I am Chief Cardiologist at Manipal Hospital Baler Cardiology Department. I am going to talk about how to identify a heart attack. So let us understand what is a heart attack. So this is the model of heart. You can see heart is nothing but a muscle pump. It keeps beating since your birth in your end without any weekend, without any off or without any holiday. Obviously a muscle which is working so hard 24-7 needs huge amount of oxygen, huge amount of nutrition, huge amount of micronutrients and this is supplied through the small arteries. This is called coronary arteries. If there is any blockages in the arteries of such small caliber then it can lead to death of that muscle. And mind well, heart muscle do not have real nutrition power. That is the reason heart attack has to be taken very seriously. So what are the symptoms of heart attack? It was an old notion that heart attack occurs in elderly only. It is not like that. Looking at the recent survey, 25% of the heart attacks in India occur as early as less than 40 years of age and there are few patients with me who are in their 30s who suffered heart attack and had to undergo angioplasty. Anybody who gets any chest discomfort which it can be crushing type, it can be heaviness type, it can be a pressure type sensation in the center of the chest. The pain can be radiated to left or right shoulder, left arm or right arm. It can sometimes get referred to the jaw or rarely to the upper tummy. The symptoms, these classical symptoms are seen in only 50% of the patients and nearly half of the patients may present just as a burning sensation in the chest and it may be mistaken as acidity. So how to differentiate this? It is any chest discomfort, any burning sensation which is not getting relieved with routine antacids, which is not getting relieved with routine treatment and it is associated with profuse sweating, restlessness, uneasiness, specialties, never comfortable. Then you are looking at the heart attack. In elderly people or diabetic people, the heart attack can present just as a fatigue or shortness of breath, undue fatigue, undue shortness of breath while walking few steps. The patient may feel exhausted or he goes out of breath. In some patients there can be gidiness, nausea, vomiting sensation. So these are one of few of the typical presentation. So the bottom line is that any pain in the chest associated with sweating, associated with uneasiness, associated with restlessness, not getting relieved with antacids or routine treatment, lasting for more than 10-15 minutes, you should not wait at home and you should reach to the hospital which is well equipped with intensive care facility, catheterization laboratory and all the cardiac center. So anybody getting chest pain, uneasiness of this type, please rush to the Manipa Hospital Paneer Cardiology Department. Thank you.


When I was a child there were quite a few times when I would leave school at the end of the day and start walking for a while and then realize I was going in the wrong direction or I would walk out of school and just stand there frozen unsure where to go because we moved so many times that sometimes I couldn't remember where I lived


Hello. Hopefully many of you saw my other Flatpak talk yesterday. If not, the introduction to Flatpak in this one will be even more introductory and in a bit of a rush. So this is the like two-minute version of my 20-minute talk yesterday. Sandbox is our framework for desktop Linux. It's for the sort of thing you might get in an app store. It's also for the sort of thing that might have a desktop file. Your app runs in a sandbox because you don't want it reading your PGP key. There are portals, which are a clever mechanism to escape from the sandbox to do things like access a file that the user has chosen without having access to all the other files that the user didn't choose. And they use essentially the same Linux syscalls and so on as more conventional server-containing technologies like Docker, Alexa, that kind of thing. And the thing that is important for how these relate to distributions is that an app runs on a runtime. So the idea of a runtime is a Linux distribution is fine as a stable platform. But if you want your app to run on Debian and Fedora and Debian from this year and also Debian from five years ago, you don't really know what you're going to get. So a runtime is like the API compatibility levels you have in Android where you can say, this app is going to run on Debian 9 and the infrastructure gives you an appropriate runtime to run your app on. So the app author gets to choose when they update. They can update at their own pace once they've done whatever QA they feel is appropriate. The runtime comes from what Flatpak calls a branch where the idea is the major version and depending on your policy maybe the minor version is fixed at a constant. But you do pick up like micro releases for bug fixes, security, that kind of thing. You definitely don't update it across incompatible changes because that defeats the object. And you have some kind of lifetime for which this runtime is supported. So you might have, will support this runtime as long as the underlying version of Debian, so two years or five years or whatever. And this also seems kind of familiar to people in the distro's dev room, I'm sure. Because this is basically a tiny Linux distribution. It's a weird Linux distribution because it can't boot. You don't have a kernel because you have a host system for that. You don't have init because you have a host system for that. There is no sysadmin things because you're running as one user, you're running an app, you don't need demons. In the version that users see of the runtime, you don't have development tools because if you just want to run events or Firefox or Steam or whatever, you don't need GDP. And there is also no package manager because version management and uninstalling and upgrading and all that kind of thing is done from outside.  And obviously it's de-givlicated. You don't actually download everything again. But conceptually it's as though you did. So the first thing I want to talk about is why you might want your distribution to have flatback and not just go, well, we've never needed this. We never will need it. One thing that's often really annoying on long-term stable distributions is when you want a stable platform to do your work on that will not change under you and give you arbitrarily different UX, except that there are these three apps that you absolutely need the latest version because they're important to you in your job or whatever. So you might be running on one of these very enterprise distributions that's supported for five years and it's not allowed to upgrade anything because you want that predictability. But you absolutely need the latest version of maybe Inkscape or something because that's the thing you're specifically interested in. And as an upstream developer of an app, you kind of have this nasty duality that if you depend on new libraries, it's going to be really annoying for your users to install them on Debian from two years ago or Red Hat Enterprise Linux from five years ago or whatever. But if you choose to artificially restrict your dependencies and say, well, I'm only going to use the version of GLib that was in Debian two years ago, you don't get the benefit of all the work that's been done since then. And as we know, two years is an eternity in software, so you probably don't want that. So distros have generally dealt with this by backports. So like in Debian, we have the stable backports branch and lots of other distros have similar things. So you choose your selected software, mostly like leaf packages like an app or a game or maybe a server. And you take the version from the next development release, you rebuild it for the previous stable release, and you cross your fingers and you hope it works. And if it hasn't actually got new dependencies like a lot of games, you can just backport by five years and they'll be fine because they don't require much from libraries anyway. But if you do depend on newer libraries, because you only have one copy of like LibGTK3 on your system, you have to make this unpalatable choice of do I want the predictable one or do I want the latest for my backport. So for instance, if you have a backport of Abbey Word, which depends on GTK, it might pull in a newer version of GTK, okay, fine. But now all of Nome is using that newer version of GTK and maybe you've just destabilized your entire desktop environment, which is probably not what you want. Or even if you're like happy with backporting the entirety of Nome, like I believe Red Hat Enterprise Linux does sometimes. If you've decided that's something you're willing to do, you upgrade your GLIB to be able to do that, but you can only have one copy of GLIB on your system and thermal D that stops your CPU overheating also uses GLIB.  So the reason I was like originally interested in Flatpak is to be a better backports because backports as currently done in distros have this problem with you have to make a choice. But if you can build each app, each game, each leaf package against a stack that its maintainer is happy with, not necessarily the same one even, then you don't have to make this choice. You can have one choice of runtime that you run on for, Nome Builder if it needs the latest shiny Nome things. If Inkscape doesn't need really recent stuff, you can run it on a different runtime. You don't have to choose a single answer. And each upstream app author can choose the pace they upgrade at and not be forced into, well, we have to use this new version because this other app wants it. And obviously the immediate worry from distro people is but we don't like duplication. And yes, your libraries will be duplicated a bit. That will happen. But there's less than you might think actually because Flatpak uses OS tree which is essentially Git for binaries. So it's content address storage. And if two of your runtimes happen to contain the same thing like you have a Nome runtime and a KDE runtime that both include Gillip C, you only actually have one Gillip C if it's the same one because they're just hard links to the same file in the hashed storage. Another thing that's quite interesting for Flatpak and on distro is the diametric opposite of that. If you have software that depends on libraries from the distant past that we would all rather had died like the Nome 2 stack which we're finally removing from Debian at the moment, you don't really want to carry those in your distribution forever because your users might have an app that wants like Nome VFS or LibUnique or whatever. And a lot of the time the distros don't really have the resources to maintain them forever. And to be honest they were deprecated for a reason, right? No one just says this library is obsolete for fun. It's because they've found a design floor and they can't fix it without breaking compatibility. In particular, Colabora has been doing some work recently with Valve on Steam and they have this problem in a big way because they distribute binary games which ideally the publisher doesn't