What's the deal with classified documents and why did Biden and Trump both have some? Let's say you're the former vice president of Pepsi, and one day you're going through your old stuff and you find about 10 copies of old unerred Beyonce Pepsi commercials, and you're like, oh shit, I shouldn't have this.  The problem is though is that after finding the first set, you later find some more commercials at your house, which Pepsi finds a little fishy and they decide to launch an investigation. But how classified are other commercials? Who knows. Meanwhile, Pepsi realizes, hey, we're missing a lot of super secret new soda recipes. So they text the former CEO of Pepsi like, uh, do you have some of our super secret soda? And he's like, uh, I don't know nothing about that. And refuses to send the soda back. So Pepsi has to send the cops to his house. And not only do they find the secret new sodas, they find the top secret formula for Pepsi Zero too. And the thing is, we don't know exactly how either investigation will go down, but there are definite differences between the two cases.


Hey guys, I just want to tell you you may want to turn your sound up Because I'm trying to be very quiet Because one keeps sleeping So after the intro you might want to go ahead and turn your sound up Shaber 1000 here This is Shaber spooky story time Okay, I Have a true story for you that actually happened to me personally Like back in 1997 now But before we get to the story. I want to talk to you guys about something real quick the Alexa thing I did I could never get her to say weird stuff Like at 3 a.m. Or whatever, you know, I just Couldn't get her to do it But what she has been doing she has been doing Like just for no reason like night before that Monkey nice and in here watching TV in the bedroom and All at once she just started talking Now my and what I think may be going on with that is She's got a microphone Now for you guys that are in the paranormal You know, you guys may use something similar to this this just some voice recorders they have mics and You know you go and you check you leave them set somewhere for a while and you listen you play them back And you see if you hear EVP EVP's electronic voice phenomenon Now if you think about it Alexa also has a mic so If she's picking up EVP's and maybe here's her name or something sounds like her name She could be responding to that. So that's my that's kind of like my take on that So anyway To the story like I said, this is true. It really happened to me back in 1997 My first wife And I lived in a trailer okay and It was in a little tiny trailer park. There was five trailers and all there were four that went this way and Ours went this way Well, her aunt and her aunt's husband uncle Sam and Jeannie They moved in Just right across just driveway with you know, maybe two cord widths between their trailer and ours I come home for lunch about noon and I just didn't have lunch with them I had Marilyn still and You know and Jean would always come over every day and talk to my late wife and She She was there, you know that day just as always and I come in and we're sitting there talking I've been home about five minutes and our door. It was summertime. Well, I always kept the door open and All here come uncle Sam and and I said Hey, Sam, how's it going? He didn't look at no one None of us. There's three of us sitting there at the table right beside the door and as soon as you walked out of the kitchen To the left was the door for the bathroom He walked right in Over the bathroom door when the bathroom closed it Said Jeannie, I was there somewhere. Is he okay? Is he feeling around me? She said it was fine a little bit ago when I came over here. I said, hmm Is he mad? It's about something to something bothering him. She said not that I'm aware of No more. I say that maybe a minute and a half two minutes later. You know, we're sitting there talking Here comes Sam in the front door We're in the same clothes. We just seen him in two minutes before And We all looked at each other and looked up at him and no no one knew what to say and he said dish What's the matter guys who look like you seen it goes now? I said we merit very well may have and So I jumped up Went right around the corner Opened the bathroom door and no one was in there No, and you couldn't get out that bathroom window. I mean no matter, you know You just couldn't do it. It'd be it'd be hard for a kid to do it and It was weird And that is a true story him to this day. I don't know, you know, what that was all about I don't know if it's a doppelganger. I don't know But I've never experienced that before after that Very strange and unfortunately The other three people that were involved in the Sam genie and my late wife, they're all gone. They've all passed away But I just wanted to tell you that so remember that when you're You know Something like that happens. There's a reason and why we don't know But remember one thing When you're watching this video if you happen to be watching it late late at night right now It's after midnight Just remember to watch out for okay Have to do it guys So anyway There you go. That's my that's my story and But it is a true story for real. It really happens. So She bears Gary story time spooky story time Anyway, I wanted to share that with you and Say bear Let the man the legend. I'm going for now guys. Bye. Bye. Take care


All right, hey everybody welcome to episode seven of chat loop back off today is April 4th. Wow, it's April already. It's pretty crazy My name is Jeremy Rickard. I'll be the host today I'm happy to be back to learn some more things about the cloud native landscape with you If you haven't tuned in before this is a program that dives into the realms of the cloud native landscape takes a look at projects and Kind of walks through the learning process of the host to better understand some of those projects It's been a few weeks since we've done one of these and I'm pretty excited to be back If you if we haven't met before It's a pleasure to meet you. My name is Jeremy again I'm a chair for Sig release in Kubernetes. I'm also on the code of conduct committee. So you may have seen me in a few other places It's it's spring here again kind of crazy I was thinking about the last episode we did of this show that I got to host and We were expecting a blizzard in Colorado and it delivered my kids had no school And then they were on break for a little bit and now we've totally pivoted and it's like 65 Fahrenheit here It's super super nice Can't believe how quickly time is passing If you've never turned into the stream before welcome again This is a live stream that's a symbol or similar kind of a sibling show to chat a clash loop back off Which you may have seen at Cube Cup In that it's an event kind of competition style where it's two competitors or two people from the community are pitted together To solve some sort of technical challenge that's been decided and not told to them ahead of time So it's it's kind of a laid-back Maybe experience for for folks definitely for the audience and it's meant to be a good time Where hopefully everybody can learn a little bit together. I was super bummed to miss the the instance in Paris I got to do it in Chicago and it was super fun I hear there were really great competitors and the challenges were really cool So hopefully I'll get a chance to do it again in Salt Lake City Coming up in a few months. That'll be really great This stream is a little different than that It's again more focused on the host kind of going through a topic and understanding it a little bit better Learning about some project in the cloud native ecosystem I haven't done any in-depth research on this project before I think that's a key thing to understand as we dive into this I'm gonna come into this pretty fresh without really having much background on the project I know generally what it does, but I haven't looked at how to install it and I don't have it on my machine today So as we go through that if you have questions Feel free to ask them in the chat and I'll try to keep up with some of those If you see me get stuck with something definitely chime in and offer your feedback If you use the project in the past, that would be really great to have some Some sharing of knowledge between us and the and the audience Today, we're gonna learn about build packs, which is a CNCF incubating project And it's it's identified the the purpose of the project is really to think about how we build cloud native applications Generally, you know, you're gonna take your application You're gonna result in the result will be a couple of container a container or multiple containers that The package your application up and make them ready to go Without having to use Docker directly. I think that's the the keep the key point of it from what I understand During this live stream again, if you have questions, feel free to drop them in chat If you have suggestions that can help me get unblocked totally speak up that that being said This is an official live stream of the CNCF and it is subject to the CNCF code of conduct So please don't add anything to the chat that would violate the code of conduct and please really just respect Your fellow participants and me the presenter this video will be put on the YouTube Afterwards so folks that aren't able to attend today will be able to join us asynchronously Before we get going I thought we could highlight some news from the the cloud native World it's been a few weeks. So we have a few topics to look at. I'm gonna go ahead and share my screen We can take a look at a couple of different different items we're gonna share this one and Should be good. Okay, cool. So first up This was announced during cube con. I thought it was pretty cool It's a project called spin cube and it's a way for you to to deploy web assembly modules or workloads into your existing Kubernetes clusters And I think that's a pretty cool way to be able to get started You know learning this kind of new paradigm of how we're gonna package applications and workloads Outside of traditional Docker containers. There've been a few other ways of doing some, you know Non-traditional workloads inside of Kubernetes, but I think this one's a pretty seems like a pretty cool way I've seen a lot of chatter about this. I'm really excited to take a look at this and myself some point in the future and I did see that the The firm down folks plan to donate this to the CNCF and they have applied or will be applying to make this a Incubating project or sorry a sandbox project Within the CNCF. So if that gets accepted, I think this would be a really cool project to take a look at Really relevant to a lot of changes that are happening in the ecosystem At some point on a later stream, so hopefully knock on where that happens Another interesting thing that happened during cube con so some folks may have missed it But at this point it's been pretty pretty well out there that Redis has adopted a new dual source license Caused a lot of concerns and a lot of frustrations to be voiced on social media In other places and it seems like an outcome of that is that there's been a fork of this project called Valky that is also being donated to the Linux Foundation In order to continue developing What was Redis? 