Okay, we're back for the five o'clock block today, and this is Think Tech, I'm Jay Fidel. We're talking about community matters today with John Friedman, and he is actually in Singapore. Say hi, John. Hey, good evening, everybody. Yeah, title of our show today is, what is the title of our show? What's it like to live and work in Singapore? And we're gonna divide that up to live and work. So the first thing is live, you know, John is a local guy, that's what John is. He's found himself halfway around the world in Singapore, which has a population of something in the order of three times all of Hawaii, which is not that big, and it's really small. It's 700 square miles, it's pretty small. And so there we are with five million people crammed in 742 miles, that's pretty impressive. And everybody seems to get along. The place is very clean, the place is prosperous even at the time of COVID, and John's doing great. And I just wanna know what life is like for John in Singapore versus what it has been like in Hawaii. So welcome to the show, John. Thank you, Jay, it's good to be on and appreciate you having me here share a little bit of, I guess, life across the Pacific. Yeah, really a long way, with the 26 hours or 28 hours flight, it's a long way. Anyway, so let's talk about what it's like to be there. I mean, I was there, but it's probably 10 years ago or more. And I have to say that I really enjoyed it a lot. I thought it was a really easy place to live and especially eat, eating was good. But here we are and you're living in the time of COVID. And I guess the question, the primary question I think everybody wants to know is how is life in Singapore in the time of COVID? And what's it like for the people? What's it like for you? Yeah, sure. I guess maybe just to provide a bit of backgrounds. So I was born and raised in Hawaii. I grew up in New Iwanu, attended Punahou up until fourth grade and then went overseas for the rest of my education. I moved out to Singapore in 2007. So I've been here for about 13 years, just over 13 years now. And as you say, Singapore is a really dynamic city, city-state so much has changed in the past 10 years since you were last here. And certainly even in the extended couple of years that I came out for you, but Singapore never stands still. Even during COVID, I dare say we were all locked down, but there was clearly a lot of action going on behind the scenes. And I think if I just sort of reflect back on the year, we were one of the first countries to, I guess, receive the virus to be infected as it were. Singapore has a roaring trade with China and we're essentially an international transport hub. We have millions and millions of people coming through or we used to have millions and millions of people coming through our airport every single day. And obviously the end result was that we were exposed to the virus very early on. I think it was March, first or second week of March when I guess the numbers started picking up and the government sort of went into rapid response declaring Dorscon Orange, which was like a sort of risk assessment level which hadn't been in place since SARS back in 2003. But I guess the big difference between then and now and perhaps lessons that Hawaii or the US or any other developed nation can learn is to learn from the past and to put in place new measures and systems so that you're better prepared for when these pandemics occur in the future. So I think our health system or our public response system I guess had evolved significantly since 2003 since SARS had last sort of hit the island. And so the government had a sort of framework from which to operate and it was tough at first. And at that point, I guess the spread of COVID-19 was still pretty much isolated to this part of the world outside of China. You had it in Hong Kong, you had it in Singapore. It was slowly kind of expanding to neighboring nations but it really hadn't hit the West. And there was a lot of I guess, you know, uncertainty. There was a lot of I guess, yeah, from my position here from my position here, we reacted quickly. The government put in place a number of sort of response systems to stop working in the office and minimize sort of public transport and cut down on sort of conventions. And obviously Pineside is 2020 and we've learned and we've evolved and iterated along the way. But I think the best thing that's come out of it or I guess what's helped us get to this sort of point where we can kind of see a light at the end of the tunnel is a clear and coherent direction from policymakers which yeah, I will refrain from comments but at least that's kind of been the experience here in Singapore. Yeah, well, so drill down and unpack a little of that. You know, in the US, you have confusion at the top and you have people all over the country who reject whatever the common knowledge is, the science, the scientific knowledge. And as a result, we've had a really bad pandemic in the United States. It's really percentage-wise worse than the world. And I think that's largely government. I always felt that Singapore had a smart government back to the time of Lee Kuan Yew, smart and also capable of implementing policy. I mean, for example, Singapore is the cleanest place probably in the universe. And of course, we've all heard the thing about chewing gum and getting cane but it actually is a very clean place. And you don't get to be a clean place unless you have mechanisms to enforce the rules. Otherwise people take advantage.  Am I right? Exactly. I mean, in the past, you've heard sort of criticisms and naysayers about the sort of pedantics or the sort of heavy-handed approach perhaps by the Singapore government having lived here for 13 years. I mean, look, I fall disclosure. I've drunk the Kool-Aid. I'm like, I've bought into the story but you know what? I think this is a great place to live. I wouldn't have stayed here if it wasn't. But yeah, to your point, it's transparency. It's clarity of direction. It's cohesion at the top. It's admitting your mistakes. There was a lot of I guess confusion a little or I guess lack of clarity or confirmation in terms of having to wear a mask at least in the first couple of weeks. And obviously the government whilst trying to manage the pandemic and the sort of the continued spread is also sort of playing its role in trying to look after its citizens and ensuring their wellbeing and their sensitivities but at the same time ultimately looking after the sort of the health when it comes down to it. So I think what I'm trying to say is they were sympathetic to the needs of special populations in society, whether it's the elderly or the children. And so there wasn't like a sort of didactic sort of you must wear masks from day one. However, when it became clear that there were scientific evidence to prevent the spread of disease through the air, then it was a very sort of clearly worded message. Everyone needs to wear a mask.  Oh boy.  Like you do your part for the betterment of society. This isn't about your right to breathe air. Like, I mean, I've heard the news clips that were coming out from other states in the union and just like it's crazy. Well, you know, when I did visit Singapore and I saw you then 10 years ago, I went to see a fellow named Dwayne Gubler. He's a doctor. He's an infectious disease expert out of NIH back when a world known, a world expert in infectious diseases. Mostly tropical infectious diseases. And he was here in Hawaii and he did not, he did not realize the promise of his appointment at the John A. Burns School of Medicine. And he was disappointed in that and he left and took a job at Duke, at Duke in Singapore. This is why I met him there in Singapore. And they treated him so well. They gave him all the researchers, all the facilities, everything he wanted. We had him on the show not too long ago about COVID I might add. And it struck me that Singapore understood fully well how important it was to have medical expertise, epidemiological expertise. And so they would support, and Duke was supporting, that's Duke, you know, the American University with facilities in Singapore. So Singapore encouraged Duke to come. And Singapore and Duke, what is it, the National University of Singapore, NUS, they encouraged Dwayne Gubler to come. As a result, Singapore has some, you know, global quality infectious disease people. So, you know, it seems to me that there are experts in Singapore in medicine that it fully understands the needs, Singapore needs, you know, to have those experts. And it is scientifically driven. Policy is scientifically driven in Singapore. And I think that's what I hear you saying. Yeah, and you know, I think what you're talking about sort of extends beyond simply the healthcare sector or the specific industry. I mean, it's reflective generally if I can, I guess, share my thoughts around here. The evolution of Singapore over the past 55 years, you know, the nation became independent in 65 after it broke away from Malaysia. And you mentioned Lee Kuan Yew, the founding father, previously setting that vision, setting the tone for what policy would look like in Singapore in the future. And again, I think as a young nation, it's had to sort of recognize its shortcomings, whether it's sort of intellectual or resource, you know, geopolitical, et cetera, et cetera, and act proactively in sort of solving for that. So whether that's, you know, the health and safety of its citizens by bringing in sort of best in class researchers in the medical profession to build up our own sort of infrastructure and knowledge base, the same can be said about many other industries, you know, financial, now technology, I mean, even to the point, I mean, this is my own sort of passion project, but, you know, we're trying to solve food security for Singapore, but it goes, you know, beyond Singapore, it goes, you know, we're talking about, you know, sustainability of the food system over the next 10, 20 years, which I guess, you know, the COVID-19 pandemic has really shone a light on. Singapore is trying to, I guess, position itself and reinvent itself to, you know, latch onto new opportunities, new industries, new needs for society, global society, you know, we cannot sort of stand by. I mean, as you mentioned at the start in your introduction, it's a tiny little island state, you know, a third, maybe a quarter the size of Oahu where the population nearly four times the size, you know, it's got one of the highest, you know, urban densities on the planets, at the same time GDP per capita is also one of the highest. So it's done very well for itself in the past 50 odd years of independence, but there's, you know, enormous challenges ahead for, you know, the next 50 years for Singapore to be getting to what they'll call SG100 celebrations. And, you know, part of the reason why, you know, I've decided to stay here for so long and, you know, have made my home in Singapore is that I believe that, you know, the policymakers and the ones who are sort of clotting the course of the nation ultimately have their citizens at heart and in mind. Yeah, oh, it's really extraordinary how, you know, if you watch the policies and watch the moves that Singapore makes, from the time of Lee Kuan Yew on forward, been smart, always smart, you know, and achieved fantastic, fantastic achievements. You know, here's a country, a nation state with very few natural resources. And yet it manufactures electronics. It has more trade and shipping than you can shake a stick at. It is a hub in Asia and the world, and it retains that. It keeps on trucking year after year. And my guess is it'll make that 100th birthday without any problem and be better off. And I'll take another guess and say, you'll be part of bringing it to that point. Now I want to tell you that in the early days of think tech, one of the things we were really interested in and in those days, it was a hot topic, not only, you know, in the world, but also in Hawaii and it was aquaponics, aquaculture. And the idea was, you know, to create food. And one of the centers, if you will, I guess this is before you went to live there. One of the centers was this building in Singapore where you grew food. You grew produce along the sides of this glass round building. And you could feed a lot of people with this one building by just growing produce in these special receptacles along around the building. And it was world famous for that. There were other places in the US and in Europe that were doing it, perhaps not at the same level as science or scope. And I wondered, you know, A, do you know about this? Is this happening? And B, this is the big one. To what extent are you part of that, John? I think like many other sort of innovative industries and sort of advances in technology, there's a time and place. And perhaps I think what you're referring to, unfortunately may not exist today, this particular structure, maybe, let's think about sort of clean tech revolution and sort of renewable energies and stuff like