My name is Daniel. Oh, you know, I've been working for almost six years at redhead in a solution architect and technical marketing manager and developer advocate So I'm also responsible C&Spam ambassador. You can find my old profile and expertise and my some The technology stuff you can find my Twitter and you can find my gilipo and also I Recommend subscribe my YouTube channel. I push a lot of technical demo video and Technical tutorial as well Okay, so here's a full challenges for spring developer Could be faced every single day, but typically container technology plus Kubernetes technology. So first of all For spring developer when they needed to adopt a new application architecture or a platform or a business Requirement they need to Made a decision which architecture which platform which component Should be considered at a very beginning at the very beginning time For example, we need to develop a sub list application We need to design reactivity application We need to more scalable flexible application to deploy Kubernetes cluster and it should be scale more than thousands of a thousand container pause at the same time. So this is all depend the different requirement expectation sometimes Bother your spring architecture or application development. So so spring Fundamentally has allows developer less control of flexibility and also for spring developers specifically the beginner or even middle of experience of spring developer. So they have to long Every single detail the spring ecosystem specifically your spring application can be Running on multiple cloud or a Kubernetes cluster, which means you have to figure it out which e-component or which Ecosystems should be Integrated your spring application. For example, spring cloud or security or integration with another spring ecosystem components. So this is a really big burden for spring developer because they need to catch up this trend and technology every single day and another thing is the developer experience So spring is really comfortable to develop every single day on your local machine, but we have to I mean spring developer have to Consider the remote container environment because the container environment is not an option It's a default runtime and infrastructure layer to run your spring application for addressing your business requirements But in order to deploy your application to container platforms such as open-shift or Kubernetes You maybe have CI CD pipeline or GitOps or something like Argo City, but This not exactly the same capability you can have in your local environment. So So that's why spring developer looking forward to adapting some kind of Some kind of tool for increase inner loop development Capabilities such as the build deploy and testing and also keep writing your code Though another the challenge it from native Comparation, so this is a still early in major technology. Some of people think about it So maybe compilations make your job application as executable by just like a goal and then you can run that application without JVM just running on substraint Vm just just part of a component of a gravity M. So What is the benefit of a nearly comparison with the Java application? It allows you have a super fast and a small memory footprint So just think about it you have a single Microsoft's application based on Java technology and then you needed to deploy that application on Your Kubernetes cluster, but that application should be scale out Maybe a thousand parts or two hundred a part and then some application takes up five minutes to scale up, but native comparison maybe Reduce the amount of time to scale out. Maybe just Five a second or ten second make that happen the same scalability. So this is a whole full Challeng face the developer specifically spring developer So we need to something different to overcome this challenge for developers So today this workshop is actually designed for hands-on experience But we have only four remaining today So I just give you some workshop environment. So you don't need to install any software or any Some command line tool, but you just need to web browser to go through every single lab But this workshop designed for three hours Don't worry about that. You don't need to finish the old labs today Just for 40 minutes, but you just try to understand each labs in terms of the goal and why corkers Why corkers? Try to help out the spring developer to develop the same Microsoft's application, but also how corkers Overcome that for challenges, but you could still have a same capability just like you develop spring application We're going to use the one of a popular comma spring with application called out pet clinic application and we convert that Quarkus application for example The presentation layer and control layer departure layer in the end. You once again, swangled Monetary spring with the application once you already Convert to quarkus, but you once again Swangled the spring with the application to parkers. So let's try to Drill down a little bit detail. I'm not going to steal lots of time from yours But just quick through What which lab? I mean the each labs What do you learn from the each lab here the first step you you will understand What spring pet clinic application and which component is Which components are implement on spring pet clinic application for example spring embassy pattern and the spring data spring di in the data multiple spring components already used To develop and implement your spring pet clinic application. This is the general embassy application present What you are in the back end sublet application In the second lab, you're going to go through and you're going to actually get started Refactor it is a spring application to parkers For presentation layers. So for example Supreme embassy implement based on Presentation layers such as html and a stylus sheet and javascript, but also timely to Make a more the decent UI and the spring and the quarkus actually Can address the same capability and feature based on the quarkus tamper engine They're also known as q the quarkus across tamper is the kind of acronym So quarkus tamper engine designed to specifically Represent your presentation layer and the one of the beauty of the quarkus tamper engine you can Have a lab coding capability whenever you change code. You don't need it to Recompile and rebuild redeploy and rerun your quarkus application is automatically done by quarkus engine You don't need to care about that it's in the end This capability increase developers productivity because you can do that in the same application implementation with 50% less time and Does the lab 3 is more about the dependency injection to spring actually provide the di capability and quarkus also provide the context and the dependency injection feature by default So you can learn how to convert spring di to springs quarkus cdi And then left four is more about uh data transaction. So spring data jpa based on And allows the developer to communicate your data storage like a database to retrieve data and create data And also insert update, etc. Just like we can call out the quad Functionality and then quarkus Give some same function. It's more than that based on hybron in the world mapping and with the panacea. So We do panacea The developer doesn't worry about Creating the gala setter in a pose of java classic and also you can automatically have The world mapping based on the panacea component and quarkus extensions The next lab Uh, now you just done the finish it to Converting from spring embassy application to quarkus and now you need to think about what is the Another way to optimize or make it better this application Uh filling in the your kubanese cluster So we're going to use your open ship the full cluster today And then before you deploy this application to a function We're going to uh slice down this application. Just like a stronger pattern As you can see, we have one single application. We make the breakdown multiple application along with your business domain such as the a bad business customer service also from an application each back end application has own The database store like a post school here The last lab, uh, you're going to Uh add more of the kubanese native application capability for example or microsoft's application Uh needed to adopt the non-functional capability such as the substrate discovery resiliency and load balancing or Has to check or externalize your configuration This all kinds of not business functionality, but also but you have to Consider when you implement and develop your microsoft's application for deploying on kubanese cluster for destroying microsoft's application architecture So the quarkus allows java developer to add this non-functional microsoft's capability easily simply based on quarkus extension So let's uh get your hands dirty so Here is the uh, how to access your workshop environment today So everything is already uh deployed and provisioned and you don't need to Install any command line or soft air. So you just need to web browser So the chrome browser of ioprox would be better Rather than the safari or in an explorer and I strongly recommend you to raise the chrome version and then Please turn on your bpn or adbrawl because we're going to use a web socket So if you prohibit the web socket protocol, please turn it off during the workshop And if you have any question around this workshop or quarkus or related technology Related to clown every application development, please don't hesitate and put on the your question in the q&a box I'm more than happy address And Next 25 minutes Okay, so here's a short link To access to our the workshop environment the binny url Binny url slash dev comp cz in 2021 that she quarkus that's lab I'm going to go Get back to this page, but let's try to move on next slide. So when you access this binny url, you can see uh account access the assignment page you need to Input your any your prefer email address We're not going to store your email address. It's kind of uh Pricy problem. So so we just delete all your email address after this workshop So print any your prefer email address in a password. I'm going to show you just a little bit later once you uh assign the Print your email address and then your password is the opposite and you will find out Your assigned username for example using one or use a 10 or use a 25 in a password Openshift and then when you click on the module quarkus for spring developer, you will find out the actual lab instruction So once again, though our magic password is all lowercase open shift so Here's a more Use case and demos around the quarkus application. So for example, uh Just i'm strongly recommending you go to my youtube channel If you are a then you're on tv and you can find a ton of the video around the quarkus application demo But also more crown ever application development for example here When you this is a one of the use cases how to Develop serverless a function application based on quarkus and then you can deploy that serverless function to a container platform That should that just use for component application and this application communicate with the backhand Distribute data grid based on the redhead that I will build on Infinii span So once you are from the application have the tons of the natural trappy The function will be scaled out. I mean just comes up Just in a second and then Try to pass down your natural trappy the backhand application like a data grid And then you will see the data grid will be over scaled out Maybe 10 part automatically depends on on demand natural trappy in the end. There's no more trappy Happened and then you were backhand application scaled down to a default replication So she added two or one and then you are thrown in the application based on serverless application will be scaled down to zero Automatically, this is a really good use case how to implement and deploy serverless application plus data grid for just with caching application So i'm going to start my project mode and then just go back to here. So once you go to Assign your own username you can find that Here the actual lab environment as you can see you just need to go through all lab instruction this lab instruction Just like