Good morning everybody and in this series, now we are going to discuss about the design of culvert. As you know, what is a culvert? It is generally constructed to drain water and generally it is placed in a highway. Because this is a highway, so beneath this we will have some line, so that this water can be drained through this. Now, when it comes to draining of water, this size can be circular or it can be oval, it can be of any shape. Similarly, the material will be decided by the engineer, the material of this pipe. And we are here to discuss about the design of this, that means how we can know what should be the opening size and what should be the discharge passing through it. So, let us consider a culvert. Let us assume that the culvert is circular. So, here we have to determine, when we say designing the culvert, we have to determine the diameter of this pipe and what is the amount of flow, water flow through this. We need to estimate these two things. Before I proceed further, let me tell you that you may think breeze is a similar structure and we generally construct a breeze over a river. So, if I compare a culvert with a breeze, then it is the span which makes the difference. Breeze is with a longer span and culvert is with a smaller span and generally 8 meter is the limit. That means, if this span length is less than 8 meters, we call it a culvert. Coming back to the different hydraulic conditions of a culvert, we can think of four different situations. Let us say this is the culvert and let us say this is the inlet, this is the outlet. At both the inlet and outlet, water may be below the top surface. This is the boundary of the culvert or the pipeline. This is the pipeline and it may be open channel flow throughout the pipe. Although the flow is inside a pipe, here it is taking place as open channel flow. Let me tell you here the difference between open channel flow and pipe flow. In pipe flow, the main motivating force is the pressure difference whereas in open channel flow, it is the gravity. So, flow takes place due to the action of gravity. So, in case of river flow or channel flow, these are open channel flows. The flow is with a free surface. On the free surface, the pressure will be atmospheric. But in case of pipe flow, the pipe runs full and the flow is not due to gravity, it is due to pressure difference. The flow takes place from a higher pressure end to a lower pressure end. However, inside a pipe, there may be open channel flow like this is let us say the fluid. This is the pipe and this is the level of the fluid. So, here it is not pipe flow because although the flow is taking place within a pipe, it is open channel flow. So, we may have depending on the flow condition, we may have four different types of culvert flows. So, accordingly the design will be decided. Here in the first condition, both at the inlet and at the outlet, the flow is below the top of the culvert. That means this can be considered as open channel flow. In the second condition, we may think that at the inlet, the flow will be submerged. So, here it will be above the top level of the culvert. This is water level and to some distance it runs full and then again it may come as free surface flow. So, at the outlet it is not submerged but at the inlet it is submerged. In case one, it is at both the cases it is not submerged but in case two, at the inlet the flow is submerged. That means above the top level of the culvert and here it is below the top level of the culvert. Third case will be, this is the culvert, you can say pipe. So, here it is submerged, here also it is submerged. So, both at the inlet and at the outlet, the flow is submerged. That means if I talk from hydraulic point of view, then here I should consider the flow to be open channel flow whereas in case two, it should be different. It is partially filled pipe flow, to some distance it is pipe flow, after that it is open channel flow whereas here it is completely pipe flow. Here can be a fourth instance in which here it is just touching the top of the culvert. In this case also it will be like pipe flow. Let us consider one by one how to design these culvert flow conditions. In case of case one, that is at inlet it is not submerged and at the outlet also it is not submerged and we said that we should consider open channel flow for the analysis of the flow. So, when we say open channel flow, the simplest type of open channel flow is the uniform flow or the normal flow condition. So, we consider that the flow inside the culvert is with normal flow. So, if we have to design this, then what should we do? Let us assume that q is known, just after sometime I will let you know how q is determined, but at the moment let us assume that q is known. The discharge to be passed through this culvert is known to the engineer and what he has to do? He has to design the size of this culvert pipe, what should be the diameter, what should be the opening such that the flow can be safely passed through. So, q is known and d is unknown, what is d? d is this diameter. Here I have assumed that the culvert is circular in shape. Now, the common equation which we use in open channel flow is called Manning equation which is v is equal to 1 over n r to the power 2 over 3 s to the power half. What is v? v is the uniform velocity through this pipe and what is r? r is hydraulic radius which is the area over the wetted perimeter. In this case, because this is the pipe, so area will be you can consider pi r square and perimeter will be 2 pi r. Try to mark the difference, here the pipe is not running full, but we are still using this pi r square as if it is running full and this is the perimeter, so we get some value of r hydraulic radius. In fact, what one should do is take the actual, so basically we have to determine what is r? We do not know r, we have to determine r, we know velocity, we know n, we know the slope, s is the slope, slope of this pipeline. So, the slope will be calculated based on the elevation at this place and the elevation at this place, you take the difference between the elevation at these two places and you divide it by the distance. So, you get the slope, n is Manning's roughness coefficient and depending on the material we use for the culvert, n will be decided and standard values will be available in text books or in charts. So, you use those standard values for determining Manning's roughness coefficient and then we know velocity, just now I told that q is known. So, this is a kind of trial and error procedure, because we are trying to find out the designed parameter. So, it is an iterative process, q is known, assume, once you assume d and also what is known, n is known, Manning's roughness coefficient, r is, r you can