Hello, DPLA. So a couple of years ago, a Wikipedia named Liam Wyatt had an idea that the Wikimedia projects should do more outreach to libraries and archives and museums. And he ended up being the first Wikipedia in residence at the British Museum, helping Wikipedians and curators alike share the museum's treasures with the world via Wikipedia articles. Other cultural institutions thought this was a cool idea as well. And today, there are Wikipedians in residence throughout the world in institutions like the Smithsonian and the National Archives. And there have been tremendous donations of archival materials to Wikimedia comments, which is our immense free media repository, with images from NARA and many, many other sources finding a new home and a new audience as freely licensed works that Wikimedians and everyone online can use. And I hope that we will link these collections to the DPLA, sharing tools and metadata as common community curated platforms. Why does this matter that cultural resources are now free on the web? It matters because among other things, it enables them to be seen and to be used. Wikipedia is by far the largest and most read reference work ever to exist in human history. And to make it great to really cover all of human knowledge, we need to be able to access and share the vast riches that are in cultural institutions. Openness and free licensing for Wikipedia is not something that we simply pay lip service to. It's a concrete part of how we do our work of how Wikipedia editors are able to use and curate information to make something useful for the world. And in turn, of course, all of the content on Wikimedia projects is free for reuse and remixing. An example is the Wikidata project being developed now by Wikimedia Germany, our chapter in Germany. Wikidata aims to be a central storehouse of semantic data that's tied to the Wikimedia projects so that, for instance, you could update the population of the United States and Wikidata and have it be automatically updated in all the Wikipedia articles in all 207 languages. And imagine the power of linking all this shared data up to open databases of references, like, say, the Harvard Library's catalog. And the way that Commons has opened up to the great archives of the world. And so I hope too that the DPLA will be a force for open data to help make this astonishing vision possible. But of course, all of these efforts are dependent on people, editing and compiling. When I look at a Wikipedia article, I don't just see text. I see the people behind it, the quirky amazing people. We tend to talk about the Wikimedia community as if it were a monolith. But of course, it's made up of thousands of individuals, all doing different things, from editing articles to fact checking references to doing in-person outreach, like Liam. But all working under the same broad umbrella of shared values about free knowledge. And I think that the reason Wikimedia works sometimes against all odds is that every level of our organization and our projects is open to community contributions and community leadership. And so more than anything, I hope that the DPLA follows the same model. I hope that it is open to all kinds of contributions, large and small, no matter what your talent or passion or position is. It's not easy to build a great information platform. We know it's not easy. And I see the difficulties from the library side as well, in my job as a reference and collections librarian. We are fortunate at the University of California to have the strength of the UC Library Consortium and the California Digital Library behind us. Which means that the faculty and students that I support on a daily basis have access to phenomenal library resources. But that comes at a cost that's not just financial. From the behind the scenes perspective, wrangling those resources, licensing and managing them, negotiating with publishers, can feel like death from a thousand paper cuts. And all of that librarian effort means that UC researchers and scholars do have access to the books and journals that they need. But they are the lucky ones. Most of the half billion readers of Wikipedia from around the world can only imagine having such access to information. We can do better. And we must do better in order to fulfill our collective mission as research libraries, as academic institutions, as public libraries, as a free knowledge movement and as individuals committed to preserving the cultural record and eliminating information disparity. I want to live in a world where my next door neighbor and I can both look at the same Wikipedia article and both get access to the same sources cited in it. Even though I am affiliated with a great research university and she is not. And I want the Wikipedia editors who write that article, the editors in Bangladesh, in Argentina, in rural Wyoming, in New York City to also have access to those same sources. Indeed, as Wikimedia's vision says, to have access to the sum of all human knowledge. Together, I think we can make that happen. Thank you. Thank you to all six of you for that kaleidoscopically exciting set of visions for what the DPLA can be. We are five minutes from a break. I wonder if anybody wanted to do a lightning vision statement or two. Most welcome to grab a mic. If anybody has some vision and perspective that they'd love to add. You don't have to, but you're more than welcome to it. Oh, sure, of course. Thank you. And if not, we will take our break, but I'd love to welcome you if you'd like to. I think you guys have absolutely made such a great case. Tim, were you gonna add something to the mix? Hi. It's kind of a small comment about collaborative creation. You guys saw me up here with my phone. I was looking through what you guys were saying about what we were saying and then resharing. And it's just kind of a little commentary on how information dissemination is changing. So real time, really critical. Incredibly ephemeral. I think if there's one thing that I would want you to take away is that ephemera are probably the thing, it's probably the greatest thing for libraries to think about rather than books. Think about what today's ephemera look like and how it's gonna be preserved, how it's gonna be curated, and how it's gonna be made into something lasting. Thank you. A lot of inspiration from you on many levels, but one thing that David Weinberger will talk about later in the day is how the DPLA as technology is thinking about itself as a platform, much as you've been saying government should be a platform. So in ways that even you don't know in the background, your inspiration is flowing through to the DPLA. All right, I think we should take this as a sign that people wanna take a break for the next 35 minutes or so. We'll reconvene here at 11 Pacific Time. That's 2 p.m. for our friends in Boston and on the East Coast. And I hope you will enjoy the great weather and scenery, and thanks again to this wonderful group. Thanks very much. Thank you.


Thank you and good morning. My name is Ed Bianchi and I'm program manager at Kairos. Kairos is a coalition of 10 Christian churches and religious organizations that work on human rights and ecological justice here in Canada and around the world. Today we're here with some of our partners from the Philippines to talk about how mining companies negatively impact their lives and livelihoods. They are here in Canada on a Kairos sponsored six city tour to help Canadians understand how Canadian mining companies impact their human rights and their environment negatively and also talk to Canadians about what the Canadian government can do about that. Two of the speakers we have today are from the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. In 2014 Kairos sponsored a learning tour to the island of Mindanao to learn more about the impact of Canadian mining companies on their rights and on their lands. Bishop Antonio of Blum is a bishop in the Philippine independent church in the diocese of Pagadan in Mindanao. He is an outspoken critic of the operations of Canadian mining companies and especially about the increased number of killings in areas where mining companies operate and where threats and acts of intimidation by the Philippine military and paramilitary groups are unfortunately all too often. Danita Condez is indigenous Subbanan and lives in Mindanao. She is deputy secretary general of the SGS, a federation of indigenous Subbanan groups. Since 1996 the Subbanan have been dealing with Canadian mining companies on their ancestral lands. Carlos Zarate is a representative in the Philippine House of Representatives and vice president of the Mindanao National Union of People's Lawyers. And Emily Dwyer coordinates the Canadian network on corporate accountability. The CNCA works to ensure that Canadian mining, oil and gas companies respect human rights and the environment when operating abroad. We will begin with some words from Danita Condez and Bishop Ablon will translate. And congressman Carlos Zarate will translate. I am Danita Condez, I am a leader of the Subbanan tribe in Subbanan Subbanan in the Philippines. We are the members of the Subbanan tribe are victims of the large scale mining operations of a Canadian mining company named Toronto Ventures Incorporated. The TVI resources development occupied thousands and thousands of hectares and resulted to the displacement of also thousands and thousands of our fellow indigenous peoples and farmers and they were displaced and some were actually even killed during these operations of the mining company. To protect their interests in the Philippines, the TVI used the military, the armed forces and they also organized paramilitary forces to harass, intimidate and even kill some fellow indigenous people so that we will leave our place and in fact up to now we were displaced from our ancestral land. Up to now many of us were not even able to return to our ancestral lands because of what happened to our communities. We were told to leave our communities, we were displaced. Even myself, I am the leader of our tribe. I am not free to return to my community because I am threatened, my life is threatened. So I am just like many fellow indigenous peoples, I am not yet able to return to my community. Because of this continuing harassment, threat, intimidation to us, oppression on our people, we will learn how to also resist. We organize ourselves into organizations. Because of this continuing harassment, threat, intimidation to us, oppression on our people, we will learn how to also resist. We organize ourselves into organizations. In fact because of this continuing intimidation and threats on some of our fellow indigenous peoples even joined rebel groups just to protect themselves. So we are here now in Canada to seek for justice, not only for myself but also for my people, for what they, this Canadian company, the TVI did to our community, the human rights relations that they did to us and that is why we are seeking for