You're listening to food for thought a food-infolded podcast Okay, I think we're on suppose a good place to start probably is to maybe introduce yourself Ryan Explain what it is that you do and your your history. Okay. Hi. I'm Ray Hillborn I'm a professor at the School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences at the University of Washington I am an ecologist by training got into fisheries about 50 years ago Working initially for the Canadian government's Department of Fisheries and later working for one International Tuna Research Agency and then I've been here at University of Washington for about 33 years My interest used to be probably the population dynamics of fish and the management of quotas and in more recent years I've gotten very interested in The comparative environmental impacts of different form of food production and I teach a course on on exactly that that is What are the costs of producing food from fish and from? Terrestrial systems and I know a lot about terrestrial systems in that I Worked on farms when I was a undergraduate student going to university. My son is a farmer. He has farms about 500 acres About a mile from where I am right now And there was a time that my wife and I actually owned that farm. Thankfully, we don't own it anymore Okay, cool and just to clarify so we're here having this conversation today to hopefully clear the air around some of the Misconceptions around fisheries and the science that we see in front of us and what the science is actually saying So hopefully you can provide some insight on that and I think I think are probably a good place to start with this Is a is a pretty big question But I'm one I hopefully you can you can share your insight on and that is is it possible to actually fish commercially and Sustainably at the same time. Well, the commercially part really is irrelevant That whether it's a commercial or as aboriginal or a subsistence or recreational fishery. That's that's reasonably unimportant Certainly many fisheries have been managed sustainably for thousands of years and I'd say within the ocean community all but a few People would agree that yes fisheries if properly managed can be sustained. They can continue to produce food As long as the ocean isn't I mean, there's concerns about what global warming will do Some fish stocks may disappear under global warming or other forms of climate change but if the oceans are Not totally transformed by by climate change. There's no reason that many fisheries You know most of the fisheries in in Norway for instance Can't be maintained forever Yeah, that's that's a very different perspective than what you probably see. I think 99% of the time You actually touched on something else there that I noticed which was that there's there seems to be a lot of focus on the fact that plastics pollution is playing a bigger role than Climate change or global warming in itself on these fisheries and the stocks. There are certainly some concerns You know whether micro plastics which are making their way in the food chain may pose health hazards Is it affecting the functioning of the oceans? I don't think there's any evidence that it's affecting how the oceans perform their major functions, whether it's oxygen production Whether it's carbon sequestration or whether it's production of food But it's I mean, it's not that we should ignore it, but it certainly would be very low on my list of priorities about Protecting the oceans. I guess you're kind of thinking of things in like a kind of sliding scale And this is not necessarily on the top of the list in terms of what we should be focusing our attention on or exactly if you If you in fact if there've been surveys of this of people who you know ocean scientists What do you think are the biggest threats to the oceans as we know them and climate change comes out? Always by as number one whereas in the public plastic seems to come out this number And the climate change ocean acidification Exotic species pollution, you know Overfishing is probably number five or six on on on the list Because one of the things you have to remember is that Fishing and overfishing and illegal fishing doesn't affect most of the marine ecosystem That the base of the food chain is phytoplankton And we never fish phytoplankton. The next trophic level up is zooplankton There's there's minuscule fisheries on that so the whole base of the food chain that constitutes You know 90% of what's in the ocean isn't it really impacted by fishing and I would then again I would contrast that with agriculture Agriculture, what do you do you eliminate the base of the food chain? You eliminate the primary producers the trees or the grasses and the shrubs and so you know if you look at how Fisheries affect the ecosystem. It's very small compared to how agriculture affects the ecosystem even even poorly managed fisheries affect the Ecosystem much less than any form of of or almost any form of agriculture Wow, okay, I Mean for context I Are on a very novice level, but I studied marine science in university and that was I even for us That was not necessarily something that was in the in the spotlight. I think it was definitely Yeah, as you say plastics are front and center and then beyond that it's the impact on ecology of overfishing really That's that's that's sort of what you know, that's where the focus has been for the for the last 20 or 30 years in undergraduate Marine teaching and so we've got this cadre of people who really haven't thought very deeply about What fishing does to the oceans and in comparison to what other forms of food production do to their ecosystem? if we were to stop all ocean fishing and And changed and and instead replace it with the current mix of protein that people are consuming You would need an additional area equivalent to the entire amazonian rainforest So what's the better trade-off the impacts we're having in the ocean by fishing or Eliminating the Amazonian rainforest. I think that's one that people would definitely be either one side of the other there But that's a fact. Yeah got to produce the food somehow. Yeah, absolutely I think that's one of the things that is is least considered about this whole issue And is probably one of my key frustrations that I hear when people have a Totally one-sided approach to the fact that we should have some drastic And gargantuan shift to the whole food system and move away from these industries entirely is that you can provide that as Someone that's pushing them but for the people that have been pushed by these decisions That are not in such fortunate positions. I don't think there are necessarily alternatives that are actually going to provide that solution. So Yeah, probably not so one-sided to it Okay, I'm gonna go through a few of these a few of these quick ones We'll discuss some of the things that came through the sea spirits the documentary One of them was that they are They place fisheries at a total collapse at 2048 and I'm aware that this is one of those kind of older studies that was thrown out and has caught a lot of wind Is there any truth to that or is there is it a little bit more nuance than that? No, it's not more nuanced. It's just absolutely wrong Many of the authors of that paper and I and a number of others did a you know We sat down as scientists and said okay, what do we really know and we wrote three years after that paper came out We published another paper with the same first author Boris worm Showing that in fact where we had data fish stocks weren't declining now Where we have data is selective. It's the better managed places in the world But you know, there is no question that Europe will have fish in 2048 There's no question that much of the world will have fish in 2048 and in fact Boris worm who was the lead author on that 20 all fish gone by 2048 has Offered to hold a seafood banquet on December 31st 2047 And I'm I'm really hoping I can attend Because that day will be my 100th birthday I Fitting a fitting way to go. Yeah, I think I mean I think they even exaggerated it further than that to be honest I believe I said it was empty seas totally but about the middle of this century. So that's sort of the mythology that That has has developed that even that the seas are being empty For again the places where we have data and we published a paper on this in 2020 and the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and this covers about a little over about half of the world's Total fish production the abundance of fish is increasing Not decreasing Problem is there's another half of the world where we don't have good data and probably the abundance of fish there is decreasing But I mean that's the that's the problem with this These narratives is they want to be global, but the story is very different in different places And certainly in in Europe, North America most of South America other places like Australia, New Zealand and South Africa The larger major fisheries are doing well and and in on average increasing in abundance And that's a that's almost a total contrast They see Spiracy doesn't talk about the fact that almost all the great whales are Growing rapidly or have recovered to where they were before industrial whaling. Yeah So it's looking a little bit better than people probably have once thought I assume But I mean that that lack of having available data or I suppose accurate data Is that something that you you have trouble with in assessing these things accurately? Is that something that people can use to play into misinformation because you don't have necessarily all the data from every area? Well, it certainly helped a minute. So it's an impediment We just simply really can't talk about the global status of fisheries with a lot of accuracy Certainly not with the accuracy we can about that half where we have quite good data FAO is sort of the most authoritative, you know, so they're estimating that globally maybe Globally roughly 32% of fish stocks are Overfished now overfished doesn't mean collapsed all overfished means is Not producing at their maximum potential. I suspect that's roughly roughly right that it's it's something something like that but You know, basically, it's the the less developed countries the tropical countries Which don't have the kind of research agencies you have in Bergen You know, they don't have an