All right, welcome everybody once again Hope you had a good break got something to snack on munch on Okay, let's resume So so far we we looked at three Hebrew words for praise The first one was yada. It simply means to praise with extended hands It could be used for prayers made of supplication and request Or to engage everybody in corporate worship You know to just be in awe of of of who God is and you know as we see in Habakkuk chapter 3 You know in the creations praise and praise him We ought to join in and the second word toda is Lifting our hands and the expectations, you know for the things that we have not received Confessing like I just shared In in in the goodness of God like believing that he is good And so the hint therefore you are going to praise him you choose to praise him regardless of your situation in your circumstance and The third word which we saw was Halal Halal is the primary Hebrew root word for which hallelujah is found. Okay Let me go ahead and share the screen Okay, so let's move on The fourth word the Hebrew word for praise is Shabbakh Okay, you gotta let the flam gonna ring Okay, yeah, I In physical classroom, it's really fun to get all my students do this and just to hear them But yeah, we're not gonna do that online But yeah, so we're gonna call this as the shout of praise Okay, everybody with your mics muted say the shout of praise Okay, and everybody say Shabbakh Shabbakh Okay It simply means allowed adoration.  Okay, you're just lost in the beauty of the thing or some someone or something, right? allowed Adoration you're declaring out loud.  You are magnificent. It's a shout of praise Means to commend to adore to triumph. Okay, so that's what Shabbakh is all about It means to address in a loud tone Okay That's it. It's just simply means to address in a loud tone to come on to triumph glory and shout Okay, I Love these scriptures. It says Psalm 145 verse 4 One generation Shell Shabbakh Your works to another And shall declare your mighty acts You know, all of a sudden a perception kind of changes, isn't it the imagery, you know, we use praise for everything the English You know, we praise you we praise you praise you for this we praise you for that and then all of a sudden when we understand Okay, so this is the word that's used to us and it's saying one generation Shall what does it say shall shout of your praise?  If you can get your hands on it It's awesome. Okay, it's called Holy Roar He co-authored that with Chris Tomlin. I Hope everybody knows who Chris Tomlin is so so the author of that book Holy Roar Darren Whitehead who's also a pastor of a church. He writes this The Holy Roar of praise is not self-contained It's not just for a particular people in a particular space It's not just for the youth. It's not just for the young people in a youth concert or in a prison worship concert It's not praise for the purpose of pumping up a present crowd. Okay guys. Just be attention to that line It's not praise For the purpose of pumping up a present crowd because most of the time we look at praise as okay guys Let's use a praise a jumpy song, you know, let's pump up the crowd That he says it's not that It's for the passing on the faith from one generation to the next generation The future church is waiting for the sound of Shabbakh These people have such insights. I don't know but praise God. Thank God for people like them and who actually You know write out But yeah, I just want to read that whole thing one more time if you know says the Holy Roar of praise is not self-contained It's not just for a particular people in a particular space It's not praise for the purpose of pumping up a present crowd It's for the passing on the faith from one generation to the next generation The future church is waiting for the sound of Shabbakh And these are all the creed scriptures here Let's just go to Psalm 71 All of us if you can go to Psalm 71, please. I Want to I want to read a lot of scriptures from this Psalm. Okay. I'll call out the verses Sam 71. Okay, just make sure you're there Okay, I want to read from verse 14 because I like it It says but as for me I Will always have hope I Will praise you more and more My mouth will tell of your righteousness of your salvation all day long Think of one of the definitions of praise is a verbal declaration. Isn't it we as which we learned It's a verbal declaration here verse 15. He's saying my mouth will tell of your righteousness a verbal declaration Verse 16 I will come and proclaim your mighty acts.  Oh I'm reading from NIV Divya. Yeah, it's an ancient one. I'm reading from Verse 17 it says since my youth. Oh God, you have taught me and to this day I declare your marvelous deeds verse 18 Even when I am old and gray Do not forsake me. Oh God Listen to this till I declare your power to the next generation Your might to all who are to come Okay, can I read that verse one more time verse 18 says even when I'm old and gray do not forsake me Oh God till I declare your power till I declare your praise till I declare your works till I declare Who you are to the next generation your might to all who are to come The future church And then this has come down to verse 22 Psalm 71 verse 22 says I will praise you with the harp for your faithfulness. Oh my God I will sing praise to you with lyre. Oh, holy one of Israel. My lips will shout for joy. Okay Verse 23 My lips will shout for joy. My lips will shabbah For joy when I sing praise to you I whom you have redeemed my tongue will tell off your righteous acts all day long For those who wanted to harm me and who have who have been put to shame and confusion Amen, amen again a lovely painting of the importance of shabbah is the importance of praising so that The generations to come will know who our God is and and in a way in a sense It says the generations to come will know who our God is who your God is by our praise Okay, Solomon as we read before in first Kings chapter 8 He wrote he writes right, you know here when your people here Cry for help hear them with their hand when they're when they're lifting up their hands towards The inner sanctuary hear them why he wrote that is because he saw his father do That's what we saw in Psalm 28 David writes that hear my cry oh lord and I've raised my hands towards you and Solomon had that vision and then he writes that in first Kings Chapter 8 so shabbah Is super important? You know our generations our children will know who our God is You know With our shouts of praise amen. Are you guys with me? Yep? Okay Let's move on The fifth word Hebrew word for praise is tahila Okay, we're calling this as the song of praise. Okay tahila Um The definition there is glory Praise it's a song of praise. It's it's it's a laudation or hymns of the spirit It's a spontaneous song. It's a new song. Okay. It's an eruption of a spontaneous song. Okay It's a few scriptures here But you are holy Enthroned on the praises Of israel. In other words, you are holy and thrown on the songs of israel Okay, uh Psalm 40 verse 3 He put a new song in my mouth A song of praise to our god many will see and fear and will trust in the law Enter his gates with thanksgiving and his courts with praise Simply means his courts with the songs of praise give thanks to him and praise his name Amen Can can I request some of us to just read Psalm 22 verse 3 in different languages, please Psalm 22 verse 3 what is mentioned over there? Anybody in any language, uh, just go for it, please Yes, please Can you just read that again? I mean he who wells who lives In the midst of the praises of israel Oh, man. Okay. Well, what are the languages do we have anybody else hindi malayalam canada? Yes Yeah Who dwells on top of the praises on the songs of praises of israel man Any other languages? Yes. Thanks john Um Yes, please Amen And what I love about the verse is he's not just saying that he dwells there, but he He's the holy one of israel. He's set apart. He's one of a kind There is no one like him and he dwells on the songs of the praises Um, isn't that wonderful? um another