are so the approach that we do is the for ground state estimation One of the things you can do is you can use perturbation theory in order to be able to figure out what the shift in the effective Hamiltonian is because of the Commutators that you've neglected from your Hamiltonian And you can use those in order to be able to generate an upper bound on the air And so this upper bound over here for is is our commutator bound in the in the terms of that that Andrew used So we take into account that the air you know depends on how these double commutators between the individual terms end up appearing and We throw that in there and then use a triangle inequality in order to be able to upper bound that And so when we start taking a look at that This is what we end up seeing a Trotter number basically is how much I have to end up reducing the time by what fraction of it In order to make the air some fixed constant And so for this over here what we end up seeing is this is empirical data down at the bottom So you can see that with this empirical empirical data that things are actually much much much better Than what the worst case bound ends up saying So what we do is we say okay for most of the numbers that we present provide in the paper We give two things first we give upper bounds where everything has been upper bounded We use the most paranoid possible calculation, and then what we also do is we couple this with with Empirical bounds and because of the fact that it's hard to extrapolate What the scaling of the Trotter air actually is from the small sample out here? Especially because these molecules have nothing to do in many cases with nitrogen a's which is out here We have we have many choices about how we could extrapolate it So what we what we ended up doing is we ended up doing a couple of things this blue line down here is really just like a Least squared fit over the part that we could we could simulate and we get a very very optimistic scaling So I'll refer to this as the optimistic estimate from that these other two lines over here are Kind of more pessimistic a rescaling so what we do over here is we take the upper bound That we hear that we can prove and we assume all right. Let's assume the scaling from the upper bound is correct But the constant isn't so for this top line what we do is we just take that the scaling extrapolated from the upper bound and Shift it down over here so that that scaling intersects with the the largest point that we saw And then we extrapolate up from that this over here is we scale down the average that the average of this meets the average of that and Based on that these over here the that's nitrogenase up here Rescaled down to according to the average rescaling so these are the values that we use for most of it over here So that explains basically how we estimated what we thought the Trotter air is going to be for this large molecule That we really can't fully know what the Trotter air is going to be like Based on well the size of the simulations we can do So to give you an idea about where this lands and unfortunately Andrew stole my thunder a little bit with this and Gave away the order of magnitude of the gates, but one of the things you'll notice is that the number of gates They're kind of daunting They're at 10 to the 14 Now if you sit down and think about it, right? If you actually end up assuming though that you have a machine that can logically do T gates at a hundred megahertz, which is extremely fast Don't get me wrong But let's assume that because it's kind of comparable ish to what you can do with classical hardware You actually would be able to go through this in a relatively short period of time You know depending on the amount of parallelism that you end up using and these are some different schemes that we Ovid we use for it between 12 days and 11 hours so a quantum a quantum computer in principle if it were if it had the ability to stay coherent for that length of time and Was able to operate that quickly it could actually solve these problems within a sensible amount of time So that's that's kind of great The number of qubits that we require also depending on the amount of parallelism because we play this trade-off right more memory less time You know so even if we look at the case that's most memory efficient We only need a little over a hundred qubits logically in order to be able to carry it out So that part at least seems pretty good But the key word that I meant that I have to emphasize here is Logically if we have 10 to the 14 gates that we're carrying out in sequence in this Trotterized phase estimation circuit that those error rates had best be pretty small probably on the order of 10 to the minus 15 Or so in order to make the final error probability small So we're going to need error correction if this is right and the question is Does error correction sink this ship? Right and if a or I guess more positively What sorts of error rates would we like to be able to see in our physical hardware in order to be able to kind of deliver the sort of machine that could do this reasonably and So basically we've got a choice of different codes that we could use for this and the one that we chose to look at is the surface code Main reason is because well the surface code is I have great interest. It's