want to touch them once they've got them to like an acceptable quality. They want to go, right, this game has gone gold, throw it out the door, we're done with this one, move on. And like maybe patch it a few times later but they don't want to keep going, oh well this doesn't work on this year's Ubuntu, we'll have to fix it to work with this GTK. And now it doesn't work on the next year's Ubuntu, let's fix it up for that. If someone's complaining it doesn't work on OpenSuser it's not really viable. So their solution to this has been the Steam Runtime which is Ubuntu from 2012 with Selected Backports which is two words, a cover of multitude of sins I'm sure. And it's a giant LD library path to pull in libraries of selected versions and all the games running this, the Steam client runs in this as well because it has stuff that would potentially break with a newer GTK or a newer, I don't know, LibJPEG or something. But it has gaps, it specifically doesn't use, doesn't have its own graphics stack because if you have an NVIDIA binary driver or a Mesa open source driver that works for your hardware and that corresponds to your kernel which is that one, they don't want to use some other version that may or may not work on your machine. So it's like this incomplete runtime. And what we think might be a good way forward here which we're still experimenting with is put each Steam game in a container. So I have this tool called FlatDev which is a proof of concept for building a Flatpack runtime out of Debian or Ubuntu packages. So the Steam runtime, we have a pile of .debs that are perfectly reasonable. We just need to unpack them, put them in a container, use those. My colleague Vivek is working on this terrifying thing called LibCapsule, which if you're interested in that he did a talk on this which was recorded at last year's MiniDebConf in Cambridge. That lets you load libraries of the same name with the same symbols into the same address space without colliding. It's GNPC Blackmagic. And the idea is that you can have your game's dependencies which probably include the standard C++ library because game developers love C++ and you have Mesa which uses LibLVM which uses C++ and a different standard C++ library. And somehow you need to get both these in your process space without them fighting. And this is the idea of LibCapsule and it almost works which amazes me. As I said, work in progress. And in future, at the moment the entire Steam environment runs in one copy of the Steam runtime essentially. The UI where you buy your games and the library browser and the launcher and the games themselves. What we would like to do is have old games that have never been QA'd against a newer distribution. Keep running them in the old runtime. New games that the developer has tried them against newer stuff. Maybe they even need newer stuff. We can run them in a less old Steam runtime like maybe based on a more recent Ubuntu or on the latest Debian stable or something. And pick one or the other whichever works for the library browser and that kind of thing. There are a few unsolved problems with forward ports. I have to say and I can see why distributions might not like the idea. I mean if you have some un-maintained libraries and you put them in runtime, that doesn't magically make them maintained. Someone still has to either do the work or acknowledge that it's not going to be done. And in particular Ubuntu 1204 was EOL last summer. I mean it's a long term support distribution but there's a long term and there's a long term, right? But if you're going to use this anyway and Steam is in production using a pile of libraries anyway, we can at least sandbox it and that's got to count for something. It's better than not sandboxing it. And it's way better than a static binary where you can't update it even if you wanted to and it's infinitely better than what people tend to do in practice which is go to archive.buntu.com wget ancient library, don't use secure app, just install it, cross your fingers, yeah, don't do that. Another good thing to do is software that isn't yet in your distribution but you would like to use it anyway. So some distributions are more complete than others. Debian tries to have everything. Even we don't package everything. And the idea is ideally we want everything to help to our quality standards but maybe that's just not feasible and maybe we should let the perfect not be the enemy of the good here because in an ideal world we have enough maintainers for doing all these things better than upstreams can, keeping everything up to date, QA to make it not regress, making sure the licensing is actually reasonable and that kind of thing at our best we can protect our users from bad software but sometimes we don't actually add value. I'm sure there's plenty of packages in everyone's distribution where the entire change log is like new upstream version, new upstream version, new upstream version. You're not actually adding a whole lot to that package and sometimes having a gatekeeper is just stopping people doing what they want to do which is not great. So I said a couple of slides ago that Debian tries to package everything apart from that whole free software thing. So some distributions very much want to steer clear of proprietary software but we kind of have to acknowledge that our users want it and ideally we should be like mitigating that and protecting the rest of the system from deficiencies in the software that we can't fix. Hey, wait, we have sandboxing. Good idea, right? And I was talking about free software there but sometimes it's not even about freedom, it's just about quality which, you know, you might think of the same thing. Some software is really niche and maybe it doesn't make sense to package it for even Debian but you want it anyway. Some software is, to put it bluntly, really awful but maybe you need to run it anyway because it does something critical for your job or whatever and surely someone packaging it is better than you can't have it. Particularly if you can sandbox it to mitigate if they've done it wrong. So one thing that you get with Flatpak if you choose to enable this is FlatHub which is the idea is it's like the App Store or the Google Play Store equivalent for Flatpak. You don't have to enable it but the expectation is you probably will and it's a good place to get a lot of stuff. So there are some reference runtimes targeting common library stacks. There's upstream software packaged by the upstream developer themselves which is like the ideal case. We want upstreams to maintain their own because they know it best, hopefully. And also software that is not packaged by its upstream, maybe even proprietary maybe even non-distributable packaged by the community. This is all tagged with license information so if you're worried about like Debian free software guidelines or whatever you don't have to display all the proprietary stuff but you can if you want to if your user opts in and in some cases FlatHub isn't actually allowed to redistribute things but what they distribute is a script that knows how to download it. So for instance this is how the NVIDIA drivers work I believe that you install a sort of stub Flatpak which then goes and gets the right driver for you. So hopefully distributions would quite like to have Flatpak. Distributions can also help Flatpak out. The most obvious thing is make it easy for your users to get it. If your distro doesn't ship it then you're kind of stuck. Also the portal mechanism which I spoke more about yesterday you really need the portals to be available on the host system otherwise apps will just not work because it's like okay I will go and browse for a file and wait the file browser is not there no that's not going to happen. So for distributions where their policy allows following the stable branches provided by Flatpak upstream is an excellent plan. I'm doing that where I can in Debian. Backporting the latest versions can be a good move too. I know I said backports were terrible but in this case kind of a necessary evil. And some other components are picking up support to be used kind of like portals as a way to get like controlled access outside the sandbox without giving like blanket access to everything. So I'm currently working on some stuff for Debus Demon which will come in in the next year or so hopefully. There are some plans for improving how deconf works so it can behave a bit like a portal that kind of thing and if your distribution makes those available great. Runtimes Runtimes seem quite familiar but because they are essentially a distribution. So and this is the distro's dev room we know this right? We know how to put together libraries that are compatible, apply security updates not regress we hope. So maybe having distros be like a curator of this is a good runtime with compatible versions of GNOME is a good move. Another thing distributions are often very good at because they've kind of had to be is making sure you're complying with all the relevant licenses. So Flatback Builder helps you with this because when you build your app or your runtime it makes another distributable module alongside it in the same Austria repository which is the corresponding source code. So whatever it compiled it commits that as well so that if you just blindly async the result to your mirror you're distributing binaries and you're distributing source for those binaries. But obviously not all our upstreams are amazingly good at complying with their licenses and sometimes there's licensing oversights and missing copyright notices and whatever and some distros are more strict than others. So ideally if you're fixing this sort of stuff in your distribution please tell your upstream about it if you can get that fixed once there we all win and less time rummaging through licenses and hitting our lives. So as well as runtimes distributions might be a good source of high quality apps and in particular not all upstreams get their apps right like some upstreams naming no names are not very good at releasing security fixes. They'll commit them to get master and then never do a release and distros pick up the slack there. So hopefully we can do the same for Flatpak provide good apps so Fedora I believe are planning to essentially take all their leaf packages mechanically turn them into Flatpaks publish them. So yeah ready made source of good apps hopefully and other distros I'm sure can help with this sort of thing. Fixing apps yeah I talked about security fixes but just any serious bugs really same kind of thing send stuff upstream so that it gets into all the other distros and it gets into the Flatpaks that will help a great deal and if your upstream developer is not helping you out with this maybe rooting around them is kind of necessary and talk to the other redistributors of your app and try and get stuff fixed that way. I was going to talk a bit about places where you can't use Flatpak but I don't think I have time for any detail on this but basically if it's not an app it's not Flatpak use a different tool and I can talk about this more afterwards if people are interested. Thank you.


