The Cube presents KubeCon and CloudNativeCon Europe 2022, brought to you by Red Hat, the CloudNative Computing Foundation and its ecosystem partners. Welcome to Valencia, Spain, in KubeCon, CloudNativeCon Europe 2022. I'm Keith Townsend with my co-host, Enrico Signoretti, Senior IT Analyst at Gigon. Exactly. 7,500 people, I'm told, Enrico. What's the flavor of the show so far? It's a fantastic mood. I mean, I find a lot of people wanting to track, talk about what they're doing with Kubernetes, sharing their stories, some world stories that are a bit tough, and this is where you learn, actually, because we had a lot of Zoom calls in the webinar and stuff, but it is when you talk to people, oh, I did it this way, and it didn't work out very well. So, and you start a conversation like this, that is really different from learning from Zoom when everybody talks about things that work well, they did it right. No, it's here that you learn from other experiences. So we're talking to amazing people the whole week, talking about those experiences here on the queue, fresh on the queue for the first time, Chris Boss, Senior Software Engineer at Microsoft Xbox. Chris, welcome to the queue. Thank you so much for having me. So, first off, give us a high-level picture of the environment that you're running at Microsoft. Yeah, so we've got 20, well, probably close to 30 clusters at this point around the globe, 700 to 1,000 pods per cluster, roughly. So, about 22,000 pods total. So, yeah, it's pretty sizable footprint, and yeah, so we've been running on Kubernetes since 2018, and well, actually, it might be 2017, but anyways. So, yeah, that's kind of our footprint, yeah. So, all of that, let's talk about the basics, which is security across multiple, I'm assuming, containers, work microservices, et cetera. Why did you and the team settle on Linkerdue? Yeah, so previously, we had our own kind of solution for managing TLS certs and things like that, and we found it to be pretty painful pretty quickly, and so we knew we wanted something that was a little bit more abstracted away from the developers and things like that, that allowed us to move quickly, and so we began investigating solutions to that, and a few of our colleagues went to KubeCon in San Diego in 2019, CloudNativeCon as well, and basically, they just, you know, sponged it all up, and actually, funny enough, my old manager was one of the people who was there, and he went to the Linkerdue booth, and they had a thing going that was like, hey, get set up with MTLS in five minutes, and he was like, this is something we want to do, why not check this out? And he was able to do it, and so that put it on our radar, and so, yeah, we investigated several others, and Linkerdue just perfectly fit exactly what we needed, so. So in the end, we were talking about security at scale, so how you manage security scale, and also flexibility, right? So, but you know, what is the, you told us about the five minutes to start using there, but you know, again, we're talking about world stories, we're talking about, you know, all these, so what kind of challenges you found at the beginning when you started adopting this technology? So the biggest ones were around getting up and running with like a new service, especially in the beginning, right? We were, you know, adding a new service almost every day, it felt like, and so, you know, basically it took someone going through a whole bunch of different repos, getting approvals from everyone to get the certs minted, all that fun stuff, getting them put into the right environments and in the right clusters to make sure that everybody is talking appropriately, and just the amount of work that that took alone was just a huge headache and a huge barrier to entry for us to, you know, quickly move up the number of services we have, so. So I'm trying to wrap my head around the scale of the challenge. When I think about certification or certificate management, I have to do it on a small scale, and every now and again when a certificate expires, it is just a troubleshooting pain. Yes. So as I think about that, it costs, it's not just certificates across 22,000 pods, or it's certificates across 22,000 pods in multiple applications. How are you doing that before LinkedIn? Like what was the, and what were the pain points? Like what happens when a certificate either fails or expired, not updated? So I mean, to be completely honest, the biggest thing is we're just unable to make the calls out or in based on what is failing basically, but we saw essentially an uptick in failures around a certain service and pretty quickly we got used to the fact that it was like, oh, it's probably a cert expiration issue. And so we tried a few things in order to make that a little bit more automated and things like that, but we never came to a solution that didn't require every engineer on the team to know essentially quite a bit about this just to get into it, which was a huge issue. So talk about day two after you've deployed LinkedIn, how did this alleviate software engineers and what was like the benefits of now having this automated way of managing cert certs? So the biggest thing is like, there is no touch from developers. Everyone on our team, well, I mean, there are a lot of people who are familiar with security and certs and all of that stuff, but no one has to know it. Like it's not a requirement. Like for instance, I knew nothing about it when I joined the team. And even when I was setting up our newer clusters, I knew very little about it. And I was still able to really quickly set up LinkedIn, which was really nice.  Obviously, there are parts of it that you have to think about and we monitor it and all that fun stuff, but yeah, it's been pretty painless almost day one. It took a long time to trust it for developers. You know, anytime there was a failure, it's like, oh, could this be link or D, you know? But after a while, like now we don't have that immediate assumption because people have built up that trust. But also you have this massive infrastructure, I mean, 30 clusters. So I guess that it's quite different to manage a single cluster and 30. So what are the consideration that you have to do to install this software on 30 different clusters, manage different versions, probably, et cetera, et cetera. So I mean, you know, as far as like, I guess just to clarify, are you asking specifically with LinkedIn or are you just asking more in general? I mean, you can take the question in two ways. So yes, LinkedIn in particular, but the 30 clusters are also quite interesting.  We have, you know, a CLI tool that we use in order to like change context very quickly and switch and communicate with whatever cluster we're trying to connect to and, you know, are we debugging or getting logs, whatever. And then, you know, with link or D, it's nice because again, you know, we aren't having to worry about like, oh, how is this cert being inserted in the right node or not the right node, but in the right cluster or things like that. Whereas with link or D, we don't really have that concern. When we spin up our clusters, essentially we get the root certificate and everything like that packaged up, passed along to link or D on an installation and then essentially there's not much we have to do after that. So talk to me about your upcoming section here at KubeCon, what's the high-level talking points? Like, what will attendees learn? Yeah, so it's a journey. Those are the sorts of talks that I find useful having not been, you know, I'm not a deep Kubernetes expert from, you know, decades or whatever of experience, but. I think nobody is. That's true, that's another story. That's a job posting decades of requirements for Kubernetes. Of course, yeah. But so, you know, it's a journey. It's really just like, hey, what made us decide on a service mesh in the first place? What made us choose link or D and then what are the ways in which we use link or D? So what are those, you know, we use some of the extra plugins and things like that and then finally a little bit about more what we're going to do in the future. Let's talk about not just necessarily the future as in two or three days from now or two or three years from now, the future after you immediately solve the low level problems with link or D. What were some of the surprises? Because link or D in service mesh in general have side benefits. Do you experience any of those side benefits as well? Yeah, it's funny, you know, writing