that and the amount of investment that went into that space in the early 2000s and it all kind of fizzled out. And yet here it is sort of receiving new life from the new potential administration and renewed focus. Going back to the sort of the food story and actually the ministry has come out and declared 2020 as the year of the Singapore food story. If it wasn't for COVID-19 and the need to respond to this like extraordinary challenge, there would be a lot more, I guess, going on about the Singapore food story and I guess tying that back to a very bold, ambitious target, which again, the Singapore government set for itself last year in 2019, they declared or they established a campaign called 30 by 30, which means they have set out the goal to produce 30% of domestic or I should say, national nutritional needs by the year 2030. And right now the statistics are actually surprising quite similar to Hawaii in terms of the amounts of imports that we rely on. I mean, it makes more sense perhaps in Singapore, we rely on approximately 90% of imports to feed us. I mean, the fact that that statistic is similar still to what you kind of baffles me. But I need this to say, I mean, agriculture as an industry has for the last 20, 30 years as Singapore has evolved and focused more on, I guess, downstream manufacturing and higher value added sectors. Agriculture has diminished down to less than 1% of GDP. Now bring that forward to the present day and faced with climate change and supply chain disruptions as we've all experienced during COVID, Singapore as a nation state is really trying to figure out, all right, how do we survive? Not just politics and COVID, but like how do we continue to feed our people over the next 20 to 30 years? We are situated right in the center of Southeast Asia which is gonna be one of the most bustling economically vibrant corners of the planet over the next 10, 20 years. As a region as a whole, population growth in the next 10 years is gonna be 250 million. That's like the equivalent of another Indonesia popping up in our sort of backyard around Singapore. And so when Singapore as an island relies on 90% of its food imports and we've suffered all these sort of border control risks during COVID, we're thinking to ourselves, well, geez, can't go on living like that. That's just not safe and secure. So going back to topic, there's been a really strong movement sort of supported by and sort of driven by government to encourage innovative solutions for food production in the islands, whether that's, you mentioned aquaculture. Obviously, the seafood industry in Southeast Asia is enormous, but we cannot continue to fish. I will refrain from using any stronger verbs there, but we cannot continue fishing the seas in the same manner as we have done for the past, however many decades, centuries. We will literally run out of fish to eat. Same thing with on-ground agriculture. We cannot continue to rely on methods and sort of producing our food through systems that we've sort of relied upon for the past 50 years when faced with climate change and rising population and constraints of natural resources. This is not just, this is not something you need to Singapore. This is a global sort of situation which we as a species are facing and we need to help solve. So Singapore has been very proactive in what it's doing in helping to solve that, not just for its population, but also for the region around us, again, going back to your point about I guess the evolution of industry and how Singapore continues to reinvent itself. We see a real opportunity to create intellectual property to build new companies and solutions in the area of whether it's water purification or food manufacturing, protein production, urban agriculture and sort of leafy greens, et cetera. All of this is now really starting to come up to the surface. We've been inspired by really exciting and incredible advances in agriculture technology and food technology, which has really been driven by the West, by the US and by Europe. And now those are starting to be sort of those ideas and those technologies are being exported and adapted around the world. We see these sort of food hubs springing up in the Netherlands, in Israel and now Singapore hopes to be that sort of food hub for the future for Southeast Asia. Yeah, if you have the high technology, you don't need that much space to do it. And so you can create food with this kind of technology and not only be well fed, but export it to other places. This is the future of the world. So you're in the right place, John. And Ag Fund, I take it, Ag Fund is a company they're associated with and Ag Fund, I take it, is doing that. Yeah, so Ag Fund are actually started off in Silicon Valley. So Ag Fund are itself is an American venture capital firm. I guess the opportunity that the founders saw back in 2013 was basically just a blank space, statistics are a report from Deloitte in 2015 exposed that within the entire venture capital investment space, less than 3% of dollar value of investments was going into agriculture technology. And again, this is supporting innovative technologies, entrepreneurs, startups, which are trying to solve these big questions around food production and sustainability of the food system. This is an industry which employs over 40% of the global population and really upon which we all rely for our daily sustenance. And yet, the numbers clearly didn't match up in terms of investing in and supporting that change. So that was, I guess, the blank space that Michael Dean and Rob Leclerc identified when they were setting up Ag Fund or in Silicon Valley back in 2013. They set up a news portal and have created like a community really, an ecosystem for anywhere from investors, corporates, researchers, policymakers, just to learn more about exciting and innovative technology that was emerging in this particular industry and how it was being applied, who, which sort of corporations might want to pilot some of these projects, acquire them to into their own sort of business lines, et cetera, et cetera. So that was the sort of genesis of Ag Funda along the way. And I think this is definitely what resonates with me coming from the investment banking background is the need to educate more investors around the opportunity, both from a commercial perspective, but also again, kind of a philosophical argument around how do you invest your money? How do you channel your money towards sort of more impactful investments? And so that was very much kind of part of the mission of Ag Funda to create a platform to educate as well as to funnel investments into this particular sector. So that's what we're doing at Ag Funda. The company sort of expanded its operations, its geographic footprint to this part of the world just last year, which is when I got involved. Let's say the stars aligned, it was when I was looking for my next sort of move out from the investment banking space. I had been working in public markets for over a decade and was looking for stronger alignment in terms of, I guess, what I was spending my time doing, the types of products, the types of investments that I was focused on. And again, it was kind of this question of what are the big challenges of the future? Where is the opportunity set? Where are the needs for society? And if I could personally be a part of that and help lend my voice to this conversation, then that was something which really excited me. Oh, what a wonderful career that would be. So do you have facilities and companies that are actually starting up in Singapore? And part B of that question is, is Singapore going to be a hub, as it is for so many things, to develop these companies elsewhere in Southeast Asia? Yes, and yes, I guess in a nutshell. As an investment firm and as a platform, AgFundor is truly global. Part of our operations include a sort of media channel, agfundonews.com. We have reporters across four continents. We are creating content. We are researching and writing about the innovations that are taking place in the agri-food system. We write research reports, free research reports. So if anyone is interested in, please feel free to drop me a line afterwards. Just talking about, I guess, the growth and the evolution of this space. We invest globally. We have, we're raising our fifth fund. We are investing in obviously early stage entrepreneurs who are really trying to make a difference in the agri-food system. Back in 2013, when AgFundor started, the majority of our deal flow was focused on North America, like 90%, I believe, to this day or at least in 2019, I think it probably, North American deal flow probably accounts for about 40%. When we started operations here in Singapore and we selected our first cohort into an accelerator program, which we've set up here in Singapore, the majority of the applications still came from overseas. We had about five applications from Singapore, big growth in India and more established agriculture sort of nations in Asia, so Thailand, Vietnam, India, obviously. Over the past 12 months, just to sort of give some reflection on the rapid evolution in this space, we just concluded a sort of more Asia Pacific-focused program where we received close to 50 applications from Singapore startups. And I guess for disclosure, the particular theme of this program was focused more around the needs of the Singapore food system. So it was urban farming, alternative protein production, supply chain innovation, et cetera, et cetera. But just to see the application number, like 10X in just a period of 12 months was really exciting for a geography which hasn't necessarily focused much on this particular sector until now. And now entrepreneurs, professionals from adjacent industries, whether it's manufacturing, whether it's healthcare, they might think about, well, how can I apply my learnings and my knowledge and sort of apply it to the food system? So for example, stem cell technology, you could be a PhD in regenerative biotechnology from the healthcare sector, but now you've got those entrepreneurs moving into food tech and exploring the really exciting space of cell-based agriculture, you know, proteins of the future, basically. Oh, this is a pivot. This is really a statement of the future. I just wonder what thing, you're talking about protein creation and growing produce such as that facility I mentioned in the early 2000s here in elsewhere, or rather in Singapore and elsewhere. But do these places link geographically to good weather? In other words, is it likely that a facility in which, you know, these companies are interested would benefit by having sunshine, by having warm weather, by having a water. I suppose water is very important to create food. And part B of that question, I love asking you two part questions. Part B of that question is, does Hawaii have a chance to get in on this? Right, so I guess my response to that would be no and yes. So, is food systems of the future reliant on resources? I guess that's what we're trying to solve for. We're recognizing that we are faced with rapidly changing climate systems and the environment around us. We're as an island state or a city state similar to I guess the resource constraints of it could be Jakarta, it could be Shanghai, it could be New York City, it could be, you know, Tel Aviv anywhere around the world. We need to think, well, I guess there's many different, I guess, topics or inspirations, whether it's carbon footprint of your supply chain or, you know, localization of food production to cater to sort of higher demographic of society or, you know, the different tastes and consumer profiles. You know, we have to consider rural to urban migration which is depleting the, you know, the manpower, the population base of the farmers who would be working in the fields and still the reliance on traditional agriculture to supply our cities. But going back to your question, Singapore is a hot place to live. You know, we average probably what, low 90s every single day of the year. You know, climate change is hyper real for us. I mean, in the past 13 years that I've lived here, I think the average temperature has risen from 28 degrees centigrade to like 31 on average. So whatever it like, it's, you know, we have 90 odd percent humidity. It's real. The government's obviously taking very proactive steps about it just earlier, like last year, earlier this year they declared a hundred billion dollar Singapore dollar 72 billion US dollar plan to tackle climate change. And in part of that, it's, you know, food systems of the future, whether it's controlled environment agriculture or recirculating aquaculture systems where you are growing fish on barges in tanks, you know, with water recirculation. So you don't necessarily rely on a fresh supply or a supply of sort of constant supply of fresh water when you can use filtration systems. You don't necessarily need, you know, more temperate climate, 70, 80 degrees like we have in Hawaii to grow leafy greens and kale and bok choy or spinach. You know, these technologies exist whether or not they make, they are sort of economically viable is the big question. You know, and we need to solve for that. We need to improve engineering systems. We need to improve whether it's lighting or energy usage. And so that is the challenge now, you know, the idea is there, the initial framework is there, but we need the version 2.0, 3.0 to continue to iterate on the sort of technology systems whether it's, you know, urban agriculture, vertical farming, you know, agriculture, protein production, et cetera, et cetera. Moving on, trying to, you know, move on to part two, you know, does Hawaii stand a chance? I mean, I've seen some really interesting sort of projects that have landed on my plate which are looking at sort of, you know, the natural resources which are available in Hawaii.  