Hello, my name is Arnab Dutta and I am an assistant professor in chemistry department. Today in this particular segment, we are going to talk about the electron and its arrangement in a solid state where we will discuss in details about the band structure and about the doping in those semiconductors. So let us begin. So first we start with a solid material. Solid material is different from gaseous or liquid because in those states electrons and the atoms are free to move. Wherever in solid state the positions of the atoms are quite stable, quite stoic. So over there I am showing you the structure of a two-dimensional material. Over here each of these dots represents one of the atoms present over here. And over here we are also showing what happens to the electrons around it. So the electron shown in these blue spheres is actually showing that it is actually spread over beyond the atom. So when this interaction among those atoms are taking place the electrons are also interacting. And through this interaction electrons are getting delocalized all over this two-dimensional array.  And electrons are shared within the neighboring atoms through the space. Over here I am showing you the two-dimensional structure. You can see the electrons are affecting each other in the neighboring center. And through this they are having a huge delocalization. For that this system can be explained also that the atoms are sitting inside the sea of electrons where the electrons are all interconnected through the bonding through the space. This is the structure what we are seeing in the two-dimensional. Now what happens when we talk about the three-dimensional structure? So this two-dimensional structure what we found that the atoms are all interconnected and they can interact the same is true also for this three-dimensional structure. Through this particular spaces all the electrons are actually connected to each other. And through this and over here we are looking into the three-dimensional structure. This is nothing but an extension of the two-dimensional structure just we discussed. Over here atoms are present each of these connections and over there the electrons are shared all throughout the three-dimensional sphere. So now the electron C is not in only two-dimension but in three-dimensional space. And they are interacting with each other with each of the atoms which are connected through the bonding all over the three-dimensional orderly structure or which is known as the lattice structure. Now we know how the electrons are behaving in a solid state. But can we understand it properly so that we can understand how the electrons movement can control the behavior of a solid material. And for that we are going to discuss about two different systems metal and semiconductor which we can distinguish by the conductivity the electrical conductivity. So what is an electrical conductivity? Electrical conductivity is the movement of the electron through the solid. And over there the conductivity shows that how the electrons are moving through the system. So it is nothing but a reflection of the electrons movement through the surface of the solid. And at the same time it is distinguishing or providing us the information about the bonding environment inside the material. So over here I am showing you two different systems which are connected to each other. One is the metal. The metal is a system which has a conductivity and which the conductivity actually decreases as we increase the temperature. So metal is defined with respect to not about the absolute conductivity value but how that conductivity changes with respect to temperature. So what we said a metal is such a system which conductivity decreases as we increase the temperature which is shown over here. You can see the metal system the conductivity value which is shown in the y axis as we increase the temperature in the x axis you can see it is slowly decreasing. So that is why this kind of behavior we will say it is actually metallic behavior. On the other hand semiconductor is showing exactly the opposite behavior where the conductivity actually increases with an increase in the temperature. Basically it was a decrease in conductivity for metal but now in semiconductor the conductivity actually increases. And over here I am showing you the figure and you can see for the semiconductor the conductivity actually increases as I am increasing the temperature. So that is the basic distinction sorry. So that is the basic distinction between a metal and a semiconductor. So as we just said the magnitude of the conductivity is actually not the criterion not the important factor about this distinction. It is the trend of conductivity change with temperature. Again a metal is a system whose conductivity decreases with an increase in temperature and this is the conductivity that actually decreases. Whereas a semiconductor is a system whose conductivity increases with an increase in temperature. So they vary in the same direction. So that is the main distinction between a metal and semiconductor. Now the absolute value comes to in the picture when we discuss about a special kind of semiconductor known as insulator. An insulator is a system which is nothing but a semiconductor but where the absolute value of the conductivity is way too low. You can see this is the insulator whose actual value is way too low compared to the semiconductor. However the important factor is over there even in the insulator if I increase the temperature the conductive value actually increases. So that actually shows that insulator is nothing but a special kind of semiconductor. However its absolute conductivity is way too low compared to the semiconductor. And typically we found the conductivity of the metal is generally higher than the semiconductor and semiconductor is higher than the insulator. So if we want to order the different materials with respect to their conductivity we generally found this particular trend. We want to emphasize that how we distinguish between metal and semiconductor that is with respect to how the conductivity changes with respect to the temperature. If the conductivity increases with respect to the temperature increase that is a semiconductor and if the conductivity decrease with respect to the temperature it is a metal. Now coming to the next picture we generally talk about the electronic arrangement through the molecular orbital theory. This molecular orbital theory has been discussed in detail in the previous section where we discuss about the structure of small molecules and that can be extended even for the solid form. But before going to the details of the solid let us have a quick look back the fundamentals of the molecular orbital formation. So molecular orbital theory generally comes as following. So generally we have two atoms say atom A and atom B coming together and giving us each of them one set of atomic orbital. And these two atomic orbital interacts between themselves and gives us two sets of molecular orbitals. This is the molecular orbital of the molecule AB. If there is one electron over here one electron on the B they actually combine to come in the orbital over here. So over here you can see with respect to the energy of A and B atomic orbital this molecular orbital is actually stabilized with respect to the energy scale. So that is why this orbital will be called the bonding orbital. Here on the other hand this particular molecular orbital which actually comes in the opposite symmetry during the interaction that is called as the anti-bonding orbital. And this is actually higher in energy with respect to the atomic orbital that is constituting this molecular orbital. So that is the difference between anti-bonding and bonding orbital and how many molecular orbital I am going to produce that will be exactly the equal number to the contributing atomic orbital. We cannot produce extra molecular orbital or destroy some molecular orbital with respect to the atomic orbital. If I am combining n number of atomic orbital I am going to produce n number of molecular orbital. So that is the important factor and we are always going to produce some molecular orbital which is lower than the energy of the constituting atomic orbital that will be called the bonding orbital. Some of them will be higher in energy that will be calling the anti-bonding orbital. And if with respect to symmetry such thing happened where an atomic orbital was unable to contribute in the bonding and remains at the same energy as its atomic orbital that is known as a non-bonding orbital. So when two atomic orbital can come and produce a molecular orbital the important factors are 3. 1 they have to match the symmetry. They have to have similar energy. They do not always need to have exact same energy but in the similar energy so the orbitals in respect to the energy scale are close enough so that they can start interaction. And during that interaction they are actually overlapping. The orbitals actually overlap and there should be a significant overlap to be there so that this molecular orbital can produce. And more the overlap more will be the stability of the bonding and more will be the destabilization of the anti-bonding orbital. So this difference between the bonding and anti-bonding orbital energy is dependent on the overlap and also on the symmetry and with respect to the energy difference between the two atomic orbitals. So that is the basic of the molecular orbital theory. Now we go and discuss the molecular orbital formation in form of a solid. Now in solid we have atoms present in three-dimensional array all in a perfectly position in the lattice. So to make the situation easier what we actually assume that we have a solid but all the atoms are present in only one dimension. So we are trying to understand the molecular orbital formation in one dimension and then we can expand that to the three dimension. So what is our assumption that with this particular line we have different atoms present and these atoms are combining with their electrons to have this interaction. So all of them are present in this one particular line so that is why it is a one-dimensional system. And the other assumption I am assuming that each of them are contributing with one S orbital because S orbital is the first one with respect to the energy and that is one of the easiest system to understand. So we consider not only the atoms are present in this line but also at the same time they are also contributing with S orbitals for each of them. So each of them are contributing one S orbital at a time. So how that is going to help me to understand how they are going to form the molecular orbital theory. So again we start from the beginning. First we assume there is only one atom present over there and this one atom is not interacting with anything else but it has this S orbital present over there. And this S orbital is not interacting with anything so this S orbital that I start with will remain at the same energy if it is not interacting with any other atom and that is created the molecular orbital where only one atom is present in that solid in