7.24 under a License that is more amenable to open-source consumption by it by everybody So this will be an interesting one to kind of take a look at going forward Looks like it's got a pretty big backing from AWS and Google Oracle Ericsson snaps and end users It'll be really interesting to see how this this project kind of unfolds going forward All right Last time if you were here again, I mentioned Kubernetes 130 is coming out really soon And I'm gonna mention it again because we're so close now We are just about two weeks away from Kubernetes 120 being released or sorry 130 being released You can see the the release date for that. It's gonna be Wednesday 17th of April. I think this is super cool. I was the release lead for Kubernetes 120 So we're now 10 releases away from Kubernetes 120 once this comes out And it's super exciting to see all the changes that go into all these releases and and get an opportunity to take a look at all The things that are coming this time around there's been a sneak peek I'm gonna just share this link and I'm gonna share all these as notes in the the show notes later on So folks can take a look at them if they want But I think this is pretty cool. It's got a couple of big changes that are either Graduating or will be new things to take a look at inside of Kubernetes 130 Couple of cool things that really stuck out to me were sell the common expression language for mission control That's gonna be a feature that you'll be able to rely on inside of 130 going forward. That's that's pretty cool I think the the swap support is also one that's been interesting to see Kind of evolve over time This is still gonna be in beta It'll be available for folks to try out, but it seems like a pretty pretty interesting change There's blog posts you can take a look at for that one. I'm not sure if there's one for the sell policies yet But you can check out the caps here caps are Kubernetes enhancement proposals They're pretty cool You can click through to them and you can see all of the information about what's gonna go on Inside of that change. It's really cool You can see all the work that's gone into it and this one Definitely you can see has had a lot of PRs and a lot of work that's gone into it So it'll be really really cool to see this graduate to a stable feature in 130 Speaking of those releases. I think a lot of people probably don't Try out the earlier releases if you're not aware Kubernetes does alpha releases. It does beta releases. It does Our release Canada releases so you can kind of see some of these throughout the timeline You know, we there was an alpha alpha 3 release back in February Beta release in March the very first alpha release was was back in January So you could have tried out some of these things over time And I think that's a really good way to give back to the project if you're able to you can, you know Be pretty assured that these release candidates are pretty close to where you're gonna want to be able to try them out this is the point at which the branches get created and We are really really restrictive on what things are gonna get merged into the project at that point So you have some pretty good assurances that those things will be ready to go and we do build Containers and packages for all of those things. So they're they're pretty pretty readily Available to try out and dims if you're not familiar with dims a great person to follow on on different social media platforms He put out a call for folks to test out the release candidates back when we did the RC zero a few weeks ago March 28 This thread I don't I'm not logged into what used to be called Twitter So I can't actually access the whole thread But there was a bunch of good information in this this this tweet The replies to this tweet that shows you how you could take advantage of some of these releases and try them out before the dot Zero comes out in two weeks So you're able to open bugs or provide feedback and get some of those changes into the dot zero release before it comes out For Cooper studies, I think we've we've seen a lot of work go into making these releases more and more stable over time and trying to eliminate any bugs that go into them, but you know any any Extra help that folks can have by taking a look at some of these things and putting extra eyes on things is super super useful And making some of those releases a little bit more stable and kind of on that topic The last little piece of information that I wanted to share news-wise is that Jordan Liggett has been doing Liggett if you've seen on GitHub has been doing a bunch of analysis on regressions per minor releases This is some work. We've been doing as part of the LTS working group another thing that I've been working on in Kubernetes Kind of looking at how stable are these releases, you know, when you're gonna go from a minor 125 to 126 for example What kind of issues can you expect in terms of regressions? What and what can you see from patch release to patch release? So maybe going from 128 dot three to 128 dot four how many how many your regressions are there and I think There's a lot of a lot of detail inside of this again We'll share the link as part of the show notes You have to be part of the Kubernetes dev mailing list to access this, but that's a pretty easy pretty easy thing to get There's a lot of detail that goes into this and links to a whole bunch of different information If you want to kind of drill down into things, but I think some really cool information that kind of came out of this is that we are Looking at probably the least number of regressions that have come in Most recent releases. So kind of common concern that we've heard from folks in the past is that there are a lot of regressions and upgrading from patch release to patch release is something that's not really safe or stable to do and That's actually not true based on the data that we're seeing as part of this this regression analysis So I think it's really cool data Lots of cool stuff to take a look at would encourage folks to to take a look through that if they have the interest Okay, so with all of that out of the way, we are going to dive into Cloud native build packs. So I'm gonna close those other tabs to get them out of the way for now And I'm going to jump back over to this other screen so that I can take a look at any comments or questions that come in but without further ado, let's dive into cloud native build packs and I think you can see a bunch of really cool information right out of the box about, you know What's the what's the use case? What's the value prop for using something like build packs? We see Compliance, I think that's something that a lot of people in the enterprise world are interested in Performing upgrades with minimal effort intervention. That sounds like something that anybody would be interested in a balance between app devs and operators I think that that line kind of blurs from place to place But it's a it's a cool one to keep in mind But really, I think the mission statement here seems to be transforming your application source code into images It can run on any cloud without having to necessarily use, you know, under lower level Docker technologies directly So let's let's let's go through this documentation See if we can get to a point where there's some good quick start or how to and then we'll we'll dive in and try some of this out So what does cloud native build packs do? Transforms your application source code into container images. We said that before you can Concentrate the knowledge of the container build best practices within a specialized team instead of having app developers across the Organization individually maintain their own Docker files. That's a pretty Pretty attractive kind of thing to do when you get to a really really large organization In my day job today we're doing a bunch of things to try to standardize folks and really apply security best practices across things and it's It's difficult because it's kind of like the Wild West and there are so many different ways So many different teams have been doing different things Okay, so this makes it easier to know what's inside the application images and for security compliance requirements and perform upgrades Yeah, that sounds sounds super cool Build packs were first conceived by Heroku in 2011. That's that's a long time ago since then they've been adopted by cloud foundry and Platforms as a service like Google App Engine get lab K native deus Dooku and dry. I don't know the last two But I'm pretty familiar with these other ones and I've definitely seen them being used inside of K native Cloud native build packs were initiated by pivotal and