We don't just go and sort of, you know, knock down rainforests and go, you know, launch another cattle farm or something like that, but like, there are technologies available which can be, I guess, made even more productive if located in a place like Hawaii where you can leverage the abundant sort of natural resources available and then potentially, you know, use that the location of Hawaii as a showcase. Obviously, the fact that it's part of the United States is a phenomenal advantage to anyone who wants to develop technologies and export it more globally.  The credibility that comes with developing technology in Hawaii is phenomenal. There's an extraordinary opportunity, I think, in this space and something which I would hope to see, you know, explored more and, you know, creating these sort of bridges of knowledge sharing and all the rest of that between Singapore and Hawaii. I think there's a lot that we can do together. Yes, yes. And you're the guy who understands both places. You're in a wonderful spot, a wonderful vantage place. Anyway, we're out of time, John. I'm so happy that we got together and actually I would like to unpack and drill down on other things you've mentioned. And I'd like to talk to you more about the technologies involved and, you know, the miracles that are being achieved and will be achieved. Before we go, I just have one other thing I want to confirm. Your dad told me that there's only one or two cases of COVID now in Singapore.  I just want to confirm that to be sure I understand because we don't have that good fortune. We're doing hundreds per day. What is it like in Singapore? Well, I just checked my latest update from the Gov.sg app.  Seven, whether it was the latest number of locally transmitted cases. And then they break that down in terms of cases in the community, you know, newly imported cases, et cetera, et cetera. I mean, look, despite the low number, everyone is still being very careful. We've started opening up sort of more social activities like restaurants, but you're still limited to five people on a table. I have a family of six. I have to split myself into two tables. Look, it's just, you've got to be careful. We realize that this thing, you know, we're not through the crisis. There's still risk of, you know, people coming into the island, community infection, et cetera, et cetera.  And deal with the new world. Well, thank you, John. John Friedman, John William Friedman more specifically. Thank you for joining us today. It's been wonderful to talk to you. Thanks very much for having me, Jay. Look forward to speaking with you again. The same, aloha.


I'm going to start. My name is Lou Tucker, I'm CTO of Cloud Computing at Cisco Systems. Every time I've been involved with the OpenStack community since the beginning, and one of the things is whenever I'm given an opportunity at these summits to give a presentation or whatever, to me it's an opportunity to more or less think about something different. In the last couple of days, right up to it to hastily put together a bunch of slides, which represent my latest sort of mowing around of different ideas. And so this is not going to be a technical talk. This is really much more going to be a talk about riffing sort of on a theme that has been going on for a while, which is this notion of a world of many clouds. We've seen cloud computing exploding across the IT industry and everything else. So one of the things I wanted to explore was as OpenStack gets more and more successful, what does the world look like when there's not just three or four public cloud providers running OpenStack, but there are hundreds. And hundreds and hundreds in different countries, and that what does that mean that when we have actually a world of OpenStack clouds, I'm glad to see Mark is here because also he was talking about cloud federation as well. So this is along the same kind of a topic of what happens when we have a lot of these clouds and is there anything we can learn from the internet? How we move from a network, how we move from a whole set of different networks to an internet. Anything we can learn from that as we move from sort of the isolated islands of clouds that we have today to maybe something called the inner cloud. So Juno is just out. Tenth release. I'll be really, really proud. Many of you I know we started getting back together in Austin or Cactus, Diablo was the first release I was involved in and through each one of these releases, one of the great things about it is that the number of contributors has increased, the number of companies contributing has increased and they've been getting better and better. By and large that's been true. I know that in some of these releases we did have problems and we continue to have a lot of issues that each new release I think improves. And so I wanted to first of all just applaud everybody and hope that we are spending the time that we get together because I think the reason why we've been able to go through this many releases in this short period of time is because we've got a very good structure for doing this. We've got a structure that every six months we get together in these design summits and we really try to hash these things out because in face to face we can move a lot more quickly and then on IRC and everything else we can go into a lot of the details. But so I urge those of you who are developers to really make sure you spend enough time in the design summits because we've got it, it's face time and we need to be able to make progress there. So Cisco has been a major contributor to OpenSack since the beginning as well and these are just a bunch of stats and the great thing about Stacklytics and I know everybody looks at it every day just like watching your stock price or something. But you can see how many contributors you have in your company and who's contributing into the different projects and since we started this in Cisco I've been watching that and we've been growing our team and we look at this a lot and I really encourage people we want to get up in the charts. The best way to also get up in the charts and this is where we need the help is in reviews and so what I'm really proud of is that we've been able to move the number of reviewers we have up in our organization because that means that they're reviewing other people's code. It's the best way to learn the code and a lot of times people have asked me well how do you get OpenSack developers you don't hire them you build them you grow them and so you have to have people in your own organization or get great guys out of college and put them on reviewing other people's code that way they learn OpenSack and they can provide a contribution very early in the process and that's worked very well for us in Cisco and we're working a lot of things not a big surprise we're working mostly in the neutron area and the networking area and this is in a lot of response to the change I think that's happening in networking. Networking below OpenSack is in a huge huge shift right now in SDN everybody's talking about overlays and underlays before everybody came in we're talking about IPv6 and whether IPv6 can be used we have a larger address space should we be using that larger address space to be doing a lot of the things around creating these these logical networks based upon segmenting that address space using that for route base you know flow base kind of isolation so which might be a really important concept for us going forward at the same time things such as colom and containers are important so we've had participation there as well. As a company we've been really in the business though providing solutions OpenSack solutions for our customers and this has been working with many of our partners being Canonical, SUSE and Red Hat bringing OpenSack solutions out into our customers obviously on Cisco infrastructure and that's where my team has been largely involved with that and you've seen a lot many of those customers up on stage during these presentations talking about their OpenSack implementations. What I'm most proud of is the fact that they are up on stage they're joining the community this is not a traditional vendor customer relationship where we ship hardware with software and that's it we want them involved in the community because that's what's going to be important to continue to move things forward and this is talking about one of our latest announcements that we did with Red Hat around an integrated UCS Red Hat OpenSack offering into the market. We also recently acquired Metaclabs. We're going to start to see a lot of this kind of consolidation we're seeing of these companies being acquired by others and Metaclabs was particularly interesting to us because it represents another sort of point or in this like go-to-market space this is about being able to deliver a OpenSack as a service so essentially the OpenSack is run on-premise remotely managed and by Cisco and so this makes it easier for people who don't want to have to learn how to do all the kind of management of OpenSack itself. We also recently announced InterCloud Fabric. This is helps us in terms of the hybrid model so that from an enterprise data center you can extend your cloud offering either onto Amazon or onto Azure or onto OpenSack and so it's a hybrid overlay model whereby from within an enterprise you can start to move workloads onto other people's clouds and there's also been a lot of news you've probably seen in the press everybody's now in a race of how many billion dollars you can invest in OpenSack and Cisco is not unlike the others in that and that we announced though and we are now moving into becoming a cloud provider but the tack that we're taking slightly different than others and that's what I wanted to talk to you about today is really we're looking as doing this with our partners in many ways Cisco wants to always work with our partners so we are providing now OpenSack technology at a number of different major service providers throughout the world and therefore we're bringing an OpenSack to what will turn out to be hundreds of data centers around the world whereby in whether they are in Europe or they're in Latin America or any place else they will be able to have a Cisco essentially run cloud through their own sales channels so they will be selling these services and on the back end they'll be run by Cisco running on OpenSack and there's been a lot of press and I'm sure you can look at that so in many ways cloud computing is turning into all of these different ways of delivering cloud we can deliver it in a public cloud we can deliver it as a private cloud or an on-premise cloud it's being delivered for IT applications Comcast is using OpenSack we've been working with them to deliver video applications Xfinity their X1 application so we're seeing it go into a variety of different different areas here I you know even in e-commerce that we're seeing Mercari Libra IOT management what I find interesting is that we're seeing a lot of management now moving to the cloud even though you're managing things back inside of an IT organization that's another area that I think is important so where do we see OpenSack going I know on the foundation and the technical committee we're having a lot of these discussions can we keep OpenSack as one thing while it covers a lot of these different use cases these different markets and I believe that we can and but it means that we have to focus on doing some things today and then keep our vision open for where this might go into the future and that's what I wanted to sort of explore today where it might go so one of the things that's very important is that we recognize you have to win the enterprise if we can't even though we may be saying this is all about the new cloud applications the cloud native applications IT shops really control most of the spend and so we have to be able to bring a cloud into these IT shops teach them how to move applications not necessarily the way they were but move what those applications were doing onto a cloud platform and because cloud computing is absolutely winning and it's the only real growth area right now in IT so