eenhouse gas emission. So that last slide that I showed you was from a workshop we did 10 years ago on that was focused really on those types of engineering solutions, it's probably time for us to do another one. Although I think that might be one of the, the, the topics of of the seminar two weeks from now or later in this series. But even back then 10 years ago, there was a lot of work being done on constructed wetlands and how effective they were at reducing the nitrate coming through the system. There is one caveat, however, is that it can actually increase phosphorus leaching. So developing environments can actually liberate phosphorus so we have to be careful about those sorts of tradeoffs as well. Great thank you Mary we have another question for you several the folks would like to know potential health effects of nitrate and drinking water below 10 milligrams per liter. Okay. Well, I covered some of that in my talk. The way that we've seen increased risk of colorectal cancer and four out of five studies and those were with the exception of one study that did have some of the population living in private wells with elevated levels above the MCL. Those were largely below the regulatory limit and I mentioned in one study that was a case control study in Iowa actually it was in the subgroup that had lower vitamin C intake. Below the median it wasn't extremely low but the population that had lower intake of vitamin C and higher intake of red meat. So for cancer. And that's kind of where we are I don't, you know that's not really a lot of epidemiology studies. When you look at the I arc reviews that are done to identify carcinogenic hazards. We're looking at a lot more studies to, you know, draw firm conclusions from the epidemiology data the reason nitrate ingestion was considered to a though which is a probable carcinogen same as glyphosate which you might have heard about is because of the very strong animal data and human mechanistic data. So other health effects again there's just a handful of studies of thyroid disease but they're kind of showing that there may be something going on at levels, perhaps below 10 milligrams per liter. And then certainly I think that studies of neural tube defects. Again it's sometimes for different specific defects and this isn't my area of expertise. I would say that those studies look fairly strong. We covered that in our review with Jean Brenda reviewing that literature and she came to the conclusion that you know there was fairly consistent results for neural tube defects and again most of the studies had at some people exposed below 10 milligrams per liter. So that's kind of where we are and we're hopeful we'll be able to at least look at on additional cancers and thyroid disease in agricultural healthy population we have quite a range of exposure levels. Okay, thank you so we have a question for anyone. Can you speak to the impact of nitrogen in agriculture in the ever blades areas of Florida, especially for sugarcane farming regions. Now note that Wendy Graham is speaking next week she's from Florida. So maybe just a general answer if anyone has any expertise in that area. Okay, we'll just have to wait for Wendy's talk. So what do we have next we have no hands raised. I have a question for the panel. These are because of the focus these talks are mostly focused on the United States. What country of the world would we look to as being the best with respect to managing nitrogen and agricultural systems. Based on our data. I would say you the United States is one of the best. You know, obviously that doesn't apply to the entire. That doesn't mean that there aren't regional problems of course there are huge regional problems but in terms of national statistics. I would say that we, the United States has among the highest efficiencies and and probably I think someone maybe it was key can looked at in pollution as an intensity factor, so that it's a pollution divided by your production, and I think we would come out pretty well in that regard. Um, we have a question from Peter burner how effective are enhanced efficiency fertilizers. Are there any downsides to enhanced efficiency fertilizers. So I can, I can, I guess answer a little bit about what we've, we've seen or some others in the upper Midwest. You know, we've, we've seen and there's been some work specifically in Minnesota that gals Randall is done looking at at an inhibitor nitro pyrin. We've seen some reduction in nitrate leaching with the use of that especially if it's fall fertilizer but less effective it's if it's used in the in the spring so not seeing as much difference when we use it in the spring, compared to not using it in in the spring, just traditional I think it has some impact but you know we're again we're kind of looking at maybe five to 10% reductions so you know some incremental gains but I did see there was one how effective our riparian vegetative buffer zones and crop systems to capture the excess nitrate. From, from my perspective they can be very effective if that nitrate interacts with the root zone, or that zone underneath that that buffer. And so you know in some areas, it's short circuited through a tile line and that's why there's a practice saturated in the rivers that somebody else maybe Jane Frankenberger will be talking about, you know, in some of those areas with deeper groundwater flow there may not be an