um One of the definitions, uh For tahila, which I have not mentioned here. I think it's in your notes though is uh Is inviting us to be a book of praise Isn't that interesting? Uh One of the definitions for tahila simply means is like you are You have to be a dictionary of praise a book of of praise and uh, and this is Look at can we go to sum 18, please Sum 18 all of us Okay, when you're there say amen Sum 18 are we there? Yeah Okay, uh once again, uh I want different people to start reading. Uh, this time, uh, can I just request all of us to read only in english? Okay, sum 18 Verse one and verse two This is go for it. Yeah Uh, sum 118 No, sum 18 sum 18 Not uh, not 118. Sorry It's one eight. Yeah, okay. Let me read I love you lord my strength The lord is my rock my foot praise and my deliverer My god is my rock in whom I take that use my sea and the horn of my salvation my stronghold Man, thank you. So wishes. Um, yeah, Priya if you're there go for it. Yeah So i'm reading from amplified by I love you. Oh lord my strength the lord is my lord my fortress and the one who Uh, excuse me. This is sum 18 one and two Thank you. Priya anybody else Yeah, I need a few more people to read the same sum same scriptures I'll go I love you lord. You are my strength. The lord is my rock my focus and my savior My god is my rock whom I find protection He's my shield the power that saves me in my place Thank you, jeffina. Uh, I want two more people and we'll move on Come on. Come on. Let's go Very Just go ahead. Yeah I love you. Oh lord my strength the lord is my rock and my fortress and my deliverer My god my strength in whom I trust My shield and the horn of my salvation my stronghold Thank you. It's one last person I love you both My strength my rock and my fortress in my deliverer My god my rock in whom I take refuge My shield and the horn of my salvation my stronghold Man, thank you. Hey, thanks. Thank you everybody for reading the same sum Same verses multiple times. Thanks guys But here's the thing, right? So we all read Uh as I love you lord or lord my strength The lord is my rock my fortress and my deliverer. Okay, let's pause Uh, but before verse one, I just want us to read What's just above the sum before it starts? I'm not sure if it's there in your bible, but there's this note above some Before verse one it says for the director of music of david The servant of the lord Here's where it's getting interesting. He says he sang to the lord the words of this song When the lord delivered him From the hand of all his enemies and from the hand of sol Now when we put ourselves in david's shoe He has been running for his life. He's been running in the wilderness hiding There's no shade. There's no water. He's tired. He's weary.  Oh lord my strength When he says lord my strength, I can imagine david crying out with all his strength with all his might is Screaming on top of his lungs and erupting in the song is saying. I love you. Oh lord my strength The lord is my rock and my fortress and my liverer My god is my rock in whom I take refuge for he is my shield and the horn of my salvation Amen What I want to encourage or ask us is Is your heart A heart that is full of praise Is is your heart a book of praise? um One of the best investments I've done in my life, uh, if again if you're in india is You go to any of these christian bookstores like els or om I bought this book called 10, uh, thousand praises thousand praises, uh, it's was it's 10 rupees. Okay. I it's uh I would you know, that's actually was gifted to me by my mother. So and I would just you know read it You know, I wasn't praises. It's just a book of praise and I would encourage you to You know buy it if you can it's thing is available in every language in india And uh, there's a soft copy pdf available online for those who You know can't have access to that but um And and I guarantee you that it'll come in handy When you expect the unexpected of life um And so there were these times and I would just make a note, you know for all these praises and uh, you know, just keep reading it and And I would have this note in my phone, you know in my notes You know just this bunch of praises that I can just read when I have absolutely no clue of what's happening Oh when I just feel like praising him. Okay, so I just want to read this, you know bunch of praises that I made a note of uh, you know just for my personal Meditation devotion and my personal time of worship and I'm calling it the praise break.  He alone is awesome the demons flee at the sound of his name the heavens shake and the earth trembles The mountains melt like wax in the presence of god He is the ceo of the universe my ancient off days my song my warrior My right hand my majesty my unfailing love He is my pillar of cloud by day and my pillar of fire by night And I can go on and yeah, so that's having just that the bunch of praises for me to go to has Has changed so much around me to change the atmosphere when your heart is like that heart of david Which is ready to erupt in praise Any situation any you know any circumstances life throws at you the question is does your heart Can your heart erupt in a spontaneous song of praise in tahila? Okay, so that's uh tahila for all of us Um, let's move on Okay, the sixth uh Hebrew word for praise is the posture of praise. I'm calling this as barach The definition here is to kneel or bow down To bless god as an act of adoration to praise to salute to thank Now this Has more of a military connotation to it. What do I mean by that is?  Okay Praise the lord o my soul all my inmost being praises holy name Praise the lord o my soul and forget not all his benefits um Right just because of the lack of time going on I'm going to move on But I would encourage you to read all these scriptures. Uh, you know that is Mentioned for all these For all these words divya. Yes, please go ahead Yeah, I was just uh wondering if uh, this barach the term does it have Relation to first chronicles or second chronicles 20 that chapter where jahosh of art A valley of barach. It doesn't have a relation to that term. Yes. Yes. It doesn't actually in fact So this has a very close relations to uh, so What we are learning right now is seven Hebrew words for praise Right, uh, but there is this one word for worship in Hebrew. Which means shah Which uh, I was hoping to share that if we had time today, uh, which means Bow down, but your face is also down You know, so it has very close relations to the same. So it's it's used interchangeably So in second chronicles 20 in context of jahosh of art Uh, and also, you know, when for example in sam 95 or six is, you know, bow down before the king of kings He is our maker etc. So it's used interchangeably, but this barach has more of a Like military connotations to it like a soldier bowing down before an emperor or a king Okay. Okay. Thank you. Thank you Okay, um, so that's barach. Um, and um, wait, is this the last one I'm losing. Yeah Oh, okay This is the last Hebrew word for praise. Okay. Let's just quickly recap. What's the first one In the chat section, what's the first one? What's the first Hebrew word? Come on. Come on. Come on Yada Yada, okay Okay, the second one Okay Thank you. And the third one. Come on Hello Awesome. Thank you for Okay, and the fifth one Don't you know Don't you know the healer? Okay, and sixth Barak, okay, and seven finally we have reached The last one which is zamar Okay, which means the muse we're going to call it as the music of praise Okay, zamar is another Hebrew word for praise The definition here is to make music Sing praises to sing songs accompanied by musical instrument To touch the strings or the parts of the musical instruments to celebrate in song and music I love this quote by martin luther He says next to the word of god the noble out of music is the greatest treasure in the world A beautiful music is the art of the prophets that can calm the agitations of the soul It is one of the most magnificent and delightful presence god has given us Okay, so zamar simply means to make music To sing song of songs of praises accompanied with a musical instrument to make music to pluck the strings That's what it literally means is to pluck touch the strings and or to pluck it to make music To his name Okay, a few scriptures for us is I will sing a new song to you. Oh god On a harp of ten strings. I will sing praises to you Second kings three fifteen We know this scripture where a laisha asks for a harpist to come Like in the middle of a wall prophet a laisha asks for a musician. I want a harpist to come And and some more key scriptures for all of us Efficiency 519 we all know this Actually, let's just go to efficiency 519 And just read that passage of scripture Okay, I just stopped sharing Efficiency If anybody is there feel free to read Please it's chapter five verse 19 Efficiency chapter five verse 19 Singing psalms and hymns and spiritual songs among yourselves and making music to the lord in your thoughts Enough. Thanks. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you But it is about speak to one another with psalms hymns spiritual songs sing and make music and And hear the instrument that he is referring to is our heart Okay I think it is a ronald allen a person called ronald allen. I'm not sure he says When an unbeliever Okay, when an unbeliever becomes a christian He becomes a singer Okay, when an unbeliever becomes a christian he becomes a singer and then he posts this question after that he says It's not that if you can sing The point is does your heart have a song? So This is so beautiful.  Okay. Um Yeah, are you are you all with me? Is everybody okay? Yeah, okay So this is Thank you. Um, there's something that I wanted to share which is not in your notes. Uh, is uh So and if you notice that all of these, uh Um word the Hebrew words, right, uh, it's just it's not just an action word, but it's it It has a posture Attached to it. It's it's a posture phrase, right?  So, uh Where is that notes? So, um, I'm just going to share the screen. Um, and uh And I briefly wanted to talk also about a posture of worship because we've been uh talking about, uh, you know, Uh the seven Hebrew words which all in a way kind of Uh shows an image of a different kind of posture Uh, so okay. Let me just go ahead and uh Add something to it. So this particular thing, uh section is not in your notes. Okay. So if you can make a note of it, uh That's great. Um, okay, so, um worship Uh another definition is worship as a posture Google defines posture as uh the position in which someone holds their body when standing or sitting Okay, we we just looked at yada, toda, halal and zamar barak Okay, the position in which someone holds their body when standing or sitting Uh, it also goes on to say a particular way of dealing with or considering something An approach or attitude right A heal a way of dealing with or considering something An approach or attitude Okay, so uh worship as a posture is Is everything and um, if you just look at the word posture, uh, there is good posture and there are bad posture Right. Um, there's a good posture to sit And if you don't sit properly and bad posture will lead you to uh to having a very bad back ache And whatnot and uh, I'm not sure how many of y'all have experienced that but uh, I had a lower back ache for I don't know six months or so Simply because I was practicing my drums and my posture was bad Um, and so now when I have to teach a drums or keyboards guitars or anybody One of the first lessons is Your posture you have to sit right you have to hold, you know, the sticks, right? Your the distance between the keyboard on your hands has to be right Um, etc, etc. Isn't it so there there's a posture for everything When you look at uh fans in the stadium football fans cricket anything whatever supports When when your team is winning or you know, someone scores a hundred or a goal whatever everybody erupts with their You know with their hands lifted up, you know, so that's another sign of posture, right when When a guy wants to propose to a girl he goes down on one knee and he presents the ring Or when he's done something really bad and he's messed up. He goes on two knees to apologize right So there's there's good posture. There is a bad posture right, so um Every word that describes praise and worship like we just saw in the bible describes a particular posture of the body um Okay, every word that describes praise and worship in the bible describes a particular posture of the body okay, so The Hebrew word for worship Is It means to bow down or to fall down flat It means to put your face in its place It's the ultimate picture of humility before god. It's it's an ultimate picture of complete 100 surrender before god and um And that's what the Hebrew word shaha means Okay, um Let's look at this verse Romans chapter 12 verse 1. This is the message version.  Embracing what god does for you is the best thing you can do for him Uh, and I want to read that in the niv as well Paul writes therefore I urge you brothers and sisters because of god's mercies To offer your bodies as living sacrifice holy and pleasing to god This is your true and proper worship now, uh Why why why Someone raised their hand Yeah, I mean Not able to see who's raised their hand. This goes on Did anyone want to ask a question? I think is okay. I guess not must have been a accident. Okay. Um Yeah, one of the reasons why I wanted to uh, you know Look at this scripture is, um I want you to think with me about the posture Of the one that's going to be sacrificed Uh, what do you think the posture of something or someone that's going to be sacrificed? What do you think the posture is? Talk to me people. I'm thinking about the sacrifice of Abraham when he gave Isaac, you know, he made him flat and he tied him Maybe that's the posture of the sacrifice Sure, sure. Yeah. Thank you. Thank you, jeffie. Yeah What about others Zalitoli Ria Rubin What do you think is the posture of a sacrifice? Can I share? Yes, please yeah Yeah, one thing. Um, that always Excites me is to see the mountains How they are like So every time I see a mountain I feel like they are bowing down Like Had like our hands Like bowing to god Yeah, so as sometimes I feel that even some churches which have um a kind of triangular ceiling So it's kind of bowing down to god posture. I just love that Of seeing mountains bowing down Yeah, wow, that's yeah, that's awesome. Thanks for sharing Divya Yeah, anybody else good would uh, what do you think is the posture of the one that's going to be sacrificed? What I um see is uh trees or when they Dance in the wind I feel it was like worshiping god Great Thanks. Thank you. Yeah Yeah, thank you guys, uh, you know But when I think of the posture of of something or someone that's going to be sacrificed, uh, you know And my paul is saying offer your bodies as living sacrifice the posture of the one And we just saw the definitions of sacrifice in in the previous classes, isn't it? Is complete surrender. It's just No control whatsoever.  You do what you want to do with me You have all the authority you are my king My heart is yours. My my life is yours everything I want to do my desires are yours Absolutely yours the sacrifice is going to be on the auto the sheep doesn't have any say Right the sheep doesn't have any say um, and the historians claim that when uh, abraham Wanted to sacrifice isaac isaac was a teenager a well built teenager. That's what they claim And uh, he could have resisted his a hundred year old father Or 120 at that time very easily and easily overpowered but instead He submits he surrenders um In other words, like what jesus is not my will But yours be done Right, that's what shaha is just bowing down and you know Laying it laying it everything at the feet of jesus and i just the beautiful Sam in sam 95 you don't have to turn and read it for us Sam 95 verse 6 it says come Let us bow down in worship Let us kneel before the lord our maker Let us come down in worship. Let us kneel before the lord our maker Now when you bow down just imagine this with me, right?  