the one-dimensional but only one atom. So here the energy you can see is same for both the atomic orbital and the molecular orbital. Now we go to the next part where now we have two atoms and both of them are contributing with S orbitals and these two S orbitals are now interacting over here and during their interaction what happens as we just discussed two atomic orbitals are participating now and they are going to contribute one bonding and one anti-bonding molecular orbital. So this is the bonding one, this is the anti-bonding one and why there is one bonding one anti-bonding because these two S orbitals present over there they can combine in two different ways. In one particular sector both the S orbitals can have same symmetry. So this is going to be the bonding interaction. On the other hand these two orbitals can have opposite symmetry. So over there there is a node present over there where there is no electron density possible over there. So that is why this interaction makes sure that this energy is higher compared to the original energy of the atomic orbital whereas this favorable interaction of bonding that actually stabilizes the system with respect to the atomic orbital. So that is why this is the bonding interaction. So that is happening when I bring two atoms. Now let us bring the third one. So over here we have now bought the third S orbital and over here all these three S orbitals combine it is still giving one bonding, one anti-bonding and very interestingly one remains as non-bonding orbital. That is because in the bonding interaction all the S orbitals can come in the same phase and interact. So that will be the bonding interaction. And during the anti-bonding interaction there can we have maximum number of two nodes present. So this is anti-bonding to either side of the orbitals. So this set of three S orbital interaction is going to give me the anti-bonding interaction. That is the maximum anti-bonding interaction we can find. So over here there is no node at all and there are two nodes. This means against a space where I cannot have electron density because they are opposite symmetry so I cannot have anything in between. In that non-bonding I should have something come with only one node and how it is possible? So it is going to be nothing but we have orbital something like that where there is actually it is not interacting with the other atomic orbitals or in that other way we can write it like that where is no electron present over there. Now you can see these systems are actually showing that energy of the orbital will be exactly same as the orbital we begin with. So that is why it is giving a non-bonding set of orbital. So it generally happens when we have a odd number of orbitals present during the interaction with the similar symmetry. Now we go to the next section where I have four atoms coming to the picture. Now we have again one molecular orbital which is bonding in nature, one is anti-bonding in nature and there are two sets of other orbitals and even then one is bonding, one is anti-bonding. So how it is coming? So for the bonding section it is easier to understand that all of them are in the same symmetry and for the anti-bonding one we have this particular system where I have 1, 2 and 3 anti-bonding interaction. So over here there is no node, over here I have 3 nodes. So I can have other system where I have only 1 and 2 nodes and that comes over here. So it is possible to have this kind of interaction, at these two in the same phase the other two is in the opposite. So there is bonding over here, bonding over here but in between them there is anti-bonding interaction and there is this one single node coming. And the other way we can have this interaction where there is one anti-bonding interaction over here, one anti-bonding interaction over here, so total two nodes and the middle two orbitals are in the same phase. So these are the four different orientations are possible and over there this interaction is stabilized compared to the S orbital we start with but it is less stabilized compared to the fully symmetrically connected bonding system. Similar to that over here also there is two nodes which is less destabilized compared to the three nodes bound fully anti-bonding orbital. So these two are different sets of anti-bonding orbital and their energy depends on how many different nodes they have, how many different anti-bonding interactions they have. So this is as you are seeing that as I am going from one S orbital to two S orbitals to three S orbitals now we are actually have four different S orbitals. So these are not exactly one S, two S set of orbital but one single S orbital, two different S orbitals, three different S orbitals and four different S orbitals. When they come together as you can see we are increasing the number of different molecular orbitals over there and this will continue if I go to N number of S orbitals and that is shown over here there are N number of S orbitals now over here all of them are contributing one S atomic orbital and those are going to give me a huge range of energy where I will have all the atomic orbitals and those are actually so many numbers because I actually have put so many of the N number of S orbitals that they will be very closely lying to each other. So close that it may look like they are almost continuous and this particular system where all the S orbitals are kind of combining and coming close together this is known as band where they are actually nothing but closely packed molecular orbitals. So over here if we try to see it and you can see all this particular lines is denoting each of them each of this particular lines over there you are seeing it is nothing but denoting one set of molecular orbital that is formed during the interaction between this S orbitals in this one dimension. So that is what we are actually seeing from here and this particular band we will call it as a S band because it is constituted from the S orbitals to begin with. Then we can have the same thing happening with the P orbitals also which will give me a P band. So over here as I have shown over here there are P orbitals coming from each of this atoms can come and interact and over there I am showing the most stable bonding orbital what is actually happening there. So say this is the interaction so the P orbitals are lying such a way that they are only having bonding interaction between them so on and so forth. So over there you can see the two different sets of P orbitals are having bonding interaction and the same thing happens when it is opposite symmetry over there as it is shown you can see this is one set of the P orbital this is another set of P orbital and they are in opposite symmetry so that is going to show a node over there same over here same over here. So this is the maximum number of nodes I can have so all the P orbitals are exactly in the opposite symmetry such a way that they are facing an anti-bonding interaction and over here they are only showing bonding interactions. So that actually shows how it is happening so this is going to be the most stable bonding molecular orbital and this is going to be the most unstable anti-bonding molecular orbital and there will be other combinations in between where not all of them are in bonding not all of them are in anti-bonding but different combinations of it when there are more bonding the energy will be lower than the P orbital I start with and when there will be less number of interactions and when there will be more anti-bonding interaction than bonding we will see a huge number of anti-bonding orbitals which will have higher energy compared to the starting P orbital and over there very interestingly we find there is this S band system there is the P band system and they are actually situated a little bit differently and this gap between this S and P band of the system is known as the band gap. So if we can cover up that energy an electron from S band can travel to the P band and that will be very important while we are discussing the conductivity of the system. So now over here what we are showing is that S and P band sets of the orbitals are shown over here they can combine and over here you can see that is the best bonding this is the best anti-bonding. So these are the edges of the bands similar happening with the P band of system this is the most stabilized in the bonding most destabilized in the anti-bonding and they actually shows this band gap however in certain system if we have a huge number of atoms present the number of atoms present is going to affect the width of these bands in the energy scale more number of orbitals present better will be the width. So if you have a huge number they are going to expand further and they can come closer they can close up the band cap and it can also happen that they actually cross over. So it will happen when you have a large number of electrons coming into the picture when it is coming through the huge number of atoms and how many of these bands will be filled up with electrons and how many of them will be empty that depends on how many electrons I started with. So if I give n orbitals to start with of atomic orbital I will end up with n number of molecular orbitals. Now each orbital can hold two electrons all together I can have two n number of electrons now out of this two n how many electrons I have and that will start filling from the bottom stage and with respect to that I can fill some of them will be filled some of them will remain empty depending on how many electrons I can have if I have totally two n electrons everything will be filled up and over there as we just discussed there is a possibility of mixing of S and P bands that depends on the number of atoms actually participating in this bond formation. So that is going to affect the range of the band energy and also the S and P orbitals when we start with their original energy gap in the atom that also differs if they actually come close I have better chance of mixing this and if they go around much larger gap I will have less chance and I should see an increase in the band gap. So the energy gap between the P and S orbital of the atoms they are participating and how many of them participating will control the band gap and whether there is a possibility of mixing in the bands or not. So we will stop the first segment of the band theory over here where we discussed the band theory is nothing but an extension of a molecular orbital theory for solid materials where n number of atomic orbitals can come together and give me n number of molecular orbitals and depending on the symmetry they are showing a width where they all combine and give us different kinds of molecular orbitals starting from the very stable bonding molecular orbital to very unstable anti-bonding orbital and in the middle they have different combinations of bondings to anti-bondings and they will lie very close to each other and that is why they looks like more of a band rather distinct energy state and that is known as the band structure of molecular solids. Now the effect of it will come into the next segment. Thank you.