interaction to see some of that nitrate removal. You know where they're, you know where we have that interaction with that carbon rich zone below that that buffer strip prairie strip, you know we can see pretty substantial nitrate reduction. It's kind of the water and nitrate has to see that zone. And I think we have time for one more question. Getting back to the inefficiency fertilizers of their math right. It's a relatively small contribution but we need all hands on deck. The key is that we can't predict really very well where they work and when they work. They're very erratic and it gets back to that. The question I was raising that that that's the kind of focus that a good national program could answer in a fairly short time. If we put our minds to it at relatively reasonable cost. Thank you, Ken. So this is from body keeler to all the panelists and especially Mary curious what Mary thinks about how scholars have extended her research to make estimates of damage costs. For example reference reference link earlier, and then Grisham Sutton estimates from the EU. Do we know enough to estimate the damage costs of nitrogen in drinking water. That's a tough question. Again, I guess you have to way. I know the environmental working group did an analysis. You know, I think some of the cancers that were included in that analysis I guess I would not agree that there's really strong evidence yet. But I mean I think it's a worthwhile exercise to do that because you know that's kind of the external costs of our food production and I actually had a question myself because it looks like in upcoming weeks there's really not much about economics and I wondered kind of two things I mean a lot of the soybeans and corn in this country are fed to animals which is very inefficient way to get your protein. And indeed, you know, there was some of the cost of nitrate pollution, either direct impacts for human health or for environmental health were incorporated into the economic system that would certainly make things more expensive, especially me, but would potentially, you know be a mechanism for reducing nitrogen inputs. That's probably not even in with a new administration likely that that will happen but I just thought I'd mentioned that in Craig, Craig pointed out that there's someone pointed out early that you know, non point source pollution is not regulated. So the CAFOS have to regulate are regulated but the farmers applying nitrogen to the fields that's not regulated. Ending the question and answer period with the question about meat was near the dinner hour, we'll make this give us all food to potter food to think about. Now now going to turn over to Kathy who's going to preview the next session. Thank you speakers very much. You collectively did a fantastic job. Awesome. Thank you. Thank you, Jim, and all the speakers everybody that's still hanging in there at 530, give a virtual round of applause. That was really remarkable and really laid the foundation, as we hoped it would. As an economist I can't help but jumping in a tiny bit with Mary's last comments, their spot on Mary and others it is our hope that the economics of all of these issues run through the discussion and conversations so it is not meant to be off the table. At all it is definitely part of the charge. And in fact we do have an economist on the panel next week and and others so all I want to do now is say a giant thank you for everybody and tea up next week. At the same time, same place. Seven days from now, we will be looking more at decision making and options for control of nitrate losses at the farm level at the farm gate, so to speak. We will definitely get into incentives on behavior and economics. Linda Prokope from Purdue University is going to kick us off talking exactly what it is that we know about the decision making that stakeholders, particularly farmers, engage in how do they decide what to plant, how do they decide how much fertilizer, what plant, what crops to grow, etc. And so that will also certainly touch on economics but also behavioral aspects of social sciences. Bruno Basso will talk about the role of digital agriculture which came up a bit today. Cover crops, we're going to get a nice dive in including some really interesting economics information that Alejandro Plastina has collected. Lisa Schulte Moore is going to talk about integrated prairie systems as we heard today it's very important to think about getting roots back in our annual systems and they've got some amazing field trials to share with us. Then we'll be talking about the whole role of water movement, infield water management, irrigation issues in Nebraska, tile drain systems we're going to learn more about from Jane Frankenberger and what can be done with those systems. And then we're going to look directly at nutrient management, the kind of efficiency that we heard some about today with fertilizer application from Kerry Bulmer Sanders. David Lee is going to catapult us into some future technologies to monitor and loss and farm fields. And we're going to get a good snippet of information about issues in Florida and activities that research and what has been learned there about end management. So thank you all very much. We are delighted to have you. I'll sign off now and I really hope that you can join us next week. Keep bringing those questions, keep giving us reactions. Take care everybody.