justice here. We hope that the government, the Canadian government can give us the opportunity to seek justice here in Canada because of what the TVI did to us. Thank you. I am Bishop Antonio Ablon of the Philippine Independent Church and I am here together with the indigenous peoples leaders in the Philippines because we want the Canadian people to know our story and we want that foreign corporations operating in the Philippines, especially those who are Canadian mining companies to be held accountable in their complicities in the commission of human rights violations against our people. These Canadian companies are coming to our place and they corroborated with the government of the Republic of the Philippines and they hired civilians in special oxalary army and they paid them to demolish our people, the Subanans, the indigenous peoples from their area for them to operate the mining operation. There is a deception which they said, we have the permit, we have the consent, the so called free, prior and informed consent from the indigenous peoples. But what happened is that in order to get the signatures or the consent, one, they would intimidate, they would harass, they would gun point on the leaders of the indigenous people. Second, they would identify another indigenous who is not the genuine leader of the indigenous peoples in the land just to make them signed and cooperate and those who are against the entry of the mining companies, they are harassing them just like what Nenita has told us. And the effect of the people, they have not been back to their homes, their places and they lost their way of living and they are scattered now in their families away from the very source of their lives which is the land. And aside from that, we want the Philippine laws and the armed forces of the Philippines to promote and protect the Filipino peoples' civil, socioeconomic and political rights, not international trade or investments at the expense of those rights, at the expense of our people's rights, at the expense of the communities of the indigenous people in our land in the Philippines. Thank you. In 2014, I mentioned that Cairo sponsored a tour to the Philippines and we gathered information there from community groups, from community members, from government representatives, from people who work for the company that the speakers have mentioned and gathering that information, following that investigation, we called on the Philippine government to stop all mining in the area until they could ensure the safety of the people and also to investigate those human rights allegations, violations. We also, in Canada, worked with others to call on the Canadian government to legislate in human rights extractive center sector, with the power to investigate and to address these claims and also we called on the government to legislate and facilitate access to Canadian courts for those people overseas who are claiming that their rights have been violated by Canadian companies. I'm wondering if we have any questions for any of the speakers. Yes, I'm wondering if you could tell me who you're planning on meeting at this delegation by meeting in Ottawa with ministers at all? Yes, that's correct. As I mentioned at the beginning, it's a six city tour, so in addition to Ottawa, we're also traveling to the delegates that are traveling to Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, Edmonton and Calgary. Here in Ottawa, we have been meeting with members of parliament from all the parties and also with members of the Standing Committees and we are hoping that in Calgary we are still exploring the possibility of meeting with representatives from the TBI Pacific. I wonder if the Bishop could respond to this. What do you expect of the religious communities you're here as an Anglican, large Anglican population in Canada? What would you anticipate, what would you say to them? The Anglican community or the Anglican world have been with us in the ministry and were been doing things for the people. So right now in our trip in Canada, we expect that our counterparts, our brothers and sisters Anglicans here will particularly support our call for the justice for the indigenous people and to help us echo the stories of the plight of our Lumads in Mindanao and of all the country in the Philippines. Have you yourself received any threats because of your position on this? Yes, there have been many threats and in fact during the 2014 Philippine learning tour after we announced to the media that the Canadian people are coming, two days after my bedroom in the convent was ransacked, it was, I was lucky I was not there on that night and many other kinds of threats to my life. I wonder if you have a senior, when you talk about threats, you've had threats on your life. I have been threatened by the military and paramilitary groups that I will be killed because of my participation in organizing my people and leading my people in resisting the incursion of mining companies in our ancestral land. How are you reacting to this? Do you have special protection? I have been threatened by the military and paramilitary groups that I will be killed because of my participation in organizing my people and leading my people in resisting the incursion of mining companies in our ancestral land. How are you reacting to this? Do you have special protection? I have been threatened by the military and paramilitary groups that I will be killed because of my participation in organizing my people and leading my people in resisting the incursion of mining companies in our ancestral land. How are you reacting to this? I have been threatened by the military and paramilitary groups that I will be killed because of my participation in organizing my people and leading my people in resisting the incursion of mining companies in our ancestral land. How are you reacting to this? I have been threatened by the military and paramilitary groups that I will be killed because of my participation in organizing my people in resisting the incursion of my people protect us. It did not even investigate the complaints that we lodged to them, especially the human rights violations committed by paramilitary troops. You mentioned a Toronto mining company. What has their response been to criticism about their ventures in the Philippines? I heard about the Toronto Ventures. They said that if there is an operation in the Philippines, will they be able to get their guitars? That is what paramilitary troops and military troops have in their areas. That is what paramilitary troops and military troops have in their territory. They will not be able to get our hostages. Nothing, despite these criticisms, they continue to harass us. There is no justice. They continue to use the military and the paramilitary troops to harass us. Are you optimistic there will be any improvement as a result of your appearance here in Canada? In particular, we have been supportive of the call of our Canadian friends here from Kairos and other organisations calling on the Canadian government to establish an ombudsperson for extractive companies that will help accountable these Canadian firms that are operating in our country and to let people like Nenita have access here in Canada to call for the accountability of these Canadian companies. We have been meeting with members of parliament and other staff of the global affairs community and some are very encouraging and we will continue to push for this campaign so that justice for these indigenous peoples will be given. Any final comments from you? Kairos is fully supporting the Subbanan people and all the people who are impacted by the mining operations in the Philippines. We are working closely with them going forward to ensure that justice is finally served. I think it is important to recognise that we work with lots of partners not just in Canada but around the world. In Canada, one of the partners we work with is the corporate network for corporate accountability, the Canadian network for corporate accountability. Emily Dwyer, I am going to ask her to say a few words just in relation to the calls to the government for the creation of an extractive sector ombudsperson and legislative access to the courts We believe strongly that that will make a big difference in terms of ensuring that these people's rights aren't trampled on. Emily Dwyer? Thank you very much to everyone who has spoken today. I think that no one who is hearing these accounts cannot be moved by the impacts it has on their communities and their livelihoods and their rights and the extreme risks they are taking even in coming to Canada to speak to this. I do hope that our government and the members who they have met with have been motivated. I think it is also important to note that what is happening in the Philippines and the accounts they are talking about are not isolated to the Philippines. We are hearing continuously and have been for over a decade hearing accounts of widespread, credible allegations of serious human rights abuses associated with Canadian mining companies around the world. I think that it is particularly important to highlight that this tour of this week is raising similar accounts to what led to the Standing Foreign Affairs Standing Committee recommendations back in 2005. The Canadian government and the Canadian Parliament has been hearing calls from around the world for over 12 years to develop accountability mechanisms and have yet to implement any credible mechanisms. All of the major political parties made commitments to establish an extractive sector human rights ombuds person if they were elected. This was included in the Liberal Party of Canada's commitments. The budget that came out yesterday includes absolutely no reference to an ombuds person and no reference to business and human rights. We continue to be informed that the Canadian government intends to act on its commitments and intends to create an extractive sector ombuds person but we are very disappointed not to have seen anything in the budget yesterday. Thank you, Carlos. Thank you, Emily. Are there any other questions? Did you want to say something? Yeah. Okay, go ahead. Just one last point. Aside from our trip here is of course about accountability about mining companies, Canadian mining companies but we are also calling for the Canadian government to play an active role in the ongoing peace processes here in the Philippines between the government of the Republic of the Philippines and the National Democratic Front because there are already advances and I know that the Canadian government and the Philippine government have good relations and this good relation between these two countries can possibly be used in further advancing the peace process in the Philippines including of course giving solution to what is now happening for the socioeconomic reforms and what is happening now in our region in Mindanao. Thank you. Thank you. If there are no more questions then? Okay, thank you very much.


