Well, welcome back to another talk in our Unsilencing the Archive series. I'd like to welcome you all via YouTube. My name is Aaron Brody. I'm the director of the Bade Museum and professor at Pacific School of Religion. And before we get to our introductions to our distinguished speaker, I'd like to yield the floor to Jess Johnson, who has a word to say from the Bade Museum. Hello, everyone. We would like to begin by acknowledging that Berkeley, California is on the territory of the Huchun, the ancestral and unceded land of the Choteno-Aloni. We respect the land and the people who have stewarded it throughout many generations and we honor their elders, both past and present. We are living in a moment that warrants deep reflection on our past, wearing even our most venerated figures deserve reasonable scrutiny. During his time directing the archeological excavations at Tel El-Nazba, WF Bade participated in harmful stereotyping of Palestinian Arabs that was common among white Americans and Europeans conducting fieldwork in British Mandate Palestine. Some of these attitudes appear in print in his popular 1934 book, Manual of Excavation in the Near East. Collections are also scrutinizing their collections, including evaluating the legal status and the ethics with which they were acquired. As stewards of the legacy of the Bade Museum and its holdings, it is our responsibility to faithfully evaluate the process by which the collections were acquired within the context of our contemporary moment. One approach is to ask due questions of the archival materials in order to examine critically the manner and the impact of archeological work on indigenous communities and to investigate the colonial conditions in which it played a part. The Bade Museum recognizes that its location and collection are part of ongoing and painful colonial legacies that contributed to historical inequalities. These legacies have directly and indirectly impacted populations locally and abroad in Palestine, where the excavations were conducted under the authority of the British Mandate Government of Palestine. In an effort to bring light to these issues, to serve a broader public audience online and to connect to the local community that it serves, the museum is taking action to becoming more inclusive, welcoming, and equitable institution that practices the philosophy of radical inclusion adopted by its parent institution, Pacific School of Religion. One of these steps is the creation of open access web exhibitions and public programming like this lecture series, which highlight decolonizing themes. We invite you to participate in these programs so that together we can listen, learn, and work toward creating a more inclusive museum community. Thank you for joining us today. Thank you so much, Jess. And I'm happy also to yield the floor to Felicity Cobing. She can be back on the call. She was going to do a brief introduction on behalf of the PEF and then introduce our speaker today. Thank you very much, Aaron. So I'm going to start with a similar statement from the PEF. The PEF fully endorses the Bardet Museum statement on decolonization and supports their efforts in this regard. As a funding organization, we were very pleased to support the Bardet Museum's project to create an online exhibition to highlight the lives and work of the Arab workforce at the Tel Anasbe excavations. And these online lectures exploring the contribution of the local population to the archaeology of Palestine. As another Western colonial era organization, our own history shares many of the same characteristics which have just been described. And we are keen to play our part in this process, both as co-hosts of these lectures and with our own initiatives. So now I would very much like to introduce our speaker for tonight to talk about colonial archaeology in Mandatory Palestine, Dr. Hamdan Taha. And now Hamdan Taha gained his PhD from the Free University of Berlin. He is the former Deputy Minister and Assistant Deputy Minister for Heritage in Palestine. That's between 2004 and 2014. And he served between 1994 and 2004 as the director general of the newly established Department of Antiquities in Palestine. He has directed a series of excavations and restoration projects and was the national coordinator of the World Heritage Programme in Palestine from 2002 to 2014. He is now an independent researcher and is currently coordinator of the Palestine History and Heritage Project, for which he has recently co-authored an introductory volume, New Critical Approach to the History of Palestine. He is the author of many other books, field reports and scholarly articles. And he is also unfailingly generous with his expertise, which we will benefit from tonight. So thank you. Over to you, Hamdan. Thank you very much. Good morning, California time and good evening, Grammala time. I'm especially pleased to be part of this lecture series on archaeological labor in the mandate period revealing museum archives. Thank you, Eran, Felicity and Jess, for the kind invitation to talk on Palestinian narratives in archaeology under this impressive motto and silencing the archive. My presentation is titled Colonial Archaeology in the Mandatory Period in Palestine. And I would like to say that I'm very moved with the statement of Ms. Jess Johnson and Felicity Copping about decolonization. Our part of the world is still far from this recognition. Unfortunately, I would like first to mention that history is not just a better past for Palestinian people, but rather a living tragedy. Palestinians are still suffering the injustices that these colonial policies have brought on them in many aspects. Archaeology and politics have always been deeply interwind in this place. Palestine as the Holy Land had been the site of Western imaginary and fantasy. In these fantasies, Palestine is the land without people. It is the mysterious orient. However, all these assumptions have influenced and shaped universal historical record of Palestine. Through them, the history of this place had been distorted and depleted. The history of archaeological excavation in Palestine is all is also a history of colonial erasers, theft and silencing. Historically, so many narratives about this place had been disregarded and silenced, the rich and complex history of all the people and the groups who had lived in this land. Palestinian narrative attempt to dismantle the Puritan record of this land, it aims to offer rich and inclusive narrative based on material evidence, which include all culture, ethnicities, voices, religious creeds. Moreover, it strives to honor all of the people and nation that had across history contributed to this place. Palestinian archaeologists do not only work under extreme measures, but they have to fight and challenge the kids and censures of false assumptions about the history of this rich and particular place. In recent years, some studies of decolonization appeared. I would like to acknowledge the work of Irina Korpet, Sadeem Tameri, Piotr Slaurens, Sarah Erving and many others on some aspects of the colonial period and the role of the Department of Antiquities in the Mandate period. Some basic ideas in my article were discussed in depth. In my article, Palestinian historical narrative published in the book, which has been mentioned by Felicity, a new critical approach to the history of Palestine, edited by Thomas Thompson in Great Helm, Elan Pappi and myself. I would like to share. Yeah, this is the prayer which has been prepared by the organizer. It shows the name of the Department of Antiquities as part of the government of Palestine. However, Palestine began to attract Western explorers and archaeologists almost since 19th century, which witnessed the birth of archaeology as a scholarly discipline. This was demonstrated by the exploration work of citizen Robinson, Smith, Fander, Felde and others. Those explorers were motivated by the idea of the study of the Bible, as you know. The comprehensive survey of Western Palestine, conducted by Condor and Ketchner, 1871, 1877, gave the scientific or sort of historical articulation to deter Bully land by mapping it. These early explorations were followed were followed by the first excavation carried out at Tel-El-Hissi, Tel-Sultan, Geyser, Jerusalem, Telt-Annak and other sites. This period witnessed a great competition between traditional colonial powers, especially Britain and France, over the acquisition of antiquities of the dying out empire, Ottoman Empire. As part of the Ottoman modernization process started in the late 19th century, the first excavulating antiquities in Ottoman period was issued. The first archaeological museum was established in Jerusalem in the late Ottoman period. It was a joint venture of the Ottoman authorities, local archaeologists working in the Palestine, exploration fund. The museum called the Imperial Museum, or Misi-Humya-Yon, in Turkish or Imperial Museum, was the first enterprise in this direction. The preparation of the museum was carried out under the osepias of Ismail al-Hussein, Mufti, and director of education, Ma'arif in Jerusalem, with a museum director and a committee. The British archaeologists' place was involved, the activity in preparing and inventorying the collection and creating the archaeological display. He used biblical terminology used in the description of objects as Israelite, the Israelite, etc. This collection was the core of the Palestine Museum of Antiquities. Between 1919 and 1930, established by the Department of Antiquities of the British Mandate Civil Administration, followed the British occupation of Palestine after the Second World War. The Palestine Museum of Antiquities was housed in a building called Weihau, and organized by the Department of Antiquities. It was inaugurated in 1921. I will move to talk a little bit about the Mandate Department of Antiquities, which was the core of my presentation. Palestine, as you know, fell under the British occupation after the end of the World War I. In accordance with the secret deal between the Sikhs and the people between England and France, the two main colonial powers between the two World Wars. Britain and France divided the Arabs into states under their rule, and Palestine had been promised as a Jewish national