within the foundation itself we have started these different working groups and this one is led by Intel and what we're really focusing on here we've got over 25 companies Cisco's own IT guys went to participate in this and then we're looking at things such as what do we need in terms of availability and how do we do monitoring of this how do we do you know charge backs the whole notion of cattle and pets I'm sure that we keep hearing I hate that analogy I don't know why I like cattle as well as like like pets but and then we and then we've also been kicking off these operators summits because very important these are people who are trying to use open stack there's a lot of us who are developing open-stack it open stack feels very different if you're a user of open-stack it's not so nice at times and so we're really trying to bring the operators together to get them closer to the whole community here consequently there's been a whole lot of blueprints and this is the process that we want this is a process I think that will can that will help us move forward you create a working group you gather use cases you you expose the problems the things that we need to do and you submit blueprints so that other people can start working on those things and this is how we work together as a community so there's a lot of blueprints now that are going in coming out of this application this win the enterprise area another area that we've seen is the NFV area this was a little surprising but in the last two years we've seen large segments of the whole telcon industry looking at the essentially the money that they're spending on single-purpose appliances in these core networking functions and so we've got a lot of actually and a lot of businesses are based upon shipping these appliances and are now looking to shift that to shifting to making these things deployable as virtual machines on top of open-stack so this is a completely sort of and one view you can say there's an orthogonal view of what you want open-stack to be but I see this is fitting in very nicely because we want to see these kinds of things merged into one platform to do this though not surprisingly what they're talking about they need to be able to dynamically provision resources well check open-stack does that we need to be able to do networking and we need to be able to do provisioning now we have to extend provisioning though outside of just the data center do provisioning also in the WAN as well we need to be able to have real-time response so latency becomes really important measuring things becomes really important we need high availability and as a matter of fact this is I find this funny one because we talk about this in sort of carrier grade open-stack well who wouldn't want carrier grade open-stack I know of every enterprise would also like to be just as reliable and available as anything else so this is right in line with what we're trying to do as well so I think that this is bringing up a lot of these areas that again we're forming several blueprints around and that there have been talks and panels I know in the show here talking about NFV but don't look at it just from the point of view of those of the networking guys who are worrying about how they're going to go and and build a net server or DNS or anything else think of these other things as well which are going to influence and hopefully improve what we're doing in open-stack I also think we're going to see a couple generations of these network services the simple ones now by and large or simply making a virtual machine form factor for particularly networking function running on an x86 box and everybody likes it says oh that'll drive down the cost of it and everything else that's not going to be sufficient the second generation these are going to come distributed systems and I think that's where it's going to be interesting so those of you particularly coming out of a background distributed system this is going to be an interesting place to watch because if you're going to have to support you know millions of net endpoints or whatever you're going to need a cluster of these things they're going to have to be able to share some state and they're going to have to be able to horizontally scale and that's not the way these boxes were designed originally but they have networking protocols that allow you to do that so it's I think it'll be a very fertile area of innovation in the next couple of years another one reaching back actually a couple years in this notion that well we've got all of these devices coming online so that we've been looking at it mostly from the infrastructure core focusing open-stack and how do we get this to work inside of a data center but we know that we're now connecting mobile devices handheld devices everything else and we know that there's even a larger swarm of these devices going out to the rest of the world it's interesting we've got some people here from Cisco have been working on looking at putting open-stack managing all of these different kinds of devices and and that I think is another interesting play ultimately you know we're also going to see it in these cars and again these are all network based systems there's so many devices now on a car with the networks and as these things get smarter and smarter where they're going to be they park themselves they're eventually going to be driving me to work and everything else this I want to be able to manage from someplace else like a cloud so in many areas I think what we're seeing is that more and more of these management systems are moving into the cloud many of you may know that we acquired a company Maraki which is management of Wi-Fi access points and that's now being done from a cloud and people love that I mean it's kind of it was puzzled to me at first why would would appear that way but it becomes an easier place to manage things that are spread out all over when you put them up into a cloud you know actually Apple made that shift a couple years ago I was surprised when they said that they no longer thought that the laptop or the PC would center the universe it's now iCloud because that's the only place that you can connect and synchronize all these different devices a new one which I think is really interesting and this actually doesn't have anything to with OpenStack except for the fact that Jesse Andrews is there and Troy Toman some of the original people inside of OpenSack are now working at a company called Planet Labs. Planet Labs is sending up a fleet of these little tiny satellites and essentially they're making a line scanner going around there in geosynchronous orbit so as the earth turns they're scanning it and in 24 hours they've got a complete picture of the earth as one you know and now what do they have to do with of course these are discrete pictures they have to be stitched together and that they can do things such as looking at water utilization and population growth at ground cover at forestry areas and then sell that information and I just happened to like the idea that it seems that now some of the early people inside of OpenSack are now working on this even though they're running this on Amazon but it's an eye but so I I like clouds you know I like cloud computing and that we are seeing that this is another example of we're going to enormous amount of data that we want to be sharing and they their ideas to democratize access to this picture of the earth for everybody on the planet and I hope they are able to fulfill that as well because half of that they want to make in the public domain so it's another area which I've really been interested in which is this notion of not just open systems but open data the more and more data we make freely available like this I think will mean there'll be more and more companies started up finding useful ways to package and sell and use that information so coming back to OpenSack really what is our future here I mean are we going to we're clearly on a trajectory to win in this marketplace and that we're seeing almost all the major IT vendors are now involved and so what happens when we have lots and lots and lots of these OpenSack clouds out there and should we start thinking about that so we can shape the blueprints and everything else we're going to for this kind of cloud to cloud interoperability so let's turn back the clock and look back at how this happened for the internet not sure how many in the audience remember the internet when it was this size I actually do is in 1977 okay a few of us or whatever and you could count the number of nodes or imps that were on this and where they were and you knew who the system admins were for these devices and we could send mail it was wonderful and we could share files it was wonderful and but we had no idea you know that that was going to become this fortunately a couple of major you know of sort of critical decisions were made early on that allowed that kind of growth and it wasn't completely as straight line as anybody's been involved in the node but we were able to get to this kind of scale so that now the rest of the world looked at this and said that's the internet you know it wasn't always that way before there used to be all these different networks and that you would have to be in one network and you moving from one network to another network there are different protocols involved and everything else like that and what we came up with instead through you know IP based systems TCP IP standards ITF work a lot of the work that's done by several people here in the audience to come up with these different protocols so that now even you know my 20-year-old daughter knows what HTTP is you know that's surprising at least she knows that's the thing you got to put in the front of something if you're going to you know get to Facebook or something so and the other attribute about this this wasn't done by one company here are the different companies like there's these autonomous systems that are connected so this is fierce competitors exchanging packets allowing other traffic flow to go through those networks so that you can create that internet and this is largely using protocol around BGP which means that you are way to exchange information so you can have essentially a mail system of routing packets throughout the internet so they go where they're supposed to go and this means that you've got AT&T working level three working with Verizon with Google trying to telecom Cisco and your companies as well through these through these different kinds of distributed computing protocols that allowed this to interoperate and send packets around to the world and therefore we've got you know huge huge networks of these things and this is you know very interesting graphs that can only be made and visualizations around it but also mistakes can happen and those of you who get CSCM a recent issue whatever was talking about some of these mistakes and why it's taken so long to get to secure internet routing and there's been some very interesting you know things at one point two-thirds of the internet YouTube traffic you know went through Pakistan and Pakistan was blocking it so went to a black hole no YouTube another point I think there are 18 minutes that China telecom hide essentially hijacked all of the traffic from Verizon both of these were believed to be human error mistakes that were made somebody put a wrong entry in terms of how much of the prefix that somebody should be looking at and all of a sudden the rest of the world's traffic ends up going into different places so it's not without problems but we've come a long way and it's still very much a work in progress but meanwhile we're able to use the internet so this gives me some hope even with OpenStack because I hear problems about OpenStack every day because we're deploying it and everything else I keep me that's okay it's okay it's gonna get better and we will always have problems but we have to just keep moving forward and because then look at how the internet's working today and even though we have these issues from time to time and it's a great article if you ever want to take a look at it so in clouds what do we have well today we have three major big elephants in cloud computing we got Google Amazon and Azure and you can see them in these kind of maps so the question is as we build up more and more OpenStack and we've got these other clouds is there a way for us to start thinking about this as becoming a cloud of clouds following that internet model these are different companies that is can be working together and what would it mean to have a cloud of clouds back at the early internet I don't think anybody I mean do you remember anybody even thinking what would you use ARPANET for I mean it wasn't wasn't really conceived of it being oh place that I'm going to be having Facebook friends and Twitter feeds and and everything else maybe Twitter actually was closer because I remember we did have talk and some other things that worked across it so