the blog post, you know, I hadn't really looked at a lot of the data in years when we did our investigations and things like that and we had seen that we had very low latency and low CPU utilization and things like that and looking at some of that, I found that we were actually saving time off of requests and I couldn't really think of why that was and I was talking with someone else and the biggest, unfortunately, all that data's gone now like the source data so I can't go back and verify this but it makes sense. There's the availability zone routing that link or D supports and so I think that's actually doing it where essentially if a node is closer to another node, it's essentially routing to those ones so when one service is talking to another service and maybe they're on the same node, it short circuits that and allows us to gain some time there. It's not huge but it adds up after, 10, 20 calls down the line. In general, so you are saying that it smooths operations and it's very, you know, simplifying your life. And again, we didn't have to really do anything for that. It handled that for us. It was there, yeah. Yeah, exactly. So we know one thing, when I do it on my laptop, it works fine. When I do it across 22,000 pods, that's a different experience. What were some of the lessons learned coming out of KUKON 2018 in San Diego? I was there. I wish I would have ran to the microphone for folks. But what were some of the heart lessons learned scaling link or D across the 22,000 nodes? So, you know, the first one, and this seems pretty obvious, but was just not something I knew about was the high availability mode of link or D. So obviously makes sense. You would want that in a large scale environment. So that's one of the big lessons that we didn't right away know. Like one of the mistakes we made in one of our pre-production clusters was not turning that on. And we were kind of surprised. We were like, whoa, like all of these pods are spinning up, but they're having issues like actually getting injected and things like that.  You need to actually give it some more resources. But it's still very lightweight, considering they have high availability mode, but it's just a few instances still. So even from a binary perspective and running link or D, how much overhead is it? That is a great question. So I don't remember off the top of my head the numbers, but it's very lightweight. We evaluated a few different service missions and it was the lightest weight that we encountered at that point. And then from a resource perspective, is it a team of link or D people? Is it a couple of people like? To be completely honest, for a long time, it was one person, Abraham, who actually is the person who proposed this talk. He couldn't make it to Valencia, but he essentially did probably 95% of the work to get into production. And then this was before we even had a team dedicated to our infrastructure. And so now we have a team dedicated. We're all kind of link or D folks, if not link or D experts, we at least can troubleshoot basically and things like that. So it's I think a group of six people on our team and then various people who've had experience with it. But I have not dedicated just to that. No, it's dedicated just to it. No, it's pretty like, pretty light touch once it's up and running. It took a very long time for us to really understand it and to get like not getting started, but like getting to where we really felt comfortable letting it go in production. But once it was there, like it is very, very light touch. Well, I really appreciate you stopping by, Chris. It's been an amazing conversation to hear how Microsoft is using an open source project. Exactly. At scale, it's just a few years ago when you would have heard the concept of Microsoft and open source together, like, oh, that's just, you know. But my match has changed a lot in the last few years.  Every person, yeah. Wow, the KubeCon 2022, how the world has changed in so many ways. From Valencia, Spain, I'm Keith Townsend along with our Rico Signorette. You're watching the Kube, the leader in high tech coverage.


So I hope I don't step on too many people's toes. I apologize in advance. I want to give you a little bit of food for thought. If you don't agree with any of this, just throw the food at me. It's not raw tomatoes. So let's start. Well, with Congress, tests, tests are good. Of course, we want to test our code. And more tests, of course, is better, no more better. Many tests run all the time, all the time we, all the time people happy. James was running the tests for a recommendation. That's our idea, what we want to have, so that we're sure that we'll be right somewhere with her. So you don't choose the jet revisions that everything keeps working. That's the idea. The reality sometimes looks a bit different. For example, this is what happens when you commit a change together. Then Jenkins takes the New Cassian in here, because it's only all you see is that there's pre-attempts, it took four attempts to get the windows built, actually working, actually green. So we want to do these tests on multiple different platforms. The next window is smack. And whenever one of the tests fails, then Jenkins says, this is not good. But most of the time it's not your fault. It's the fault of one of these tests that happened to break for obvious reason. So what you do is you reschedule the Jenkins build then to see if it goes green. And then that's proved you didn't change anything, just leave it at the test, and now they will be so your code wasn't the fault, it was the fault of one of the tests that failed. And sometimes it takes like four iterations at that time to start to think about all the machine power wasted on this. So your carbon footprint for a guaranteed commit starts to go up, and you think it could just involve taking an airplane to Geronimo's belt instead of doing something like that. The other way that this shows up is that many people on the mail, so this is on the mail, sorry, started to have questions like, I'm doing my first build here, it fails, what can I do? I used to do builds all the time on the work and now they start to fail with dubious places and tests, and I don't understand what the issue is, how can I fix whatever I'm doing wrong. So this is a typical type of fashion that newcomers or even old hands have, like this, just today on the magazine, who claimed that something that used to work on the machine for ages now starts to fail in TV, so let's tests that are flaking and then cause trouble for people. Natural instinct balance, it doesn't work, it raves, it's software that can fix it. So let's do that. When one of these tests fails, what you typically get is a modernized message that tells you exactly where the failure is and what would need to change in the code to make it work again, or you get some cryptic, long output, and if multiple tests fail their output, you can get mixed if you don't make mine as well. So this is an example of something that failed, and you see from the simple human test, the idea there is always that you add some sort of code to the test file and something shortly of an expected outcome, which is 1 here, and then it shows the actual outcome, which is 0, and then it shows you where the test code that happened, so there's a filters test, CXX file, a line, 145, there's such a search check whether something is as expected, and that obviously failed. It gives you any one is 0 or can it be, but you can look into the test code of course to see what is actually checking there. So let's go look into the test code here, and then everything should be obvious, and we should be able to change whatever changes needed, we got that test fixed, everything will exist, the search and check that something should be expected but actually it's whatever the result is, and the result is obvious up here, either test passed or test failed, so these are enough values, 0 or 1, so apparently we didn't have a 1 there, we don't have a pass there, we have a fail there, that's good to know, but why did it fail? So looking further up, the end result is taken from the BU result, BU result says, oh that's up there, and if we are in an export case, I'll be in an export case, I have no idea, I just see the output there, so in one case we could do a load, in the other case we could do a save, and then the return value is 0 here, which says whether it worked, but apparently we did either of these, and it doesn't work, but that's all