home. Antiquities were one of the main spoils of the war. Sir Frederick Kenyon, president of the British Academy, proposed to put it under the custody of the Allies, as it was described by Irina Corbett. In the Mandatory period, the archaeology was part of a much larger colonial policy that British sought to own antiquities and their narrative and to incorporate it into their colonial policy genre. Following the British occupation in 1918, a proclamation, here, just to go, that was the first excavation carried out at Tel-Al-Hisi. This is Flendersby 3, Sir Flendersby 3. And here is the headquarter of the Palestine, the first museum in Jerusalem in Al-Ma'muniya School, established during the late Ottoman period. Yeah, a proclamation for the protection of antiquities was issued by the British military government. In 1920, the Department of Antiquities was established by the civil administration and the higher commissioners have a summary. Antiquities audience defining, that comes here, defining the function and authority of the new department was issued in the same year. The audience was replaced in 1929 and was amended in 1934 and 1946. The audience aimed to organize archaeological research in Palestine and to ensure British control over archaeological strategy in Palestine. However, the law legalized division of finds, export and sale of antiquities as well. That is the building of the first department of antiquities in the warehouse. Only the gate is still preserved. The department was headed by a director and organized into four subunits, inspector, a record office and a library, conservation, laboratory, photographic studio and the Palestine Museum as well. The director of the department of antiquities of the advisory board were appointed by the high commissioner from the British, French, American and Italian schools of archaeology in Jerusalem. Two Palestinian Muslim and two Jews were also appointed to represent the interests of Muslims and Jewish cultural heritage. The policymaking body was dominated by non-indigenous archaeologists as it is evidence in the structure of the advisory board. The structure showed as if the Palestinian are not able to care of their own archaeology. To ensure the role of the British government on archaeology in post Ottoman era, Dr. Friedrich Kenyon, the director of the British Museum, established the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. Dr. Gersteng of the University of Liverpool was appointed as a director of this school. Gersteng also served as an advisor to the mandate authorities at the base of high commissioner for formulation of the Palestine antiquities audience, which provide the institutional framework of the department of antiquities. Three British director here we see them are Jean Gersteng, 1926, Ernst Richmond, 27, 1937, and Robert Hamilton, 1938, 40, 84. Ernst Richmond served as a consulting architect to the restoration work in the middle here we see him. The Haram-i-Sharif in Jerusalem between 1918, 1920 and afterward as assistant of civil security of the government of Palestine, 1920, 1926. A post from which he resigned in protest against the pro-Zionist policy of the British government. Richmond was succeeded by Robert Hamilton in 1936 who served till 1948 as a director of the department of antiquities. Here we see him in the left of the slide. Richmond was Hamilton served as a chief inspector and director of the department and director of the department for almost 12 years. Among his important work are his studies of the history of the Church of Nativity and the Aqsa Mosque. He joined the Baranqui, the excavation at Kherbet el-Mafjir and wrote his monumental publication about the site in 1959. The publication led to some friction between the two, Baranqui and Hamilton. The department was located, as said in the wayhouse north of the Damascus Gate. The Palestine Archaeological Museum, which was managed by the department of antiquities, was also accommodated in the same building until 1935, when the department moved to the new building donated by Rockefeller, which was open to the public in 1938. The wayhouse building was occupied also by the British School of Archaeology, established in 1919 and continued until 1930. Lena Courage short in her review of the complex history of the relation between Palestine and Transjordan in the mandate period. In 1936, the British archaeologist Lancaster Harding was appointed as a chief inspector of antiquities in Transjordan to succeed Hotsfeld between 1936 and 1946. And later as director of antiquities, he was the acting curator of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem. His involvement in the Dead Sea Scroll continued till 19 in the mid of fifties, when he was dismissed by the Jordanian government. The main objective of the department was in line with the British mandate policy to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine as an implementation of Balfour Declaration. The main focus of the British policy and research was to recognize the history, the historicity of the Jewish presence in Palestine. It was, of course, supplemented the Jewish migration from the West under the British mandate to realize this promise. The new department in Palestine was staffed by Britain's Palestinian Muslim Jewish Christians. The department has a multi-ethnic and multi-conferential character where people were working together. However, it was demonstrated by several researchers that the British policy was unbalanced and balance between Arabs and Jews as demonstrated by Igloch and Sarah Irving. This was reflected more clearly in the role and responsibilities of the department staff as have been demonstrated in the analysis of the employee chart of mandate management structure devoted to archaeology of Palestine. A few Palestinians had higher positions and the majority are low status positions. Furthermore, the department, the mandate authorities treated Palestinian archaeological heritage as if it has nothing to do with the living native population in Palestine. Nadia Abul-Hajj, in her book, Facts on the Ground, pointed out that the British mandate treated the Palestinian heritage not as a national heritage, but rather as universal. This was reflected in the management structure of the heritage management bodies created by the mandatory government. Edward Said argued that universalism of modern disciplines such as archaeology and heritage management was Eurocentric in this extreme. The department of antiquities, however, undertook a large number of excavation focusing on mainly on biblical sites. The department sponsored scholarly journals dedicated to revisions sponsored by the department whose lifespan corresponds to the life of the British rule, 1940. The quarterly of the department of antiquities, Palestine abbreviated as Qidab. It was dominated by British scholars, though both Palestinian locals, Christian Jews, were publishing in this journal. And it was a forum for scientific publication. The main Palestinian contributor were Dimitri, Jalil Baranqui, Salim Hussaini, Makhuli, Massar, and Hanna Stephen, Hanna Stephen, and others. Related to the department, of course, is the Palestine Archaeological Museum. It was the new building of the new building of the Palestine Archaeological Museum that opened in 1938. It was enabled by a grant of two million dollars given to the Department of Antiquities in 1928 by John Rockefeller. The land was barshiz from Al-Khalili family in Karmish Sheikh. And the museum was designed by the British architect, Austin Harrison, the mandatory government chief architect. The construction of the Palestine Archaeological Museum began in 1930 and was completed in 1935 and opened to its doors to the public in 1938. The new museum collection was intended to include material that shed light on the history of humankind in Palestine. The British John Elief was the keeper of the museum from its beginning to 1948. This is the building of the museum known as this. That is John Elief, the keeper of the museum. I may move to some indigenous voices. The first generation of Palestinian archaeologists and ethnographers emerged in the early 20th century. Among them, Yusra, Dimitri Baranki, Naim Makhuli, Salim Al-Hussaini, Jaleel Baranki, and Najib Nassar. Najib Makhuli studied at the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem and was appointed inspector in the Department of Antiquities from 1920 to 1940. He excavated several sites, including Asfia and Khurrat and Al-Jash, and conducted the restoration of Qalait al-Qarn, Montefal. He published his reports in Qidab and authored a guide to Acre, 1941. His visiting his sons in Beirut in 1948, he was unable to return to his village, Kaffir Asfia, and died in Beirut in 1976. Al-Hussaini, inspector of antiquities in Jerusalem area left behind a series of published archaeological reports, as well as un-published reports, including an article on the excavation of the rocket burial at Beetnet Teef. Nassar published a widely quoted catalogue of the Arabic mints in Palestine and the transjordan. Two archaeologists, those are some of the local archaeologists that is on the top, Khalil Tota and Omar al-Sahr el-Barouk, you authored a book about the history of Palestine and the building down is Yusra, but two archaeologists of particular north are Baranqui, brothers, Khalil Baranqui, served as a keeper of the archaeological museum. He drew up the discipline, his younger brother Dimitri, who is frequently called the first Palestinian archaeologist. Dimitri Baranqui started his career as a field archaeologist and was promoted inspector of antiquities in 1929. In 1934 he earned his BS degree in archaeology from the University of London and his PhD there in 1953. He excavated numerous sites across Palestine, including Talil Hassan, Tirol Abu-Alaik, and Umayyad Palace of Khirbet al-Mafjar in Jericho, which was the subject of his pioneering doctoral dissertation. After the Nekba, Baranqui worked as acting curator of the Palestinian archaeological museum before returning to Jericho with the American School of Oriental Research until 1951. When he joined the American University of Israel, the involvement of the Palestinian women in archaeological field work began with some of the first excavations in Palestine, although