Good morning everyone. So, today we are going to start with sequential circuit and let us see how it goes. If it gets over early, I wanted to actually talk about some other topics as well. So, sequential circuits of course start with a latch and we will come to this latch earlier, but before that let us just go through a little bit of motivation for the students. Why do you want to study sequential circuits? How are they different from combinatorial circuits? So, the digital circuits we have seen so far and that was yesterday, gates multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders, decoders, etcetera. They are all combinatorial in nature and what does that mean? That means the outputs depend only on the present values of the input and not on their past values. So, in other words these circuits really do not have a history or a memory embedded in them and that is why they are called combinatorial circuits. This just depends on what combination of inputs you apply at the input and does not matter in what sequence you apply those. So, that is why they are called combinatorial circuits. In sequential circuits, the state of the circuit is crucial and you know all that in a JK flip flop for example, its output will depend on what it was, what the state was in the earlier before the clock came. So, the state of the circuit is crucial in determining the output values. For a given input combination, a sequential circuit may produce different output values depending on its previous state. So, in that sense the sequential circuits have a memory. So, in other words the sequential circuit has a memory of its past state whereas, the combinatorial circuit has no memory. So, that is the basic difference between sequential circuits and combinatorial circuits. All right, why do we want to bother with sequential circuits because they are just about everywhere. Sequential circuits together together with combinatorial circuits make it possible to build several useful applications such as counters, registers, arithmetic logic unit that is ALU all the way to microprocessor. If you look at a microprocessor, it has got the clock is a predominant part of a microprocessor and the clock is there because there are lots of sequential circuits inside including the program counter and so on. All right, so let us get back, let us get to the most basic block of a sequential circuit and that is a latch and a latch you can make either with a with NAND gate or with NOR gate and this is called an RS latch and let me just what I will do is I will just work this because the resolution price probably not good enough for you. I will just write this on the paper and let us go from there. So, we have this latch and the difference between these and what we have seen in the combinatorial circuits is immediately clear that there is a feedback path from the output to some inputs and that is what makes this circuit have memory. Now, what is R, what is S, what is Q, what is Q bar? One approach is we tell we say that this terminal is R, that terminal is S and Q and Q bar and so on, but that is not very satisfying.  So, now let us see what happens if I apply certain combinations of A and B. So, the first combination I take is A equal to 1, B equal to 0. Now, very often it is possible to just take this entire table without actually showing why what is what and why how it comes about, but of course, as I said it is not very satisfactory. It is always good to since the students already know about NAND gates, it is always good to explain to them that this is indeed what you will expect and not just state it. So, A is equal to 1, B equal to 0 and if B is 0 immediately we have Q bar equal to 1, this is Q bar, we have Q bar equal to 1. If Q bar is 1 that is getting fed back over here. So, we have 1 here, 1 here and that is why here 0 here. So, this entry of the table we can complete just based on NAND gates without actually knowing what this table is going to be beforehand. So, it is always good to start from the basics in that sense, 0. Let us take A equal to 0, B equal to 1 now and we can show that this is going to be 1 and this is going to be 0. What about A equal to 1, B equal to 1? Now, this state is sort of tricky because this is something that the students are coming across for the first time and what. So, let us let us worry about just this part and let me just circle this A equal to 1, B equal to 1 and let me get rid of this. So, in this case let us see if 0, 1 is possible. So, if this is 1 that 1 goes here this is also 1. So, this is 0, this is 0 and therefore, this is 1. So, this state is possible. So, 0, 1 is possible and by the same procedure we can also show that 1, 0 is possible as well. So, 0, 1 is possible, 1, 0 is possible. So, which one of these things will prevail? So, that depends on what these things were in the past. So, we say previous. Note that so far we have not even talked about the clock, but the clock we should bring in at some point. It is best not to bring it in the beginning because the idea of this latch is independent of the clock as such. The clock is just a synchronizing convenience that we add later on. So, it is always good to describe this just this latch. And so in that sense this circuit has latched in these previous value. If your inputs are going to be 1, 1 this previous value gets latched in forever unless now there is some change in A and B. What about 0, 0? If these are both 0 then q will become equal to 1 and q bar will also equal to 1. And as you know this state actually we do not allow. Why do not we allow that? First of all is q and q bar are not complementary that is just one of the reasons, but there is another very important reason that we will come to little later. Now, just looking at this table now we need to figure out why what we should call A and what we should call B. So, here what we are we need to introduce the concept of a latch getting set and latch getting reset. All these things remember that this point the student has not really heard. So, even when you say set we already know what it means but the student does not know. So, latch getting set means q is becoming 1. Latch getting set means q is equal to means q is becoming 0. So, now knowing this now we need to figure out what values of A and B will set the latch, what values of A and B will reset the latch and then we can figure out what A is and what B is. So, if you notice A is 1 if A is active and B is not active the latch is getting reset. So, therefore, A must be the R input similarly if B is active A is not active the latch is getting set. So, therefore, the B must be the S input. So, instead of just writing R S in the beginning it is always better to write call these some arbitrary names A and B and show that this indeed must be R and this indeed must be as much more satisfying for the student perspective. So, instead of just giving the student some magic table it is better to derive that table from first principles. So, the important point two important points here this 1 1 input gives you a previous it gives you the same state as the previous one. In other words the latch continues its previous state and this 0 0 is not allowed and we will come back to this 0 0 business a little later. So, let us get back to this slide. So, this slide is nothing but what we have just discussed just a continuation of the same thing. So, at the end of this slide we say that the input is therefore, called the reset input or R input and B is called set input. So, let us consider this further and maybe again you the resolution problem would be there. So, I will just draw this on paper this way form. So, the important thing is why do not we allow this R equal to 0 S equal to 0 entry. So, let us take another look at that. So, here we have the latch this is R this is S. So, we have we have seen earlier R is 1 S is 0 Q is B set R is 0 S is 1 Q is set 1 1 previous state and 0 0 not allowed. Now, so this is the entry that we want to look at in some more detail and see why is it not allowed. So, let us take some way form I am going to plot R S Q and Q bar. So, let you have all this in your slide, but let me just draw it here because you are not able to see this is R given this is S also given and we are given that this input Q is 1 in the beginning and Q bar is 0. So, the transition points are these transition transition points means the points at which things may change may or may not change. So, let us let us start with this point S S is 1 R is 0. So, therefore, Q is 1 and that will continue all the way up to here. Now, when we cross this S is S and R are both becoming 1 and the latch will just hold on to its previous state and all this time of course, Q bar is actually 0 Q bar is 0 at this point what happens is R becomes 1 S becomes 0. So, therefore, the latch gets reset it is always good to work this out in class. So, the students have some idea about the applications immediately comes of the actual time domain. So, let me extend this a little bit further we are now going to the next slide, but that is let me just write it here after this R and S are both become 1. So, this will continue its present state is also Q bar will also continue and at this point let us say R and S both become 0 R S become 0 S S become 0 and at this point let us say R and S become 1 1 again 1 and. So, now it is very clear like we said before at if we have 0 0 here definitely the gate outputs are both going to be 1. So, here we have a 1 and here we have a 1. So, that is a state of affairs at this point. Now, at this particular time instant R and S are both going to 1 now the question is what should we take as the previous state big question. Now, there is no unique answer to that and what will happen finally is the flip this latch