Hello everybody today is an exciting day, and let me tell you why This bad boy and cover my address for the weirdos. This bad boy just came in and I know what this is. Oh Boy, do I know what this is? So what's been happening is I have been following Or I have been subscribed to American McGee's Alice on patreon because you guys know how much I love Alice Madness returns so recently they had a promotion where if you raise your pledge to $30 Then you would get this really cool like collectors item called the chaos coin, and I almost didn't get it But that month I got lucky my paycheck was a little bit bigger. So it's like, you know what screw it Let's get it and so that's what this is and so I'm gonna be doing an unboxing video for you guys So, um, I hope you guys enjoy this cuz I'm excited to open it at least got bubble wrap I'm gonna enjoy that later It's the chaos symbol That's so cool It's like really hard to open things with one hand. So um bear with me here children This is this is the case. I think that they were advertising and this must be the base right here Yeah, that's the base. So I think should you Just stick this one to see one of these corners right here.  Oh My god, it's got the chaos emblem on it. That's pretty rad. I really like that. That's pretty cool Okay, then Okay, so here's the actual chaos coin itself. It feels pretty heavy in my hand. So I'm pretty sure this is a real metal It's not like plastic or anything, but like that. Hold on. Let me take it out of the package It smells like something familiar, but this is wow It's so shiny. This is what it looks like outside of its package. It's super detailed like you see if that'll focus That's super duper cool. It says See solve it Coagula, I'm not real sure what that means. I I don't know what language this is but um This looks super cool It's got this like design right here, and I think these are actually gonna be available on their website So if you really want to go see it go check it out It's I think I'll I'll just put the link in the description below But I think it's gonna be a little bit more expensive than $30 since it missed the patreon exclusive mark But either way, I think this is a really cool coin to have they also give you this little printy thing Which I'm totally gonna put up on my wall because I love it Okay, so let's see it says unto madness She commands a slice of chaos in your hands twisting writhing dark and bloody Laughter tea knives and honey Wonderland is a trip to dare your little coin pays the fare Oh, that's rad and then there's the necklace the necklace of the symbol that's right here. That's so cool, and then This is just basically saying that I get to use this coin in game as soon as it comes out in 2021 That's exciting. I can't wait to play it. I will be 21 and it's gonna be a good time Yeah, this is this is everything. I love the packaging. Let me actually put it into into this Let's see if I can figure this out The hell up tripod the leg is broken on it I wish I could show you guys but it's kind of on it right now so that I can use both my hands to show you guys this So, okay, let's see. Oh, okay says push so Wow Wow See and then the like material right here is a little bit like I probably shouldn't be touching it So I'm probably getting my fingerprints all over it. Oh, no, but it's a little bit like Like super thin plastic-y so it like I feel like it should hold it in like like almost like a suction I'm not really sure but I guess we'll find out at See look at it hold in all the little details cuz it's like squeezing it in there cuz it's all flexible. That is so cool Okay, okay, and then I put this bad boy in and there it is. Oh, she's crooked. Hold on In her stand. Oh Look at that. Looks like it's like suspended in there like it's just floating That is so cool. So I hope you guys enjoyed this unboxing video For those of you who are fans of Alice and those of you who aren't fans of Alice If you are then I hope you guys enjoyed this like nice little peek into what this is And then if you're not then I hope you just enjoyed the nice little aesthetics of this Little thing that they gave me here. So I hope you guys have a good day and I thank you guys for watching I'll see you guys in the next video. Bye


This study aimed to obtain baseline data on the incidents and cost of community-acquired mnemonia among under five children in three townships from Heilongyang, Hubei, and Gansu Province and one community in Shanghai. The results showed that the overall incidents of clinically diagnosed mnemonia was 2.55% with a higher incidence in urban areas, 7.97%, than rural areas, 1.68%. No difference was found in the incidences of chest x-ray confirmed mnemonia between urban and rural areas. The hospitalization rate of all cases was 1.4%. Incidence and hospitalization rates decreased with age, with the highest rates found among children younger than one year and the lowest among children aged four. The total cost due to mnemonia for the participants was 1,138,733 yuan, with an average cost of 5,722 yuan and a median cost of 3,540 yuan. Multivariate analysis showed that hospitalization was the only factor related to higher cost. The study suggests that further health economics evaluation on introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into the national immunization program should be conducted. This article was authored by Yang Li, Ji Jian, Doping Yin, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


The same opium poppy that people make heroin out of has the same opium poppy people make muffins and bagels out of. But the idea that poppy seeds could serve as a source of appreciable amounts of codeine morphine was not given much credence, despite the existence of the old European custom recommending to quiet a noisy baby by means of a poppy seed-filled pacifier, not given much credence until a mother tried giving her six months old some strained milk she had boiled some poppy seeds in with the very best intentions of helping the child sleep better. It worked a little too well, culminating in respiratory arrest, leading to governmental warnings that it's not a good idea. The cases aren't limited to children.  So what's the upper limit of poppy seed consumption that's probably safe? About a teaspoon for every seven pounds of body weight. So that means someone weighing about 150 pounds or 70 kilos should probably not eat more than seven tablespoons of raw poppy seeds at a time.  And if you soak the seeds for five minutes first and then discard the water before adding them to your recipe you can eliminate another half if you're making some poppy seed filled pastry or something for kids. Otherwise though there shouldn't be any risk at usual levels of intake unless you're going in for a drug test in which case you may want to avoid poppy seeds altogether.


I'm off work in ten minutes, so I can change clothes and beat you out there. That's my girl. Her father's Robert I. Miller. Right on this adventure book.  Hey, Gee, I sure am sorry sir. I guess I was thinking about having dinner with my girl. She lives up at the club. Uh, here you go. Chalmers, see ya. I don't see anybody. You expect anyone to, did you miss Miller? Why not? A prehistoric monster is a rather large order to swallow. Dad, I didn't say it was a monster. He was a giant caveman. Club and all, eh? Yes. What my daughter saw, she saw. Now let's just let it go at that. Okay. But if you see her giant again, let me know in time to take some pictures. She will. You don't believe me either. Roxy, of course I believe you. I believe you saw something. Well, I saw a giant. A prehistoric giant. How about it, Tom? What'd you see? Like I told you, Mr. Miller. I wasn't there until afterwards. Tommy Nelson, I know what I saw. Sure, Roxy, but I mean giants. There were giants? The Bible says so. Yes, it does, in the book of Genesis. Something about in those days, giants walked there. Well then, maybe we can get some flashlights and we want to take a look for ourselves. Huh? No, this thing can wait until morning. Now you kids go and take your swim before the pool closes. In the morning now. It's a promise. Dad still doesn't believe me. Sure he does. And neither do you. I swear on my Elvis Presley LP. How big did you say he was? Bigger than anybody you ever saw.  A little. But I had the funniest feeling he wouldn't hurt me. Yeah? In fact, I thought it was kind of cute. Oh, realistic about this. You said to yourself that you think it was possible that you dreamed this whole idea. No, dad, I didn't. There was a giant.  No. But if there were a giant, if anyone at all is in here. Mr. Miller, come here. Look at the size of that giant. I don't know if it feel like that. He left the road right here. Watch out for snakes. Oh! He took off first. It's possible. I would account for his never having been seen before. It's too bad we didn't bring the doom buggy, but go after him. What for? I think get some pictures. Maybe even to bring him back. A lot of people aren't going to believe this giant jazz. No, we're not sending about this, you understand? Why not? After the way everyone laughed at me.  