got a very high threshold Arguably the one of the best studied codes around so it was very easy for us to gadgetize and replace all of our Components in our circuit with their fault tolerant analogs because of the breadth of literature there so that's what we end up looking at and Here are the results that end up coming out The key point down here is at the bottom What we have is that this column? I think is probably the most interesting one These are serial those are just this is just the serial algorithm So we don't try to parallelize whatsoever with this and these are different error rates that we we ended up assuming now for The air correction affectionados out there if we assume that we're just an order of magnitude below threshold here We need a pretty serious distance code for this We need like distance 35 and two rounds of magic state distillation in order to carry this out So that that's some pretty serious overheads if we end up getting down though Three orders of magnitude below this where some more exotic quantum computing Architectures might be able to one day hit We add things become much more reasonable. We only need a distance nine code and If we take a look down at the total number of physical qubits required for this The numbers that we end up seeing if we're if we're on the order of ten to the minus six physical error Then we only need about one point two million Cubits in order to hit that if we're up on the order of a tenth of Threshold on the other hand for this sort of thing We're going to need about a hundred million physical qubits now if we parallelize in order to make this run faster Then things can start getting much more absurd the most absurd being you know We could be at a hundred billion rotations if we want to be able to run this or sorry physical qubits If we want to run this at maximum speed So that is sort of the challenge that we have here if this is a task that we want to do Then and we want to be able to execute it within that those times that I gave on the other table Then the scale of a quantum computer that we need to build is pretty much unlike anything that we've seen in our labs at present We're going to need to think about how to control millions of qubits We're really going to need to think about how to reduce our errors Substantially below threshold in order to be able to get to the place where this seems like a favorable trade-off and Also, we're going to need to make sure that we can have relatively fast gates in order to make all of this even make sense Before you know a bunch of other things start becoming prohibitive But that's yet a hardware level now that we've seen these level of these these numbers For people like myself at a algorithmic level. We need to start thinking differently We need to start looking at new algorithms for being able to do this that can potentially cut this down and again going back to Andrews Discussion we need to start looking at some of these other Post-trotter methods to understand how they work in these contexts to see if in practice They can start giving us numbers that are closer to where we want to be But also the other thing that we want to do is we want to perhaps Reconsider how we represent our problems on the quantum computer because what happened with this problem is we chose a Representation that is optimal for chemists when chemists want to compute the energies They use this in this case a triple zeta basis function. That's based on Gaussian Gaussians in order to do it But it wasn't designed for our needs in quantum computing it wasn't designed to kind of trade off between accuracy and gate counts and that's fundamentally the Tweaking that went into all of these numbers up here and our basis set design did not end up hitting that part So one of the things that I feel needs to happen going forward is we need if we want to really solve these problems We also need to get chemists as an integral part of this loop Because if we're not talking to them and figuring out the best ways to represent their problems on the quantum computer We really are I feel going to have a hard time making the big leaps that we're going to need in order to make Solving hard problems like this Possible on the first generation of quantum computers, which ideally is something that I would like to see But to that end I'd like to I'd like to talk about work that you know Ryan Ian and I ended up doing pushing towards this This goal in one way. So what we did is we started looking at a different problem so we we looked at the problem of Trying to simulate the electronic structure problem for the plane wave basis and in particular We're looking at the plane wave dual basis just like Ryan ended up saying in this case It's very nice because the Hamiltonian is Actually, expressible in a closed form. So this is cool because it means you don't have to talk to a chemist in order to be able To actually express the Hamiltonian. This is everything that you need to know Whereas this triple zeta basis function that was used in order to represent the FAMO co problem Previously that required a domain expert to tweak everything in order to be able to give us something we could represent in our machine or Our simulated machine as a case may be But in any case we look at this and we focus on it because it's only got