their names did not appear in reports. Photos show women in the excavation of archaeological sites at Tel Tan, Tel Le Sultan, Tel Balata, Tel El Hisi, Gezer, and many other sites. Between 1928 and 1935 the cave of Shukba and Mount Caramel were excavated by the British archaeologist Dorothy Gerrard, who worked with a team composed primarily of local Palestinian women. The very first Palestinian female archaeologist we know was Yusra from either Idzim or Jab'a in the Haifa region. Most villages were demolished and depopulated 1948. Yusra became the most expert of the women employed by Gerrard and was appointed for women. She worked alongside Jaquita Halx and Kitson Clark. In 1932, while working at Tabun cave, she found a tooth which turned out to be part of a human skull known as Tabun-1, belonging to a female adult of Neanderthal. Her finding was one of the most important human fossil discoveries ever, yet her lasting contribution to early archaeology went unacknowledged and her story forgotten until it was taken up to 70 by Dr Hamdan. The audience is wondering if you can enlarge the image that you're sharing? Yeah, I think it's called... Yeah, yeah, sure. Oh no, if you do that, okay. If you hit the present... Okay, well it's now I'm sorry. So that is... Oh, sorry. The fourth higher glyph from the left, I think it's a presenter's view. No, no, not the percentage. Just next to that. Just to the left. Is it okay? I think it's called presenter's view. You see where the there's a higher glyph? Yes, it is. If you go three to the right, I think it's called slide show. Next to the where it says 80%. Then it becomes full screen if you click on. So just next to the 80%. There we go. Okay. Well, it hasn't changed for me. I don't know if the viewers... Thank you, Shuklan. So this is Yusra with Dorothy Gerrod down pillow. That is the photo of Yusra. And this is the photo of Dimitri Baramki showing him with his team working at here with the manager. And yeah, the as well as some photos from Hisham's Palace, part of his discoveries of this early Islamic site. This is also true for the native discoverers of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Mohammed Dweeb, who is never mentioned or accredited in proper terms. These are also part of the experts of al-Bina family who photographed the Dead Sea Scrolls. However, I will move quickly to another in circles of the first ethnographers working in the Palestine Oriental Society. The Palestine Oriental Society was established 1920 with the assistance of the American Assyriologist, A.T. Clay. It was held under the auspice of the colonel Ronald Sturz, military governor of Jerusalem. The membership of the society had always been dominated by non-locals, most non-presidents. In 1932 there was 191 members of which were 10 resident Palestinians, 20 were resident Jews, 42 were residents foreigners and 117 were non-residents. The society sponsored a journal entitled Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society G.P.O.S. The main focus of this journal was on Palestinians, so this however of the 3335 articles published in G.P.O.S. from 1921 and 1948, 50 were by seven Palestinian scholars, most of them were by Taufiq Kanan and Stephen Hannah-Steven. The 92 were by 26 Jewish scholars, reflecting growing weight in number of the Jewish scholars in this period. Taufiq Kanan, Omar Saleh al-Bargouti, Stephen Hannah-Steven contributed the activity in recording the native Palestinian culture and Byzantine out of their concern that they were under threat and undermined by forces of modernity. The Palestinian ethnographer have a holistic and inclusive vision of culture and they view this heritage of all accumulating culture including Canaanite, Palestine, Cypriot, Nabathians, Syrians, Aramaic, Jewish and Arab culture. Kanan was interested in particular in biblical studies, particularly the Old Testament as one of the main sources of his studies of best and present Palestinian culture. His articles appeared alongside those of English and Jewish writers, most notably Reazar bin Yehuda, and his hack and speed, his belief in the survival of ancient ethnography features in Palestine was not guided by a desire to invoke a right of antiquity in legitimizing the presence of Palestinian. His main referential Corbus was the Bible but he also compared practices in Quran in 1948 Kanan lost his house and his library in Jerusalem as well as three manuscripts ready for publication. I will end with a few words about archaeology and decolonization. In 1948 the name of Palestine was whipped out of maps, was replaced by Israel and approximately one million Palestinians were expelled from the areas proclaimed as belonging to the state of Israel. Three new entities were established on the ruins of the mandatory department of antiquities. The Israeli department of antiquities in the entity which became Israel while the Jordanian department of antiquities controlled the West Bank and Israel and the Gaza Strip fell under Egyptian administration. The British Secretary of State for Colonies Oliver Stanley declared that his government was bled to guide colonial people along the road to self-government. However, the British colonial power deprived the Palestinian people from a fundamental right of self-determination identified by as by a united nation as the core to decolonization. From the point of view of Palestinians decolonization is perceived as a means to uncover their history and narrative. It is associated with truth, recognition, apology as a way to reach reconciliation and by reclaiming and restoration of culture and political right and independence. I choose to end with this slide. This is the Tree of Life from Hisham's Merseys. It is the museum which has been uncovered by the Palestinian archaeologist Dimitri Baramki. Thank you very much. Thank you very much Dr. Hindan. We're beginning to get some questions in from the YouTube audience and I'm hoping we can take a moment here and I can provide you with them.  Terrific. Thank you. For the first question. You are very welcome. Thank you. Before the antiquities automation in 1929, what were the regulations, if any, governing excavation, export or sale of antiquities? Yeah, there was as part of the modernization policy of the Ottoman government, the first law was issued here in 1869 to defining antiquities and it was modified in 1880s with the aim to regulate archaeological work since there was, as I mentioned, a great competition between European powers in Palestine and also there was a series of excavations conducted. So it was aiming also to control the flow of antiquities from to abroad. However, there was an antiquities law during the late Ottoman period. In the beginning, it was not the proclamation of the British law of 1918 and 1920. So there was elements of legislations from the late Ottoman period. Wonderful. Thank you. So it sounds like the the Ottoman law kind of came into the mandatory period as well and it was modified. And it was, in fact, it was inspired from European laws. There was some expert from, I forget the name, who helped in their support measure in initiating the first laws of antiquities in the British, in the Ottoman empire. And I think Felicity coming from the PEF would like to ask a question. Hi, lovely talk. Thank you very much, Dan. I just want to add that there's an awful lot of material in the Rockefeller Museum today that comes from that Ottoman period that comes from that Ottoman legislation. So all the material from Gaza, from the German Jericho excavations, from the Samaria excavations, these, you know, there are, there are, there's a quantity of material in the Rockefeller Museum that is as a result of that Ottoman legislation. So the PEF projects that we, we excavated places like Gaza, Beth Shemesh, the material went into that museum and we, the European excavators in that period before the mandate period were granted, I suppose you could say, a token of the finds. And a lot in our collection from that period, from let's say the 1890s through to 1913 is actually cast. So it's not original material. Yeah. Yeah, I think this is a chapter we need really to research more. I myself working in archaeology, I learned really just in last years about the real story of the first imperial museum in, which was established in Jerusalem. And it was actually a joint venture between the Ottoman authorities and the British archaeology, the Palestine Exploration Fund. Bliss was instrumental in that he prepared the inventories and for the first museum and also technical guidance for local authorities. Also the local role was instrumental. It was people, local authorities in Jerusalem were very much involved in the preparation of the first museum and it was a house in one of the most beautiful building during that time, the Ammonia School in Jerusalem. And I think till the first war, the beginning of the first war, there was more than 10,000 objects registered in this museum. And it has been during the war, it has been placed in a safe place in Jerusalem to protect the these artifacts. And it was the core of the museum of the Palestine Archaeological Museum, which was inaugurated in 1920 by Ronald Storz, the military governor of Jerusalem during that time. And I think this probably the archives of the Palestine Exploration Fund will be especially important to throw more light on this formative period. Yeah, I wrote an article with Jonathan Tubb on the first Palestinian Museum back in 97, but it's in a very obscure article, so I'll email it to you. Thank you very much. Thank you. And we have a few more questions from the YouTube audience. So if it's okay, I'll read the next one out. How did the British Department of Antiquities policies influence which projects or which people were granted excavation permits? Is there evidence of denial of permits on the basis of the cultural period of a site or the background of the applicants? I think it was a very liberal policy. The British were very liberal to the point that they donated the country, so there was no problem also with managing archaeology in this. It is known that they were in granting excavation license where they were very liberal, probably at the end of the 1930s with a growing attention with the Germans. Yes, they were not granted