Yeah, so when you bow down What you hear Isn't full surrender to him. What you want to say isn't full surrender to him. What do you want us?  So uh quickly let's just Move on. So there's good posture and then there is bad posture. So a good posture is the worship You're bowing down, but then there is bad posture. Okay. The opposite of humility is right And uh the first worship leader had a huge issue with submission that god had to throw him out Okay, can we read uh isai chapter 14? I mean it's good isai chapter 14 Okay, isai chapter 14 was 13 to 15 Okay, I'll read it for us isai 14 was 13 to 15. It says You said in your heart, I will ascend to heaven I will raise my throne about the stars of god I will sit enthroned on the mount of assembly On the utmost heights of the sacred mountain I will ascend above the tops of the clouds. I will make myself like the most high But you are brought down to the grave to the depths of the pit And you can read as he killed 28 uh 14 15 and 17 as well And a few scriptures for us james 4 6 it says god resists the proud but gives grace to the humble He mocks the mockers in problems. He says but gives grace to the humble Whoever exalts himself will be humbled and whoever humbles himself will be exalted Matthew 23 said Humble yourselves before the lord and he will exalt you Proverbs 6 16 or 17 Probably the most famous popular passage and it comes to pride Says there are six things the lord hates Seven that are detestable to him The first one on the list right on top Okay Hotty eyes a proud look This literally means a hotty or lofty eyes means Meaning supreme disdain Means the feeling that someone or something is unworthy Of one's consideration or respect. That's what pride does You kind of have this condescending attitude that I am better I can sing better than that fellow. I can sing better than that girl I can sing play the instrument better than him. I can do everything I can do in life better than everybody else Because I'm the best Uh And that's a bad posture Satan kind of understood that isn't it? and He understood the power Of worship He understands our enemy guys our enemy knows the power of worship Okay, um, so that's why he asks Jesus to bow before him in worship That's what he wants. He wants our worship Uh That's what Shadrach made. Um, I second Abednego refused to do so Is that I refuse to bow down before a false king before a false god before an idol I will choose not to bow down before another idol I will not I would choose not to bow down before a man made god Because my worship our worship Is to the only one and that is the holy one of israel Okay, it's a stop there. That's the end of it so, um Really? We're almost out of time as well. Um So that is the posture of worship guys. It's it's simple.  Uh, that is like a sweet aroma to god. Amen okay, so What we've covered today is the seven Hebrew words for praise and one Hebrew word for worship Okay, uh, hope you get a chance to go back and uh remediate on the notes and uh, Yeah, that's that's about it. Uh, let's pray and close today's session Father, we thank you. Uh, we thank you how beautiful you are and lord Your word says that you stoop down to make us great But you humble yourself. I pray that Uh, lord, you will be a perfect example that that we will learn from and how we can go about Living our lives Jesus Then I pray that everything that we learn will just not be a head knowledge lord that we learn and we forget I pray though that we that we will erupt in praise that we will our hearts will be filled with the songs of praise for you Jesus that we will Celebrate your goodness your kindness that we will shout out that we will make known of your goodness That the next generation will know who you are I thank you that we have this wonderful opportunity to learn from your word Holy spirit. I thank you that you teach us you open our eyes To the things that's hidden in your word In jesus name. I pray amen Thank you everybody. I'm going to stop the recording. Um I want to thank you for joining today's session


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A camera is essentially just a box. It looks kind of like this. And on the front end of the box, there is a hole. You might recognize it more having a piece of glass in it, but in essence, it is just a hole. And now you can imagine on this camera that it would go back like this. Maybe it would be different shape, but we're just going to make it into a very simple box, and we're going to view it just from the side. Now, light enters this box through that hole, and in modern cameras, it is always with some sort of piece of glass, and we'll talk about lenses a little bit later. But that light is focused through that hole in the wall. Inside, there's no other holes anywhere else in the camera, just in the front. And that light is focused through that hole, and then cast onto the back wall of the camera. Basically, if you remember the history lesson, it's just like a camera obscura. It's the very same principle. So we're going to step back a step here. We're going to delete a few pieces of our camera. And we're going to add in something that was very important in the development of the camera, and that is the lens. So here's our body. They made the hole a little bit bigger so that they could mount a lens on it. And we're going to make our lens green. And we'll make our lens sort of like this, right here. And we'll put it in kind of a long lens, like this. All right, so here's our lens. And we're going to say it kind of comes in here a little bit, right there. All right, now inside of that lens, so I just made the outside bit of the lens, inside of the lens, is some glass. So there's usually lots of pieces of glass. So we'll say here's one piece of the glass, and maybe there's another right here, and maybe there's some space. Have a piece of glass right here. Maybe there's another piece right here, and right here. And at the very end, there's another piece of glass right here. Now what happens is the same way that light came in before, light is cast over onto the lens. It travels through, and it comes out the other side, and lands on the back of the camera. And just like before, red comes in, bounces around in here, takes a little trip, and is then in the end, cast in this direction, like that. So you get an idea of how all of that works. I'm going to go back a few steps here, and delete that. So you've got your light coming in. I'm going to reintroduce our light streaks here, because I think they're kind of cool. And this is basically the same principle. This is still a camera obscura, because we don't have any film yet. It's a camera without film, which is a camera obscura. And you could, in theory, if you were small enough, you could jump inside the camera, and you could draw what you were seeing on the back wall of the camera. Now at some point, like you might have seen in the history course, or in the history lesson, some people figured out that there were light sensitive chemicals. And so at some point, someone came up with the idea of making film. So film was produced, and we're going to make our film brown, and it was put in the back of the room, or in the back of the box, in the back of the camera. So here's our film. And this is basically, early on it would have been glass, or some piece of metal, covered and coated in some sort of light sensitive, silver nitrate of some kind. And eventually it became a piece of plastic, or something along those lines, and then it would be covered in the silver nitrate in a dried form. Early on these actually were glistening wet. They would stick them in, take the photograph while the plate was still wet, and then they'd take it out and go develop it. So this is a sort of a situation where you now need to find a way to keep the film from being exposed while the camera is exposed to light. Because right now, if we were just to have your film sitting in there, it would always be exposed to light. So you need to make a shutter. Early shutters were actually