IMR with seven research vessels They don't have hundreds of scientists. We know a lot less about their fisheries than we do About the developing countries fisheries than we do about the richer countries That actually brings us very fittingly to the next point I was going to cover actually was there was also a reference to 90% of fish stocks being overfished or over exploited But I have recognized that the source that they've used there is is in reference to the FAO study Right, and they've they've actually got that broken down to 61% that are fully exploited and 29% that are over exploited So well, they've changed the terminology from fully exploited to I Think sustainably exploited. I can't remember the exact term But but a lot of anti fishing groups have used that have have said 90% of stocks are overfished or on the brink of being overfished, which is fully exploited Whereas, you know, the FAO's point is that fully exploited is exactly what the objective of most national fisheries agencies is is to fully exploit not to over exploit but to fully exploit the Resources and what does fully exploit actually mean for those who have no idea about it means being harvested in a range that produces long-term maximum yield Okay, so if that is fished at that amount constantly then in theory that stock could reproduce Well, it's okay. You don't get a constant catch because stocks go up and down But fished in a way that would produce the long-term potential maximum Given year-to-year variation in environmental conditions. Okay, so it's not necessarily An instantly a bad assumption to be fully fished. No, no being fully fished is what national fisheries agencies and FMOs are attempting to do that kind of brings us around to bycatch That was another one that was kind of hit on quite heavily and 40% statistic of Some of these estimates placing 40% of global catch of being bycatch. Is that anything close to the reality or is that I mean it? You know 30 years ago. It could have been approaching that Now I think the best estimates are more like 8% and that's due to several reasons one is Nowadays there a lot more of what is caught is is used particularly for aquaculture feed and The other the other reason is that there's been a lot of technological changes in how to avoid avoid bycatch So yeah, it's an issue, but a way to put it in context is that in the in the terrestrial food chain 30% of food is wasted It's wasted from everything from being eaten by rats in storage bins to Being thrown out in the past it's used by date in retailers to rotting in people's fridges and That's that's probably true of fish as well. So the you know the 8% at the At the production level it's a concern. It'd be nice to get to get rid of it But it doesn't threaten the sustainability of using the oceans to produce fish This is just a bit of a personal curiosity here kind of following up from the fact that You as you mentioned it's quite hard to attain data from those less managed fisheries with less resources It does that make these estimates hard though. I mean, I'm just trying to think how do we how do you actually estimate something like bycatch if you've got Say half of those fisheries That aren't providing the data that you need to make those estimates I mean, it's definitely hard. It's not something that I've I've done any of my own own work on but There's a number of people who have spent a lot of time and so these are these are our Estimates the thing the thing is that that in the places where the data are the poorest So and one of those is Southeast Asia is they now use everything Some of my colleagues leave and I've been to ports in China and places like that and everything that they catch is Now used so they've eliminated bycatch As a concern of catching things and then throwing it Overboard so there's probably more bycatch in the places. We know about then in the places. We don't know That's very interesting and I haven't I think that's also something that's not explored too often is the fact that that that total bycatch is Also segmented down further into things that are Repurposed or reused or resold in different in different value chains So it's yeah, as you say it could be repurposed into feed for either agriculture industries or aquaculture itself So yeah, yeah, that's the law the basic generally the high quality fish Goes to markets fresh markets typically the next level down That it will go to make serene, you know fish paste which is used for a whole bunch of things and then the lowest quality stuff Which is often essentially slurry at the bottom of the of the whole Goes into aquaculture feed Okay, and do you think that there's a place? For these kind of new industries that are starting up. I've just noticed there's a few especially around Europe There's a few of these kind of restaurants that are focusing on using bycatch to try and improve the value of bycatch as a means to reduce it Do you think there's any any benefit to doing that? Is that realistically going to make a difference? Yeah, I think it's I think it's it's great And I've been to restaurants by chefs who specialize in you know in in that and you know There's a lot an amazing amount of underutilized Fish in the world You know, I mean here in the where I live in the west coast of the US We only catch 25% of the allowable catch To and and some of that is due to lack of markets that we've just got resources that we can catch but you know they don't get enough of a price and so I had a student who's part of his thesis was You know, is there a way to say use those for food banks? To get those to people who could who are nutritionally deprived So they're definitely definitely sounds like there is a place for that and there is some some space for development there One last kind of statistic that I thought would be worth getting your opinion on was the the cod statistics I think was on the cod and haddock saying that they will be declining by 80 or they have declined by 87% and 99% respectively I think for some people hearing those numbers is Extremely alarming and they'll be thinking how could we possibly be still seeing something with 99% Population depletion being served in supermarkets and can be commercially fished, but uh, but that's that's totally wrong I mean in the abundance of Atlantic cod is growing It's roughly Roughly where it was 40 years ago But it's growing it's growing pretty rapidly a lot of it is the the barren sea stock of Norway But Icelandic cod some cod stocks of the southern cod stocks are not doing well They're they're hovering and one one one cod stock mean again I don't know where that number came from but They're the the there's a large cod stock in Eastern Canada so-called northern cod Newfoundland Labrador and it did decline by 99% It has recovered somewhat since then So I mean it's just a classic case of them cherry picking one number They're not talking about the cod stocks have doubled or tripled in abundance in the last 30 years Yeah, they did definitely they did definitely use that statistic and they use one also They said the same for halibut 99% reduction rate and then they said some some wild Some wild numbers like a thousand percent less likely to catch one now than you would be in the 1800s Which was another sort of strange cherry picks But I just you know wasn't clear what stock they were talking about you know the thing is fish stocks go up and down and So at any point in time you can find hundreds of fish stocks that are going down So you've really got it you've got to look at the big picture and that's what you know Activist groups like this do is they go out and they cherry pick one they cherry pick another and say oh this stocks declined by 70% or 99% but You know, it's the role of scientists to sit back and take the big picture and look across all the data and say what do we know And when there is when that when that when you're talking about those individual stocks that and in a film like this Where they do generalize all of those into one kind of presumed mass I Suppose it's worth thinking about it Do they do they individually manage those stocks like will scientists employed certain measures for certain stocks to try and manage them If they have recognized that they are declining more than others Oh, yeah, I mean, you know, I mean across the the the the rich countries of the world that manage their their fisheries You know, so in in in say in the eastern Atlantic, there are I don't know 15 or 20 different cod stocks That each of which is individually managed with an individual quota And so the ones that are in trouble the quotas will be much lower than the ones that have been doing well Okay, so it's definitely individually managed and do you think the governments are willing to to to really address these things and is it Is it the role of governments? I guess to address these things or yes. I mean, that's what that's Since they are typically common property resources In some cases international property resources, we really do have to rely on the governments to do these things Now what has changed is in many cases fishing industries where governments haven't done it in some cases fishing industries are stepping up because Nobody has a bigger stake in the sustainability of a fishery than the fishing industry Because that's how they make their living the people who who fish for their living and And in many places in the world Fishing industry is stepping up to augment What the government's doing both by doing doing research developing new technologies Etc and that's really what a lot of the Eco certification is about is that in places like southeast asia Where governments haven't done a lot in the way of fisheries management in some cases the fishing industries are Are putting what's called fisheries improvement plans together in order to To improve their sustainability largely to get access to european and american markets Okay, interesting because they did definitely mention that as well They talked about the fact that you could definitely not trust eco labels because they couldn't guarantee they couldn't actually Prove that anything that they were claiming was happening at sea. There are always gaps in the system, but I guarantee you that Fisheries that are certified by the marine stewardship council are among the best managed fisheries in the world and The