n squared rather than into the fourth terms and a problem that we want to want to simulate is we want to well we want to use these plane waves because of this orthogonality property and We want to be able to just Find a problem that really is well suited for this and also Well requires pretty very little resources and a problem as Ryan ended up alluding to that We end up looking at is Jellium which has the best name the best name. I swear. It looks nothing like this I've always kind of wondered what color it is whether it's more lime green or red But I perhaps perhaps I'll never know but the idea behind Jellium again is what you do is you just get a bunch of free electrons and let them Kind of roam in a box. There's no charges. There's no nothing. They're just interacting with each other And it's an as Ryan said it's an important benchmark problem And it's actually very important for understanding the foundations of DFT. So that's what we end up looking at and The numbers that we will end up seeing from the simulation of Jellium are as follows So this is the total t count now one of the things that I should mention here is what we did That's a little bit different is that these are not Empirical values for the Trotter error that we end up using we ended up using an upper bound on it But the reason why we ended up doing this is because there's order only order n squared terms so we could actually explicitly Construct the operator that's a leading order describes the air in the Trotterized decomposition and really come up with a good estimate for this case of what that was in the case of the end of The fourth terms we couldn't do it because the computational complexity was order into the tenth for that calculation Here it's no problem. It was only order like n cubed or something So or actually into this into the fifth, I think but anyways the key Maybe it's lower, but the point is is that when we go through and do this calculation Depending on whether or not we're looking at 2d or 3d Jellium one of the things that we end up seeing is that as we end up increasing the number of Number of plane waves in our problem We end up actually getting to a point where we can get to pretty large systems and under a billion teagates and Key point behind all of this is that these are upper bounds if we put empirical numbers in my suspicion Is they're probably going to go down by a factor of a hundred So this suggests that actually, you know once we change the basis in order to be able to reflect the problem We can actually get some pretty substantial savings and my hope is that going forward Investigating what we can do with plane waves for some chemical systems and other problems of interest that we may be able to see similar Benefits where we can have substantial reductions to chemistry problems that we're interested in just like we see for this over here And so to conclude one of the things that I really want to impress upon you is that There really have been some dramatic improvements in quantum chemistry simulation We've gone from end-to-the-tenth algorithms down in this case to you know something like a end of the 11th over 3 algorithm and this is a really really Important because of the fact that we started realizing that chemistry is much more plausible than it's been then it's ever seemed But the numbers that I'm showing are still a long way away From actually being something we could realistically do on a short-term quantum computer And I really want us to start thinking more as a community and working closer together In order to actually ask questions of what are the hard things that we want to solve on a quantum computer? And how do we get all of the experts together at a table who may not necessarily even speak the same language? That we need in order to be able to solve these problems. Thank you very much Okay, thanks Nathan for that talk We have time for some questions Do I go first? Well, this cost analysis is with somewhat of a older Algorithm isn't it? It's not with Ryan's best scaling the things in the table that had the best scaling This is this data over here. Oh, this okay is actually for for that particular problem itself We have not tried to work out what would be required in order to do FAMOCO using plain ways One of the questions is it's not clear to people like Marcus How many plane waves we actually would need in order to be able to represent it? So there's this debate about how large of a basis set is needed and until we can rectify that We're going it's it's hard for me to be able to figure out what a realistic count is I see so that was a bit of an easy question Maybe I could ask if I gave you a quantum computer with a trillion cubits and a gigahertz Clock rates and you calculate these energies for the whole potential energy surface And then you do the reaction dynamics and you know the reaction rate now for FAMOCO What are you going to do that? What are you going to do with that to solve the I begin by publishing a paper? But then after that what I the key point it really is actually and this is one of the things that is a big unknown We can get reaction rates out of this, but that doesn't help us do what we really want to do, which is the problem of design The problem of design is something that I really don't know and you know I've been