will either reach the state Q equal to 1 or Q equal to 0 depending on the internal delays of these 2 9 gates and that of course, is. So, there is a big question mark here what will happen next and this kind of uncertainty of course, we do not like in digital circuits at all because we would like for a known set of inputs you would like known outputs. So, therefore, this is not allowed. So, yeah this figure is not looking quite all right, but if you look at the slides you will see it much better. So, that is the reason R and R equal to 0 S equal to 0 is not allowed. So, let us get back to the document and this slide will essentially just have done just now. So, at this point we have this question mark which we do not like. There is a NAND gate NAND latch similarly, we can make a NAND latch and once again we can instead of calling this R and S we can actually call it A and B force and show that this will turn out to be R this will turn out to be S and so on. So, I have not shown all of those figures, but you can do that in on the board if you like when you teach. So, in this case that things are pretty similar R is 1, S is 0 will reset the flip flop or the latch R is 0, S is 1 will set the flip flop or set the latch. There was a question on Moodle yesterday about what is the difference between a latch and a flip flop. So, we will come to that, but essentially latch can have a level clock level. So, latch is the level trigger device whereas, a flip flop is an H trigger device that is the difference. We will come back to this point later. So, this latch is the first two entries are identical. Now, in this particular case R equal to S equal to 0 will give you the previous state whereas, R equal to 1 S equal to 1 is invalid. So, in this in the last two entries it is different than the NAND latch. It is important to point this out and in fact it is even better to have these together at the same point. So, that the students can compare the first two entries 1 0 latch is reset 1 0 the latch is reset 0 1 the latch is set 0 1 latch is set. So, these two are identical and the next two entries are actually different.  So, it is good to put this together so that the students have a ready reference for making out the difference and similarities between these two latches. It is good to point out an application of this RS latch and in electronics if you have a mechanical switch there is something called chatter or bouncing and it is an RS latch that can actually help in preventing that from happening. The resolution may be a little low here for you. So, I will leave this to you can just go through this slide and you can. So, this is what happens in a latch you can probably see this graph at least. So, what we are doing is V o versus T in this figure what we are doing is there is a switch here which goes from this position A to position B. So, and at B we have this voltage source and at A we have this ground. So, the expected output voltage is 0 up to this point and at T equal to 0 the switch goes to position B and therefore, it should be the source voltage at this point. What actually happens in practice is that there is some chatter and then the switch position will actually be will not immediately go to one, but there will be some moments when it is actually in the air not connected anywhere. So, and that will show up as a 0 volt in this V o versus time if you expand this on the millisecond scale. Now, this is the chatter that we want to avoid for example, if you are feeding this to a counter you will actually be counting erroneously. You will be counting more what you should count. So, this is the chatter that we want to get it off and an RS flip flop can actually help in this way. So, what we have done here is this part is the same E and D this is 5 volts this is also 5 volts and the ground is connected to the center of the switch or the pole of the switch. And then we have an RS flip flop and that is the table that we have seen before and I guess this is the NAND latch because we have 1 1 showing as the previous Q. So, what happens is now this S and R inputs will have this bouncing effect. So, S will go like that R will go like that, but because of flip flop properties when S is 1 and R is sorry when R is 1 and S is 0 the flip flop is 0 and when become when S becomes 1 and R becomes 1 the flip flop latch actually does not change it remains 0. Similarly, when S is 1 this R is undergoing some bouncing and so that gives you either R equal to 0 or R equal to 1. So, the moment R becomes 0 the flip flop the latch will get set and R equal to 1 S equal to 1 actually does not cause any problem because here is just in the previous state. So, therefore, you still have the latch will retain its previous state and therefore, this will remain 1. So, now you have a clean transition from 0 to 1 that is how you can these things are actually used in digital circuits if you are comparing some things and based on that driving some further circuit this is a good latch to have. So, it is good to just point out an application to students at this point right the clock why do we need the clock. So, it is because complex digital circuits are generally designed for synchronous operation because it just makes the design procedure much easier that is transitions in with the various signals are synchronized with the clock. So, what is the clock it is basically it serves to synchronize the various operations in a microphone or in a complex digital circuit and why do we worry about synchronous circuits because they are easier to design and troubleshoot because the voltages at the nodes both the output nodes and the internal nodes of the circuit can change only at specific time that is why it is all of all of these processors will have a clock signal. The clock is a periodic signal with a positive going transition and a negative going transition. So, now this periodic does not mean that it has to be it has to have a duty cycle of 50 percent it can have different duty cycle. But the important thing is that each clock cycle has a positive going edge and a negative going edge. So, since the students are not really come across these words at this point it is good to point out that there is such a thing called a positive going edge in which the clock goes from 0 to 1. There is such a thing called negative going edge in which the clock goes from 1 to 0. And the clock frequency of course is extremely important because it determines the overall speed of the circuit. For example, a processor that operates with 1 gigahertz is 10 times faster than one that operates with 100 megahertz. And of course we have seen this revolution in processor what in 10 years ago we probably did not even have 1 gigahertz processor. Now, we have already more than 2.5 or whatever and the computer therefore the speed the things that you can do with your computer now have a change. So, now we come to a clocked RS latch and of course you are all familiar with this. So, although you cannot probably view this although this resolution may be a slight problem I hope you can at least see this figure clearly. So, this is our previous latch and now I call this A and call this B and not R and S. So, let me explain why let me just go back to the paper. So, here is our NAND latch the old one this is connected to another NAND gate. So, this is your clock and as I said this is a latch clock latch and it is sensitive to the level of the clock and not the edge as flip-flops are. This is our old friend the NAND latch and now I am going to not call this R and S, but A and B because I would like to have my R and S outside this bigger box this is still Q this is still Q bar. So, this box is the latch that we have seen before this is the actual clocked latch. All right why did we call this A and B because we want to now name these things as R and S and we do not let us see which one is which. So, for about this inner box the NAND latch we already know this we know that if A is 1 and B is 0 Q is 0 Q bar is 1 if A is 0 B is 1 Q is 1 Q bar is 0 if A is 1 B is 1 then this is previous and then 0 0 is not allowed. Now, if clock is 1 then let us call this X and Y if clock is 1 this A is actually X bar and B is Y bar. Now, remember this A is serving as the reset input and B is serving as the set input. So, therefore, X bar is serving as the reset input and Y bar is serving as the set input. So, in other words if you want to name these things we should actually name this as S and R right. So, this should be S and this should be R and then your overall flip flop if clock is equal to 1 will look like this R S then it will follow the same table as before. So, R is 1 S is 0 the flip flop gets reset R is 0 S is 1 the flip flop R is alright here is here is the point that we need to worry about what happens if R is 1 S is 1 what happens is R is 0 S is 0 if R is 1 S is 1 then A and B actually become 0 0 and that is not allowed. So, now the not allowed state is not 0 0 but 1 1 0 0 if S is 0 R is 0 this A and B will become 1 1 and that that corresponds to this entry of the latch table and then we have the previous state whatever clock equal to 0 clock equal to 0 means A and B are both equal to 1 and therefore, the there is no change and therefore, as long as clock is 0 this latch does not change its state and clock equal to 1 makes things happen. So, that is why this is a level sensitive latch. So, again it is important to actually convince students that this must be the S S terminal and this must be the R terminal rather than just stating it alright let us go ahead. So, that is what this slide is talking about alright and then there are some terms here which will be based which are based on the table that we just derived and a given R and given L. So, here is a clock signal