we know, little to no to actually fix this and make tests green again and make everybody else happy again, so this is not an ideal way, obviously, to write a test, I mean it's an ideal way to write protection code, because we know that things work there, and if they don't, we have a scenario that we can debug for our customer who pays us for that, but if our own tests fail, we won't be able to be breathing, I mean we get angry and we want to debug them out because I want my commit actually to pass, not this test, and my commit has to pass because of this broken test that somebody once wrote. Talk titles, of course the title of this talk was Taken Tests and Mounted, it was an album, in the 70s by Goinia, Taken Tied and Mounted, from which I ripped this title, ripped it from an even older film, and as it turns out, we know we used some sort of cards with the instructions or ideas to unbreak, to help your creativity along, and it's quite funny that when you look at these cards today, that they devised in the 70s, many of them, some of them are about making music, but many of them could also be used for writing better, writing better software tests, so we could look at these and decide what to do, like shut the door and it doesn't come from the outside, or you can continue, you can continue with the label to just carry on with this, but we want to use that to do something else, despite the title. So what I want to thank you for making these slides, there's a tool for these tests of things you could do when these tests do fail to have an easier way, so step zero on the first iteration succeeds, because for one, I mean, for one, you might accidentally don't execute your test to the unit test for example, which just happened, and then everything goes green so we actually will test everything. One more important for this talk here is that when you see that test fail, you see the output from the test that failed, and if you then think about, is this output any useful, or will it be useful for somebody else who doesn't see the test fail, we got a chance to write the test in the way of the output, a failed output, and not just a passed mistake. So there's one case or root cause and then in this case, there's some test in code, that tests some functionality, and then again, so somebody came up on the main just to drop it. Expected value is one, it gives me a zero, it's the limit, it's some building point computation, so it also gives a delta and some range of values that will be allowed, there's always rounding errors, but they're quite far off, so zero is quite different from one. The next machine, and I'll tell you a little bit, we need to build the CPU and these old instructions at a different and old floating point and you could enable the new mode of ESC right now. So if once you had actually backed this, you found out that zero was the one difference and the test result broke down to some key inf function calc and that was fair to the two values and returned the one result for not the result that was expected by the test, but the test itself and what looked at supported results into feet this function with these values was the rounding error that we would allow because there's no such thing for calc so for calc because we're going to compute that and see our mind machine with this floating point environment that I got this value so I'll snap that into the test code and if there's a different value and just as well in acceptable value or it might not be in which case you would need to stop building calc for floating to the Linux until we can get when your CPU starts to use. So if you're just looking at and I try out it gives this result, I snap that into the test document then you're you didn't break down the problem deep enough to actually test against something that will be specified what the expected outcome actually is so you hope that the outcome that we'll see is the right one and then could be fired in your test code but it doesn't help if somebody else has a machine it also would have a better result but quite different from yours and we also see that of course with many tests they use fonts so it depends on who has what fonts and how small with your system so text metrics and key check copies they differ quite pro-graphically on those books have a principle that is what dry don't repeat yourself so whenever you have something that you write twice in your code abstract from that in your fashion values into so that you don't write the same code twice which of course is the advice that is good for normal code for my test code as we've seen before there will be functions where we get the full return value which just gave us a good it gave us no information what exactly is paid so if you write that test code so do every individual step spell it out individually check all the intermittent values that you get to see where exactly is the value coming so it doesn't help if in the end you see all that didn't work out somewhere in the middle some wrong term was taken so for test code in a way the ideal piece is that instead of scaling through a dry level you don't find your way back once to pay for example you can give some message in the paid case which is a string that tells you something about the context but it's sometimes we read that that's kind of a red flag that uses some abstraction somewhere so that multiple paths to your test end up at the same search check and you need to see multiple paths there which part it was that ran into the failure so of course this is there's no solitude here so spreading the code too far indication that your test is just too much of the same over and over again but please do keep this in mind as there is too extremes and for test code prefer to go more to the wet side of things than to the ideal dry code that you want for production code or to go on a test for this code test code of course source of pain users of random even if you would always use the same seed so that the value is not always so why don't you then compute a handful of values that you then explicitly use in your test code instead of using some like some form with the random value that you see with the deterministic value of these and there's of course other sources of knowledge that isn't like races which is harder to avoid than avoiding the call to random function but yeah we use to have quite some tests at least that you know tested and tested for the different properties of all these you know objects that did use random the big random properties to change them to random values and then sometimes they fade to the proper random value supported by this one random big property so that's a fun thing to do by similar to the first to the third is that also the environment in which you run your tests should be deterministic and should always be in the same stage and for our test that mostly means that these tests often open documents the office code is so that when you open the document you're putting the log file next to it that says this file is locked by such and such person so if somebody else tries to open it then you will get an error of message box that you can't open it because somebody else is changing it so what we do for most of the tests is either open them in a real only mode so that the log file doesn't get written or move these test documents over to some safe place in the work here because every test has some place in the work that gets cleared before the test is run and afterwards the test succeeded so there's a natural place to place your document and the log file is there and the test is done the second time the log file is removed again so this was one of the why tests I ran into the other day probably unbelievable again what happened there is that I ran the test the log file was cleared and then saw that I had this type of make check I also wanted to make that screenshot make check screenshot thing so I cancelled the build the log file was still there and got off the virtual network which meant that for some reason my my host man as it probably seems had changed from A to B I then restarted the test went to bed came back to a run test that didn't do anything because this is one of the endless mode tests that when they run to initial say something they just can't display because they have no screen I think and they're just the same and the solution of course was to just not get this test this is the log file written into a source tree where it wasn't deleted properly but to first copy the test document over to this workplace for a test and we have functionality for that for all different kind of tests this was a python written UI test but there's the same way for all tests to use these functionalities reached the top of the hill come to the end of the talk for time do subscribe to this one mailing list we have a mailing list there are all of them there's changes that you submit there the regular to the boss we have this master page as well for you we also have the mailing list where you can get all the favors of all these different platforms and there's like I wouldn't want to lie but easily there's 20 minutes for a day there's not another you get a pointer into the failed log and you can see exactly where it failed because the test didn't tell you much but if you are able to fix one of these ever-recording failures then you'll be our hero because that will be one step down from these repeat a build four times until the garage commits or until Jain said that your garage commits is green it's failed in four different ways the test sometimes does so please go ahead and do that under that thank you