I'm going up on Shadow Mountain with a camera. Are you going to write a book about the giant, Mr. Miller? That's the idea, Tuttle. I'll take you out there. My doom buggy's all ready to go. No thanks. It is. I just gave it the works. There's no offense, son. But I'd like to take this trip and something a little bit safer. I'll see you in about two days at the moment. Well, please take care of yourself. Now my credit cards are in the desk drawer. You make sure you leave them there. Is this thing supposed to be safer than my doom buggy? Mr. Krueger, let's go. Just a minute, please. Do you know where Deep Canyon is? Yeah. Are you sure? Sure, I'm sure. I've been there a lot of times. Why? Don't worry, Mr. Krueger. I'll take care of it. Yes. Thanks for calling. Goodbye. What's up? That was Mr. Krueger from the airport. He's got a little gasket or something. He won't be able to fix that up. At Deep Canyon? Yes. No problem. We'll get the doom buggy and we'll whiz right out there. This is whiz-ing. Wait till we get on the bus. He's not coming on a bus, you know. Can't expect to be right on the dot. I know, but he should have made it for dark. Don't worry about it. He'll see the campfire and come walking in on us any minute now. That's what you said. Two hours. Well, he will. Look, I carry all this junk in the buggy anyway, so your minds will get some use out of it. I'm not sleepy. I'll take a rest for a while. I'll keep the fire going. I always carry a gun in the desert. There's coyotes around a camp. Put it away. We're not playing cowboy.  Well, they won't come here on fire. I know that much. And I'm not going to have you take a shot at something that turns out to be dead. Okay, okay. I'll put it away in one condition that you call and get some rest. Okay. So, the gallery. But a giant found him? No. At a farm. I guess not. My ancestor. Something's wrong with it. No kidding. Yeah, sometimes a bump starts it off and you gotta hit it again to stop it. Again. You must have him for dead. What? I didn't touch it. Well, I sure didn't. And look at... Listen, if he comes back for that club, we'd want to be anywhere around here. He could have dropped it. Look, and it's no good to him. Also insured. Let's not kid ourselves. Let's not jump with conclusions either. Come on, let's try that extra vene. Better stay here. You know, he's in both of us going. We gotta come back to the buggy anyway. Well, then we'll come back.  Oh, women. Look, you stay here with the buggy. Nope.  That'll save us both a trip. Come on. Ah, the gun. Toss it. Give me a blast in that horn if you see anything. Don't worry about that. Roxy. Roxy. Roxy. Roxy. I think my collar bone is broken. Here, let me help you. How did you get here? Well, we came looking for you. And we're both so worried that we didn't know what to do. No, no. No. No, no. No, no. She's mine. He understands you. Oh, he's got those beautiful friendships going. He's scary. Me? You're him? Smile. Smile. It lights your perfume. Mel, oh, yeah. We came with the others. He smiled. You didn't come out here alone, did you? No, not like that. Old said he's just curious. Old still. Looking for life, I believe. Oh, thank you. Careful, honey. Take it easy. He won't hurt you. He hurt you? No. I did that myself when I fell on the camera. Dad, I think you better break this up before I scream. Tell him you're hungry. I'm not. Well, think of the alternative. Hungry. Mm-hmm. Yes. There is relatives. There's dad. Yes, apparently for some time. He got cold. Cold. Quite well. See ya. See ya. Come on, dad. Let's make a run for it. Here. It won't work. The entrance is blocked. What do we do? I don't know. But we don't think he's coming. Oh. Well. Well. He's telling his family all about you. He told him about me last night. Think how lonely he must be. I know whatever he is. He's a human being. What'll I do? It'll be all right. Play it by ear. Don't upset him. Okay. He's telling them he has guests for dinner each other. How'd you do? See ya. Well, that one looked like a very important ancestor. Shake hands with him, Roxie. Oh, dad. Me too. Oh, dad. Dad, you know they're big. I think so. I just can't make himself accepted. I'm not having any trouble. And how are you feeling today? Oh, that's fine. He won't hurt you. Free of charge, gentlemen, huh? Well, here's to you. Well, it doesn't make you strong. You have to be strong to drink in the past. What is it? Believe it or not, dad. Etchings. Oh, this is nice. This is nice. I know what you mean. See what you mean. I know. And it's not so bad as a matter of fact. Look, Bitter, it seems to have a certain quality that's good for you. I would be a bit surprised if the sulfur in these walls isn't what's kept these giants alive all these years. You mean these giants have always been here? Where have you seen those before? Exactly. Sure. Same style, same everything. Definitely prehistoric. Yes, I'd say that he is a very important person so I'd say that he and his tribe have always been here. Are there others? No, he's the last one. How can you be sure? I took a good look at his family. Rocked the condition of the shrouds. I'd say the last one died. Fifty, a hundred years ago. Thank him. Oh, I wouldn't know, yes. Hmm, hmm, hmm, hmm. That's something, doesn't it? He brought it here. Must be around someplace. Deep looking, you probably hid it somewhere. Net bones, honey. It's got to be tied up or something, doesn't it? No, it feels pretty good now. Your father? The trouble with you is it spoiled you. You sure did. What can I do? Nothing. If I wash your face or give you shade, it'll make you feel better. You've got all your junk here. Okay. I'll get his attention. Yes, please. He's had time to think about it. I'll give you to get your head stashed in. My father didn't raise me that way. Better watch him with that shaving bar.  That's true. These smell pretty too. Where did you get them? Oh, yes. I really think you're Mr. Water. You don't? I guess you're right. That's the board. Don't you think it's... No, save yourself. Get your outside run. Come on. Beat you up. That's with him. I can do it. Go on. He's okay. He's waiting for us. It won't start. Let me. What's wrong with it? I rigged it so nobody could steal it. Out here? Dead end. Hello. Everybody okay? Funny. Just fine, Dad. Wow, wait. There he is. Baby, I just had one. That's all. Just one, baby. That's all. I've just had one. One bottle. Hey, baby. Well, I'll tell you when I've had enough. You do me a great injustice. The keys. I've had enough. You're going to have to help me. I can't manage the tie. Here, I'll just... Does it have to be this one? Maybe that happens to be one of my favorite ties. That's a collar. You gave it to me four years ago. I'm sure you're feeling well enough to go out tonight. Honey, we've got to go out. Well, it's not anything special. It's just a party. Your whole gang will be there. Yeah. You can't avoid them forever. No. Some of them will have to leave. Henderson, she'll laugh a lot. What happened to him? I don't know, but I'm certain we're doing the right thing.  No, they wouldn't. We wouldn't let them. Honey, he's from another age. Another eon. Come in. Hello, Mr. Miller. Hello, Tom. You sure look swell, Roxy. Thank you. I'll only be a minute. Is something wrong, Mr. Miller? We're just talking about our little adventure. Oh, I see. You do? Well, sure. A girl like Roxy don't get over a thing like that right away. Doesn't. That's what I say. She's got to get her mind off it. And this hop tonight will help. Hop? Yeah, my car was going to be there, and they swing. So I understand. I'm ready. Well, let's split then. Mr. Miller, I got my dad's wheels tonight. Really? Do they fit on your car? You're funny, Mr. Miller. Real funny. He's real! I don't blame you in the lead, sir. Oh, it's you, Dad. Nobody lives. Nobody lives. Is there a gig? 100%. But perhaps we should be a little more discreet about it. What on earth are you talking about? Getting as far away as possible from that music gets you a good idea. I don't know what you're talking about. I don't know what you're talking about. I don't know what you're talking about. I don't know what you're talking about. I don't know what you're talking about. Getting as far away as possible from that music gets you a good idea, but we guess here. No, the music's wonderful. I could listen to Tom sing by the hour. I just wanted some fresh air, that's all. Is it, honey? No. The funniest feeling. What is it? I can't describe it. But I just know something's happened to him. Him? The giant. Or whatever he is. Something's happened to him. Roxy, look at me. I love you very much.  Every living thing was her personal concern that she worried about. That's just it, Dad. But just, see, worry isn't the feeling that I have. I don't know what it is. He's a creature. Well, you just have to look at him to see that. He even tried to kill us. But yet... You can't get him out of your mind. It's not a tune just for you in there. I look up and you're gone. We can hear everywhere, Tom. I said, here. You don't understand. You're funny, Mr. Miller. Really funny. Come on, Roxy. Let's dance. Wait a minute. What's the matter? I thought I heard sirens. That's Dino's sax. It leaks.