if you cannot view it too clearly you can just get back to this slide later and see what what it is doing. So, if clock is 0 you can see that no change really happens. So, the previous queue will actually continue whether you are here or here or here and so on the same queue will continue. So, the previous value of queue will just continue when clock is high then the output will output can change depending on what R and S are. So, at this stage it is always good to show some waveforms to the students. So, that they can connect this latch with you know some real circuit operation rather than just going ahead with more and more loss and boring. So, it is better to just let them think a little bit about what happens in the time domain. H trigger flip flops. So, this is the difference between flip flops and latches flip flops are H trigger. So, the clock R S latch seen previously is level sensitive that is if the clock is active the flip flop output is allowed to change depending on the R and S input we have already seen that and we have seen an example of the waveforms. In an H triggered flip flop it is sensitive flip flop the output can change only at the active edge of the clock. Now, the active edge will depend on what kind of flip flop it is there are flip flops which are triggered by positive edges there are flip flops which are triggered by negative edges. So, here is an example. So, an R S an H triggered R S flip flop will be denoted by this little triangle here that means H triggered and if there is a circle outside this triangle then that means it is a negative H triggered flip flop. So, this nomenclature is something that the students must understand very well. Now, the table of a JK flip flop. So, what is a JK flip flop here is a simple first circuit of a JK flip flop and we will later find that there are some problems with this circuit and since again this is the font is small let me just write this here on the paper. So, we have the same NAND latch as we discussed before these are Q this is Q bar. Now, this is the input of this latch is coming from other NAND gate then there is a clock input then there is a J input and there is a K input and then there is some feedback involved. So, this Q bar is actually fed to this first NAND gate Q is fed to this second NAND gate and this whole thing is then called the JK flip flop. Why are we doing all this taking all this trouble because there is a point that is to be made. So, let us fill up some of these entries clock J K and Q N plus 1.  So, if clock is 0 what do we have we have one here and we have one here and then of course, we know that this latch will keep its present state previous state. So, it does not matter what J is it does not matter what K is and this holds on to its previous state. In other words, it is the same as what Q N was. What if the clock is 1 and this is 0 and this is 0 J is 0 K is 0 and this is still 1 and this is still 1 all the clock is 1 and this will still hold on to its previous state what about 1 0 1 now you can. So, this is clock is 1 J is 0 K is 1 you actually can then work out what will happen this 0 will immediately force a 1 here and then you can take two possibilities and actually show that all this is done in the slide and just go through this details we can we can show that this will become 0 for clock high this 1 J equal to 1 and K equal to 0 this will become 1 what happens if clock is 1 J is 1 and K is 1 that is an interesting case. So, this is this is 1 this is clock is 1 and J is also 1 all right.  So, if Q bar was 1 Q would have been 0 sorry Q bar was 0 Q would have been 1 and this would become 0 this will give you Q bar becoming 1. So, Q bar earlier was 0 and now it is becoming now it is becoming 1. So, you can explain this in class take spend some more time for the students. So, essentially you can show that this toggles right and that is a new entry. So, previously we were not allowing these kinds of things here we were saying things not allowed and so on, but now in this particular flip flop we are actually allowing it ok. But what the problem here in with this flip flop is that if J is equal to K is equal to 1 right we have seen that it has toggled, but now what happens J and K are still 1. So, it will toggle again ok. So, let us say this it was 0 first Q equal to 0 then it became 1 again it became 0 again it become 1 and so on. So, as long as J and K are 1 this will simply go on toggling and that is what we do not want. So, therefore, this circuit actually has to be improved and that actually has led to the master slave configuration. So, you need to now the master slave configuration is a little too difficult to sort of cover a basic course because there are too many cases to consider and so on, but the motivation for that at least should be brought out by showing this detail ok. So, that is what is done in this slide what we just did on paper ok. So, here is an important point consider J equal to K equal to 1. So, as long as the clock is 1 Q will keep toggling and that is something that we do not like what is the frequency the frequency will depend on the delay values of the various case involved ok. So, that is something that we do not want. So, therefore, we improve on this and that leads us to the master slave configuration. You can just show the master slave configuration in class perhaps, but actually analyzing it will take you a long long time and I am not sure it is not clear whether it is really worth it at this level. So, you could just say that ok this master slave configuration the basic operation of the master and slave is like that is when this clock is 1 then this latch is active, but this latch is still not affected and only when the clock becomes 0 then this comes into picture and therefore, this whole operation this whole flip flop becomes sensitive to an edge and it also gets rid of this problem that we just saw. So, the in the table you will see that instead of clock equal we have written a downward edge I hope it is sort of visible to you. There is a downward edge here rather than saying 0 or 1 and that is the active edge and that is when things can happen ok. So, note that unlike the R S 9 latch which does not allow one of the combinations of R and S that was R equal to S equal to 0 the J K flip flop allows all four combinations and that is a very big difference between J K and R S. Since the students are looking at this for the first time it is important to emphasize this point ok. Positive edge triggered and negative edge triggered flip flop the transition tables are basically identical except the active edge here is positive the active edge here is negative and of course, the symbols are different here we do not have the circle for the clock here we have the circle for the clock because it is the negative edge that is active edge ok. Now, this is a very very important point and let us go through this slide in detail. So, consider a negative edge triggered flip flop that is shown here. So, as we have shown earlier this flip flop has got a master latch and a slave latch and the master gets clock whereas, the slave gets clock bar right. Now, consider a clock like that. So, as seen earlier when clock is high the input J input J and K determine the master latch output Q right. So, that means Q 1 rather. So, this Q 1 is then determined by what are these inputs J and K and all that will happen when clock is 1 right. Now, since clock bar is 0 this slave output actually is not affected you do not see any output you do not see any change there is a change in Q 1, but that is not reflected in the output Q. So, during this time no change is visible at the flip flop output Q very important. When the clock goes low the slave flip flop becomes active. So, now the master is inactive and the master has already done his job it has changed Q 1 and Q 1 bar according to what J and K were and now the master has become inactive.  So, therefore, this changes that were effect that were performed by the master will can now reflect in the flip flop output Q and Q bar. So, when the clock goes low the slave flip flop becomes active making it possible for Q and Q bar to change alright. So, the important point is that in short although the flip flop output Q can only change after the active edge right what is the active edge here the active edge is the negative edge. The new Q value is determined by J and K values just before the active edge and why is that because just. So, this master has actually done his job just before the active edge right and that is why so the master will only look at J and K values just before the active just before the active edge after the active edge the master actually is inactive it does not do anything. So, therefore, in order to determine the flip flop values Q and Q bar we need to look at what was J and K just prior to this active edge that is very important. I have seen students making all kinds of mistakes in the examinations and so on if they do not get this right this is a very important point cannot really over emphasize that very very important point at this point it is good to give some waveforms. I hope you can at least see the waveforms if not all these details. So, there is a clock here there is J and K some sample values and it shows what Q looks like and this is a positive edge triggered flip flop. So, things will change only at the positive edge of the clock. So, J is 1 here K is 0 here. So, therefore, Q has become 1 remember we are always looking at what happens just before the active edge right. So, the active edge is positive going. So, we are looking at J and K values just before the positive edge here at the next positive edge. So, nothing happens before the next active edge comes along here at this point and just prior to that J was 0 K was 0 and therefore, the flip flop continues to hold it straight next active edge J is 0 K is 1. So, therefore, the flip flop has changed its state to 0 next active edge just before the next active edge J is 1 K is 1 and therefore, the flip flop has doubled and so on. So, if you show a figure like this at this point it really has to fix this table in the student's mind otherwise it just remains a table which has to be sort of mugged up and reproduced in the exam is not a satisfactory approach. Now, the same inputs, but now the flip flop is negative edge triggered then what happened. So, you can go through this now things are things get aligned with the negative edge of the clock rather than the positive edge and otherwise since the inputs are actually similar the output will not really change much, but this is an important difference. These changes in the output here are aligned with the positive edge of the clock here it is here it is aligned with the negative edge of the clock there is a difference between positive edge and negative edge triggered flip flops. So, here is an example that we have worked let us do this on paper and just see in general how to go about analyzing this J k circuits involving J k flip flops. So, let me just reproduce this figure on paper. So, there are there is a simple circuit consisting of two flip flops and they are positive edge triggered.  