the seventh step and then it should be takes more than three hours. But don't worry about that. I'm gonna keep arriving this workshop environment end of this day. So after this Workshop you can keep going through this workshop environment just end of day And then when you open your id tool, you're going to use a core radio space It's based on equally to check the web id tool And then you can find that there are multiple projects and your labs are your explorer and then please make sure to Develop or change your Java application code in the right project for example the quarkus deshpec cleaning project here Just spring deshpec cleaning project and i'm going to go back to My slice deck and then i'm going to copy this url i'm going to put in the chat as well and I'm going to stop sharing and take a look at the cleaning and it's your time get starting With your hands on experience. Okay, i'm going to so here is the binny url binny Quarkus deshpec workshop deshpec m3 this is the 24-7 available Uh, the lab instructions i made this one this lab instruction Will be available anytime anywhere. So sometimes you don't need to go through The hands on experience, but you want to understand The goal and what contains have itchy lab for example Just go through the spring di to quarkus adi because you have a lot of experience how to implement The spring di but you're just curious about how quarkus the cdi cover up the spring di And then you don't need to uh, you don't have enough time to go through about your Don't enhance. So here is the way Just go to this url and take a look at the old content to understand How to implement and spring side and how to implement in the quarkus side And then okay, so this could be better. I mean So the url the line of code pretty much less than spring I mean quarkus side and also how to implement what kind of annotation we have to use To implement same features same functionality. For example Here is the cdi injection as you can see The spring side you have to use like a component annotation or all the wire annotation to Have the dependence injection but quarkus side you just needed to use the injection the inject annotation as you can see here So this is just something different syntax, but this is not a big deal I'm pretty sure because it's just simple syntax change So one another good tip of the spring to quarkus stuff So some people ask me is there a new way To migrate ect spring to quarkus to address the full challenges or even We need to some never comparison because spring Has a plan to support the spring native end of this year Maybe around october or september time period So we don't need enough time to wait for that announcement. That's why we more focused on quarkus and then We got some new pilot project to migrate spring to quarkus. And this is this only way migrate more is there any some easier way or some Comparable way. Yes. The answer is yes so The redhead provider migration toolkit also known as mta migration toolkit for application provide some of the quarkus Lose which means you just Unload your spring with the application like a job file or explore the old file And then you could just analyze your application and it will show How to migrate and also quarkus to provide Supreme compatibility. Let me share once again real quick So when you go to quarkus.io, this is the Our official page of quarkus and then you can find the race project here and you go to guide And the click on Comparability this all about the supreme api but not we not we not gonna address all the spring ecosystem, but also spring All apis but we just focus on the common popular spring api for example spring di spring web and spring data and spring security spring cache et cetera This all api means you just keep using same spring api We don't know code change because the quarkus wrap up your spring api and running on quarkus run time But this you still have live coding capability, but also you could Never cooperation capability with the spring application but Today in this workshop, we not going to use this spring compatibility api the reason why We sometimes your spring with the application have a specific api or specific feature which the quarkus Does not support with these capabilities. So So I can show you This is maybe better way in the end because there are lots of spring features supreme Component you already are using So this is the how to refactor your easy spring boot to quarkus. Maybe brand new thing So maybe but you could still start with the the migration toolkit because of migration the migration toolkit basically uses this spring compatibility api on quarkus migration So this is maybe two ways for you When you adopt the spring to quarkus migration pass or refactoring pass the first one Try to use a spring compatible api on quarkus, which he Makes you Not so much not so many change your spring with the application But second way you need to rewrite all the application, but that's not a Big deal, I guess and I'm pretty sure because you already understand The java state the standard java specification and implementation way So you just spend maybe just two days or three days to understand How quarkus implement the microsoft's application based on java specification So we already have a great success story already migrated from spring to quarkus and they just spend maybe Five days or three days to catch up all quarkus features and capability if you go to Quarkus The user success story. Let me show you quickly quarkus So here is all you can find that the user story for example Which customer already adopted quarkus and the production environment and some of the customer already migrated from spring to quarkus Or just develop a brand new application based on quarkus you can find all that I'm going to copy and upload the chat You might interesting here Stop sharing And then go back to chat window and Here we go


Hi, I'm Suzy Thompson and I'm the potato breeder at North Dakota State University. Today we are outside of Larimar, North Dakota on the farm of Carl Hoverson. He and his sons raised potatoes and a myriad of other crops in this area of Grand Forks County and neighboring counties and produce a tremendous amount of irrigated potatoes. Carl and his family have been very supportive of potato research and this is a brand new pivot that's behind us is the second one that they built in support of potato research. Something that is kind of unique in terms of our research efforts in North Dakota is that the majority of research is actually conducted in grower fields rather than at university research sites and I think that allows for a little bit of a different perspective and some more real life and real world scenarios in terms of production. So Carl, tell us a little bit about why potato research is so important to you and your family and feel free to expand that out to the potato industry itself. Hi, potato research is really important to us. We like to have research close to our own location because it gives us an idea of what potato varieties can do in the soils that we produce. So that's why I like to be involved with providing plots that we think are kind of representative soils of the area we're in. We're a process grower for a JR Simplet company and they and all the other companies in this area demand higher quality so in order to do that we need to have the research to find varieties that work well in this area. We can't always rely on varieties that were raised in the West like Idaho or Washington because sometimes they're too long of varieties and here we're looking for varieties that do well under the kind of conditions that we have here and we can see what these conditions are by year by year by watching our test plots and we have a great team at NDSU, they're a second to none I think in the world just finding varieties that work real well and we've got a variety of two right now that are that's looking really promising to go to Russet for instance looks really good for the process industry and we've got several acres of that and that was developed by NDSU and reason to be that we're also doing this is that it's getting to be more and more ahead of the world with for quality for French Rides so the companies are giving us stricter and stricter and higher higher goals to meet for quality and in order to do that we need varieties that are either immune to some of those issues that they have like you could be a hollow heart or a shatter bruising or black spot bruising or or some kind of blights or whatever it is scabs or whatever so we have to we need we need to consistently look for better and better of varieties and that's what they're doing here to be so that we're more profitable so the company that we sell to is more profitable and the and the public ends up with a better quality potato so that's kind of what we're after so it's very important that we have them here so if you wonder why we have why we why in my farm I benefit because this is an essential part of this organization this farm and this and this is kind of a representative of the Simplot grower's area so that's why we want to do it so there are you talked a lot about new varieties and some of the important attributes today during this virtual field day there were many researchers that in addition to the potato breeding program have research trials under the mini pivot but they also have trials in some other fields that are around in Carl and his son's operation so that allows not only the selection of the varieties but it also allows us to learn information that is then shared with all growers about management whether it be seed piece spacing or the correct order of fungicides to apply to prevent early blight late blight black dot whatever the problems might be and so this has been a very fun collaboration and a excellent central location for our northern plains potato growers it's one thing to get a variety that really worked well for us but also remember that all the other support people that that try to find out problems that we have growing them like mop top or you know all the different diseases that are out there so that some and there could be new diseases in the future that we have to deal with so we need a array of different varieties that we can go to so that you know as as time goes on that we we can be prosperous in case something happens or we can't grow them anymore for some reason or some disease or something we need to have a variety of different varieties that we can go to that can make us successful for the long term