environmental impact of eating those fish is almost certainly less than the alternative foods Okay, that's very good to know actually because that's uh, That's definitely something that is I think shaking the cage for a lot of people there because they've looked to that label And just assume that that is a kind of tick all And when we're talking about governments Subsidies were another one that they were they were mentioning is something that really dictates Overfishing in itself and they felt that subsidies themselves Handed out by governments were were kind of responsible in some ways for overfishing um Even to the point where a lot of people have been calling for the complete abolishment of all subsidies for the fishing industry, but uh, do Do you think that this is a a realistic solution and what happens if we took away all these subsidies? Well, I mean I would say I mean the first there's a people we tend to distinguish Subsidies into two groups what are called good subsidies and bad subsidies? So almost all countries the government pays for the science associated with the oceans and with the management And that's you know, you could view that as a subsidy But that is what the people who work on that issue you typically call a good subsidy It actually supports the management of the fishery. But what are called bad subsidies are most commonly fuel subsidies sometimes construction subsidies In in some cases those will contribute to Making the fishing pressure higher than it would be if they weren't subsidized Now again in fisheries like european and american fisheries where we manage fisheries by quota That simply isn't true Because the the catch is regulated by the regulation not by the economics of fishing But uh, let's say Chinese supply fuel subsidies for their high seas tuna flea. Yeah, there's no question that that is Is what leads to more pressure on the high seas tuna fisheries than would be in the absence of those subsidies And when the japanese dramatically reduced their tuna fuel subsidies Their high seas fishing effort for tuna went way down I mean, there's general agreement that we should we should get rid of fuel and construction subsidies except in special cases for you know for special communities But uh subs subsidies are not The major cause of fisheries concerns, but to the extent they can be eliminated to be a good idea Okay, interesting. So I guess uh All that would really be doing is raising the price of those fish and if if you are under a quota system Where you can only catch a certain amount anyway, then those subsidies in theory shouldn't be having too much of an impact In terms of those people that are advocating for changes in their Grand changes in dietary habits of say eliminating the entire industry of fisheries or say agriculture Um, what what do you think the ramifications would really be for those other countries? Well, I mean it's it's it's I'd say it divides into two Two groups first for the poor people of the world The hundreds of millions of people are the billions who depend upon fish For an essential part of the nutrition. They have no alternative Okay, they can't afford to buy something else for the rich people of the world And what you know, and again, this is where I I I actually I have a friend who was the head of conservation programs I'm switching here. Can you I just switched headsets here? Perfect. Yeah, okay And you know, he asked me about I remember it was in January of 2010 and he said Listen, I'm a conservationist. Should I stop eating fish? And I said, well If you don't eat fish, what are you going to eat? And he said, well, I'm not a vegetarian I would eat more beef chicken and pork and this led me on what's been a major part of my research for the last 11 years is what's the alternative cost Of to the environment of beef chicken and pork compared to catching fish in the ocean and there's simply no comparison uh, you know that that that catching fish in a well-managed fishery leaves a Functioning ecosystem that is very little different from what it was like in the absence of fishing Whereas more beef chicken and pork You would require enormous land clearance enormous loss of biodiversity Yeah, I guess that also brings into play the whole aquaculture conversation now that things have seemed to move increasingly towards land-based systems um I have my own opinion on it, but I'll hold it for now Do you have any perspective on that as providing a potential solution? I know especially in a lot of uh Less wealthy countries that it is a big part of the it is a big part of their protein production so And certainly aquaculture isn't it's going to continue to be to grow probably to continue to be the fastest growing form of food of food production um But again, you can't just talk about aquaculture. So very high portion of global aquaculture is freshwater aquaculture in land and Another large portion is shellfish now. I mean shellfish is probably the most sustainable Food in the world shellfish culture. You don't have to feed them all they feed themselves and uh in terms of carbon footprint production per area Cannot be beat then with within other forms of aquaculture If you have to feed them Then the real environmental cost of that is the production of the feed And that's where all of the critics of salmon farming get it wrong So they talk about sea lice and they talk about They talk about the the little dead zones and the sediments underneath Salmon farms. I mean the total area of norwegian salmon farms is on the order of the size of the oslo airport You know, it's it's minuscule the real environmental impact of the norwegian salmon industry is where the crops are grown to feed them That's that's not trivial.  I mean the whole industry this year I think is just kind of grouped together and decided that they don't want to be sourcing their soy fillers for the feed from anywhere, but uh, you know, uh, they don't want to support anything from uh forested agriculture. So I think there's definitely positive steps forward in that space as well. Um, but it seems like uh, aquaculture and agri and uh Wildcatch fisheries as well It seems like the the public hold a lot of resentment for the fishermen themselves or the the fisher women themselves Do you do you think that that is uh, something that's justified or are they being kind of unfairly persecuted here for What's happened, uh in the state of the oceans in the in the us We have a we have a heroic image of the single fishermen, you know, and and uh, And we you know, we have these tv shows. I doubt they make it to europe called deadliest catch and There's three or four tv shows that are reality shows going out on fishing boats So so I don't think that we vilify Individual fishermen we we tend to vilify the foreign Industrial fishermen who's plundering our waters again. It's this break between the industrial fishermen and the uh, The small scale fishermen that somehow small scale is killing a fish with a small boat Is less impactful than killing the same number Well killing a certain number of fish with a bunch of small boats Has less impact than killing the same number of fish with one boat and that's that's a very common Misconception that somehow small scale fishing is always more sustainable than industrial fishing Yeah, that's a very I mean I talked actually to a fisherman not too long ago. Uh back in australia He uh, he'd worked on a a few different types of fisheries or wildcatch and he actually had He actually had an opposing perspective that I thought he would have and he was in favor of the largest scale boats because he was He was under that kind of impression that they were you know, they were so heavily regulated when they were at that size That uh, he felt that the technology that they were using and the uh, the oversight that they have was actually better than What he was probably doing with the smaller boats and the smaller fleets that they were on so uh I don't know. I guess there's there's a lot to be said for that I mean the big thing is that it's that large vessels certainly in the us Are all have observers on board independent observers run by the government Uh, whereas that's very difficult to do on small boats So we know a lot more about the large boat fisheries than we do the small the small boat the small boat fisheries. Um, but It's it's it's some it's somewhat it's somewhat I don't want to come down on The side of one one or the other. I think they can all be very well managed Uh, and and increasingly the technology of Our camera system satellite tracking means we can track small we can know what's going on in small boat fisheries and I I know a lot of fishermen don't like me to say that but they just have to own up and accept the fact That they need to move to camera systems and vessel tracking. So we always know where they are and we always know what they're catching Yeah, why has there been such a big, uh, refuel to that? Is it just because they don't they do you think that there are Too many people that are doing the wrong thing and they don't want to be caught or is it just they don't like the excessive oversight? Well, I'd say the first is cost. It does cost.  