often inside of the lens. And there was just a little door that you would pop open. The light would come in, and it would hit the film, and expose it. And then you would pop it back down, and the light would stop, and that was your shutter. But as film got faster, the shutter needed to become more quick. And there are still cameras that use a lens shutter type. But in general, most shutters on most cameras are going to make the shutter on this camera red. Are right in front of the film. So the film is sort of in a case of some kind. Something like that. And then in the front, there's basically a big door. And sometimes it's a series of tiny little doors that all open at the same time, something like this. And they're all kind of connected. And so when the picture is being taken, all of these, sort of like the blinds in a window or something, they all pop forward or pop down, however the shutter works. And they slide. They slide down, and then they pop back up into place. So it's almost like those kind of blinds that you have on your windows that you can open and close by twisting the handle. It's sort of a similar situation, but at the same time as they're sort of changing their horizontal tilt, they're also sliding up and down. And that basically creates a very small moment where light is then cast on the film. So your film is protected from being exposed, and then it's exposed to the light, and then it's close to again. So this represents then the basics of photography. This is really, these are the most essential elements to a camera. There's also the problem that you can't necessarily control the amount of light coming in with this lens. You just have a set amount of light that you always have to work with. That brought about the idea of the aperture. The aperture is kind of a little bit more of a confusing concept, and we'll talk about it more in another lesson. But basically what aperture is, is it's kind of like shutters for your lens. And often that piece of machinery is either here in the lens, so right where my arrow is, or kind of more forward. And we'll make ours up here because we just have space for it. I didn't leave space back here. From the side, it would look something like this. From the side, it would look like a little hole. And basically, this is a piece that you would twist like sort of a wheel that's on the outside of your lens. And it will close and open this window.  And then you have what are called blades. And they're all sort of going like this. And there's a little hole in the middle. And as you turn this right here, this sort of grip, as you turn it, this hole gets bigger and smaller. So you can control the amount of light that's coming in. It's sort of like opening and closing the shades on a window. And this has the effect of allowing more or less light in, which has lots of purposes and lots of uses. And we'll explain those later on when we start talking about aperture more in depth. But just so you know, that is how aperture works. So I'm going to delete our little diagram here. So we've got aperture. Now comes the problem of the viewfinder. Now we're not exactly sure how we're going to see all of this. Now we're going to make this camera into what's called an SLR. Now there's lots of different types of viewfinders. One, the early viewfinder was just basically two squares. You'd just make two little squares on the top of the camera. And then with your eye, you would make these little boxes so that when you looked through it over top of the camera, you would see about what your lens would see. But this is a pretty primitive way of doing it. My first ever camera had one of these. And it was just a little $2 camera that my mom bought me for my birthday when I was really small. And it does work. It works really well. But it's not the most advanced way to see it. So eventually, over time, there have been lots of different ways of creating a viewfinder. This is something a little bit like what you would call a rangefinder, something along those lines. But what would eventually come to be the standard in photography, or what is considered the best solution to this problem right now, or one of the best solutions to this, is what's called the single-lens reflex. So we're going to add now a mirror to the whole situation. So we'll take a mirror. And so the light would normally be coming in and hitting this and just not going anywhere. But what scientists and camera makers decided to do was try putting a mirror right here. They've put in a mirror. And this reflects the light up. So your light comes in right here, hits the mirror, and goes boing right up to the top of the camera. So up here, they made it very complex. We're going to add some more hardware to our camera here. Made a very complex little set of mirrors and prisms. So the light goes up, and it lands inside of a big prism that is sitting up in the top of the camera. And I'm not exactly sure how the light bounces around. There are some good diagrams of it online. But you take your eye. Here we've got our eye again. And it's looking into this. There's a hole right here. And it's a little window that looks right in to this. And basically, the light is going boing, hitting the mirror, going up, up into here, bouncing around a little bit. Now this is not accurate, obviously. I didn't do a very good job on this. And then it's coming back out right here. So the light, you're seeing it go all the way up. Ding, go this way, go that way. There must be something like that in there somewhere. And the light comes back. And you can see exactly what this lens is seeing, what you're seeing through this lens.  But this mirror would flop up to an up position. So the mirror, when you're taking a picture, is right here. So there's a spring on it that has a hinge. And it just goes, ding, pops up. And you can imagine it not being here anymore. And then that light passes through that there. And then the shutter opens while this is happening. So you're pushing the button has done two things. It's open the shutter. And it's popped the mirror up. And then the light travels in through the lens to hits the film, exposes it. And then when the camera says that the exposure is correct, then everything closes back down. So the mirror drops back down, the shutter closes, and the film is exposed. The only thing that they've really done in recent times that changes any of this is that they've taken this piece of film, and they've developed digital sensors that can basically do the same thing. And actually now we're learning do a lot more even. And they've replaced that. So we've got a digital sensor. And they've added some sort of memory space. So we'll just imagine that this is like a little card down here. This is what you save your files on. So the light comes in, hits the digital sensor. And the digital sensor is just like a little series of electrical nodes that sense the light. And then they pop out bunches of ones and zeros. And they go through, put a little computer in here. So there's a little computer here, right there. And the information goes into the computer. Computer processes it, saves it as a file, and drops it into your card.  And then you take that out, put it in your computer, and use it. But sometimes you won't maybe have a mirror here. There's lots of different ways of doing this little part here. But this is basically how it works. They've added also, in recent years, screens. So on the back you've got, even with the early digital cameras, you have a screen, just a TV version of this. There might be some sort of, either the shutter is a different kind of shutter. And the sensor is always exposed to the light. And so you're seeing directly what the sensors use. Or they have some sort of system that does the same purpose of taking this light that you're seeing. And instead of displaying it up top, they just display it on a screen. So that was our lesson for today. If you want to find more lessons like this, or more courses like this, go ahead and check out our website at alversity.org.