find out by assuming d and slope is known. So, when q is known and you assume the d, calculate with this assumed value of d, you calculate what is area, average velocity and you verify if Manning's equation is satisfied. So, I try to verify the Manning's equation what we wrote few minutes back and there if it is satisfied, then our assumption of d is alright, otherwise modify d, because q is fixed, n is fixed, s is fixed. So, modify d, so that your Manning's equation is satisfied, modify d to satisfy Manning's equation. Now we know that if q is known, d we can determine and s can be determined from the topography and n can be determined by seeing standard textbooks or charts and the material to be used for the culvert. What about q? q is the design discharge and it is meant to pass safely through the culvert opening. So, we need to do some way of finding out the design plot and generally for a culvert, we use the frequency analysis and in the frequency analysis we take some return period. What is return period? Return period is the indicator of the probability of accidents. So, if I have the record, let us say this is the catchment which drains water through this culvert. This is the culvert to which water comes from this boundary. Now for this catchment, what I need to do is to collect the rainfall data and I should convert it into the corresponding discharge or if I have directly the runoff data for this catchment, then use frequency analysis and when we say frequency analysis, you can use plotting point, plotting position formula like Weibull method or you can go for Gombell method. Gombell method is suitable for extreme conditions that means flood being extreme condition, we can use Gombell method and please remember that the culvert should withstand the maximum flood passing through it. Therefore, we should consider a return period and in India we generally use a return period of 25 years. If you think the culvert is to be installed by a private agency who is rich, then maybe you can go for 50 years return period. So, first you find out, you estimate what is the discharge corresponding to a certain return period and as for Indian courts, it should be 25 years. So, you find out the design flood, design discharge for 25 years return period. Therefore, Q is known. So, once Q is known, you first think of some material like GI or concrete or brick or whatever material stone, you decide the material and depending on the material you determine N, depending on the topography, you determine slope, then you apply Manning's equation to find out D and when D is determined, remember that your mathematics, the calculation may give you some number like let us say 2.123 meter, but in the market you will get certain values of diameter, you will not get 2.123 meter. So, you should look for the nearest number which is rounded, remember you should not make it less, it should be made more. So, you go for the nearest higher value which is available in the market. So, I think it is clear. Now, let us discuss the second case and the second case is the culvert where the upstream condition or the inlet condition is submerged and here to some distance it is running full and then it is running as open channel flow. So, here you can say it is not submerged, this is outlet, this is inlet, this is the water surface here, this is the water surface here. So, water surface here is above the top level of the culvert, here the water surface is below or within the pipe not submerged case. So, we can consider this as a orifice flow, you know what is a orifice, suppose I have a drum here, there is some opening here, then through this opening water will come like a jet, this is if water level is here, the velocity here will be square root 2gh, this is h. So, discharge will be a or the orifice opening times velocity. So, this is orifice discharge, here also I should use the discharge relationship using orifice discharge equation. So, here what will be the discharge, please remember the control section will be here, that means this will decide what will be the discharge. Analogically you can think of this picture wherein this velocity and discharge will depend on this height. So, here similarly I should consider the center line of the culvert, this should be my h and I should use this h to find out the discharge. So, discharge will be this area times the velocity here which will be square root 2gh and what is h, generally this h will not be given, you will be given with this, let us say this is capital H and if this is diameter of the pipe, you can say this is d by 2 because this is the diameter. So, h minus d by 2, if you look at this equation we have d here because the area of the pipe, this area of cross section will be pi d square by 4. So, if I look at this equation here I know q, g is known which is 9.81 meter per second square, capital H is known, you know the condition here and d is to be found out. So, find out d by solving this equation, when you solve this equation once again please remember q is given and g is given, d is to be found out. So, once you determine d again same principle go for the higher next, higher value which is available in the market. Please remember here the material is not coming into picture meaning the nature of the material of the culvert like whether it is concrete or whether it is galvanized iron or stone or brick, the roughness is not coming into picture because we are assuming that the flow will be like a flow through the orifice and when the flow is from the orifice it depends only at the inlet conditions. Let us come to the third case, here this is the culvert, the condition is here also it is submerged, here also it is submerged and we are considering a pipe flow. Let us say this is the diameter. So, as usual q is known, d is to be determined and slope is also known, the elevation of this place and elevation of this place is known. So, you can say slope is known and of course this length is known. So, here I am considering the flow to be like pipe flow. So, what should I use? I should use the basic energy equation. So, when I use the energy equation, the fundamental equation is Bernoulli's equation and Bernoulli's equation is z1 plus v1 square by 2 g p1 by rho g will be equal to z2 v2 square by 2 g p2 by rho g hf which is head loss. This is basically the elevation head, this is the velocity head, this is the pressure head. So, this is the total energy and here this is the total energy at 0.2. In our case, 1 refers to inlet, this is 1. So, this section is 1, similarly this section is 2. Why this head loss? Because as the flow passes through the pipe, the pipe wall, pipe wall will have resistance to the flow. To overcome that resistance, there will be some energy