Heroku in January of 2018 and Join the CNCF in October of 2018. So they've been in the CNCF for quite a while. It's we're in 2024 now So that's that's pretty far away The project aims to unify the build pack ecosystems with platform to build contracts It's well-defined and incorporates learnings from maintaining production grade build packs for years above pivotal and Heroku Cloud native build packs embrace Yeah, sure. I can increase the font size for sure Let me know if that's any better Hello, okay. I'm gonna assume that that's big enough and we'll go from there Left off right here. So cloud native build packs embrace modern container standards such as the OCI image format That's pretty cool and takes advantage of the latest capabilities of these standards such as cross block cross Repository blob money and image layer rebasing on Docker v2 APIs. That seems pretty cool Looks like we're gonna jump right into a tutorial now and we're gonna start by probably installing the pack CLI So I'm gonna jump into the tutorial and we'll kind of work from there as we go I'll try to To maybe make some some callbacks to or if they don't show it callbacks to like how you might do this with with Docker files or with other Tools in space because there's actually a bunch of tools in the space that are doing, you know code to to image kind of Okay, so in this tutorial, we're gonna use pack Pack uses Docker or a Docker compatible daemon. So I do have Docker already Looks like you can use it with podman. I do not have podband installed. So we're gonna use Docker I don't have pack installed though. So we're gonna go ahead and install pack and I'm gonna use homebrew to do this Cuz I'm on a Mac and that seems like a good thing to do All right Okay, go start out here We're gonna brew install bill packs tap pack. Well, that's running Jump back over here Cool, they have auto completion for ZSH that'll work for me. We'll do some of that when we get there It looks like you're able to run this in a container, which is pretty cool So without having to install anything you can just run it that way You can manually install it you can do every everyone's favorite thing of curling and then Passing it to a shell. That seems like a the great thing to do Looks like there are wicks and windows Installation steps for this so looks like you're pretty much covered no matter what's What dev OS you're running on your your local machine. So that's pretty cool Okay, let's see how this is going Still still installing a couple things Okay, I'm gonna jump back to that previous page. Actually, let's see if there's anything we need to do in here I think this is the only thing that I really care about I'm gonna add that to my ZSH RC file Actually, it's not installed yet. Okay, it is installed now. So I should be able to do this. All right. So that's running. Let's go back to the tutorial Okay bill pack base camp before we sit out you know the basics of bill packs and how they work So what is a bill pack a bill pack is something you've probably used without knowing it as they're currently being used in many cloud platforms That said well bill packs are often behind the scene detail. They're at the heart of transforming your source code into a runable app Okay auto detection sounds cool This is enables them to be transparent. Okay So it's gonna look at your source code to try to determine what kind of base image you're gonna look for What things need to go into the application and how to build it probably so that's that's pretty cool What is a builder? It's an image that contains all the components necessary to execute your build a builder image is created by taking a build image and adding a Life cycle bill packs and files that configure the aspects of the build including the build pack detection order and the locations of the images. Okay, so they've got a Tutorial we can work through here. It looks like it's a simple Java app. That's what I have in mind too So we'll just use theirs instead of starting from scratch. That seems like a pretty good thing to do So I'm gonna go back over to this terminal window Clear and then we're gonna clone that. All right So we've got our samples directory here now I'm gonna bring up a VS code window just in case we need that Cool. Got a bunch of stuff in here. We have a a Docker file for Git pod but not a regular Docker file. So I do expect that because of we're we're using Build packs instead of straight up Docker files Click we've got a couple different directories in here with some application stuff And some basic images a couple different Stacks, so if you want to customize it looks like you can do different different base images. That's cool builders Yep sample builders that use the base images in this repo. That's cool. And bill packs Okay, we've got a whole bunch of different ones. This repo is laid out pretty nicely So shout out to the the bill packs people for including nice Directory level read me files. That's pretty cool. Okay So we've got that clone. Let's go back to the tutorial So we want to go into the Java apps sub directory So samples apps Java Maven and then we want to build the app using build pack. Okay, so let's give that a shot So we're gonna go to this directory Oh, I'm already in samples. So I'm gonna do CD apps Java Maven and then oops we want to Run the pack CLI Before we do that, let's just run the pack CLI without anything See what we're working with here. So we've got that in CLI installed It's a CLI for building apps using cloud native build packs. Oh, you're not seeing my terminal. Okay, hold on Sorry about that.  Sorry. That was my bad Thank you for calling that out. Is the terminal coming through now? I Think I see it in the the preview window. So I think we're good now Okay, cool so just Yeah, thank you for confirming So all I've done so far since we couldn't see the terminal before is I've cloned this repo with the get clone command and then I have changed into this Samples apps Java Maven directory. So inside of here, we've got a Basic Java application that uses Maven to do the builds. So the the pom.xml Has a bunch of Java specific things about how to build which plugins it's going to use This is a spring boot application. So it's going to use a bunch of those things under source We've got our Java directory resources and Some properties files. I think the one thing to notice inside of this is that we don't have a Docker file So there's there's definitely none of that We're going to use Bill gets the build packs to do that. So that'll be really cool The last thing I was showing before we noticed that the terminal wasn't there was the Paxiola is installed It's got a whole bunch of different commands. We'll see how many of these we get through I think the first one we're going to look at is build so generating an app from source code That's probably the thing that folks are going to be most immediately interested in So we're I think we're going to dive into that one if we go back to the docs for a second We're going to run pack build which is going to be that command right there So let's do pack build And see what it gives us as options You can specify the builder you want to use you can specify build packs the registry So there's a lot of customization that you can do inside of this. I think we're going to Start off with a little less customization and go with just the the recommended basic thing here Hello in Paris. Nice to see you Okay, so we're going to use the pack command We're going to do pack build my app and I think we're going to specify the builder here Which is going to be the simple builder jammy. So let's run this And there's a note below if this is your first time running pack build you'll notice the build might take longer than usual It's going to cache things for us. So this is the first time I've run this So this is going to probably take a little bit of time. So we'll do some more exploring while that's running But let's give it a shot see what happens Okay, so that looks like a docker build happening behind the scenes. Oh Could not get decompression stream fork X that looks like it is a Mac M1 problem, let's go back to See if there's any information that might help us debug this if anybody has used build packs on An M1 Mac and has run into a similar issue Please feel free to share it in the chat and you can get us kind of unblocked a little bit I would guess that Because this is not an An Intel processors it's not an x86 that's probably what's coming into the issue here. I wonder if So we're going to use this tool called or us And we're going to look inside of this direct this repo and see if there's anything that is arm-specific that might help us out Okay, so we've got an alpine bionic jammy Nano server There has to be a command that helps you list the available builders you may use yeah, let's let's check that I think there was a pack builders Command here Okay, we've got some suggested ones from Pakato from heroku and from Google Let's Let's try this at the different time a different builder Actually, let's try the Google one first. That's an older version of Ubuntu, but we'll see if that works for us This is a pretty cool thing. I definitely think that if I was running this In my environment, I would probably want to host those build packs or those builders In a repo that I control a registry that I controlled just for more supply chain Security assurances so it's cool that you can specify different ones and override that Keep your fingers crossed and see if this one builds for us Nope Let's Let's take a look at the manifest for that See if it has a Yeah, this is an AMD 64 image. I would guess not Not for arm. Okay. Let's try the Pakato one and see Okay, we'll just try it with this one and see if that works Yeah, it doesn't look like these are multi-arch images that may be maybe a problem for my M1 Mac, it's just a regular manifest. Okay, so we give that try but I think we're gonna run into the same problem so might need to go to the Docs again and try to