Hello everyone this is Amit Don of AmitDon.com. You're watching one of my Chromebook tips and tricks video and today I'll talk about the recent Chrome OS upgrades you should have by now on your Chromebook. So on this channel I'm always trying new and a variety of videos and I do have some Chromebook videos. So if you're watching this channel for the first time thank you for watching and if you are one of my subscribers thank you for coming back. So if you notice that you know my voice sounds a little bit different and rough this is due to the fact that I have cold so it's coming to my voice. The name of this update or upgrade is Chrome OS 88 upgrades. So Chromebook put through about 19,000 total changes through these updates and I'm going to you know go over some of the highlights today which you need to know but I'll not go over everything because that's not possible and then you know I'm just going to show you some of the changes which you can you know change on your Chromebook as well. So the first thing you need to do if you have you still have the old version then you have to upgrade it to the new version. What happened on my Chromebook that the Chromebook didn't upgrade to the latest version which is 88.0.4324.109. So I had to do it manually and you can do the update manually by going to the settings and then about Chromebook OS so which I'm going to show you right now. So you can go to the settings from here and if you look on the left you will see that about Chrome OS which is going to be right here so click on that and then here you're going to see a version which I have right now 88.0 which is the latest one but if you don't have that if you're still you know looking at something like 87 and then some numbers that means that you still have the old version. So you can upgrade that by going to check for updates and then once you click there then you know it's going to check it and then it's going to start like you know installing the new updates that's how you can upgrade to your Chromebook. So the first thing the Chrome OS 88 or the new version of Chromebook updates has is the screensaver. So in the past Chromebooks didn't have any option to have screensavers but now you can have that and in order to do that you have to actually first you know check whether you're on the slip mode or not and you can do that by going to the settings again which is on the lower right and then click on the settings or wheel button.  So if you have that then go back to the screen before and then we're going to go to personalization and then we're going to go to screensaver. So what you can do personalization is going to be right underneath the power option and then go to screensaver which is right here. Now you can see that it's enabled because I turn it on so if you don't have it on so you have to turn it on and then here you're going to see two options how you know your screensaver saver should come from or where it should come from so you have the option of google photos and art gallery so you can choose one of those. So let's say you want to choose art gallery then it's going to give you like you know where you want to pick them from for example from this set of pictures or the featured photos so you can just choose what you want or another option you have is that if you want google photos then you can just you know go to google photos and then it's going to show you all your google photos or google photo album then you can just choose it from there so you just choose from where you want them from. So that was a very important change Chromebook has now let's move on to the next update and I'm not going to go over all of them to show you much better if you use your you know Chromebook to access remote work or another desktop and another important update is that a Chromebook now has magnifier so if you are looking at a web page or something and you want to make it like you know bigger or magnified then you have to you have that option now and in order to go to that option so you have to go to settings advanced accessibility and full screen magnifier so for example right now we are at settings and then let's go to advanced which is going to be right here so if I click on it then you're going to go to full screen mode from here so let's take a look here so we have advanced then you have to go to accessibility which is right here and I'm going to just move this a little bit and then you're going to go to manage accessibility features which is going to be right here and then from here you're going to go to enable screen magnifier which is right here so if you do that then you're going to see that you know you're going to get a magnification screen right away and you can actually have the option of make it two times or even bigger so you can do that let's say you can see that the whole screen is magnified because I'm just like you know you can see that you know that this is magnified many times or two times and then this picture is much closer and you can see that you know everything is big so if you want to get rid of it then you can just you know go to accessibility from clicking on your setting buttons and then just you know turn off this full screen magnifier option and then it goes back to normal so what happens here that I tried other buttons that looks like you know there's no easy option to get out of magnification but if there is just leave a comment below because I couldn't find any other option then going back to that magnification option and you know switch it off which is right here so just let me know if you find you know something easier than what I showed you for example just you know going back and forth here next one I'm going to show you is that web authentication so Chromebook can now be used as a second authentication factor so for example you know you should sit on your like you know password or devices to look for second authentication to protect you from identity theft or scamming and Chromebook has the capability under the new after the new Chrome OS upgrades to use Chromebook as a second authentication factor so basically if you're logging to your device or a browser or you know let's see your bank account information or something then you can use Chromebook as a second authentication factor instead of sending it to your phone or to your other device so this is done via web authenticator api and the address is web authentication wbautn.io so this is going to work as a you know api and then it's not shared or it doesn't share your pin or fingerprint with other parties where you're trying to log in so this is something new and in the past we didn't have this one so just move on to the next one but the next important upgrade is that now you do have a camera folder so whenever you're taking a picture or doing like you know video recording or web recording for your Chromebook then everything is going to be saved a new folder called camera so in order to see that what you have to do just open your file manager and if you go to your files and then if you take a look under my files then you're going to see that you know there's a folder called camera and anytime you're taking pictures or video then it's going to be located here so it's much easier to find this way than in the past where it's just putting everything all together with other you know downloads or other files and the next feature I would like to talk about is better auto correction so now Chromebook has a better auto correction than before with the visual indicator what's been corrected and it's easier to see and understand and it has improved you know user interface of the auto corrector so basically or if you're you know turning on the auto correction on then you're going to have a much better understanding of what's being corrected and what are the options but in this video I'm not going to go into details I could make another video on just how to turn this on but these are the all basic you know features or updates of the new chrome system chrome operating system chrome os 88 unit you know so again if you don't have that yet then just you know do it manually by going to the settings and then about chrome os and then upgrade and then if you see that you know you have 87 that means you still have the old one so you have to upgrade to the new one which is starting with point 88 and this one has lots of you know exciting features the one I most like which I showed you in the past is that the chromebook screen savers which chromebook didn't have before and it's going to definitely you know I'm going to be using that as my number one feature on my chromebook from now on so thank you for watching this video if you like what you see please give like or even if you don't like you know put a dislike and on this channel I do have a variety of videos and I'm not you know I'm always trying new new videos and new ideas so thank you for watching and come back for something exciting and new I'll see you shortly


Okay, here I am. James P. Madonna from the Facebook group. Everything is food. I'm here at the Royal Hibachi Grill in Buffet, Route 46 West, out of Brooklyn, New Jersey. And guess what I'm doing? I'm using my head. I'm going right, I'm going right for the roast duck that's out of luck for somebody else grabs all the duck. And then I will be out of luck. It happens to be Good Friday.  Okay, I got crawfish. All right. Okay, I got my duck. I'm happy. Let's see what I got. What else do I have here of interest? What do we got here? What is this? Pot roast? I don't know. Of course, here we have the stuffed clam, but it's probably the artificial crab meat in there. I'm going to take some of this flounder wrapped around shrimp for my own version of surf and turf. Okay, my own version of surf and turf. Flounder filet wrapped around Cameroon. All right, here's the Mongolian barbecue. Where is she? Mongolian barbecue? There's no sign. I don't know what kind of meat this is. I don't know what it is. If it's beef, I'll tell you right now, it's well done. So therefore, I don't know what it is. Let me go down over here. If there's fried calamari here, I'm going to get it on the second round. Here's platanos medurus. I'm not sure what that is. Now, these shrimp are actually, these are very good. These fried shrimp, not much breading here. It's actually mostly shrimp. All right. So, okay. No calamari yet. We'll probably come later. Now, this looks pretty good. Ah, look at that. We got some gyros. We got little baby gyros, I guess, which is a surprise. These are good. No, no, I'm not talking to myself. I know I. Yeah, I'm not, I'm, um, cauliflower. Where's my favorite? Cauliflower. They had a lot of time for it. I have it every week. Here's the squash. Here's brussel sprouts. No, no brussel sprouts for you. Oh, they were a little too hard. Okay. Um, all right. You know, I'll get that on the second round. Let me get myself a connife, steak connife. Okay. Oh, yes. So very important, my lemons. How am I going to, oh, I got no straw. Very nice. The waitress didn't give me a straw. All right. Here we go. Lentons. Got the roll grape leaves over there. I'll get that on the way back. You know what? This is going to be a problem. I'm going to have to use my hand. Oh boy. I brought the plate here like a dope.  All right. I think I got enough. I'm juggling many lemon wedges as we speak. Many lemon wedges both in cup and in hand. Okay. There we go. Okay. Here we go. Now I do my lemons. I mean my lemon wedges. And here we have basically what I, uh, what you saw in video before. It's round one. Uh, Royal Hibachi. All right. It happens to be Good Friday. We'll see how good Good Friday is. All right. I'm going to give a shout out to everyone from the Facebook group, Everything Is Food, everybody involved, uh, near dear Natalia Rodriguez, creator Mario Petrus, Salvador, Salvador Mercurio, Anthony Loro, McVon Raven, Nathan Bates, um, the whole kit and caboodle. Okay. People that are proactive on the groups. Uh, see am I missing anyone? No, I think I covered most of them. Okay. It's round two. Um, it's Good Friday, 2018, and have some grilled yellow squash and, um, gave me some zucchini. I had an argument with the waitress because she, I just poured a little bit of, um, just a little tiny bit of lemon water on my hands to take the grease off my hands from, uh, eating the roast duck and she, and she scolds me and tells me that the men's room is the place to wash your hands. Not here. I says I wasn't washing my hands. I was just simply using the acid from the lemon to take the grease off my fingers. So I don't get grease on my, my iPhone. You know, that's all. What nerve. I mean, she's not getting a tip. I'm telling you right now. She's not getting it. She's not getting a tip at all. All right. See if anything's new here. No, not really. Um, I'll get some sushi later. I don't see any fried calamari. I'm really, really upset. I'm, I'm, I'm like, um, I really am. You know, I just put a tiny bit, a tiny bit of lemon water on my hands and, and the waitress yells at me for doing that. You know, so technically I wasn't washing my hands per se. These shrimp are very good by the way. I don't see fried calamari, but you know, it'll do. These are very good. Got some rolled crepe leaves here. I have to have hot and sour soup because all the hardcore sushi is gone because it's so busy here. There we go. I could have some of this spicy tuna roll. You know why? Why not? I'm not talking to myself. I don't want to be able to think I'm talking to myself. Okay. I'll take some of this. I guess it's spicy tuna roll. Sesame flavored guacamole, seaweed salad. Not today. What have we got? Oh, I thought that was unagi. No, see they're pretty wiped out because it's good Friday. It's Easter weekend, all right? So they're wiped out. I wasn't going to get Mongolian barbecue, but they have no lamb. I'm going to move the lamb. Okay. So what I'm going to do is get some hot and sour soup here. And after this, let's have some ice cream and just call it a day. It's a little crowded here, but I'm happy for them. I'm happy that their business is doing well. The head chef general manager told me to do them well for the dinner segment of the day. And on the week days, they're increasing. They're getting busy during dinner hours, dinner hours, which I'm happy for them. All right, so that's it.  Oh boy. Maybe get some fresh, fresh pineapple. I'm not even in the mood for tre leche if they brought it out, to be honest with you. Now, if they bring out flan, of course I'm in the mood for that. But fresh pineapple is always very good towards the end of a meal. Excuse me. Yeah, I mean, I don't even need nor do I want soy sauce with this spice tuna roll. So that's it. There's no sense of me taking a video of ice cream in a cup.  So unless they put something out really dynamic for dessert, I'm going to close this round of our Easter. I mean, pagan Easter, Ishtar, week 2018. Okay, okay, here I am, James P. Madonna from the Facebook group, Everything Is Food. Here's the tail end of Easter Ishtar, pagan Easter weekend 2018. And here's dessert, tre leche here, fresh pineapple here, some kind of a custard pastry here and what looks to be possibly some kind of coconut flan looking, I don't know what it is to be honest with you. But this is it. I'm finishing off. And, you know, my long time close friend and former co-host of Progressive Discussions is probably most likely laid to rest this week. And, you know, he will surely be missed, the Reverend Dr. William J. Isamon. So let me dedicate this video to him. Okay, may he rest in peace. I was just telling Mr. Mick Vaughn Raven on the phone that it's amazing, you know, it's a weird feeling. It's very strange when you speak to someone and see them once or two times a week and then all of a sudden, they're gone forever. It was a very strange feeling. But anyway, take care, folks. Have a good holiday weekend.