Now, the clock is the same for both flip flops and let me show that here it is driven by a common clock both of these are common clock. So, this is the clock in this in case of the first flip flop J 1 and K 1 are both tied together and they are tied to 1. So, they are equal to 1 J 2 and K 2 it is like this. So, we have J 2 which is connected to Q 1 bar we have K 2 which is connected to Q 1. So, there is a clock which is common that we already shown J 1 K 1 are both connected to 1 J 2 is coming is the same as Q 1 bar J K 2 is the same as Q 1 and that is it and we are asked to find what will happen to Q 1 and Q 2 as time goes. So, let us say we are given that Q 1 and Q 2 is equal to 0 to begin with and we are asked to find what happens in the next few cycles. So, I want to do this in detail because if you do a similar problem in class in detail the students will really benefit from that and it is not always easy especially if there are more complex connections it is not always easy to figure out things unless you do it systematically. So, let us just see how to go about this very very systematically. So, we write at the table here for the J K flip flop first J K Q. So, 1 0 we know the flip flop we get set 0 1 get 3 set 0 0 same as Q n 1 1 Q n bar. So, this when you are doing this kind of a problem 1 on board it is always good to write this thing in the corner of the board. So, that for reference. So, that is our table and we are going to continue to report to this as we go along. So, what do we do next? So, let us draw the timing diagram. So, this is our we are going to draw three things one is the clock and so on then we will draw Q 1 and that is something that we have to figure out what it is and then we will draw Q. So, this is the clock here Q 1 and then we have Q 2 and we are given that to begin with we have Q 1 is equal to 0 and Q 2 equal to 0. Now, let us see how to go about this little complex because there we have this kind of connection here and it we need to really figure out what is happening to J 2 and K 2 every time the clock active clock clock edge comes.  If you do this systematically and there is no way you will make you are the students will make any mistake and that is how we should really do this. So, J 1 and K 1 are actually always one. So, in fact we can fill up this table even without looking at the outputs Q 1 and Q 2. Here we of course need two of these because there are two flip flop.  So, even without looking at this Q 1 Q 2 column we can fill up J 1 K 1 because they are always try to one. So, what is going to happen Q 1 is something that we can draw even without looking at Q 2 because there is no connection of Q 2 with the first flip flop. So, it is simply going since J equal to 1 K equal to 1 we are at the last entry of this table and it is simply going to toggle keep toggling irrespective of what is happening at the Q 2 and so on right that is given that we do not really need to think much about. Now, the output of the second flip flop will depend on what Q 1 and Q 1 bar are and for that we need to actually compute J 2 and K 2 right. So, actually we need some more space.  So, I am going to write Q 1 here Q 1 previous and Q 2 previous here. So, Q 1 previous and Q 2 previous to begin with was 0 and 0. So, what is J 2 and now we need this is a very important point we need to look at things just before this is active edge right. So, these are our active edges. So, we need to look at J 2 and K 2 and J 1 and K 1 as well just before this active edge. So, that means what was the situation at J 2 and K 2 just before the active edge J 2 was getting Q 1 bar which was Q 1 was 0. So, therefore, Q 1 bar must have been 1 that is 1 and K 2 was getting Q 1 which was 0. Now, this tells us that Q 2 the next Q 2 would be 1 right. So, now next and Q 1 of course, we know that we will just keep toggling every time. So, this as become 1 and 0 and 1 and 0 this table this column of the table we can fill up even without any reference to Q 2 and that we that is we already done in here done over here in the plot. So, now what is the situation this 1 1 will actually come here this become the previous values now and now we are at this point right. Now, we are looking at. So, Q 2 as become 1 and now we are looking at just before this edge that means Q 1 is 1 and Q 2 is 1 that is what is in this table here. So, what is J 2 J 2 is the same as Q 1 bar which is 0 and Q K 2 is the same as Q 1 which is 1 and therefore, this is going to reset the flip flow. So, this is going to reset the flip flow and you can complete one more cycle and so on. So, now this 0 this 0 0 will come here that these become the previous values now right J 2 will now become the bar of this and K 2 will become 0. So, therefore, the next Q 2 will be 1 and so on. So, it actually in this particular example it turns out that Q 1 and Q 2 are identical they are just they are both following the same pattern all right, but so the point here is not what the circuit is doing, but how to go about drawing these waveforms and this kind of table is very very important without a table without a systematic approach you really one can really easily get lost. So, it is better to write down this table and then complete the waveforms all right. So, I think that is probably the last slide of this presentation yeah. So, that is what is being shown in this table here ok. So, the final comment is that note that this circuit is not really doing much as we have seen because Q 1 and Q 2 are identical it is not doing much apart from taxing over mine, but hold on some useful circuits will appear soon and that is what we will do in the next presentation. Let me go to the next presentation and then we will look at we will start looking at counters and such ok. So, let us just continue with J K 3 flops and now before we actually come to some counter counters it is important to point out more inputs that J K 3 flop can have and those are the set direct reset direct and set direct input these are called these are called asynchronous inputs and why are they called asynchronous inputs because they have nothing to do with the clock they can override the clock right. So, if for example, set is 0 the set is 1 then that does not matter what all other inputs are. So, if S is 0 R is 1 it does not matter what these others are and Q n plus 1 becomes is forced to be 0. If S t is 1 the set direct input is 1 reset input is 0 then it does not matter what these are and the flip flop is set to 1 1 1 of course is invalid because then it is ambiguous and if both of these are 0 then the normal flip flop operation continues and that is what we have been assuming in the last in the last presentation. We have assumed that this flip flop is active that means the set and reset direct inputs have been made in active. So, then of course, if there is a positive edge ticket flip flop then we show an edge here and then the normal J K flip flop table that is called normal operation alright. So, a few points about this slide clock flip flops are also provided with asynchronous or direct set and direct reset input S D R D they actually they are called by different names sometimes it is called preset and clear which override all other inputs J K and clock. Now, these inputs in some chips they can be active high in some other chips they can be active low. So, if it is a if they if they are active low then they are denoted by not S D and R D, but S D bar and R D bar. The asynchronous inputs are convenient for starting up a circuit in a known state when you turn the circuit on a complex digital circuit on you can force this all these flip flops into specific state by using these asynchronous inputs otherwise your whole digital system will be in some kind of an uncertain state which of course, we do not want alright. So, there is then the D flip flop which is a special case of a J K flip flop with K and J and K being inverse of each other and again that can come in two varieties positive clock positive edge triggered D flip flop or negative edge triggered D flip flop. And so, you can actually look up the draw the J K flip flop table at this point and show that if this connection is made then only J equal to 1 K equal to 0 or J equal to 1 N T those are relevant and that corresponds to this table. If D is 0 then Q N plus 1 is supposed to be 0 if D is 1 Q N plus 1 is supposed