and I don't know if they have applied. So that was of course a clear political reason in a way, but to my knowledge, I think that generally the policy of mandate department of antiquities was generally very liberal in granting the excavation permits. Thank you. And then another question from the audience, but specifically from Mahmood Hawari, he asks, was there any handover of the mandate department of antiquities to any authority or person when the British withdrew from Palestine on the 14th of May 1948? Unfortunately, yes, there was and I think this is also an issue which needs to be explored from the probably the secret archives. I think the department of antiquities was responsible of establishing an international committee for the museum to ensure that the museum is not managed by a national body after 1948. And I think Hamilton was part of that of this conspiracy in a way who was the late director of the department of antiquities. I think lately there was some records pointing to this issue and therefore probably, yes, there was some influence in the last I would say moments of this department, otherwise it has been dismantled completely. The Palestinian employees working in the department where they lost their, at least in the land which has been proclaimed as Israel, they lost their jobs. And I brought the case of Naim Makhuli, thanks to Raz Kletter, who documented the case. He was the inspector, archeological inspector of Gary Lee, and he was by chance visiting the Sunset Bay route and he was planning to come back to his village and to his job. Fascinating, thank you. And we have another question and this may be the last one and it asks what sources were used to shed light on the role of Palestinian women working with Dorothy Garrett at Taboone Cave? Where are these archives and who has studied them? In fact, Pamela Smith, thanks to Pamela Smith and also another scholar, British scholars who uncovered the story of Yusra and her role in the early excavations carried out at Shukpa Cave and also in the galley in Taboone. There is, of course, this is a very interesting story, the archive of the great archaeologist, British archaeologist Gerard, which was by the way one of the first women archaeologists in England. Her archive was studied in 1996 by Pamela Smith and it was a very interesting story regarding this archive, which was, everybody thought that it was lost and it was found in a certain place in France. And she found, yeah, that was one of the stories, Yusra's case was one of the stories which has been taken out of this archive. This is a fairly recent story and I would say that it is moving and touching that because it has to do also with the role of women in archaeology in Palestine. Thank you so much and I believe Felicity has maybe a follow-up or some information for us. There's also a great organization called Trowelblazers, which looks, it's a British organization which looks to highlight the work of women archaeologists throughout the world, but the Middle East has quite a few women archaeologists and I think Yusra features there alongside Dorothy Gerard and we have the BSAJ archive here in the PEF and I don't know if there's much particularly but there may be a little bit of material relating to Yusra and her work in the Taboon Caves embedded in those archives, we're not quite sure. We have lost our speaker for a moment here. Dr. Hamdan, are you still there? Yes, I would like to thank them, I think this is it okay to ask one final question? Oh yeah, please be sure. This is from Dr. Melissa Kratik, who is our curator at the Bade Museum and she asks if you could explain for the audience how archaeology today in the Palestinian territories works. Who controls access to cultural heritage sites and materials? This is in the Palestinian Authority. Yeah, following the interim agreement in 1995, Department of Antiquities was established within the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities in charge of the material culture, which means archaeology, historic buildings and the immaterial culture is the responsibility of the ministry of culture. Since 1995, a wide range of excavation has been carried out and I was honored to be in charge for two decades about this department as a Director General of the Department of Antiquities. Part of the story is published by myself and other colleagues and it can be accessed on my academia side. There is a series of articles about documenting the evolution and development of archaeological archaeology including archaeological excavation and which has been carried out by this department. Wonderful, thank you so much for a fascinating paper and for a really interesting question and answer session as well, so informative. So it's my pleasure just to kind of wrap things up and of course to thank Dr. Hamdan Taha for this wonderful information that he's presented to our audience today and for giving us such great insights into the archaeology from that period from the really local perspective. And it's my pleasure also to announce that next month on February 24th, also at 9 a.m California time, we will be hearing another presentation from this one will be from Mahmood Hawari also in Palestine as well. So we hope that the audience can tune in and we're looking forward to furthering our series on Unsilencing the Archives. So thank you all very much for attending and for presenting and we look forward to continuing this series.


Hey everyone, welcome to figure fantasy as you can see another collab has been confirmed, but which one? So let's dive into the actual update that was just brought to us about an Argor or so. Okay, so we're here at the official Facebook page of figure fantasy as you can see there is an announcement here. I won't go through all of these because this is just a filler event or filler update actually that dropped for tomorrow. So this is just a repeat event of the previous ones, but there's an important one down here. So it's a collab warm up sign in room recluse. So the event schedule is on May 28, it's going to be definitely tomorrow until June 23. So there might be a couple of weeks before we get this collab signed into the game on the specific days to claim fully wishes. So this is an event wherein we could save up fully wishes for the collab event. So definitely I think the collab will end up on I think right after this date June 23. So fully wish is going to be rewarded for this one. So be sure to sign into this one diamonds unlimited frame rewards. The official collab event will also be available soon. So please stay tuned. So definitely a confirmation of the collab is up not before June 23. Probably going to happen on June 30. So that is the confirmation more or less more or less a confirmation from them. The collab is confirmed. It's the when it's going to happen. It's definitely going to happen in a month's time.  So let's go over the possible collabs for this collab event. So as you can see there were in the thumbnail of this video, the first one was Kizuna AI. So this is a long overdue collab that I think it should drop first. But you know it really depends on the developers on which ones they want to put out. So Kizuna is an attack attack based vanguard. So she specializes I think in a high damage attack. So that is where she will be specializing in and she's also under Galatea which Galatea really needs one especially in terms of firepower DPS. I'm actually happy if she's going to be out. But let's go on to the others first before we you know discuss what should be what you think should should should drop first. So next is this one. This is a weird collab that I've seen. I haven't seen this girl. This is a collaboration with ROG aces but I'm not sure if this is a figure. I just saw this. Just want to put it out there if you guys can you know enlighten all of us here on what is this collab about. I just put it here because it was in one of the updates for the Taiwan and Chinese version. Moving on the next one is Ultraman. So Ultraman is one possible collab that we might be getting. So this is it. Ultraman is also a vanguard also Galatea. So either either Kizuna or Ultraman would be good because it balances out Galatea in the way in terms of DPS more DPS for Galatea is needed right now.  Okay so that's two down and one to go. This one this collab here I'm not sure what this is. It's a project real gun T. I'm not really sure not really sure. So if you guys can enlighten me I would be thankful for that. Here are your characters for this one. I think it's a project real gun T. Not really sure not really sure. So I think these are the characters in project real gun T. So again you may help me guys in determining who they are and from which anime they're from. There are a lot of animes out there I cannot follow everything you know. But this girl I'm not sure what her name is as well. She is a militarist. She is with the Tenma. Again another militarist for Tenma and she is a damage buffer. Okay the last one that we have here with this together with this collab is this girl. I'm not sure who she is again and if you could please enlighten me who she is. It's actually again from real gun a certain scientific real T. Real gun T yeah project real gun T yeah so she's together with the other girl so she is now with night nine and she is a vanguard. So please do tell me who their names are this pink haired girl the brunette girl. They're most probably from project real gun T or real gun T please do correct me in the comment section below and please do tell me who of these are you expecting so project real gun T or project real gun T. The other one is Ultraman and the last one is Kizuna AI so which of these are you looking forward to as our next collab in a month's time and again put them down in the comment section below so hope you know this fills I've had a lot of questions on who is the next what is the next collab. And now this is it it's just we don't know who it's going to be which collab it's going to be but definitely a collab has been confirmed okay so if you want more notes please check out the the FB page of figure fantasy and if you're still here guys please do consider subscribing because this helps my channel a lot thank you guys stay safe take care this is the warden and I'm out here.