What's the deal today besides day trading new packaging? It's got a little tear Piece so you can just rip it open. You don't have to cut it open Looks a little bit nicer It's got a So it just looks a little nice with the back black one tears open. Yeah. Yeah, we'll just do it You want steak? Oh Oh You got steak Have you uh, have you day traded enough money to fix that? No, I wish I got too many children. What else is going on fats that today? This is well This is kind of exciting. You didn't tell me about this. So we're trying some new packaging for the steaks We got the fats. I didn't show you the branding. You might have started on my These are the labels for the wagyu pork So you can expect some other new company to come up in about three weeks from now That's gonna have fairly similar labeling selling the same stuff except it's gonna be from conventional animals But they're gonna say it's grass-fed That's how they usually do it What are the guys on lunch? It's lunch time guys Some people eat lunch. Yeah We got the we got gold one two for the prime states We're pretty consistently getting about 10% of the Raven strips at least prime marbling So we'll have a regular label and a gold label. So I have about 40 orders to fill for Frankie's here range foods, which is actually quite a bit considering that We only sell the glucose and the whey protein So when we add these fats when we add You know the warrior bar when we add the cod liver sales are really gonna ramp up right now The fats will be available immediately on Frankie's free-range meat and then hopefully in about two or three weeks We have now maybe 10 15 products available on Frankie's here range foods that are going to be non-perishable That will ship at a much lower price both domestically and internationally So you got a bunch of steaks ready to go through here. Oh We got we got a little Oh, yeah, I forgot about that if you if you order one container of cod liver oil $42 We'll ship it Well, that's not a good example because we're gonna have the cod liver on Frankie's food anyway, right separately If you order one pound of ground beef, we'll ship it you have to pay for shipping because it's less than a dollar Yeah, it's still not really doesn't make sense because usually and that's what these other companies do They charge 30 40 bucks for shipping. So if you're gonna pay 30 40 bucks for shipping Why not just you get a hundred dollar order, but it does make sense in some of the eastern Parts of the country where like New York where you can only have to pay 15 20 bucks No, if you get four wagyu packs of ground beef four pounds and pay $12 shipping if you're in New York, it might be worth it. That's another big one. What um We're also adding a couple new products this week Besides the fats. Oh, we got new ground beef. We got 93 lean We got 85 lean and we got 70 lean. We've always had the 70 so we got two new ground beef And we've had the 80 22 right Yeah, I don't know now we have an 85 we have an 85 15 a 93 7 at a 70 30 and then the wagyu beef is probably run So technically we have four variations on ground beef. You have 93 7 85 15 80 20 as well Yeah, we have an 80 20 organic to the five pound job. Oh, yeah So this is our Low temperature tallow just get it started takes eight hours to do Lamb trimming We should show them one of the pork you said it's like really liquidy, right? It's more like a pork oil Well, I this is really soft to This isn't like you need to Wrench your arm digging it out. It's so yeah, most of the so I mean look it's Beta-caratine and the texture soft most of the towel you buy in the supermarket or online. It's like trying to scoop out Something really solid and hard. There's no character either.  We have the packing slips the labels some honey glue close here and different sizes we got 20 ounce 10 ounce and then four ounce and then I have the whey protein over here Bunch of different size boxes and packing materials nothing too crazy I actually wanted to put like I bearable pork lard or something special But I figured pork lard and then no hundred percent pastries. I've erico was good enough You know, we want to be approachable. You know, if you put like I've erico lard at the top here That people might not know what you're even selling But we got everything on here nutrition facts Little blurb on our low-temperature rendering process. We even got the GTIN number on the side I think it's cool Eight ounce organic ribs. This is the only other thing else. We're adding this week, right? So if you guys want eight ounce portion ribeye steaks normally our steaks are portioned in one pound and this is Although all of our meat is grass-fed similar quality, this has the USDA label on it. So this is the Ocebuco Ocebuco, it's two Two-pound pack. I think there's two to three in each pack. Yeah, this would be good You know, it's getting colder now throw it in the slow cooker, have it for dinner Some mirror pock carrot uninstall or a beef broth would be really tasty. Look fed the Ocebuco So the wagyu tallow is blue The beef tallow is green as it should be And then Pork is It's like a dark pink because that's kind of like the color of the Iberico meat It's like a deep red and the lamb is gonna be purple This is the lamb right now So that took me about an hour and a half. We have just over 30 packages going out on Frankie's free-range foods today This is the sixth ground beef. We made a mistake earlier. We said five, but we actually have six different types of ground beef Two, three, four, five, six So one is wagyu. I forgot the lamb This is the organ grind This is 70-30. The first-line wagyu is about 80-20. Yeah, this is the local it looks like it's Yeah, the local might be a little bit unique to it, maybe 85-15 This is the 90 No, that's 85-15 right? This is the 80. See how there's one that in here? That's 85-15 here And this is 93-7 So we have really lean 93-7 slightly less lean 85-15 We've got the local ground beef first-line wagyu 70-30 And we're just missing the organic We still have organic. We're out of stock. I'm gonna have organic. Just crack that So it's been about a year and a couple months since we started Frankie's free-range meat and To me, it's really remarkable where we've come especially considering How difficult it was off the bat And you know for us to not give it another year and see where we can take things, you know would be silly So with how much progress we've made with how many people we've provided high-quality animal foods With all of the exciting products and and new stuff innovative things that we're doing You know, I'm really looking forward to seeing the next few months. Let alone, you know the next year or so So with your continued support and and you guys You know buying our products and giving us feedback and letting us know what we can do We should be able to create something even more special So thank you guys for joining me today Let me know if you have any questions about any of the new products We're adding today. We have those different types of ground beef. We have the smaller ribeye steaks We're going to add the fats and and definitely keep an eye out over the next few weeks for other stuff Maybe I'll sell some CDs if this guy's music


Give you a specific example of how the cave 2 has accelerated some neuro science research and in fact it's in a project which has already been mentioned by Wojtek into Huntington's disease. Okay. I hope you can see that. Okay. So the cave 2 facility is a landmark ultra scale visualization facility at Monash. It runs in both 2D and 3D modes and at the time of construction, and we still believe this is true, we believe it's the largest hybrid 2D, 3D visualization facility in the world. It is 84 megapixels, 84 million pixels, and there's a computing cluster which powers this facility. Essentially it's dedicated to just displaying graphics and that runs at 90 teraflops. Or about one teraflop per screen. There are 80 screens in total. It features a very high resolution head and wand tracking system comprising some bicon cameras around the top of the screens and for motion capture. And there's also a 22 channel sound system which is a 3D sound system which enables us to play really neat tricks with the audio and play sounds in certain locations within the facility itself. You'll notice that it's circular. It's eight metres in diameter. And there's a really good point why circular systems are important to us and I'm going to show you that in my example. Now, Boitech briefly alluded to this and I wanted to point out how we think about this type of facility in the context of an overall strategy at Monash University. And we call this the strategy for the 21st century microscope and it underpins our thinking when we operate with a new research centre. So a microscope which has been at the centre of scientific discovery for hundreds of years really has three parts to it. It has a light source down the bottom. It has focusing knobs in the middle and it has a viewfinder at the top. We believe the modern microscope isn't a single instrument but in fact the seamless orchestration of capabilities and facilities that perform those roles. So down the bottom the light source can be a beam line at the synchotron or an MRI scanner, you know, some data producing instrumentation. In the middle here we have the focusing knobs. Now, when a researcher uses a microscope, they are interacting with the microscope. And this is a theme that's come up in all of these talks in this afternoon's session is it's really important to make that supercomputer interactive because that's how researchers want to engage with the modern microscope. And so we build this around the massive project which Voitec spoke about and that represents the kind of the core of the engine of the microscope. And then the computer screen is the viewfinder and there are obviously many different types of viewfinder but to us immersive visualisation and the cave 2 facility offers a unique opportunity. And in fact we like to describe it as the highest quality lens for our microscope. Now all of this is obviously linked up with high end IT to manage the data. We know we're on a data deluge, exponentially growing amounts of data need to be managed. And then at the top of the microscope we could think about having others actually view and look down our own microscopes and so we regard that as the data dissemination part. So over five years our e-research programme at Monash has been built around this concept and I'm going to talk to you about just one part of that. Voitec's already talked about the middle part and in some sense Gary and others represent the lower part. So the cave 2 facility at Monash was built in a brand new building and this is David Barnes, he's the manager of the facility. And what he's looking at here is tractography data and here he is now looking at some data from an archaeological site. But in many senses the tractography demo is one of the more spectacular ones. Now this is Jason Lee, who's at the Electronic Visualisation Lab in Chicago and they worked with us in building our cave 2 facility. They built the prototype and they kindly allowed us to build ours bigger, so it was a nice of them. But that's their facility, they were responsible for the original cave. Actually the lab you might know is also responsible for the original computer graphics in the very, very first Star Wars movie. In case you're wondering cave is a recursive acronym. Now we do do a lot of demonstrations and the cave facility does provide an opportunity to showcase Monash research. What you've seen there in a time lapse video is one demonstration which runs through a number of different use cases for the cave and as I pointed out the very top, the connectome example is always a stunning example. The one example that gets all of the audience going, ooh, ah, is actually standing on the surface of Mars and seeing Mars as though you were in a spacecraft on the surface at the limits of human visual security. Now the cave facility is both a 2D and a 3D facility. The 3D nature is very important to us and in fact one thing you appreciate very quickly is that objects when you see them in the cave appear as though they're in front of the screens. They're almost as like they're occupying the space that you're standing in. This is very important to us to help us understand spatially what's going on. When you go to a 3D movie most of the action appears to your brain to occur behind the screen so you're like looking through a window, but in the cave it's actually happening all around you. The architectural firms love it because they can make you feel like you're walking through a room. But it's also the highest quality lens for discovery and a number of our biomedical scientists love it because it enables them to do things they've never been able to do before. See things in incredible detail but also within the context of the image. We have histology images for example that 100,000 pixels by 100,000. Researchers in the past could not actually view those on a regular computer screen but they can in the cave. Some of you might have seen this