It happens to all sorts of people in the world and You know, my attitude is or using a public resource That's just going to be one of the costs of doing business guys Yeah fair perspective very fair perspective Uh and for yourself, right? What do you think is the biggest kind of misconception that you you personally would hear about fisheries that's being constantly sprayed out there and Would you well that that a that is not sustainable That the oceans are being empty to fish And that somehow Producing food on land is much more sustainable than producing food in the ocean. I'd say those are the the three big misconceptions Okay, and had I mean, do you think that Documentaries again, I hate to do that, but it didn't it didn't feel a lot like a documentary do you think that these sort of mass media portrayals are Actually damaging to the to the industry itself and they're damaging to the whole cause even Perhaps to the other side to the to the vegan movement as well because they do In my opinion kind of reduce a bit of the credibility of their argument when you approach it from such an angle and so to some extent I'd say this is just like a bunch of mosquitoes Biting and I know the hijack like Christina Hicks. I had an email from her. She had no idea she was even going to be in it and And I think the marine stewardship council made the right choice and just simply refusing to Deal with these people because they are so selective of what they actually show on the screen You know, so they may film you for two hours And then just find some little snippet that looks embarrassing. I mean oceana came out looking really silly in that and and You know, I mean, I generally consider oceana an anti fishing NGO So um, um, but I don't think they're they're they're they're not threatening the existence of of fisheries I think there's been a lot of damage to the aquaculture industry It's very difficult say in the united states to expand aquaculture even though it's clearly Of a very low impact form of of food production Let me just add one of my other one of they they they made a big deal of this You know that well if you if you uh, if you have a if you don't eat meat and fish You don't and animals don't die and these people don't know how food is produced. There's estimates That that the number of vertebrate animals that die per acre to produce a vegan meal Is uh, is much higher than uh, what you how many animals die to have a beef meal That was definitely one of the arguments made as well. It wasn't about the art about that far away is Wayla when he was saying it's you know, it's the equivalent of two two thousand chickens.  I'm on I'm on board with that Just to wrap things up. We're getting on now So if there's any final remarks that you want to leave or final considerations for people or places that they can learn more Now that's probably the time Well, okay, we have a fact check website called sustainable fisheries dash udub.org We're actually putting together a full page on sea spiracy because it had it required so much fact checking but it really is intended to be a source on Real good scientific information on issues in in fisheries and I would encourage everybody to look at that fantastic


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Hey, this is Brett and this 2017 Ford F350 Crew Cab Short Box Lariat single rear wheel is stock number 13145Z. I'm here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, near and new and used heavy duty truck headquarters. This 2017 Ford F350 has the 6.7 liter power stroke diesel engine. This truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop per the state of Wisconsin inspection process. It has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off, and this truck is 100% ready to go. I'm going to go all the way around, inside, underneath, start it up and take a look under the hood in this video. White, gold, metallic is the color, and I shoot all my videos in 4K. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone or television, I highly recommend turning them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, options, and of course the cleanliness of the vehicle before seeing it in person. 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The passenger side front fender looks really good as well. And the passenger side rim, no major scuffs or scrapes on there. So white gold metallics got just a little bit of metal flake to it. It's like a real fine metal flake. Looks really good in the sunlight. And as you go down this side of this 2017 Ford F350, take note of how clean that body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. Now take these HD videos, so if you are far away or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the truck, hear the truck, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises, and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. And if this video helps you make that buying decision, let your salesmen know that you saw the video, that it was helpful, and that Brett sent you. Back rims in excellent shape as well, and once again, if you like the video, you can subscribe to my YouTube channel in the upper right-hand part of the screen. Back tires are just as new as the front tires, and once again, that frame and underbody, other than a little bit of dust, looks really good. Has all the remaining factory exhaust, and it's really nice all the way underneath. Lower rockers all look good, and it comes with the nice factory chrome step bars. Going around to the back of the vehicle, didn't see any dents or dings in that box. Rib bumper looks really good. Back up parking sensors and full towing package of course, receiver hitch, four pin and seven pin wiring, and the tailgate is in really nice shape too. Does come with a Ford factory roll-up tonneau cover, I didn't see any rips or tears on there. It does have the tailgate step assist, and it comes with a sprain bedliner, fifth wheel and gooseneck prep package, seven pin wiring, and the LED bed lights. You can turn those on from the back here, and that sprain bedliner goes onto the tailgate as well. Tailgate shuts nice and solidly, and as you go down the driver's side, just as clean as that passenger's side. Full major dents or dings on the box. And for full disclosure, this back rim is in excellent shape as well. That is a reflex truck liner. Down the rest of the side of the truck, the doors look really good. It does have the driver's side door code entry. We do have the code for this truck, and if you ever want to figure out what your door code is for your 17 to 22 Super Duty in the upper right hand part of the screen, I have a video showing you how to find your personal door code on your truck. Blind spot monitoring the mirrors, built in directional signals, 360 camera, these power fold in, power telescope out. Inside the Lariat package gives you the tan leather interior. There are no rips or tears on the seats. Very nice and clean. Both of these front seats are heated and cooled. You get weather tech floor mats in here as well. Power pedals, auto headlamps, tilt, telescopic steering wheel, power windows, power locks, power mirrors, wood grain trim on the door. These mirrors do power fold in. You got to have the ignition on for that to work. And memory driver's seat. Take a quick look at the back seats. No rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may have. Has the power slide and rear window with the built in rear defrost. No rips, no tears, storage underneath there. There are your side box tie downs for the box. Weather tech floor mat back here as well. You get a 110 volt, 400 watt plug-in, two USBs and a 12 volt power point. Side curtain airbags and the back doors do have child safety locks on them and the bottoms of the doors are very nice. We'll hop inside and check out the miles, the radio and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior. Get that nice digital display up there. You can see that this one has 31,648 miles. I'll dim it down so it's a little easier to see the miles and stuff. You do get a digital speedometer, compass display and that instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Comes with the leather wrapped steering wheel, volume and cruise, or Bluetooth controls on the right. Cruise controls and information center controls on the left. Does come with the six speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift. And you get the sync eight inch radio. It does have AM, FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities as well as CD player and Bluetooth. You have your climate controls right here. You can hook up your phone there, you have your different apps and then in the settings you get Android Auto and Apple CarPlay which is nice. This one doesn't have the factory navigation from Ford on it but you can project your cell phone with Waze or Google Maps through one of those programs and it's like you have Navra on the screen. So really nice system right there. This one also has the 360 cam which you can see right there and your backup cam and you can also change that to be a wide view or yeah that's the wide view. That's the narrow view in the front. And yeah you can do that, you can do the 360 camera, you can also check out your backup camera and you can zoom in over your receiver hitch to get hooked up to your boat camper trailer the first time, every time. So really nice system right there.  You do get two USBs, you also get two cup holders and here's my magic trick. Now you get four cup holders so that's pretty sweet. Dual glove boxes, 12 volt power point, 110 volt, 400 watt max plug-in and the passenger side seat and floor mat are in excellent shape, smells very clean inside this truck. I don't think it's ever been smoked in. This is actually a one owner out of Minnesota and you get your power sign, rear window button and map lights up there. Also your home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lane systems and as promised those mirrors do power fold in and they power telescope out and in nicely and it does the driver side. Alright we'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you'll have been able to verify the quality and condition and options on this truck inside and out. Under the hood we have the 6.7 liter power stroke diesel engine and today's very clean runs very smooth. Once again this truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off from the state of Wisconsin inspection process and this truck is 100% ready to go. There is your emissions sticker and I would highly recommend this truck for make quality and condition standpoint and to see more pictures of this truck or one or other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, ringlers, halftones, three quarter tons, one tons, you name it we got to go to that website right there summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com. If you like the video you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto see all the videos there. In fact a second you'll see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel on the upper left, a link to more F-350 videos like this one on the upper right, a link to this vehicle on our website on the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos on the lower right. Click those check us out and we're super excited to help you with the Saltra Clean 2017 Ford F-350 crew cab short box lary in white gold metal. Thanks again for checking out the video remember to like subscribe and share on my YouTube channel. I really appreciate it. Thanks again.