The American Broadcasting Company presents Pat Novak for hire. I'm Pat Novak for hire. I got a couple of votes down on Pier 19 on the San Francisco waterfront. Sometimes I read them out, though I found out it's easy to keep my budget healthy by risking my health in other ways. So I work around doing odd jobs. You can take that anywhere you like. Not the best you can say for it is that it beats begging, at least you don't always limp. If you're lucky and you can keep a half lap ahead of the bill collectors if you don't let it go to your head. I did once. I helped a guy who owned seven hotels convince a blonde in San Rafael that her memory wasn't that good after all. The payoff was too rich for my blood. I got the idea that with that kind of money I could take over the gambling joints up around Lake Tahoe. I took them three days to show me I was wrong. I'd worked my way down from the gold-plated joints to a place called the Broken Tea where they still recognized a dollar as currency. I was beginning to figure how long it'd take me to walk back to the bay when the health came along. He was a little guy with a pair of eyes I wouldn't trust with anything I wanted again. The kind of quiet dark clothes that would make it easy to get lost in an alley. He knew me. Well Novak, you're not doing so hard are you? I eat. You want to make a quick buck? There must be a reason. Tell me that first. I'm hot. I shook the wheels down for a flock of dough. You call that trouble? Not yet, but I like to look ahead. How do I know these guys like it that I got all their money? If it hurts you give it back they'll take it. I got a better idea. I want to take it down to San Francisco. Look, Crocker owns the Southern Pacific. They got an urge to travel talk to him. They got a proposition spread it out. I'm driving down that's a lonely road. I want you to go along as a bodyguard. If these guys are out to hijack your road, two of us won't stop them anymore and one. They come in bunches when they want to. Do you want the job or you're gonna talk me out of it? I'll buy it down with you. For 200 bucks. You charge a lot for a ride. You said it's risky remember? Okay, it's 50. You get the rest in San Francisco. I see outside in five minutes. My name's Brown. I'll be waiting in my car. Brown, huh? Yeah, Brown. John Brown. Want to make something of it? How can you? He was a quiet guy. We drove along for a couple of hours and you could have repeated all he said on one deep breath. I kept watching the cars along the road waiting for the muscle boys to show up with nothing happening. Pretty soon I got the feeling that they weren't after him at all. I guess he'd seen too many movies. I finished off a pack of cigarettes as we got down out of the mountains and got him to stop at a roadside joint for reloads. He wouldn't leave the car so I was all alone when a girl came up to me at the bar. Are you going down to San Francisco? Something like that. You got room for me. How far are you going? You got to pin me for who I'm with. You might be handy at that. Cars without a heater. I don't have the onus. So you'll keep one hand on the wheels. Or ask the guy who does. He's sitting out in the car. Why don't he come in? Don't build him up so fast.  Where'd you get it? Steal it? You selling medical insurance maybe. Why? You're going to need it if you keep elbowing into my face. Speaking of elbows, what do you mean trying to muscle in on my dame? You two together? Yeah. Why? That's what I've been wondering. Why? So long, sucker. Why do you make it that?  You don't have to slide. You ought to blame for this. Yeah. And tomorrow I'm going to make it rain. I can start a storm right now. Go right ahead. You've got the wind. Wait. You're cold and nice, stranger. What started that? Bad habits. Yeah? Too many cigarettes. I guess I didn't have to hit the guy. I was all geed up over the ride. I had to take it out on somebody. Outside, the air was cold and clear. A river made soothing noises in the darkness. I figured it'd be an easy night from then on in. But Brown was having the fidgets. Come on, Novak. Let's get going. Where's the dame? What dame? One came out here, a hitchhiker, wanted to ride to town. I didn't see any dame. Come on, let's go. Oh, that's clear. What's clear? Let's go. Let's go. And suddenly you're nervous. What's the matter? Well, I need a doctor, Novak. I know where to find one. Yeah? But can you find one who's shaked, synchronized with yours? Otherwise, he's going to have a tough time with your pulse. From there on into town, John Brown didn't say a word. When we came across the Bay Bridge, he stopped in the terminal and made a phone call.  He told me to wait in the car while he went in to put away the money. I sat and smoked cigarettes, and watched the dawn begin to light up the long empty streets. I must have been there half an hour before anything happened. And then it all began to happen at once, starting with Helman, a homicide detective with a grudge against the world that he takes out on me. I hope I didn't keep you waiting, Novak. I got you out of bed, Helman. Can't be insomnia, that takes conscience. You'd be the sort to know about that. Why, if I let the car over? Why not? I didn't steal Lisbon. I prefer Roadster. John Brown, huh? Now there's a name. Where have I heard that before? That's a foreign name. Polish, I think. That's not where I heard it. It was broadcast in connection with a stolen car. Try again. The keys, see? So maybe it was Carlos and left his keys in his car. Yeah, maybe I'm whimsical and changed my name to Brown. Go on, Helman. You can't pin anything on me. No. Give me the keys. What for? I'm looking in the trunk. We got a tip. Not on this crate. We just got in from Tahoe. Nobody knows we're here. Sure, sure. And if you aren't here, I guess there's nothing in the trunk either. How about it? What'd you find? A body. A girl's body. I'm not intruding, am I? Not on me. You better get Brown. He's in the apartment there. Sure. But won't you be lonely? Look, Brown hired me to ride down from Tahoe with him. He cleaned up at the tables and water protection for his role. It's his car and his girl. Let's get him. All right, come on. Oh, Brown listed. Nervous? Upset? Maybe you need a rest. I'm sure somebody else did it. Shame on them. Come on, Nova. The girl was a pick-up, a hitchhiker. Why should he kill her? I got a better question for you. Where can I get a lawyer? I saw a purse with a body. Let's look it over.  The purse didn't turn up much. Some keys, a little mad money, makeup stuff. A letter to Alice Stone with an address out in the Portrero district. The letter was no good, just a guy trying to patch up a split. I had a hunch that Brown must have known Alice. That was the only way the killing made sense. I needed to get some dope on Brown and I needed to know about Alice. Helman took Brown's address off a registration card and I couldn't see whether it had helped me any. No one had seen us together all the way down from Tahoe. Even if Brown were picked up, he could swear he'd never seen me before. But the car listed was stolen. He was a cinch to prove it. Now, I needed help bad. So I started looking for my old friend Jaco Madigan. An ex-doctor turned boozer who had more connections around town than the water department. I ran him down in a trap on Ellis Street trying to hold back the recession and liquor sales. Hello, Patsy, my boy. Join me. This is the first one today. Look, I'm in trouble, Jaco. You're in trouble. Think how I feel. What's the matter, sick? No, just worried. I was reading in the paper here that the good ship Clyde Harris went down off the New England Kotel last night with 10,000 cases of Scotch on board. Yeah, there's some left. Listen, Jaco, I'm in a jam. When did that become news? I was up at Tahoe and a guy hired me to drive him down here. He didn't know you. It turns out the car is stolen. There's a body in it. And the guy's disappeared. I don't blame him. The body belonged to a girl named Alice Stone. At this address. 10,000 cases of Scotch. Can you imagine that? And the way I figure it, the girl must have known the killer. I'm not very sure that John Brown, who named his car was stolen, is innocent either. It's my disgrace that he left the car keys lying around. What'd you want me to do? Get on the grapevine. I know that this John Brown is tied up in the rackets. The same for Alice Stone. I know that they ran around with each other. Whatever you can about them. All right, Patsy, but you'll have to wait. I've got to catch up on my drinking first.  Are you telling me how to live my life again? You, who consort with murderers, car thieves, and women of dubious ways? Push the bottle over here. Look, Jaco.  Black hair, toy mustache, and dresses like Dapper Dan. About 150 pounds. I imagine you trying to tell me how to live. You, who've got more bad habits than a dope teen's convention. The guy goes for dark, expensive clothes. He doesn't talk much unless he has to. When I drink, I get the hangover. All you have to do is breathe regularly in troubles all over town. You had any social conscience. You'd go somewhere and hang yourself. I can't understand how I tolerate having you around. Will you get a line on the guy for me? From the way you described him, it ought to be a lay-down cinch. There's only about 10,000 men in town who could fit that description. Will a hundred or so of them be enough? I want one. That's a long gamble. Try. Will you, Jaco? Imagine that with the ocean full of ships hauling guano, bones, cattle, oil, lumber, pineapple, sugar, old newspapers, and gunny sacks, the one boat that has to sink... Will you get on it? Well, there's no hurry. It's only you at stake. So long, lover. I grabbed some breakfast, picked up a cab, and went out to the address of Alice Stone. It matched a wooden house that looked two years older in Utah that was trying to lie about it with a new plaster front and a fresh set of doorknobs. It looked like it had been built by an amateur who read the blueprints upside down. But Dame answered the door. She was about type in the hide. It was six-footer, and she had red hair. It was a heavy, wavy kind. It made you think she must be healthy. And that wasn't hard to do anyway. The way she filled out her morning coat didn't leave much to worry about, except the seams. She could talk, too. The neighborhood's improving. You know Alice Stone? Sure. She lives here. I might have known she'd see you first. Where are you? My name's Gib Harper, and Alice isn't home. What can you do with that? I want to. Maybe I'm a salesman. Well, that's mister. You aren't fooling anybody. You look about as much like a salesman as I do a decoy duck. Now, what do you want with Alice? Oh, you have to be particular. I can't use her. She's dead. A salesman with five o'clock shadow attempt. You say dead. Yeah. I found her in a car downtown this morning.  You're wrong. Why should it worry you? What do you mean? You know who did it? I don't know anything. I just don't like jams. Tell me how it happened. They were coming down from Tahoe. She was in a roadside hamburger trap. She asked me for a ride, and I sent her out to talk to a guy who owns the car. The next time I saw her, she was tucked away in the trunk. Why'd a guy kill her? Just like that? That's what I'm after. Maybe he just didn't like James. There's probably a better reason. You think maybe he knew her? Yeah. That's where you can earn a gold star. Did you know anybody by the name of John Brown? Describe him. He was playing the wheel at the broken tee up near Tahoe. Smooth little guy about two sizes over a jockey. Waxed mustaches to pair eyes with used to freeze fish. Wow. That one. All right. I know him. Give me an introduction. His name's Brown, all right. I didn't know his first name before. He's a small-time hustler around town. He used to take Alice out now and then when he felt like tearing up a nightclub. Cops arrested him yet? Hellman, a homicide dick, is knocking on his door about now. I don't expect him to be home. No, he won't stay. He has hideouts. Name some of them. Uh-uh. I'm afraid to. He can't hurt you. He's too busy playing cops and robbers. You don't know Brown. I gotta get to know him. Give. I don't want to get mixed up in anything. Neither do I, but I am. I need Brown. Why don't you forget Brown? I'd be bad manners. What's wrong with bad manners? I know some that are fun. Yeah, you would. More fun than Brown will ever show you. You'll keep. He won't. Tell me, will this keep your thing? You have a nice way of changing the subject. But still, where's Brown's hideout? I won't tell you. He'll kill me. Yeah, that's a gamble. I'm on the spot. And that's a fact. Talk to me. Well, I hate men. Never mind your hobby. Give me Brown.  Brown. You're hurting me. Make me stop. Tell me where Brown is. All right. He has a hideout, a little shack out into the beach. No, it's not a down. Let go. I'm telling you. Well, I hope it's the last thing you hear. From Skip's place out to the beach wasn't much of a drive. I went up and over at Twin Peaks watching the city and the bay spread out beneath the road like a giant map. The sun was working for the Chamber of Commerce that day and the whole region was glowing.  