talking to Marcus and people like that about how we could use a simulator like this in practice To do ab initio design But I think that there's a lot more work that needs to be done on a part of our community in order to understand How we would how these tools would really be used in practice by chemists who wish to solve these So I think it's a great question and an open one so My question is how important is the initial guess if you improve that? Will you then be able to cut down the size because some of these calculations? You can do a really pretty good job on a classical computer and then use the quantum computer to refine it Excellent question. Thank you very much. So just to rephrase it Basically classical computations are really really powerful for many for many things and often they can give Decent guesses or hints about what the answer actually is and how can we use that? Well, there's a couple of ways we can use it first way that we can we could do is if we're doing phase estimation We can use a prior distribution over what the phase is in order to really be able to give us a Estimate that takes advantage of all of all of our understanding we have from classical methods rather than starting from scratch Second point is is if we have a good understanding of what the gap is and other properties of the system Then we can actually use techniques like amplitude amplification in order to be able to boost the probability of success For the phase estimation step of this But the most important way I feel is that a big red herring or big sort of the big. I don't know Secret that we you know people often don't say and I didn't talk about here Is that I talked about ground state preparation? This is actually just the cost for sampling from the eigen specter I can't make a promise that this sample will be the ground state energy It'll be an eigenvalue, but it won't necessarily be the ground state and so by using our classical knowledge We can direct the quantum system to give us the eigen the ground state with higher probability And that first for highly correlated systems having good chemical intuition about what that is maybe essential for us to really make it work Charlie Bennett had a question, and then I think Earl and then we should move to the next speaker. Yes They well the harbor process it would be thermodynamically efficient Except you have to conduct it at high temperature and pressure and so there are trade-offs to get it to go fast enough But as I understand the nitrogenase is pretty inefficient also in terms of its usage of ATP and things like that. So I Guess this is a good thing to look at But there may be other There may not be actually a big thermodynamic reward in learning how to do it the way nitrogenase does it because It's pretty expensive for those little nodules under the ground on the clover, too Okay, excellent point now one of the things that I want to be most clear about is why we selected this now I I don't think we selected at least I I didn't advocate for this because I thought we'd solve all the world's the world's hunger by Doing this this was selected because of the fact that it's a heart It's a problem. That's typical of a hard problem in catalysis It's something that's been studied for a long time, and we know we don't have good classical approaches Yeah, yeah, and so that that was one of the that was the real reason why we ended up looking at it Whether it would have an impact or wouldn't have an impact understanding this mechanism That's something we can only tell After the fact but nonetheless, I think that this is a this is probably one of the better benchmark problems to look at for Understanding catalysis is an application. Okay, and one last quick question from Earl. Oh, I had two questions Will you only get one? Okay, so One of them is a quick yes. No, the only the second one's rambling so the quick yes No one was for the distillation factory. So there's this one trick that people often forget about which is For the first round you use like a smaller sized surface code for the second round you use a bigger one So did you do that? Yeah, we did brilliant That makes a huge difference. Yeah does and the slightly rambling one was for the Trotter Suzuki decomposition Which if I understand it the that's kind of the bottleneck point in terms of the error is Is there any hope? I mean, I'm not an expert in these trotters Suzuki methods But is there any hope that if you don't break it up into just individual terms But groups of terms and then try to synthesize a whole kind of e to the i some collection of terms That maybe that might cut the gate count down a bit I'll give you the annoying answer because we've run out of time sometimes. Yes, sometimes no, but I'd be happy to talk about that later Let's thank Nathan again