spent. Therefore, there will be some energy loss and if I compare these two energies, this is the total energy at 2, this is the total energy at section 1 and if I compare these two energies, then this will be less because some energy will be spent while the flow occurs through the pipe. And what are the components of this head loss? One will be the major loss which is due to pipe friction and what is the other one? This is minor and as you know in a pipe, minor head loss will be due to several factors like entrance loss, exit loss. If there is a bend, there will be loss. If the pipe is expanding or contracting, there will be a loss. If there is a junction, if a pipe is combined with another pipe, there will be some loss. However, in this case, because this length is not very much, so we will have a straight pipeline and here the loss, the minor losses will be only due to entrance and exit. So, head loss, Jeff will be, one will be friction which will be, you can consider this and minor loss will be due to entry, let us say entry. It will be due to exit. We generally express the minor losses through some coefficient multiplied by the velocity head. This is the average velocity inside the pipe. So, this value k at entry is generally considered to be 0.5 and k at exit is generally considered to be 1. Similar to Manning's roughness coefficient, here there is a parameter f which is friction parameter. So, you should use Moody's chart or Moody's diagram to determine the friction parameter for the particular flow condition. It depends, it is a three parameter diagram. So, you use two other parameters Reynolds number and roughness. Roughness basically depends on the material of the pipe. So, depending on the wall roughness, you determine the corresponding friction factor. Sometimes it is called friction factor. So, you know the friction factor for the particular pipe, for the particular culvert material. The length is known, v as usual is known. So, here everything is known except this. So, if I go back here, this is my energy equation. So, you consider 1 by 1. We have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 terms. Consider let us 1 by 1, z1 and z2. I told that this slope is known or in other words, you can think that z1 and z2 both are known. The elevation of the entrance and the elevation at the exit, we know these elevations or the slope we know. So, this is known, this is known. You can also consider this to be horizontal at same elevation. So, the difference of z1 and z2 might be taken as 0. Similarly, these two you can think of same. That means here the velocity and here the velocity will be same. We can assume that. So, the velocity head you can think that they will cancel. So, we know this. Similarly, p1. So, here what generally we think is that this is the pressure head and we assume that here the pressure will be hydrostatic pressure. What is hydrostatic pressure? Suppose this is water level, then the pressure will vary linearly and it will be rho g y. This is at any point y. So, here this pressure will be rho g y. As you go down, y will be more and pressure will be more. It varies linearly. So, here we assume that here the pressure is hydrostatic. That means you can straight away use for this term, this height. Similarly, here the pressure will be this much. Whatever is the position of water, you can assume that here the pressure is hydrostatic. That means p2 by rho g will give me h or the water head available here. That means this is known, this is known. So, out of these seven terms, we know this, this, this, this, this. About hf, hf is expressed through these three terms. And out of these three terms, we know everything except this d. So, if I consider this equation, the previous equation, then in this equation the only unknown is d. Therefore, I can find out d if I know q, I know s and I know l. Please remember this s and l will come into picture in z1 and z2. That means I can use that if the elevation at z2 is 0, then elevation at z1, I can express z1 to be equal to z2 plus slope times length. So, when I use this, that means z1 minus z2, I can use as sl. So, this becomes basically a single equation with one unknown. So, solve this equation to find out d. And as usual, the discharge should be estimated a priori. That means before trying to calculate the opening size, the diameter for the pipe, I should know what is the design discharge for the culvert. And we should use frequency analysis and we should use the design period or the return period to be 25 years. Please remember that this opening size d, it should be practically possible. That means you should go for, you should look for a number which is available in the market. And one more precaution I want to tell that in all the discussions, I told you that the size is assumed to be circular. It is not true in all cases. The engineer can go for any shape, any size. And similarly, the material. Please remember if the geometry is changed, if the shape is changed, if it is not circular, then you use these equations. The basic philosophy is this, you use these equations, but you replace the d or the diameter by suitable parameter. Let us say if it is rectangular, you use suitable parameter. Similarly, in Manning's equation, when you are calculating the hydraulic radius, you calculate suitably. So, if it is not circular, if it is some other shape parabolic or elliptic or if it is rectangular or if it is of any shape, you consider the shape factors and the parameters accordingly and design accordingly. So, once again to summarize the discussion before that, let me tell you that we consider 4 cases and the 4th case is 4th case and 3rd case, they are similar. That means we can consider both 3rd case and 4th case as pipe flow. And in case of pipe flow, what we use? We use Bernoulli's equation or Reynolds equation to find out the design diameter. So, to summarize the thing, let me tell you first one should estimate q and how one should estimate q by frequency analysis. Remember, in class tests, may be q will be given and you will be asked to determine d, but think of a practical situation.  