particular image. It's always a good slide to talk about when we talk about visualisation. We think it's underdone in general and we are working hard to promote its use because to us visualisation actually helps you discover the unknown unknowns. There's a famous quote from Donald Rumsfield which I'll let you read there. He was talking about Iraq but it also applies to research. Computers, if you're applying them in a data mining context, only find things that you know about. They only find things that you know how to find. Visualisation provides you with an opportunity to see things that you'd never seen before and in fact you could think of it like the cave facility as a machine for generating a new hypothesis. The reason for that image there is half of you I imagine can see what's in that image. Put up your hand if you see what it is. Yeah, it's about half of you. Some of you are difficulty finding it because you don't know what it is. But now I'll tell you that it's a dog. It's a Dalmatian dog. I think probably those who couldn't see it before can now see it. My little point about finding the unknown unknowns. To us neuroscience represents the exemplar for big data visualisation. We've seen it in other domains. Our e-research centre is dedicated to all of the disciplines but neuroscience is one of the most important disciplines for us. But the point here is the humble desktop no longer works. The screen is too small. The bucket is too small. In terms of the desktop computer is being dwarfed by the big data that's coming off the instrumentation. And when you want to collaborate around the data you tend to huddle around a little computer screen. It's also typically in 2D. So to us the cave 2 is the natural place to go to visualise. As I said the neuro-tractography visualisations are very good ones for us. It's immersive, it's colourful or memorable. The spatial comprehension dramatically improved over the desktop. For example as you are swimming through the tractography you really do appreciate the space and the gaps. And the sizes of the clusters of fibres and so on. But the one example I'm going to show you now is actually a combination of both 2D and 3D. And it's really a good example of how the brain, our human brain is actually the best pattern processing machine we have. And it really is applied in very good detail in this particular example. So we call this comparative visualisation and this is in the context of the image HD project. It's a nice little pun but HD here stands for Huntington's Disease. So as Vojtek mentioned this is a study of 80 subjects. We've got some controls around 30 of those, pre-symptomatic around 30 and some sufferers around 20 of those. But what we do is we visualise their tractography and we visualise all 80 simultaneously. I'm going to show you a video of this actually running. But I'll point to the research, the paper. As Vojtek mentioned, nearly Georgio Caristianus is the principal investigator on this work. This paper was actually published in 2014 and was selected by HD Highlights as one of the most influential in Huntington's Disease. And as I mentioned, the idea is in the context of the cave is to investigate the structural connectivity in the pre-manifest and the symptomatic subjects. And there's some control in there as well. There have been 80 patients that maps very naturally to the 80 screens within the cave. Now the first point I want to make about the circular nature, when you're in the middle of the cave, you don't see the pixels. You're seeing things at the limits of human visual purity. So it's like a retina display. But you're also equal distance from all 80 of them. So you don't tend to naturally favour one particular group over another. And so that's why I believe circular facilities are actually important. We can sort the brains in any order. We often sort them by the onset of the disease or the controls and so on. Or we could sort them by age and so on. And David Barnes, who led a lot of the visualisation work here, prepared this nice video of it running for me. What I'll do is I'll run it, it takes about three minutes and I'll talk to it as it runs. I want to highlight, first of all, you're not seeing a video of the cave in action. You're seeing, just in order to give us enough detail in the video, three columns of the cave. There's a cast of thousands involved. These are the names of all of the people that were involved in the work. And I really do hope this is going to run. It did run in the test. This is not my computer, which doesn't help. I did test it. Oh, I've got it. OK, so we've seen three columns of the cave. And then on the left, you're seeing the web interface of the... That's running on an iPad that you take with you into the cave. So here we can... It's a bit hard to see, but here we can choose how many track samples to reveal. There's a single structural brain, but what we've done is we've mapped on the tractography of the study subjects onto the brain. And so we can choose how many samples. There are millions of tracks, but we can choose how many of those we wish. Now, what we'll do is now we'll reduce the density of the structural brain so that it doesn't get in the way. And then we can start to rotate. Now, when you rotate, you end up rotating all 80 simultaneously. So here we are moving from the top and then moving to a rear view. Now, at the moment, and it's a bit hard to see, it looks like all of the brains are the same. So what we'll do is we'll pick a particular region and we'll just expose the tracks that are coming from that region. Now, it's pretty clear that we're dealing with different people. So we'll just, again, we'll rotate to get a rear view of the 80. And as you can see, it's quite clear. Now, what I'm going to do is I'm going to show you how the main conclusion in that research is actually observable within the cave. So the main conclusion in the research is that there is a difference between the controls and the symptomatics when you isolate two particular regions and you look at the tracks. Now, here what we've done is we've now chosen two regions and we're looking just at the tracks between those two regions. And we are going to push the number of samples right up because, of course, we're dealing with a much smaller set of links. But now, and it's probably not very clear to you, there are clearly identifiable differences that occur at a group level between the controls and the symptomatics in that particular case. And so this has opened up a number of opportunities for us. We've validated previous research using the cave, but there's other things that the cave's done. It's actually accelerated the research process. In fact, the group talk about how it accelerates the data quality control work time. It used to take three months in terms of cleaning up the data. It's now down to two hours. It is just so much quicker to do it when you see everything at once. So as I pointed out, the technology and the approach has been validated by the same discovery. So this provides us with hope that we're going to see new observations and new discoveries within the cave. And that discovery was essentially group level differences in the pathways between the two regions. Now I know I've got one minute, so I'll wrap up. As I said, the cave 2 is a hypothesis generation machine and it's the highest quality lens to look at digital data. But it's also an effective communication tool for understanding spatial aspects. Now I'm just going to throw out there this final slide, maybe some future work. For example, what about using the cave for some sort of neurofeedback type training? Having a number of people within the cave with EEG headsets navigating and interacting with what they're seeing. And so we can have them interact with a virtual environment for a group of patients and not just a single individual. OK, with that, any questions? So Paul, that was fascinating. And my question is a bit more genuine around the principle of visualisation led scientific discoveries, which is something I know that David Barnes has espoused and I think it's really fascinating. I guess it's a question about the relevance of the given of that approach to different disciplines. And after the work you've done over the last year or so, how do you see it in terms of that approach to applying to the science, as you mentioned, including neuroscience? Yeah, so in our microscope analogy, it's clear that we tend to work closely with disciplines that use instruments that produce data. And as I said, discoveries often results by simply just looking down a microscope and going, ah, now that's interesting. I wonder what causes that or wonder why that's like that. And that drives a hypothesis which then derives, hopefully, the discovery. So disciplines which operate in that way work particularly well with the cave. And so the other example is, of course, structural biology and understanding, I guess, how things are coming together from a structural point of view at the molecular level. But also, again, they work with instruments that produce a huge amount of data. And rather than mine it for stuff they know about, they want to use visualisation to discover things they don't know about. Okay, as chair of the session, I think we're going to wrap it up because it is...


Hello everyone. My name is Kristen. I am from Hamilton Park. I serve on CCYM. I am here today to ask the bishop some of your questions that you all submitted in the box or all the different ways that you were able to get those to him. So we're gonna get that going in just a second. How long have you been a bishop? For about six months. I'm new. I'm real new. I think that was sort of good but I love you too. What is your favorite TV show? It's a hard one. I'd rather you ask me what my favorite band is right now. Okay what's your favorite band? Mumford and Sons. You still don't have a favorite TV show? I got a lot. He has a lot. If you weren't a Methodist what would you be? I am a United Methodist. I was baptized in the Methodist Church as an infant. I've been nothing but a Methodist my whole life and I can't imagine. I cannot imagine being anything else but United Methodist. What's your favorite color? My favorite color is burnt orange. And this afternoon late if you look to the west you'll see that it's God's favorite color because that's the color of the sunset. As the bishop do you play games like chess? If you do I would assume you at least are somewhat good at it. I have a flippant answer which means sort of a sarcastic answer that all the clergy will appreciate. I do play chess it's called appointment making. Now the answer is yeah I used to play chess as a kid and I haven't played chess in a while but I sort of took it up on the computer and I've had to dial back the the difficulty because if I'm gonna play I want to win. So I think I'm playing so I think when I play online I'm playing with some four-year-old kids somewhere who's actually better than I am but my wife has said hey I'll play chess with you except I think she's been practicing while I'm away at work but we're gonna start playing together just for fun.


I'm like a lovely hail storm hitting you unexpectedly in Sydney. Sorry, people huddling together for a while.


My name is Vicki Lenica and I belong to the Basin Fire Brigade. My girlfriends had a very big influence in me joining the Basin CFA. They encouraged me to come down and join the auxiliary. Six months later, my husband joined as an operational member. While working at the local plant nursery in the Basin, I could hear the fire siren going. So I approached the captain at the time, Don McGuire, and asked if I did some basic training. Could I turn out through the day? So I did my training. I was a third female to actually become an operational member. Happy anniversary dear. That was what I said to my husband as he got off our truck. I got on the truck as a changeover crew in the Yarra Valley in the 2009 fires. The day started with a very eerie feeling for me. I was on the first strike team out to go to Gippsland. We saved some houses in a church and patrolled around the town of Oracle. We were sent out to a caravan park to help defend it. When we got there, some of the caravans were already burning. We assembled into the caravan park and rallied round the centre. During the night, we started to hear the radio reports. It was a night never to be forgotten. My husband and I are both volunteers. We do this for our brigade, our district, our state and our country. If you ask 100 members why they belong to the CFA, you would get 100 different answers. But the common thread that runs through everyone, we belong because we can and because we want to. I don't get paid. I give my time freely. I do my job. I don't take holidays from the organisation. I leave my family and loved ones at the drop of a hat. I know that when I leave the station, I am putting my life on the line for someone else in need. I don't look for accolades or the tag hero or parades or specially struck medals. I do it because I can and I'm able to. A simple thank you is enough and all because I'm a CFA volunteer.