Mark you want me to take it away? I mean, and we can both jump in on this. That sounds good to you. Yeah. Yeah, why don't you do stirred up? You you have this.  You got it. All right. Fantastic. For everyone on the call today. Thank you so much for being here. We appreciate your time. I will tell you that this is going to become a running document things that I have done that Mark and I have done. We put the act in the back of the document so that if we do need to refer to them, we can at all time. So we'll continue to add to this document and possibly take away from this document each week. But I'll start by just a quick reminder of who is on each on the committee from the advisory. I mean, sorry. Who is on the committee from the Vermont side? Tim Wessel, Dr. Mark Levine and of course, Ingrid Jonas who's with us today and then Mark Gorman, myself and Gina Cranwinkle are here. And also, I believe we have Megan. How who is assisting in taking notes? A quick reminder to everyone our milestone is October 20th and that is when we will have to put forth our recommendations solidly packaged up. No plan intended for the board for their use. And so that is one of our initiatives because this is being recorded and also as a reminder to the general public if you would like to make public comments. Thank you so by visiting ccv.vermont.gov and there is a place for you to input public comments. There were no written comments been in this week so I will move on from there. As another reminder of what we discussed last week is that we would be looking at this in phases with rules and guidelines and packaging and labeling and then also with Edible and Department of Health oversight. I will say as Mark and I continue to work through all of the information it's really looking more like phase one and phase two are melding into phase one because there's so much overlap in there and that'll become more clear as we talk about some additional initiatives here. So for you Ingrid, yesterday we shared some information from different states on what they're doing in terms of warnings and guidelines and how they have enacted their own initiative. So one of the things that Mark and I have seen consistently is commonalities in the warnings that are put forth by anyone's cannabis control board commission however they choose to name it is we're seeing consistency in impairments where they're asking you not to operate machinery or drive that cannabis may be habit forming that it's not safe for kids were used by adults 21 and over and also should not be used by pregnant or breastfeeding women. We also noted different states were using different verbiage but we continuously saw things like delayed impairment, especially when it comes to edibles that it could be your it could be delayed by two hours or more. We are consistently actually not as consistently seeing accidental ingestion and the poison control number out not safe for pets that there is limited information on health risk. We've seen that edibles can't be associated with cartoons toys designs colors or shapes that appeal to children. One thing I will share and while this is Canadian one of the items that I saw this week was a retailer who had used in Canada a strawberry as part of his logo and it was nice and bright looking and so there are a lot of parent complaints because it was inside of a hockey rink. So I would say that something will address in further detail soon on the CCB requirements for the design of your logo and ensuring that it isn't a child friendly product. And of course I just covered logo brands not associated with cartoons toys designs colors or shapes that appeal to children and then also we're starting to see more on psychoactive and synthetic, Delta H, Delta 9 and then of course Dr. Levine provided some information from the CDC which I'm starting to see some pickups in the trade press. Any questions about those right now? Just the commonalities and other things we've seen or anything you think we might have missed? Okay, fantastic. Thank you. And then because Massachusetts is still so new and this is an ever-evolving industry I will say that they have one of the most comprehensive sets of guidelines out there for their own licensees to follow and it's very clear and very concise. So I did put Massachusetts in this particular slide deck because it is so easy to understand and very direct in what they want. They use the statement please consume responsibly. They require that but then they also have five additional statements of which if someone is advertising their product you have to use two additional of these. It's just an interesting phenomenon. They do talk about impairment and habit forming. They talk about concentration coordination judgment and of course don't operate machinery under the influence. Health risk could be associated 21 and older and of course not to be used by women who are pregnant are a breastfeeding. Beyond that one of the things that they do have is a standard warning that talks about some things that have been noted by the subcommittee in previous meetings. It's not been analyzed by the FDA limited information on side effects again pregnancy breastfeeding against the law to driver operate keep away from children very bold again health risk in para concentration coordinated in judgment and the impairment of edibles may be delayed by two hours or more than they include the poison control hotline or call 911. And I think that they have a nice subtlety with something that was brought up on a previous meeting as well that this may be illegal outside of the state of Massachusetts. Mark you want to our ingrid anybody want to add anything on this or thought or comments. I just to make I was going to raise a question about whether anybody has a coral with any of these. Yeah I think that's a fan made on the last two slides because you know in in dealing with people who I thought should have been knowledgeable about cannabis over the past two or three years before my time at NACB. You could get and you still can get big pushback when you mentioned intoxication when you mentioned impaired driving. I mean there are just people who refuse to believe it and I but I haven't heard anything from from any of our subcommittee members or even any of the others that we've we've talked to in the Vermont during the Vermont project. Yeah Ingrid do you have any thoughts on that. Well you know I tend to air on the side of giving people as many facts as possible so they can make educated choices. So I feel very concerned about you know things like impairment and people being made aware of the habit forming. I'm sure that's probably debatable. I don't you know I'm sure there are people that would debate that I certainly don't haven't studied research on that but also the delayed onset so to speak of edible cannabis. I think it's really you know those kinds of things are I think important. I thought it was interesting that Massachusetts had the requirements that they need to have two of those different warnings at least not more. Like how do you pick between warnings about you know pregnant people and children and impairment and agree with it. I'm not an advertising. I don't have the foggiest idea about advertising and I'm not looking to shut progress down but I do think that as much information as possible for people going into this is very important. Agreed. And I one of the things I see between these two slides that the police consume responsibly and then the other slide is that the and I can't 100% say this but it seems to follow also along with what would be required of the safety flyer that we referenced that would be need to be done for point of sale. So it's very similar to that. And matter of fact I'm going to flip straight to that so we can take a look at it and then we'll talk a little bit more about that. So a retailer shall display safety information a safety information flyer at point of purchase and offer a customer a copy of the flyer with each person in it. In it it talks about and I've got I'm looking a little bit closer flyers developed by the board but I think there's just and then people can take that and download it free of charge contain information concerning the methods of administering cannabis amount of time. It may take for cannabis products to take effect the risks of driving under the influence potential health risk symptoms of problematic usage how to receive health and a warning that cannabis is illegal under federal law. So going back to Massachusetts in here. Many of those are right here contained in these statements and then also in this area and I think that in keeping in the spirit of what Tim Westwell said on one of our meetings that it was very it was jarring to see that this is federally illegal. I do believe that Massachusetts has done a nice job from a communications perspective of saying it may be illegal outside of Massachusetts. It's a nice twist turn on federally illegal that that does you know share that initiative. So I think that's important to know and anything else Ingrid you want to add. I guess one of my questions I would have for you as well is this the information that we're presenting now and putting forth is this giving you more of what you need when we do come back for a forum to start making you know more informed decisions. Excellent yeah that's what I think yeah that comprehensive flyer that was a reminder that that's part of what is required and I think that's important. Excellent so the last thing on Massachusetts that I think as an advertiser marketer someone that's done this for so long that I really appreciate is that they even come in and say what font size you need to use which is. I think incredibly important they don't want it's got to be at least 10 point and then they they clearly state the font they want you to use Times New Roman Helvetica or aerial to put this in perspective. This entire deck is done in aerial so this is so that it's easier to read and it's clear I use aerial a lot. In most of my stuff because it's a very easy font on the eyes and so they make you stay in 10 points at a minimum of 10 point keep out of reach of children and then if a product contains multiple serving which is where things like the edibles may come into play here. They also require that you put in 10 point font same same font times Helvetica or aerial includes multiple serving. So I do believe that there is a very comprehensive and well thought out guideline that may offer some adaptation and adoption to what Vermont would like to do to educate their public. Any questions before I move