So, based on the discharge data, you do a frequency analysis and remember, if the past records are not available, you should use alternative methods to find out the design discharge like rational method and I am sure you have been taught this while studied the runoff calculation. So, first you find out based on frequency analysis the design discharge, then you should determine the opening. Here, I am writing opening, it may be diameter if the shape chosen is circular, it will be different if the shape is different and then you should check or modify because the d you get here might be not available in the market. So, you should go for the practical one. So, with this we conclude this and the next thing we will go for is the design of a detention basin. What is a detention basin? Suppose we develop a market complex or the place is become it has become urban. So, what will happen? Because of the effect of urbanization, the buildings will be more, the roads will be more and we generally cut down the trees. So, gradually the runoff will be more. So, let us compare, let us consider the effect of urbanization. Let us say this is the hydrograph, outflow hydrograph. That means this is time, this is discharge and this is when the area was not developed into urban area. If we make the area urban, then what will happen? This may be more modified, the peak will be high and it may be something like this and why this will happen? Because now we have more buildings that means the infiltration to the ground will be less, we have more roads and the trees are cut down, we are making towns. So, the infiltration will be less, ultimately it will result in discharge. So, the discharge will be higher and the time to peak discharge will be lower. That means if I compare these two, let us say this is Q peak after urbanization. This is Q peak before urbanization. That means Q P A will be higher than Q P B. Similarly, if I compare the two times, this is time to peak after urbanization, this is time to peak before urbanization. We need to do something about this because now this higher amount of discharge, where it will go? So, we should prepare in our town planning, we should prepare some detention basins and this detention basin has to be designed by the water resources engineer and to design this, what we should do? Let us see the basic principle here. Let us say this is the basin with a slope. That means water is coming in here. We have some detention structure here. It is not a dam, you can think of some water retaining structure. Let us say this is the water level. This is bed. This is highly exaggerated vertical scale. That is why it is seen like this. Now here, you may think this is the entry to this basin. Some flood is coming into this basin and here we should use some way to drain water. So, this is not very simple. This is a pipe-like thing and this is meant to drain water from this and as you are seeing here, this is the dead storage. This is not used and when water level goes beyond this level, water will flow through this pipe and come to downstream side. So, here when we say design of the basin, that means what should be the size of this basin? That means what should be the volume of this reservoir and second thing is how this is designed? What should be this pipe so that water will be drained safely? Please remember here it is not very simple and we generally put a rack here so that the wheeling flow is not there because while water will try to rush into this pipe, it will be wheeling flow. So, we need less vortices. So, there will be a mess here and also sediments should not be allowed to come into this. So, it checks the flow of sediment and it also steels the flow because the turbulence should be less so that efficiently water can pass through this. We will discuss more about the design in the next class. So, here we should think that what should be the volume of this retention basin and what should be the dimension of this pipe so that water is brought to this side safely and also one has to design the structural aspect of this water retaining structure. And if you see the previous curve which I showed for the effect of urbanization, then this is the extra amount one should store. If I compare these two hydrographs, then this is the extra amount required to be stored. So, what we do is like this. We assume that these hydrographs are triangular. Why we assume this? Because in practice, in actual condition it will be a curve like thing, but to simplify the thing to simplify our calculations, we assume that this is a triangular thing and about the this is before urbanization. This is the discharge hydrograph before urbanization. This is time scale. This is discharge scale and after urbanization it is again triangular something like this. And what we need to store is this amount. We have to find out the area of this and what the area will give us? This is discharge. The unit of discharge is volume per unit time. So, this is meter cube per second, let us say and let us say this is in hour or days. The unit is days. So, the area will give me this multiplied by this which is meter cube per second times days. I can convert the days into seconds. So, finally I get meter cube or the volume. We generally express the volume in terms of hectare meter. The volume of the detention basin in terms of hectare meter and many times we use just the depth. That means either we express in terms of volume which is hectare meter or in terms of depth which is meter. That means the volume divided by the area of the basin will give me the depth of what was stored in the detention basin. Now let me introduce two parameters. One is this ratio, ratio of these two discharges. We call it alpha, q peak before and q peak after. Similarly, we have two time parameters. So, time to pick before, time to pick after. It is very clear that alpha will be always less than 1. Why? Because due to effect of urbanization q peak will be higher. So, this is higher. That means this factor is less than 1. While in case of beta it is just the opposite. This q peak is attained at an earlier time. So, this is less compared to this. So, this will be more than 1. In terms of the volume, we determine the volume. You can say like this divided by the, I can think like this. The height will be 1 minus alpha. What is this? This is the volume to be stored or the design volume. The volume we require for the detention basin, the volume of the detention basin will be determined by the depth of water multiplied by 1 minus alpha. If I use this equation, this is of course based on many assumptions because I have simplified the hydrograph to triangles. So, based on those simplified assumptions, I get this relationship. This is a very simple way of determining the volume of the detention basin. There are some other ways like SCS curve method. We will talk about these methods in some other class. So, to conclude this class, I will let you know the things we have discussed today. One is the design of the culvert. Here, we have discussed about four different conditions, but primarily three because third and fourth will be same. Then we have just introduced what is a detention basin and how the volume will be calculated based on a simple assumption. Regarding the design of detention basin by SCS curve method, we will discuss in the next class. We will conclude here.