Hey everybody, what's going on? It's your man Corey. Welcome to the Digital Dash where I'll be giving you guys tips on how to market your songs and get those numbers booming. Now, for those of you who don't know who I am, I'm a digital marketer myself.  Now, what I want to talk to you guys about today is how to go viral. I recently worked with a guy named Nathan Fouts, who's a rapper out of Nashville. He came to me with a piece of content and said, Hey, I want to promote my new song by going viral with this video. Now, I can't show you guys the video here, as I'm pretty sure that YouTube will take it down. So what I'll do is leave a link to that in the description below. But the campaign ended up being a major success. The video has amassed over 25 million views between platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Reddit. It was even picked up by Worldstar, and this happened. Since then, his song has gone over to receive over 200,000 streams in total. So I would say it was a successful campaign. Now, what I got from this campaign is that with the right strategy and with the right content, this could definitely be duplicated and you guys could be going viral in no time soon. So with that being said, I want to walk you guys through the process that we went through so that it can help you guys out in the long run. Now, the first thing that you want to make sure that you're doing is creating actual viral content. I don't know if you all have noticed, but it's pretty rare that you see something like a music video or just a clip of someone vibing out to their song, actually go viral. You want to make sure that you're creating content that's actually interesting, can create conversations, or makes people want to actually tune into it and watch it for longer than 15 seconds or however long that the clip is. And one of the best ways to do so is to create content that targets high arousal emotions. Now, these emotions are awe, anger, anxiety, fear, joy, lust, and surprise. Targeting these emotions will usually trigger people emotionally, giving them a reason to react to your video and share it or even have something to say about it. And when you're going viral, the main thing that you want to do is to create some type of conversation. Now, in the case of Nathan Faust, he targeted two of these emotions, fear and joy. Joy because the video was genuinely funny.  And also fear because on the flip side of the coin, there were a lot of people who were in the comment section of these videos talking about how it was wrong that he was playing around with a gun. This was around the time that X had just passed. So there were a lot of people who were sensitive to the issue of gun control. So he did have people who were coming at him about that. But either way, he had people talking about him, whether it was because the video was funny or because they were mad at him about the gun in the video and the comment that he used for it as well. But either way, he had people talking about him, which, like I said, when you're running a viral campaign, the main goal of the campaign should be to create conversation. Now, the next thing that you'll want to do is make sure that you're disseminating the content to relevant, high-engaging media channels. So in our case once again, our strategy was to attack Instagram pages that made sense for the niche that he was trying to target. So we started out by having him post the video on his page two days before we got the very first page to actually post the content. Going with the music-based channel because of the song that he had attached to it and then spreading it out to mean pages since the video was genuinely funny, at least to me. So in an instance of you guys' viral content, you'll want to make sure that you seek out pages and other media channels that make sense for the content that you're trying to make go viral. So let's say that you have a video of a bunch of animals doing something funny and you want to attach your song to that content and spread it out that way. You may want to go on Instagram and start to find animal pages or pages that are just centric around posting content related to these types of animals. You may want to get it posted on mean pages and you may even want to get it posted on these pages that talk about music just because you have your song attached to it. Don't be afraid to try to hit different niches and different demographics depending on what type of content that you're actually trying to use to go viral. You'll also want to make sure that these media channels have actively engaging and high-engaging followers. So let's say that you find a Facebook page with 3 million followers. If they're not getting a significant amount of likes or comments on their previous posts, you may want to stay away from them. Whereas you could round up a bunch of 200,000 pages who may be getting around 20,000 to 30,000 likes per post and you may want to target those instead of the bigger pages. All in all, you'll want to try to reach out to as many pages and as many media channels as you can to get them to post your content. One thing that you want to do is try to create the fear of missing out effect which in my opinion is once someone starts to see you on multiple channels, they start to wonder who is this person or what is this content? Why do I keep seeing it? It must be something that means a lot or it must be something that's important or that's already going viral, which causes people to want to talk about it more and share it to their friends so that it seems like they were the first to show it to their social circle. So just to give you guys a little recap, the first thing that you'll want to do is make sure that you're actually creating viral content. Like I said, you rarely see someone going viral because of a music video clip or just something of them vibing out to their music. You want to make sure that you're creating content that targets one of the seven higher-ousel emotions. This way you elicit an emotional response from people and get them talking about your content or your video or whatever it is. The second thing that you'll want to do is make sure that you're disseminating the content to relevant, high-engaging media channels or pages. This could be anything from Instagram pages to Reddit groups to Facebook pages. You just wanted to make sense for your niche and for your content and for the demographic of people that you're trying to reach. The best way to do so is to try to target as many of these pages that make sense for you. That way it starts to look more natural to people on the outside. They think that it's actually already going viral. They want to try to hop on the train and talk about it to their friends and to their social circle and start to push it out that way. And another little bonus tip that I didn't really talk about in the video, but it's actually very important, is make sure that your song is attached to the video in some type of way. There's no reason to go viral if you don't have all the attention being pushed back to something that makes sense for you and benefits you in the long run. And as always guys, if you feel like you learned anything today, please like and share this video. Hit those post notifications as well as I wouldn't want you guys to miss anything. Once again, my name is Kory and I'll see y'all next time.