to be 1. So, what is the D flip flop doing? It is actually essentially causing a delay of 1 clock pulse between the input and output. For example, in this case the input is like this and the output this will appear at output one cycle later and that is because as we have been repeatedly stressing we need to look at things just prior to the activate. So, just prior to this activate D is 1. So, therefore, just after the activate D will become 1 here. So, therefore, in other words it will introduce a delay of 1 clock cycle. There is a shift resistor now again this the font size may be a little small for you but, let us just look at the waveforms you might be able to see those. So, there is a shift resistor in which there are 4 D flip flop with inputs D 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 and output Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4. There is a clock given and the input at the first D input is given. So, that is what this looks like and now we are asked to plot Q Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 and Q 4. So, you can actually work out such a problem in class. So, that the students get a feel for what a D flip flop does and this can be done one at a time because this D is going to act as an input to this flip flop and that alone is going to determine what happens to Q 1. This Q 1 is going to act as an input to this second flip flop and that alone is going to determine what Q 2 looks like and so on. So, therefore, you can do this one at a time. So, Q 1 the moment D is given Q 1 is known. The difference between the input and the output here is that this output Q 1 gets sort of synced with the active edge of the clock which is which in this case is which in this case is negative. So, the active edge here is negative and therefore, it is getting synced with Q 1 has got synced with the active edge here. Next we have Q 2 and Q 2 is a delayed version of Q 3 and so on. So, essentially the data is just shifting. So, Q 4 is a delayed version of Q 3 which is a delayed version of Q 2 and so on. Now, this can be actually represented in a little transition diagram like that and it may be a little the font size again may be a problem for you, but just look at it later and it is convenient to show in class if you want to. This shows the moments of the data how that goes through the various stages and we can try to explain this figure in class. There is something called parallel transfer between shift registers and you often need to do that if there is if you are doing some operation in which there is a shift register involved that shift register you want to load initially with some data. So, that is where this is important. So, there is a register A here the top one and there is a register B the bottom and what we want to do is there is some data in A already and that data we want to shift they want we want to transfer to the B register. So, that can be done by connecting this output of the first flip flop here to the input of the first flip flop here and so on. The second flip flop the output goes to the input of the second flip flop here and so on. So, now what will happen is one clock edge the active edge will essentially make this transfer make this top data transfer to the bottom data that is called parallel transfer between shift registers. You can also explain what a bi-directional shift register is and it is with some simple logic you can actually achieve this job. So, what is doing here what is done here is there is a D R and input data data right that means this is going to shift right there is a mode input and there is a D L or data left this is going to shift left and it is sort of simple easy to see how this works. If mode is one then this top gates are actually activated and this mode bar is going to the bottom gates the bottom and gate. So, if mode is one only the top gate is sort of passing these values and the bottom gates are just putting up putting out 0. So, if mode is one this input is 0 here this input is 0 here and so on and the data then will this D R will come here and this output of this one then will come here and so on. If mode is 0 then mode bar is one and then the bottom gates now are active and then this D L is now connected to the last flip flop here the output of this flip flop is connected to the input of this flip flop and so on. So, now you see that this the data will prove in that direction. So, we will take a look at take a more detail look at this later and you will figure out this pretty easy to understand this circuit. So, that is called a bi-directional shift register. There is a very very interesting application of shift registers and that is multiplication using shift and add. Now, this is of course a little too small for you to see perhaps, but you can take this example and explain how multiplication can be done by doing simply shift and add. So, this on the right we actually show that procedure in detail. So, maybe you can see at least this part. So, we are we are essentially multiplying two numbers 1 is 1 0 1 1 binary that is decimal 11 the other one is 1 1 0 1 that is 13 and how do we do this first we load this top number here 1 0 1 1 and that is being done here that is loaded the first number is loaded here 1 0 1 1 then what we do is we look at we load this second one with 0s and that those are these 0s and now since b 1 is 0 if b 1 is sorry since I think this in this table the one step is kept. So, just look at this part and then you can actually correlate the left and the right and so what is happening is here we are we are taking this the contents of the first register shifting it left then doing an add then the contents of the register we are again shifting left whenever you shift left you are padding these things with the 0s those are these red here and then finally, when all of these after 4 clock cycles you will get your result. So, that is what is shown in this table here the step by step procedure and in fact, there is a there is a very useful very interesting hardware experiment that you can set up with this. So, you can ask the students to multiply 2 4 bit numbers using this process it is a fairly involved circuit, but it can be done in about 3 hours time. So, you can set up an experiment based on this is nothing, but what we do in decimal numbers as well we take one of these numbers one at a time then we pad it pad that with 0s we go on adding and so on is the same thing in binary as well. So, we will take a look at this example in more detail later now parallel in serial out data moment. So, sometimes what we want to do is there is there is some data that we want to load into a shift register and then we want to shift it either right or left. So, that is what is shown here. So, there is a clear pulse the clear pulse will essentially clear if that clear line is going to all of the reset input that will just clear all the flip-flops then there is a load pulse that load pulse is going to these gates here. So, what that will do is if your a 3 for example was 1 then it will load this flip-flops with 1 if a 2 was 1 it will load that with 1 otherwise with 0 and so on. So, this after the load pulse this flip-flops will actually have the data that is applied here to these and gates. So, that data will come here and now we want to shift it. So, then after that both the clear and load inputs are inactive that means this ST and RD the set direct and reset direct are now inactive and therefore the normal operation of the flip-flops will continue and the flip-flops will start seeing the clock and so on. So, then the clock is shown over here and as a result of this clock then this normal shift register will work and this actually is shown here in pictorial form. So, let us say this is our data. So, this circles could be either 1 or 0 now step number 1 is to load this data. So, that is what that does step number then after that after every clock pulse this data will keep getting shifted and finally of course since this input is connected to 0 all this 0 will essentially come to all of these flip-flops.


Russian peacekeepers will leave Azerbaijani Karabakh. Last week, an initiative of Yerevan, a meeting of the UN Secretary-Council, was held regarding the situation around the Lachin Road. Russian political scientist and director of the Center for Political Studies, Sergei Markov, made a statement about this. According to him, the fact that the event ended without a resolution or even without a statement from the chairman worried the Armenian true Armenian experts still expect a decision in one or two weeks and this is very strange. It became clear from the speeches that the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan is not disputed by anyone and as for the Lachin Road, many countries have also mentioned the alternative Agdam Hankendi Road, the expert added. He said there is a big fundamental contradiction in Armenia's position and like Yerevan's activities up to now, the following ones will continue within this contradiction. Armenia understands that Azerbaijan is strong. The leadership of the country, like the majority of the population, agree with the recognition of Karabakh as the territory of Azerbaijan because they themselves cannot fight with Azerbaijan and they cannot find anyone willing to fight for them outside. Such agreements will expire in less than 2.5 years. Azerbaijan will not renew it. Baku will thank the Russian peacekeeping contingent for the work done, maybe reward someone for some bravery and that's it. The Russian peacekeeping contingent will leave Karabakh, then the Azerbaijani army will enter this territory and crush the Armenian armed forces, but perhaps the Armenian forces will not even join the battles, realizing that it is completely futile.