who would like to come on closer for the story to come on down. Hello? Kate, what are you doing all over there? What? Trying to tell me something? Why are you so far away? Want anything? Oh, those are awesome toenails. You're going to go fishing today after this? With grandpa? I wouldn't mind going fishing with your grandpa. He'd be a good guy to go fishing with. Well, I'm going to tell you a story today, one that I am sure you have heard in one form or another. It's called stone soup. Uh-huh. I bet, Ollie, do you know this one? I love this one, and this one's a little different version, so if you can see, it's got some great pictures with it, too. Three monks, hook, look, and sow, traveled along a mountain road. They talked about cat whiskers, the color of the sun, and giving. What makes one happy, sow, asked hook, the youngest monk. Old sow, who was the wisest, said, let's find out. The sound of a bell brought their gaze to the rooftops of a village below. They couldn't see from so high above that the village had been through many hard times. Famine, floods, war, all these had made the villagers weary and untrusting of strangers. They had even become suspicious of their neighbors. Suspicious. What does suspicious mean? It means they were kind of questioning of their neighbors. They didn't trust them. They mainly stayed in their own homes with their windows closed in their doors shut, and they didn't really talk to each other much. Does that make sense? Okay. So, there was a farmer, a tea merchant, a, a tea, is that the tea merchant? There he is. A scholar, ooh, a seamstress, a doctor, a carpenter, and many others. But they had little to do with one another. When the monks reached the foot of the mountain, the villagers disappeared into their houses. No one came to the gates to greet them. And when the people saw them enter the village, they closed their windows tight. The monks knocked on the door of the first house. There was no answer. Then the house went dark. They knocked on a second door, and the same thing happened. It happened again and again from one house to the next. These people do not know happiness, they all agreed. But today, said Sao, his face bright as the moon, we will show them how to make stone soup. They gathered twigs and branches and made a fire. They placed a small tin pot on top and filled it with water from the village well. A brave little girl who had been watching came to them and said, what are you doing? We are gathering twigs, said Locke. We're making a fire, said Huck. We're making stone soup, and we need three round smooth stones, said Sao. The little girl helped the monks look around the courtyard until they found just the right ones. Then they put them in the water to cook. These stones will make excellent soup, said Sao. But this very small pot won't make much, I'm afraid.  The little girl ran home. As she started to take a pot, her mother asked what she was doing. The three strangers are making soup from stones. They need our biggest pot. Look at the size of that. I think you guys would fit in there, don't you think? It's huge.  Ten times bigger. Said the girl's mother, stones are easy to come by. I'd like to learn how to do that. The monks poked the coals, as smoke drifted up the neighbors peered out from their windows. The fire and the large pot in the middle of the village was a true curiosity. One by one the people of the village came out to see just what this stone soup was. Of course, old style stone soup should be well seasoned with salt and pepper, said Hulk. That is true, said Luck as he stirred the giant pot, but we have none. I have salt and pepper, said the scholar, his eyes big with curiosity. He disappeared and came back with salt and pepper and even a few other spices. Sao took a taste. The last time we had soup stones of this size and color, carrots made the broth very sweet. Carrots, said a woman from the back, I may have a few carrots, but just a few. And off she ran. She returned with as many carrots as she could carry and dropped them right into the pot. Do you think it would be better with onions, asked Hulk? Oh yes, maybe an onion would taste good, said a farmer and he hurried off. He returned in a moment with five big onions and he dropped them into the bubbling soup. Now that is a fine soup, he said. The villagers all nod at their heads as the smell was delicious. But if only we had some mushroom, said Sao rubbing his chin. Several villagers licked their lips. A few dashed away and returned with fresh mushrooms, noodles, pepods and cabbages. Something magical began to happen among the villagers. As each person opened their heart to give, the next person gave even more. And as this happened the soup grew richer and smelled more delicious. I imagined the emperor would suggest we add dumplings, said one villager. And bean curd, said another. What about cloud ear and mung beans and yams, cried others. And taro root and winter melon, baby corn, garlic, ginger root, soy sauce, lily buds. I have some, I have some, people cried out.  The monk stirred, pot bubbled, how good it smelled, how good it would taste, how giving the villagers had become. At last the soup was ready. The villagers gathered together. They brought rice and steamed buns. They brought leechy nuts and sweet cakes. They brought tea to drink and they lit lanterns. Your allergic to nuts will then no nuts for you. You could have the sweet cakes. Mom's allergic to nuts? Whoa. Well, everyone sat down to eat. They had not been together for a feast like this for as long as anyone could remember. After the banquet they told stories, sang songs, celebrated long into the night. Then they unlocked their doors and gave the monks beds to sleep in their homes. In the gentle spring morning everyone gathered together near the willows to say farewell. Thank you for having us as your guests, said the monks. You have been most generous. Thank you, said the villagers. With the gifts you have given we will always have plenty. You have shown us that sharing makes us all richer. And to think, said the monks, to be happy is as simple as making stone soup. All right, thank you all for being such great listeners. We are going to rise in body or spirit and sing you out. Have fun at summer fun. Thoughts this morning on theology, this first one from Nancy Schaefer. Not God as one who set the earth in motion and withdrew. Not the one to thank when those cherished do not die. For providence includes equally the power to