I'm Mariela Carmen Perez and I work for the Secretary of Social Action in Paraguay. Well, it would be definitely so helpful for us, because in a way it will force the political will, which is crucial in the government. I mean, if the government is committed to achieve these goals, then that would mean that we will have resources so we can have more budgets, you know, start new programs to actually address those particular areas like poverty and then bring together the environmental side, part of that. And because the Secretary of Work's particular power for people, communities, so everything that we do, all our projects are targeting that population. Yeah, so I think the main challenge by now for us is that we need more data, and the whole country. The latest census is from 2002, so it has been an issue for many policies and implementation as well. And so we need to work more on recent and more available data so we can have better approaches. But for instance, we are starting to use our own budget to have those that are, you know, we really, really need to be working with that community so we don't have the data so we can't wait for the census so we start to use our budget for service and to provide that information that we require. So it will be much more helpful if we already have that information and we will quickly do our work as well. And that would be just one side of that, a challenge of not having information from the institutionals, you know, constraints that we work with, so many other institutions as well. And coordination is always an issue. But having an SDG and common agenda among institutions will be necessary and also helpful.


So, last week, on Wednesday, January 17th, there was a House Subcommittee meeting on the Commercial Crew Progress that's been going on so far, and the Commercial Crew Partners and the Government Accountability Office were a little bit at odds as to how the schedule is going to play out for when the Commercial Crew vehicles are going to be certified. So, I wanted to talk about that a little bit this week. This is your space pod for Tuesday, January 23rd, 2018. Despite progress that was made in 2017, the Government Accountability Office had several issues with the current schedule for both companies. SpaceX must close several of the program's top risks related to its upgraded launch vehicle design, the Falcon 9 Block 5, before it can be certified for human spaceflight. Included in the Block 5 design is SpaceX's redesign of the composite over-wrapped pressure vessel inside of the upper stage, and SpaceX officials stated that the new design aims to eliminate risks identified in the older design, which was involved in the anomaly that happened back in September of 2016, where a Falcon 9 blew up on the pad. Separately, SpaceX officials told that the Block 5 design also includes design changes to address cracks in the turbine of the engine identified during development testing. Now Boeing is addressing risks in its abort system, which it needs to have for human spaceflight certification, and they may not meet the program's requirements to have sufficient control of the vehicle throughout abort. And in some abort scenarios, Boeing has found that the spacecraft may tumble and that it may pose a threat to the crew's safety. And to validate the effectiveness of the abort system, Boeing has conducted extensive wind tunnel testing and plans to complete a pad abort test in April of this year. Now, Boeing is also addressing a risk that during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere, a portion of the spacecraft's forward heat shield may reconnect and damage the parachute system. The forward heat shield, they're going to plan to separate that after re-entry. And NASA's independent analyses indicated that this may occur if both parachutes that pull the forward heat shield away from the space clap do not deploy as expected. Now, Boeing's analysis indicates that the risk exists only if there's one of two parachutes that don't deploy as expected. And so far, if the program determines that this risk is unacceptable, Boeing would need to redesign the parachute system, which could push back their certification for at least six months. Now, program officials also told us that the commercial crew is the first NASA program that the agency will evaluate against a probabilistic loss of crew requirement that is a little bit extreme. They said that if the contractors cannot meet the loss of crew requirement in a one in 270 launches that NASA could still certify their systems by employing operational mitigations and said that this could potentially increase the risk or uncertainty of any type of loss of life during these missions. But the space shuttle had a way, way, way lower chance of loss of life in their flights. So I think that would be fair to do that. And in case though, SpaceX is maintaining their recently changed schedule of the first uncrewed test flight in August of this year with the first crewed flight in December of this year. And Boeing's current schedule is the first uncrewed flight in August and the first crewed flight in November, which to me seems the most likely to slide to the right for Boeing. Now, the Government Accountability Office believes that the commercial crew vehicle certification is likely to slip into December of 2019 for SpaceX. And as far as February 2020 for Boeing, which would overlap when operational crew are supposed to be flying on these commercial crew vehicles before the last crewed Soyuz flight that NASA has purchased. It would take some pretty intense negotiations and hard work on the part of Roscosmos to purchase any more seats on the Soyuz vehicle after the Soyuz 59, which is the last one that we purchased seats for NASA astronauts on, which is scheduled to launch in May of 2019. So there's quite a few different things that could push this program back, but I'm very hopeful to see both companies be able to push as hard as they can and keep up this competitive and aggressive schedule to achieve the goals that they need to do. I'm really hopeful that everything will go well for the pad abort test and hopefully the in-flight abort test for SpaceX as well and that they will be able to maintain the schedule as closely as they can. Of course, rocket science is hard and schedules will probably push to the right a little bit, but either way I'm very excited and also very nervous if there is any sort of gap between being able to send American astronauts up to the International Space Station before these commercial crew vehicles come online. But in any case, if you haven't watched it already, check out our last week's show, our live show from orbit 11.03 where we had Paul Hildebrandt on talking about his Kickstarter project for a new documentary first to the moon documenting the Apollo 8 mission. So be sure to check that out and check us out every Saturday where we have our show live at 1800 Coordinated Universal Time. Don't forget to like and subscribe and support us on social media and if you can financially support us on patreon.com or makersupport.com slash T-M-R-O and thank you to everyone who has supported us. Keep moving onwards and upwards everybody and don't forget, add Astra to the stars.