Google suspends some business with Huawei after Trump blacklist and this is the bigger headlining piece of this, but it's not where it all starts. This is kind of an ancillary secondary effect where Google who's been supplying, you know, working with licensed versions of Android and the Android Play Store and related tools is now restricted from doing that in the future with some of the Huawei phones and devices. Also, Intel Qualcomm joined in Google and cutting off business with Huawei and these are all kind of the spiraling effects based on an executive order banning the Huawei system and also there are plenty of other articles like a Huawei response and this is all fine and dandy, but this is more the political side of it. This is certainly going to be some of the fallout, but I want to talk about the more objective security side.  Let's talk about the actual cybersecurity of Huawei and this is where things get a little bit bad, especially for Huawei. So secret Huawei enterprise router snoop backdoor was actually telnet service size photo phone. They thought they found a backdoor. Well, you don't need a backdoor when there's a ton of front doors open because your product is not well made. So this was actually found that they had a telnet. Why you would do debugging over telnet? I don't know, but they were, they had a debugging interface apparently got left on and essentially is like a backdoor, but it's more ineptitude than it is a security through obscurity or some type of potential backdoor. Essentially, Huawei is not a secure company. They're not mature in terms of the way they write software and I'm not saying this because I have some opinion. I'm in the U.S. and I think, oh, this is some big bad company in China. We're going to talk specifically about the Huawei Cybersecurity Evaluation Center, HSEC oversight board, a report by the National Security Advisory United Kingdom. And we'll jump right into the summary, but I'll leave a link to all 46 pages so you can read them. This starts on page 27. But essentially it's kind of damning of when it explains why we see so many bugs with Huawei. Extensive non-adherence to basic secure coding practice, including Huawei's own internal standard mandated since 2013, making vulnerabilities much more likely. The extent of this had reduced between versions, but remained a cause for concern. Extensive incorrect use of safe memory manipulation functions. Extensive mid use of signed unsigned typing and casting for different variable sizes, not validating variables is, you know, often key how these buffer overflows begin and exploits start. A poor management of software component imports, making supportability and lifecycle security very difficult, inappropriate suppression of warnings from static analysis tools, potentially hiding vulnerabilities. Extensive use of inherently insecure and prohibitive memory manipulation functions and unmanageable build processes, including tool chains that are out of date. They're using old tools or testing in poor sanitation of their variables and the code. Now, also in this report, they talk about using really old versions of Linux to compile this and not updating the tool sets kind of related to the way the build process in a tool chain is. And a lot of this comes from not having a mature development team. Here in the US, we've been developing software much, much longer. So generally good companies, there's always going to be exceptions, but generally you have a lot more mentors and people who may be helpful in bringing on like senior engineer levels. China does not have as mature of an ecosystem around this. So you have a bigger problem. Plus the culture is different. The push to market first, get it out there first is, you know, kind of embedded in their culture from everything I've understood or talked with people who work in that industry. And that does not necessarily mean security first. Now, I know there's US companies that do this as well. It's not like it's isolated to just China, but let's talk about Huawei and the position they're in. Huawei makes a massive amount of commercial equipment, especially this is related greatly around the 5G. So you're talking about network and routing equipment.  And so I pulled up over here at the CVE details. And I'll leave a link to this as well. Lots of red here for all the different devices that are in there. Now granted, some of this is across a lot of devices because they do make a lot. So statistically I'm aware they're going to have more CVEs. But you shouldn't be having CVEs and stuff like your AR3200 series enterprise routers that have severe levels of 10. This is the Fusion Rack one. Where's the other one here? Routers that accepted just crafted packets here, the CVE 2016, 6206. This comes down to constantly being released with poor coding practices allow full level 10 vulnerabilities in enterprise equipment. I get it if you're making the bottom of the barrel consumer equipment. This happens, but we're seeing this in prices. Sometimes the driving factor, not security unfortunately. So yeah, this was cheaper than the other brands. But then it came with these backdoors in it. And like I said, why do you need to put a backdoor? And when there's this many front doors in a product? So they do legitimately represent a bad choice to build infrastructure on based on the high level vulnerabilities. I'm not saying other companies are amazingly better, but they are better than Huawei, which unfortunately I won't really think any of them have the 100% grasp of security. And I'm hoping more of these companies choose to be open source, which would allow for better code auditing, better visibility in there. And if you're building an open source product and you're using really old, and we can see in your build process, you're using really old versions of the tool chain, you're going to get called out faster than you do when you have to go through. So a oversight committee to come in here and build reports on you. So like I said, all politics aside, the entire Huawei system, it just really is not good. Anyone I've talked to in the enterprise market, you know, friends I've had in its industry, they've not found this equipment to be the best supported. They have talked about, you know, trouble with firmware updates and obviously security issues with it are not been as easy to patch as they would like to. And I know I've called out even large companies like Cisco before with their recent ASAs and the horrible job they did patching them. But the overall track record seems to be worse on Huawei. Cybersecurity is really tough. Programming is really, really tough. It is hard to write enterprise level good products, but at least you should be starting with Google tool chains as opposed to starting with really old tool chains, because now you're almost baking invulnerability from the rip. So that's my opinion on them in terms of cybersecurity and that, like I said, there's going to be more fallout from all the companies that get banned on there, but as far as what do I think of them, because this has come up many times, they're a poorly coded product that's going to have a lot of security holes in it. That's my bigger thoughts on there. Hopefully some vendor comes out there and does more open source for this. So we have better visibility and we have less worries about this. So that's about it. And if you want to read the political stuff, I'm sure you can dive into the politics of all this with all these links. I'll leave you. Thanks. Thanks for watching. If you liked this video, give it a thumbs up. If you want to subscribe to this channel to see more content, hit that subscribe button and the bell icon and maybe YouTube will send you a notice when we post. If you want to hire us for a project that you've seen or discussed in this video, head over to LawrenceSystems.com where we offer both business IT services and consulting services and are excited to help you with whatever project you want to throw at us. Also, if you want to carry on the discussion further, head over to Forums.LawrenceSystems.com where we can keep the conversation going. And if you want to help the channel out in other ways, we offer affiliate links below, which offer discounts for you and a small cut for us that does help fund this channel. And once again, thanks again for watching this video and see on next time.