Who is the angel of death? Well, for some, you might be surprised. Who actually is the angel of death? The death angel. Some might have different names, form and different folklore. Is it the Grim Reaper? Is it Azazel? Who is it? Well, the Bible doesn't actually use the term death angel or angel of death. The question is, is there an angel whose soul job or angels whose soul job is to kill? Who is to bring about death? Well, there's what we have an issue here. Let's go to the scriptures and let's see. Now some might say, yes, there are angels whose job is to do so. And some might point to Revelation 6 where it says, and look, I behold, a pale horse and its rider was named death and Hades followed him. And they were given authority over a fourth of the earth to kill with sword and famine and with pestilence and by wild beasts of the earth. The question is, is he referring to an actual angel? Now, for the sake of the argument, let's go ahead and assume that it is an angel. Well, that doesn't mean that there is an actual death angel. I'll show you what I mean in just a second. Also, if we go to 2 Kings 1935, it says, it happened that at night that an angel of the Lord went out and struck 185,000 in the camp of the Assyrians. And so here we see an angel that goes out and kills 185,000. But does that mean that there is an angel or angels whose responsibility is to kill? Well, the answer is going to be no. Even still, some might point to what about Satan? Satan in Job, the Bible tells us that he inquires about Job and the Lord says that he is able to touch him. But what does he say? You can touch all that he has, but you cannot touch him. And so apparently it's that God can give authority to whomever he wants to to kill or to maim or to take away certain possessions and so forth. But that doesn't mean that the angel or that there is an angel whose job responsibility is to kill. As a matter of fact, quite the opposite. Remember, angels, as we find in Hebrews 114, they are ministering spirits sent to render out service for the sake of those who will inherit salvation. They are ministering spirits for good or for the bad. They do not do on their own. They are simply spirits that serve. Now the question is who determines who lives, who dies? Well, this is how we can know who the death angel is. If you want to use that, is there someone who is in charge of death? Well, the only person that has that ability is the Lord. The Bible says in Job 1460 says, since his days are determined, the numbers of his month is with you and his limits you have set so that he cannot pass. Now, this is one of the men in Job who is speaking a truth. This is that God has determined the length of days for every man. And understand this, the Bible says it is the Lord.   It is the Lord. Well, who is the Lord? Well, good question. In Deuteronomy 32-39, he says, see now that I, I am He. And there is no God beside me. It is I who put to death and give life. I have wounded and it is I who healed. There is no one who can deliver from my hand. Now, a couple of things interesting about this passage and notice who we know who the Lord is. Go back to it. He says, see that I, I am He. And the word that's used here is highlighted in the Hebrew is anihu. This word, if we look in the Greek Septuagint, is the same word that we get the word ego, ma in Greek, which is obviously ascribed to who, to Jesus. It's the same word that's used that we find in when God is describing to Moses who he is. This word, anihu clearly has been used to reference Jesus who is the Lord. He says, and besides me, there is no God. Well, obviously now we kind of get an understanding of who we speaking of. It is I who put to death and give life. And then notice what he says. He also invoked something that Jesus says in John 10 28. He says that and there is none who can deliver from my hand, which is what Jesus says at the end, the third cause of John 10 28. So who is the death angel? Well, the very same person that gives life is the very same one that gives death. He is God. He is the Lord. And so there is no specific angel that is tasked with doing such. Though God can give any angel or anyone the ability to do so. However, ultimately it is God. And so the one that gives life is the one that takes life because could you imagine if there was an actual demon that could do so or an angel that could do so? No, life and death are in the power of God's hands and God alone.  It is he that takes life according to the scriptures. Amen.


Everybody forced here ripping a box Fanatics authentic 2022 under wraps serious to baseball. It's a lot a lot of words for to say this is an autographed baseball For Robert H. Good luck Robert. Here we go, man So it's a Hall of Famer That's for sure Mike Mussina Wow Hall of Fame 19 Mike Mussina. That's actually really cool trying to Use a beast trying to move the plastic here so I can sell the whole auto I'm just gonna Come on. There we go. Mike Mussina. That's awesome That's a really cool one. That's a really cool man They have some really cool sign balls in this dual authenticated to MLB and fanatics. There you go, Robert That's a really nice one appreciate the order. Let me just lose that Cool get that out to you


Hello, everyone. Welcome back to another session in dentistry and more. Today's topic is theories of tendril caries. We are very familiar with the concept of tendril caries that is how the tendril caries starts when there is presence of sucrose and bacteria in oral cavity, there will be production of lactic acid which will result in demonization and ultimately the cavitation which is known as tendril caries. This session is about the theories of tendril caries, what were the theories, the old theories and the new theories and how it was explaining about this concept. So, let us see the details of theories of tendril caries. Dental caries are the resist of civilization. So, there were many theories which we are trying to explain the concept behind this. So, we can classify all the theories as the old theories and new theories. The most accepted one is the acidogenic theory by Miller. So, anyway old theories we have exogenous and endogenous theory. Exogenous are things which is coming from outside that is worm theory, chemical theory and parasitic or septic theory. Endogenous particles which is present within the body, humeral theory and vital theory and the new theories are acidogenic proteolytic theory and proteolysis chelation theory. So, we will start with old theory that is a legend of worm. So, it was during the 5000 BC period, it was believed that the tendril caries was caused by worms.  So, that was the worm theory. There was no scientific proof. It was completely unscientific and the second theory is the chemical theory. It was put forward in 1890 by Palm Lee. So, it was highlighting the current concept that is a chemical, but he was not able to explain in detail. He said that there was an unidentified chemical agent which is responsible for caries. So, he stated that caries began on enamel surface where food become putrefied. Then it acquires sufficient dissolving power to produce disease chemically. Still he could not explain the actual concept. The next theory was parasitic or septic theory in 1843. This was given by Palm Lee. This is given by Edel in 1843. This was in 1819. So, parasitic theory, he explained that there is a presence of filamentous parasite in plague. He termed it as denticolate and this denticolate is responsible for dental caries. So, that was a parasitic theory. Now, let us move on to the endogenous theory. The first one is humeral theory. So, this theory explains about the four humors of body. So, the four humors of body which are blood, flame, black bile and yellow bile. These are the four humors of the body. So, any change in, so black bile and yellow bile. So, any change in relative proportion of these elements would result in disease. That means dental caries. That is a humeral theory. Whereas, the second one vital theory. So, it came in 18th century. So, this vital theory explains the tooth decay originated like bone gangrene. So, how the bone gangrene caused in the similar way that dental caries also happening. That is a from within the tooth itself. So, from within the tooth itself just like a bone gangrene dental caries happens. That is a vital theory. So, we learned about the old theories exogenous and endogenous. The exogenous were legend of worm, chemical theory, parasitic or septic theory, then the humeral theory and vital theory. Now, let us move on to the new theories of dental caries. And the first one was the acidogenic or chemical parasitic theory. So, this is also known as chemical parasitic theory which is the most commonly accepted theory put forward by W. D. Miller in 1890. So, he was able to explain the concept that is sucrose and bacteria producing lactic acid which causes deminolization and cavitation leads to the dental caries. So, he explained it in a two stage that is it is a chemical parasitic process. The first one there will be decalcification of enamel and which results in total destruction and followed by dissolution of the softened residue. So, there will be involvement of the chemical action and parasitic action. Parasitic action is nothing but bacteria, chemical is the formation of lactic acid. So, he was highlighting the roles of all the four factors like the role of carbohydrate, the role of microorganism and the role of acid and the role of dental plague. But at that time this tetrad concept was not there. This is actually tetrad given by Neubrand, Neubrand's tetrad theory because the tetrad is highlighting the importance of time. But it was came into action very lately but till that time it was just the three factors that is host factor, tooth, the agent factor, bacteria and the diet that is the sugar. So, these three factors combined to form caries. So, similarly Miller was also highlighting the role of carbohydrate, microorganisms, acids and dental plague because all these bacteria are present on the dental plague. So, only if the presence of dental plague will result in dental caries. If we properly clean our teeth, there is no dental plague, there is no dental bacteria which can cause dental caries that is stuctococcus mutants. There has to be presence of bacteria and also sucrose. Without bacteria there will not be caries. So, it is a multi factorial disease all has to be there. So, the second one is the role of carbohydrate. Carbohydrate such as the sucrose mainly. Sucrose is also known as arch criminal, the highly acid producing sugar, arch criminal sucrose. So, the role of sucrose was also highlighted by Miller. And next we have the theory that is proteolytic theory. Proteolytic theory means the organic components that is a protein part of tooth will be destroyed as the initial process. Then the actual remanolization or the inorganic substance dissolution happens. So, proteolytic theory is concentrating the organic portion. But the actual concept is the inorganic or chemical portion. The enamel has 96% of calcified structure that is the inorganic content. So, this is concentrating on organic. Then after that there will be demanolization of inorganic compound. So, we propose that enamel, lamellae or rod sheath that is proteins may be laced which means proteolysis as first event in further progression of bacterial inversion and demanolization. So, that was the concept of proteolytic theory. And the last one proteolysis chelation theory. So, there will be a process of chelation. Chelation is nothing but removal of calcium by forming soluble chelates. So, oral bacteria attack organic component of enamel which is known as proteolysis. Then breakdown products have chelating ability and which dissolves the tooth mineral. So, chelation theory is nothing but the bacteria attack on the protein component. Then this component will cause chelation by dissolving the tooth mineral and resulting in dental caries. So, that is all about theories of dental caries. We have learned in detail about the old theories and the newer theories. We have almost 3, 5, 8 theories. Exogenous, endogenous theory and newer theory can study in this way, the legend of worm, chemical, parasitic, humeral, vital theory, acidogenic, proteolytic theory, proteolysis chelation theory. So, hope you understood the concept of theories of dental caries. I will come up with a new topic in dentistry and more. Thank you. And lastly guys, we have started channel membership in dentistry and more channel. So, you can explore various exclusives for the channel members. So, you can explore various options by clicking on the join button adjacent to subscribe button. So, we have options of personal whatsapp help. So, you can ask any doubts. You will get answers to whatsapp text messages or voice messages. And we have one more option that is the PDF notes will be available. But as of now, we have only the public health and dentistry topic. The more topics will be uploaded soon. And the last option is one to one interaction session. You will get the personal interaction or personal classes on various subjects from the faculties of respective branches. So, explore the join button and let us know if you want any further help from us. Thank you.