find some more info on how we use it with a non-amd 64 machine First thing I would probably do for that is to find their github repo All right. Well, it looks like there is an issue on an M2 Mac with pod man not using pod man. So hopefully not that That probably is not my issue because We're not getting that far. Okay. Let's take a look at the Pack build command and see if there's anything that allows us to specify the format we want to use I don't think it's not a multi-arch image. So I don't think that'll matter, but all right. Let's try Google search and our error is I wonder if I need to enable Rosetta again. No, it doesn't seem like it could be a broken Let's try just running one of these images and see what happens. What version of Docker. Do I have? 427.1 Is it related with your current build kit builder instance? Docker build xls to see which builder. It's good. Good idea. I am using the default one From Docker, let's just make another one And switch to a new build kit and see if that does anything. Well, that's going This seems like my My Mac is not Doing correct things. I would not expect this error to come through Just trying to a good book instance Yeah, it's possible to increase the terminal size. There we go. Let's try that. Okay Let's see if I can just run just a rate. Maybe my Docker needs to be restarted I spilled engine next wrong. That's why yeah, something's wrong with my Me restart Docker Sorry for The technical difficulties Let's try to use the desktop Linux use not user If anybody has any other suggestions, feel free to throw them into the chat Let's verify if I can make another kind cluster. I have one running. So should be okay, but let's let's give it a shot Well, let's run in. I'm going to make sure that Yeah, that has a RM 64 Linux instance, I should have been able to run that. Yeah, I've not seen that error before either Which is unfortunate But it is failing to create a kind cluster now to which is like like all of the Binary formats are incorrect That is super weird Let's see if anybody has Solved this for us on the internet already And this is a mini cube issue. Yeah, that's super weird. I can't do anything with With Docker here. Let me force quit it right again Tom in the chat says this is a life of running clusters on the M1 Even if it's not the root cause it's always in the back of your head. That is true I've had pretty good luck with with Docker on this M1 so far but not not now I guess Now it's Not being so nice It's actually starting my Mac is not Not being very happy today. Yes. Docker is running according to This but I don't think it is running correctly. Yeah, it's not showing up here Super super strange. Oh Well, we are running out of time. So let's just take a look at some more of the Documentation for build packs since we're not able I'm not able to get it to to run on my Mac Definitely doesn't seem like it's a problem with with build packs. Definitely seems like it's a problem with with Jeremy's installation of Docker for some reason or Jeremy's computer Which is Unfortunate apologize for that Okay, so what this will end up doing is building us a new container We see here when we do a Docker run here It's gonna use This as the tag. So let's go take a look at the commit The pack command for a second Look at the help screen. So when you run this Test image is gonna be I think the name of the the image you want to build It does look like you can specify other tags So essentially when this is running, it's gonna generate something like my app latest You're not specifying a tag right here. So it does look like you can override that here You can specify additional tags to push the output image to I'm curious if it does push directly to Oops if it pushes directly to your your registry by default No, I think it goes to the Damon by default you have to use this publish flag to make it go to the actual The registry Okay, that's cool. That's bum output there. It'll generate an S bomb for you Omitting this flag will yield no S bomb content So if you want to generate an S bomb for that, that's a really cool feature built into this that it'll generate a Software build materials for you by default if you if you provide this output directory That's that's a really nice feature that's built into that That we didn't get a chance to take a look at Okay, back to the docs. Oh Really cool windows builds are are something that you can support. What's what's that look like for Linux containers? That's pretty Pretty neat. Looks like it's pretty similar. We are gonna run Pack build and really just specify a different builder to go along with that. That's that's pretty cool Building a custom environments build for the arm architecture. This is useful information My Mac should with Rosetta and running. Let me run AMD 64 images and build AMD 64 images like I've done that before for today But it's pretty cool that they've got documentation for building arm-specific images here as well I will try this out later on and Make sure that I can Get that to work. I think the other interesting one here is using pod man I think we're starting to see a lot of folks migrate away from from Docker to other alternatives Pod man is one that people seem to be really into Lima is another one. That's kind of kind of interesting. I would be interesting to see how that would work with this. I Wonder if I install I don't probably don't have time to install pod man to do this for this this live stream But there is really good documentation here looks like for for switching over to use pod man Instead of using Docker Directly, that's that's pretty cool Understand the build outputs. Let's take a look at that the S bomb piece is interesting to me. So let's take a look at that So They will generate Sift or Cyclone DX or SBDX. That's cool The S bomb can also be downloaded. It looks like after build time. So you can specify that command With pack build, but also you can use pack S bomb later on to do that. That's that's great That's a really good information here. So definitely I would recommend checking this out on Your own make sure you got a working Docker instance Since it's not not being too happy for me today but There's a bunch of really useful information here starting with the tutorial I think is useful I think this concepts page has a lot of really specific information That will be useful As you're kind of walking through this journey Builders are OCI images that contain combination of build packs and build time based images What happens during a build? Let's let's read that one real quick Well, we've got a few minutes left So build is the process of executing one or more build packs against an application source code to produce a runnable OCI image So the builder image has one or more build packs inside of it And it takes your app and then produces your app image So these layers can come from multiple build packs. It looks like so you can specify multiple of those The runtime image which is going to be that base image and then your application itself is there. Oh Rebase that's kind of cool. So rebase allows you to Rapidly update an image without when it's runtime based images change So if you're maybe basing on Ubuntu 2204 and a new version comes out It looks like that allows you to do that pretty pretty easily and there's a pack rebase command that does that so See what that looks like Yeah, that's pretty cool. It'll perform the rebase operation. You can skip validating probably not a good idea But you can actually have it published directly for you afterwards. That's a pretty great Feature as well All right, well, I'm gonna end it here since I'm not able to get this to run on my my local machine I apologize for the inconvenience Maybe we can do round two of this as another Livestream after we get my technical issues figured out. Thanks for joining me today again Apologies for the technical difficulties. I hope to see you


The next item of business is a statement by Nicola Sturgeon on programme for government. The First Minister's statement will be followed by a debate, and so there should be no interventions or interruptions during the statement. I call on Nicola Sturgeon, First Minister. This programme for government is published in the context of the most severe cost crisis in our lifetimes. This crisis is pushing millions into poverty. It is threatening the viability of businesses and it will almost certainly push the UK economy into recession. It poses a danger not just to livelihoods but also to lives. It is to be blunt a humanitarian emergency. The Scottish Government is already committed to measures worth almost £3 billion this year that will help with rising costs. Today I will set out further steps to mitigate the impact of a rapidly escalating crisis, but the magnitude of what is being experienced by people and businesses across the UK means that mitigation is nowhere near sufficient. So it is essential today that I also address the wider context. What is needed now is action on a scale similar to the Covid response. Action that will tackle the causes of inflation and pull the UK back from the brink. That means action to reform the energy market, action to freeze energy prices, more cash support for those already struggling to pay bills and increased funding for public services. Regrettably, the powers to act in the manner and on the scale needed do not lie with this Parliament. Frankly, they should. If they did, we could have acted already, but they don't. Those powers are for now reserved to Westminster. A new UK Prime Minister has of course just been appointed. I congratulate Liz Truss and wish her well. Our political differences are significant, but as with the previous three Prime Ministers, I will work hard to establish a good working relationship. I have today written to the new Prime Minister renewing my request for an emergency four nation summit on the cost crisis. I have also reaffirmed the actions the Scottish Government is asking the UK Government to take without delay. First, it