on. I have a little bit of a question but just in terms of serving but I think that keeps coming up for me like helping guide people around like what is a responsible. Right serving and when can we talk a little bit more about that like. In terms of that warning label example that you gave. Last week that was for something that's edible correct or like that like I don't know how do we talk about serving or dose when it comes to the different like edible versus smokeable versus that sort of thing. You know I think that is an excellent discussion and one that I would certainly welcome Gina or someone else's comment on because I would like to be prepared for that discussion. If that's OK that we do that possibly as a takeaway for our next meeting to talk about serving. Yeah I just want to put that out. I think that's fantastic. Thank you. Yeah I think unfortunately we're finding is that still there is no general consensus on what the serving is or what impairment is or how many servings you know you would want to sell at one time. And so I think that is something I'll certainly let Gina chime in but what I'd like for Mark and I to be able to do for the subcommittee and everyone here is to go back and get that information. And we can have a more informed discussion. But Gina would you like to chime in. Yeah Ingrid last week we did show you a label for an edible and obviously that will different and change if someone is you know taking it as a concentrate or I'm smoking the flower. But once again as people said you know a dose for one a serving size for one person will vary from each person and how they process it. And even the same person depending on the food that they had that day will also impact how they respond to even one serving size and provide some more information for the subcommittee next week about this. Yeah I think the best we're going to find it correct me if you think I'm wrong Gina is a consensus among the states who have who have regulated already. And they're not all the same but you know there's there is some consensus anyway there's maybe there's safety and numbers. Yeah there's a lot of more consensus around them what they would want in a serving size so the max serving size that a product can have in it. Or how much a container can have overall so but we can provide more information I think next week just to really get more understanding of what average serving sizes are in some different states especially on the East Coast. And or what they would write as Max. Moving for care for that. Is there any other information that you would like around that specific topic so we can bring it to the subcommittee next week. For me I think I just I think it's just a big question in my mind like how are people that's informed around. You know are responsible like what guidance do they have around. Responsible servings or dosing so to speak. I that there have been talks maybe in medicinal cannabis of creating educational brochures or short educational video. For people at a dispensary so that might be something that they look at to give them some information. Thank you so much. I appreciate you stepping in. So I'm angered we have those as takeaways will note them and we'll get some discussions on the table with that but I as I move on to the next piece. One of the things we talked about on our last meeting was giving giving you something to react to in terms of what a warning might look like or a universal type of warning. And so Mark and I had the opportunity to correspond with a gentleman by the name of Dr. David Nathan who wrote an article on packaging and labeling for cannabis science and technology in the July August of 2020 edition. So we reached out to him and asked him some information about that. And the interesting thing he had a conversation with us about the evolution of what is going on with international packaging labeling standards. And so I was shocked and thankful that he and his his son Eli who is also a graphic designer they've developed these together put together some symbols for us to see. And so we've brought those up here he they designed them for Vermont to take a look at. And so one of the things that I think is incredibly important about what they're doing in their standard work is the symbol development that they're doing. They follow ISO 3864 which is the international standards organization. They actually have standards for safety signs. And so what is so great about it when I read up a little more on ISO 3864 is it's truly about safety. And so there's some interesting critiques which we can share with you later on other states and how the use of color the use of some of their items are more of a stop versus a warning. And so we wanted to share these with you today. This is what a potential could look like for Vermont that would follow some already well documented international international and American standards because it's not just ISO there's ANSI which is the American National Standards Institute which is part of ISO. So he put this forth and so again, you know, love your thoughts on it. I know no decisions can be made but to see what you think but for our next meeting. My hope is that we can compare this to other states in one slide. Excellent. Mark, are you going to add anything on this? No, I was just going to ask. Don't mean to put you on the spot. You're probably the first time you've seen some of these things. But does any of these stand out to you as most appropriate for the warning signs for cannabis packages and advertisements? I might be missing. So I can only see the Massachusetts guidelines. Oh, we are talking about the font size and style. So I thought for a second earlier, I don't know. I'm just on my phone. Oh, okay. I came off it and went back to it, but I can also share this with you share the depth with you. Do you see it now by chance? There may be a slight delay on your phone with the video. Oh, there it is. Got it. Okay. Great. So you're asking me my sort of initial thought from you. You know, it may also ingrid not to put you on the spot. It may help if we could drop this on a fake package for next week so that you could see what it looks like in that context as well. Great. And we'd like to compare them with other state symbols in our Monday meeting. Since the Vermont either spelled out or the abbreviation indicates what does that indicate that it's being sold in Vermont or grown in Vermont? Yes, basically sold in Vermont and it would be something that could be used on all of your packaging, your advertising. It would be Vermont symbol, warning symbol for cannabis. And again, we can provide some additional rationale and a comparison on Monday. Yeah. I mean, I feel like the use of the word THC and the belief is important. So, you know, if it has to have a Vermont thing and I feel like number four is a little bit like glorifying the sort of, I don't know, it's sort of like an element to my initial eyes is like, aren't we great? We have this, I don't know, I feel so I feel like a more neutral kind of informative as it looks like. But that fits me. Well, your, your perspective is incredibly valued and valid, especially with, you know, your service and law enforcement to give some of that perspective. So I always love gut reactions because it definitely does help to put things there. So what I'd like to do for our next meeting is compare these to some other states and see if we could drop something like I said on a full package that you could at least take a look at. I was very pleased that the team was so willing to very quickly put something together for us that is in line with those standards and that article that I referenced again. You know, cannabis science and technology while there's a lot of stuff in the article. And it is kind of long the David Nathan did tell Mark and I yesterday that there have been a lot of refinements and updates made, which is something that happens often in any standard. You know, there's always changes and feedback. And so it was, it was a very good conversation. We are definitely looking forward to speaking with him more. So that really and truly that was a good chunk of the meat for today. I'd like to remind everyone on the call. I did keep the advertising guidelines and examples in there that's not if your screen is behind it. You've seen this already. It's just the California notice, which would be something that could be developed very easily for Vermont. And using, you know, Massachusetts as a guideline and that is one way for us to to consider that and then also the NACB advertise advertising checklist. So that is someone is developing, you know, advertising logos or anything else of that fashion that it is. They have something to go by to say, did I do this? Did I do that? I find checklist are helpful all the way around in especially in highly regulated markets. There'll be something very similar, of course, for the packaging CCB regulators. I mean, the staff who were evaluating correctness of advertising and packaging, something similar that they can use to check their, you know, what they're seeing. And but I think we're going to try to make this one pager, not by not by shrinking it down, but just making a little bit simple. Yeah, agreed. It will also depend on the required information, but definitely simplicity is always good. But it also needs to follow what the requirements are. I, again, I always like to go by if I know the rules, I can follow the rules. So from there, you know, I had just kept in the enacted language for the safety warning flyer that would be available safety information flyer at point of sale. And then next steps will actually will curtail that but what I will say is Mark and I can put together some draft language based on what we've discussed today that we can represent to the team. On Monday and just draft a few different things and see what you and the other subcommittee members think. So we give you something to react to you're going to hear me say that a lot. I think that's just so helpful. And so I'm not going to go through everything on here because these next step tasks will be stuff that Mark and I will take away and bring back to you as well. So, Ingrid, before I move to public comments, is there anything else you'd like to add today to our discussion? I think I'm good for now. Thank you. Thank you. So from there, Mark, if there's nothing else you want to add, we can move to if there are any comments from members of the public. I think you and I have some homework. Yep. Excellent. All right. So, now, Ingrid, do we have public comments? We do. If you want