harm. Not a God of extracting as if love could be earned or subtracted. But this may work in the night. Something that breathes with us as others sleep. Something that breathes also those sleeping so no one is alone. Something that is the beginning of love and also each part of how love is completed. Something so large, wherever we are, we are not separate. Which teaches us again the way to start over. Night is the test. When grief lies uncovered and longing shows clear. When nothing we do can hasten earth's turning or delay it. This may be adequate for the night. This holding, something that steadfastly breathes us. Which we also are learning to breathe. And then this child's view from Terry Sweetser. I was seven years old when I had my first encounter with theology. My mother made a batch of fudge, put it in the fridge and decreed it could not be touched until after supper. I was not pleased. I conjured every scheme I could to sneak some, but someone was always lurking in the kitchen. About four in the afternoon I got an incredible break. My mother and sister had to head out for the store leaving me all alone. Mom must have been reading my mind because she gave me a warning on the way out. Just because I'm not here, don't think you are alone with that fudge. God is watching you. The word theology means God study and after they drove off I studied hard. It did not take long for me to conclude I was a seven year old atheist. That fudge tasted good. Unfortunately for me, mom had counted the pieces and the recount on her return showed a deficit of three. When asked how I dared to steal fudge right in front of God, I said, I don't believe in God. My ever practical Unitarian Universalist mother swatted my behind and sent me to my room saying it would be in your best interests to act as if you did. The personal God who could legislate justice and control the universe died for me that day. But a passionate interest in what people mean by the idea of God was born. I sense it is a passion most of us share. Unitarian Universalists really get worked up about God. For all practical purposes though, mom was right. It's in our best interest to act as if God were there. Thank you both. I arrived here in the summer of 2001. One of my first responsibilities was to figure out the adult education courses I would teach that coming fall. I immediately thought of a course titled Building Your Own Theology. It is a uniquely Unitarian Universalist program in which participants think through the big questions. Human nature, the afterlife, your own spiritual autobiography, and of course the ultimate God. At the end of the course you write your own credo or this I believe statement where you share with the others what it is that you do believe. As a recent seminary grad I thought this one would be a breeze for me to offer because I was of course knowledgeable about all these areas. I remember setting up the room on that first night, name tags, check, craft supplies, check, chalice, check matches, got it. I was ready. Then the first participant came in and said, I just hope we're not talking about God tonight because I don't want to waste any time on that. I mean, either you believe it or you don't. What is there to talk about? I think I froze. I think I said something totally unintelligible and probably not helpful at all. And at that moment I realized I was no expert on theological matters and still had some things to figure out for myself. I learned that night as our reading from Terry Sweetser said, Unitarian Universalists really get worked up about God. I remember a lively discussion where we proved that there really was much to talk about when it came to an ultimate reality. Now I was raised in a family where certain religious matters weren't really a question but more of a given. Of course you believed in God. We were at mass every Sunday, six days a week when I was in Catholic school. God was more of a distant relative than an all-powerful force. Invoked at meal times and holidays, praised during the good times and solicited during the difficult ones. Always present, always close, always available for comfort. I did find this to be comforting, for I never felt that I was ever truly alone. In moments when I was physically alone, there was always this invisible friend I could talk to who was always there to listen. And as my grandmother would say, always there to give proper instruction if you listened hard enough. Then there's the concept of salvation, another given in my upbringing. Yet one morning I entered the office of the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia where I was a ministerial intern to find my supervisor waiting for me. And at that moment I realized that perhaps ideas of salvation are not a given. When I entered the office he turned and said, So, what saves you? Excuse me? For there was no good morning, no how was the train, no. So what do you got on your plate today? Simply what saves you? My blank stare must have caused him to continue because he said, where is your salvation? How are you saved? Again, I believe I was completely unintelligible on the subject. I believe what he was trying to ask me that morning was this. In a world of pain, suffering, disappointment, injustice, what brings it and you to wholeness again? Living in a fragmented state, in a fragmented world, what transforms you toward a state of wholeness, a holiness that is the original core of our being? Or maybe he was trying to get me to think about an even larger question, a question about our communities of faith because here we do not grant salvation in any traditional religious sense. When you enter into a Unitarian Universalist community of faith, no one is going to say to you, Here it is, here's the answer once and for all. Here's the answer for the questions of God and salvation and all those others. And if you just follow these steps, then all of it will be granted to you. We don't have the answers and it is our job individually and collectively to search for those truths together. I have been asked that question of why are you here? Why would someone attend your congregation? What is the purpose of a religious community that doesn't glorify the one true God or give one path to salvation? Add into that equation the numbers in our congregations who cringe at the use of the word God and are skeptical of its usefulness in any form and would much rather be thinking about anything else at this moment. So after much thought and reading