OpenStack on a global scale and there's a there's a couple of good reasons why we want to do this first of all be nice to have it every place so that everywhere you went you can have an OpenStack cloud if we can work through all the processes that we're trying to do with dev core and around the the developing of what does it mean to be OpenStack you can have applications that can you a broader reach for application developers in terms of this and they can serve local markets because one of the things that is is we are still fiercely local people we are in France have you noticed it's different they speak a different language they have different privacy laws they have different notions around what kind of information they want to keep private so as we build these global clouds we have to respect those local conditions and so we want to sort of think globally and act locally we also want to be multi vendor one of the things I hear all the time as I'm talking to customers about OpenStack is that they don't want vendor lock-in as a vendor might make me feel bad or something but I respect that because I don't want a customer locked in for some arbitrary reason I want the customer getting a product for me because it's the best product I want to compete on the implementation and so that that whole notion can have a have an advantage here they should be going to the best cloud or the cloud that meets their requirements I would expect to see clouds that are OpenStack clouds catering to different markets catering to a high-performance computing market catering to a biology or pharma market where they have special real they've got special you know ability abilities to comply with different HIPAA rules around their data all of those kinds of things around OpenStack we can have lots of room for competition but having a common model means that you can have a larger market in which to to play on the developer side so we have to so it aligns very strongly I think with it with the essential notion of OpenStack but then we also have to sort of balance that because we want to have heterogeneity but we want to have heterogeneity is good because you have much more resilience if you're not all built on the same platform but you want to have the common platform so that you can have the largest application base targeting them so what will it take first of all it's a lot of business agreements and so Cisco is engaged in this right now with InterCloud and it's a lot of business negotiations and believe me the way the telephone systems work and in any of the internet work there is a lot of business relationships around peering behind it making it so that they can they can carry each other's traffic with cloud computing now it's not just networking but it's also compute it's storage it's customers identity management and things like that that we need to be shared we're going to need probably some intercloud protocols for that that's how that's how distributed systems work they have to be able to exchange information talk to each other in a common language to do these things between these clouds and I don't know what those protocols are and so I want us to start sort of thinking about them so that we can start designing them into the systems that would allow services marketplaces and exchanges to be built so that you could have companies that that develop applications put them into a app exchange or something out there and then consumed by any of these different clouds and we need then there are things such as Federation you know and policy also becomes really important here as well because right now a lot of the the way we enforce policy is through networking and through ACLs and things like that are very very specific to either a vendor solution or a particular data center so one of the things that the central question on this is that can we do this you know can we have this kind of intercloud based on this kind of community driven model instead of waiting for one of those large service providers to come out with this global cloud and I would want to put my bets on the community as being able to do this and and embrace them and bring them into that community as well so with Cisco that's what we are we're beginning to with intercloud we're working with first and foremost looking at the different applications particularly the Cisco already has and SAS applications around Webex scan safe and a lot of other applications putting them on this cloud working with our partners and working with even linkages into the public clouds so that you can start to have this is a very very early prototype let's say of what we're thinking about it and I've had it described as an alliance between Cisco and partners so that we can make this happen so some of the work that we've been doing directly in open stack around this has been first of all in terms of federated identity that becomes a keystone you have to be able to start there you have to be able to have keystone SAML assertions and everything else so that you can have users logging into different clouds single sign on is just so old school you have to have that at this point and then can we start to move up the network again because when we get around to policy you much want to capture developer intent this application should only be accessible from either these points in the world you know I don't want this accessible from this other geography I want it only accessed by these people I want it only using these networks and that can only be done by having a sort of a meta language and so there's a lot of work like in Congress and another thing trying to define open stack policy in open stack we've got in group policy API is that are being discussed in the implementation of that that should be able to work on this as well and so there's some other links here first and foremost we've got to get open stack adopted and therefore we have to get these issues around stability we have to be able to become trusted and trusted both in terms of availability but also in terms of security I really don't want to see vulnerabilities you know exposed on open stack that would kill this notion very very quickly so it's important that we do that and then I think we have to start think about networking in the broader sense stop looking at it as a data center problem it really has to be a multi data center issue we have to look at the WAN and we have to look at the emerging technologies in networking today to make this effective so in summary sort of like you know could the internet have been built by one company you know I really don't think so it's not likely one company could have done it there were many that were trying to and it was only when we really developed the technologies that allowed multiple companies to cooperate that we got to the growth of the internet and so we'll open stack be the community that builds its inner cloud or will it be a single company or some of the other large providers today and I think that's really up to us and so that's why I want to sort of bring up this topic now so that we can start to think about that as we go forward and designing the next set of features for open stack as well so that's it thank you very much and I will take any questions we might have I think I've got 10 minutes wonderful great or any other debates we want to have we'll start with questions about this topic anybody else been thinking about inner cloud or cloud of clouds or federation yes yeah maybe come I think that's an important question could you repeat it then for or let me rephrase it I think the question was how do I see the impact of politics on any this notion of inner cloud obviously it's kind of a great influence and I think that we're seeing the struggles even now on the internet particularly around I know Google's having problems in certain countries so politics is going to always have a play here and I think I don't have an easy answer for that I don't think we're going to change the world and becoming everybody is going to be the same so we have to accommodate local differences and so simple case around data sovereignty you know yes guess what if you're in Europe you're probably going to want your data and not to leave Europe so you might want you might be want computation or the execution to go someplace else but your your promise to your customers is that their data is going to stay in country and it's very and if we build that in early on I think we have a chance of being able to enforce that kind of policy politics is I think going to be very important so you give analogy interesting analogy of internet and intercloud so obvious one so in case of internet you had a governing body like IETF which had a substantial role in determining the success of internet so two part questions what kind of governing body do you imagine for an intercloud because you would need something like that otherwise things won't automatically happen and then the second part question is you have companies like AWS Google Azure you mentioned which have to play a very integral role in participating in these kind of governing bodies so how do you view this kind of body be able to corral these kind of companies so that everybody goes and works on a common vision of intercloud that's a great question I may want to have Fred comment on it as well because he's been a part of IETF one of the the only minor comment I make about it is that is actually it was less around governance it was around actually request for comments so maybe Fred can you give us any of the responses that Fred Baker has been involved for those of you that don't know me I was the chair of the IETF for five years and been involved in this just a bit I don't know you want to pay me to do that it wasn't about governance it wasn't like anyone sat down and said thou shalt do it this way or well actually there was somebody that sat down and said thou shalt do it it was the operators of various and sundry now workers said you know I've got IPX I've got Apple talk I've got no IP do IP and basically pushed all their vendors in that direction as far as governance we had two structures one of them was the internet assigned number authority which you've probably been hearing about in the press for the last year trying to figure out who hands out IP addresses who handle hands out top level domains and that kind of thing you know so it's a working through those issues and they set up what now called the NRO the regional internet registries that hand out addresses they very much took a service perspective on my members our companies I give them resources in terms of address space and they make the business work and the companies do whatever it is that they do I'm not telling them what to do I'm enabling them to do it with the ITF we were developing protocols and once again enabling communications okay not for some purpose or you know thou shalt do it in my way but enabling people to innovate and to move ahead and then what happened after that was that all the different companies came in and said okay I'm going to build on this base I'm going to innovate in my way this needs to come back to the community this I I can take as my own and we're able to move ahead and the internet as we see it today came out of that process a whole lot of elbows and a whole lot of working together what I'd really like to see an open stack is exactly the same that's great and I think we have part of those processes in place today I mean that's why we've got blueprints which is a proposal that we use it to rally people who want to work on that I think what's different is that we're approaching this and maybe and this is sort of the shift I think in the sort of standards bodies work versus open source we're building in the software and I think that what we're trying what we have to make what we have to recognize for to get interoperability you have to understand you still need the standards and you still need the interoperability and still need the APIs there has never been a problem between open source and standards okay open source is a way to develop things standards is about what to develop and if we can work together it actually works pretty well five minutes left yes so for identity federation you mentioned you can't really do this without it you know there's there's various and sundry identity stores and multiple providers networks and and you're talking about keystone and what it means to open stock can you sort of elaborate a bit there and how they might hook together simple answer no but it's a problem that we need to address and I don't think it stops just with the use of SAML or any assertions around who I am that you you have to say okay which authority like you'd mentioned so we have to build support many of them we just want keystone as a framework to be plugged into that just like we're plugged into Active Directory or anything else we should be able to do that minimal I also worked at sales force for a while and did app exchange there and one of the things that