As the highway near the beach, it began to turn up bunches of kids on their way to cash in on the weather. John Brown's hideaway was one of those old pioneer shacks built out near the ocean in the old days by guys who wanted to get away from it all. It was painted a weather-beaten brown tilted a little on one side and it looked like something that had been washed ashore in a bad storm a long while ago. I knocked on the door, but all that bought me was echoes. So I made a door out of one of the side windows. The inside of the place looked like something out of a hobo jungle. None of the furniture matched. The best piece in sight would have made a junkman sneer. There was a broken down set up for poker and a tired double bed and after that you were practically on your own. The kitchen didn't turn up anything but a flock of ants and some empty bottles. I began to get the feeling Brown must have had too high doubts or else he'd left town. It shows you how wrong you can be. All right, hustler, reach. You walk soft. Practice makes perfect. Turn around slowly. How come you're working without a gun? Who are you? This is my place, so you tell me. My name's Novak. I'm looking for a guy named Brown. You're all right so far. I'm Brown. Who tipped you off I'd be here? I don't remember. No, you don't remember. So let me guess. It was that punk Venanti. Never heard of him. Never mind the Rube routine. You got a hustler written all over you. What did Venanti send you here for? You think I know too much? I was sent to Rube. Do you think I'd come without a gun? Start using your head. I like the way it's working. Tell me more. I can't tell you anything. You don't fit my blue friends. Don't get smart with me, hustler. Venanti sent you. Tell me what for? If you're Brown, you don't need any new worries. You got an arm full already. I'm feeling no pain. The cops have your car down at the station. What for? They don't like them with dead bodies inside. Steady now. Let's have that again. A dame named Alice Stone was found stuffed in your trunk. You're hotter than four stoves. Laugh yourself out of that. If you know so much, why aren't you yelling copper? Don't worry. They're on their way. I'm trying to get the key to the killing. If this turns out to be a frame... Look, I saw the guy who did it. I'm the only one who did it. That's better, and your guns are treating me nice. If you saw the murderer, you couldn't help me out. Sure. What do I get for it? A merit badge? Things are coming too fast. I got to do some checking. You better spill what you know or else I'm low to forget mine. You've got a nice lever there, hustler. If you can back up your talk, if the dame's dead. Look who's bargaining. Before I tell you anything, I need to check around. Just wait a while. The cops'll tell you everything. I like to find out things for myself. You will. I got a good grapevine in a county jail. Now I'll do it the hard way. You forget I have a lever on you now. Yeah. Remind me to get scared about that. Try some aspirants for that, innit? I woke up twice before I decided to make it stay that way. The house was so quiet I could hear someone play on the piano several houses away. It was a nice clean sound, neat and full of try. No wise guys in a figure in fancy double crosses. No dead bodies. No policemen who argued with their knuckles instead of their heads. Probably some girl who thought a blackjack was a card game. I lay there, listened to the music for a while, and I got up and brushed off my clothes. There were three places I could find Brown. He wouldn't dare go to his home. He wouldn't return to the hideout. That left Skip's place. On the way over, I stopped at a drugstore and phoned Jaco to find out if he'd turned up anything. He left out the hiccups. It went like this. Hello, you reprobate renegade from all its good and holy. Skip the overture. Do you check on those people I ask you about? Sure I found out about them. Old Dr. Madigan and his crystal ball. He knows all and he knows all and... like that there. Tighten it up and tell me some. That girl Alice Stone, you remember? How can I forget? She lived with a dame in the potrero named Skip Harper. Nice people. The landlord served eviction notices every day except legal holiday. Yes, I'd like a good time, then what? Then she owns a half-interest in the gambling joint around Lake Tahoe. It's not much of a place. They say the roulette wheels of so many magnets hung around them, the meals began to come out of the walls. Her partner runs the joint and she shows the suckers in from down here. How'd you make it the wheels cooking? I have my informants. I have a network of good drinking folk who get around and hear things all the time. You'd be surprised how careless a guy can get with talk when he's got his elbow in a bar room astray. Now as I was saying... If the wheels are fixed, how come Brown was able to shake the joint down for 50,000? I don't know how he did it. Maybe he was wired, too. All I know is that they've got better control of the ball than Bob Feller ever had on his best day. It's easy to believe, if you know Skip's partner. Introduce me. Name's Vinanti. What's that again? The partner's name's Vinanti. He's wanted in eight states and Cuba. Vinanti. I'll remember the name. Where'd you get on, Brown? John Brown? Oh, swell guy. Help free the slaves. A friend of man, a tribute to the making. Oh, I've heard that song. Now let's talk about the local Brown. A small-time hustler, petty Larson-ey stuff. You didn't get any tie-ins with Vinanti? Oh, yeah. He was up at the gambling joint near Tahoe last night. Cleaned the place out. 50,000 dollars. I could buy a lot of schnapps. Let's begin to fit together. No doubt your mighty intellect has found the key. I can count up to 10 if I don't wear mittens. Sometimes 13, I'll bet. Well, who did what to who? Brown's got a partner working for him. You don't see. I'm going over and shake it out of Brown. You must know where the guy's hiding. Well, don't go looking into too many auto trunks. Those things bite. So long, lover. What Jaco told me began to give me some hope. The thing the picture needed was one more man. And a partner for Brown would round it out nicely. Yeah, Brown must have figured someone to try to hijack his role and hired a friend to bring it down to San Francisco. I didn't explain the killing. I didn't explain a lot of things. But it was the lead of the guy who could explain it. I needed Brown. So I got in the car over the hills towards Skip Harbor's place. I began to feel better. I was thinking how Hellman would look when I dumped the killer in his lap. There was a crowd along the street in front of Skip's place. Just as I drew up, Hellman came out on the porch. So I got out of the car of one of the neighbors pointed to me. Novak, huh? They gave me a description, but I didn't think it was you, the guy they described sounded human. You'd yoke stink, Hellman. Trimotating birds are juggling. The bird imitations are for you, Novak. You'll be singing the DEA any minute now. Come on in the house. It's Brown. Where's the dame? What did you do? Kill her, too? Come off it, Hellman. You can't pin this on me. I don't have to. The neighbors did it for me. Why should I kill my alibi? Because it wasn't. What did you do with the dame, Novak? Why don't you try thinking for a change? I do my poor best. For instance, I think you killed the dame in the car and then tried to saw it off in Brown. Then you caught Brown here this morning and killed him. What for? The 50 grand Brown won at the broken tee up at Lake Tahoe. The neighbors saw me come here. I must have seen Brown come here, too. After I'd left, nobody saw Brown come. Why didn't you buy a witness, Novak? You can afford it. The dame's gone? We haven't looked under the rugs. How'd you get the dope on Brown when all that dope? Wave phone, Tahoe, bright boy. You heard about the telephone? I'm vaguely. Who'd you talk to? The police. And then a guy named Van Ande. He says he remembers you following Brown out and that the dame was with you, too. It's a lie. Sure, but the 50,000 bucks are still missing. Brown wasn't with me. He was a little guy. It's the climate. He grew since you two dropped in here this morning. I need some pictures. Well, you dropped Brown. The dame's gonna drive you home. You propositioned her on the way to help knock off Brown. She turned to Don. Not those kind of pictures. Are there any photographs around the house? Yeah, some in the bedroom. Come on, let's look. The way she looked, she'd like cameras. Here's one on the beach. What's she wearing? That's a bathing suit. Here's the one. Tau. Well, look at this nightclub gown. How did they hold those things up? Thumbtacks. And so that's Van Ande. Look at the two of them posing in front of their sucker trap. So what? And he's the guy who did it. Sure, or with a phone. Did you phone him or he phone you? He phone. You want him? What for? I got you. He's here in the city hiding out at Brown's place at the beach. Gives you address. What kind of a windy is this, Norfolk? Pick him up, will ya? He said he was at Tau when he is in the city. It smashes his alibi. All right. But if you're trying any fancy, will ya? Are you going after him or do we roll some more? How to hold you on? I'll be around. You know that. What are you gonna do? I'll get some clean enough to do. There was only one place for Van Ande to be. I headed the car out the currow and down Bayshire highway to the airport. I was betting everything on a hunch. Sometimes that's the way you have to play it. Sometimes hunches pay off. The plane I got was built for hurry. Skip still had her overnight bag in her hand when I walked in on them at the broken tee. Van Ande began to act nervous when he saw me. He had not skipped. I began to wonder if she'd ever known how it felt to be frightened. You'd never guess it from the way she talked. Hello, Norfolk. Don't you ever shade? I had a close one just now. It doesn't show. You don't know where to look. What do you want, Norfolk? I got it. Don't be cryptic, baby. It doesn't become you. You don't act nervous. Did you care about jail? Nobody's going to jail, Norfolk. Except you, maybe. I'd be nervous if I had explained all those dead bodies back in Frisco. We don't know anything about dead bodies. We've been up here for hours. Yeah? I said it'd be your alibi. That's no alibi, Norfolk. It's a fact. It won't gel, Van Ande. You're cooked. Look, Norfolk. Brown deserved to die. He killed Alice, and before that he fixed the wires on the wheels so he could break this place. He robbed us of $50,000. We had a right to get it back. Is that what Van Ande told you? That's the way it happened, Norfolk. There's $10,000 in it for you if you can remember it that way, too. 10 grand. Easy there, Van. That was a little double talk, baby. He was trying to bribe me to dummy up on you. Dummy up? I know what happened. When you get through dreaming, try this for a bedtime story. Van Ande hired Brown to pick up the winnings while he ran the table. Then with Brown dead, Van Ande was going to fly back here in his private plane for the same alibi he's using now. Only he'd own the broken tea. You're lying.  Tell me more, Norfolk. A plan began to sour up when Alice tried to thumb a ride. Alice knew him, so he killed him. He still needed to kill Brown, but he figured then he could hang the double killings on me. That made it even better. You're on the needle, Norfolk. The only trouble was that Brown wasn't home, Ben had to chase him. We finally found that Brown was at your place. I don't know what happened there except that Van Ande must have killed Brown before he had a chance to talk. How was that? I'd gone to the store.  Yeah. They were going to double-cross me.  See if he can prove it to a jury. I should have known. In case you get any fancy ideas about trying to lie out of it, I got a witness to feel a motor of your plane. It's still hot. A ten grand offer still stands. Uh-uh. I need you to clear me. Yeah. And I could use the sole ownership of this joint. You wouldn't rat on me. Oh, watch me, baby.  No, Beck. I'll make it 25,000 if you help me quiet this day. You would then? Start out by quieting this. There were lousy shots. They both lived. That is, Van Ande lived until he got a bad case of asthma in the San Quentin gas chamber. Skip got off with a flock of scars and some good advice from the judge to stay away from questionable characters. But advice is free, and Skip was the kind who went after the dough, so I see her now, and then she's gone on us, I think. Sometimes we toss dice, and I've known her to lose. Heard on tonight's program were Ben Morris' Novak, John Galbraith as Inspector Hellman, Jack Lewis' Jaco, and Mary Milford as Skip, with Henry Lef, Jerry Walters, Kurt Martell, and Lucille Bliss. Special music by Otto Clair. Listen next week at this same time when over most of these stations, the American Broadcasting Company presents Pat Novak for hire. This is ABC, the American Broadcasting Company.