How to verify online videos In a world where videos flood our screens and timelines, telling fact from fiction can often be challenging. From TikTok to Twitter, online videos are everywhere, but so is the chance to stumble upon misinformation. The ease of digital manipulation and the lightning-fast speed at which videos are shared across various platforms have brought about a new challenge for digital consumers. Online videos play a pivotal role in shaping public perceptions and opinions of everything from current events to public figures. So, we as active participants in the online community must be able to reasonably weed out the misleading or falsified content that we come across by developing strong methods for verification in our day-to-day lives. In this video, we will explore some of the various steps you can take to assess the authenticity of online videos. The easiest and best place to start is to identify the original source of the video in question. Official websites, news organizations, or verified social media accounts are generally more reliable, as they tend to verify content before sharing it. If the videos from an unverified source do a bit of digging, cross-reference with trustworthy sources, especially if the content involves significant events, people, or locations. Every time the same video is shared by a different reputable source, it adds credibility. When you stumble upon a video that seems suspicious, it is crucial to examine it carefully to uncover potential signs of manipulation or misinformation. Begin by closely scrutinizing the visual aspects of the video, paying close attention to any abrupt edits, inconsistent lighting, unnatural transitions, or a noticeable decline in overall video quality. These irregularities can serve as red flags, indicating possible alterations to the original content. Beyond what you can see in the video itself, examine the information provided alongside it. Look for a detailed description that includes critical information, such as the date, time, location, and contextual information surrounding the footage. Analyze the broader context in which the video is shared. Is it part of a larger event or series of events? Do the background details align with the claims being made? Verify this information by cross-referencing it with reliable sources elsewhere on the internet. Use reverse image and video searches to determine if the same content has been uploaded or discussed in other online spaces, helping to establish the video's authenticity. Google's reverse image search lets you upload a photo or even a video screenshot and find similar ones across the web. On the video side, another useful tool is the fake news debunker by Invid and WeVerify, a Chrome extension that helps you analyze and verify videos and images on social media. Above all, refrain from sharing the videos until its authenticity has been reasonably confirmed, reducing the risk of perpetuating potentially misleading or false information. Remember that misinformation and manipulated content can be sophisticated, so no single method guarantees accuracy. A combination of critical thinking, verification tools, and consultation with reliable sources is key to assessing the authenticity of online video.


Next question is from Rolex Sabur. What are the primary items you look at for new client assessments? The primary items that you look at for an assessment? I'm one of the more important things. Okay. So if I look at the whole assessment, which includes the questions that I'm asking, because that makes a big difference. I'm asking questions like, how many days a week can you realistically work out long term? This is a very important question because that's going to help me determine what kind of workout I'm going to be putting you on. If you tell me it's only once a week, that's going to be different than if you tell me it's three days a week. Also, I'm also trying to get you to start with something that's going to be consistent. And typically people when they start working out, super gung-ho and they say they want to work out five days a week, you got to find out what the realistic forever number is and start there. Their goals, that's obviously important. That's going to determine the workout and the nutrition advice. I'm going to give the person their exercise history. So you want to have a good questionnaire, essentially, so you know who you're working with. Then the second thing is I'm going to be looking at their movement. Now I'm going to be doing a movement assessment. Now, since we've created Maps Prime, the Maps Prime assessment has become one of my favorite movement assessments. It's become my favorite because it's simple. Simple is almost always better than complex, even if simple is not quite as accurate as complex. Because simple is easy to administer. I could do it quickly. And here's the truth when you train a client, you're always assessing their movement. So it's like I do an assessment one time.  Every time you work out with me, I'm watching how you move. So those are the main things that I'm looking at. I don't think I can add anything to that. The only thing I would add is to tell people to if you're asking this question, and if you're curious about that, you absolutely should be signed up to the webinar, right? So it's free. Go to the mapsprimewebinar.com and sign up and watch Justin take Doug through an assessment. And I'm not sure what this person is looking for if it's more questions like the park you stuff that you'd be asking, or it's more like, what are you looking at as far as like their movement because those are two different things, right? They both gain a lot of information for for you as a trainer, and both are equally valuable to your point. So like asking questions about their commitment level and how many times a week they want to train is extremely important if I'm going to build a program. But I think nothing trumps looking at how they move because that's the number one thing that way I can help them. I think that yeah, and it's a great place to continue the conversation that you start initially by asking those questions, but like we had mentioned before, and people have asked this questions like this, a lot of times they just don't, they're not aware that they need to reveal that information to you. Like I was injured, you know, five years ago and I walk a certain way and I, you know, I feel tightness and you're not going to get any of that information until you actually put them through the movements. And so what's very revealing through these three, you know, very simple tests is it covers all the bases of all the different options for the joints to kind of show you kind of a little bit of a history of what, you know, they've been through and what kind of abilities that they have. And then, you know, that way you can take that information, draw up more of a vision of what they're going to accomplish by working with you. And I think that's, that's what they want to hear the most is they want to know that there's a plan and it's pretty specific to them and they could feel immediate results from it. Yeah. And you know, okay, so here I'll tell you what a bad assessment is besides a trainer not looking at anything. That's the worst. Here's another one that a lot of trainers don't realize is bad. The overly complex assessment where they're doing measurements and they're looking at angles and they're doing all kinds of insane stuff. That's it's it's too much.  It's too much stuff because the reality is, as you're training them, their body's going to change. You have to assess them every time you train them. And really, here's the value of an assessment for a trainer 100%. Here's a little secret. Okay. The value of an assessment for a trainer is to show your value to a potential client so that they can hire you. Because again, you assess them every single time you train them. There's no amount of information you can get with one assessment that's going to last you longer than a month. After that, that assessment, you can might as well throw it out the window because the person's been working out for a month and things have changed.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we are going to discuss the following question which says that what is the probability that the numbers formed with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 are such that the odd digits always occupy the odd places and even digits always occupy the even places and digits cannot be repeated. The number of odd permutations of n distinct things taken all of the time is given by n factorial. We also have fundamental principle of multiplication takes that if there are two jobs to be done such that the first job can be done in n number of ways, the second job can be done in n number of ways, then both the jobs together can be done in n into n number of ways. With this key idea let us proceed with the solution. We need to find the probability that the numbers formed with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 such that the odd digits always occupy the odd places and the even digits always occupy the even places. Also the digits cannot be repeated. We are given 8 digits so we have 8 places to fill in. There are 4 odd places that is 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th and 4 even places that is 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th. So 4 odd digits can occupy odd places such that now 1st place can be occupied by any of the 4 digits. So there are 4 options for this place. Now 3rd place can be occupied by remaining 3 odd digits. There are 3 options for this place similarly 2 options and the 7th place will have 1 option. Therefore the number of ways in which 4 odd digits are occupied 4 odd places is given by 4 into 3 into 2 into 1 that is equal to 4 factorial. Similarly there are 4 even places that is 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th and 4 even digits given these 4 even places. Therefore the number of ways 4 even digits can occupy 4 even places is given by 4 factorial. We need to find the probability that the numbers formed with these 8 digits are such that the odd digits always occupy the odd places and even digits always occupy the even places. For this we have the fundamental principle of multiplication which states that if there are 2 jobs to be done such that the first job can be done in n number of ways and second job can be done in n number of ways then both the jobs together can be done in n into n number of ways. Here our first job will be the number of ways in which 4 odd digits can occupy the 4 odd places which is given by 4 factorial and the second job would be the number of ways in which the 4 even digits can occupy the 4 even places which is given by 4 factorial. Therefore by using the fundamental principle of multiplication we can say that the number of favorable outcomes be equal to 4 factorial into 4 factorial and from the key idea we know that the number of all permutations of n distinct things taken all at a time is given by n factorial. Therefore the number of ways in which we occupy places is given by 8 factorial. Total number of outcomes will be factorial. Therefore the required probability is given by number of favorable outcomes upon total number of outcomes that is 4 factorial into 4 factorial upon 8 factorial which is equal to 4 factorial into 4 factorial and 8 factorial can be written as 8 into 7 into 6 into 5 into 4 factorial which is equal to 4 factorial goes with 4 factorial. So we are left with 4 factorial which can be written as 4 into 3 into 2 into 1 upon 8 into 7 into 6 into 5 which is equal to 1 upon 7 into 2 into 5 which is equal to 70. Therefore the required probability is equal to 1 upon 70 which is the final answer. This completes our session but we will enjoy this session.