you need to also recognize is that you often need delegation and to operate as if you are somebody else because if you're providing a third-party service that is providing services into let's say a VM that's owned by a particular person you have to be able to have privileges on that so we really need a much fuller our back kind of approach in keystone where you can have chains of delegated permissions on this and keep it simple at the same time so I think there's a so that's why I was pointing out that work that's being done because I had urged people to really spend the time to let's try to make keystone work I think that that's one of the issues that we're having if it's not to fit if it's not solving problems the right problems for different service providers then they're going to do their own and I think having a common identity system is really important particularly if you want to get up to this level as well other questions yeah go ahead so what are the key points to handle inter-cloud traffic so what point is discussed in working group I think there are many types of data flow in current services so what do you think so if the question is what kind of of do we need a common mechanism to pass traffic I think we already have that and that's why we've got TCP IP fortunately the or are you able to talk to another service on the internet uh we have that today so we can build on that framework and so we'd be arrested the very common way for you to be able to use somebody else's service without knowing anything about how it's implemented inside maybe your question there's getting more to the fact that when we start talking about very big flows if you're moving we know that that I love the analogy of saying that the highest bandwidth network we know today is FedEx delivery you know because they're shipping disks and the network is lagging behind the in the growth of data is happening faster than the the availability of bandwidth and that's creating well sorts of problems around data gravity data once it's created in a place tends to stay in a place data rest and stay at rest because it's too hard to move if we have a better notion of a integrated graded cloud of clouds I think we can start to exploit more and more linkages between that and increase that and solve some of these problems but to me that that's totally a new area for are there alternative means of transporting large amounts of data and then you've got on the other side well what about really really tiny amounts of data it seems like in networking we seem to oscillate between trying to solve one problem or the or the other and we need much more kind of unified approach probably one more question yeah what would you say should be the base set of capabilities for an inter cloud if we were design assistant today where would we start in terms of what does it need to do that's really a hard problem hard question so what are the base capabilities I think it starts with how do you allow use again that's why it's what it's identity federated identity being able to have a customer go from one be enabled provision if you've got a relationship between two different cloud providers and they say okay a customer of cloud a should be able to use services on cloud b with the same identity that would be the that's table stakes you got to be able to do that the second is that you have to be able to do service advertisement I think what are the are you running the same set of open sac services there as I am running here so that you can create profiles of your applications to know whether your application is going to be able to be run there some of that is intersects with the dev core stuff that we're trying to do to define those core capabilities so if we've got an ability to have a user in another cloud you know what the cloud is capable of then I think it gets down to it has to make economic sense so if to do this without recognizing these providers need to make money and therefore they need to do billing cross billing you know so there's an economic basis that we need to start worrying about and those might be might be already in place you know we have them for other mechanism we have them for the banking system we have them for the airline system we have them for a lot of other places where different companies work together and maybe we just need to apply them and adapt them here but so if it's users capabilities a way to make money or bill bill for things I think we could we could start there okay that's that's it thank you very much appreciate you your attendance


An upart, or out-of-place artifact, comes in many shapes and sizes, some clearly being or containing an anomalous object, which no matter how desperately some attempt to discredit, the evidence is clear for all to see. This category of upart, unsurprisingly, often falls victim to theft. However, the other category actually litters the display cases of museums all over the world. These artifacts are being more easily explained away, and as such, they are often attached to a less impressive historical tale than that which was actually experienced. Stonehenge is probably the most iconic ancient site within Western Europe, an ancient site that, for many years, was to blame for many heated arguments between different individuals, all convinced of its past purpose. Now, largely accepted to be a celestial calendar and a meeting place for many ancient people, who came together at solstices to hold elaborate and purportedly promiscuous festivals. However, the true age of Stonehenge, or indeed how the stones were once balanced atop of one another, or the precise knowledge of celestial activities displayed, is still unknown. Although to those who study the many other seemingly impossible ancient feats found all over Earth, Stonehenge is clearly a relic of a far more ancient civilization than any which artifactual evidence have been found for. In 1808, William Cunnington, one of Britain's earliest professional archaeologists, discovered what has become known as the crown jewels of Stonehenge. They were found within a large Bronze Age burial mound, today known as Bush Barrow. Within the Barrow, Cunnington found ornate jewelry, including an intricately decorated dagger. Quote, The very finest goldwork involved in the making and positioning of literally tens of thousands of tiny, individually made components, each around a millimeter long and around a fifth of a millimeter wide, said David Dawson, director of the Wiltshire Museum in Devises, where the micro gold working achievements are on permanent display. The amazing process involved in creating the handle of just one dagger included up to 140,000 tiny gold studs, each just a third of a millimeter wide. The first stage involved manufacturing extremely fine gold wire, just a little thicker than a human hair. The end of the wire flattened to create a stud head, then cut with a very sharp razor no more than a millimeter below the head. This delicate procedure was then repeated literally tens of thousands of times. An incredible ancient artifact found near one of the most enigmatic ancient sites in the world. Yet amazingly, academia continues to deny the existence of out-of-place artifacts. Instead, opting to explain the construction of such marvelous work, by claiming it was somehow the work of children, due to their more acute sight, this regardless of the clearly controversial evidence at hand. Who created such astonishing microscopic jewelry? Were these amazing artifacts once the possession of the actual builders of Stonehenge? Sometimes an artifact will be discovered which challenges our entire understandings of the world around us. We are confronted with things that, according to our worldview, shouldn't exist. And in 1991, researchers performing geomineralogical studies along several Russian rivers would make such a discovery. Soon as the Ural Mountains, it is a notoriously strange, cold and incredibly lonely slice of the Russian landscape. Accounts of snow yetis and terrifying creatures have plagued the mountain ranges for decades, even including a reported attack by such a creature within Dyatlov Pass. The Ural Mountains is clearly one of the weirdest and most isolated places on Earth.  The larger artifacts made from copper, while the smaller ones from tungsten. What is clearly the most astonishing thing regarding these tiny ancient relics is their size, some of the exhibits being only 2.4 macrons long or around one tenth of an inch. Seeing as though the average human hair is about 100 microns, it is safe to assume that these microscopic objects were not constructed by our primitive ancestors, for to create such intriguing objects would have required a knowledge and an application of sophisticated nanotechnologies. Not only do they exhibit characteristics reminiscent of components used within our own modern nano-technologies, the nano-coils also exhibit golden ratio proportions, a trait which could only be present if intelligently designed by mathematically wise beings. Some skeptics to their true history have predictably attempted to speculate that the apparently alien objects were simply fragments of debris from the nearby rocket test facility. But a report from the Moscow Institute of Technology concluded that their vast age was enough to dismiss this as a possibility. The conclusive figure acquired from this official dating put their initial creation to around 300,000 years ago. Studies performed by facilities in Helsinki, Moscow and St. Petersburg also backed up the claims that the coil-shaped objects were manufactured in the very distant past, stating that they predate modern history by some orders of magnitude. Unfortunately, as with so many items we cover, since the nano-spiral's principal investigator Dr. Johannes Feeback died in 1999, the research has been halted. What's more, predictably, the current whereabouts of all of these ancient nano-artifacts is unfortunately unknown. It's fair to say, however, that the Ural Mountains still possess some of these curious and very ancient objects, but judging by their size, they won't be very easy to find. The Lycurgis Cup is a fourth-century cage cup. It was indeed a style popular at the time. However, the Lycurgis Cup is unique in many ways. Made by a mysterious and as yet not entirely understood process, which resulted in a phenomenon known as dichroic glass, a form of glass which can change color depending on which angle light passes through its structure. The cup's glass appears red when lit from behind, and green when lit from in front. An astonishing achievement within glassmaking, one which it seems was never replicated. The Lycurgis Cup is the only ancient manufactured artifact in existence which displays this unusual characteristic, and upon scientific analysis being undertaken, it was realized that the dichroic feature of the glass achieved had been no accident. The effect was achieved by somehow adding nano-portions of gold and silver dispersed in colloidal form throughout the molten glass. The exact process undertaken remains unclear, yet the perfection achieved within the process is clear for all to see. However, predictably, academia has attempted to claim that the cup's miraculous characteristics be but a mere accident, a freak result of experimentation, ignoring all of the cup's clear artistic qualities and claiming that the makers must not have properly understood or controlled the process, adding that it was probably discovered by accident, by contamination, of minutely ground gold and silver dust. The glass makers may not even have known that gold was involved, as the quantities involved are so tiny, they may have come from a small proportion of gold in any silver added. Most Roman silver contains small proportions of gold, or from traces of gold or gold leaf left by accident in the workshop from other work. The cup itself is a very rare example of a complete Roman cage cup, regardless of its extraordinary characteristics. The glass painstakingly cut and ground back to leave only a decorative cage at the original surface level is an astounding example of artistic capabilities. Many parts of the cage have been completely undercut. Most cage cuts have a cage with a geometric abstract design. But here, there is a composition with figures, showing the mythical king Lycurgus, who, depending on the version, tried to kill Ambrosia, a follower of the god Dionysus, Bacchus to the Romans. She was transformed into a vine that twined around the enraged king and restrained him, eventually killing him. Dionysus and two followers are shown taunting the king. The cup is the only well-preserved figural example of a cage cup. Where did the Lycurgus cup come from? Who could have possibly made it? Who knew about this miraculous technique for creating this magnificent glass more than 1600 years ago? With academia clearly overwhelmed regarding a logical explanation, their staunch denial of any unusual interference surrounding its manufacture is something we always find highly compelling.