Rake, what's going on? Happy Sunday. Okay, talk about our experience. I dropped off playing with some players all the day in that left hooker. What should we do with this shot? It's still a new shot, but I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. I'm off. Greg, what's going on? Happy Sunday. Heart feature? I don't know what you're talking about, Greg. What heart feature? Right in the line of the chat. I don't see a heart. Oh that? No idea. You'll have to ask YouTube, but I have a feeling that that's the feature that you will not be able to remove. That's embedded into the YouTube chat. You don't like giving us hearts, Greg? All right, gang. Well, a good bunch of orders, but nothing sold out at the moment. That's the last filler for Flawless. That's the last filler to fill this filler to unlock impeccable. We've got to do a couple fillers for Hit Parade Basketball. I think that's the last filler for Fast Break and Court Kings. We've got a baseball mixture up, multiple fillers for that. Leaf Vivid Baseball. I've never seen that. That'd be a fun one to pop open. Sterling Baseball. No filler yet. Top Series 2 Baseball. Drops on Wednesday. Today's the fourth. Wednesday would be the seventh, yeah. We got a double header. Case break right there and three picker teams. Elements almost in single digits. That's the last filler for Optic Football. Then we can work on Optic 6 after that as well. So a lot of stuff close. Nothing sold out, but keep plugging away. Keep chipping away. Keep building that momentum and we'll go from there. We'll get some breaks done. It's kind of crazy, but not sure if anyone's into the LPGA, but Rose Ang, who is a Saara collegiate golfer, she's from Stanford. Just turned pro a few days ago. It's in her first tournament and might win the whole thing. Still a few holes to go, but she's like a college phenom. I think she's won all that can be won on the collegiate level. Oh, he just misses that putt. Last round pressure getting to her. So I don't know if anybody has... I don't know if Tiger's even won on his pro debut. So that's what I'm watching right now. I think the Dodgers game. Dodgers are playing the Yankees in a day game. Day game, late afternoon game. That's the ESPN game. That's Sunday Night Baseball game. That's gonna start soon. Get that channel loaded up. I can flip back and forth. So that's just getting underway. And we've got NBA Finals action happening. That's in about an hour wherever you are in the world. So who wins game two tonight? Heat at Nuggets. Nuggets took care of business game one. They seem to be cruising. Will they keep cruising game two? Or will Miami snatch one? So far 77% of voters are saying the Nuggets. Nicole, what's up Nicole? Nicole's on the heat. One of the 23% of voters. So a lot of sports going on today. A lot of breaks getting real close. I think today should be a pretty fun day I think. Sunday fun day. Greg gets the Falcons straight up in Optics 6. That might be, that might be our last Optic. Or do we have more? I don't know. Well, I'll check. What are you, what am I most excited for to drop this year? You know, it's funny you should mention that Greg, because it's 2023 tops series two baseball, which you can pre-order on jaskyscasebreak.com right now. Can't wait for that. Boom. Coincidentally, that's dropping on Wednesday. So buy into it Greg. Let's get into one of Joe's favorite products of the year. That's right Greg. ABC always be closing. My favorite new release is whatever's coming up this week. But my favorite product is whatever is being released next. Although that NT baseball, or NT, that NT football right around the corner, right? We've got some, we've got some heavy hitting new releases on their way. Series two is pretty solid, you know, in all seriousness, but, but um, but yeah, there's, there's some big, big new releases around the corner. It's like football's a 500 card checklist set up here. That flawless basketball filler is awfully close. I think there's only eight spots left in that. So that last filler for flawless basketball, it only eight spots left. Two flawless random hit spots been given away. So for, excuse me, losing, I can't lose my voice already. For $80, you can win a $1100 spot, $1180 to be exact. And you're guaranteed something out of that one case break. Gosh, has it really? On the old golf channel, they're saying that it's been 1950 since an LPGA player has won on her debut. Just kind of crazy. You would have think that it would have happened at some point, but, but uh, college star Roseanne through 16 is up, up one stroke on a Jennifer Cup show. I think also was a college golf star in her own right. We'll keep an eye on that. Got the Dodger game on Sunday Night Baseball. Yankees a Dodgers, the rubber match. Dodgers won the first game. Yankees won the second game. They're Sarah Lange's ALS weekend. She's been great. Basketball on in about an hour. So we got a busy sports night ahead of us. And I think I've got a, I think I've got a, I got a, I know the results, but I got a rewatch F1. It's on way too early for me, but I got to watch the F1. They usually replay it on ESPN. Did Zlatan Ibrahimovic retire? I'm surprised he played as long as he did. And he must be, is he 40? I can't be over 40. He might be over 40. 