Hello, welcome to this lecture on digital communication using GNU radio. My name is Kumar Appaya and in this lecture, we are going to continue our discussion on synchronization, parameter estimation and non-coherent communication that we started in the previous lecture. Just to recollect, in the previous lecture, we were looking at parameter estimation. In particular, we were looking at the unknown amplitude of transmission and we were essentially considering the intuition that if the symbols that are being sent are known, that is if you take a training mode, then you can use something like a weighted averaging depending on the method you are using to get the estimate of the parameter A. In case you have a blind approach, then the maximum likelihood estimate translates to an approach wherein you have to essentially take soft estimates that is you want to gather the received values based on the reliability to get an optimal maximum likelihood estimate of the amplitude. We will now continue with our discussion today. So a recipe that we want to use is the so-called likelihood function. So we just discussed this likelihood function aspect. Whenever we have any signal, let us say in AWGN, one question that we can ask is under AWGN, was S of t actually sent or was 0 sent? This is very similar to the binary signaling that we checked earlier, except that in this case, we want to just detect whether a particular signal S of t was sent or not. To do this, we can appeal to the same hypothesis testing discussion that we considered when we are using detection, that is we were detecting the symbols. In this case, we want to discuss the presence or absence of a symbol. Let us take our hypothesis HS as y of t equal to S of t plus nt, that is this is the situation where S of t was sent and HN to be y of t is nt, since nothing was sent, noise is received. In the absence of noise, this is very simple. For any nonzero S of t, all you need to do is to check for some amplitude and you are done. Unfortunately, in the presence of noise, you have some amplitude because of the noise. Therefore, it is not obvious whether S of t was sent or not, depending on what the amplitude of S of t is. Suppose, S of t has a very weak amplitude and the noise is very comparable or higher, then it is very difficult to tell whether S of t was actually sent. So, let us actually use the signal space concept ideas to come back here. Let us actually write this out. So, let us say likelihood function under AWGN. Let us say that S of t sent or not. So we have HS as y of t is equal to S of t plus n of t, HN that is not sent or only noise received. Now, we have only y of t and we can see y of t and we have to decide whether S of t was sent or not. Let us actually get our sufficient statistic. Let us get Z as inner product y s is just integral of y of t with S of t. So now, integral of y of t with S of t is going to give you two different situations. In the case of HS, let us say in the case of HS, you are going to get norm S square plus angle bracket S comma n. In the case of HN, you are going to get only angle bracket S comma n. Now, the situation is that you have to use Z to decide whether this happened or this happened. To do this always remember, we just need to look at the distributions and decide because you always want to use the maximum likelihood approach. You want to write the likelihood function and find out what essentially what maximizes this. Let us actually now write the distribution of Z under these two hypotheses. So Z under HN or HS rather is distributed as norm S square is a number, angle bracket SN is a random variable. If you remember from our discussion of random variables that come out from the projection of S on projection of the white Gaussian noise onto a signal S, you can actually check verify that its mean is 0 and its variance is going to be norm S square times sigma square. This is something which you can check. It is we covered this in the signal space discussion. This will be Gaussian with mean, the mean of this is 0, you are adding norm S square and the variance is sigma square times norm S square. Similarly, under the hypothesis HN we have Gaussian noise with mean 0 and variance sigma square norm S square. Our decision is very simple. We just have to find out for the given Y or given Z which distribution is higher. So, let us actually write down those distributions or rather I am going to ignore the constants because the variances are the same. So, in other words for this one it is e power minus and we will write Z minus norm S square the whole square upon 2 sigma square norm S square. And for this one it is going to be e power minus Z square by 2 sigma square norm S square. So, our task is to figure out which of these which of these essentially is higher because we want to find out the maximum likelihood estimate. Let us now go back. So, if you now do that right this is essentially the expanded I mean if you write the likelihood function with respect to Z you can actually just play a trick you can actually just do a division in fact the division looks like this. If you divide these you can actually just do you will get let us e power minus and you get Z square over here that Z square cancels with this 2 Z norm S square minus norm S power 4 by 2 sigma square norm S square this norm S square gets cancelled. So, you can write 2 here and cancel this. So, in other words you just have to check the sign of 2 Z minus norm S square that is Z is greater than or less than norm S square upon 2. This makes complete sense if it is Z is closer to norm S square by 2 it is more likely that S was sent if Z is closer to 0 more likely that S was not sent. This is consistent with our discussion of binary signaling basically if you took the ratio of the densities you get this and it is very evident that norm S square by 2 is the decision region. So, this is basically a way by which you can tell whether S was sent or not this is just an ingredient and the similar strategy will allow us to perform various other estimations as well. So, just keep a note of how we took the sufficient statistic Z and use that to evaluate the likelihood. So, this is just the work working out in the case of real AWGN this is what we just did. In the case of complex AWGN I am not going to work it out, but if you repeat the same exercise except that you took the distribution of the noise as well as complex Gaussian then you will end up getting 1 by sigma square times real part of inner product Y S minus norm S square by 2. This makes sense because if you essentially rotate the signal so that you are aligning with the dimension along S that is all that matters the dimension which is not along S does not matter because it is not relevant. So, that is why real part of the inner product of Y S is what actually matters. Similarly, you can extend it to the vector scenario. In the vector scenario you have Y 1, Y 2, Y 3 being you know S of t plus noise 1, S of t plus noise 2 and so on which are IID and you can just and you know you can just combine the distributions you have to use the fact that the noise values are essentially independent and identically distributed and use that fact to combine them effectively and this is what you get as the function that you have to you know you have to basically maximize this function that is basically the same as saying find real part of Y comms and find whether it is to the left or right of norm S square by 2. I think there should be this apology this should be by 2 yeah please just make this correction ok. Now, we come to the first problem of you know practical importance of course we checked amplitude let us now discuss maximum likelihood phase estimation. If you remember in the beginning of the previous lecture we checked that when you have a phase offset of let us say phi the m of t essentially got a cos phi. Similarly, if you look at the Q part it will get a sin phi therefore, the effect of this kind of phase offset is that your S of t gets multiplied by e power j theta and typically this theta is an unknown phase and that is what we need to estimate. In other words at the transmitter you have e power j 2 pi fct at the receiver you have e power j 2 pi fct plus theta that is you have a cos and a sin which is fine and for now we will assume that fc is also the same unfortunately you have cos 2 pi fct plus theta and sin 2 pi fct plus theta. So, that is the problem therefore, you have Y of t is S of t e power j theta I will make a remark often times in several references. Sometimes they say the receiver has cos 2 pi fct and sin 2 pi fct while the transmitter actually has cos 2 pi fct plus theta and sin 2 pi fct plus theta. This is just a very minor difference you can just you know make a note of the offset at one location and then just work it out you will get the same answers. In this case we have complex AWGN of variance n naught and the theta is the unknown that we want to estimate. Based on the discussion that we had just previously you have real part of angle bracket real part of angle bracket Y S e power j theta minus norm S e power j theta square upon 2 I will just probably just this is probably correct then let angle bracket Y S equal to mod Z e power j phi that is Z C plus j Z S then the real part of angle bracket Y S e power j theta is going to be real part of e power minus j theta times Z that is if you take angle bracket Y S that is inner product between Y and S mod Z e power j phi is Z C plus j Z S then the real part of Y S e power j theta is essentially real part of e power minus j theta times Z notice that this particular term does not matter because its norm is it does not depend on theta because norm of S e power j theta is the same as norm of S. So we look at real part of e power minus j times theta Z is the same as we did earlier except that the way to understand this is that we are now checking for various values of theta what this particular Z is going to be. So if you have mod Z cos phi minus cos theta minus phi that is basically the way we can understand it let us say Z has a phase of phi. So now if you write the likelihood function L of Y given theta is e exp of 1 by sigma square mod Z cos of theta minus phi minus norm S square like I mentioned this does not really depend on phi we have to just maximize this particular function by choosing the value of theta that maximizes this the obvious choices theta equal to phi that means phi like I told you over here is just the argument of this. So phi is basically tan inverse of Z S minus Z C therefore the optimal choice optimal choice of the theta is essentially the angle or the angle of Z which is Z S upon Z C intuitively this makes sense because if you actually just want to take the inner product between Y and S and keep rotating S choose that rotation that maximizes