I'm livestreaming my 7th episode of the Breath of the Wild Master Mode 100% run and all of a sudden this news drops on my lap. I have to stop the streaming, work on this video, and get it out to you guys as fast as I possibly can because we have footage of a new character being added in a future update to ARMS and we also know that with this character is going to come a new stage. This is a totally free update, it's not something you have to pay for and it was posted in a very Nintendo like way. Here's the clip for your viewing, enjoy, I'm going to have it on repeat throughout most of this video because there's a lot of little details you have to try to make out. The video is very grainy, it's black and white, it shows the fighter, kinda sorta, the camera gets hit, I don't know, things are going nuts in this video, it's hard to really tell what's going on, but I took the official Nintendo tweet which is in Japanese, ran it through Google Translate because they use Bing and Bing sucks on Twitter and it says Kakos or Chachu, I can't really say that word, it says I shot a fighter who is becoming reputable now. For the summer vacation, it is a unique costume and arm. I do not understand it in detail, it seems like a style to fight with somewhat changing the body. Oh, one camera broke down. Teehee, is it the last letter? It is not. So there's going to be more reveals on this character coming up, we still don't have a name for it, whatever, there's rumors that it's related to candy because of this screenshot that I'm going to show you here that shows one of the main characters kinda chillin' in a candy-like place that might be shown on the stage and you can see some guys in the background, I don't know. We have no idea to be honest, but here the character is revealed, we don't know when this update is coming out, I'll let you guys know if we learn more. Just watching this video myself, it definitely looks like they have a very unique weapon, almost like they are the nunchucks from Michelangelo from the Ninja Turtles. The person definitely uses their arms, it's not like a other body type, but then they have like a shield at one point and they're hitting the camera, I don't really get why the camera's being hit, I can't even tell which fighter they're fighting against. That's really interesting, very different. The costume on the leg part of the character almost reminds me of Aladdin and the big poofy things they would wear on their legs there, like Jasmine would wear and stuff, very interesting, maybe it's an Arabic style, I'm not exactly sure, don't quote me on that, I'm just going to do some analysis here from what I can see, there's definitely a crowd in the background, this is definitely from a new stage. Anyways, you guys let me know what you think in the comments below, I'm sorry for this being a really short video, but I had to get this out quick because this is very interesting. Anyways folks, I am Nathan Ruffijans from Nintendo Prime, if you like this video you know what to do, if you disliked the video hit that dislike button, subscribe for more, and hey, I'll catch you in the next one.


So another thing you can do once you have two sets is to define a one-to-one correspondence. A one-to-one correspondence exists between two sets if there is a way to match every element of either set to a unique element of the other set. For example, if possible, find a one-to-one correspondence between these two sets. Definitions are the whole of mathematics. All else is commentary. We want to find a way, if possible, to match every element of either set to a unique element of the other set. And so we can try to match every element of A with a unique element of B. So we might list the elements of A. Well, let's just match up the elements and see what happens. We can match one to R, two to B, and three to G. And so we've matched every element of A with a unique element of B. But we also have to match every element of B with a unique element of A. Fortunately, we can do that pretty easily. We can do that using the same matching just going backwards. And so here is A one-to-one correspondence between the two sets. So a useful strategy. Try to do the same thing a different way. So let's try to find another one-to-one correspondence. Again, we'll take the elements of the set A and match them up to the elements of the set B, but not in the order R, B, G, but maybe in the order, oh, how about G, R, B. That matches A to B, and we can match B to A by going backwards. How about these sets? So we can try to match every element of C with a unique element of D. So let's list our elements of C. And we'll match, well, how about spade to empty set and club to one. But if we try to match every element of D with a unique element of C, well, we can go backwards, empty set to spade and one to club. But if we try to match every element of D with a unique element of C, we can't, because two doesn't have anything it can match to that isn't spade or club. Or can we? And this may be the hardest thing in mathematics. Remember, be your own harshest critic, because if you're not, someone else will be. We tried one time to find a one-to-one correspondence and failed. But if you quit after your first failure, you will never succeed. Maybe something about our initial correspondence prevented us from making a one-to-one correspondence. So what if we started with the set D? Well, let's try to match every element of D with a unique element of C. So we'll list our elements of D, and we'll start matching them up with elements of C. So how about empty set to spade, one to club, and two to... And so this seems to be impossible. Actually, we can't conclude it's impossible until we check every possibility, or we develop some more mathematics. And so let's consider our sets again A, B, C, and D. A and D do have some elements in common, but other than that, the sets have no overlap. But in fact, three of these sets do have a property in common, and we might call it property threeness. Which is to say, these sets have three elements, and this one does not. Definitions are the whole of mathematics, and we might define... A set has three elements when it has three elements. Yeah, that doesn't work, because we're trying to define something in terms of itself. It's a circular definition. It's like saying blue is the color of things that are blue. Well, if we can't define three, maybe we can at least give a name to the property that we're talking about, so maybe we'll define something called cardinality. The cardinality of a set designated this way is the number of elements in the set. However, while we might do this, later on we'll try to define number, and we'll be using cardinality in that definition. And what that means is we can't use this definition. Again, that would give us a circular definition by trying to define something in terms of itself. It's better to think of cardinality as a property of a set. And again, what matters is not what cardinality is. What matters is what cardinality does. So what does it do? And we define two sets have the same cardinality if there is a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of the two sets. If that happens, we write cardinality of a is equal to the cardinality of b. For example, we might have these two sets, and we'll show that the cardinality of a is equal to the cardinality of b. And remember, we already found a one-to-one correspondence. Definitions are the whole of mathematics. All else is commentary. If there is a one-to-one correspondence between the two sets, then the two sets have the same cardinality. And so we can say that the cardinality of a is equal to the cardinality of b.