must cancel the October rise in the energy price cap and freeze energy prices at the current level. A freeze on bills would deliver immediate relief to households and also help lower inflation, easing the wider cost crisis. Second, the freeze must be applied to businesses and to the public and third sectors. That is essential to stop an avalanche of business bankruptcies and job losses and to prevent essential services being squeezed by the cost of heating schools, hospitals and other public and community buildings. While a freeze in energy bills is absolutely essential, it is not sufficient. The energy price cap has already increased by 54%. Thirdly, the UK Government must target additional cash support to those already struggling. Fourth, the UK Government must increase the budgets of devolved Governments or grant us greater powers to borrow so that we can do more to help public services and workers. Finally, if reports that Liz trust is considering an energy price freeze are accurate, that is welcome. The cost must not simply fall on consumers over the longer term. As a contribution to funding such measures, the UK Government should introduce an enhanced windfall profits tax, for example by broadening the energy profits levy and removing the investment allowance. The Scottish Government will continue to do all that we can to help. We will always try to find the money for things that matter. However, under the current devolved settlement, our budget is essentially fixed and it is under severe and increasing pressure. I have a duty to be frank about the limits that this puts on our ability to respond as fully as we want to do. Let me illustrate that point very starkly. To start with, this year's Scottish Government budget was 2.9% lower than the year before. Every penny was allocated when that budget was passed by Parliament back in February. Since then, inflation has gone from 2% last summer to 6% in February to more than 10% now. That means that our budget today is worth a staggering £1.7 billion less than when it was published last December. In addition and by necessity, we are also spending more in some areas than anticipated. For example, public sector pay deals are so far costing £700 million more than we budgeted for. To be very clear, I do not begrudge a single penny of that. On the contrary, paying higher wages is the biggest contribution we can make to helping families with soaring costs. When we intervened in the local government dispute, we did so to help shift funding from the highest to the lowest paid and secure the best possible pay increases overall. That was the right thing to do. Criticism of workers and trade unions fighting for higher pay is deeply misplaced. That is why, to the Tories, threatening to roll back on protections for workers and restrict the right to strike, and to Labour, who last month voted at COSLA to block a bigger pay rise for council workers, I say this, our job in the midst of a cost crisis is not to press down on pay. Our job is to boost it with every penny we can lay our hands on, and that is the approach this Government will take. That is the approach we will take, but there is no unallocated pot of money from which to fund higher pay deals or extra support for those in need. Our powers over tax and borrowing are also woefully inadequate. Unless Westminster increases the total amount of money available, every additional percentage point on a pay deal and every pound we spend on measures to help with rising costs must be funded by reductions elsewhere in our budget. That is the reality, and it does mean hard choices. Our emergency budget review is intended to maximise the help we can provide while still balancing the books. That will mean stopping some things we planned to do to fund what is essential to support people through this crisis. John Swinney will say more about the budget review in a statement tomorrow. However, that work will be impacted by the fiscal plans of the UK Government. For example, if Liz Truss decides to pay for irresponsible and regressive tax cuts by reducing spending on public services, that could mean an immediate cut in Scotland's budget. It is not possible, therefore, to conclude our own budget review until we understand the impact of decisions that will be taken at Westminster in the days and weeks ahead. However, I can confirm that within two weeks of an expected UK Government budget, we will lay out an emergency Scottish Government budget review to Parliament. That will inform our annual budget bill for 2023-24. The cost of living crisis means that this programme for government is even more focused than usual—deliberately so. Our ambition and our intentions are unchanged. Our commitment to the full Parliament plans set out in last year's programme and in the Bute House agreement stands, but increased uncertainty and rising costs are very real. Quite simply, given all I have set out, we cannot do everything that, in more normal times, we would want to do. I know that that is not a message anyone wants to hear, but that unfortunately is the reality. Understandably, there are also calls on the Scottish Government every day for more support. We will respond as positively as we possibly can. Where we cannot do so, though, it is not a lack of political will that stops us, it is a lack of money. As well as targeting our own resources as effectively as we can, we will continue to apply maximum pressure on the UK Government to provide the additional funding that is so desperately needed. I hope that we will have the full support from parties across this chamber in doing so in the interests of the people of Scotland. I will now turn to the priority actions that are set out in this programme for government. Those are focused on providing help now, but also on continuing our long-term work to build a wealthier, fairer and greener country. We will take the following steps to strengthen the emergency safety net for those who are right now struggling to pay bills. First, to provide more help for people who may be at risk of self- rationing or even self-disconnection from their energy supply, I can announce that we will double the fuel insecurity fund from £10 million to £20 million this year. Secondly, we will give local authorities flexibility to use discretionary housing payments to help with energy costs as well as with rent payments. We will also increase funding for discretionary housing payments by £5 million. Thirdly, we will extend eligibility for the tenant grant fund introduced as part of our Covid response so that it can provide help for those struggling to pay rent as a result of wider cost of living increases. This Parliament regrettably does not have the power to freeze energy prices, but there are other costs that we can and we will use our devolved powers to bear firmly down on. To that end, I can announce that ScotRail fares will be frozen until at least March 2023. As well as rising energy bills, housing costs and increasing levels of debt are a concern for many. We do not control mortgage or general borrowing rates, but we will continue discussions to encourage banks and other financial services firms to take an approach that maximises security for homeowners and for businesses. We will also raise the minimum threshold at which bank arrestments can be made and introduce regulations to give greater protection to those repaying debts through the debt arrangement scheme. A new bankruptcy and diligence bill will also seek to improve the lives of those who are struggling with debt. In what is perhaps the most significant announcement I will make today, I can confirm to Parliament that we will take immediate action to protect tenants in the private and social rented sectors. I can announce that we will shortly introduce emergency legislation to Parliament. The purpose of the emergency law will be twofold. Firstly, it will aim to give people security about the roof over their heads this winter through a moratorium on evictions. Secondly, the legislation will include measures to deliver a rent freeze. The Scottish Government does not have the power to stop your energy bill soaring, but we can and will take action to ensure that your rent does not rise. By definition, these are temporary measures, but they will provide much-needed security for many during what will be a difficult winter. We envisage that both measures will remain in place until at least the end of March next year. Crucially, I can confirm that we will time the emergency legislation to ensure, subject of course to Parliament's agreement, that the practical effect of this statement is that rents are frozen from today. Two of the most important and fundamental sources of security for any of us are a job and a home. In times of economic and financial crisis, those can be the foundations that help people through. The Scottish Government's powers to respond to this crisis are constrained. That is a matter of the utmost frustration. However, our policy of no compulsory redundancies in the public sector, which we continue to support, notwithstanding the budgetary pressures that we face, will give those delivering essential services the peace of mind of knowing that their job is safe over this winter. For those who live in rented accommodation, we aim to ensure that their homes will be safe too. The choices any Government makes ultimately come down to a question of values and priorities, where we can, we are prioritising interventions that will provide security, stability and reassurance by safeguarding jobs and homes. We will put as much money as possible into people's pockets through decent pay rises, and we will continue to make tough choices to target support to those who need it most. This programme also sets out measures to address longer-term challenges and build a wealthier, fairer and greener country. I can therefore announce that a housing bill in the coming year ahead will improve affordability for the longer term, provide new and strengthened rights for