The recover study aims to estimate the incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, examine risk factors for infection and clinical spectrum of illness, and assess the effectiveness of vaccination among essential workers. The study uses active surveillance, self-collected nasal swabs, blood collection, and text messages to collect data on participant demographics, medical history, vaccination history, symptoms, access to medical care, symptom duration, and SARS-CoV-2 infection status. Enrollment is ongoing at three of the six study sites, with a total of 2,623 actively enrolled participants as of February 2021, including 280 participants who have been found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Data collected through the cohort are expected to provide important public health information for essential workers at high risk for occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and allow early evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. This article was authored by Laura J. Edwards, Ashley L. Folkes, Meredith G. Wesley, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Live from the Roosevelt Room of the White House, welcome to a conversation with President Reagan, an unrehearsed interview with representatives of seven radio networks. Mr. President, thank you for being with us today. It's a pleasure. The correspondents will be questioning the President by Candy Crowley of the AP Radio Network, Nelson Benton of the Mutual Radio Network, Jim Angle of National Public Radio, Joe Ewald of the RKO Radio Networks, Bob Ellison of the Sheridan Radio Network, Gene Gibbons of the UPI Radio Network, and Philomena Jury from Voice of America. The first question is from Candy Crowley of AP Radio. Thank you. Mr. President, shortly before today's announcement that U.S.-Soviet negotiators would meet in Geneva, March 12th, one of your top advisors to those talks, Ambassador Nitza, said that he could not say that chances for an agreement are very good. Is that so? Well, I think when people like himself, like Dr. Nitza, who have been engaged in negotiations back over the years, the many negotiations, they are aware of the difficulties and how tedious and long they can be, how patient you must be, and how many times we've gone to the table and come away without anything that was of really any great importance, so I can understand that. I, on the other hand, tend to be a little more optimistic, not euphoric. I too know how tough this is going to be, but at least it is the first time that I can recall the Soviet Union openly themselves saying that they wanted to see the number of weapons reduced and have even gone so far as to say what we have said that they would like to see the elimination of nuclear weapons entirely. So if I could just ask you, you do think there's a chance for an agreement in your second term? Well, we're certainly going to try. I know that I wouldn't try to confine it to four years because I know how long some negotiations have taken with them, but we're going to stay there at the table with the hope that this time we can arrive at an actual reduction of weapons. Thank you. Now to Nelson Benton. Mr. President, there are persistent reports from Western capitals about the health of President Chernyenko. Some reports even say he has had a stroke. Can you add to that or subtract and can you say, sir, what effect his longevity and apparent infirmity may have on the talks? Well, in the first part of that, I can only say that we know no more than you have just said about this that there are voices and some from within Russia that have indicated to others in conversation that perhaps his illness is quite serious. I don't know whether that would have an effect on these talks or not. The very fact that they're going forward with them, that after 17 days of the month that was given to setting a date and so forth, they come forth with a date and named their negotiators would lead me to believe that no, they intend to go forward. Thank you, Mr. President. Jim Engel. Mr.  But you'll leave your successor, possibly a Republican, deficits of more than $100 billion a year. Wouldn't the Constitutional Amendment require him or her to make cuts so large that they would do what you don't want to do, which has hurt many people? Well, in all this talk and during the campaign when I was accused of never having submitted a balanced budget since I've been here, I had to wonder how they had the nerve to say that. The President has no right to spend money. The Constitution doesn't give the President the right to spend a nickel. That's up there on the hill. And every budget that we have submitted since I've been here has been smaller than the one the Congress would finally agree to. So in fixing the blame for why we haven't done more than we've done in reducing spending, seems to be pretty evident. Now, the thing about the Constitutional Amendment, after 50 years of this deficit spending, and much of it simply accepted as a standard policy, we forget that over these 50 years the government has just said yes, deficit spending is kind of good for us. It helps maintain prosperity. I've never believed that myself. But you can't now pull a rug out from under people who have maybe directed their business practices or agriculture, things of that kind, and say to them, we're pulling the rug out right now, the whole game has changed. So I've always believed that the Constitutional Amendment, if adopted, would set a target date that based on a declining path of deficits, then you could foresee and say, by such and such a date, we must achieve a balanced budget. And from then on, the government spend no more than it takes in. And this would be, this is one of the reasons why our own plan here of getting the deficit down to 4% of the gross national product and then 3% and then 2% would give us a pattern in which we could then pick that date and say that's when it should be affected. Mr. President Fischer, specific date. Do you have a specific date in mind that you will propose when you propose a balanced budget amendment? No, because we're still trying now to get started on this path with the budget that we'll be taking up to the Congress. But we think we're going to meet our goal with regard to a $50 billion reduction and the 4% figure. And having once started that, I think we can keep on the other track. I don't believe that I'll be leaving a budget deficit quite as large as some of the prognostications and I would just like to qualify that by saying that if you will look back over these last four years, most of the projections have been greater as to deficit and so forth than we have achieved. Mr. President, Joe Ewald. Mr. President, Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole, the man you're depending on to shepherd many of your programs through Congress said yesterday that any deficit reduction plan is going to be in real trouble unless you hold down the growth and defense spending. The Pentagon responded by saying that those who try to lower military spending want to weaken the security of the country. How are you going to possibly get meaningful deficit reduction plans through Congress when there's such a big gap between your administration and Republican allies in Congress? Well, I saw Bob on television saying some of those things and I think sometimes the shading and then quoting him later in the printed media has not been reviewing the bidding with the same inflection. I think he was calling attention to what could be a fact within the Congress that consistently over the years the Congress has when they've needed money for some of the program they have thought, well, defense is the place we can get it. I think what's being ignored right now and the part of many of them who haven't seen the budget that we're presenting is that they aren't aware of the cuts that Defense Department has already made. In fact, the cut for 1986 volunteered by the Department of Defense is a greater cut than had been asked by the Office of Management and Budget in laying out our program for this 86 budget. And I think there that when that cut was based on the Department of Defense saying we can achieve this much of a reduction and still not seriously set back our need for national security. Now to go beyond that and just simply say on a matter of dollars we're going to take more dollars regardless is very risky because the Defense Department, that's the budget, the one budget that is dictated by people outside the United States. You can't ignore what other people are doing, other possible adversaries with regard to your own defense spending. And so I think when they see and when we have a chance to explain how much the Department of Defense has come down from its original projections for this period and for 86, I think they're going to see that there is much more to get there. We've squeezed that that apple pretty good. But Senator Dole has been down here once or twice a week meeting with you or your aides on the budget. How could he not know what you're proposing? Well, that's what I meant in the beginning about the inflection. What he was talking about I think was the attitude of Congress and that if there's any appearance to Congress that we're not putting the Defense Department on the table along with everything else in the negotiations that there would we wouldn't get any place with them. But we are it is going to be there, but then we're actually going to show where the cuts are. But beyond that, if there's reluctance as there has been for four years now, the Congress to go as far as we want to go in