Hi everyone, welcome back to a new video here on my channel. My name is Zyra and I post mainly art and drawing videos, but this one's going to be a little bit different but still creative, so if you'd like to watch more, be sure to check out my channel and subscribe. Today's video is all about creating t-shirt designs using Cricut Explore 3 and Cricut EasyPress. I also want to thank Cricut for sponsoring this video and without further ado, let's get started. In this video I will be showing you three ways to create cute custom t-shirts. The first method is using Cricut's very own design space app, which is available to download onto your computer, phone, or tablet once you purchase a Cricut cutting machine. But now what is Cricut? So if you haven't heard of Cricut already, Cricut is a brand of computer cutting machines for home crafters, DIYers, and artists. I've literally seen this brand on so many of my favorite artists and YouTubers, so if you haven't heard of this brand, that's crazy, it's everywhere. These machines can cut paper, felt, vinyl, fabric, and other special materials like leather and even wood. And not only can it cut, it can also draw, score, engrave so much more. There's a lot of things that these machines can do. And the best part is that Cricut doesn't only sell cutting machines, they continue to expand their range. So they also sell their very own materials and tools that you can use with the machine for whatever project you desire. But they also have other machines like the EasyPress, which makes t-shirt transfers so much easier. I was fortunately gifted multiple Cricut products, which as you can see in the video, they're just so overwhelming and I'm just so excited. I will be using these items for many more projects to come, that's for sure. So I have the Cricut Explore 3. This machine is compatible with so many different tools and I was given the pen tool, which I am yet to try out, but it also does come with a blade already in it, but you can replace that blade as well with other tools that they have. This machine cuts faster than its older version, which is really good. And the box also comes with sample materials, which are very helpful to get you started if you don't really know what you want to be creating just yet. I also have the Cricut EasyPress 2, which comes in multiple sizes, but I have the 9x9 inch perfect for medium-sized projects. Rather than using a regular iron, this has a larger surface area with the square shape that it has, which can evenly heat up your iron-on designs much faster and with better lasting results. And as I've mentioned before, we also have Cricut Design Space, which is the app that will help us operate our Cricut machines. So this app offers a wide range of projects that are available to get you inspired and to try. They also have so many images and fonts that are specific to the app that you can use to either create your very own designs or use as is for your own projects. So if you are interested in owning your very own Cricut machine or machines, I have their website linked in the description box, as well as the individual items used in this video. So please check them out. Alternatively, you can also purchase these products in-store. So if you live in Australia like I do, they are available at Harvey Norman, Big W, JB Hi-Fi, Costco, and my favorite, Spotlight. So go check them out. Back to the project. Basically, I just go into Design Space and then into Canvas to create a new project. So it looks like this. It has the same layout as their Cricut Mat. It has that grid, so it makes it nice and easy to know where you're placing your design and what size it is because they do have the ruler or the measurements on the top and on the side. There are also tabs next to the Canvas where you can access templates to help you out or projects, existing projects that you can try out, images that you might want to use as is or to help create your own design. You can also add text using your own font in your computer or Cricut fonts, and then you can add shapes or you can also upload your own design. Since I want this to be very simple, as in you can do this yourself as well and don't need a design background, I am just going to browse their selection of images, see what they have. I am currently on a free trial of the standard access just because the free trial was available. It gives me unlimited use of over 200,000 images and over 700 fonts. Plus, it also gives me 10% off any licensed images that I may want to purchase. So this is their price list. So when searching for an image, because like I said, I am on standard access, I can search so many images, you can literally just type in whatever word you want and look for images or designs that are available to use. So this gives me a lot more options than if I was just on a free version. I was eventually interested in creating a personalized shirt, mostly focusing on my zodiac sign, which is cancer. And I found this really cute design for my shirt. This design is going on the front. And basically, once I'm happy with that, you just add it to the canvas and resize it. To resize it, what I did was I placed a ruler on my shirt to see like what size I would like. And eventually I settled for a 10 centimeter height image. Now for another cute design on the back, I wanted a phrase to go with the zodiac sign. You can also filter your search to phrases and you can save the ones that you really like whilst you're browsing so that later on you can pick your favorite one and eventually go with that. So I was kind of tossing between two options. However, I eventually decided to custom make my own and this is the second method. We're still using Cricut Design Space, but we're going to use their fonts to create our very own design. So I settled for the words, this is the sign you're looking for, which I thought was short enough and it kind of matched the idea of zodiac sign. So you can choose whatever font you want, your own computer's fonts, they sync automatically into this app or you can use the Cricut Fonts, which is what I did. You can also change the letter and line spacing. And for my quote, I decided to kind of spice it up a little bit and add some images, which once again I went and searched for stars and I added like a star. I thought that one matched the design that was already on my canvas and then I also added some shapes, which are just basic circles to match the aesthetic of the first image. Once that is all done, I select the images and then I press weld, which then merges all the selected items and it turns it into a basic cut shape. This means that the design is now ready to be cut directly onto the material that we have. However, make sure to mirror your image as well, which I didn't do, but thankfully there's a reminder to mirror your image just before you cut on an iron on material. So thank you Design Space for giving me that reminder or else this would have not gone well. The material I have is the Smart Iron On, which was kindly sent to me by Cricut and I chose the yellow one from the pile that they gave me since I already have a red t-shirt and I thought the yellow would really stand out from the red. I thought that would be a cool color combination. So that's what I picked. A smart material pretty much means that you don't need a cutting mat, which is perfect. If you asked me, I was so happy once I found out what the difference between a smart material was and just like an everyday iron on material. So once I'm ready to cut the designs, I simply press make it and I follow the instructions on screen.  You could also choose the right pressure. However, I just left mine at default and then you load the machine with the material and start cutting. And just a quick note, Design Space actually told me how much material I would need and I had the option whether to cut that exact material size from the roll of vinyl, but instead I decided to just load the entire roll onto the cutting machine because I just feel like that may waste less materials. But once that is all done, we just pretty much sit and wait. And cutting doesn't actually take a while, which is really good. And it was also really interesting to just watch the machine do its thing. So I actually just sat there watching the machine do the cutting. But after that's finished, we now have to remove the extra vinyl that's not part of our design. And that's when weeding tools come in handy. Patience is also very key, especially with a small design like mine. I just, I didn't anticipate that the small dots would make weeding hard. Like I should have known looking at it at the very start, but I just totally forgot about it. It's just that they're really small shapes, so they don't stick very well to the liner. They prefer to stick with the vinyl, which is why you have to be really slow with this. Take your time. Eventually, I found a good trick to keep the dots in place, kind of pressing them back onto the liner with my fingers really helped to keep them in place. Unfortunately, they did still shift a bit. So just be careful when creating a design that has really small elements. But don't worry, this is all still beginner friendly. This is my first time using Cricut or cutting on vinyl. So I'm also a beginner. But once that is all done and you have it looking beautiful, it is time to press it onto the t-shirt. And of course, I will be using the Cricut EasyPress and the EasyPress Matte, which makes transferring iron on vinyls so much easier. It basically does everything for you. And there are also settings that you can choose depending on your fabric, which is on their website. It's super helpful. You can choose what machine you're using, what fabric you have, and it will tell you the temperature and the time that is needed for that project. So you can then increase the temperature and you can set a timer on the machine. I chose 145 degree Celsius and did a timer for 30 seconds. So then the machine will be warming up. And as it's doing that, you can take that time to set up the mat and then the t-shirt, making sure that there's no lint or creases. And then once the machine is hot enough and it does reach that temperature pretty quickly, it will beep. And that's when you can use it to press the shirt so that it's nice and flat and that is your prep. So the shirt that I'm using is a cotton polyester blend and it reacts really weirdly to the heat, causing the collar to darken. This isn't something to worry about since once it cools down, the collar goes back to normal. But just in case you might be wondering what is happening, it's not the machine. It's the shirt that I'm using. And for this step, simply place your design on the t-shirt, making sure that it's nice and straight, then press it down with the easy press. So you click the cricket button to set off the timer and you simply wait for the beep. Once that is done, you can flip the shirt and then press the other side for 15 seconds. And then you're done. So from there, you can just slowly peel the liner away and you've created your very own t-shirt design. Well, I've created my very own t-shirt design, but you can do the same exact thing. So I pretty much just repeat the same steps on the back of