What's going on guys got Kyle here? Late in sports cards. We are ripping 2022 tops chrome f1 racing light five box break number seven or random teams We did a random before the break started I'll reshow the results here for just a moment can always find these results on our website late in sports cards calm We have the results tab all the at the very bottom Alrighty guys. Good luck on this one f2 light five boxers What's up Edward? Personals would be tonight with Sam after group breaks so about midnight Eastern would be our next time with personals Edward If you did order a oh, I see a steelman. Yeah, I did mess that up. I think I might have to refund Sean SCOR for one of these. I think I put five for him and then three for SCOT I'm sorry about that Sean's Sean SCOR. I think I'm about to refund you one of these spots Sorry about that. Let's keep going here. Let me just a minute here guys. Let me text for us See what got here. Alrighty guys. Sorry about that Sean I have to send you a refund on that one. I do apologize God refractor max for stopping a nice one there card number one God speed demons Esam on Okan. We've got purple this is Lando Norris number 399 Nice Lando there for the McLaren spot. I have purple in gold. This one's gonna be Daniel Ricardo not numbered there For the McLaren spot Claren nice already. There's a Red Bull team card. There is a Ray wave Yuki Sonoda for a Avatar either And Lewis Hamilton nice refractor their driver of the day Brazil There's a refractor sub-vettle and we're stopping their green lava there to 99 nice hit for the Red Bull spot We're stopping in 99. There is a speed demons Sergio there. There's a Carlin team insert card there. There's a refractor of Yuki Sonoda Ray wave Team card for Aston Martin at two Williams or sorry F1 Williams a car card There's a refractor max for stopping card number one Nice one there and a Aston Martin on the car card Insert is a black checker Daniel Ricardo winners in Italy Winners in Italy Yeah, Sean. I accent I messed up the random because there was to Sean SCO's I actually gave you one last spot. So I'm gonna have to refund you. I'm sorry about that Sean I didn't realize how I'd already started I'm not to refund you one of these spots. I do apologize Sean There is speed demons Pierre ghastly. I gave a Sean SCOT two spots instead of one There is a Iwasa there on the black-and-white ray wave And This is gonna be Ali Caldwell future stars there on the future that is number to 75 Ali Caldwell Refractor there Seb Vettel nice looking one there on the portrait and McLaren team card the orange nice Up on an orange Carlos signs team and that is gonna be Sebastian Vettel nice one there on the portrait orange 7 out of 25 nice one there for the Former F1 race to the retired now nice one there, um that is Aston Martin spot there Sean there is a Daniel Ricardo Ray wave And Fernando Alonzo. Yeah, I don't know Sean's in chat Yeah, I'm sorry Sean. I gave you a I gave an extra spot to the other Sean I don't know if you uh, you have the audio on but I have to give you a refund. I think force is handing that right now I'm sorry about that Sean. I didn't realize till after we started. I gave you five spots instead of six Sorry about that my man This is a Haas on the team card There is Roy Nassani ray wave and Carlos signs refractor there for Ferrari There's a ray wave pier ghastly and Louis Hamilton there nice one Grand Prix winner around 15 Louis Hamilton that was Russia. They're calling it round 15. They're not saying There is refractor future stars Marcus Armstrong and Sergio Perez nice one here on the purple the 399 for Red Bull You go Red Bull Sean Speed demons Louis Hamilton. There's an Alexander Albon on their Portrait there refractor didn't want to catch the camera there And guys still trying to fill spots in the next one. We got prism EPL choice 10 box mixer. It is random team style There's a Louis driver the day Spain Speed demons of Yuki. There is a team card for Alpine and we have many diamond This is Max Verstappen on the winner Netherlands number to 299 I said for Red Bull Sean again, there's a F1 Alpha Romeo team card speed demons Vettel There's a refractor of Yuki. There's a Lando Norris ray wave black and white that is the Exclusives here for the light boxes Alonzo for Alpine there and Louis Hamilton number to 199 nice one here It is driver of the day Spain. There's a cool picture of Louis there Like it and fuchsia. We got Checo fuchsia lava 14 of 75 nice one there Red Bull you go Sean is Ray wave Andres Seidel and team card for Alfa Romeo go box three Good luck. Good luck guys. Don't write guys box three So trying to fill up EPL prism choice guys 10 box mixer coming up next Rain of team style jump for that We'll get a link in here and chat in just a moment is Alpine team card is future stars Clements Nova lock that is MP F2 team and that is Sebastian Vettel on the Purple to 399. Oh just three to go Just three to go guys on the next one EPL choice chase some haul and we'll get gonna get started here right about the same time As the UCL final be a sweet one there as for stopping on the Ray wave and a Hamilton team card That's of a seven game losing streak right now. Yeah, that's for stopping on the ray wave. That's not very good I think the razor on our seven-game winning streak right now. Oh an orange. We got orange It is gonna be Sergio Perez on the orange checker driver of the day Netherlands Very nice one there 12 at 25 You go Sean with the Red Bull spot getting some nice hits so far Hit of the day might be a red auto out of bowman chrome Basketball Timmy to five. There's Verstappen refractor Team card for Guan Yu Joe Speed demons Lance Stroll There is Carlos signs black checker for Ferrari Guan Yu Joe and this is Future stars Dennis Hauger there Is the purple checker number two one ninety-nine there that is for Prima racing black checker Sergio Nice one there drive of the day Mexico Zero runs allowed by a vaulting last 17 innings. It says there's an orange and red Alex Albon Nice low number one there for Williams or short printed. I should say not numbered Oh Insofit the Pauly black and white ray wave Say future stars in so fits a Pauly on the black and white ray wave again And rookie refractor nice one here Joe Guan Yu I said for Alpha Romeo the only rookie in the set got another refractor This one is Checo Perez on the black and white and many diamonds. We got another Checo Perez This is these short prints who are two ninety nine Red Bull spot killing it speed demons Lando There's a max for stopping refractor now card number one red bull again Haas with the F1 team car two boxes left. Good luck guys Good luck. Good luck. There is an orange and red another short print there Kevin Magnuson going to the Haas spot Nice little K mag on the orange and reds. I like those refractors. They're not numbered, but they are very short printed On the orange and reds. Those look good There is a Lewis Hamilton award winners on the ray wave Carlos Sines and Leclerc there Ferrari team card Red Bull racing Royna Sonny we got a speed demons of Carlos Sines Alpine team card there Andres side over fractured for McLaren Haas team card and we heard of this guy Myra Snick There is Lewis Hamilton award winners black and white ray wave Yeah, sorry sorry again about that Shawn Forest did send that refund for you. I do apologize a spotted short shorted you a spot there I do apologize There is a Liam Lawson refractor. We have mini diamonds said that'll drive the day Monte Carlo to twenty two ninety nine We've got future stars all he called love there black checker not numbered Sold out guys on EPL prism choice. Thank y'all. Thank y'all so much. We get that one going next got random team style on that George Russell Lava There's a Mercedes team card and Magnuson Lava Esteban, Okan K-Mag Haas there for the black and white Fernando Alonzo there is Clements Nova lack refractor Haas team card There's a refractor mix Schumacher quick Mick speed demons Vettel purple This is team card Alvaro Mayo and Lewis Hamilton on the purple there Grand Prix winner round 15 That is out of 399 on the purple nice one there for Mercedes Mean we got a Alphatari card here Pierre Gossley Nice one there on the portrait number to 99 Alrighty guys one box left on the tops chrome We'll get EPL choice going next that one is full give me a minute after this We'll type in the random and we'll get going There is a Max Verstappen purple and green Grand Prix winner France not numbered there on the purple and green Not number when they get the the two colors going They are short of printed based on the colors. There is Pierre Gassley on the railway There's a railway Danny Rick and future stars. That's gonna be Marcus Armstrong for high-tech refractor speed demons Alexander Albon and green is gonna be Daniel Ricardo Grand Prix winner Italy That is number to 99 on the Danny Rick for McLaren Marcus Armstrong refractor Haas team card There is a Sorry Red Bull there formula one award winners fastest pit stop refractor and Red Bull again This is purple checker Christian Horner team principal there to 199 purple checker There's Yuki Sunoda black checker on the Alphatari portrait there Louis Hamilton purple and green Grand Prix winner Saudi Arabia nice one. They're not numbered McLaren team card. There is a Aston Martin team card Carlos signs Ray wave There's a Max Verstappen driver the day United States for Red Bull there and a green lava Carlos signs and 99 going to Ferrari It's green lava. I like the Lava's Lava's always look good in tops. There's a Fernando Alonso black and white lava Ray wave same thing speed demons Team card here. We have purple. That's gonna be John Deruvala for a Premo racing Purple is number to 399 there Premo Red Bull racing again two packs left We've got a Sergio Perez Grand Prix driver the day Bahrain on the refractor Team card for Ferrari and last pack guys. Good luck. That's a nice color out of this one We won't probably do a hit recap just because there's no autos and alpha tower Aston Martin team card on the back All right, you guys that will do it for our break here 2022 tops chrome f1 light five box break number seven random teams Thank y'all so much. We'll get those right out. See ya