Good morning. It is day five pretty pretty warm last night considering It was hovering all night around 12 13 degrees. That's what it is right now It's a little bit after 5 a.m. This looks like it's gonna be the best weather day we have Yet, so we might take a little train ride go up see the trains probably gonna brook trout fish that West Shore Chamberlain Lake and set up the tent Go out maybe 25 foot Water or so and jig for lake trout.  We've been eating so darn much at night over the brandons that My breakfast a little bit slimmer But got a couple pieces of toast in there and gonna drive them into me with some coffee Then get up and see if the boys are ready to roll. There's two two more guys today Of course that came in last night is calling and slim So we'll have a bunch more lines in the water and have a pretty good opportunity to try to catch a trout over four pounds This is awesome Nice 430 he was ready to breath missing one We're missing one Yeah, the animals are all moving this morning fellas moves right across T lost Lake Yeah pine Martin come out of the woods to rabbits running down the lake. I see rabbits on this trail. Yeah. Oh, yeah Is it what happened? Never seen one of them break look at this one Oh Holy cow, I've never seen two of those break. This is the second trip on this ring Yeah, but this one the middle of the year last year. That's the same size. Aren't they what those the Magnum magnum, huh? Cuz Brandon, I mean he beats the snot out of his I guess I'm just gonna go no What in mind good, that's just I got room in mind to wait on me Joe. I think so Gotta have that cup of coffee in the morning. Get guy got jumped out Time go time go What are we shooting for today fellas? What are you doing? What are we shooting for today? Big Laker Yeah Brandon has he seen the rip in it yet? He's trying to get me in trouble any cat. Yeah, let's go Brandon Don't get slim started on that either Big head shakes board folks Not that cold out today, so I can show you how pretty that fish is nice 1617 inch or right there probably 17 duty going right back down Let's get reset we're gonna have one line for a little while because I got a disaster here had a pretty bad ride out Well, I was cool one be pretty quick. All right, let me show you the mess. I got I think Look at this mess the four traps are Just wound right together Every which way but loose I'm not gonna mess around trying to pick them out.  It's I had two chances to avoid that disaster One would have been I I don't know where my rubber bands ended up for each trap But usually I have a rubber band on them if any of them had if they all had rubber bands on them That would would have never happened and then the other thing The other thing was I got sleeves in my pack basket And if I I thought about throwing them in each individual sleeve rather than just throwing them all in the middle of that pack basket And I use the one phrase you should never use when you're up here fishing is that good enough be I It wasn't I it was not I so those were you know that whole mess would not have happened if it wasn't for my own negligence So, you know, you can get mad at your gear all you want But end of the day that was entirely my fault. There's nobody Nobody to be mad about nothing to be mad about other than myself just not doing it the right way because Like I said, there were two ways to make that happen So so I wouldn't have had a problem at all and I I didn't do either one of them So I paid the price now I Now I'm re-rigging gear, you know, a half hour into fishing Instead of be out here fishing Surprising amount of water right here this close to the bank Got about seven foot here, but we'll fish that I Like to be ten foot or less for Brookies. I don't even mind being a foot for Brookies They they'll drive that bait right under where the ice meets the bank using their favorite food today Or one of their favorites which is a smelt That's the natural forage to They're pretty easy to eat Going weightless You know these Brookies are finicky if you can get away with weightless do it Sometimes you just can't you got to be able to get that bait to go down the hole But if you put a little pressure against them a lot of times they'll try to pull away from you So put a little pressure and they'll swim under that hole Once you get them through the bottom of the ice hole then usually they'll they'll roam around Yeah, we're fishing Oh lucky main flag. Let's see what can do. Oh my god. I think I just got wailed Shoot, drip me as I was setting that Let's mess around my trap Let's try that again Think I just missed a brookie as I was setting that he stripped my bait He'll be back. They're pretty greedy one's never enough Pretty chill I'm gonna lose my sounder Must be rocks Man fired it. Yeah lost my hook lost the sounder and a hook right there Must have went right in between two rocks. Let's re-rig again about four and a half foot deep here All right, we got a flag up on that one. I just set behind us Just about ready to get this one fully set. Make sure there's not a fish there Alright, let's go get that flag Let's go see what it is See how big this brookie is He's very small. Whoa Smallest brook trout yet Tiny two smelts. He just puked up two smelts That was definitely the guy that stole my other one because he just spit it up And I could tell because it has a through the back, but that's a pretty one there That's a native little guy There's the smelt I caught him on That little guy's hungry man That's the smelt I just caught him on and then this is the other one. He just puked up and you can see on that other one There's a rip in its back right there where my hook was So it's definitely the same smelt Find a cold kind of cold to catch him. All right. We're set again. Oh, what'd you get there Bob? Slim, I'm gonna burb it. How'd you say you did? Beauty, ain't he? Yeah. The loin's on that. Yeah We'll be eating goods soon as one of these nights. I don't know when we keep saying we're gonna eat That's not getting where they keep freezing on us. Yeah, that's gotta be wrapped around something. Yeah, it was wrapped Oh, no Tung up. It was wrapped around something. I got it free and then it wrapped again It popped free Snapped it. I don't think there's anything there that maybe Yep, little brookie Boy, I got lucky catching him. He was hung up twice Nice little brookie there Probably 13 incher So there's a couple different options you could do when you get hung up like that The first thing I always try to do is slingshot it like that This ice fishing line your nylon or your Dacron has got some pretty good stretch to it. So If you pull it to the point where it's not Just about gonna break but not gonna break and then you just snap it let it free It'll shoot and a lot of times that'll shoot Just enough to come free if it's on a log or a rock or Or down to the fish And if you try that I mean that one, I don't know how many times we'd have to watch the film, but I think it was about Three or four snaps I got on that one Before it popped free, but I try it at least 10 times If it doesn't the next thing I do is I start sending the hardware down You know, especially if you can get a feel of what you're hung up on But if you could send a sounder down and you can get a sounder bouncing And flinging that line you could get that line flinging three to Three to even 10 feet sideways That's usually the second option the third option is to get the drill out and chase your line Shallow water like this I could drill and probably look down and see my line See what I'm gonna hung up on maybe get a stick and free it up or hook the line from a different direction But the brookies are pretty active this morning This is a smelt right here that we're using for bait If you turn it just right in real life, you could see that blue hue. It's got to a blue color If you're looking to buy some salts You want to get you want to get the dark ones. You don't want to The clear they'll get see-through if they're sitting in like a white Bucket too long. So if you're buying smelt Try to get the ones that still have some color or some darkness to them the fish The fish target in on that color and Darkness a lot better than the see-through crystal clear ones All right, three brookies already. That's pretty quick Not quite the droids we're looking for so I'm going to take my fifth hole and do a little jig and pop around a little bit See if I can get something bigger Oh, you got one of them parasite ones Yeah, that crooked tail they get that parasite in there and it eats their spine Really when they're younger She's she was fooling there's only to be water here. He was running Geez might be all right Geez that's heavy right now, Joe Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah, nice Pretty Joe. Yes, sir You Yeah, oh, look how pretty that one is Wow, that might be one of the prettiest ones you have No water here, Joe. I know it pretty close to where we were the other day see it now Oh, actually, I'm gonna come this side. I thought it was on this No, that's pretty true Yeah Nice job, buddy. So now we're on the greasiest Jimmy Dean saw. Oh my god, very laugh. You see it spinning? No It's heading in Does anybody else just see that?  Oh, she almost backreels You got a little work to do here, Bob There's two little going off the back under the wolverine special Anyway Absolute gorgeous trout. That's a big trout Bright red. What a beauty too cold right now. So I'll bring them up Show them to you.  That's number Four or five one two It's either four or five I think that was five that was probably That was probably a 20 inch brookie there But just absolute gorgeous colors on them. Can't beat that What do you think of this outfit Cameron?  I don't think that eight pounder got big till he got to the hole on Brandon. It didn't I swear they swim right back to it Took out some wine swim There he is That's a chunky one. He didn't need to eat Need pliers smelt on this one call it or sucker Put a smelt back down Feels it's not a ding feels Imagine if it was a five pound brookie. Oh, no, it's a lake. It's a good one. Did you get a look at them? I saw I saw fish It's two feet long. I got wicked light line on you on these Those Yeah, I bet your money is not too far from that 22 Probably This is where that 21 to jump from There we go What did I get? No, go ahead. You really got no brookie set. So take it. I'm good. That's peel. No, I got five brookies already I'm a good digger Joe Oh my gosh, he ain't very big but he was on He's feeling 13 ish. Oh, did he just come off or nope? He's coming Oh my gosh, look at that little guy Little throaty Oh right there Is it worth getting there or not? Good job, buddy Look at the colors every one of these has different colors. I'll set Joe. Yeah Look at spots on this one bud. That's pretty isn't it?   Right. Oh, there he goes Good job, buddy. Let's go watch camera and catch this five pounder This one up too. I drove right by it. Lost him right there in the hole. See if he comes back I don't think he felt the hook He was sitting about a foot and a half to the side Pretty decent trout.  