the shirt with the other design that I created. And now I have my very own zodiac sign t-shirt. And this is definitely a very useful tool to have. So if you want to make your own clothes just for yourself or if you want to use it for business or if you want to gift custom t-shirts to your friends, this is such a useful machine to have. Speaking of gifting custom t-shirts, here's the third method of creating custom t-shirts. I would say that this is slightly more advanced in terms of design because I'm literally creating a custom logo slash t-shirt design from scratch for a commission. This is for work. My partner and his manager decided to gift their co-workers a custom t-shirt with an inside joke of the design and they asked me to create the design and to print the t-shirts. So I created my design on Illustrator as that is what I use for work as a graphic designer. However, I am 100% positive that you can recreate this on design space as well. It'll be challenging and the commands will be completely different but I feel like it's still doable. Now the concept of the design was to say national handball team since it's an inside joke where like one co-worker is given a task and they just handball that task to another co-worker and I feel like this is kind of their culture at work. Since handball is an actual sport I wanted to make this look like it's an actual team's logo. After all that also still plays on the idea that they are gifting these shirts to their team at work. So yeah it kind of makes sense and I also wasn't given a proper brief for this so I just went bananas with the design and yeah this is kind of what I ended up with. I wanted it to be wearable by everyone and hopefully in their everyday lives. Whether I achieved that or not who is to say but once I sent this over to my partner and his manager they were happy with it so I decided to print it on a t-shirt as like a sample slash test. Similar to the previous t-shirt I just made I will also be using design space. I just kind of wanted to show you a brief glimpse at my process on creating that design. So instead of the first and second method that I showed you where we used already existing images or creating our own design on the app using the already existing fonts and images I am going to upload my design as a PNG onto the app. So these next couple of steps are still beginner friendly so if you've got a design of your own that already exists like I said before simply press the upload button and upload your file. You also have the option to choose what kind of image you're uploading. They're simple moderately complex or complex. From all the tutorials I've watched on how to use the Cricut machine basically all they say is that if you're not sure on whether your design is moderate or complex always just click complex. You can then have the option to edit your image especially if it has a background you can manually or automatically remove it which are pretty good tools but since mine doesn't have a background I just skip that part. You can also upload multiple images at once and then select all of them at the very end to add into your canvas all at the same time but for me I only have one image to select as I'm only printing one but that is it. It is now on the canvas and you can make adjustments to it such as changing the size and of course mirroring the image. After all of that is done click make it and simply follow the instructions. For the material I am also using the smart iron on but this time I'm using it in white since the shirt that I'm using is black I just thought it would be a nice contrast and this time instead of using the entire roll I decided to cut the material down to the size that was recommended by DesignSpace. After doing this test I actually don't recommend doing this at all especially because my design isn't that big so if yours is the same then that means the material that you're cutting is short therefore the machine kind of struggles to keep it in place resulting in rough cuts. Now it's not completely horrible it still does a pretty good job but it's just not as smooth as the previous method that I've done it's not as smooth as the previous shirt that I've created so even though I'm not super happy with this one I'm glad that I tried this method out so obviously now I know which one is better and which one gives me a better result. I repeated the same steps when cutting and pressing the design and after all of that I finally now have two custom t-shirts so I showed the one that I just created to my partner and his manager and thankfully they liked it so now I just have to make 16 t-shirts with this design before Christmas so wish me luck I definitely will not be able to do this without Cricut so once again if you are interested in checking out Cricut having your very own Cricut cutting machine as well as your very own easy press then go ahead and open the description box to all the Cricut goodies like their website Instagram and Facebook and if you'd like to watch more Cricut videos let me know my next challenge is to make my very own stickers with my own art in them so that'll be hopefully a new video in the future with that said I will end today's video and I hope you liked it as well as the three different methods on how to create your very own t-shirt design with Cricut please give this video a like and subscribe share this video to fellow artists and crafters as well thank you so much for watching I wish you the best of luck with your creative journey and I will see you in my next video


Yes, we will continue our discussion on sprays. Towards the end of the last class, we completed our discussion on probability density function, probability, size probability density function and velocity probability density function. And we also looked at multivariate probability density functions where more than one independent variable is used to describe the distribution. What we want to do today is switch hats from all that mathematics and become engineers for a moment. So, we want to see what is a spray and what does where is it used and what are the different designs out there and we will start to look at the merits and demerits of a few different commonly used designs for spray nozzles. So, today's lecture is going to begin our discussion of spray nozzle as a mechanical entity as a mechanical device with some emphasis on existing designs. Before we go much further let us just draw a brief schematic and we want to understand what it is that we are talking about that we call a spray nozzle. Again you know we have used this perfume example many times we will sort of use it again. Essentially in the context that I have a certain flow rate of the liquid. Let us just take a very simple example where liquid is going into my nozzle and I have a spray coming out on the other side. So, this is my if I if q is the volume flow rate. So, I will call this it is in units of meter cube per second and if I and if this is coming in at some pressure delta p. So, I will call this p is the supply pressure and I will assume for a moment that the pressure into which the spray is discharging is 0. This is a simplest example in the case of a perfume spray. This pressure p provided by some pumping action usually in the case of a perfume spray it is of course, me depressing the plunger with my finger that is a pumping action and in the process I increase the pressure of the liquid and that causes it to flow through my spray nozzle and eventually I get a spray. Now, so in pure thermodynamic terms if I look at this as a thermodynamic device I have fluid going in at a certain pressure p at a certain volume flow rate q and I have the same volume flow rate coming out of the nozzle, but in the atomized form. I have put in some amount of work in the process of driving this plunger and that work put in has to do something back for me simple first law of thermodynamics. If I assume for a moment that the temperature of the perfume and the temperature of the fluid going in the temperature of the perfume spray and the temperature of the fluid going in at the same there is no increase in the internal energy of the liquid itself which is basically a function of the temperature. If I assume for a moment that everything is in a in an isothermal situation where there is no heat transfer then there is no q either. So, all of the work that I have done is going into supposedly going into increase the surface area. So, I have just said something I want to see if I am right or wrong. The most ideal situation whatever plunger work I have done in pushing the plunger down should entirely go into creating a liquid surface area for the in the spray. So, like we discussed we looked at this argument earlier on if gamma is the liquid vapor interfacial tension and it is very often called surface tension. Gamma times area of the liquid vapor. So, this spray is the liquid vapor area in the spray form and a bulk is the same liquid vapor area let us say when the perfume was in the can. So, that typically this is much smaller than the spray itself. So, you could even ignore it just for the sake of argument. This is how much I have increased the surface energy of this spray. So, this increase in the surface energy of the spray surface energy of this fluid essentially which is now in the spray form. It is the same liquid for imagine for a moment there is no evaporation it is the same exact mass of liquid now in the same liquid phase which is now dispersed in the form of drops versus where it was all sitting in one bulk form. In the bulk form it had a certain interfacial area with its own vapor. So, potentially imagine I have a can. So, this is a bulk. So, this is vapor right above it and this is liquid I put a little straw in there draw liquid out as create this spray. So, there is some work done here and I get this spray and on this side I have this spray. So, if the temperature of the liquid in the bulk container and in the spray form is the same there is really no heat transfer there is no increase in the internal energy. The only form of energy that has changed is this interfacial energy in the form of surface tension energy. Now, before we go much further I want to take a small detour and talk about what surface tension is. We want to really understand because that is the only purpose we have a spray nozzle right. We want to understand what surface tension is for just a moment to get a complete picture of why we need to push a plunger down against resistance. So, pushing anything against something resisting amounts to work input thermodynamic work input. So, thermodynamic work input has a cost associated with it and that cost has to give us something in return and more over that cost must be required to be incurred in order for this to happen. So, before we so therefore, let us look at what surface tension is in a very very phenomenological sort of a view alright. So, imagine for a moment. So, I will ask the question what is interfacial tension commonly known as surface tension I will take a container of liquid a corollary to this is why do liquid stick together stay together. So, why does what is so fundamentally different between a liquid and a gas it is the same water in a