What would you say if I told you that the Google Pixel Watch actually edges out the Apple Watch Ultra in one very important area? You'd probably think I was crazy because when you look at each of these smartwatches you probably think that there's no competition between the two. Well, think again. Now before I dive into this one thing, definitely make sure you stick around and watch the full video as I will be doing a pretty dope giveaway because we just reached 20K subs on YouTube. So keep your eyes open. So when I switched from iPhone to Android I was really worried that I'd be taken a step back when it came to having a reliable smartwatch especially since I have been using the Apple Watch Ultra for almost an entire year now. And it's been by far the best watch that Apple has ever announced. They crushed it when it came to the battery life as I could get around at least two days with some change with moderate use. It's extremely durable with its titanium casing, IP6 dust resistance and water resistance up to 100 meters. The large 49 millimeter sapphire crystal display is super sleek and it peaks at around 2000. It's a brightness which is twice as bright as all of the other Apple Watch series. It is the perfect blend of hardware and software as the interface is well designed, it's easy to use, especially with the recent Watch OS 10 update where apps now take up the whole display and with smart stacks you get access to all of the important widgets served up to you when it matters most. And of course you get that really nifty action button to give a bit more functionality where you can set it up to automatically start workouts, activate a shortcut or even turn the Apple Watch Ultra into a mini flashlight. Clearly I have a little bit of an obsession with this guy which is why it was really hard to let it go. When I tried out the Pixel 7 Pro last year I also purchased the Pixel Watch just to see how they would compare and honestly when I first tried it it was a tad bit underwhelming. I did like how they leaned into a more circular dome form factor but the physical build quality definitely wasn't as heavy duty as the Apple Watch Ultra because it has more of a stainless steel finish. The Google Wear OS software and functionality was also very simplified and not as robust as the Watch OS 10 software. You could definitely tell there aren't the same number of apps that are currently supported on the Pixel Watch platform compared to the Apple Watch. You also unfortunately don't get access to the huge library of widgets and watch faces either and don't even get me started on the battery life as you really only get about a day and maybe a few hours max with it. So with all that said you're probably wondering, Noah how can this Pixel Watch that does lag a lot in these areas because it's a first generation product actually edge out in front of the Apple Watch Ultra. It's health and fitness tracking. I know this may be a hot take but stick with me here. I think Google does the perfect job of making a smartwatch and reliable fitness tracker all in one device. This is all possible because of their acquisition of Fitbit back in November of 2019. And for a while after the acquisition, all Google did was continue to push out new Fitbit fitness trackers that had smartwatch features. And for me, this is really important because I don't know about you but most people buy a smartwatch more than just to get the typical text and email notifications. They also liked the idea of not having to need an additional device or fitness tracker just to see their health and fitness metrics. And when you compare the Pixel Watch's health features with the Apple Watch Ultra, you could see that the Pixel Watch is definitely running away with that category. Now from a hardware perspective, both watches are very similar. They both have a blood oxygen sensor and electrical heart rate sensor to run ECG scans and an optical heart rate sensor to get fairly accurate readings of your heart rate throughout the day. The difference however lies in the actual software itself on the Pixel Watch specifically, you get native Fitbit features throughout the entire device with a few simple swipes on the main screen. You could see your daily step count, your current heart rate and you can also activate a quick workout and get access to your overall sleep score. On top of that, you also have a dedicated Fitbit app on the Pixel Watch itself which basically goes into further detail on each of your different health metrics such as more information on the calories burned throughout the day, gives you more insight into the amount of active minutes you've had throughout the day and it gives you deeper look into your sleep score and individual sleep stages. Now I know you're probably saying that the Apple Watch Ultra also has the ability to show similar metrics but one, you have to use a variety of apps to get that same data and then number two, they only provide a very oversimplified view of your numbers and they don't go that in depth compared to the Fitbit app. And I have to give an honorable mention to how much I love getting the standing notifications on my Pixel Watch, way more than my Apple Watch because it not only makes you just stand up but it also gives you a number of steps that you need to take in order to keep your body moving throughout the work day. It really gives me that push and motivation to hit that nine hour stand goal versus Apple Watch's time to move notification which I ignore half the time. Now the bow that wraps it all together is you get six months free of Fitbit premium when you buy the Pixel Watch which unlocks even more health insights on your actual phone. The Fitbit app is literally the gold standard fitness apps that I recommend to everybody and that's mainly because you get everything, advanced