Hey everyone she bear 1,000 here today as you tell from the title we're going to be working on these cars That I got yesterday Won't clean them up on them up But I got something in the mail today that I totally Really forgot about what he was supposed to be here till Friday came two days early. So That was another purchase, but it wasn't an illegal purchase. I already cleared this with monkey But there's a little backstory on that but first we're going to get our cars out From the that we got day before yesterday. So We're going to open these up. We'll get them out. We'll take them apart clean them up check them out See if they're ready to run then we're going to test them. So stick around guys. Okay, so We're gonna get in this box. We're going to get our cars out. I think I'm going to start on the Monza The catch me car from matchbox Racing chase very good shape Starting to peel a little bit there, but not the major Little piece off of there not a big deal. It's a 45 years old so But it looks like When I'm spinning the axle it's not turning the It's not turning the gear lighting's horrible Right now not turning that gear right there So the axles slipping But of course comes worse I can Take the axle out of my other one put in here All right, so I don't know if that light Is helping or making it worse All right, let's just I'm sorry guys I'm gonna try this And see the screwdriver will work first Man this a lot of shadows It's just one little Phillips screwdriver on the bottom of here It hasn't been taken apart a lot like the other one. I mean it was darn near stripped out Not the screw itself, but the the head of the screw so Tires are in good shape Very good shape Pretty clean. I mean it's just There's a bunch of I've got to get my tweezers out. There's a bunch of hairs in here Let me work on the lighting too. I'll get my tweezers out and I'll show you the hairs and stuff that gets built up in these things Then we'll go from there. Okay, so Yeah, I don't know if you can see all the hair all that hair in there So we're gonna pick that hair out of there a lot of times. That's from running along carpet That might be carpet.  I'm not abort I'm not gonna bore you with that Police car out. I'm gonna clean the pickups Yeah, they've got some playtime on them, but nothing major So that's what I'm gonna do with this and then we're gonna put some oil on it Get it nice and oiled up wiped off again get all these Carpet fibers and hair and nasty stuff out of it. Of course, they did say, you know, they're gonna need cleaned and I did see the pictures of These cars So that's what I'm gonna do.  What not Because eventually if the light doesn't work eventually I'll have to solder new you can buy the lights for these things There's just a little tiny LEDs. You know what I might do not try to do that They make a tool to pull these wheels off and I don't have one and I don't want to break it So Let me keep messing around with this and I'll I'll probably take it in the garage blood out with some compressed air See it's already looking better Then we'll start on car number two. So right now Just cleaning the inside of the body up Trying to get most of that stuff out of there that I can I've got my oil out here. We'll oil it up and see what we can do after that. Okay guys So I see what's going on with this bring you up here a little bit get you to focus Right here on this gear Get a little pointer here right there see that gear that gear is cracked See when I turn this axle, it should be turning the motor. It's not it's slipping on the axle What it does is after a long time plastic will shrink up and they crack So I'm going to go get my other car I'm going to go get my other car and Take the axle out of it and I'll put the axle in this one Or just the gear whatever whatever it takes And that'll give me a chance to get that cleaned out a little bit better too. So Yeah, that that's what I was figuring Because yeah these gears they they like to crack once they shrink up So all right, let me go get my other car. Okay. I don't know what was recorded. I Got this box in the mail today It's kind of a surprise because Well, it's two days early Let's be here Friday came in today And I totally forgot about it now I bought this for the controllers and One of these Corner pieces for the track to make my track complete and I was kind of needing this this section of track here and Mine's working, but you know, it's not right. I have to have a rubber band around it and Had to do some work on it But anyway, I didn't know I was getting all this other stuff I got guardrails I got these pieces I got the power pack they got bridge sections to make the cross ever one two three four five six six of these pieces the corners the turns so But we're going to use this I see a little tiny bit of rust on it So I got some sandpaper here 120 grit. You should use like higher than 320 or somewhere It's all I got so So this is what we're going to try the cars out with We're going to test them out with this my power pack After I get this cleaned up. So all I'm going to do is just run some sandpaper over these Looks pretty decent in there. I mean you can tell it's it's 45 years old, but It is Kind of dirty, but there's not a lot of rust on them Little bit right there, but not bad.  So anyway Let's do that we'll Get this track cleaned off here. We'll get a plug in and It looks pretty decent a lot of cleaning on these old things. This is the original bag The original bag they put it back in the original bag Whoever had this set All right, it's dirty Well used of course See you up matchbox speed track Battery eliminator For use with speed tracks, that's only yeah because you know Yeah, so I'm gonna clean Clean this off So it makes a good contact. It's a little bad. Let me see 120 volts Wow made in USA. Look at this guys. You see that? Right there look at that October of 1978 All right, let me clean this up And uh, we'll get this plugged in and we'll put a car on here and try it I gotta get Get a controller out of here I just want to make sure these controllers are supposed to work I said they tested fine, but They couldn't test it with a car or something. So And I don't know how they test it unless they just used a voltometer Yeah, these are These are going to need cleaned. I'll just run a little bit of sandpaper over them Let's get plugged into here Blue one goes on blue one Orange one in the orange one But I gotta clean them anyway, and of course your rads your power So What these do Now I stepped in All this does It works like a regular controller But when you click that it flips a switch in here Change the polarity you can do that with a dc motor and it will just make it run backwards When they run backwards they want to turn So that's why those That's why it has All these pieces around the side or around the corners because you do that and it flips around And that's how you turn it around. So hopefully these are going to work.  So stick around Okay, guys, so we've got the cars on here. I've got them walled up That one Okay, well, let's get a noble track set up and see how they run I still gotta test this. I haven't cleaned this one yet Pretty nasty. Okay. So We know the cars run. We need to check the lights on this thing and I don't Remember something's working. I don't look like they're on. I'll have to get a light for it But anyway, they are working there. They don't sound that great, but you know 40 year old gears 46 year old gears in there So I'm going to just set up a quick oval and we're going to check these out Okay, guys, so I got the police car running pretty good so far Monkey got me this. This is her mom's She'll ain't got it for me so I can Move my cars It was running a little sandpaper over it. The motors run pretty good, but the Gears sound a little clunky in them. That one's not too bad. I've just been running them in Haven't been running so long this one It's got some sticky gears on it. It gets going. It'll start running around the track Monkey wants to come out and play. I'll give this one to her Whoa six or eight volts. Yeah, these things are a lot of fun Can't wait till the other one gets here the night glow. Hopefully it's all there. It's supposed to be This is incomplete, but it said something about the tracks all there Hopefully it is. I'll get some gears for it and put it on the big track We're watching We've got them going for once in a while. I can hear the motor and this one spinning But like nothing's happening. So there's a little eight tooth gear on these motors And they go bad And I can feel it's kind of catchy Right there. So it's probably got a tooth off of it Then when it gets gets round to that one spot it locks up and the motor keeps wanting to turn Thanks for watching appreciate it. She buried them at the man legend golfing now I'll see you in the next one. Bye. Bye guys. Take care The first one that crossed the finish on it. Not the one that went the farthest The first one to get to the end of the track was a white one, wasn't it? Okay, just turn them around. Turn them around and I'll bring them back Make sure they're in the slot, honey. That's pretty cool That's still another one Watch out Bruno. That's on the track What did you do to go backwards? Both in reverse You should have just stayed down there That last piece of track I think the contact's neat clean Yeah Yeah, all right two out of three This ain't a shiver. This is a point. Yeah. Yep. Here we go. Oh, I did it again That one's in reverse too All right, here we go. It's cool because they're peeling out When oh that was close. Yeah, but see I'm losing it right there. I gotta clean that contact Stay tuned for some more drag racing. All right me and monkey You ready? Yep Say go Go You're stopped I fixed this side and that side. Oh, I turned the track. That's right.  You ready? Yep. You say when? Okay, that wasn't fair. That was a warm-up Okay, let me go get the cars. Okay Okay guys, I'm starting this one You ready? Yep I tore you up that time. Yeah. Okay. Now we're going to do it two out of three. Here we go.   I flipped your button on purpose. Okay. All right. This is for real I'm going to say ready set going on go. We're going to hit it. Okay. Ready set go Oh That's a close race. That was way ahead Yeah, see I would have been like at last time but I started going like this Because we do that in racing if you're racing for times Like if I if I dial in at a 12 second If I think I'm going to go faster than 12 seconds I got to slow down Because if I dial it in at 12 and I run at 11 9, I disqualify myself and I'm out Right So we get down or like if we're really blowing somebody away, we'll start pumping our gas pedals. We call paddling them It's just kind of show off sometimes and that's why you're beating the first one. All right. So we got one one This is for the big bucks. We're talking trophies and Give a little gas like that Don't do it long just quick like that. All right. You ready? Set go That was close because we was losing traction we was up against each other So I was telling her earlier these tires were supposed to be slick like that because If they weren't if you get good traction on this track and you you can't you have to In order to get it to spin out and do the u-turn You to hit the button It has to slide and if you got tires that won't slide it wouldn't work So these are kind of like racing slicks All right, send them back to me mama We're gonna move We've got the Godzilla on the track. Oh, that was good racing. All right guys. Thanks for watching mom You guys couldn't see me, but I was shaking my head So that's cool.  There's a rooch in here the size of a police car Get it because Thanks for watching guys. We'll see you in the next one. Bye. Bye. Take care