So now we welcome Dr. Ellen Freeman to begin her talk. Thank you very much and thank you for the opportunity to present some of my work today. Let me just see how this works here. All right, so thank you for the introduction. I am at University of Ottawa and this School of Epidemiology and Public Health. And for about the last 15 years or so, I've been working on ocular epidemiology. And so I was very, very pleased when I saw that the CLSA had included a measure on visual acuity, because it's extremely important that Canada has good quality data on visual impairment. So as many of you know, our population here in Canada is aging. So that means that a larger proportion of people are now 65 and older and that proportion keeps going up. And this is important for eye disease because so many eye diseases are in fact age-related. So diseases like cataract or age-related macular degeneration, they increase dramatically with age. And it's very expensive to the healthcare system to treat these diseases. Estimated that we spend billions of dollars per year treating these diseases. So I'm going to start by giving some background about vision, about the eye and what kinds of things can go wrong as we get older in the eye. And some of the literature that we do have on visual impairment and eye care utilization. And then I'll present my objectives, methods, results and implications. So this is a diagram of the eye and I just want to briefly go over how we see. And so for example, if you're looking at a flower, there's light reflecting off the flower and going into your eye from all different angles. And the cornea, which is the tissue on the front of the eye and the lens, which is the circular or the oval structure within the eye, those are the tissues responsible for bending the light rays and focusing the light rays into the correct spot on the back of the retina. The retina then processes that light and sends the signal onto the brain, where your brain interprets what you're seeing. And so if the cornea and the lens are not able to bend the light rays correctly so that the image focuses in the right place, then you have what's called refractive error. So for example, maybe you're near-sighted or you're far-sighted. And so obviously we have treatments that can address those problems with glasses or contact lenses. Other things that can go wrong with the eye can happen in the back of the eye and the retina. So for example, age-related macular degeneration is a disease where the macula, which is part of the retina, degenerates and causes vision loss. Also glaucoma is a disease of the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve. And so those are some of the things that can go wrong as we age or throughout the lifespan and can affect our ability to see. So the major causes of visual impairment, the top two are things that we can easily treat, refractive error and cataract. And yet we see in country after country that these are the top two causes of visual impairment. So there's a lot of room for improvement in terms of the prevalence of visual impairment, if we can just address those two things better. The other three major causes of visual impairment, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, treatments exist for them that can slow the progression of vision loss, but you need to be diagnosed and then be compliant with the treatment recommendations. So when we talk about vision, I just want to point out that there's no single measure of vision. In fact, there are multiple measures of visual function. And the measure of visual function that I'm going to be focusing on today is visual acuity, which is a measure of how sharply you can see things or your resolving power of your visual system. But there's many other measures of visual function that are also important. Typically in epidemiological studies, if we're going to measure anything, we measure acuity and then sometimes other things as well. But I'll be focusing on visual acuity today. And so as I said, visual acuity is a measure of the spatial resolving power of your visual system. It indicates the angular size of the smallest detail that can be resolved. And it's measured under conditions of high contrast. So we use a letter chart that has black letters on a white background. And typically it's expressed in SNELA notation. How well you see is expressed in SNELA notation. So for example, if you have 2040 vision, that would mean that you see at 20 feet what someone with normal vision would see at 40 feet. Or we can also express it in meters such that 2040 vision would be equal to 612 vision. So the standard or the normal in SNELA notation is 2020 vision or 660 meters. But some people can see even better than that. Some people can see 2010, for example. So SNELA was a Dutch ophthalmologist who lived back in the 19th century. And he came up with the SNELA chart in which you have letters that get progressively smaller as you go down the chart. So for example, if you can only see the E, then you would have 2200 vision. Whereas if you could read the entire line of letters above the green line, you'd have 2030 vision. So you'll still find this chart in the doctor's offices all over the country. But for research purposes, we generally use the ETDRS chart, which stands for Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. And this was a major clinical trial done back in the 70s and 80s. And they really wanted to make sure that they could measure vision change in visual acuity as accurately as possible. And so they came up with a more standardized chart that was more reliable. So this chart, you'll see an equal number of letters on each line. The letters are of equal legibility. And there's uniform spacing between the letters and between the rows. And so the effect of all this is that there's better reproducibility. So if you ask, have someone take this chart and then have them take it again a few days later, the score is going to be more similar with this chart than it would be with the SNELA chart. So there's different ways that visual acuity can be measured. So you can measure best corrected visual acuity in which case you would remove the effective refractive error. You would make sure that, okay, without refractive error, how well can the person see? So you would know that any additional reduced acuity is due to eye disease. You can also measure someone's visual acuity with them just wearing the glasses that they have on at the time, or maybe they don't have any glasses on at the time. And you would measure that if you're interested in what kind of vision this person has in their daily life. And furthermore, you can measure acuity under binocular conditions. So with both eyes open, or you can do it monocularly, so in one eye at a time. So Canada, it's very important that Canada has its own data on visual impairment. This is important for eye care planning purposes, as well as to know how we compare to other countries. And up to this point, I would say we have rather limited data on visual impairment. There have been studies, population based studies that have been done where they ask about the self report of visual difficulty. And so those are certainly valuable studies, but generally, you know, asking someone about their vision is not as good as the gold standard, which would be measuring their acuity. We do have one small study from Brantford, Ontario where visual acuity was measured. It was about 700 and some people. And so that is a very valuable study to have. But of course, we don't know if Brantford, Ontario is representative of the rest of the country. And then we have some work that's been done where people have taken US rates and applied them to the Canadian population. But of course, we don't know if the US rates are approximate the Canadian rates well. So there's a need for more data on visual impairment in Canada. So this is an example of a study done by Jacques Cé and Montreal a number of years ago now. So he looked, he used the self report of visual difficulty. And then he decided what indicated visual impairment or not. And the red line indicates the data from this study. So these data are from the Canadian study on health and aging. And they're the data just from Quebec. And so you can see how the prevalence of self reported visual impairment, you know, it's fairly low at age 70, but it increases pretty dramatically as you get into older age. There's also prior research, looking at the prevalence of eye care utilization. So this is data from my colleagues in Toronto, yapping, Jen and Graham trope. And so they use data from the Canadian Community Health Survey in years 2005 and 2000. And you can see how eye care utilization on the y axis, it's, you know, it's a bit higher in the teenage years. And then it goes down and young adults and then it starts to go up again in middle age and older age and it continues to go up. So how often should people be receiving eye care? So there are various guidelines. These are some guidelines from the Canadian Ophthalmological Society. There's also guidelines put out by the Canadian optometry Canadian optometry group. The ones from the COS are here and they have them stratified by whether someone is asymptomatic and low risk or if they're symptomatic or if they're high risk. So if you're asymptomatic low risk, they say you should go if you're an older adult every two years at least.  So if you have any changes in visual acuity or visual field or color vision or physical changes to the eye that you should go right away. And in high risk patients, so that would be people with diabetes or cataract or macular degeneration or glaucoma or if you're a glaucoma suspect or if you have a family history of these conditions. They say you should go every year if you're 60 year older or every three years if you're between 40 and 50. So those are the guidelines put out by COS. The optometry group say that you should go every year once you're age 60. All right, so the objectives that I had were to look at the prevalence of visual impairment and its determinants and to determine how frequently people were using eye care and what were the determinants of using eye care. So for this work, I used the comprehensive cohort of the CLSA. So this included over 30,000 adults ages 45 to 85 from 11 sites in seven provinces. And the reason we used the comprehensive cohort instead of the tracking cohort was that visual acuity was measured in the comprehensive cohort. And so these data were collected between 2012 and 2015. So people were excluded from this cohort if they were in an institution, so like a nursing home, or if they were living on a First Nations reserve of settlement, if they were a full-time member of the Canadian Armed Forces, did not speak French or English, or had obvious cognitive impairment. So it's important to keep that in mind as you look at the data on visual impairment, because we know that, for example, people who are in nursing homes have higher rates of visual impairment. These were the 11 data collection sites in the comprehensive cohort. So just remember that so people had to live within 25 to 50 kilometers of the data collection site to be included. So obviously we don't have people in this cohort from the far north. We don't have people in the cohort from the provinces that were excluded. So people were sampled using provincial health registries and random digit dialing. And stratified sampling was used to ensure the adequate representation of different demographic groups. Visual acuity was measured using the ETDRS chart at two meter distance. And the primary outcome that I'm going to talk about is acuity measured with both eyes open, wearing the normal prescription for distance correction, if any. And we defined visual impairment as acuity worse than 2040. So this is the standard definition used in developed countries. I'm also going to show you data looking at visual acuity measured in each eye separately with and without pinhole correction. And so pinhole correction is when you use this black thing here, the occluder, which has holes in it. And so the eye with the occluder is open and the eye without the occluder is closed or it's blocked completely. And you so light only enters your eye through the holes. So it's only coming from straight ahead, as opposed to from all over the place. And so refractive error doesn't really happen when you look through small holes like this. So it removes the blur. And it's a way of estimating in a crude way how much visual impairment is due to refractive error. Eye cure utilization was measured using the question, during the last 12 months have