So today we look at chapter 5, we've completed chapter 4, the work of the Holy Spirit in Jesus' time, the kind of teachings that the Lord taught about the Holy Spirit, the work of the Holy Spirit and Christ's death and resurrection and also His work prior to the ascension. So we looked at all that. So let's look at chapter 5 today. For online students, let me share the notes. Work of the Holy Spirit in the Book of Acts. I've just put out the scripture there for the online students. So let's turn to the Book of Acts. So some basic questions. Who wrote the Book of Acts? Luke. So let's turn to Acts chapter 1. So Acts chapter 1 and verse 1, Luke writes and he says, The former account I made, both theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach. So Luke is referring to the gospel and he's saying the former account I made of all that Jesus began both to do and to teach and so on. And then he says that to whom he, until the day in which he was taken up after he through the Holy Spirit had given commandments to the Apostles whom he had chosen. He gave commandments to the Apostles through his disciples through the Holy Spirit. And then he goes on to make a given account of all that happened, all that happened in the early church, everything that the disciples did by the power of the Holy Spirit. So in the Book of Acts, we see it's very exciting to read through the Book of Acts because it's about the early church. What happened to the early church? And it is the New Testament church, which means that this is the church. What is the church? When we say church, what do you mean by that word church? Can anyone tell me? Church. Church, pastor, church means ecclesia. Church means? Ecclesia. Yeah, so what does that mean? It's body of Christ. Sorry? The believers, the believers, the body of Christ. All the believers make the church. All the believers, body of Christ. Okay, somebody said something. We were saying something. Same thing. Call out. Okay. Anyone else? Jordan, Jayram, you said something? Call out. I'm sorry, we can't hear you. Call out. Can you repeat that please or put it on the chat? Sorry, your audio is not very clear. Okay, so you're right. The word is ecclesia, which means the called out ones. Ecclesia or the sent out ones, the called out ones. So it refers to the people who are called out of a particular environment, called out for a particular purpose. Okay, so we need to understand that church is not a building. Okay, so now when we actually, suppose we go down the road, we look at a building and we say, hey, that's a church. That's a church, right? We see, okay, maybe a cross, maybe they put a board with scripture. So we identify and say, that's a church. Well, it's come to mean the place where people actually gather together or the building where Sunday services and all that happen. But actually church means the people. It's not the building, but it's the people. So it's the people of God who gather together or who are the called out ones who gather together for a purpose. Okay, so it refers to the gathering. Yes, and nowadays we are talking about the church building more in terms of, you know, in terms of what church means, right? Nothing wrong, but actually it means the gathering of people. Okay, so what did, so the book of Acts is actually fully about the church, the people and what God did through the people. Okay, specifically what the Holy Spirit did through these people. So there are a lot of references to about the Holy Spirit in the book of Acts. Okay, so when we read that, again, we understand that, okay, this is what the Holy Spirit did or this is what he, you know, he did in the lives of people in the early church. So what he did then, he can actually do now in our time because we are the same church, right? We are the church of God, right? Okay, so let's look at a few verses here. So let's look at, let's turn to Acts chapter 1 verses 5 to 8. Okay, so I'm just going to read out and I'm going to ask you what you understood. Okay, I might, you know, maybe point to one person and ask what do you understand from this? Okay, so let's read Acts chapter 1 verses 5 to 8. But John truly baptized with water, but you shall be baptized with the Holy Spirit not many days from now. Therefore, when they had come together, they asked him saying, Lord, will you at this time restore the kingdom to Israel? And he said to them, it is not for you to know times or seasons which the Father has put in his own authority. But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you and you shall be witnesses to me in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria and to the ends of the earth. Okay, so what do we understand from here? Okay, we see that the Lord Jesus is referring to what happened during his earthly ministry. The timing and the context is this. He's resurrected. He was dead. He was crucified dead and he's now resurrected and he's talking to the disciples around him. Okay, now if you read through, you see that immediately after this conversation or after this incident, he ascends into heaven. So that is the timing. Just before that he is speaking to them. So he's telling them that John baptized with water. Okay, what does baptism mean? To immerse completely. The Greek word is baptizo which means to immerse completely. So John baptized with water but he says you shall be baptized with the Holy Spirit. Not many days from now, you shall be baptized with the Holy Spirit. Okay, so now you tell me, so what is the reason or what is the outcome of being baptized with the Holy Spirit? Why did the Lord Jesus want the disciples to be baptized with the Holy Spirit? What do you learn from here? Anyone? You can just read through the text versus 5 to 8 and tell me, what was the objective? Or what is the... Okay, it's to receive power. So he says, but you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you. Power for what? Sorry, power to be witnesses. So that is the whole thing, what is called as Holy Spirit, baptism. So the Lord is telling his disciples, now this is something that will happen to you. You will be baptized with the Holy Spirit, not many days from now. And you shall receive power and you will be witnesses. So you will be, in other words, you're saying you will witness, what does witness mean? Proof? You're saying, when you say I'm a witness of this event, what does that mean? That means you saw it. Okay, and what you're saying is based on what you saw. Testify. Sorry? Testify. Yeah, a witness testifies, which means talks about something that has happened, which they saw beforehand or experienced beforehand. So the Lord is saying, you shall be witnesses. You shall be witnesses. In other words, he's saying you will be witnesses with power. Why? Because you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit. You will be endured with power. Okay, so another thing that we learned, another important thing that we learned from this passage, can you, any other observation? They were looking for the second coming. Sorry? When will you restore the kingdom to Jerusalem? I mean, the, when will you restore the kingdom to Israel? Right? So they were talking about the natural kingdom and he is talking about times and seasons. He said, that's not, yeah, that's one thing that you observe. But particularly about the Holy Spirit, something that we observe there. So we got witnesses. Thank you, Shekhar, Lucy. Yeah. Okay. What other thing that we observe here? Holy Spirit promise. Okay. Yeah. Actually, if you see, this is what is mentioned in Luke chapter 24, the last chapter of Luke in verse 49. You know, we looked at five to eight, right, except the one five to eight. If you look at except of one and verse four says, but being assembled together with them, he commanded them not to depart from Jerusalem, but to wait for the promise of the Father. Okay, so this Holy Spirit baptism is actually the promise of the Father. Okay. So he's saying disciples, you wait, you will receive something, you will experience something, you will go through this experience, which is called Holy Spirit baptism. And this is the promise of the Father. If you look at Luke chapter 24, the last chapter of Luke and verse 49. Okay. You will see the Lord Jesus telling them the same thing. Luke chapter 24 verse 49 says, behold, I send the promise of my Father upon you, but carry in the city of Jerusalem until you are endured with power from on high. Okay. So this is Luke, you know, writes that and captures that and this is before the ascension. So basically the same incident. Okay. So we see that the promise of the Father. Okay. Right. Okay. What else do we observe here? What else do we understand from here when you see these verses? Okay. One thing that we see is that the Lord Jesus, who was he speaking to? Huh? To his apostles. Sorry? To his apostles. To the apostles, to the disciples. Basically, he was talking to those who are following him. Right. To his followers. And now he's telling them those who are actually following him as Lord and Saviour. He's telling them that you wait and there is the promise of the Father. Okay. So which means that for the followers of the Lord, for the disciples of the