water vapor form it would go to fill the entire room, but in the liquid form it stays together in the form of a beaker and mind you that is not due to gravity. Even if you have seen these cool microgravity videos from the space station where you know they can squeeze a drop of water out of a bottle and the drop of water would be oscillating and coming in they just gobble it. So, the drop of water remains as one big closed entity even in microgravity. So, the fact that liquid stays together is not due to gravity it is a very simple thought experiment and actual experiment to draw that conclusion from alright. So, this is liquid form here now vapor we all now know that this is that matter is composed of molecules and this is a vapor molecule and the open circle is a liquid molecule just for the sake of our own schematic. Now, we all know that liquids or molecules have weak forces that you know that that are exerted between each other. So, in the case of water for example, these so called weak forces are actually quite strong they are called hydrogen bonding forces. So, if I just simply take a molecule of water that is inside the liquid now like I said this is a very very simplistic picture, but I want you to sort of understand how this works only with standard disclaimers. So, it is only to understand the concept of surface tension these molecules are not stationary by any stretch of imagination they are all in some configuration of random motion. Now, a molecule that is deep inside the liquid is subject to these equal and opposite forces from several molecules that are surrounding the one liquid molecule like I said this is not a static picture it is a very dynamic picture, but you can imagine it as a snapshot of that dynamics. Now, where the same molecule was on the surface there is only in some very crude way half the number of those molecules pulling it into the liquid and you have these gaseous phase molecules the vapor phase molecules right above on the other side of the interface and these forces are much weaker. So, the liquid vapor the intermolecular force between a liquid and a vapor is weak much weaker than liquid liquid intermolecular force and the reason for this is for is twofold is because one the vapor phase molecules are much farther apart. So, the mean free path that is one physical quantity that actually separates liquid phase from a gaseous phase the mean free path which is the distance a particular molecule has to travel before it encounters its nearest neighbor or before it encounters another molecular collision is that distance is what we call a mean free path that mean free path is much higher in the vapor phase in comparison to the liquid phase. So, in some sense these are liberated molecules they have been liberated from the same liquid phase and they are now much freer to move up move apart move apart and around. So, these liberated molecules exert far less force on the surface molecules compared to the ones below there as a consequence if I look at this not on a flat meniscus like I have drawn if I look at this on a circular drop. So, if I take a sphere and if I do these do this argument that I have two neighboring molecules they are being pulled this way this is being pulled this way this is a vapor phase molecule that are much farther away these are very weak forces then some of all these force vector sum of all the forces essentially is a force that acts towards the radius of curvature. So, this is again like I said do not take this very far in your own mind either it is just to show the concept that that there is like a stretching force at the interface that causes this that on every fluid entity on the surface that causes it to sort of exert a force towards its own radius of curvature as a consequence you can see how the whole blob of liquid stays together. So, the net result of all this is that if I take a certain volume of liquid let us say I take a cube of liquid and I leave it in thin air in a micro gravity condition these kinds of forces essentially drive that cube of liquid towards a configuration where the surface area is the minimal. So, if you take this argument farther and farther the point where any dynamics of this blob of liquid in micro gravity will stop is where it has minimized its own surface area. And the minimal surface area for a given volume happens to be a sphere therefore, drops are mostly spherical unless acted upon by other forces. So, that is the it is the sort of a 5 minute summary of surface tension and its origins with all standard disclaimers. Now, I want to also mention the disclaimers that go into this. Now, first of all if I look at this region if I look at this sort of an interfacial region and I zoom out and let us say this is on the order of 100 nanometers. Now, mind you a water molecule is only a few angstroms. So, 10 power minus 10 meters is one angstrom water molecule is only like a is a few angstroms in in diameter if you want to think of it as a itself as a spherical entity which itself is an approximation. But if I now take a unit of if I you take a cell that is a 100 nanometers in thickness. So, it is like much bigger than any one molecule at least 2 orders of magnitude bigger than any one water molecule. Now, on this length scale I have to having zoomed into this length scale I want to see what does the water look like water is liquid and vapor and they coexist that is essentially what we learn in thermodynamics that the vapor phase the gaseous phase right above the liquid would be fully saturated with water vapor to the point where the partial pressure of the vapor right adjacent to this meniscus is equal to the saturation vapor pressure at that temperature. So, I just want to mention this to show you that really speaking if I now still come draw a line and I will draw this as a dotted line just to sort of recreate what I what we observed in the macro scale. So, this was water in a beaker as far as my I could tell it was a sharp meniscus in the beaker that meniscus on this zoomed in scale is no longer sharp first point the this meniscus is. So, dynamic that you have this so called vapor phase molecules go going back into the liquid phase the liquid phase molecules coming back out as vapor phase that you cannot really identify a set of molecules as being permanently in the vapor phase and a set that is permanently in the liquid phase. So, that is the first point to make. So, you have so if I now draw like a vapor fraction there is a thickness to this. So, if this is vapor fraction which is the fraction of the water molecules that are in the vapor phase versus the fraction of the water molecules that are in the liquid phase. This is not a sharp transition like our I would like us to believe on the from the macro scale observation on the micro scale these are this is a very diffuse interface the thickness is on the order of tens of nanometers. So, all this very simplistic argument where I use the word molecule in a very loose way has to be taken with this reality in our own minds. Now, the second point is that because of, but the fact that there is a an imbalance in the molecular forces between a pair of molecules in the liquid and a pair wise and the same pair wise force between a liquid and a vapor molecule or for that matter even a vapor vapor molecule is real. So, that difference in the that difference in the intermolecular forces is essentially the origin of this interfacial tension. So, I have a certain intermolecular force while the molecules are in the liquid phase the same pair of molecules after they are liberated. Now, I use the word liberated because it actually is in some sense a liberation process it requires some sort of a heat transfer some sort of a way by which I add some kinetic energy for it to break loose of this meniscus this interface and that liberation process causes the vapors to become much more free to move around. As a result the intermolecular forces in the vapor form are much less than the intermolecular forces of the same physical constituent water while the phase is in the while the material is in the liquid phase. So, this is the origin of interfacial tension. So, whatever we said you know like I have one way of liberating this molecule which is heating essentially if I want to increase this surface area it has to be against the wishes of the liquid itself the liquid left to itself like I took the example of a little if I took a cube of water and released all walls of the cube it would essentially slowly evolve towards a sphere that is the minimal surface area. If I want to take this sphere I will take a very simple example I take a cube of certain volume v the stable configuration of this is a sphere of the same volume v now if I want to break this up into two drops. So, let us just take a simple break up process I want to break this up somehow into two drops each of volume v over 2 this is the simplest atomization problem what is the energy required let us just look at that now in the let us look at the before and after this process is spontaneous this process is spontaneous meaning that I do not have to input any external work to make it go from a cube to a sphere whereas to go make it go from a sphere of volume v to two spheres of volume v over 2 each I have to input some sort of a work I mean it is sort of intuitive I want to put some numbers around this in just a moment. I want to also show you that this is spontaneous I do not want you to believe me although it is you can I am sure imagine from your own intuitions, but let us say if I take this surface area of the cube if the volume is v each side is v power one third the surface area of this cube would be 6 times l square which is 6 times v power two thirds. So, let me be clear this is not surface area is 4 pi r square where r happens to be the radius of this, but what I know is that v itself is 4 over 3 pi r cubed. So, r is 3 v over 4 pi raise to the power one third. So, this is 4 pi times 3 v over 4 pi raise to the power two thirds. So, this is 4 pi raise to the power two thirds which if I simplify this becomes 4 pi raise to the power one third times 3 raise to the power two thirds times v raise to the power two thirds that is the surface area of the sphere of volume of the same volume v. If I compare the two surface areas I have 6 times v power two thirds. So, this is in some sense a before a after is 4 pi times one third times 3 raise to the power two thirds times v raise to the power two thirds you can with some simple numerical manipulation see that that has to be greater the 6 is greater than this number in front of v power two thirds. So, the process is heading in the direction of decreasing interfacial energy. So, all other forms of energy remaining the same temperature chemical energy say I do not know you know there is some spontaneous reaction also happening all other forms of energy remaining the same interfacial energy alone is decreasing which is sufficient to make it a spontaneous process. Now, here is a question I do not want to dwell too much on it, but I think you should think about it yourself. The cube of liquid has 6 times v power two thirds energy no no wait wait I did not say this correctly there is also a gamma, but