the peak that will give you the phase offset and this is something we can verify on Guru radio as well very very easily. Next we will consider I think there should be a bracket here sorry yeah next we will consider maximum likelihood delay estimation in the case of maximum likelihood delay estimation we have Y of t is S of t minus tau times e power j theta plus n of t that is we have complex AWGN of variance n naught. Now in this case we are going to actually solve the multi prong problem because we need to estimate the amplitude need to estimate the phase and we need to estimate the delay. So this is a three prong problem we need to find all of these. Let us now parameterize these parameters by choosing the value gamma which is a tuple or vector containing tau A and theta intuitively what we are saying is let us take various SS for different parameters of tau A and theta and keep performing the overlap integral and finding out that particular overlap integral that maximizes this particular quantity. Now unfortunately that involves a search over a very large space so we will try to look at the structure of the problem and maximize the you know maximize this by doing something a little more smart than a brute force search. The first thing is we use a match filter ok the match filter is similar to performing this kind of integral angle bracket Y S of S gamma is A e power minus j theta. So first thing is we are taking the match filter we are applying e power j theta so it is e power minus j theta essentially comes out we are also delaying it by tau. So our aim first is to and we are also scaling it by an amplitude A. So in a sense we are taking A e power j theta S t and doing the S star and we get A e power minus j theta integral Y of theta S star of t minus tau. Now keeping norm S gamma aside ok we are going to keep norm S gamma aside for a couple of reasons the main reason being that you know we are going to assume that norm S does not really depend on for example if you delay it norm S does not really change and even if you add a phase norm S does not really change. So this particular quantity we will not really consider for the moment we just want to maximize this like we did in the previous part as well.  Our aim here is to find the delay ok to find A we had another method which we just saw to find theta we had another method which we just saw our aim is to find tau. So over large intervals we are just going to assume that norm S gamma square is A square times norm S square. Remember S gamma was S modified to have amplitude scaling of A modified to have delay of tau modified to have extra phase of e power j theta. So as you know e power j theta goes away in the norm the delay we think does not matter because over large intervals norm S does not change if you shift it. So the likelihood function allow Y given gamma is going to boil down to there should be another bracket here sorry e power this bracket may not be needed apologies. So real part of A e power minus j theta Y convolve with the match filter tau. So let us now work on this we want to maximize tau the first thing is that it does not really depend on A ok and the sigma square it does not really depend on we want to so all our all we need to do is to essentially maximize over here I think I missed negative sign also I am so sorry negative sign over here. So we want to maximize this part inside real part of A e power minus j theta Y star MF tau minus norm minus A square norm S square upon 2 this really does not matter because we can just ignore it for the purposes of delay. So for the purposes of delay we just have to maximize this part how do you do it it is very simple A is a positive number. So to maximize so we can essentially take A out you know we can just remove this A here and put it here. So we have to maximize the real part of e power minus theta Y star SMF of tau that is it is intuitively very simple you know if you choose you know if you basically choose your mod Y star SMF to have the same phase as theta you get the modulus sign that is if you choose theta you know if you choose Y star SMF theta of tau as theta which is the phase then this becomes just the mod and now to maximize this all you need to do is you need to just take the maximum value of Y star SMF of tau with respect to tau. What does this mean intuitively intuitively what we are saying is that you keep shifting the match filter you keep shifting the match filter and constantly perform overlap integrals and find out that delay where the peak becomes the maximum. So this makes complete sense because let us actually just give an intuition ok let us say that say delay estimation a very intuitive picture for this in the case of in the case with Gaussian noises let us say that our template signal is this and let us say that we end up getting and this waviness is because of noise. Now what is our matched filter our matched filter let us say this is S of t or SMF of t is essentially ok this is the matched filter because if you flip this and overlap you get zero delay. So what you should do is you must know convolve this with this match filter and the match filter if you convolve is going to likely give you a peak. So this match filter if you convolve these you will get this kind of triangle you will get a peak here which corresponds to zero delay. This match filter if you now convolve you will essentially have to bring your match filter by so much that is this delay is going to be tau. So you will end up getting this particular peak as and this peak essentially is going to be tau. So even in the presence of noise of course this is going to be slightly wavy because of noise the shifting of the pulse because of delay in the presence of noise finding out the peak value and the two of you taking magnitude is going to give you the delay. This is something we will verify in new radio also if you add a random delay and then just do the match filtering and find out by how much the match filtering output is shifted you can essentially find out the delay. In other words you do not have to do multiply by match filter at this time multiply match filter at this point multiply match filter at this point find all those no because what is multiply by match filter and integrate at various points that is just convolution. So you convolve with the match filter find out the peak amplitude magnitude and that is going to give you the delay that is what we are saying here. This of course works for a single signal but we have a single with multiple let us say pulses and so on you have to slightly modify this but intuitively this matches our intuition wherever you get the highest correlation peak is where the delay is and just looking at that point will give you the value of the delay. Now for tracking frequency offsets things are a little tricky so let us actually just look at some in an intuitive approach. Let us say that you have your signal cos 2 pi fct plus theta. Now we have a loop filter and we have a voltage control oscillator and this is a feedback based system and this feedback based system essentially is going to give you away by which you can track this. Let us say for simplicity let us say that the frequency is the same. If you look at this particular multiplication cos 2 pi fct plus theta times minus sin 2 pi fct plus theta hat and I am only looking at phase offset for the moment I will get to you get to the frequency offset momentarily. If you perform this multiplication using your cos a sin b formula you can verify that you will get half of minus sin 4 pi fct plus theta plus theta hat. This I have put in red because this is essentially can be eliminated by putting a low pass filter and this is sin of theta minus theta hat. Now in the case of you know theta and theta hat being very close that is let us say that the phase offsets are very close. Sin theta minus theta hat is approximately theta minus theta hat right. So you can track the theta hat and try to keep matching the phase that is what this loop filter does. This voltage controlled oscillator essentially changes the frequency by changing a little bit of your you know if you just change the input slightly the frequency changes. It gives you a cosine or sin in proportion to the voltage applied. Now because the sin of theta minus theta hat is close to theta minus theta hat for small amounts of changes and if you just keep doing this upon time that is if you say theta minus theta hat and divide it by t that is nothing but the frequency offset. In other words this phase lock loop intuitively if the frequency offsets are within some suitable range is essentially finding the phase difference and over time it is just averaging the phase difference and that averaging of the phase difference is actually the frequency offset and this loop essentially allows you to track the frequency. Now one issue is that this phase lock loop works very well when you have a pure carrier that is when you have just a cosine or a sin signal and you are tracking the frequency it works very well even in the presence of noise because of the averaging that low pass filters perform. Unfortunately when you have practical signals that have data modulated on to them then you have to be very careful because you cannot use this phase lock loop as is. Sometimes you may use a modification or sometimes you may actually have to adapt to the data stream. If you use a training based approach then there are two approaches sometimes just send a bare carrier or sometimes you send a carrier with higher power and that particular location can be used to train the phase lock loop and the locked frequency essentially is used for some time till there is a drift. Typically people say that you know you have about a 10 to 100 ppm parts per million of offset between the you know between two clocks and if you that what that intuitively means is that for every 1 GHz 10 parts per million or 100 parts per million say 10 parts per million for 1 GHz essentially corresponds to 10 divided by 10 you know 10 power 6 times 1 GHz of offset. So, your offsets can be as much as let us say kilohertz sometimes phase lock loops are able to essentially search and track and once you are close to the actual frequency the tracker then kicks in and the loop essentially keeps the frequency locked. So, even when fc is not equal to fc prime, but it is close then you can say nominally fc and fc fc fc prime are close then it looks like a phase offset and just keep correcting the phase offset averaging this change of the phase gives you the extra frequency compensation that is needed. So, this is the intuition with which you are phase lock loop works. In the following class we will just look at the phase lock loop with a bit of an optimization based perspective and we will look at differential modulation as well. Thank you.