to come right up here, you can. Hi, Danika. Hi, Gina. It's Bernie from Vermont Board Association. I got the mask on. Did you say it? Oh, Bernie? Yep. Gotcha. Thank you so much. I just wanted to ask, I wasn't here for the meeting last week, but has this subcommittee discussed dispensing of oil concentrates in vapor cartridges as it pertains to Act 164? Yes. Yes. Yes. And Bill S54 passed. Basically, solid oil concentrates can only be sold to the public in vapor cartridges as both a consumer and formerly a producer. This is very, like, worrisome to me. There's no real help. The FDA is against the use of THC in vapor cartridges, especially as it pertains to safety and access to youths. You're basically making cannabis concentrates the most accessible to youths by only doing that. As an aside from the fact that that compounded with a 60% THC cap on concentrates sort of removes a lot of processing capabilities for smaller businesses who want to enter from the ground up. I just think that it's, you know, the THC cartridge issue kind of overlaps with a lot of topics. The one here is public health and access to illicit items by those who were not targeting to sell these two. Number two would be the environmental concerns of the only way of Ramon can purchase us through that cartridge, which is disposable. So you're talking about throwing out heavy metals and plastics every time someone wants to consume it. And thirdly, going back to the public health aspect. Most distillate cartridges in the United States, whether white market or black market, are done through a process of short path or long path distillation. That's a compound distillation of either CBD compounds or THC compounds, which are then mixed with flavor for vaporizing. The process is deemed successful when you reach the highest levels of concentration of that product because you've eliminated all other additives or all other undesirables, whether those are terpenes, other compounds, plant matter, pesticides, etc. So currently, with the 60% law, a producer, as it's written, the producer wouldn't even be able to make the 90% plus THC product to then dilute for public consumption. Currently, solveness processing doesn't come in above 60% THC, like a more artisan process, which someone can build a lab for $10,000 to $20,000 to move from the ground upwards. That's basically banned. Hydrocarbon extraction is currently banned, which is another form of artisan extracting. Right now, basically the entire industry is being geared toward using vape cartridges and CO2 extraction, which is extremely expensive and basically locks everyone out of the industry except for the existing dispensaries that already have that equipment. As far as the THC caps and the vapor cartridges go, I think it's irresponsible to only have vapor cartridges as the method of dispensing oils. And simultaneously, I think that the public consumers and producers would be better served with a list of products that Candace producers cannot use as dilutants or as additives to their products rather than a THC cap. So yeah, in terms of Vermont itself, our community, you know, businesses in Vermont, Vermont has a burgeoning glass blowing community, whether non functional or functional, a lot of artists both work in both industries. And by forcing the use of cartridges only, you're basically rendering the products of these local artists useless and these products can range from $50 for a pipe to, you know, in recent years $50,000 for a functional hash rig, right, which is what they call basically a bong for concentrates. You know, I just hope that you guys take this information in and as you continue this discussion since nothing is going to be decided on today that you consider THC cartridges as packaging and, you know, hopefully remove them or, you know, not ban them but not make them the only method of providing oil to the public because that's wholly responsible. The CDC, like if you go to the CDC website, there are all these statistics about, you know, illicit vapes and whatnot but the reality is people were dilute the vapor cartridges themselves contain heavy metals, so they shouldn't be vaped. They're an environmental hazard. And when you cap THC at 60%, you're basically either not allowing producers to put more product on the market, which all other states have no other state has this THC cap by the way. And you're basically removing a ton of different varieties of products that would attract out-of-state staters to Vermont, you know. Maine doesn't have this ruling, Massachusetts doesn't have this ruling, New York doesn't have this ruling in their bill that they just passed even though that's a subject to change. No other state has this kind of ruling, so if we're going to go with what works across the board, I just hope we don't go with this. Thank you for your time. Thank you. Hey, Bernie, if I could just ask, maybe I'm the only one who didn't hear it, but I couldn't get your last name. Oh, it's Silva, SILVA. I'm with, I'm a Policy Director of Vermont Growers Association. And I have previous experience working in Maine and Colorado, both, you know, in processing, cultivation, under companies and I own my own company in Maine before I moved back when the Senate passed that bill. And it scared me. Thank you. Okay. Thank you. Thank you so much, Bernie. Other public comments? There's no other public comment today. Well, thank you, everyone. We do have a little bit of homework to do between now and Monday. Ingrid, thank you so much for joining us today and thank you, Bernie, for your comments. With that being said, if there's no additional information, we can close out this meeting. Very good. Thank you. Thank you so much. Have a great day, everybody. Bye-bye. Thanks, everybody. Gina. This meeting is no longer being.


Okay, it's summer here in the Northeast and that's a that's a good thing because low carb summers in our opinion are better than low carb winners. But is there a way to fix that all year round? Hey there and jrew22.com here with another low carb keto carnivore chat. And today's sort of like a semi follow-up to a video I did a few months ago about low carb and exercise in that you didn't really have to do exercise if you're low carb. And I noticed that there was some sort of weight gain this this past winter in particular. Let me have a sip of drink here. Oh man, refreshing. Watered down red wine today. I'm not doing salter. I noticed that I maintained a very steady weight like within a pound every day day in and day out during the summer. And then, you know, along with some some minor hiccups but during the winter this past winter we didn't really have any snow. I didn't do any labor and there's no need to do outdoor landscaping. I do probably around in the summer since the spring began about a month ago month and a half ago about 20 hours a week of backbreaking my clothes are soaked to my underpants and my socks. I'm soaked. I work out. That's a lot of physical labor, a lot of calorie burning and just energy expenditure. And then but this past winter I didn't really do anything. So that made me think, you know, like I normally do do a lot of work. If we have a snowy winter I'm shoveling. I'm not just pushing a snow plow around or a snowblower. I'm out there because I have spots I have to shovel and there's ice to break. So that made me think that even if there is no winter, you know, tasks to do you should the thing to maintain to prevent the winter hibernation gain in the northeast or any northern or four season climate is to figure out a way to increase your physical activity. I'm not sure what that would be for, you know, everybody has a different way of I like I like performing physical activity out of necessity. I when I have a purpose and the purpose isn't for me necessarily. It's the purposes to take care of whatever I have to take care of. I would never, I never go to the gym. I'm I used to in the past, but going to the gym is vanity. It's not I mean with the exception of someone who who may be a sport and they have to they have to get physically superior to their opponent. But most people go work out the gym for personal vanity and that's not that's not my choice. I just want to be healthy. So what I have to do now in in the winter, if we have another light winter coming up in a few months, is to figure out a way to in the cold weather to figure out a way to increase the activity to the level of what it is in the summer when I'm breaking my butt for 20 hours a week in the in the outside. So whether that's doing some heavy kind of work at the house and you know lifting, I don't I don't know. I mean, like I said, I told my viewers last video that probably going to the gym can't hurt as long as it's not purely for for vain reasons. Maybe maybe I should join the gym in the winter for four months just to keep keeping shape for the summer. I don't know. I mean, but I'm going instead I'm going to figure out a way to have increased my physical activity during the cold months with home based activities. Even if it's outdoors, I'll get warmer clothes and just figure out a way to to burn that fuel in the cold months. So that that's my whole low carb seasonal shift with I don't know I'm rambling here but if you liked the video and liked our concepts, hit the like and subscribe and I'll see you next video. I I'm promising to try to make it better. Have a good day.