reducing the growth in federal spending, then I've said we take our case to the people and explain to the people what it is we're trying to do and why we have to do it. Sir, your next question is from Bob Ellison. Mr. President, last week you indicated that America's black leaders had misled their constituents about your administration's performance. Would you address the suggestion in your remarks that black Americans who voted against you by a margin of nine to one did so based solely on the statements made by the leaders? I don't know that they did that entirely, but I do think that there is a lack of understanding of what our policies are and what we've been trying to achieve in these four years. In fact, one very well-known leader of a black leader of a black organization confirmed what I said because I wasn't speaking about all leaders. I've been working with a great many leaders, but it isn't just leaders of black organizations. I think there is a tendency of some individuals who have positions in organizations that have been created for whatever purpose but for some purpose to rectify some ill that then once that gets going they're reluctant to admit how much they've achieved because it might reveal then that there's no longer a need for that particular organization which would mean no longer a need for their job and so there's a tendency to keep the people stirred up as if the cause still exists and I think that there's some of this that's been going on because if you look at the accomplishments and the achievements that we've made in this field from the very beginning I ordered a program of aid to the historic black colleges and universities because of their great tradition and what they have done in the field of making education possible at a time when without them it wouldn't have been possible. Small business and the efforts that we have made to lead to entrepreneurship and the ability in the minority communities for them to create businesses the directing of some of our subcontracting defense and other government areas that a percentage of that is going to go to minority owned businesses. The things like the enterprise zones bill that we've been trying now for two or three years and can't get it out of committee in the House of Congress here is a bill that is aimed directly at inner city areas which would be heavily minority and it would provide jobs and opportunity in those areas for those people. Such accomplishments as the the lowering of inflation has been greater benefit to minorities who have not brought themselves up to the level of income of the rest of society. All of these things the right now the youth opportunity pay scale we want a lower minimum wage for teenagers that are out there looking for their first jobs and the heaviest segment of unemployment in the United States is among black teenagers. The black mayor's council endorses this bill and yet it's being opposed in the Congress we haven't been able to get it yet because what we've done with the minimum wage right now is price out of the job market young people without job training who are out there looking for the first job. If I may were you suggesting that there's no longer a need for organizations like the NAACP Urban League or Southern Christian Leadership Conference? I'm not going to name the organization but I'm going to say something about redirecting their efforts a number of the organizations. I'm a little older than the rest of you and I can remember before there was a civil rights movement I can remember very clearly the injustices in this country and they weren't confined to one section of the country the prejudice that prevailed the things that were just accepted even by people who maybe felt no prejudice themselves and I think there is a need for us to focus more on what has been accomplished and less on creating an ill will and a feeling that all the grievances still remain. No we haven't done the job completely there is still further to go but let's not forget what has been accomplished and one of the things that a black leader referred to the other day was his protest that some leaders in this cause are actually striving to build for whatever reason two Americas a black America and a white America that isn't good enough that isn't what we need or what we want that would be very destructive to the very things that these people say they're striving to attain what we need what my goal is is an America where something or anything that is done to or for anyone is done neither because of nor in spite of any difference between them racially religiously or ethnic origin wise thank you gene gibbons has the next question sir I'd like to move on to the issue of Central America you said the other day Nicaragua is receiving support from Iran's Homeini regime can you elaborate what kind of support and how serious a security threat is it for us well that far as I want to go here is to say that's very evident that they have sought their advice they have I believe that very possibly there has been some help in training and in certain types of munitions that have come to them from Iran the whole problem also is this that we know that Iran has backed and supported certain terrorist activities we also know that there are representatives of most of the prominent terrorist groups worldwide in Nicaragua giving advice and training and help to the Sandinista government well are you saying sir that we face now an imminent threat of terrorism here as a result of us going on in Nicaragua oh I think the United States faces an imminent threat of terrorism from a number of groups not only for that reason but for other reasons that have to do with our relations with the communist bloc our activities in the middle east we know that our people worldwide have been targeted and American institutions targeted and we're doing everything we can to to minimize that threat and to work with our allies and the other democratic nations to try and exchange intelligence information to see if we can't treat with those criminals the way we treat with other criminals by way of interpol sir the next question from filomena jury mr president are you going to try to revive your middle east peace initiative when saudi arabia's prince foud and egyptian president moobaric come to see you in the next two months well there is let me just hasten to say less there's some misinterpretation of your question there there is no relationship between those two visits happening to come together at the time the that's just coincidence but i'm quite sure that that will be part of the discussion that we have we've i've never retreated from the belief that the peace proposal that we made is the best way to go it is based on a continuation of the camp david accords and the united nations uh 442 and what it requires is the getting together of moderate arab nations agreeing that israel does have a right to exist as a nation and israel coming together with regard to the whole matter of land still occupied by israel that they took in armed conflict and to see if we cannot create more egypt's more countries willing to arrive at peace agreements with israel bring peace to that very troubled region and i would think that both those leaders would be very important ones to talk about this subject thank you the next question from kandy curly let me get back to the subject of terrorism for a moment here and remind you that four years ago tomorrow was when you welcomed to the south lawn the american hostages home from iran um during that ceremony you said let terrorists be aware that when international law is broken american policy will be one of swift and effective retribution obviously since that time some awful things have happened we have had attacks on our embassies and our marines and our diplomats and our citizens have been kidnapped i wonder sure there's been no public sign of american retaliation that you spoke of four years ago and and has it been over the past four years that you've found uh that it's actually somewhat impossible for us to deal out swift and effective retribution well let me candy let me just say that it's i referred to them as criminals a little while ago they are criminals they may think they've got a noble cause or something they're criminals committing the worst and most despicable kind of crimes now you have the same problem that you have with crime they act surreptitiously they come out of hiding they're anonymous um they disappear again you have to track them down you've got to find them uh you try to prevent their crimes by crime prevention measures uh defensive measures the best you can you try to track them down then you hope that you can punish uh right now the terrorist one of the things that has kept us from retaliation is the difficulty in getting definite information enough as to who they are and where they are that you do not risk killing doing the same thing they're doing killing innocent people in an effort to get at them and this is why we have moved up our relationship with our allies and our democratic friends so that we can exchange intelligence information and try to locate the other thing is i can't go much beyond that because i mean in talking about specifically what we're doing because then that's like the policeman warning the the killers that he's on his way so i can only tell you that it is very much a problem for us that is being dealt with and that we're not just sitting back saying isn't it too bad well if i could just quickly ask you then are you suggesting i understand your inability to talk of specifics but are you suggesting