Okay guys shiver 1,000 here today. We're gonna be installing this tub. That's where it's gonna be We'll have to move it because I got a tap into that line there. That's the main so what I'm gonna have to do See where the valve is Right behind that leg, so I'm gonna try to move that valve back here and And that's just gonna split off That would be no problem if I just wanted cold water, but monkey ones hot water too So So what we're gonna do in here This ugly thing is I'm gonna leave Let's go put a whole new piece of pipe up here At least you know only have one cup over there come up. That's the inlet for the cold I wouldn't have to do anything that that would be fine, but I don't like the looks of that But then I got to split off this this is my hot hot water So I got to split off that come over and come down and down there at the bottom There's a piece of copper pipe Let's shove through there that as you can see someone filled with cocking so I'm gonna take that out of there and run through the wall and Once I do that then it's going to go out and straight up But the first thing I'm going to do I've got the pressure off the lines So I'm gonna get me a towel. I got a towel right here. I'm gonna put up here I'm gonna take this off because I got to split this and I want to straighten this up. I Don't like that. It just looks bad And then I'm gonna route this another way so I'm not gonna film it all film some Speed you up through it. I'm just kind of sharing with you what I'm going to be doing today It's not really how to because there's a lot of fittings and stuff and a lot of measuring and custom and stuff like that That You know We don't know anything about plumbing. Just leave that to someone that does I'm fortunate enough to know You know I installed this unfortunately. I got the long too long of a hose Well, both of them is too long But that's okay I'm gonna change them out sometime. That's not a big deal. So what I'm gonna do Is get started on that first thing we're gonna do is I'm gonna put this hot water line here I'm just gonna get me a crescent wrench or something put on there and spin that off And towel up here Hot water tanks off by the way That's 220 you know Get water running down into here So all right guys We're gonna do that one first Well, I'm gonna do that first And then I'm just gonna replace. I'm just gonna bring this out a little bit over this way And then down I got a 10 foot section out there Also have these here. So okay guys, let's go ahead and get into this And this one over Yeah, better do this one because then that one not working behind, you know the other one so I Gotta extend this one over Looks about like about eight inches I'm gonna cut that off down there at the bottom Well, maybe not at the bottom First I got to go cut my 10 foot section in half And to do that I'm gonna be using this cutter here. So real handy dandy thing So I'm gonna use this Dust boots coming out of it. All right, so let me go get that cut in half and then I'm gonna go from there. Hang on Sorry, I was in your way, but you get the idea. I'm not gonna have quite enough I'm gonna be lacking about five inches To run a whole piece on both of them, so So I'm gonna do it that way Now I got to cut the one off the top And I'm just gonna do the same thing That I did here right there. It's gonna cut it off right there. That's gonna bring that out some more So I'm gonna go ahead and do that You're not really gonna miss anything Just the same thing as I did right here. There's more water drained out than What I expected I had this shot off of This is actually the cold goes in then hot goes out So But see once once it goes through the wall there Go straight up and then across the attic so above the ceiling So that was a lot of water that came out. So it's not a big deal.  Okay guys. I'm gonna speed you up for this I'm just gonna put this t-section in here with this elbow down and So I'll put you on fast forward I had to go back to the store because I got some wrong size stuff Well, it was the right size, but it was wrong outside and inside diameter You guys know what I mean. Well, if you ever done plumbing, you know what I'm talking about so All right, here we go.  That's gonna be almost perfect where I want it to be We get an elbow Because I want it. I don't want to be perfect. Well, I do want them perfectly in line over here But I'm thinking of future like over here Perfectly line, but I'm thinking in the future if I work on one You know, I don't have to like get behind one. It'll be over here Over here somewhere.  I'm gonna cut it off We'll cut it off right at that L right here Whoops right here.   All right. There's that I had a friend of mine They used to work kind of for but with him and his friend would They There were contractors they did corporate me were plumbing work stuff like that and they would You know, like give me small jobs. So I was like subcontractor, right? So but I Never did much plumbing around him unless it was soldering which wasn't very often Most people go with these now or they go that pecs stuff now, but I Seen him he hated any of that that That primer that you put on it's just like an alcohol base that purple stuff. I Seen him one time He ran a Stick up a wall. It was about nine feet It went up a wall. It's about nine-foot stick And he had the bottom hooked up He was getting ready to go up hook up the top and he was putting it on real nice and neat and All at once it it ran down that it had a nice perfect purple line almost perfect, but you know down that that pipe He replaced the whole damn pipe. He said nope. I Don't like so I was getting You know, I always got all kinds of free stuff that wasn't used because if it got purple on it He didn't like that or blue or whatever color the primer was, you know, he didn't like that But yeah, he cut that section out one got him another 10-footer cut it off nine feet That's what he did. He yeah, he says I that bugs me. I'm not gonna do it that way Perfectionist good good carpenter man. The guy could could build anything. So All right, now we're gonna run now. I need to go cut my pipe off and I'm gonna run it down There into the pipe that's going outside All right, now I'm gonna put an elbow down here on the bottom of this. I think I'll be in your way But I'll speed it up. I'll try not to be in your way, but In your way now Okay Let's put this on here. I Gotta go outside after this. I'll be outside working and it's pouring down rain. Well, it was a minute ago. So Let me see if I can do this without being too difficult here All right Now here. I'll show you what we got Here's what we did that looks a little better. Like I said, that'll be a lot better once they shorten these hoses up Come from here down to there From there to there. I Got to tighten this up yet. I'm gonna do that right now before I forget. There's what we got So that way I've got room to work I Probably could have made this one shorter well That's gonna be Once we get hooked up outside Don't be something like that So that won't be too bad. Yeah, I could have I got enough out there. I could have put in just a whole stick on there thinking about it All right, I gotta head outside But first I'm gonna put you guys on charger for a little bit. I left my other bad I have another battery. All right. Anyway, when either gonna change your battery. I'm gonna put you on charge I gotta take a break super-duper hot in here But yeah, so that looks a little bit better. I know it's still down a little bit, but you know, that'll be all right Okay, so I'm gonna tighten that up tighten hot water line up and then We'll be good on the inside now. Hopefully Yeah, that'd be all right Hopefully that spicket will work if it don't I'll have to buy a new spicket because There's not a shut off on it All right guys stick around you guys know me better than that I can't leave it the way it was like that Two couplers right there. Nah much better All right, I'm go outside. Okay guys.  I'm gonna put the spicket in this thing and See how far up I got to come to put my hoses on. Okay guys. We're back now. I'm gonna move this out of the way It's like that. I Got some water coming up through there. It's just draining out of the house Let me get that clean kind of get that soaked up a little bit All right, I know there should be valves on here, but it's outside I'm not gonna worry about it because I bought a couple caps in case something goes wrong. I can cap it off so Put this down here of that for a second a little bit more glue This down in here. It's gonna hold it for a second. It's like that We're gonna glue this pipe on I Am gonna put a drain on it. I've got I've got a drain to put in it. I just it's not gonna do it today, but It's not gonna need a trap Because what those traps do is keep odors from coming up your dream. This is outside. It's wide open So I'm just gonna run just a little dream down and out here Probably so I gotta get a wrench. I gotta tighten up the lines on the back of the sink Excuse me, and then I I'll kick you back on We'll tighten them up here. Okay guys, let's get this in here. I had a couple marks on the wall, but they They got rained off one now I'm gonna let that sit for a minute I'm gonna enjoy a cigarette and then We'll come out. We'll turn the water on Just right here That switch there on the left That's the switch for the pump and that's our that's our main shut off also have a main you've probably seen it in there above the Hot water tank, so let me take a little break and I'll be back We'll check it out. Make sure it ain't leaking. Okay guys We're here now. We're here monkeys over here. Sorry about the wind You want to flip that switch? The switch to turn the pump on We'll let it pressurize and then I'll turn the Flip it up ready Bruno one two three So funny funny story I Wasn't thinking I shut this off and then went in-house and turned the faucets on made sure the water would drain down Had that shut off Should have shut it off after I drained it down because there's What 60 feet of pipe from here To the pump and then however deep that pump is you know the well Down to the pump and it got me good. I started cutting that valve off of there All right, so we don't see any leaks here That's a good thing Just giving the pump a minute to build a pressure. All right, let's turn the water on See what see what happens here? That's the hole in the bottom of the thing. I don't have a plug in it yet Yeah, I asked for that plug yesterday, I think No hot water valve might There's no hot water. Do I have a? Come on, I gotta go in the house and check make sure there's no leaks. I'll be right back I think I forgot turn the main on in the house. Oh That's sure enough what I did. I forgot turn the main on in the house That shuts off that hot water That's hot immediately. Well, you know, it's so close to the tank now But I'm gonna let it run a minute Because you know get all the and I'm gonna go in the house turn the water spikets on in the house and let them run for a minute that Let it get all the air out of the lines and everything and then we'll check together make sure there's no leaks I just did I don't see anything yet. So all right. Let me go in the house get them turned on We'll let everything run for a minute. I'll be back with you monkey found me the stopper Needs an old over style, but that's okay. There's a little drip, but that's from the drain It's not leaking the lines are not leaking That's good And we have no lines leaking here That's good Awesome. Hi guys, there you go. That was my project for today worked on it all day. It's not hard work but I had to go back to the damn store twice because Well the first time I told you the fittings I got all their own fittings Inside diameter and outside diameter Then I had to go back because I accidentally grabbed the The Commode the feeder line for the commode the supply line for for a commode instead of a sink so And I did pick me up a couple plugs in case That thing started leaking. I can just Unhook it put these plugs on So there you go That's what I did today So anyway guys, thanks for watching. I appreciate it. It's not really a how-to, but just what I was doing today And I'll see you guys in the next one. Shea bearer the myth man legend gone for now We'll see you soon. Bye. Bye guys and take care