All right, there's number seven for the day You always want to check your Either mono or fluorocarbon, whatever your leader material is That fish right there just tied it in a knot believe it believe it or not In a knot really makes for a weak spot if it's just an overhand knot in your fluorocarbon So that way I just cut it out and shorten this leader So that way when I'm fighting a big one later It doesn't break right where that overhand knot is There's seven on the ice Yeah Took it right out of my hand. I pulled it right out of his mouth I dropped right back down before I could even do anything. Brookies are fun. Oh, man I love kitchen brookies. I thought about taking another trap in We probably should Every flag I get feels like it's gonna be more fun. Oh, yeah. You know what I mean? I got my gear tight How you liking that sled? I love it Yeah, I love it. Wish they made it in 900 turbo, but that's the sport. This is the 900a sport Had 600 and I wasn't quite enough for me Is why upgraded What would the 600 do while it opened? Uh on perfect conditions like 82 or 3 and this one will go like 94 or 5 Perfect conditions smooth going Brandon Brandon's over here Matt.  That's the jacket. The jacket's just showing age That's all Joe. Yeah He'll be all right. What are you running for a hat? Uh, it's a custom under armor She's a little too tight so I had to open her up sides Uh Not number one the beauty contest, but it does help the ears Joe. We do what we can up here, don't we? You got that 20 inch wide track and said the 24 you could have bought a new hat. Yeah, I know How you liking it bud? Love it Joe. We can't like that smile off your face with a two by four now Can we I know a pretty happy guy that sled is awesome Oh, it's my coffee cup and a jig rod. I tried to drink a cup of coffee and jig Flag go up Oh right there That's what jigging will do for you guys. I'm sure that fish came in Did it again? He's around on this side. Oh Dang it just pulled out Shoot Oh, he just ate it It's a nice one too. Nice one. He ate it right in the hole like an 18 incher Oh man, that was cool. That was cool looking down and seeing him eat All right, no more messing around we're throwing on the old Swedish pimple number five pretty well certain that I called that fish in with that Rattle bait and bang the bottom and then I got that Smelt sitting right over there nice tasty meal didn't really He didn't really want to eat it. He just kind of whacked at it kind of like a cat playing with a mouse I guess because I missed him twice and then I had him in the hole. He came in and hit it right in the hole I saw he ate it and I set the hook. Maybe I should have said a little harder But I just switched over to a Swedish pimple that looks a lot more like a smelt We'll see how that does jigging if you guys want to have fun with ruckies and If the bite ever slows down and you got an extra line drill one pretty close to one of your trap And start jigging and see what happens. Well, pretty much one of the others gonna get some action pretty quick Maybe both He took off some serious line. Oh my word. I think it might be Mountain Broughton Heavy it's just mushy No head shakes about time they show up Look at the colors on that row So that's what they look like that's number nine Yeah That look at the red and yellow the purple around it. That's a pretty trout If you can see it, if not, I'll just cut it Return to send them There she is guys that might be the one I lost earlier That's beauty Colors on that thing Doesn't look like much. All right, we got a flag up that feels pretty good There's a head shake hoping this is a trout Coming right at me. Yeah, it's a nice trout Look at that trout guys Look at how pretty that one is Okay, hope I can get that one orange on the fins That is just a beautiful trout right there We'll let that one go that one's probably 16 inches Nice When they get a hook real deep like that I'm using like really small thin wire hooks I think it's better for the fish just to cut them off when they're deep You know, you limit the amount of time that he's out of water If you could see the hook and it's right there and you can get it quickly without Without touching the gills or anything then get it. But if you can't it's just as Easy and it's better for the fish. I think just to snip it and go they'll they will rust those out and Obviously they'll keep feeding even if they haven't they have water even two hooks in there because I caught a nice one yesterday They had a a red hook and a line that Was coming out of a throat probably from opening weekend up here We're almost out of bait over here That was number 10 That's quite a day on native brook trout. That's 10 10 natives iced a couple of misses near the hole And a couple of uh, just flags with strips on it So so far a great day Hate to cut it short But I might cut it short and take a train ride today and show you guys some really cool logging history in the state of Maine Guys if you get a pile of line like this and it freezes off or Or even if the wind blew over it Start on the end closest to the hook and pull it out straight if you pull just that way and try to wind it up You're gonna have a mess just just from how it's laid out If you go this way you won't have a A mess as much of a mess anyway That's ridiculous today's gonna be insane Nice one Think it did so my word Like a two and a half pound lake in a minute Not good Got to see his end up I've been Spooled twice One was 36 inches and one was 32 and a half inches. Wow So this one should be 40 That spooled me. Was that a whitefish? Two and a half pound lake Two and a half, we're lucky off to the races. Oh, she's hung up Fish there, but she's hung up She slammed off I think they're bringing a stick in with it He was like a pretty good size. Oh Brookie Beautiful beautiful Brookie He's over 16 inches Maybe more All right, we are getting picked up just a hair early tonight. We're gonna take a ride Up to the other end. We're gonna show you guys They've never seen it before and even some of you guys who haven't seen it before We're gonna show you the famous trains of the Allagash in the north main woods These trains are quite the feat. They brought these in I think 28 miles With no tracks and got them to where they are now and they've been sitting there for almost 100 probably 100 years Yeah, but it's it's pretty impressive. So hopefully we got enough daylight. We're gonna show it to you Joe, you've never seen these I have 20 but 20 years ago. You ain't seen them since they moved them up here like this I don't remember. They used to be down in the woods falling in Oh, no, I saw them up here then 20 years about 20 years ago. Yeah, yeah, maybe 18 during the winter of 1926 to 1927 Edward King LeCroy used lombard tractors to haul all of the materials from lack frontier Quebec to the shores of Eagle Lake to build the Eagle Lake and west branch railroad King LeCroy sold his operation to great northern paper company before its first trip on june 1st 1927 The Eagle Lake and west branch railroad was used to haul pulpwood from Eagle Lake to Umbazuchus Lake where it was then driven south on the Panopscot river drainage to the paper mills in millinocket and east millinocket Pulpwood was loaded into the 12 chord log cars by two conveyors The floor of each log car was tilted six inches as were the tracks at the terminal end Which extended 600 feet into Umbazuchus Lake? The pulpwood was dumped into the lake by pulling a pin that released the hinged sides of the log cars In an average week the Eagle Lake and west branch railroad hauled more than 6500 cords of wood smaller Plymouth locomotives unloaded the cars at Umbazuchus Lake Then loaded the cars at the Eagle Lake end this allowed locomotives to refuel and take on water when the railroad operation ended in 1933 The locomotives were obsolete and not worth transporting for reuse anywhere else remnants of the 1500 foot trestle Which crossed the northwest arm of chamberlain lake is still an impressive site Churchill. Oh, it's down there to the right right there. Yeah, let's swing around That's Russell Paul What are we working on fellas? Although most do and I'm sure what brand is going on but Massy says that's looking tasty. Where'd that come from? Jonesboro, Maine Wild beef. That's right. Wild beef Well, we just got back from a pretty nice trail ride. What would you say? Yeah, 3035 had to go through some slosh to get there, but it's pretty fun Well, that's gonna do it for day number five Pretty awesome day. It was a long day. It's actually Quarter past nine p.m. Which I haven't seen All week be honest with you. I usually am asleep by Well before nine But after we did some fish catching we took a ride up to the trains Saw that that was awesome And then after seeing the trains we drove around Eagle Lake and Back on the chamber and picked up our gear came back and then we went for a nice sled ride did some trail riding did some Some riding around the old country which was really nice It was cool. I've never gone trail riding before or making your own trail either So that was a lot of fun got back and we dug into that moose stew and garlic toast and boy I'm pretty well ready for bed. I'm pretty wiped out. That was a long day Today was the first day. I actually could really fish at will Without the weather really dictating where and how I fished It was pretty mild. It was like 12 degrees most of the day a little bit of wind a little bit of snow warmed up to like 15 or 16 degrees and And I was able to move traps. I was able to check traps a lot more I was able to do some jigging where I wanted to jig. I was able to Jump around and actually fish, you know And that hasn't happened yet because the weather when the weather gets Pretty rude like that. It dictates what you can do, you know And you can only go out in 10 one flag and got to get back in warm up when you're talking real feel negative 40 negative 50 Tomorrow might be the last day of this trip. So it might be a sixth day or tomorrow is going to be fairly mild Uh could get up to like 18 19 degrees and then The next day is going to be downright rude again. It's going to be in the negative 20s with 40 30 to 40 mile an hour winds 20 sustained So you're talking real feel again in the negative 40 to 50s and if I remember right propane freezes like around 45 below zero So That's your heat source. That's the heat source here for the most part So it's got a you got to be real careful. It looks like there's going to be a couple two three days of that And it might be time to to call this trip To a close and get home do some editing get these videos up It's going to be a lot of editing because there's been a lot of fish catches a lot of fun stuff happened today I used 11 brookies, which is just a tremendous day anywhere from Like a nine inch or up to 20 close to 20 inch or and you know, I had One decent one in the hole that I don't count obviously because I didn't catch it and another one I broke off and lost one jig and so Geez, I could have probably had 15 to 20 brookies ice today just just by myself The boys targeted like a mix between lakers and brookies and they had a great day too. So Then we had a nice cask on the ice All in all just phenomenal day I hope you guys are enjoying this series if you're liking this series make sure you leave a comment Below telling me what you like about it or where you'd like to see the next one Or how you'd like the series to go really appreciate all the feedback and Really looking forward to tomorrow guys might have to capitalize on it. If it's the last day up here Thank you Got to get that one to the mill Yes, you do About seven foot right there beautiful Nice brookie right there guys Big fat one beautiful colors Is the green back


Oh mate what do you think? Right on the edge of Manly, just sticking out into the harbour. Here we go over to Hudson's Fade. What a beautiful day for taking your kayak out, eh mate? And how'd you like to live up there? It's beauty.