sleep analytics, a daily readiness score, mindfulness sessions through their partnership with Calm, video workouts, recipe recommendations and even a wellness report that recaps your health metrics over the previous 30 days. In my opinion, it is totally worth that six to 10 bucks a month if you really are into seeing those deeper level insights and honestly, even if you don't wanna pay for the premium membership after those three, six months you still get access to enough data to make better decisions on your health anyway which is why for my giveaway in honor for us reaching 20,000 subscribers I would love to give one of you guys this gold Pixel Watch. When I bought my Pixel Fold they gave me this one for free and I was like, yo, I gotta give this to one of my subscribers especially for all the love that you guys have shown me so the only thing you have to do is be subscribed to the channel and share with me what you like most about the Pixel Watch. Don't forget to have those post notifications on because I will be announcing the winner in my next video. Now don't get me wrong, I'm not saying that the Pixel Watch blows the Apple Watch Ultra out of the water in general, right? Like I really do love the Apple Watch Ultra especially with the latest updates the interface has just been so smooth to use on watch OS X and in fact, I might need to make just a separate video on the Apple Watch Ultra itself but I do think that the Pixel Watch is a really good first generation device. There's a few things I would like to see in like a Pixel Watch 2 or maybe even a Pixel Watch Pro that I think will really make it stack up against the Apple Watch Ultra a little bit more and that could be like a larger screen that's a little bit more durable. Also just having more Google Wear OS app and widget support. You know what, as I think about it isn't that what the Samsung Galaxy Watch 6 classic is? Maybe I should try that one out.


I grew up in Indiana, grew up on the farm, and about 30 years ago I came out to Jersey and been here ever since. Life on the farm here is really pretty awesome, it's a lot of work. You couldn't ask for a better atmosphere out here. About 22 years ago I put my application in with Southern Ocean Medical Center, you know, you always dream of winning the lottery, but then I always think about, you know, the people that I work with and that atmosphere that we have, it's a family atmosphere. Part of our systems initiative was to start performing calcium scoring tests, so we had to go through training and part of that training is working on live patients. I offered to be the guinea pig, so to speak, didn't feel that there would be any issue with me doing it, so I felt real confident going in and having the test done. I had a stress test seven months prior to that, that was normal. Echocardiogram, that was normal, had no issues. I was feeling good other than a little bit of shortness of breath, going up and down steps, you know, but I just attributed that to old age. When the procedure was over, which only takes about five minutes to do that, I could hear them still talking, and when I got up, everybody was looking at me a little bit funny, and so I knew something was up. They told me that I got the high score for the calcium scoring, which requires a lot further testing, and so we contacted the cardiologist and he immediately set me up to Jersey Shore for the cardiac cath. He found that I had a 90% blockage in three of the arteries and 100% in one, and recommended that I get a quadruple bypass as soon as possible. I never had a heart attack, but I was on the verge of it and didn't even know it. What I had was known as a widow maker. The calcium scoring test actually saved my life. Had I not gone for the calcium scoring test, had I not gone for the cardiac cath, who knows how long I would have been here. I was back to work within two months of the procedure, and I was back to pretty much being 100% normal within four months. I feel good about where I am, and I feel like I've gotten a second chance. You want to make sure that what you do today is impactful and you just appreciate things a lot more than what you did before.


What I mean is, I think addiction is something that you do a lot, it's not good for you, you don't want to do it and you can't stop. Compulsion. Yeah, compulsion and obsession I think are two of the ingredients of addiction. Now if your obsession and compulsion is about a substance, it gets bad fast and if it's about behaviour you can carry it on longer. I do notice that I stare at my phone a lot and I often don't feel better after looking at Twitter for ages. Twitter will definitely now make you feel better. That's out of all of the social media, Twitter will make you feel the worst. Is there any healthy balance for you? Social media is good, but I have to cap myself in half an hour or are you just like, I can't look at this at all anymore? With the sub-chemical dependency, abstinence is what I believe in. If you're a drug addict, you cannot take drugs one day at a time. If you're alcoholic, you can't take drugs. Food gambling and gambling I think you can't gamble, but like food and sex, these are life-giving things, they're natural things. We have to find a structured way and I would say that social media belongs in that category.