into the work of Henry Nelson Wyman, I was able to return to my supervisor with the beginnings of an answer, which I'll share with you in a bit. But first, Henry Nelson Wyman. He was a Unitarian Universalist philosopher and theologian who spent most of his career as a professor of philosophy. He was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1912, but an encounter with Unitarianism in 1949 led him to receive fellowship as a Unitarian minister. For the rest of his life, he was active in UU communities and taught at both of our two seminaries. Wyman spent his entire adult life wrestling with ideas of religious philosophy and theology. In his autobiography, he stated that the primary question that absorbed his attention for over 50 years was this one. What operates in human life with such character and power that it will transform men and women as they cannot transform themselves, saving them from evil and leading them to the best that human life can ever reach? This man wrestled with the question of God and salvation for over 50 years. What he came to was that human beings were created for transformation, and he wanted to know what it is that can transform us and save us. His answer to that question was very simply God. But Wyman's God was not a supernatural, transcendent, otherworldly personality separate from and above us in this world. He explained it this way. Nothing can transform humanity unless it actually operates within human life. Therefore, in human life, in the actual processes of human existence, in that human life must be found the saving and transforming power which religion seeks and which faith tries to understand. For Wyman, God is not a noun but a verb, and that verb is at work in ever-evolving relationships, relationships that are transformative, creative, and generative. God, he said, is the integrating process at work in the universe.  Wyman called this process creative interchange. And by this, he means a transforming interaction between individuals in community. He defined creative interchange as a four-step process, one event with four stages. It begins with emerging awareness of qualitative meaning derived from other persons through communication, then moves on to integrating these new meanings with others that you have previously acquired. And this causes the expanding of the richness of quality in the world by enlarging its meaning. And finally, it deepens the community among those who participate in this total creative event of intercommunication. And that one extremely long and wordy sentence is this man's total understanding of God. So what does it all mean? Step one is getting the perspective of another person. By sitting together and listening and sharing in conversation with another, we are made aware of a perspective beyond our own. We take in another person's understanding without argument, without judgment. We listen. This is the beginning. Then we move on to integrating this new perspective with what we already know or what we think we believe. If you listen to another person, but you do not allow their perspective to enter into your way of being, possibly allowing it to influence you, then Wyman says it's not creative interchange. But if you can listen to another, even someone who has a different sense of the world and you are open to the possibility that it may shift the way you see things, then it is a creative event. Following this new way of thinking, believing, and being, we can have what he calls expanding appreciation. We live differently. We choose differently. We can do more than we thought we could do alone. You give to me and I grow.  In giving, we receive. And beyond this, expanding appreciation is growing community. Creative interchange within community is when we engage in creative and open dialogue, conversation, discussion. This is when we find the holy at work. And missing the mark, he says, that traditional word sin is when we do the opposite, when we close our minds, when we insist only on our way, when we refuse to listen to those we disagree with. Creative interchange is the deep and profound sharing of ideas, our ideas, but also our inspirations, feelings, understandings. Simply put, if I have examined my worldview and I've experienced something from deeply listening to your worldview, I may have come to integrate these new understandings into my whole being, my way of being in the world. And if this is happening to each and every one of us in the spaces between us, then together we can grow as a community that will bring justice, care for the oppressed, and all the interactions of our life. And do this with deeper relational bonds that keep us part of something holy, something sacred and better than me alone. How does this save us? How does this restore us to our original wholeness? The fragmentation of our world is subtle. We come together week after week out of a society whose institutions oftentimes fail to set before us and our children values that are embracing, compassionate, and responsible. We come together out of a culture that more and more degrades the good, the true, the beautiful.  We come together from a world that feels less and less related, in which the language of connectedness, if used at all, feels forced and false. Something precious, still within each of us, what Wyman called original feels more and more lost. Transforming relationship is what delivers us out of this fragmented world, helps restore our original wholeness, and turns us toward a restoration of the world. Victoria Safford puts it this way, if I were asked to confess my faith or my beliefs out loud and I were scrambling for some place to begin, I would start in the desert, in the lonesome valley, and say that first of all, and ultimately, we are alone. No God abides with us, caring, watching, mindful of our going out and our coming in. The only certainty is mystery. We are alone, and because we are alone, it is the chance connections, both chosen and involuntary, that matter most of all, and ultimately help and heal and hold us. We are alone yet intricately bound, inextricably connected to soil and stream and forest, to sun and corn and melting snow. We are alone yet bound by stories we cannot get out of to ancestors and descendants we will never meet. And all these natural conditions, these bonds we did not forge ourselves yet cannot deny are the strands of a theology, the seeds of a faith, the beginning of religion, the binding of all things. When I say God, and