So, as a final speaker before lunch, I've got from the university, and she's talking about the wonderful title, Navigating to the North from land. It's a famous spot of the day between you and lunch, but I actually did my very first, but my whole introduction, I would say, into the scientific community was done in a collaboration with Mike Land and also Donald Nielsen that spoke earlier today, and that really then inspired my whole scientific career. I'm still going in and out, but I'm still on the very same scientific path in the same subject, so to say. So this was a great inspiration to me, so I would like to take you on a journey from land to the stars to see what that inspired me to do. I will start actually talking about this first study that I did now quite many years ago. And we will be staying and talking about navigation in the dark throughout this tour. And of course, if you're out there navigating finding a way at night, there are some things that you can use to stay alive. For example, use the moon, sand hoppers do this to find a way up and down the shore. And many animals also not that many actually the birds are well known to use the stars for example, but there is also a pattern in the sky that you and I cannot see. And that is the pattern of polarized light that forms around the sun for the moon. The rest much of this talk is going to involve polarized light. I want to make sure and remind all of you exactly what polarized light is and how it's formed, but that otherwise before it's going to be very boring, I think so. When the light ray of light comes from the sun, it's completely improvised that is what you see here. That means that it's vibrating in all different directions as it travels through the space. And then if you let the light pass through a polarizing filter, you can orient it so that you will only have one direction of light by that scene. If that is vertical, it's vertically polarized light. And you can also then rotate this polarizing filter, and then you will get for a sort of polarized light. This makes no difference. We can see the intensity of light. We can see the color of light, but we can't see the polarization direction of light. This is ever something that many, many animals can do, including, for example, the insects. And on the sky, this pattern of polarized light is formed due to scattering and reflection that have also polarized light. And we get this polarization patterns formed around the moon or the sun. These ones are very good to orient by because if there are clouds in the sky, you can no longer see the moon or the sun. For example, you can still be these dye white patterns and orient to them. So my whole journey actually started in collaboration with this little spider. What is about this being its gray, its brown, you wouldn't really pay much attention to it. Neither did Don, as it turns out, because he brought this by mistake into the lab looking for a completely different spider at that time. But what then brought our interest was its strange eyes on the back of the spider. So here you see two of the spiders eyes that are looking quite unusual. When we shine a light on them, they will shine back. That itself isn't very common. This is also what you see in cats on the road, for example, as your headlight points towards the cat. It will absorb the light once as it goes into its eye, then it has a mirror at the back of its eye called a tepidum that reflects the light out again. So the photoseppers can absorb the light a second time. Thereby they can catch more light. This is the very common thing that we find among the nocturnal animals. And indeed, this spider is also nocturnal. It becomes active in the evening and stops being active in the morning. They have the same trick. They reflect the light to increase their sensitivity. So that wasn't a strange thing with these eyes. But what was very unusual is that when we look at the eyes, we see the structures here. Those are actually at the very bottom of the eye. Normally when we look at an animal, we don't see what they have at the bottom of their eye, but there is a lens there to reflect the light. These eyes here are actually more covered, more like a window, which means these eyes will not form any images. It's an eye that cannot see spatial structures because it really hasn't got a lens that will reflect and focus the light. Because of this, they have a very, very big visual field. They're going to collect light all over the sky pointing upwards. This is not what is strange. Oh, thank you. So I've got a googling what I'm saying. So that was not what was unusual, but the thing was also, apart from that they could see anything with their own sense of work, was also that when we put a polarizing filter above these eyes, this eye is really bright where this eye is dark. That is because the reflection from this eye is highly polarized in this direction and the reflection from the other eye in the other direction. So we blocked that. If we now rotate the polarizer by 90 degrees, the opposite is seen. So we have here a system that reflects highly polarized light. So if we then looked, we then looked into light by electrophysiology and apology and so on, and we couldn't see that the photoreceptors in each eye were also highly sensitive to polarized light. So deep focus sectors responded to light in this direction and in this eye to light in this direction here. This means that this spider is under polarized light that we have a lot in the sky. In this direction, the right side is going to give a very strong signal because it's highly responsive to this. And it seems also the reflection is much brighter than in the other eye. It's going to give a much stronger signal. Again, if the spider rotates, then under this condition here, this eye is going to be a very strong output. Logically now, if light is polarized in this direction, both eyes will respond the same. And this is how any engineer and obviously spider would define the perfect analyzer of polarized light. So these eyes actually were not used for seeing at all in the usual sense of the word, but as Dharma said, there are many ways to use your eyes. But instead, this was a conference organ. So they were using these two eyes to analyze the proliferation pattern in the sky and finding their way back home. Because these spiders have a little silky nest that they go out from and then they need to find the way back home. We could demonstrate the need for polarized light in the lab because if you didn't give them polarized light to orient by, they never found their way back home again. So of course, you want to show that these animals have these abilities using what is given to them in the natural world. The perfect experiment to do this is that you bring out the polarizing filter that polarizes light that I showed you in the beginning. You place it under the celestial polarization pattern in such a way that the artificial rotation rotates the polarization direction. So a spider that navigating for example running parallel to this direction of polarization, it would then have to turn or we have rotated it and then it would when it came out on the natural sky go back to its original direction of traveling. Super exciting experiment. The spider said no. I'm not going to participate in this experiment. These spiders were horrible to work with. They were so shy and so nervous that we couldn't even be in the room when we were doing the experiments. Definitely not placing a polarizing filter over this animal. At that time, there were no other animals known to use the polarization pattern forward around the moon. It is extremely dim, so it is very difficult to do this. It took four years until this experiment could be done on a totally different organism. So here comes the filter. Instead of a spider, it was put down over a ball rolling down the top. These ones are way more cooperative than the spider. So it comes out here again under the open sky and you see it's beautifully turning back its original direction travel. This is actually one of the two films on an animal orienting the polarization pattern of the moon because it's still the only animal that we know that is able to use and steer by the polarization pattern from the moon. I'm a hundred percent convinced there are so many more animals that can do this. But just like the spider, they're very difficult to work with in the dark as well. So I moved from working with spiders to working with insects. And this is just a demonstration of what you can do with these four animals. We can actually brush the world around them, we can shield the wind, we can stop them every 50 centimeters to understand their comfort systems. And this little guy is just keeping its pores and rolling at its own speed, which opens up for a wonderful repertoire of behavioral experiments that you can expose them to. Why then do they go that straight? Well, they're exposed to both violence and theft in their world. So if they have a diamond ball, these animals, they will have to do their best not to use it again. So here you can imagine that there is a diamond pile over here, where this diamond ball has been made. All the beakers want to do, they don't have a home.  They are going to get their food stolen, because this is their food. So they hold the straight bearing to maximize the distance from the diamond pile the whole time. And eventually they find a good spot to dig down. They do so, they consume the diamond ball, then they fly out again after a few days, find a new diamond patch, and it all starts over again. So to steer straight, they rely on a compass that is obviously reading the polarization pattern from the moon. Luckily, there are also, there are thousands of diamond species, and we can work with the dejective ones and maternal ones and twilight ones. And a very, very good way to learn to understand the visual systems of animals is to compare their different solutions to living during the day or living during the night. And since these are very closely related, we can also just really closely compare them and see what morphological adaptations they have to do well with the environment where they're normally active. Beetles, here you see this is a beetle head from above. These here are its two eyes, most insects have two compound eyes, but if we rotate this beetle head, you will see that they also have two eyes and the underside. So most young beetles have four eyes rather than two. And the upper region here of the eye is where they analyze the pattern of polarization in the night sky. They don't have the luxury as of the spiders having eight eyes so they can use two for conversation analysis. They here incorporate that in their normal eyes, so to say. When we look at this range of animals, we find that the expected adaptation that a deactive beetle is going to have a smaller eye than a twilight-excited beetle that will be bigger eyes to collect more light. And then the truly, you know, parallel beetles are going to have even bigger eyes to collect even more light. One of the things we were noticing when we were working with these animals was that some of them had these beautiful facets that you usually see in these eyes and then some of them have this totally smoothed the eye. We saw that in a few of the nocturnal ones and I was at the conference and ended up in a pub together with my grand. And I thought, if I now have Wikipedia of animal vision next to me, I'm going to ask him, you know, why does he think that his adaptation is here? So he made me drawing on a Serbia in the pub and he said that he thinks that when the facets have higher curvature, they're going to shield the light from each other. So this would be a true adaptation, another adaptation to nocturnal vision. So to decide if the animals you're working with are nocturnal, deactive, or corpuscular sounds fairly easy, but it's actually quite hard. There's very literature that is really pinpointing exactly when the animals are active. So because that is actually a very, it takes a long time to look at this. Oh, that's not the thing. Claudia Tocco there, a researcher in my lab, she therefore spent actually several days and nights in the field, emptying a trap every 30 minutes to really really see exactly when our mother's features are active so we can get a good range of the life levels they're active under. And you know, getting up every 30 minutes is a known torture method. So these were the really, really heroic effort on her part, where we can now just pick the animals and look at the visual system, depending on exactly what they're acting. And what we saw was indeed that we find a smooth eyes only in the maternal animals, as predicted in the pub. And we are all the ones that have fester to active in the day. So it is an adaptation to being maternal. And what is really exciting is that one of the big tools, the small one that lives during the night is the only one that has of the maternal ones. So we hope that this one will guide away into understanding this adaptation. So, if you're active at night, we've spoken a lot about polarized lights now. How do you demonstrate this animals also using the moon then. Well, we