We're back with some more cursed Thomas videos We are on dreams by the way, which is a cool awesome video game, and uh yeah Let's go ahead and begin Thomas. Oh, yeah, and that was he's coming by stepney boy I have reacted to some of his YouTube videos before okay.   I don't freaking know.  He might not. Is he gonna attack us? Okay, he's just friendly. He's a friendly spider Thomas the neighborhood, you know He's like the friendly neighborhood spider-man, but he's a spider train That makes sense All right now we got Thomas the tankin dankin. Oh, man. Look at that. Don't know Okay What is going on here?  Oh my god his eyeballs are moving bro Okay, this is kind of terrifying in a way Thomas What are you doing bro come on? Close your freaking mouth I don't know man. Thomas has just lost it So I'm gonna get Tommy some help man. All right, this is Thomas the tank engines Rotting corpse damn stepney boy hint that has everything Thomas on here Wait, I seen that image before though. No trespassing Okay, it says on April of 2011 Thomas the tank engine was shot dead in California by rival cartel gang This is lifeless body was then translated to a crystal meth laboratory where he was modified and mutilated Mutil mutilated that beyond recognition to serve as a power generator His body wasn't discovered until three years and eight months after the incident first occurred That's a little descriptive. Okay after the federal's found the criminals meth lab No one really cared too much about what had happened to Thomas the person who had been affected most by the incident was Bugly bulky the bus. He said why did they go kill Thomas for he held me 20 bucks five years later Buggy still hasn't recovered from the critical financial death that Thomas left behind What? Dude, what Thomas? What did you get yourself into bro? Why did you? Why did you get yourself? Mixed up with the cartel man, and then this dude bogsy is like he's unbelievable, bro He's crying because Thomas owed him $20 and he's in debt now Unbelievable poor Thomas, man. He did not deserve that. Okay. This is Thomas suffers the worst pain in existence Sony and bright afternoon on the island of Soto Thomas was waiting inside of a napestation for the back controller to arrive and give him a special special job Well, everyone else working hard as always Hey, why is there wealth in the wheelchair? What? But as it turns out Thomas would be in a lot of big trouble for no fault of his own Oh dear oh my I am so excited for the back controller to arrive so that he can give me that special special He promised me earlier. What do you mean by that? I'm excited. I am kind of sus man. What do you mean? But is that what I? Think it was Well, what all right now we got YCR Sonic slings Thomas the tank engine steam what what the heck is this? like a Thomas the tank body with the With the sonic head This is so strange bro never seen anything like this, but It's always the first time for everything I mean it kind of looks kind it looks pretty cool. I'm not gonna lie like they're both blue That's pretty much it I don't know This is so strange Dude imagine how much faster he could even go if he's Sonic and Thomas at the same time Okay, Thomas pancakes dude.  What? It's always the popo bro. I swear to never let you enjoy things for what it is. They always got it intervened Okay, now we got Thomas look back. Let's see what this is Hello, Thomas. He said what are you doing here? I'm pulling a train said Thomas. Can't you see? Where are your coaches then? Why bless me he said if we haven't left them behind What? Thomas fans be like All right, let's see how Thomas fans be like Thomas fans when they see a rare Toy train at an unsupervised play table. Oh, he's gonna steal it. Oh Don't get back controller guys stealing is not cool unless you really like the object right and then by all means You know Risky yourself take the risk if you want alright said 17 Thomas showcase All right, I had no I I have no idea what the heck that was it was like all over the place It was just pure madness and chaos, bro All right you guys well that was cursed Thomas and dreams if you guys enjoyed the video make sure to smash like button if you knew Around here make sure to subscribe and hit that notification about alone and enjoy the rest of your weekend. Peace


Your coca-cola bottler presents Claudia Claudia based on the play and novels by Rose Frankin Brought to you transcribed Monday through Friday by your friendly neighbor who bottles coca-cola Relax and while you're listening refresh yourself. Have a coke and now Claudia Mackenzie could have been a lot nicer. You think everybody in Eastbrook is like him? I hear you careful of these stairs darling. I will Niceness isn't what counts when you're picking out a general contractor Besides mr. McKenzie's nice enough. He's simply too busy. You were nicer. He wouldn't be so busy You were completely sure of that wouldn't be so greedy. He'd let somebody else He spoke to some of the building then he'd be able to do ours. Of course he'd be able to You heard him say he'd rather work for an architect like us us Course us. I've heard so much about building houses since we bought the fun that I'm ready to sit right down and Design a small cathedral all by myself You mean I can retire Still don't see why we can't make all the changes ourselves That's what I thought it was going to be like buying a house and moving into it You think I married you for a pioneer woman? I can just see you Mrs. Norton chopping down trees with a double-headed axe Clowing fields with a double-headed ox the one tad knocks the two heads I didn't care for him at all I was wrong. Did he have more brains than you never mind me? If you're so happy with the brains you've got why can't we build the changes ourselves? You told me it was going to be so uncomplicated. Let me out on the street. I need some air Dave that are we on our way to see another general contractor now we are But I thought mr. McKenzie was the best contractor needs The only one too. Hey, where do you think we are Mrs. Norton up in the north woods? This is a thriving metropolis the population of 87 2887 when did you ever count them? I looked it up in the almanac then it ought to be 2889 counting us I counted us already out of this little bunch of people. There's more than one general contractor There's mr. Willis. I think his office is above the hardware store. Why is everybody's office over something else? Really Eastbrook is just like a layer cake just Then there's the other one. What is what's his name? We saw a sign out on the way down to the center of town from the farm Paradiso isn't that a lovely name David? It means paradise.  Paradiso to do our rebuilding. I don't know His place wasn't much of a recommendation That little bit of an old house with just a sign out in front and an old truck in the yard I I don't think he can have much of a reputation around here, but it's such a nice name Paradiso what's in a name? Everything you don't need any super sense to know that a man named Paradiso wouldn't build a house that leaps Plumbing that doesn't work. I'm glad you think so But when it comes to builders, I'm inclined to think that reputation is more important than a main David Sometimes you sound so stuffy. I'd rather be stuffy than chilly I'm not going to have someone we never heard of rebuilding our house such a marvelous and That I'm surprised you let anyone who wasn't born in 1760 touch it. We haven't seen mr. Willis yet. Maybe he was Oh, here's his place two three one main street Up we go more stairs only one flight I Don't know why all general contractors have to have their offices on the second floor I guess they'd be too busy on the street floor judged by mr. McKenzie. They're too busy already Here we are. That wasn't too bad, was it J. F. Willis and son general contractors. I Still take parties. I was a nicer name darling for the last time. I am not interested in names should be I bet you Go on in there Mr. Willis yes, sir our name is not We've just bought the old Tucker place on River Road. That's nice. Hope you like it. I hope so, too We're planning some alterations. I'm an architect and I've drawn up plans and specifications We're trying to find a builder who will contract five paradiso I'm not saying anything got all the work. I can handle but mr. Willis I switch I don't want to handle any more but mr.  