As I begin this video, I respectfully acknowledge that I'm standing in the unceded traditional territory of the Comox First Nation, and I thank them for the use of their lands. Now this particular challenge I'm going to do now is to take a sentence such as this, the sentence S, which is a list of words to be used as a target, and I want to create a verb that will allow me to select the first N words from that list. So if N equals 4, and I'll call the verb, which I've already created, called N0, and I work on this list, I'm going to get a list of words, perfect. So I've already figured out probably three or four different ways to do this, some of which are quicker than the way I'm going to do it right now. So I won't only be doing one version in this particular video, but in the coming days I'll go through them and add different versions, and if you're really a keener, then maybe what you want to do is get ahead of me and figure out different ways to do this, and maybe you'll come up with a faster way than I did, and that's quite possible, believe me, it's quite possible. But let's take a look at N0 first. So in a previous video I explored the cut conjunction. Cut conjunction looks like this, and if we put a verb, and we'll call it say U on this side, and we put a noun and we'll call it N on this side, the value of N changes how things are cut. From whatever argument, I'll call it Y out here, and typically a Y would be something like S, which we declared. So it's a noun that the verb is going to work on, and this altogether with this conjunction in the center, and the verb that we're going to have the conjunction act on, and the N that's going to kind of tell us the flavor of the conjunction, that's altogether one verb. And so let's take a look at the N first. If I put in a two here, that means I'm going to look at the last character of S, and I'm going to use that as my cut point. So in the NJ they call them frets. So at every T, I'm going to do a cut here. And since it's two, I'm looking at the last character in the list, and that would be T. If I had negative two, it would still be looking at the last character in the list, but it would get rid of the T's after I did my cuts. If I did a one, I would be looking at the first character in the list, and a negative one would do still, looking at the first character in the list, it would do the cut on the A's, and it would get rid of the A's after done the cut. So let's first, to make this really quite clear, that is the box now, and this box is whatever I send it. So I taking S, I'm looking at the last character in S, which is a T, and it's going to break it into segments wherever there's a T, and whenever it has that break, it's going to box it and return to me. So there we go. We have a list of words Ubi counted as a Arget, and because the cut's coming in right after the T's, that kind of makes sense. Now, if I did a negative two, remember it'll get rid of the T's afterwards. Perfect. But I don't really want to get rid of the T's, and I do have a problem here actually, because my last character in this list is not, is a T. So I don't really want to break things up this way. I want to break things up on each word. So each characters, and then when I look at this, the obvious thing is every word is separated by a space, right? A blank space. That's just sort of pretty much the definition of words is that we're going with it. But I don't have a black space at the end of this list. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to add one. So I'm going to change, there we go. So what this verb does is it joins things together. It appends things. And normally, if I gave it, say, the argument s, it would say, okay, well, I'm going to append whatever is on this side with s. But I'm binding it with this value here. So I'm forcing s to be put on this side. And if I hit return, it's going to look the same as it did before, except actually, I've put a blank space on the end. Well, the easy way to find that out is let's do this. I will take this, drop it in here. And now what it's going to do is going to put the blank space on the end, and then it's going to cut based on where the blank space is. And since I'm going to be boxing it, I should get a box of each different word. Perfect. Except you might notice I threw a negative two in here. I don't want to get rid of the blank spaces because if at the end of this, I do this thing called a raise, which is just basically flatten out all the boxes. That's what I get. Well, I don't want that. I will want the space because that's kind of what I want. But again, remember, I don't want the full list. I only want the first four. So it sort of gives you a clue about the way I'm going to go about this, though. What I will do, though, is if I take this and I put in a four and then I take, and this verb here is take, and it will take four and it will take the first four of whatever's here. And these would be the box things. And then I'm going to raise it afterwards. There's my answer. So I'm all done. Well, not actually. I'm only just beginning. And the reason is if I'm going to do this tacitly, which is the version I'm doing right here, you might notice I'm not actually using within this verb here. And this whole thing here is a verb within this verb here. I'm not actually using any variables. Everything is a noun or like in the case of its kids, a literal noun in the case of the blank space or an integer and verbs. And that's called point free. I'm not, I'm not saying, you know, bring in X or bring in Y. And this is where S will end up being put. I'm going to do it tacitly, which means I have to know how I'm building things here. So when I'm trying to build tacit verbs, there are two things. One is a fork and a fork. Let's take a look at a fork. I'll give four and a fork has three verbs. Oops. Error snippet. Wow. I've never seen that before. You'd think I would have seen everything. I've never seen an error snippet before. That's quite fascinating. That might be something that's new. So basically what's telling me is you gave me one argument. You never gave me the rest of the argument. And this in here is the verb and there are three verbs inside it. And that's what makes it a fork. The way a fork works is it's going to take these two arguments and it's going to apply them to either side of the minus. So it'll be four minus three. And then it's going to take these two arguments and it's going to apply them to either side of the plus four plus three. And then it takes the results of the two outside because it's a fork. They call them tines. So it takes the results of the outside tines and it appends them together. Just like that. So we got four minus three appended to four plus three. Now there's one other thing that's kind of interesting and that is called a hook. And how a hook works, I'm going to change this just slightly and you'll see why. A hook works if I've got two verbs, only two verbs in here. And what a hook does is this verb, which is the half verb, only takes this argument. So I'm going to take half of three, make that result and then I'm going to append it to four. So I can put two verbs together and then this first verb is actually going to like do some conditioning on this argument. And then I'll use this argument to do the rest of it. And I get that four and 1.5 because I'm four appended to half of three. Now notice in the fork both these arguments worked with the plus and both these arguments worked with the minus and then the append took over with the hook. This verb only works on this argument and this argument only works with this verb and the result of this verb. So it's subtle, but it's actually kind of a powerful thing to do. And we're going to actually use it right now. And the reason how we're going to use it is to take a look at this. I want to clean this up. So this is my first verb here. Yeah, I'm just appending the blank space to the end. And this is my second verb here. I don't have a third verb as far as I'm concerned yet. This is of course a verb, but that's tangled up with a four. I don't want to get that messed up yet. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to put a parentheses and then I'm going to put a cap. And what a cap is, it's just a dead end verb. It does nothing. And because it does nothing and because this is a fork, this s is going to have a blank appended to it. And then it's going to do a cut. It's just like this feeds it's just like this feeds to here because there's nothing coming from this side. If this had something else coming, then both these sides would feed into the center, but this is dead. So it only comes one way. And that's what I want it to do. Now remember we were talking about hooks before. So now what I'm going to do is I'm making this part of the, of this whole verb. It's a hook. So there's one verb here and then within the parentheses, there's one verb there. And I'll take that out for now just to show you where we are in the intermediate. So now we've got a list of words. Perfect. And I want it unboxed. So if you take a look at this, I've got a verb here and a verb here, but I also want to unbox it. Well, what I'm going to do is create another fork here. The reason I'm going to create another fork here is the first thing that this dyadic is going to do because remember I've got this four now working on one side of this verb. And then what's on here is coming in from the other side of the verb. So I will have two things coming. That's why this works middle part. I'll put my raise at the other end. I'm going to put a cap because now what I'm going to be doing is this four is going to work on this verb here, which is a fork. And because it's dyadic, it's going to take the results of this on one side on the right side of this verb, the take. It's going to take the four on the left side of the take. It's going to take my four boxes, which is what I want. And because this is a cap, it's just going to feed over here to raise it. So there's my list of words. And in that process, what have you learned? Well, I hope you learned a few things. But one thing you've learned is the way dyadic forks work, both here, which is, well, this actually isn't a dyadic fork, right? Because it's contained in a hook. It's only affected by this argument here. So technically, well not technically, actually, this is a monotonic fork. This is a dyadic fork because it's the second part of a hook. And the second part of a hook works on both its arguments. So this gets filtered into here, which provides all the boxing. And then this has the four working on it. So I get four, take the results of this, which gives me a list of words, and then feeds over because this here is another fork, and I'm raising it. So I'm setting that over there to raise it and take the boxes out. So forks hooks. And oh, I know what I'll do. Let's see. Yeah, that's what I want. But I'm going to, oops, let's see the way I defined it originally. And you can see it's got these parentheses. And it's got rid of the outside parentheses because it's just displaying what it knows. It basically is saying only look at the verb. And as soon as it's only look at the verb, I don't need the outside parentheses anymore. I do need them if I put arguments around them because then the verb has to be defined inside there. So having said that, now I want to know how quick it is. So I'm going to use time space X.  So I'm going to execute this sentence 1000 times, it's going to return the number of seconds on average that it takes to run through this once, and then the number of bytes that it takes to run through once. So the answer is 6.99 just under 710 millionths of a second, or 0.7 millionths of a second, and just under 3000 bytes. So it's pretty quick. As I said, I found a quicker way. And if I'll put up another video, if you really want to go for the challenge, see if you can figure out, well, for one thing, a quicker way. And the way I found also uses less space. So that might be a bit of a clue, I suppose, I don't know. See if you can come up with something quicker or uses less space. And then check back. And if you don't want any spoilers, work based on what I've shown you here, I will say the next approach I took was quite different. It's not like I've used, no, I don't think I've used any of these, some of the same verbs, I suppose I'd have to use some of the same verbs, but it's really a different approach to it. That's one thing that I do like about J is it allows you to quickly do a number of different approaches to things. But anyway, I'll be back in a couple of days with another video, another way to retrieve the first N words out of a list of words.