can do it in the same way that we can show that most by using the sun. It's just easy to show you how we do it with the sun and with the moon. So this is me here with a mirror in this alien PhD student of mine, that is holding a shaving board. And when the beetle is rolling like this, it can for example decide I'll hold the sun or the moon on my left side, and then it can roll straight. But if we now mirror the sun or the moon with a mirror, the beetle comes left side, all of a sudden it's in the mirror. It's now 180 degrees off in dome head. So it needs to rotate back, get the sun back on the left side, and thereby continue rolling straight. This is a classical experiment within orientation research that still shows us so much. These animals now have a mirror image, it's moving left this direction. Then gets the real sun goes right. And then we can mirror the poor guy again. It just clearly shows us that they are really relying on the sun. And we can do this. And I'm not kidding. We can do this for half an hour. They will just go back and forth. And if we look this then on a graph, you will see that all the beetles here, these are the term angle of the individual beetles. They will all, apart from a few, that is always the case, turn by 180 degrees using the sun. We can now repeat exactly the same experiment at night, reflecting the moon. And then nothing happens. They will just roll past us, because they are using the polarization pattern over the moon itself. So you can also find these adaptations to what you should be using in the strategy, what you would like to most weight on. It's very flexible because if I wake up one of the nocturnal guys doing the day and we have ways to make them all doing the day. They will actually switch to using the sun rather than the polarization. It's a highly dynamic system. And that, of course, is driven by the brain. The brain of the beetle is obviously bound in its head, and we can take it out. When we started working with them, we thought they were excellent because they would have a huge brain, but I would say like 50% of the stuff in their head is air.  But this is a big brain, and like other brain, it's both different area that serves different purposes. The central complex has been mentioned here already with the ants. And that is found here in the center of the brain, and that is where we find the compass of animals. There are now lots of work going on in reconstructing the network behind orientation in the central complex. This is one of the input neurons. And the way we understand that they are involved in navigation is that we can put an electrode in them and just look at their activity, like was shown also in the former talk. And I just think this demonstrates quite well what is going on in the head of these animals. So here is that in the light source, you can think about it like the mule that the beetles can use, but they prefer not to. And then we will rotate it, and you will see the activity of the mule. So it reacts a lot at the right side of this animal, and then it quiets down again. And you will see the same thing now when we go back into the same direction again. So just by having these neurons that are sensitive to different, to where the moon is at the detail rotate and get out of force, different neurons will fire, and then it needs to stare back to the same firing pattern as before. So what about the nights when there is no moon, because it's actually so that every second night hour is lived without the moon. And then there is no polarization pattern from the moon. There were only stars left, and this is from one of our field sites in South Africa. That is one of the really dark places in the world where you have a beautiful starry sky. So can the beetles use the star story at the time? They were thought about as being too small and their visual system of insects couldn't actually resolve them properly so they could use them. But birds are well known to use stars. They learn the rotational center of the sky that is north. That's how they navigate using stars. Seals can use bright stars to steer their way.  Well, we can put them on boards like this, which we often do in the field control the substrate. And these here is a track made of this is one vehicle for track. And as you see, they're all very stressed. They have the moon, they have the polarization pattern doing all well. Then we can test the same thing under a starry sky and see what happens. Pretty worse, but most of them are actually doing a very good job.  Maybe they can do this just by feeling so to say by their own body movements. Well, to test that, we put a little hat on the beetles. We stopped them from seeing everything in the sky. We can do this during the day or during the night. It doesn't matter the result is the same. This board is only 60 centimeters across. Well, we have put a cap on it so they can wear a transparent cap. They will all find that. But when they can't see the sky, their compass is totally not working anymore. So vehicles can be really lost if you don't give them visual input of the right kind. The vehicles orienting under the stars were long from being this lost. So they were definitely orienting. And it turns out that if you look at the view from the ground, here you see the Milky Way stretching from south to north. We can filter this image to see what it looks like for the beetles. They don't see individual stars. They don't have the resolution for that, but they see the Milky Way. And this is the cue that these animals are using to guide their way through the nights when there is no blue. And with that, we have navigated from land to the stars. And I have to confess that when I started working with Mike Land and all the other wonderful co-authors of this paper, I was a master student. I had no clue how wonderfully famous and good these researchers were. And maybe that was good at the time because I could just truly enjoy the ride. And I'm so happy they pushed me into the direction on navigation in the dark. Thank you. I'm excited with the data. Thanks a lot. But there are many questions. Thanks a lot. So how do they do it when it's overcast? Yeah, so when it's overcast, so the polarization pattern is going to penetrate in the clouds. We have once over 20 years in South Africa, it has been so overcast that they started rolling in circles. But I have looked into this by taking the beetles to moon. And they start rolling in circles. They can't read the magnetic field as far as we understand that would be when to do that. But they can use wind. So in the recent years, now understand that they also have a wind compass. So if it's windy, they will use that to orient by. So it's not really active when it's overcast because it's usually cold as well. Hello. I think that was really well. It was also very interesting to see the finals. Then we got a game where they were followed by the moon. We tried in lines and trying to combine actually navigating the signals. And then in the navigation fields and then in the celebrations. And then we found that the clouds are not interested. So it means they can do it, but they do not want to do it. So despite this never ever. Oh, no, so, so we despite us, we were never able to use the polarizing filter. And we see that if we have a very, very strong light and strongly polarized, they will be attracted to the vector direction. But we can also measure. So from the new one you saw there, it can either be to read or slide in gym intensities, whereas in strong intensities, it's not actually the position of the sun. So we really see this up and down regulation and much weight, they put on it. And what is interesting that, you know, this is what I showed you when we put down the filter has only worked in one species. The other ones, we need to have this filter there already and they roll, you know, we put them under the filter, then they will also respond. So it's a diss in a something that is, it's, it's hard for them to cope with what they suddenly get. Yeah. Yeah, I would love if an individual be okay program in the direction you could make my life so easy, but they, they pick the direction when they have made a new ball. So they will change. It seems totally random. We see no pattern, new ball, new bearing, they just want to get away. Oh yes, we have, yeah, with that is what we and we find that that the eye is smooth, because the lens at the corner, it is very long so it needs to get the focal point below that. And the question is really why, why the long basis. So we, we want to look at this through the lovely lens. And now to see why they have a best of so much in that. So that is really what we want to do. It's flat, because it has the same curvature as the whole eye, it's the flat as it can be. So the question is rather why you make it so so long. Yeah, we create a lot of conflicts in that way and, and what you saw here when we just hold the mirror in the field. It's really causing a conflict between polarized light and the mirror, because they will constantly I mean the polarized light is untouched by my manipulation. So that is why it means that the day activity tools, at least these species that I showed you here are going to prioritize the thumb of the polarized light, but at night, they put higher weight of the polarization pattern that stretches over the sky and they can integrate a lot of life form. So conflicts tell us we do conflicts between sun and wind and all sorts of things, because it's so telling for how these systems work. But we're really much the key and even in South Africa to get a cloud from the sun. Oh, yes, yes, so they can use the polarization pattern, but they put the weight on the sun. The minute is that they don't flinch if you take away the sun. Then they turn over to the polarization pattern. It's not an ordinary thing. I think they will use the wind intensity gradient color gradient is like five, six views at the same time. Yes, that is just a very safest way of doing it so that the view it is, you can have the sun can disappear and won't be affected. Yeah, and they will learn the new relationship to each other by making a dance top of their dongles that's kind of established their relationships. We're going to have to have lunch. Yeah, that was a CLC one year on depending on what animal you work in. So it's an input to the center. I guess they need anywhere to go on.


The use of these strong weapons really violates many of the fundamental principles for the ethical use of force. And also undermine many of the international legal provisions that have been established over the years to try to control and prevent the use of armed force. Also are not in the strategic interest of the United States. That is to say they don't really advance U.S. security. If I could work backwards on those concepts, we're told that the use of drone warfare is necessary to counter al-Qaeda and the terrorist threat. But evidence that's been released recently shows that as few as 2% of those who have been actually targeted by these drone weapons are al-Qaeda-related militants. Very few of those people being killed are actually the terrorists who are connected to those who attacked the United States in 9-11. It shows that we are just killing the foot soldiers in the insurgencies in Yemen and Pakistan and Somalia and other places. So we're basically involving ourselves in these wars within countries where we really have no strategic interest, where we have no moral or legal authority to decide who should be in power or not. And we don't have a basis for conducting war in these kind of settings. Our government says that these weapons are extremely accurate and precise and granted they are more precise than conventional bombing. But we are still killing innocent civilians. There have been reports quite recently in fact of the bombing of, for example, a wedding party in Yemen in which some women and children were killed. And the fact is that we really don't know what's going on with this weapon that's being conducted. This campaign is being conducted in secrecy. The government's not providing information. Even the members of Congress who are supposedly providing oversight for the use of these weapons have very little information as to what's happening. This is really contrary to ethical and legal principles. It's not in the interest of the United States. And there is now a growing debate in Congress for more information to be provided by the federal government. For example, there was an amendment offered. I'm not sure whether it was actually approved by Congress. The amendment would say administration, the U.S. government, needs to at least provide information on who is being attacked. It's just a simple fact of who are the people that we are targeting with these strikes. But more importantly, we need to, I think, bring an end to this strong warfare. It does not advance our interests. It violates ethical and legal principles. And it's really undermining our standing and moral image in the rest of the world. This is not helping us. It's actually weakening our position and creating more enemies who may someday have hatred toward us and even be part of these militant movements.