He's crazy, but mr.  He's crazy. Is he a good builder things used to be different around here My dad and I used to build big places built one stone wall for a Colonel Armbrister. He's in his place Well cost more than a hundred thousand dollars Now they want you to work harder for twenty thousand dollars thousand David I didn't think it would cost that much. It isn't you better go see paradiso.  It's such a pretty name Very little place isn't it maybe we ought to wait until next year to do You just got finished saying it's gonna leak all over the right if we didn't have a fix right away I never said any such a thing why David not it look yes, Mr. Paradiso now Hello, Mr. Paradiso. Oh Say I'm getting pretty famous. How'd you know it was me by the sign you like it on I'll build you one too Oh, we don't want a sign we want a bay window and an extension and the laundry and I want a Rolls-Royce and a yacht and a couple of great We have one day that he likes great day Mr. Paradiso, I merely want a general contractor mister You sure must one awful bad if you found me But I want you to know you found an awful good man. You seem to be very sure of yourself. I am why not? Come in the car and sit down with us unless we could go into No, maybe you'd better come in here fine with me. The only office I have is other people's cars Our name is not and we just bought the Tucker place, Mr. Paradiso. Well, congrats, Mrs. Norton You've got yourself the finest house in the neighborhood. That's a real softbox, you know, we know it was built in 1760 I think it's the best house Adam Martin built and I suppose you know he built most of the good old houses around here No, we didn't know you can do some wonderful things with that house if you get the right architect and the contractor with a real imagination Where are you gonna get the architect my husband is the architect professional or amateur? I don't like amateurs amateur David Don't be silly. He's even a partner architect, Mr. Paradiso. That's fine. When do we start to work? Well There's just a few things we have to decide first, aren't they?  You've only just bought this place and you're beginning to sound like a man who's lived in Connecticut for 80 years You must have been talking to some of the other builders around here if we hadn't Mr. Paradiso We never would have come to you. Yes, we would we saw the sign Do you mean that one of those fellas sent you to see me? Mr. Willis recommended you Mr. Willis recommended me Why that crusty old gullet? I didn't think he had it in him Then it's all settled David.  Nothing settled. We haven't even told him what we're doing here I know what you're gonna do How do you know it took us days to decide? No, I've seen the house You're gonna break out the dining room wall and put in a big day with casement and that's right And you're gonna take the cellar throw out that old heating unit put in a new small one and use the rest of the space for a Playroom I wish you'd been with us the other night when we were deciding We would have saved an awful lot of time and if you like that house as much as you ought to you're probably going to Build an extra wing for the kids. Well, I I must say that's pretty much what we had in mind Here's some of my blueprint Well Well, I haven't got time to really look them over but Just with one look at the way you've laid out the studying of that Bay I see you know something about how those old houses have got to be treated. Oh With a little respect. We want to be respectful But not chilly you seem to respect them yourself. Mr. Paradiso. I do we've got a lot to learn from them, too We should think of these old houses as buildings that were put up for people to live in not like most people around here think Something just kind of cute David. That's just what you said when you first saw the salt box I like your sentiments. Mr. Paradiso. Have you got any sample of your performance my performance? Mr. Norton? This is my hands. I was a carpenter before the war. I built a lot of houses here for the other contractors Now I want to build them for myself I want to look at them and know These houses are good in sound because Paradiso built them. I Understand your feelings, but after all this is this is very important thing for us It's our first house. That's why I'd like to do it for you, Mr. Norton because it's a very important thing for me It's my first house, too. David. I just know excuse me, Mrs. Norton Look, I can't promise you bargain basement prices for fixing up your cellar, Mr. Norton But I do understand that nobody would want to pay a man as much for his first job as he'd get for the 10th or 20th Well, I wasn't thinking of the price so much. Mr. Paradiso. Well, if you're thinking of the workmanship, you can stop thinking My father was a carpenter in Italy and his father, too. When I make a house. It's because I love it I love it enough to be tough with it and make it do the kind of things it has to do for the people who are gonna live in it I've got to love it. So I'll be proud of what it does You know, I think you love that house the same way my husband does. If I didn't, Mrs. Norton, I wouldn't touch it with a 10-foot abs Oh, I know what that means. That's what making funny marks an old bean. I know what it means, too It means you have very good eyes. Eyes? Oh, you mean I know a nice name when I see one on a sign It's nothing very wonderful about that. But it isn't everybody, Mrs. Norton, who knows Paradiso when they see it That's meant to be a pun, I guess. It's more than that. It's a record It's the first time I've been able to make a joke about my name before the people I'm talking to, Megan My name means Paradiso So my wife told me. I just put that sign up. Yes, they do. Are you gonna put up a sign for us, too? You want me to do the work? We do. Now it's my turn to say that we've a lot of things to decide still. Well, we uh We won't have any trouble deciding about them I want you to take the prints and and you can give us your estimate tomorrow. That's the way people ought to talk Listen, Mr. Norton, we won't have any trouble about anything It's the first house you've owned for yourself, and that's the first I'm going to work on for myself Enders for a sign. Well Your house will be the sign because it's going to be the finest thing anybody in Connecticut ever saw You see I want everybody in Nutmeg County to look at your house Mrs. Norton and see for himself that this is where the Norton's found Paradiso These broadcasts are adapted for radio by mania and Roger star and the entire production is supervised and directed by William Brown Maloney You can hardly blame the young folks for wanting to go out if they don't find amusement and refreshment at home But give them good company good books give them plenty of ice-cold coca-cola and they're usually more than willing to stay put In fact, they seldom ask for anything more Isn't it good to think that youth's favorite drink can still be had for only five cents a bottle? Mighty little to pay for such wholesome refreshment. You'll agree Every day Monday through Friday Claudia comes to you transcribed with the best wishes of your friendly neighbor who bottles coca-cola So listen again tomorrow at the same time And now this is joking saying or it were and remember Whoever you are whatever you do Wherever you may be When you think of refreshment think of coca-cola for ice-cold coca-cola makes any pause The pause that refreshes