tenants and implement key policies on short-term lets and the prevention of homelessness. We will support more households to install energy efficiency measures through continued investment in and extended eligibility for the warmer homes Scotland programme. This will help lower energy costs, reduce energy use and deliver our climate change obligations. We will also launch a £25 million Clyde mission decarbonisation fund to support zero-way mission heat projects and communal heating systems along the length of the river Clyde. We will also continue our work to tackle child poverty, increase opportunity and improve educational attainment. The most significant anti-child poverty measure anywhere in the United Kingdom is the Scottish child payment. It already delivers £20 per week for every eligible child up to age six. I can confirm today that from 14 November the Scottish child payment will increase again to £25 per week per child. This means that the Scottish child payment will have increased by 150 per cent in less than eight months. The payment will also open on that date to applications for children up to age 16. These extensions to a strand of the social security safety net that is completely unique to Scotland will make more than 400,000 children eligible for support of £1,300 per year. It will lift children out of poverty, enhance their life chances and improve the lives of thousands of families across the country. In addition to best start grants, the early learning and school age payments will now be awarded automatically to families in receipt of the Scottish child payment without any need for a further application. We will also make two-child bridging payments by the end of the year. I know that there have been understandable calls to increase the value of those payments in light of the cost crisis. For the reasons that I set out earlier, we cannot commit to this today, but I can confirm that this will be given priority consideration in the emergency budget review. We will also take further action to reduce the cost of the school day. Having delivered universal free school meals for all pupils in primary 1 to 5, I can announce that we will now start work with local authorities to extend universal provision to all pupils in primary 6 and 7. We will continue to keep the promise to children and families in and at the edges of the care system. This year, the first 50 million of the 500 million whole family wellbeing fund will be invested to improve support for vulnerable families. I can also announce that we will introduce a children's care and justice bill to ensure that young people who come into contact with the justice and care systems are treated more appropriately. I am pleased to confirm that, among other measures, this bill will finally end the practice of placing children under 18 years old in young offenders' institutions. We will also continue to invest in and improve early education and childcare and school education. Last year, we delivered the expansion of funded early learning and childcare for all three and four-year-olds and eligible two-year-olds. In the year ahead, we will design and test options to extend year-round childcare for school-age children. Our school buildings are in the best condition that they have ever been, and over the coming year, work will start on a further 17 new schools. We will also introduce an education reform bill. This will establish an independent education inspectorate and a new public body responsible for qualifications. To support our commitment to substantially eliminate the poverty-related attainment gap by 2026, we will invest £200 million each year in the Scottish attainment challenge. Having already met the initial target for widening access to higher education, we will now appoint a new widening access commissioner to build on this progress. We will continue to support our national health service, the NHS recovery plan to tackle the Covid backlog and build sustainability will be supported by more than £1 billion of targeted investment over this parliament. We will invest £50 million to help improve accident and emergency waiting times. We will ensure that waits of more than 18 months for outpatients are eliminated in most specialties by the end of this year and for inpatients by September next year. We will then aim to eliminate waits of more than one year for outpatients by March next year and for inpatients in day cases by September 2024. As part of work to reduce waiting times, the next four national treatment centres will open over this coming year in Fife, 4th valley, Highland and at the Golden Jubilee in Glasgow. We will also invest a further £10 million to improve waiting times for cancer diagnostics and treatments and establish a further two rapid cancer diagnostic services. We will also continue to offer protection from Covid. Over this autumn and winter, Covid booster shots alongside flu vaccines will be offered to those most vulnerable to serious illness and we will provide NHS boards with funding and support to deliver co-ordinated services for those living with long Covid. We will also introduce legislation for a patient safety commissioner to help improve safety and amplify the voice of patients and we will publish a new mental health and wellbeing strategy and a refreshed suicide prevention strategy. The year ahead, we will also see the creation in law of the national care service. The new service will deliver the consistency and quality of care across Scotland that people deserve. It will be the most significant development in health and social care since the establishment of the national health service. We will also drive forward our national mission to reduce drug deaths with a total investment of £250 million by the end of this Parliament and we will continue to work with partners with the clear aim, if and as soon as possible, of establishing a safer drug consumption facility in Glasgow. We will also introduce a new public health bill to restrict promotions of less healthy food and drink and we will consult on proposals to restrict alcohol promotions. We will take forward a range of actions to improve women's access to healthcare and appoint a women's health champion and we will work with Gillian Mackay and MSPs across this chamber to safeguard the access of women to abortion services without harassment or intimidation. As well as investment in health and care services, we will support the justice system. We will introduce a criminal justice bill. Amongst other measures, this bill will provide for the abolition of the not-proven verdict. If approved by Parliament, this will be a change of truly historic significance in Scotland and one firmly intended to improve access to justice for victims of crime. This bill will also deliver statutory protection for the anonymity of complainers in sexual offence cases. In the coming year, we will also consult on specific draft laws to give effect to the recommendations in Helena Kennedy's report on tackling misogynistic behaviours. We intend to introduce a misogyny and criminal justice bill later in this Parliament. We will also introduce a police complaints and misconduct handling bill to improve the way in which complaints about the police are managed and investigated, and a legal services regulation reform bill to improve the accountability and transparency of the legal complaint system. We will introduce a charities regulation bill to update and strengthen the legal framework governing the work of charities. Let me now turn to business and the economy. The pressures on business, as on individuals, are acute. We will continue to support both the lowest business rates poundage and the most generous small business rates relief scheme anywhere in the UK. We will support the business community in demands to the UK government for, among other measures, an energy price freeze and a reduction of that on energy bills. For the longer term, we will continue to implement the national strategy for economic transformation with a laser focus on entrepreneurship, productivity and skills and new market opportunities. In the year ahead, we will further fund the Scottish National Investment Bank to deliver its key missions. We will support further improvements to broadband infrastructure. We will establish a national network of six new hubs for tech companies, giving Scotland's tech start-ups access to some of the best development and support anywhere in the world as part of our wider work to promote entrepreneurship. We will continue to deliver our export growth plan with new export plans for the life sciences and renewable sectors. It is worth noting that Scottish goods exports, excluding oil and gas, grew by more than 5 per cent in the two years to the end of March compared to a fall elsewhere in the UK. Scotland's position as the most successful location in the UK outside of London for inward investment projects has also been strengthened. We will also introduce a local visitor levy bill to give local authorities additional fiscal flexibility. That will help councils if they so choose to fund activities related to tourism and related infrastructure. One of the central aims of the national strategy for economic transformation is to maximise the jobs and economic activity that the net zero transition can deliver. The recent Scotland auction, which offered lease options for up to 28 gigawatts of energy, has the potential to deliver £28 billion of supply chain work. Indeed, Scotland has a golden opportunity now to lead an energy transition that secures net zero, enhances energy security and lowers energy costs. We must grasp that opportunity. However, maximising that opportunity will require fundamental reform of the energy market. The scandal of the current situation, the scandal of extreme fuel poverty in energy rich Scotland, is that renewable electricity is already relatively cheap. Offshore and onshore wind can now provide electricity at a lower cost than nuclear or gas fire power. Yet the