sometimes I do, because sometimes there's no other metaphor, no other symbol, no other poetry, when I say God, I mean that place of meeting, that place where solitudes join, the space between my hand and the dogwood, the space where the tiny feet of the ant brush the dry dirt beneath her, the space between Mercury and Venus, between electrons which we unblinkingly believe in without seeing, God is the space in between, the bridge between solitudes, the ground where we meet, you and I, or any to, by grace. If I were asked, I'd say that all of us together are alone, and the emptiness between us is waiting to be filled. So to that question of why we are here in this religious community, I'd say this. In this community of the spirit, we create a place where we accept each other's imperfections, reconcile our differences, forgive and be forgiven, comfort and be comforted. Love and be love belong and find a home. And in that space between us, we find the holy, we find wholeness, we find God. And to that question of what saves me, I would now tell my supervisor this. We are here to enjoy existence, to celebrate the life we share, the one blessed by pleasure and pain alike, affirming in the end that life is good. We are here to create community, for we are members one of another, to live in the unending charm of those who people this world with us sharing the ambiguity that is human living. And we are here to act as if it depends on each of us. It doesn't, for no one can do it alone, yet it does depend on us. We are here to connect, to be together, to help one another and the world. What else could possibly save us? And I now invite you into the giving and receiving of the morning's offering, which you can see in your order of service. We'll be shared with WAVE, Wisconsin Anti-Violence Effort Educational Fund. You can find out more about them in the order of service. And we thank you for your generosity. We gather each week in this place, made sacred by the presence of both the holy and the human. We come together to sing and to pray, to be still, to be alert, to acknowledge hurt, to seek to heal, to remember our sorrows and our joys. This week we hold in our hearts Scott and Dawn Wavra. Scott was just released from intensive care. He was in for about five days with a bout of pneumonia. And she let me know this morning that he has been out of ICU and is doing well. So we share the ongoing concerns and the great joy this morning. We also share the joy and the celebration of Rob and Mary Savage. Today is their 40th wedding anniversary. We wish that many, many more years of love and happiness and adventure, for simple things that are not simple at all, for miracles of the common way, sunrise and sunset, seed time and harvest, hope, joy, grace, for all these and more. May we lift our hearts in thankfulness today and pray only to be more aware and thus more alive. Blessed be and amen. And if you will rise in body or spirit for our closing hymn, number 131, in this room are those whose hearts are sometimes tender, whose skin is sometimes thin, whose eyes sometimes fill with tears and whose laughter is a beautiful sound. We are each here seeking wholeness, and we trust that you are doing the same. As you leave this place, may your hearts remain open, may your voices stay strong, and may your hands always remain reaching out. Blessed be, go in peace, and please be seated for the post loom.


This actual project here, the BC Transit garage here in Canloops, a seven-bay garage, world-class facility. It has a wash bay. The buses can go through in 90 seconds. 80% of the water is reclaimed. It has a separate fueling station. This is a partnership between the provincial government, the federal government, and local government. $15.6 million is the total cost of this facility. It is a world-class facility, as I've said before. And really it speaks to partnerships. I think it would be fair to say that many people over the years I've heard from say, you know, we need our levels of government working cooperatively together, finding ways to collaborate. This is one of the best examples that people can look at and see exactly what happens when that occurs. I think anyone driving by, you can still see the old building right next to it. When you see the size and the scope difference with the new technology, the longer buses, it was long overdue and it should make things a lot better for transit now and long time in the future as well as, you know, provide a lot safer work environment for our employees as well. This has really set up camels for the future. I think one of the biggest challenges the city was having in growing transit was the old facility. It really became a bit of a hindrance as, you know, you want to continue to grow and expand transit, but if you don't have places to park your buses, to maintain your buses, it makes it very difficult to deliver an efficient, effective system. This really sets the community up for the future. The drivers are enjoying it. They knew that the old digs needed an improvement and this building has definitely done that. Oh, it's absolutely wonderful. It's one of the nicest facilities that I've ever worked in. It's all brand new. The safety features are right up to date. We're going to be able to stay warm and dry in the winter and cool in the summer and we've got all the best equipment that BC Transit can provide us. Everybody comes to work with a smile on their face every day. It's just absolutely wonderful.


And this has happened starting from 2021 elections                    . Today the parents decided that enough is enough for their son to be appearing before these agencies She as a mother is now getting fatigued. She is starting to feel motherly pain in the manner in which her children are being treated. And she is getting really uptight on this matter. And she wanted to register that herself by coming here to be in the presence of the police together with her son. We just hope that the police and all other investigative wings of government shall handle this matter speedily. We cannot continue harassing people and investigating a matter for two years without an end to it. Matters must be handled expeditiously. Justice delayed is justice denied. And if indeed Daliso has committed an offense and they have investigated over the last two years, the defense councils were suggesting let them proceed to court so that Daliso is given an opportunity to acquit himself. Very well. Thank you. Thank you guys.