A few different options here. I'm just heaving George Kittle. I don't know how I feel about it. I'm gonna go deep here. Wish me luck. Yes, sir! See! Prime time! If you need Madden 21 coins for anything, make sure to go to buymutcoins.com. It's cheap and reliable and my code MMG is 20% off. Tough Owl last week. Am I saying last week? Like, this is the NFL season. I don't, whatever. Tough Owl last episode, I was trying to get the win and I was trying to get the challenge. I got neither. Hell season. That's okay because we're gonna bring it all together in this episode and we're gonna get a dog and we should be good. Now I feel bad, but I do need a new corner because Denzel Ward, as much as I like him, is not it. He's a 91 overall. We're getting a little fix. How am I gonna do this? I have a couple different ways I could do this. Here's what we're gonna do. I'm gonna go to 90-91. I'm gonna have Luna spin the one to 100 wheel and I'm gonna take that player out of all these 90-91s. This might not work at all, but we're gonna see. Luna, I need you to spin, good spin, good spin. Very good. You did your very good. 46. So each of these is five, right? So if we're doing it by time remaining, so Patrick Ricard is the fifth. So yeah, you get it. Five, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 46 is, ooh! That's actually dope. That's gonna replace T.Y. Hilton. I am gonna be a lot better slot receiver too. He's doing zooms. All right, I'm upgrading Henry Ruggs right now to gotta give him a sprinter and our second wheel spin's going right now. It looks like it's gonna be going. Ooh, shoot. I can't do this one. I don't have all the Madden's on this Xbox. I have it on my Series X. Let's try that again. I just dropped my phone. Oh my God, it's a bad day. Just kidding. It's gonna be a good day. It's gonna be a good day. Speaking into existence. What do we got, baby mutt? It really is gonna be a good day. Mutt Draft, first three rounds. So, are they out of the first three rounds? I can get any single player. Start out with quarterbacks. Those are not gonna help me. Worst comes to worst, we get T-Bar. Next one, day one.  Round three, I need you, baby!  All right, you know what? I'm getting a fullback. Mike Alstott was a god. I love that guy's highlights. And right now my fullback is kind of juicy juice and he's an 84 overall. So we add two 90 overalls to the team right now. Oh my God, my fullback right now is Leonard Frunat. I'm thinking a pack of place. This was actually a really good pickup. And then T.Y. Hilton comes out for the Lightning Fast Henry Rugs. All right, boys are ready for this game. We are five and three. Five and three is such a sketchy spot to be in. One loss and we're booted out. This team is way too good for me to go out though. I gotta win the next two games and make it to the playoffs, absolutely. Oh, also my challenge wheel. I can't forget about that. Yes, yes, oh wow. I've been getting these challenges a lot. This one's a lot more realistic. This is a running the ball challenge. Ten carries, a hundred yards, any touchdown. So Dalvin Cooks just gotta have a great day. Five minutes later.  Look at this, it's still loading. This is so weird. I spent doing this for four minutes now. If I close the app, I'm gonna lose the game. Okay, this is actually bad though because this is my fourth loss. I'll get booted out of this season progress. I have no choice.  I'm gonna give it 10 minutes. One eternity later. All right boys, I'm gonna close the app. I'm gonna see what happens. I assume, damn. I assume this is gonna give me a loss but I don't have a choice. Wow, that's so whack. A few minutes later. And yep, seven more wins. It gave me a loss. Here's what I'm gonna do. Off camera, I'm gonna grind ourselves back to whatever record we should be after this game. So if I win this game, I'll grind us back to six and three. But if I lose this game, then I would have gotten booted anyway. So I'll just reset the series. Either way, I'll make it work. That's really frustrating though because I had no control over that. All right, let's try that again. Top three, prime time, JJ Waj, I'm all Adams. I love that. Please, no 99s. Well, it's a 98. You know what? No, that's as good as my team. This is a winnable game. Let's see what this man wants to start out with. He's got Herbert at QB, respect. Play action for sure. Crossers, it's not.  I'm gonna go cover two, man. Cause right now I'm just getting bullied. Okay, okay guys. Okay, you see it right next to him? At least put an arm on him. This is sketchy.  Fourth and two. Running a cover two here. I'm so right on top of that route. This is an inside zone. That is so dumb. It's unbelievable. And he broke the tackle. Oh my God. All right, all right, all right, all right. Not to start, we're looking for. Let's go win this. I need 10 carries, 100 rushing yards and a touchdown with Delvin. I cannot lose this game. Lots on the line here. Not really a loseable game. Even this could kind of get shelled by inside zone. If my second level block reaches. Yeah, great. Whoa, good juke, Delvin. Delvin turned that trash play into something. I'm gonna go deep here. Wish me luck. Yes sir, seam prime time. Let's go. I am undefeated on the kicker flip pass. Or no, I'm not. Or am I? No, I think I'm still, yeah. I'm four for four on this baby.  Why did I snap that?  It's not there. Wait, it is. Wait, it is. Wait, it isn't. It isn't at all.  See what he wants here. Oh my God. What is that route that he's throwing? He goes with an out route. It's not there. Jamal Adams got burnt in man coverage. Like literally burnt so bad. That was embarrassing. Not able to stop this man right now. Not able at all. Second and five? Does he run this? He does not. We gotta play action on our hands. Oh my God. What a laser.  That was a great play. He's back in cover four, so we're gonna give right back to Delvin. Who is eat, dude? I'm gonna get this challenge for sure. Four rushes, 38 yards. Prime time underneath. Ooh, ooh. Full run commit. What the?  You gotta be kidding. So many touchdowns on the field, and he pump faked. I'm saying he pump faked like I didn't do it. Russell Losen just decided to pump faked. A few different options here. I'm just heaving George Kittle. Up and George Kittle's completing the challenge from last game right now, by the way. Just so we're all on the same page. I'm handing this out to Delvin. Two point conversion. Delvin, 14 to 14. We need some pressure. We are not at all getting to the QB.   Prime time was moving so fast on that.  That's what I was just on Denzel Ward for. I'm sending all the blitzers and I'm on Denzel Ward again. Dog, I'm sending seven. How are you just walking up the middle? I just wanna out out great pass by him. His luck cannot continue at this pace. It is not even remotely realistic. Second and seven, he's gonna look into the end zone here for sure. He gets to the five on our Herbert Scram. We kinda got caught on his own dude there for a second. What's he go with? Play the game without a doubt. I mean, there's a lot of football left. You guys are making like top five episodes of Wheel of Mud. This is up there. After that one, we'll wait a second. Let me win this game first and then let's talk, okay? Gonna start out here with the classic. I still gotta complete my challenge. I don't think Delvin Cook has a touchdown yet. Yeah, he doesn't. Second and five. Just gonna go with a trap play to Delvin. Oh my God. I have no idea how that freed up like that. Seven rushes, 57 yards.  Potentially here.  Oh wow. I mean, I'm just gonna leave the door open. The only reason I didn't take the touchdown there is because I need a rushing touchdown with Delvin. So we'll see if he can. Ooh, not getting edge on that one. This will keep the clock burning though, so that's good. I can snap this at 230 and this is, yep, guaranteed. No run, commit, a great juke. But he gets swallowed up by the next linebacker. That's a two minute warning. We take the field goal here. Take a two possession lead. I might not get my challenge completed. We'll see what happens on the final drive here. We have to let this go two minute warning first though. Pretty easy. Get boxed, Ken. You're free, literally so free. That's stuck in my head, bro. To think, bro, I was 14 to 14 and this man was on the goal line. Oh, play action. Yes, sir. Jamal Adams, get there. Let's go! I sent that user blitz.  Damn it. What's he got with here? Is this a run play? I'm in the backfield! Play action. Run play action, bro. Please, yes. Yes, do that with one! My user blitz is so electric right now. Fourth and 18. All right, this is the poster out. It's the only thing he can throw. And I'm all over it. That's it, that's the game. Wait, I still have a chance to complete the challenge with Alvin. 25 yards and a touchdown. Gigantic gap up the middle. Gonna juke right. I'm almost at 100 yards. I just need the touchdown now. He has 96 rushing yards. I can throw the ball down to the five yard line and run it in from there. This is gonna be hard. This is gonna be tough. Oh my God, they just put an AP. They just put an AP, this is so bad. Get down, get down. From the nine, I have no time outs left. We gotta get all the way to the end zone. I think I'm gonna run out of clock. I'll try and spike it. I don't know if I'll get it off. We gotta go to the end zone. We gotta go to the end zone. He's so close! Get up there! Run it again, run it again! Come on, baby, come on, baby! Let's go! That's the game.  They'll play the game without a doubt. Jamal Adams picks six. Oh, Delvin Cook. 20 attempts. Just barely got the rushing yards and one touchdown. That is a challenge to complete. Which means I get one pack. Am I gonna pull anything good in the pack? Probably not, but it doesn't matter. I'm excited. All right, won the 50 fantasy pack. I basically am looking for Barry Sanders. I don't expect much. We'll see. First round, nothing. Second round's got a big legend. Who are we talking here?  Mo Lewis? I'm never too excited to get a Jets player, but I'll take it. Cool. I'll see you. I got Delvin. It's actually so sick. I obviously already have Delvin, so that doesn't help me. Lawrence Taylor, Austin Hooper. None of those really helped me either. For shits and gigs, I'll take this Lawrence Taylor. In case I get like a pack of punch, I don't know.  That's pretty good. All right, boys, big dub. We're six and three! Oh, this is almost as nerve-racking as like a Super Bowl. I'm not trying to play through like six, seven, eight, nine more games in the next season. I wanna go to the playoffs with this team. Let's give a dub next episode. I will see you in that video. Thanks for watching as always. Peace out.


Այսպnaire ԱՂբՏ trainugg  Angeles ofämän outlet where they stand since you were activeiscoll When they saw the henda and down just ENGLISH lled iliz  readers


You really want to think about this ideas. You want to be thinking, what kind of businesses do I want? How automated do I want the system? Do I have a network of people that can do the adjusting entries like tax preparers and CPA firms and whatnot so that I can do what I'm doing on my side and depend on these other people that are in my network possibly to do what they do so that I can scale up my business possibly. A lot of people scale up their businesses, small bookkeepers possibly, by trying to keep their books more in a cash-based system, trying to use the bank fees to automate the whole process. But to do that, even if you're working with companies that are on a cash-based system, you're going to have some accrual things you have to deal with. And if you're working with a good CPA firm or something that can do adjusting entries, then they can help you to still basically automate your whole system, scale up, and then let them do the adjusting entries periodically.