wholesale price of electricity in Britain is driven by gas, the most expensive form of generation. That must change. We will press the UK government to speed up fundamental reform of the energy market and break the link between the cost of gas and the price of renewable and low-carbon electricity. In the meantime, we will do all we can to speed up our development and use of renewable energy. This autumn, we will seek approval for the fourth national planning framework, which will support the delivery of renewable energy projects. In the year ahead, we will publish an energy strategy and a just transition plan to guide our path to net zero. We will continue to support solar energy and maintain Scotland's position as one of the most advanced nations in the world for the development of wave and tidal technologies. We will set out plans for a further expansion in onshore wind capacity, as we also support the massive expansion in offshore wind. The scale of our onshore and offshore wind capacity also gives us huge potential in green hydrogen. In the coming months, we will work to develop a new hydrogen industry with publication of the finalised hydrogen action plan and investment proposition backed by £100 million of capital funding. Finally, we will establish two green ports in Scotland and make the first investments from the £500 million North East and Murray Just Transition Fund. We will also introduce a circular economy bill to increase the reuse and recycling of materials. Next August, we will launch the deposit return scheme to encourage the reuse and recycling of containers such as drinks bottles. We will also support public transport. In addition to the freezing of ScotRail fares, we will support bus services, including the continued delivery of free bus travel for all those under 22 and over 60. We will invest in vital improvements to ferry services and consult on the new islands connectivity plan. We will support the shift to electric road vehicles and will do even more in the year ahead to support active travel with investment in new routes for walking, wheeling and cycling. Alongside the climate crisis, we will take action to address the nature crisis. In the year ahead, we will publish a biodiversity strategy and take action to stimulate private investment in nature restoration. We will continue work to identify the location of a new national park and develop a land reform bill to further diversify land ownership and empower communities. We will work with partners to further improve flood protection and resilience and support farmers and crofters to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We will introduce a wildlife management bill for grouse to reduce the negative impact of some grousemure practices on wildlife and the environment. In addition to those that I have mentioned already, this programme also includes bills for the new devolved tax on aggregates and to clarify the law on trust and succession. Last but by no means least, this programme for government provides for a Scottish independence referendum bill. If the outcome of the forthcoming Supreme Court referral confirms that a consultative vote is within the competence of this Parliament, I can confirm that we will legislate for a referendum on 19 October next year. This current crisis highlights starkly the pressing need for independence. We are being reminded every day that where and in whose hands power lies really matters. This crisis is much worse in the UK than in other developed countries because of a Brexit that Scotland voted against but was powerless to stop. Under the current devolution settlement, powers overborrowing, taxation and energy regulation, the key powers needed to address this crisis are reserved to Westminster, and yet the exercise of those powers by a UK Government Scotland did not vote for has been woefully inadequate. As a consequence and despite the obvious and urgent need to provide help to millions, people are suffering. This Parliament by contrast stands ready, willing and eager to act, but we lack the powers and resources that we need to do so in all the ways necessary. Independence would give us, like it does other independent countries, the levers that we desperately need to respond to a crisis like this. More than that, independence would give us the wherewithal to build a better, wealthier, fairer future. That is the prize that we should now grasp. Despite the uncertainties that we face and the current limitations on our powers, this programme seeks to chart a path towards a better future. We will do everything possible to support people and businesses through the months ahead, and we will do so in a manner consistent with our values and our long-term vision for Scotland. We will improve our energy security and cut carbon emissions. We will support business growth. We will tackle the lasting harm caused by child poverty. We will prioritise help for those who most need it. Just as we did in the face of a virus, we will foster a spirit of solidarity to help each other through the challenges ahead. We will provide as much security and reassurance as we can in these tough times as we continue to lay the foundations for a more equal and more sustainable country, and together we will build a wealthier, fairer Greener Scotland.


Kevin, and thanks for everyone for joining us here today. As Kevin said, my name's Justin Kitzes. I'm one of the Data Science Fellows here. And those of you who know me especially know that here at BIDS, one of my main areas of interest is in the area of reproducibility. So actually, before I get into the main talk, I want to just mention this project that we've been doing for about a year here at BIDS. It's going to result in an edited volume, a book called The Practice of Reproducible Research. We have about 30 contributed case studies of reproducible research workflows from data intensive sciences, as well as some pedagogical instruction chapters. So if you're interested in this project also, please feel free to grab me after the talk. But for today, I'm going to talk about supporting reproducibility and reproducible research in a different way, not from the perspective of education, but from the perspective of software. So in these few minutes, I'm going to talk a little bit about how we, many of us as software developers, can support our users in creating and using reproducible workflows. And I'll be specific here in stating that by reproducible in this context, I'm thinking of the very low-level question of computational reproducibility that is just if you have your data, your scripts, and your instructions, can you simply redo the study and get the same answer back that you had the first time? And as one of many possible ways to answer this question, I want to show you very briefly a software package that developed with a colleague and released this past year. And this is called MacroEco. So aside from my life here in data science, I'm a quantitative ecologist. And this package, MacroEco, supports a particular type of quantitative ecological analysis. And I won't describe that in detail, but if there are any biologists or ecologists in the room, again, feel free to grab me after the talk. So at one level, our package MacroEco is just like any other Python package. You install it with PIP. You import it in a script. You use the functions. But more interestingly, what we did with this package is we developed a high-level interface called MacroEco Desktop, which had the particular goal of supporting reproducibility by enforcing provenance for data and results. So in other words, this interface MacroEco Desktop makes it simple to and, in fact, requires you to save all of your raw data, your input parameters, and your results together, linked together in a standardized format so it's always very clear what inputs led to which outputs. And of course, by bundling everything together systematically in that way, the package also makes it fairly trivial to create a push button workflow where you run a single command and you can recreate the results of the entire study. So I'll show you extremely briefly how this works. So for this example, we have a data set from a tropical forest plot in Panama where we have trees identified to the species level and coordinates in space. And we can open up the software. This is the MacroEco Desktop window. As an example, the big text area is the key. We write and we save a parameter file. Some of you notice this is any file syntax. It's not programming code. It's not something you have to learn how to write. It's just a key and a value. You're telling analysis for the metadata. You use this value and different things like that. You load up a simple file like this. You push a button that runs fairly quickly and saves the results right here alongside of all of the inputs. In this particular case, we have this systematically saved tables always in the same format and figures as well. For any of you who are ecologists, who happen to be ecologists, this is a species abundance distribution, empirical data in black with the fits of two different models that we asked for there in the colors. So it does all of this, saves everything side by side so that you always have it with you. That's essentially all of it. At least all that I'm going to show you today. The important things to note are that when you set things up this way, if you wanted to rerun the analysis to reproduce it, you just reload the same parameter file with the same data set, make a few changes. You can press that single button and regenerate all of the same results or slightly modified ones. Unless it seemed that we've gone out of our way to create another irreproducible graphical interface, I'll note you can do all of the same stuff from the command line to programmatically from within a script. And that is all that I'm going to show you today. So feel free to chat with me if you're interested. There's more information in our documentation online. Thanks very much. Thank you.