The challenge of the Yukon The Wonder Dog King's swiftest and strongest of Eskimo lead dogs Blazes the trail through storm and snow for Sergeant Preston as he meets the challenge of Yukon Sergeant Preston was typical of the small band of Northwest mounted police Who preserved law and order in the new Northwest country where the greed for wealth and power led to frequent violence and bloodshed? But in spite of the odds against them sergeant Preston and his Wonder Dog King met that challenge and justice ruled triumphant It was closing time in the small bank at Selkirk Randy Davis the cashier Side Wiry as his last customer old Luke crepe pushed a small bag of gold dust toward him Last one in again today. Hey Luke. Yeah, I'm getting old I guess Can't get around as fast as the rest of them. That dog of yours is getting old too, ain't it? Yeah, I wouldn't say so Tiger's lot just spunking him yet. Haven't you boy? Here's your receipt Luke. What's wrong with you son? Don't you feel well?  I'll walk home with you. It's cold in here. No, no, I can't go home Somebody's got to stay here in the bank tonight We're shipping out a lot of gold tomorrow and someone's got to be here and watch the place till it's going Where's Bill the other cashier couldn't he take your place Bill went off hunting yesterday. Oh, he'll be back tomorrow There's been so many robberies around here lately. We feel it ain't safe to leave the bank unguarded. Oh I don't know how it's gonna feel this sick. I Never let go go. Oh My head. Hey, I tell you what Randy my cabin with me. It's good and warm And I'll give you some supper and put you to bed then Tiger and I will come over and guard the bed tonight Oh gosh, Luke that sure would be nice. Have you? You're about the only man I'd trust to do it to Heard you were in town. How are you just fine? I thought I'd drop in and have a look at the bank Hey, this is your old stomping grounds. Ain't it? Yeah I worked here a year before I got enough money saved the gruff steak me But it sure paid off paid off sure did I'm going back to the States with enough money to stop me up in a good business No more working in a bank for me from now on I'm gonna be president of one Glad to hear that cheek What's wrong with you Randy? You're sick. Yeah, he ain't feeling well I'm gonna take him over to my cabin for the night. I'm sorry. You better let me help you take him home He looks a little weak There you are Randy now you stay in bed now get some supper ready Bed feels good. I Don't want much to eat Luke. I don't feel like eating better try eating a little Randy You'll stay and have a bite with this. Won't you Jake? No, thanks, I'm leaving Selkirk early in the morning And I want to see some of the boys before I go. It's over a year since I've been here, you know Yeah, stay in at the northern hotel. Yeah I'll tell everybody that you were sober when Luke and I brought you home Randy I guess some of them thought you'd been drinking. Yeah, he was a little wobbly on his feet Good rest will fix me up Jake. I'll be all right by morning. I'll be getting along then. Sorry, I'm Eddie and Bill. Say hello to him for me Thanks, Jake so long. Goodbye Jake. Bye And I'll hurry and get your supper now Randy and tagging out over and guard the bank Don't you worry tag old boy. I'll feed you too. It's still been working too. Well If you mind tiger to warm up a little now, I guess Seems to me a bank could afford a decent store Don't make a move or I'll shoot I'll get the gold.  He's wagging his tail.  I had to dog ripped my wrist open. I've got the gold on the sled I'll never get out of town in this blizzard. You won't have to go far as long as you arrive at the cabin sometime tomorrow What's wrong? I'm just going for to get you something at the bank. Oh Luke Craig. He has been shot Luke Craig shot me I go to bank this morning that door. She's dead. I come for you. See you here in the street.  I wish you could tell us who did this Wonder where Randy Davis is yesterday. I see him walk between Luke and Jake Darcy. They hold him up Maybe he have little too much to drink Jake Darcy. Is he in town? We Jake come in the store for supply He make big strike in North.  Yes, that's what happened And look here pure it's a piece of fur from a parker sleeve. Wait Look there is blood on it and a few drops of blood on the floor Well, I took a nip out of him anyway, didn't you fella? His doggy bite when that man shoot. That's what happened All right, I must have bitten the man in the wrist when he shot Luke and he dropped the gun That's probably why it wasn't shot to who you think do this I don't know But this blizzard captain from getting very far here. We you better got some of the boys and take care of Luke's body I'm going to the Northern hotel to see Jake Darcy, and I'm taking tag with me I Barney how's the hotel business fine sergeant anything I can do for you You have a man registered here by the name of Jake Darcy, haven't you? Yeah, Jake's here good. Yeah, remember him Don't you used to be cashier to bank about a year ago. They're still here. Yeah He tried to leave this morning early, but the blizzard was too bad. Oh, he's in room 306 You happen to know whether we went to bed early last night. Well, I didn't see him come in I was here to twirl. Is that a new dog you got? Oh, no, this is Luke Craig's dog Why are you taking him with you? You'll know all about it later, Barney? I'll go out and see Jake 306 you said in there. That's right.  That's Luke Craig's dog. Isn't it? Hello boy. Yes, Jake You know where Randy Davis is it wasn't the bank this morning. Well, yes He was sick yesterday, and I helped Luke take him to his cabin Luke's cabin. I mean He probably couldn't get to work this morning. He was pretty sick. Would you mind coming over there with me? Oh, not at all What's wrong, sir? I'll tell you on the way over. I was planning to leave town today, but this blizzard is too bad Just a minute. I'll get my parking be right with Not much smoke coming out of it to me. Maybe Randy's too sick to keep the fire going He acted funny yesterday Do you think we ought to tell him about Luke? No, that's right away. Let me handle it. Don't say anything Hello Randy Hello Jake, how you feeling? Not very well Tried to keep the fire going last night. I'm so weak.  I thought we'd better come over and have a look at him I'll get this fire going Tag right down here beside the bed. Why did you bring tag home? Where's your dog? King's outside. I bought tag home defeating Hello tag He's a nice old dog seems to know you tag and I are old friends I'm over here with Luke quite a bit. Let me feel your pulse Randy Have you any fever? I think I did yesterday, but I'm all right now. Let's try the right hand sure here There Cabin will be warm in a few minutes. My pulse all right, son. Oh, it's fast, but you don't seem very sick Maybe you'd better go back to a cabin with us your partner will be there to take care of you wanting Bill I Will if he was able to get back from his hunting trip on this blizzard I can stay here Luke will be back Luke won't be back Randy What do you mean? Come on? I'll take you over to your cabin now Good thing tag and King don't fight. It's like it's quite old Well, here's the cabin looks as if Bill got back from his hunting trip as he's sled must have got here just a little while ago He got a moose. I guess he hasn't had time to take it off his sled. You feeling all right, Randy I'm a little weak.  Oh, you never has liked me kicked him once when he was just a partner.  Yes, I haven't had time to take that moose off my sled Was a bad blizzard last night. I'll just hurt your hand Bill. Oh, I Get it put her in the moose. I see when I've slipped Why are you here anyway? Is this your Parker Bill? You're on this nail? Yeah, I just got in they found old Luke bill. He was murdered last night I don't think you have to tell Bill about it Randy. What do you mean?  Where's the gold? Oh, I don't know what you're talking about.   Why didn't you use your head? He would have squeal anyway, not only chance. I pointed out the murder there I don't have to ask which one of you did it, but where's the gold? Bill and Randy will tell us that Jake. Oh and Jake I must apologize to you. I thought you were part of all this me But I don't you see there were only three people in town who could have opened the bank safe You Randy bill that's why they planned this while you were in town But there were two things they didn't plan on one was tag And the other one was the blizzard and Randy forgot about King Well, come on boys. We're going back to town. Watch them King These copyrighted dramas originate in the studios of WXYZ Troy And all characters names places and incidents used are fictitious They are sent to you each week at this same time Larry McCann speaking. This is the


delicious! What's up everyone take down here welcome back to the channel as I've recently said I'm starting to eat healthier and feel better and one of the ways I'm doing this is to make smoothies here at home in my opinion they're a lot healthier they're going out to get a smoothie and it's pretty simple so I'm assuming other people make their smoothies the same way or a similar way comment down below if you guys do but let's just get into today's video so here the ingredients we have milk frozen field berries strawberry yogurt one banana and of course you are gonna need a blender okay so first thing I do is I add the milk next I will put the fruit in next up I put my yogurt in and then your one banana put the lid on so here we go the final product a berry banana smoothie it is amazing honestly normally I'll just use strawberry banana but today I had some field berries it's the same recipe you can use pretty much any fruit for this recipe but so let's just give it a little taste for you guys delicious like hope you like this video if you do please leave a thumbs up subscribe if you have not yet subscribed and I'll see you guys in the next video please take care peace