Lord, the Lord Jesus is promising something and experience. I don't want to call it an event, but he's saying this is the promise of the Father and this is something I have. In other words, he's saying this is something I want all my followers to receive and to go through. Can we say that? Yeah. Right. Seeing is because he's telling the disciples, you wait there in Jerusalem till you are endued with power from on high till you receive the promise of the Father, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit. So we can conclude that this is for every disciple or every follower of the Lord Jesus. What is for every follower of the Lord Jesus? This baptism of the Holy Spirit, baptism with the Holy Spirit, baptism in the Holy Spirit. You know, the Greek is the same. The usage can be used interchangeably. Right. So this is for every believer, this baptism with the Holy Spirit. Okay. Let's move on to another one. Verse 16. Same chapter. Verse 16. We read something else. Men and brethren, this scripture had to be fulfilled, which the Holy Spirit spoke before by the mouth of David concerning Judas, who became a guide to all who arrested Jesus. Okay. So what scripture? What was he referring to? Okay. This scripture had to be fulfilled, which the Holy Spirit spoke before by the mouth of David. Okay. So he's referring to what the psalmist, the David, the psalmist, what he prophesied in one of the psalms about the kind of death that the Messiah would die and about how he would be betrayed. Okay. So he's saying this had to be fulfilled. This scripture was actually fulfilled. How was it brought about? The Holy Spirit, let's look at verse 16 again. Read through. Okay. Acts chapter 1, verse 16. Okay. The scripture had to be fulfilled, which the Holy Spirit spoke before by the mouth of David concerning Judas, who became a guide to those who arrested Jesus. So the Holy Spirit spoke by the mouth of David. Okay. So which means that David was prophesying. The Holy Spirit caused him to prophesy. The Holy Spirit spoke these words out through the mouth of David concerning Judas. Okay. So the way in which the Messiah would die, how he would die, how he would be betrayed was prophesied in the psalms. Right. So he's referring to that and he's saying this is what, this is how it was. It was already prophesied. Okay. Okay. It was by the work of the Holy Spirit. So which means that Holy Spirit who knows the end from the beginning. Right. Who knows everything. He's God. He's Omniscient, all knowing. So he knows the end from the beginning and he will, you know, the Lord Jesus, what did he say? The Holy Spirit, when he comes, he will teach you. He will remind you of what I teach you. And he also said that he will tell you of things to come, what will happen in the coming days. Okay. So Holy Spirit being God, he knows what is in the future. He will, he's well able to tell us of what is to come. And he did so in the life of David. He, who David actually prophesied about the Messiah and about his betrayal and so on. Okay. Okay. Let's look at another verse. Okay. Acts chapter two verses one to four. Okay. Acts chapter two verses one to four. When the day of Pentecost had fully come, they were all with one accord in one place. And suddenly they came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty wind. And it filled the whole house where they were sitting. Then there appeared to them divided tongues as of fire and one sat upon each of them. Verse four. And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak with other tongues as the Spirit gave them utterance. Okay. So this is, you know, what we have studied before about the outpouring of the Holy Spirit and how the disciples who were waiting in that upper room, about 120 of them, right, they were filled with the Holy Spirit. Okay. It says they were actually there and it was the day of Pentecost. Okay. Day of Pentecost, which means it's 50 days. Pentecost meaning 50 or 50 days from the day of the Feast of First Fruits. Okay. So it was a Jewish Feast, right? So they were 50th day, which was the Feast of the Pentecost. So they were waiting there. Now on that day, something supernatural happened. What happened? They were all in one accord in one place, it says. And they came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty wind. And it filled the whole house where they were sitting. So they were indoors and there was the sound of a rushing mighty wind, which means it's like, you know, it's like a storm, which is blowing outside, but it was actually indoors. Nothing was happening outside, but it was in the house. There was this sound of a rushing mighty wind. And then what else do we notice there? Something supernatural happened. What else happened there? See, huh? Yeah. Before that? Before that, what happened? So you said something? No. Rushing mighty wind? Then? Yes. Before that. Before that, what do we see there? Yeah. They were tongues of fire, right? Which means it's like flames of fire. Okay. Just imagine, flames of fire. Okay.  It's like that.  And the other person's saying, on your head also, right? It's like that, right?  So that we see, right?  Somebody raised a question. Yeah. Yeah, Shani, go ahead. Yeah. Can you say what is Pentecost again, the Day of Pentecost? Can you repeat that again, please? Just one second, Shani. Yeah. Go ahead. Tell me again. I said, can you repeat what Pentecost is, the Day of Pentecost? Can you repeat that? About the Day of Pentecost. Yes. From the Feast of the First Fruits. This is another Jewish Feast. So on the Day of Pentecost, the disciples experienced this. They were all there, gathered together. That's what we read about verse one. They were all in one accord. And this is the Feast of Pentecost. So, you know, when we read through Acts chapter two, we see that there were people from all over, from the surrounding areas. They had come to Jerusalem to observe this Feast. So we read about that. Yeah. Oh, thank you. Okay. Okay. So then the third phenomenon that we see, supernatural thing that happened, is that they all spoke with other tongues. Okay. So which means, what does other tongues mean? It means they all spoke in another language. And it was, it says here, oh yeah, thanks. So it says here that they all spoke with other tongues as the Holy Spirit gave them utterance. Okay. So what does that mean? That means the Holy Spirit gave them the words and they spoke it out. Okay. Very simple. Holy Spirit gave them the words and they spoke out those words. Okay. And it happened to be other tongues or other languages. Okay. And then, of course, when we read through, we see that people that were there who knew these languages were amazed. They were surprised because these Jews who had not learned this language were actually speaking their language. And it talks about the kind of people, the group of people who were there, Parthians, Medes, Elamites, those dwelling in Mesopotamia, Judea, Cappadocia, you know, Pontus, Asia, all these places and they were, they had gathered to Jerusalem for this feast and then so they were all amazed. They were all amazed. They were perplexed and, you know, all kinds of... In fact, it says they were also Cretans and Arabs and so on. Right. So all of them, they heard this... What did they hear? They heard these people speaking about the wonderful works of God. It says verse 11. Acts chapter 2 verse 11. We hear them speaking in our own tongues the wonderful works of God. So that's how we... That's something that's supernatural that happened. Okay. Okay. Important point to note. Yes. Yeah.  Yeah. Did you say that they were speaking... You said they were Jewish people there. So they were speaking their language. Is that what you were saying when they were speaking in tongues? Yeah. Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Right. So they spoke in different tongues, different languages and we also... We can also know that, you know, something that we notice here is that that other people, some others also felt that they... See, the various kind of reaction. Some were amazed. Some were troubled. It says they were perplexed. And also verse 13 says that they were mocking, saying, these people are drunk. Okay. So various reactions. They were making fun also, saying these people are drunk, which means what they heard was as if people were drunk and blabbering something. So they said these people are drunk. So all kinds of reactions to this supernatural event that happened when they had gathered together. Okay. Then let's look at verse 17. Okay. So verse 17, verses 17 and 18. Now, this is actually spoken by Peter. Okay. So when people say, hey, these guys are drunk or they were... When they were afraid, when they were amazed. So Peter stands up and he addresses the crowd that has gathered. He stands up and shares a word or gives a sermon. Now, Peter is referring to an Old Testament scripture here. Okay. And this is from the book of Joel. And Peter says, verse 17, and it shall come to pass. In the last day says God, that I will pour out of my spirit on all flesh.  