you had contact with an ophthalmologist or optometrist about your health? And so anytime you're using a question to measure an outcome, it's it's valuable. If you know how well that question correlates with, for example, what's in the medical record. And so a group in states has looked at that and they found that there was good agreement between a question and what was in the medical records. So I'm going to show a couple of figures that include data such as the number of optometrists per 100,000 people by province. And we got that data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information. And we got the data on the number of ophthalmologists per province by the Canadian Medical Association. And we got the number of people per province from Statistics Canada. And we took all these data from the year 2013. So for the analysis logistic regression was used. And for all the analyses, I'm going to show you the complex study design was accounted for in the analyses using SDY commands and status. We used the sample weight, the straight of variable, and the primary sampling unit. So for visual acuity, there were some people who are missing data about one and a half percent or about 431 people. And this group was older by about three years. They were more likely to have low incomes, low household incomes, and they were more likely to smoke. And when you looked at the reason for why many of them were missing data, it was because they couldn't see the acuity chart. They couldn't see any letters. So the acuity chart is only appropriate for people who have acuity within a certain range. And then you either have to move the test distance closer to the person or use another method of measuring their acuity. So for people who couldn't see any letters on the chart, they were set to missing. And so it's important to remember that as I show you these data, we don't have people who couldn't see anything on the chart. So those people are basically blind. So the estimates that I'm going to show you are conservative. So this figure shows the prevalence of visual impairment by age group. So as you can see, you know, in the youngest age group, the prevalence is around 3%. And then in the oldest age group, it goes up to 16%. And this would continue to go up in those who are in their 90s. This table shows the prevalence of visual impairment overall in all the provinces that we had, as well as in each province. So in all the entire CLSA comprehensive cohort population, the percent who had visual impairment was 5.7%. But we did see a lot of difference between provinces. So for example, in Newfoundland and Labrador, almost 11% had visual impairment, whereas the low was in Manitoba where only 2.4% had visual impairment. If you take those age stratified rates within each province and then apply it to the population in that province, you can come up with the number of people that likely have visual impairment. You can come up with estimates of the numbers who have visual impairment. And then you can add all those up. And so I wrote here for Canada, but it's really just for the provinces that were included in the CLSA comprehensive cohort, so the seven provinces, you can about 660,000 people had visual impairment. So we also looked at the risk factors for visual impairment. And so this is a multiple logistic regression model with everything together, including the things in the footnote at the bottom. And we saw that older people were more likely to have visual impairment. People with lower income, for example, those making under 20,000 had two times the odds of visual impairment compared to those making over 100,000. That's household income. Current smokers were more likely to have visual impairment compared to never smokers. People with type 2 diabetes were more likely to have visual impairment. And the type 1 odds ratio was even higher than that, but that group was smaller, so it didn't reach statistical significance. And then people who said that their doctor told them they have memory problems, they were more likely to have visual impairment as well. And the variables in the bottom, none of them were significant, except province. Provence remained very statistically significant, even after adjusting for these other factors. So now I'm showing you data from the monocular measures of visual acuity. And in this case, I'm just showing you the right eye. So OD means right eye. And so the top line is the amount of visual impairment in the right eye. And the bottom line is the amount of visual impairment after pinhole correction. So that removes refractive error. So the difference between those lines indicates the amount of visual impairment that's due to refractive error. So in the older group, it's about 47%. That was due to refractive error. Whereas in the younger group, it's higher. It's a larger proportion. It's about 75%. So that makes sense because these eye diseases tend to become more frequent with age. So we don't have data from a comprehensive eye exam in the CLSA, but they did ask about the self-report of various common eye diseases. So of those who had visual impairment, 13% said that they had a cataract in the eye. 10% said that they had age-related macular degeneration. And 8% said that they had glaucoma. So those are other possible causes of visual impairment besides refractive error. All right. So now moving on to eye care utilization. Again, some people are missing data on eye care utilization, about 5% of the comprehensive cohort. There was no difference in age between those who had data on this question and those who didn't. But there was a difference in income. So the people without data were more likely to have low household incomes and they were more likely to currently smoke. And that's not an exhaustive comparison. These are just some of the major factors that I picked to show. So this graph shows the prevalence of eye care utilization by age group. So in the younger age group, about 50% saw an eye care provider in the last year. And in the older age groups, about 75% or 6%. Overall, about 57% saw an eye care provider in the last year. When we look by province, so the darker the color, the lower the percentage who used eye care in the last year. And the white provinces don't have data. Ontario in the lighter yellow color had the highest percentage of people who used eye care. And the provinces with the lowest percentage included Manitoba, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador. And yeah. We then looked at the percent who used eye care utilization on the y-axis by the rate of optometrists on the x-axis. So this is adjusted for population. And we did that for each province. And you can see a linear trend here with the exception of Quebec, which didn't fit the linear trend. So for example, Newfoundland and Labrador had the lowest number of optometrists per 100,000 people at about 11. And they also had the lowest percentage of people who said they used eye care in the last year. Whereas Ontario had a very high rate of optometrists, 16 optometrists per 100,000 people, and they had the highest percent who used eye care. So you've got a linear trend there, with the exception of Quebec, which had about 17 optometrists per 100,000 people but had fairly average eye care utilization at about 55%. And we didn't see a trend when we looked at the eye care utilization by ophthalmologists. So just in case people don't know, an optometrist has a doctor of optometry and they're kind of the frontline eye care providers. Whereas an ophthalmologist has an MD and does surgery and treats, you know, does glaucoma surgery or cataract surgery. And so they're complementary to one another. And so we don't see this relationship, this linear trend between eye care utilization and the number of ophthalmologists for 100,000 people. We also looked at eye care utilization by certain high-risk groups, for example, people with glaucoma and people with diabetes. So the guidelines are that groups with glaucoma or diabetes, once they're age 60, they should be seen every year by an eye care provider. And you can see that for the glaucoma group, about 20% aren't being seen every year. For the diabetes group, about 30% aren't seen in the last year. So there's definitely room for improvement there. So we also, this is a logistic regression model looking at the variables that were associated with eye care utilization. And so older people were more likely to use eye care. Men were less likely to use eye care than women. You can tell by the odds ratio less than one. Those with lower incomes were less likely to use eye care. Those with less than a bachelor's degree were less likely to use eye care than those with more than a bachelor's degree. And current smokers were less likely to use eye care than never smokers. And this model contains more variables that I'll show on the next page. So we also put some of the eye disease variables in there. And as you can expect, so those people with type one and type two diabetes were more likely to use eye care. So especially type one, which occurs earlier in life, and the longer you have diabetes, the more likely you are to have complications of diabetes like diabetic retinopathy. So that group is the most likely to use eye care. People with glaucoma are more likely to use eye care as well as people with cataract and macular degeneration. And then with visual impairment in the model, with all those eye diseases, it didn't reach statistical significance, but it's significant without the eye diseases in the model. So that model also included marital status, ethnicity, urban rural residents and province. The only province of those four was statistically significant. So we saw differences by province for both visual impairment and eye care utilization. So, you know, we can only really speculate about why those differences exist. Obviously, Canada is a huge country. The provinces are very different in terms of the populations that live there in terms of the economies. When we adjusted, though, for demographic factors, we still saw that province was associated with both visual impairment and eye care utilization. So, you know, we don't think it's due to differences in education or income, for example. There are also differences in eye care coverage between the provinces. So, for example, Newfoundland Labrador does not cover an annual eye exam for seniors. All the other provinces in the CLSA, Comprehensive Cohort, do cover an eye exam at least every two years for seniors. And then there are some other differences as well. And finally, they also differ in terms of the availability of optometrists and ophthalmologists. For example, Newfoundland Labrador has the lowest optometrist rate. So those are some possible reasons why we saw provincial differences, but at this point we can only speculate. We would need further research to really investigate that in more detail. So lower income was related to more visual impairment and less eye care utilization. This was true even when adjusting for education. So, you know, getting an eye exam is in cheap. It's about $100. And then, you know, glasses, even if you buy the cheapest pair, it's still going to cost you about $150. And, you know, it can cost you many hundreds of dollars depending on what kind of frames and what kind of lenses you want. And, you know, if you have to change your glasses every few years, this can get very expensive for middle age and