that gamma is the same gamma is the interfacial tension. So, gamma has units of Newton per meter or Joules per meter squared. So, it is in units of energy per meter squared. So, that when multiplied by area gives me energy. So, the cube had gamma times 6 times v power two thirds Joules of energy the same cube of liquid after it becomes a sphere has gamma times this much the 4 power one third times 3 power two thirds times v power two thirds amount of energy. If I do this I can see quickly that there is a decrease in the energy. So, if all other forms of energy remain the same whereas, this energy gone. So, delta e is 6 minus 4 pi power one third. So, this much energy which used to be in interfacial energy somehow not to be accounted for and really speaking what has happened is this has become dissipated. So, if I really look at this process as an adiabatic process where adiabatic constant volume. So, it is like a very trivial case, but essentially I have not allowing any work to be input I am not allowing any heat transfer across my system boundary. So, if I take this and I put a and in this spontaneous evolution process that much energy is still inside the adiabatic chamber in the form of heat because that energy has been dissipated that dissipated energy is essentially goes to heat the drop slightly to that this much magnitude. Just to give you some numbers here I want to make sure gamma has units for water 10 power minus 7 joules that is like a approximately in order of magnitude that is the kind of interfacial energy we are talking about for the case of a 1 mm diameter drop. If 1 mm is the diameter of the drop that is 10 power minus 3 meters the interfacial area is on the order of 10 power minus 6 meters. The 10 power minus 6 meters multiplied by this gamma for water which is 0.072 happens to be like I am approximating 7 to be like a 10 for example in this simple calculation. A joule itself is a very very very very very very small unit of energy you know it is like hardly any energy. So, we are talking 10 power minus 7 joules that is like a very tiny number very tiny amount of energy. So, just to give you an idea if you burn a 40 watt light bulb for 1 second you have consumed 40 joules of electricity if not gotten 40 joules of light energy you have got most of it as heat, but the consumption is 40 joules for 1 second. So, it is a very very very small unit of energy a kilo joule is more realistic in many different real engineering situations. So, if I want to go from one drop of liquid of volume V to 2 of the same volume what is the energetic cost involved. The surface area here is now this is the before situation is 4 pi times 3 V over 4 pi raise to the power two thirds. So, in this particular instance I have two drops each one having 4 pi r squared, but that r is different in from the r in this case 3 V over 4 pi raise to the power one third r in this case would be based on the volume being V over 2 not V. So, that is the only difference. So, if I replace this V with V over 2 I get 3 V over 8 pi raise to the power two thirds. So, this is the before picture and this is the after picture. So, let me simplify this slightly what do I get I get this 4 pi raise to the power one third 3 raise to the power two thirds V power two thirds on this side I have 2 times 4 pi I will take a 4 pi out of this and leave the 2 in there I have the same 4 pi raise to the power one third, but I have 3 over two raise to the power two thirds times V raise to the power two thirds. So, the energy the interfacial energy is gamma times the area gamma is surface tension we looked at a number for water by the way water happens to be among the more commonly observed liquids water happens to have one of the highest surface tension highest interfacial tension liquid vapor interfacial tension. The reason for that is this very strong hydrogen bonding between water molecule. So, water in many respects is a very unique liquid and its abundance on water on land is also not fortuitous. I think there is some sort of a reason why water is also commonly found and for very high interfacial tension. There is some implications to it that people are now discovering for like even the evolution of life itself at least water based life. So, some interesting aspects to water having such a high interfacial tension. So, if this is the interfacial energy I will move this around a little bit to the side to make myself room for another symbol. So, the E B 4 is this 4 pi raise to the power one-third, 3 raise to the power two-thirds times gamma times V raise to the power two-thirds E after is 2 times 4 pi raise to the power one-third, 3 raise to the power two-thirds except I want to absorb this 2 raise to the power two-thirds in the denominator as 2 raise to the power one-third up here times the same gamma V raise to the power two-thirds. The only difference between these two is I have a factor one here and I have a factor two raise to the power one-third here, two raise to the power one-third is greater than one. So, clearly we are going against the gradient of decreasing energy or we are increasing the interfacial energy. The amount of increase is this 2 raise to the power one-third minus 1 times the rest of the factor that is how much is the actual magnitude of energy that we have raised. Now, if V is small let us say 1 mm versus 100 micrometers which is 0.1 mm as V decreases the actual magnitude of energy required to break it up decreases correct for any one break up event to happen, but if I start off with a certain volume of liquid in the bulk container. So, I want to take let us say one plunger depth one plunger push produces let us say you know 0.5 milliliters of perfume dispersed into a spray. So, I start off with a volume 0.5 milliliters. If I imagine one drop that is 0.5 milliliters for me to disperse this into as many drops as required each of the size let us say 50 micrometers that is the calculation we did on the very first day. The drop the one drop which is 0.5 milliliters in volume just to compare drops to drops although the perfume in the container is not in the form of a drop, but it is a very just to be fair in our comparison one drop of volume 0.5 milliliters compared to as many drops as needed each of diameter 50 micrometers the, but all the drops put together containing the same volume of perfume or liquid. The interfacial area of this dispersion of drops would be much much greater than the surface area of this 0.5 milliliters and that is what we calculated as this little 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter square that is how much interface we would create between the liquid and the vapor. That is how much interfacial energy I have to add gamma times that interfacial area is the amount of interfacial energy that I have to add. So, let us go back to just looking at that for a moment with the numbers that we now know. So, we did this calculation before. So, just to complete this thought here this is for a single break up event get 10 centimeter square. 10 centimeter square is 10 power minus 4 meter square this times the 7.2 into 10 power minus 2 joules per meter square. So, that is about 7.2 into 10 power minus 6 joules of energy. So, the amount of interfacial although I said you know the objective of a spray is to take a liquid break it up where I have increased the interfacial area. Therefore, the interfacial energy, but the actual amount of interfacial energy increase is on the order of 10 power minus 6 joules. Clearly one plunger push by any sort of an estimate is much more than 1 10 power minus 6 joules 1 micro joule. The amount of energy that we input in one perfume spray plunger push is much more than 10 power minus 6 joules. So, something is not adding up like you know if you are only off by a factor of 10 it is ok something is not adding up here. So, there are you know where is all that energy that we are going energy that we are inputting into this perfume spray going 1. So, we started to say work is required to increase interfacial area that that was the whole that was why how why we said we need sprays, but the actual work input is much greater we just saw that the remainder of this energy is in two forms 1 drops are now moving. So, there is a kinetic energy associated with that drop motion that did not exist before. So, when the perfume was sitting in the bottom of the can the bulk fluid velocity of that perfume was nearly 0, but after the plunger has done its thing the perfume drops are now moving. So, there is half m v squared for each and every drop. So, if I have a million drops each drop of some mass you know some micrograms of mass it is velocity let us say some tens of meters per second or 1 meter per second it is 1 meter per second is like a very reasonable number for a small scale spray. So, we are looking at energy contained in every drop and there are a million of these drops we saw that as an order of magnitude. So, the first and foremost sort of hidden reservoir of all the plunger work is in the form of droplet motion droplet motion contains much more energy than the interfacial energy itself. So, I had water let us say in the form of 1 stationary 0.5 milliliter blob for me to break this up ideally if I create stationary 50 micro meter drops the only amount of energy needed would be 10 power minus 6 joules. If I say that is my only objective I should only do that unfortunately a spray nozzle cannot just do this even though that is our stated purpose it also has to move the drops we will see in a moment why it also has to create this additional kinetic energy and that happens to engulf that happens to be the reservoir of the bulk of the plunger work and only a tiny minuscule fraction actually goes to increase the interfacial area. So, most of the energy that we put in is a in the form of droplet motion which is now half m v square kinetic energy the other source is a slight increase in the temperature or I would not say temperature it is basically heat in the drops. This is because if I assume that these drops are viscous the break up process involves some amount of dissipation and any sort of a dissipation involves converting a higher source of energy surface energy mechanical energy these are all higher sources of energy. It involves taking the higher sources of energy and creating not source higher quality energy and creating lower quality energy these are all very very vague terms I should not be describing them since we are talking thermodynamics but essentially what we are saying is that some forms of energy are more useful to us than other forms of energy heat happens to be one of the lowest forms of energy least useful forms of energy a moving shaft a rotating shaft or a moving mass is the highest form of energy because it we can do something with it like grind flour you know do a lot of the more useful aspects of of what man what a man or woman needs in their daily lives. So, this is the so essentially while we set out to increase interfacial area we are actually increasing the droplet kinetic energy and as a windfall we are increasing the interfacial area. So, this is what a spray nozzle does we will see some designs of designs of spray nozzles in the next lecture that try to do this.