Hello, everyone, and welcome. This is Melissa Arma with the Stock Swish and Reviewing BYND. This was the golden gap of the month for the month of June. 110,250 advanced trader risk. I'm gonna go over all of the trades. This really was just an amazing stock to trade in the month of June. I mean, this whole month, it had train after train after train. And again, these are options trades that we're gonna go over here, but what a phenomenal month for this stock. You can always watch me on Fox Business and Fox News. And if you have any questions, you can email me at melissa at thestockswish.com or call me at 929-3200 gap and follow me on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube or Skype. So I like to focus on one ticker symbol a day. I mean, I usually focus on more than one a month, but I mean, in this month of June, if you did nothing but trade every good setup in this BYND, you had a huge, huge month. And so it's indicative, again, of the confirmation of everything that I teach, which is that you only need one good stock, one good trade, one good gap, one good setup and one strategy, which is all that I do. One strategy, all of these trades that I'm gonna go over that I called in the BYND, all of them were based on my golden gap system. That's it, that's all that you need. I rate the gap, if it rates well, we do it. And it's about the focus too. So how do you make money trading gaps? Momentum, bitch, you gotta get in the right direction. And in the case here, BYND, most of them were calls, but there was a put and we will go over that as well. So the very first trade was the day after the earnings, Friday the 7th late, lately trade. I called the 138 calls expiring 614. Okay, this was, I'm gonna go back here, hold on. This day here, here's the six, here's the seventh. So the stock closed here, gap up, rally. But I called this late, C227. Costs was $7, 10 contracts cost seven grand, sold 12. This is on that particular Friday, profit was 5,000, return on investment 71%. Then the same trade did again, because I sent out a message to retake it a second time, which I'll show you in a minute, that it had moved somewhat, cost $9, eight contracts with 7,200, sold 35 bucks on the Monday. So this was taking a Friday, holding a Monday profit 20,800, 289% move. And again, I'm gonna show you this in a minute in the chart. And this is where I put that note. And you could book the first one or we take the first one that was the first trade, the 138th. Then again, 310, same day the Friday, I called the 141s, because it was moving. Okay, thinking to take that one and hold it. Cost of this one, this is the 141s. This is a third trade then in the BY&D, 880. 10 contracts risk 80, 800, sold at 35 on the Monday profit 26,200, return investment 298%. Really nice move. Then on Monday called another one, 150, 621. Early in the morning, where I saw a gapping, knew the other one's gonna be up and then called a higher strike out farther, even though it didn't really need it. Cost was 14, five contracts was seven grand, sold 29, profit 15,000, beautiful, beautiful trade. 214% return on investment. Then again, same day on the Monday as it was going, it was running, running, running. 160 calls, I called 614. They cost 1440, five contracts 7,200, sold 22, profit 3,800, 53%. This is all in that Monday. The second day then, okay. I also called the late one, well, not late, but lunch, 180 strike, which it was profitable actually if you got out that day a little bit, 614. Cost 15, four contracts, 6,000, sold at one because this didn't go the next day it gap down, failed. Profit, where it's no profit, this was a loss. It was the only loss on this so far this whole month. All the rest of the trades worked. So here's what it did. Closed here, gapped up rally, gapped up again the Monday, rallied and then here's where it gap down the stage so then the 180s did not play out. Okay, but that wasn't it. Then called on Monday the 17th. Two more, 162.50s and 165. Again, this is the BYND. So this was $10 costs of 7,000 for seven, sold 30, profit 14,000 return investment 200%. Then the other strike again, it was the higher one, 13, six contracts, risk 7,800, sold 30, 10,200 return investment 130%. And here's what this did. So again, this had this move and I'm gonna go back here, time of the day, what did I call that? I was pre-market, yeah. I called it in the pre-market on that 17th. So it was here in the morning called it and then it went like that. Next day, she took it in one day and got out the next day. Then I also bought another one. It was just like over and over. I called the puts, the 152.50 puts. So this was the put in this, the only put and this worked, called it here, fell. $11, contract seven, risk 7,700, sold 1650, profit 3850, return investment 50%. Just another beautiful trade in this stock and that's what it did. And then it started to move again, up. Then called the BYNDs 157.50, expired 628. And again, notes here for people to know what to do with this. 350 was a cost, 20 contracts, seven grand cost, sold eight, profit 9,000, return investment 128%, really nice move. And then here you see this and then it popped. The 160s, 628.19, this followed through then. Actually, to be honest with you, this followed through up until Friday. I don't know if anybody actually, no, one person didn't keep it till Friday, that's right. One person did actually keep this till Friday. I mean, it just had a move then that carried through from Wednesday, Thursday into Friday. Costs was $3, contracts 20, risks 6,000, sold seven, profit 8,000, return investment 133%. So this, actually you could have played into the very last day. I don't say that all the time with some, but if it's well through the strike, which this was, you can hold them if you want to. So let's go through all of the trades for the month of June. This is total, one, two, three, four, five. Here's the one loser, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11. 11 trades in BYND. I mean, it's just, you know, honestly, I mean, you will get to the point where once you're doing this, I don't think there's anything that ever ends up surprising you about trading in the market. Like I could say, well, I was surprised that this had so many great trades, but then again, not really. It was a new issue. I can't remember the last time something moved so quick, so fast and had so much volatility in it, but that made such tremendous play through if you know how to play in the right direction, which I do and I did and we all did. And so many people made a lot of money in this stock in the month of June. It was just every trade worked except for one. So BYND total, advanced trader, 110,250. You saw all the risk. You saw the return investment. You could have risked less, but either way, there were profitable trades. Just a huge move in this stock in all directions, but mostly was to the upside. The one put, but really such nice moves in this stock, it was really, really fun to do. Anyways, 110,250 in one stock in one month. So you could have just traded the stock in the month of June and done nothing else. How many people make the most money in one stock in a month? Not that many that are actual just independent day traders. So it was a really, really beautiful move. And when you look at the risk, really compared to the profit, it was tremendous. So you say, wow, that's totally, totally doable. And if you can't risk an advanced risk, you could divide it by half, divide it by 10. Whatever you could have done here, it was profitable. However you did it, if you took one contract of every one of these. It's about working for yourself, which equals freedom. It's not just controlling your own destiny with the money that you make, like something like this to have a month like this, but in one stock, but it also has to do with the fact that you decide what you wanna do.  You decide the strategy. And for me, it's only one strategy, it's the golden gap. And it's great to work from home. And this summertime is really convenient. So my process is I get up in the AM and I rate the gap using the golden gap checklist. I go through and I rate it. And if it totals 20 points or more per the 26 point system then I call the trade as an option or a day trade or both. But in this case here, these were options. I teach a class if you wanna learn my method once a month. Next class is July 13th and 14th, nine to five eastern time. Cost of the class is $59.99. Class is online, you can be anywhere in the world and take it, sign up really to secure your spot. The annual subscription for the newsletter is $49.99 a year. Trades are emailed to you. Again, five grand for the year and totally worth it. I mean, look at these trades for this last month. So if you're interested, sign up, do not delay or you'll miss the next trade. I'm gonna call it some huge trades this year. I'm really proud of myself. I've had a great eye. We hit it, hit it, hit it on this. Everyone was a winner but won and we'll see what this stock does in the next month of July because I'm definitely watching it and I'm on top of it and it's been a fun one. So email me if you're interested in signing up. If you're interested in signing up for the class or the letter and if you have any questions, email me too. Have a great day everyone.