older adults. So we also saw that smoking was related to more visual impairment and less eye care utilization. So we know from prior research that smoking is a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration and certain types of cataract. But we also know that smokers participate less in preventive health measures. So it just may be that they're less likely to go get their eyes checked. Lower education was related to less eye care utilization. So, you know, even if you have the money to go see an eye care provider, if you're not aware that you should be going or you're not aware that it's not normal for your vision to get worse with age, then you might not know to go. So Australia, for example, has had public health campaigns to try to help with this and they've demonstrated some preliminary effectiveness with their campaign. So this would be something that could be considered. So how do the results here with the CLSA compare to other findings? So in the CLSA comprehensive cohort, we saw 5.7 percent had visual impairment with the age range of 45 to 85. In the United States, the NHANES study found that 6.4 percent had visual impairment, so but that was in a much wider age range of those 12 and older. In Melbourne, Australia, 4 percent had visual impairment and that's 40 plus. If you look just in the Ontario sites, we can compare to the Brantford, Ontario study. So just in the two Ontario sites in Hamilton and Ottawa, 3.5 percent had visual impairment in the CLSA and that compares very closely to the 2.7 percent that Barbara Robinson and colleagues found in Brantford, Ontario. So we found that 57 percent used eye care in the last year in the CLSA. In the prior work done using the CCHS study in 2005, 40 percent used eye care, but it's a younger age group, so it's not surprising it's less than what we found. In the United States, behavioral risk factor survey study, they found that 69 percent used eye care that's in an age range of 50 plus and in the Australian Blue Mountains eye study, they found that 62 percent used eye care. So this estimate is very similar to those. So the strengths of this work are that these data are really coming from all across Canada, from seven provinces, from 11 different cities, and visual acuity was measured using the E2DRS chart. And I think the fact that they included household income is really valuable. It turned out to be really important in these analyses. A lot of times epidemiological studies don't ask for it. I think they think it's a bit invasive, but it is important. The limitations, so we didn't have a comprehensive eye exam done by an ophthalmologist to determine the primary cause of visual impairment. And also, you know, our findings may not generalize to those not included in the eligibility criteria. So those in nursing homes, for example, or those in the far north, and our estimates of visual impairment are conservative because some people could not see any letters on the E2DRS chart. And finally, the fact that these data are cross-sectional does not allow assessment of the temporality between the risk factors and the various outcomes. So what does this all mean? You know, not surprisingly, refractive error is a leading cause of visual impairment in Canada. And because this is so easily treatable, it's something that can be targeted by policymakers to try to reduce this as a cause of visual impairment. And, you know, I think provinces should really think about how they can remove cost as an obstacle to eye care utilization. You know, I think in Canada, we believe that people should have equal access to healthcare and the fact that low-income people are not using it and are more likely to be visually impaired is a concern. And finally, the fact that people with diabetes are not getting eye care every year once they're older, that's also a concern. And I think we should consider a more education and outreach to this group. So I'd like to acknowledge my fellow co-authors on this work. I'd also like to acknowledge the funding from CIHR, both to me personally and for the CLSA study as a whole. And I'd like to acknowledge the principal investigators of the CLSA, Drs. Raina Wilson and Kirkland. And I'd be happy to take any questions. Thank you, Dr. Freeman. That was really great. Very, very interesting. So we'll go ahead and now open it up to questions. Just a reminder that muting remains on, but you can enter your questions into the chat window at the bottom right corner of the Webex window down here where people are sending questions at any time. And I'll go ahead and read through them. So we'll go ahead and get started. Dr. Kristen North asked the participants that could not see letters on the ETDRS chart go on to have pinhole acuity measured. So that's a good question. So on the protocol for visual acuity, I believe it started with the monocular acuity and then the pinhole acuity and then the binocular acuity. I'm not sure what the protocol was if they couldn't see the letters with each eye, if they went on to have pinhole. It's a good question, something that I'll have to clarify with them. So if I'm right, this is Carol. I believe that SOPs are posted online. So everybody should be able to see the visual acuity SOPs and see how that goes. Yes, yes, they are posted online. So please enter your questions into the chat box. As we're waiting for hopefully a couple more to come through, I'll ask a couple. So it's a really great presentation on the distribution of visual acuity problems. You decodimized your visual impairment. Are you planning on doing anything else, looking at gradations between visual problems? You mean looking at it with more categories or as a continuous measure? Yeah. We could do that. We could see are there different risk factors for more severe visual impairment than more moderate visual impairment? I did it this way mainly because that's the way the other studies have done it. But yeah, I wanted to look at blindness but we didn't have the protocol to measure blindness in this study. But yeah, often people will look at visual impairment or at blindness.  It's a good question.  But I'll see if there's a question on that. So we have another question from Walter Wittich. Do you believe that the ratio of optometrists to service access may be influenced by the fact that there are only optometry schools in Quebec and Ontario? That's a good question. Right. It's hard for me to say. You know, I think Walter could probably answer that question better than I could. You know, there did seem to be a high rate of optometrists in Quebec. So that may have something to do with the fact that there's a school there. I know we also sometimes have people go to the States and go and train elsewhere. You know, there has been a paper looking at access to eye care and whether it seems to be too low in various places. And I think the conclusion was that it seemed like we had adequate eye care access in Canada, but that doesn't mean that, you know, if you have to drive a little bit further in a certain city that maybe it wouldn't influence you to go less often. So, you know, I'm not, hopefully that answered your question, Walter. Yeah, the little follow up statement struck me that the usage was was so low, even though there should be more optometrists in QC, I guess, because of the optometry schools. That the usage in Quebec was lower. Yes, it did surprise me a bit that the usage in Quebec was lower, yet their rate of visual impairment was low as well. So I don't quite know how to explain that. So I'll go ahead and ask another question and hopefully somebody from the field will ask more questions. So, you know, it kind of begs looking for future directions or future associations between visual impairments and possibly cognitive decline or social isolation, participation. You can come up with a whole bunch of interesting associations, transportation or workforce utilization. Are you planning any of those things for the future, particularly maybe for the longitudinal study? Yes, so for the cross sectional data, I'm proposed to look at mobility and we've already started on that work and I wanted to look at employment as well. So those are kind of the next end depression as well. Those were the things that I proposed to look at in my abstract. And then for the longitudinal data, I think it'd be interesting to look at the incidence of visual impairment, just again, because I don't think we have any data on incidence of visual impairment. So it would be very valuable for Canada. Absolutely. And so when you start thinking kind of longitudinally, do you think that we're having any kind of changes over time? Or do you think that there's changing trends with our aging society for visual issues? Because there's just not enough information Canada-wide to be able to judge. Hard to say. When we compare the eye care utilization to what was found in the early 2000s, I think it's fairly similar. And I think there are some provinces that are lagging behind the other provinces, probably because of eye care coverage, I'm guessing, or maybe educational issues as well. As far as the prevalence of eye disease, hard to say what's going on. I mean, obviously, more and more adults are going to be, a higher proportion of adults are going to be older. So that's going to lead to more age-related disease. And so we need to make sure that we're ready for that in terms of our eye care system. Absolutely. Well, I'll ask one last question and give people time maybe to ask one last question here. And are you planning on doing anything with the image data that the CLSA has? Any retinal image or eye pressure measurement information? Are you planning to do anything else with kind of measurement issues out of the collection? So it's a good question. I requested quite a bit of data already and I've got my hands full just with that. But I know that my colleagues throughout Canada are probably thinking about those data. And those are going to be very valuable data, looking at intraocular pressure and the images, as you said. So I don't have any immediate plans right now for that. But hopefully someone else does. Okay. Any other questions from the field? If one comes through, then we'll ask it. Here we go. So here's a question from Annie.  That's also a very good question. Yeah. So generally the people who access eye care were the ones who had the worst vision or the eye disease. If they don't have, you know, poor vision, they're, yeah. Well, the people who access eye care were more likely to have bad vision actually. That makes sense. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Well, thank you again very, very much. We appreciate your participation in the CLSA webinar series and for being here with us today. Thank you very much. Thank you. I'd like to remind everyone that the CLSA data access request applications are ongoing. The next deadline for applications is in January 29th, 2018. So please visit the CLSA website under data access to review available data to see further information about the platform and to look at details about the application process. I'd also like to say that our next webinar scheduled for January will be welcoming Dr. Holly Touko to present on the development of dormative data and comparison standards for the cognitive measures employed in the CLSA. So please register soon and join us for next month's webinar. Thank you everyone again for attending today's presentation.