that the case is not closed in Beirut and and what happened to our marines and our embassies that you it's still a very active search for those responsible and will there then still be within retribution uh yes the answer is yes to all of that mr president your communications with ambassador kirk patrick about her future in the administration at least has created the perception that those communications are either through intermediaries or through the press uh you're meeting whether Wednesday uh is this like a summit meeting you don't plan a summit until you are assured of some reasonable amount of success no and i have to tell you those press stories that i've been reading are driving me right up the wall because they're not based on on fact or anything she and i will be having a talk i need to know what she might be interested in doing i have to present what might be the opportunities at this end but i hear and have read all these things and i'm uh they're not being helpful at all of these stories and i don't know where the leaks are coming from well have you communicated with her directly about her future recently uh no we had an earlier meeting and agreed to come back after the inauguration and uh and talk about this you won't wouldn't like to tell us what job you're going to offer or would you no but uh as i said the press is trying to pretend that they know what the jobs i'm going to offer uh no and i haven't said anything to her or to anyone else about that particular subject so i'm as amazed at the stories that are appearing as i can be mr mr president you've said twice in recent days that the u.s would abide by the unratified salt to agreement your neighbor's secretary says he's waiting for a decision from you on the next action required to stay within salt limits regarding trident submarines have you made that decision and has it been communicated to the defense department no what he's talking about is the fact that as we continue with our trident submarines we are approaching a point at which if we abide completely by the salt to agreement we would then have to find uh other weapons to uh to eliminate we have eliminated some in going forward with this and we've run out of i think of the particular weapon that we were eliminating that we'll have to do that or discuss whether we actually go above and in that regard we have to take into consideration that the soviet union has um we believe not stayed within the limits now do we want to join them in that and forget the whole idea or do we want to uh talk to them about going forward but the we haven't made a decision because as i say that's down the road a ways and it's a a few trident submarines away from where we are now mr president we have about four minutes left and joey walt has our next question sir i'd like to go back to your relationship with black voters in the united states while there obviously have been some gains it's still a fact that black unemployment is about two and a half times what it is for whites and uh there are virtually no blacks holding visible jobs in the executive branch and we keep seeing these reports saying that your programs are hurting poor people many of whom are black and i that just doesn't square with the statement that it's a misperception that all the problems are a misperception well there is a a black in our cabinet and i had a meeting not too long ago with some 200 uh blacks in executive positions in our administration and as governor of california i appointed more blacks to executive and policy making positions than all the previous governors of california uh put together so um i think that there is a lack of understanding or communication for some because there are many black groups and individuals who know what we're doing and who are highly supportive of of us and of what we're doing so again as i say i i hope we can get the message to the others of what it is we're trying to accomplish with regard to one employment it is better than it has been in the past and of the more than six million people who have obtained jobs in the last four years over a million of them are black bob ellison mr president south african president pw botter has indicated plans to change some aspects of the government's apartheid policy uh for example limited political participation for blacks living outside the so-called homeland areas what is your reaction to this do you consider this a major minor or no step at all toward freedom for the black majority bob we we feel that we are making some progress there they know of our feeling about the repugnance of apartheid uh and we think that there there are many people in south africa who want that system changed and we think that we are giving them encouragement in our support of of that position and we are working steadily and quietly with them and are going to continue to do that to give back to your answer about nicaragua being a base for terrorism you've said that uh american troops would not be involved in central america but if we started facing a terrorist threat from nicaragua couldn't you have a situation where you'd have to send in american troops well the president should never say never but i can tell you right now that we've never had any plans at all we realize that that would be counterproductive even with regard to our friends in uh latin america so we're continuing to work with the contadora we're continuing to work with the other central american nations uh down there to be helpful the the kissinger commission report that called for aid that would be mainly social aid and economic aid and only military help in the line of training and arms and so forth and equipment and that's still going to


An oscilloscope sweep mode controls if or when it should display a waveform in relation to its trigger conditions being met. Auto-sweep will display a waveform as soon as possible, even if no trigger condition has been met, which can get messy. Normal sweep will display whenever a trigger condition is met. If the signal stops meeting the trigger condition, the last triggering waveform will remain on screen. Finally, in single sweep mode, the scope displays the wave only the first time the trigger condition is met. That single snapshot will remain on the display until manually reset via the Run Stop button.


listening library presents clean getaway by Nick Stone read for you by Dion Graham each of us is more than the worst thing we've ever done Brian Stevenson Alabama the yellow hammer state state motto we dare maintain our rights state flower Camelia state tree southern long-leaf pine green book Damianke's diner state capital Montgomery fun fact home of the world's tallest office chair in Aniston state bird yellow hammer route one quite a ways to go they might sound sample complete ready to continue


The study explores the characteristics of research on the implementation of artificial intelligence, AI, in healthcare practice, including the types and applications of AI systems, and the characteristics of the implementation process for AI systems. The results suggest that most AI systems are intended for clinical care, particularly patient-provider encounters, and possess no action autonomy, but rather support human decision-making. The focus of most research is on establishing the effectiveness of interventions or related to technical and computational aspects of AI systems. However, the use of frameworks to guide implementation is rare, and further research is needed on more disruptive types of AI systems being implemented in routine care and unique aspects of AI implementation in healthcare, such as building trust, addressing transparency issues, developing exploitable and interpretable solutions, and addressing ethical concerns around privacy and data protection. This article was authored by Malvika Sharma, Carl Savage, Monica Nair, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Add and edit text. In many places in Moodle where you can type in text, you will see Moodle's purpose-built editor, known as Ato. Many of the icons you'll know from word processing or other online programs, but some may be unfamiliar. The link icon allows you to link text to an external website or uploaded file. So for instance, if we select the text United Nations and then click the link, a pop-up appears allowing us to paste in a URL or web address. The text will change colour, but note that the link will only work once you've saved the changes. The media icon here offers many options for adding sound and video along with thumbnail images and subtitles. We explore adding media in a later video. These icons allow you to directly record sound and video from within the Ato editor. H5P is free software for creating interactive content such as quizzes. The H5P icon allows you to either link to or upload an existing H5P file. The Ato editor allows you to drag and drop images directly into the text box and it automatically saves what you type. So if you have to leave it for a while or you accidentally go onto a different page or lose your connection, you don't have to start again. We also have an accessibility checker and a screen reader helper. They help ensure your text is designed well to make it accessible for everyone on all devices, including people with restricted site who use screen readers. You can change your editor if your admin allows by going to the user menu top right, clicking on preferences, then editor preferences. Technical people might choose plain text if they want to add code and TinyMCE is a modern editor which is popular in many organisations and which you are welcome to use.