Your young men shall see visions. Your old men shall dream dreams. And on my maid servants, men servants and on my maid servants, I will pour out my spirit in those days and they shall prophesy. Okay. So he's referring to that Old Testament scripture and he's saying, in verse 16, if you see, he's saying, this is what was spoken by Prophet Joel. Okay. So he's referring to what has happened just now, the outpouring, the supernatural event that has happened because of the Holy Spirit and this thing of rushing, mighty wind, tongues of fire and praying and speaking in other tongues and he's referring to that and he's saying, this is what was spoken by the Prophet Joel. Okay.  Okay. So what will happen as an outcome of that? Can somebody read through and tell me? As an outcome, as a result of the Holy Spirit being poured out on all flesh, what do you see there? Verses 16 and 17. What is happening there? Yeah. Are they speaking in tongues? Yeah. So that's what is happening there. But if you refer to the text, like what is the prophecy? What will, sorry, visions, dreams, prophesies. Right. So these three things are, he says, I will pour out my spirit on all flesh.  That's one. Your old men, sorry, your young men shall see visions. That's the second thing. And the third thing that, and your old men shall dream dreams. So as a result of this outpouring of the Holy Spirit, he's saying there'll be prophesying, there will be visions, there will be dreams. Yeah. How do we distinguish between vision and a dream? Well, dream happens when we are asleep. That is the definition of a dream. You know, you are sleeping and then you have a dream. So vision can happen when you're awake as well. It's a vision. Something visual, it can be when maybe you're praying and you have a vision. It's like something visual. It could be a still something picture like based on scripture and you're saying, you know, it could be a still thing or it could be something moving. Like the Old Testament prophets had this vision. I saw this. So it could be that. But the vision can also happen in a dream. You know, that's in the dream. They have a vision, et cetera. But dreams are when we are asleep. So that's the basic difference. Okay. So we see this, this phenomena that is because of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. Okay. So maybe we are saying, you know, I don't believe in visions. I don't believe that God can speak in dreams. Well, you know, he has a proof, right? It's an outcome as a result of God pouring out his Holy Spirit and also we know, you know, this vision is the purpose. The dream is a purpose.  It has purpose. It has direction. Maybe it has warning. It has, you know, all these things, right?  They will prophesy. Okay. So all this because of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. Okay. Okay. Let's move to verse 33 then. Same chapter, verse 33. Okay. So here, Peter is still speaking and he's again talking about the Holy Spirit. Verse 33. What does he say? Therefore being exalted to the right hand of God. Who's he talking about? He's talking about Jesus, right? Jesus' death, burial, resurrection. And he's saying he's exalted to the right hand of the Father. And having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, he poured out this, which you now see and hear. Okay. So he's referring to, he's still talking about what is happening to them, what has happened to them. And he's still talking about that. Peter is saying, you know, he's talking about Jesus and how you crucified him. But he was resurrected. Now he's at the right hand of the Father. And then he says, he sent the promise of the Father. This is the promise of the Father. Father, promise that the Holy Spirit will, you know, the Comforter, he will come. So this is the promise of the Father. And he says that he poured out this, which you now see and hear. Okay. So he's saying this outpouring of the Holy Spirit is what you now see. Okay.  They are speaking in other tongues. Yeah. You're seeing that. You're thinking that they are drunk because they are so caught up and then they are praising God. You know, maybe they're, I don't know, you know, what made them think that this person is drunk? No, that's a question. Right. What do you think?  Huh? Sorry? They are actions. Okay. The words, their behavior. Okay. So, so when, when these people saw they, they said, these guys are drunk, which means that they were so caught up in worshiping God, because that's what it says. No, they were actually talking about the praises of God or they were praising God, talking about the wonderful works of God in other languages. So they were so caught up in doing that that people, for some reason, they thought that, hey, these people are drunk. Okay. So, so that is what, so he's, so Peter is still talking about that. He's saying, you know, not the work of spirit, but it's work of the spirit. It's not the work of alcohol, but it's the work of the spirit, the Holy Spirit. And this is what you see and this is what you also hear because they are speaking, they are praising in other languages. Right. And so, and so this is what Peter's suggesting. I mean Peter's stating, right? Verse 38, and verse 38, Peter says something in response to a question. Okay. He's giving an answer. Okay. What is the question? We see in verse 37. Okay. Now when they had heard this, they were cut to the heart and said to Peter and rest of the Apostles, men and brethren, what shall we do? So they hear the message that Peter shares. Peter starts by saying, this is the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. This was already prophesied by Prophet Joel. And then he talks about Jesus, why he came, what he did, etc. He was prophesied already, you know, in the Psalms and so on. And when they heard the message, the Bible says that they were cut to the heart, which means they were convicted. Right. They felt, oh, we've done something wrong. And they asked the question, what shall we do now? Is there anything that we need to do? What shall we do? Right. And then Peter answers. Verse 38, then Peter said to them, repent and let every one of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. Verse 39, for the promise is to you and to your children and to all who are far off as many as the Lord our God will call. Okay. So he's again saying something which is very important. He's saying, in response to, what shall we do? He's saying repent and be baptized. Repent. Right. Turn from your ways. What does repentance mean? It means to turn from what we are doing. That is all. Right. It means there could be remorse. Yes. There could be, you know, there could be tears and there could be remorse and so on. And he's saying, repent, make that turn. You're going in one direction. You go in the opposite direction now. Repent. Turn away. Okay. Repent and be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins. Now you repent, but you need to believe. What does baptism mean? That means that you're giving your whole life to Jesus. You're believing that what he did for the on the cross, you believe that it's for you and you receive him. Right. And that's what precedes baptism. So Peter is actually saying, you know, you need to believe that. You need to repent. You need to believe for the remission of sins. Baptism follows that, of course. Then he says, and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. Okay. So he's talking about the same thing. He's saying, you know, we have received, we have received the outpouring of the Holy Spirit and this is for you also. You shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. Now it is for everyone who would repent, who would believe in Jesus. Repent and believe in Jesus. So he said, you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. Now these are all the Jews and you know, who could be speaking other languages, surrounding areas now. He's saying, this is for you. And then verse 39, he says something. What is it? He says, this promise is referring to the promise of the Father. He's referring to the this whole thing of outpouring of the Holy Spirit. He's saying this promise is to you and to your children. Okay. But what do the children need to do in order to receive the promise? Is the promise automatic? I believe and then my children, you know, it's for me and my children, but what do they have to do? They also have to believe. They have to repent and believe. So this promise is to you and to your children and then he says all who are far off as many as our Lord, our God will call. Okay. So which means that people who are there in that vicinity, people who are not there, this promise of the Holy Spirit is for everyone. Which means that this experience or you know, this truth, this experience is not only for the disciples, is not only for those who are living at that time. Very important. Because we might say, you know, this is for them. Right. I'm now in the 20th century, in the 21st century, this is, you know, how can you say it's for me? Right.  We'll take a break here. I think there's a question by Sunny. Is there any difference between Holy Ghost, Spirit and Holy Ghost? Yeah. They mean the same thing. It's just the language, some of the old language. Yeah. It's the same thing. Okay. We'll take a break and we'll come back. Thank you. Hi everyone. Welcome back.