T F N N headline news update Welcome folks we're the now industrial is finished down 271 Nasdaq off 132 s&p's down 33 now Percentage wise folks check this out. This is what's gonna be important because this is gonna be a nasty correction But I don't think it's gonna go well. It's gonna go to the bottom the consolidation which is a Slight problem, but pitch this people are worrying that this is a correction today And we were only down eight tenths of one percent in the Nasdaq Six tenths of percent in the s&p and eight tenths of percent in the Dow industrials the bottom line No, guess what you've come down and you expanded with volume that's saying we're going south What he had yesterday all the indices yesterday? Failed on price failed on volume Would you have out here today volume let loose in the market 79 million shares inside the spy spy closes at 44554 that puts it in the lower range that's saying next step for the spy is 436 might take the spies going down to its high volume low of 421 421 is the Yeah, that's a monster high volume low and the x100 let me take a look at the end the x100 Same type of setup inside the end the x100 what we have with the end the x100 that expanded volume today 38 million shares That's after reaching a high with 23 bottom-line Cues are at 376 350204 is game 350204. That's the number We'll see how this baby shakes out gold gold contract out here, and this is going to be really dicey man There's no doubt about it, you know when you get contractions going corrections going They like sending everything down now gold held out here today. It's down 1030 has light volume the gdx held really well But didn't reject lower price. We got tremendously lighter volume But we need a rejection of lower price also you down 46 cents You're going against 43 million you only did 16 and that's going to be a contingent on what's going on inside Good old king dollar. We have a king dollar out here today King dollar rejected lower price at 92 330 you close at 92 622 We'll see how that shakes out right now king dollar is still in a potential ABC structure on the way down We came down we came down off the first off you couldn't hold the highs of March you came down with some decent conviction You did a 50% retracement on the way up you stop moving back downtown have a great weekend folks Have a safe weekend. Please tie your friends about TF and then ask them to go to YouTube Search TF and then subscribe come back and visit Tommy Monday morning. Great show. Have a great one folks. Have a safe Sharpening your skills as an


The human brain is arguably the most complicated machine on Earth, it's capable of amazing feats of creativity, emotion and insight. There's no single factor that drives our attitudes and beliefs about climate change. The human brain is not that simple. Nevertheless, our brain hasn't evolved much in tens of thousands of years. We're much the same as our early ancestors struggling to survive in Africa 50,000 or more years ago. Our chief concerns were immediate dangers that affected our own small group. However, climate change is unlike any threat humanity has ever encountered. It involves gradual changes across the whole planet over decades rather than immediate danger from predators. People think of climate change as affecting other people in far away parts of the world, or not affecting people at all. Thinking about what might happen to some other group in a distant part of the world decades into the future just doesn't come naturally to us. Of course, the reality is climate change is affecting all parts of the world right now. But that's not how most people think about the issue.  Robert Gifford at the University of Victoria calls these dragons of inaction. Let's have a look at some of these dragons. Firstly, when events seem far away, people tend to discount them. One study of 18 countries found that people thought that environmental conditions were worse in other countries. Of course, people in those other countries also thought the same thing about different countries. When it comes to climate risks, the grass is always greener on our side. Secondly, people tend to be overly optimistic about climate change. One study found that people systematically underestimate the risk they face from environmental hazards.  So people tend to be overly optimistic about climate risks. On the other hand, a third dragon of inaction is pessimism about our own ability to make a difference to climate change. Avoiding the worst impacts of global warming requires big changes to how our society produces energy. In the face of such a global, complicated problem, many people believe they personally can't make a difference. This feeling of helplessness prevents people from making changes to their behavior that will help avoid climate change. Fourthly, the behavior of people around you is an extremely powerful, motivating force, more powerful than most people realize. If you look around and see that your friends and family are doing their part, then you're more likely to not bother either. Why should I change if they won't? A fit dragon of inaction is when people do act for the environment. For instance, change their light bulbs or recycle. But then they think, well, I've done my bit. Unfortunately, these token actions are often relatively easy but don't have much impact compared to the more difficult long-term behavior changes. Finally, a growing body of evidence has identified our sixth dragon of inaction, which is particularly significant and damaging. In fact, it's two dragons combined. We'll come back to that in a moment. In recent years, a number of studies have identified that perception of scientific agreement is a key gateway belief. When people realize a strong agreement among climate scientists that humans are causing global warming, this influences a range of other climate beliefs including acceptance of climate change and support for climate action. But if you ask the public to estimate how many climate scientists agree about human-caused global warming, they say around 50 to 60 percent. The public still think there's a 50-50 debate among climate scientists. In contrast, 97 percent of climate scientists agree that humans are causing global warming. So there's a gaping chasm between public perception and the 97 percent reality. This is a consensus gap. Because perceived consensus has such a big influence on other climate attitudes, the consensus gap is an important dragon of inaction. But I mentioned this was the result of two dragons of inaction. What are they? Let's have a look at some experimental data I've collected which gives the answer. This graph shows the result of a survey I ran with a representative sample of Americans. I asked participants to estimate how many climate scientists do you think agree that humans are causing global warming? I also asked about their support for free unregulated markets, which is a measure of political ideology. This graph shows the perception of consensus decreases as you move to the right, which equates to more conservative people with higher support for free markets. In other words, political ideology plays a big part in increasing the consensus gap. This result has been found in many studies which find that political beliefs are one of the biggest influences on our attitudes to climate change. But even for people at the other end of the political spectrum with very low support for free markets, there was still a large gap between perceived consensus and the 97% reality. I call this the liberal consensus gap. There's no political motivation for a liberal to think that there's a low consensus among climate change scientists. So two possible contributors to the liberal consensus gap are ignorance, in other words, a deficit of information, or confusion arising from misinformation. There are many psychological barriers that prevent concern about climate change. Some are based on confusion and misconceptions. That is something that we can do something about.