41. Wow. Oh yeah, Boma. Yes, let's get that Boma University done. All right, four orders here. What do we got here? We got Matthew with two in the baseball mixer filler. It's a Boman blaster box. We got Eugene with two in the impeccable team random filler, the filler for the filler. All the full spots are gone. We just need to move that last pack. Rich gets two full spots and hit parade basketball. It's a nice dual case break. Steven P gets eight spots in the flawless filler and sells it out. So I'm assuming that's from a fresh case. Let me grab the pack and the case and we'll get it going. All right, good news boys and girls. That is a fresh case. So I can post another one of these bad boys here. Now we ended up only doing one filler for this, which is awesome. But I think originally we had planned on more fillers. So let's plan on two fillers. I think we might even be able to cancel a filler like we did last time. All right, so let's post another mosaic pack. All right, so that's uploaded and now let's post another one of these. Sup, Johnny? I'm not sure. Let me check the schedule in a second. Let's see if we did that. Schedule of course, which is available to everybody. Right here. Let me just repost this flawless really quick. All right, so I think that next flawless basketball is properly loaded up. Yeah, I see it. So there's the two fillers, six full spots, second half of this case that we're about to pop open. So be sure to get your spots there if you'd like. Fast break two, no. Not on the schedule. That means Johnny not sold out. So let's do it. All right, now let's set up this break here. Today is Sunday, six, four, 23. Let's get all the names in this filler pack. That'll be for the end. It says sold out. Well, let's look at this bright pink section here. If a break is sold out and not on the schedule, it's one of these two scenarios. 95% of the time we likely have filler breaks complete to give away the remaining spots. So let's take a look at the basketball section. It's a good opportunity for me to remind everybody about fillers and that sort of stuff. So yeah, court kings and fast breaks sold out. And there is the filler right next to it. It says fills court kings and prism fast break. So if we get this knocked out, that knocks out two breaks, ladies and gentlemen, which would be awesome. It's okay Johnny, everyone forgets, but that's why it's a good excuse for me to remind everybody. It's a good excuse for me to put out that PSA, that public service announcement. But the good news is one filler is going to unlock two breaks, ladies and gentlemen. This is a good news for everybody. 44.99, you're either going to get a team in court kings or prism fast break in this order right here. Top eight will get teams in one of the two breaks. And they're nice teams too. So let's fill it up. Let's knock it out. All right, now got this pack right here. Let's get this going. Spilling water on myself out of my water bottle. A little drinking problem. Hi everyone, Joe for Jasper's case breaks.com. Happy Sunday. Coming at you with 2122 Panini Mosaic basketball hobby pack break number 55. It's a last filler we got to do to unlock that flawless random hit break. That video is coming up in the next video. Check it out. Very big thanks to this group for making it happen. There are the teams right there. Let's do the break really quick and we'll use a different title for the giveaway part four and a five nine times for names and teams. One, two, three, four, five, four and a five nine times for the teams. Two. All right, so there's the first half of the list right there. Second half right over here. And let's go ahead and alphabetize by team print and rip. Hot off the presses. Thanks everyone for making this happen. Thanks for spending a bit of your Sunday with me. I appreciate that. Nothing too crazy in this, but it's going to be crazy. Who's going to get those flawless spots for a fraction of a price? Let's copy everybody's names again. One through 30, new dice, new list. It'll be the top two after nine again four and a five nine times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight and ninth and final time. Good luck everybody. Now that from three through 30 it's going to be sad times and real sad times for Jose. Very close man, but not this time. We'll get him next time. Top two, happy times for you. You're in that flawless random hit break. That means you're guaranteed something out of that flawless. Stephen P is very happy and Abraham very happy as well. Congrats to the both of you. Thanks for getting in. We'll see you in the next video for the break, jaspyscasebreaks.com. Excellent. So we'll put mosaic 55 next game. So you know you want it from that pack break. Let's get a little more non-licensed music loaded up. Yeah, that flawless should be fun from a fresh case too. That second half I already loaded up. So if you want to run this back, if you want to run it back, it's available. We can do that tonight. Got all the supplies I need. Everything is good. All right friends.