Welcome to another session of the industry and today I will be speaking about the topic of radiographic anatomy in the max land mandible or the radiographic analytical landmarks that you see in the max land mandible. Why is it necessary to appreciate these structures of these landmarks? It is just simple to identify any variations or any pathology that has been affecting these landmarks. So, it is highly easy as an appreciable differentiate between the normal from that of the pathological conditions. Tooth, as you may know, we have enamel, dentin, the pulp. Today in this topic we will be speaking about two terminologies as the radiolucency and the radioplasticity. In radiolucency is nothing other than these darker areas that you may see here and radioplasticity is found to be this wider areas that you see, opaque areas. So, in this you can see that the enamel which is highly mineralized around 90% of mineralization is seen. So, that is where you see more radioplasticity. Then you have your dentin which is around 70% of mineralization. That is where you are able to differentiate from that of enamel. Then you have the pulp which is a soft tissue which carries your blood vessels and your norming formations. There you may see a radiolucency. This is your broken end space, your radical pulp and this is your coronal pulp. Then you have your cemento enamel junction that is located over here. Cementon is not that appreciated in your radiographs because it is found to be less mineralized than compared to that of your dentin. That is where you do not appreciate much of your cemento in the radiographs. It is only you can demarcate the cemento enamel junction that is located here. These arrows that are pointed out here is nothing other than the cervical bone out. It is nothing that is like a normal configuration that you see sometimes in some radiographs when you see them in the cervical area, you might see this kind of a decreased x-ray absorption that is seen between the ablacrust that of your cervical region of the tooth. So, how to differentiate that from your tooth carries or your cervical carries is by seeing the outline. As you may see here the outline is found to be normal. There is no disruption in that outline. So that is why this is considered to be a cervical bone out, not that your caries relation. Next, we have your alveolar bone, where you have your alveolar bone proper or to the bone in the cancerous bone. In your alveolar crust, first and foremost that you should know about alveolar crust is nothing other than a radiopathal line that you see a flat line that is seen between the two adjacent teeth that are being pointed out here. This is your alveolar crust. Why do we need to know about this alveolar crust is that you can differentiate the condition called as the pathological condition called as a pyridontitis based on the level of the alveolar crust. So, you can detect your bone loss in such cases when there is a receding person, bone loss, you might say that there is pyridontitis condition. How do you appreciate that? It is just that the alveolar crust is said to be not more than 1.5 mm from that of your cemento enamel junction. If it is more than that, then definitely you might see that there is a receding of the alveolar bone levels that you can consider as a bone loss and it is indicative of your pyridontitis condition. Next is your minor duela. This has a lot of significance of clinical significance in most of the cases, especially in your periapiculations and your other cystic conditions and all. In your minor duela, the other name is hardlea. It is so called because of its radiographic appearance. There is nothing in the radiopay outline that you might see here. It is extending from your alveolar crust around the periapics and then going on to the other side. Between this radiopay outline and to the dent, you will see a radiolucent outline. There is nothing other than your pyridontal ligament space. Pyridontal ligament space contains your principal fibres and your pyridontal ligament fibres. That is why it seems to be a radiolucent outline. Then you have your particular bone as a cancerous bone. In your cancerous bone, you have your de-tobacilli or the other name for a cancerous bone as a de-tobacilli of a bone. It is also called because you have some kind of radiopic outline, rods and plates that are seen with some marrow spaces. You may see here a linear kind of radiopic outline. Then, between that, you have some radiolucency that is circular kind of a small marrow space. This is what a cancerous bone is about. This is how to differentiate that of each that is from your anterior mantle and anterior mandible, that of the posterior mandible. Here, you can see that in your posterior and anterior mandible, you will see it forms a more denser de-tobacilli pattern. Then, compared to that of your maxilla, you might see a little more sparse, fine, its kind of grainy like that you see in your posterior maxilla. The marrow spaces in the posterior aspect, when compared to your anterior, you will see that marrow spaces are formed to be more larger than that of your anterior. Moving on to the structures, the anatomical landmarks that you see in the maxilla, we will divide this from each aspect, that is each region, that is your incisor, maxilla incisor region, what all of the anatomical landmarks that you see under the incisor region. First, the incisor for anus, when you have taken a skull view, that is, you must have studied in your osteology classes. In the palatal aspect, you will see that between the two central incisors, there is in the midline one structure wherein you might see the depression. The depression that is seen between this suture, this suture line is nothing other than your medial palatin suture or the intermaxillary suture, which is extending from your alkyrest, which goes posteriorly. So, posteriorly extends to your palatal. And here, you can see a depression.  In here, the radiograph, you will see it as a radial lucid outline. But sometimes, you might see an ill-defined or a well-defined video pic outline surrounding it. It is seen on either side or bilaterally with that of your main palatin suture, that is, within the middle third to the apex region of your central incisors, the roots of the central incisors. Next, in the skull view, as I said, I already explained to you what is a medium palatin suture. Then, a suture line that you see extending from your alkyrest. Posteriorly, it extends to your palatal. You might see this in your radiograph as a radial lucid outline or radial lucid line that is seen extending from the alkyrest level. It improves till your anterior nasal spine. You can see the radial lucid outline. Next, in the skull view, you see a nasal fossa, facial aspect. You might see it here, that is, lying in the midline, either side of the midline of your central incisors above the root of the central incisors. It's considered other name also in white and far roots given as nasal aperture or the air care, because it's an air-filled cavity. You can call it a nasal fossa too. You can see a radial lucid hollow structures that are seen bilaterally or laterally to the midline of your nasal septum. This is a radiopic structure that you see as a nasal septum. The radiopic line that you see posted into the anterior nasal spine posted into that is your nasal septum. What you see here is an inferior conquer in this skull view that you see in the facial point of view. You can see here, this is like a mucus membrane that is covering that of your inferior conquer. You can see it as a more like a homogenous radiopic mass leg that is seen posterior to your nasal aperture or your nasal cavity. Then you have your superior foramina, the nasal palatine canals.  It is found to be located superiorly to that of your incisor foramina. So here is your nasal fossa. Just about that you will see either side is your superior foramina which is a radiolucid structure. Always remember the hollow structures are air filled cavities and mostly radiolucid areas. Then you have an anterior nasal spine which is found to be 1.5 to 2 centimeters above your alveolar crust level from that of your between the central incisors has been located. So this is a radiopic B leg shaped structure that you see is your anterior nasal spine. And sometimes in some radiograms you might see this kind of homogenous end of an alkaline radiopic alkalino here. You can see here there is nothing other than your nose itself that is your soft tissue of the nose. This is soft tissue of the nose. This is the soft tissue of your lip. You can see here it's a green. Now to summarize your maxillitis incisor region model of the structures that you see. You can see here the A part. This is your radiopic line that is seen posterior to that of your anterior nasal spine. This is the nasal septic. This B that you see a homogenous radiopic mass leg. This is your anterior conga. And then this is your radiolucid well defined radiolucid avoid structures that you see bilaterally adjacent to that of your medium belt and suture. This is your incisor for an anterior nasal spine. You see here the B shape structure. This is your inferior conga. The B that has been pointed up. A is the nasal septum. And this red ROZMB mark is your soft tissue shadow of your lip. What is this red octetal mark that you see? As I said there is a clinical certificate that you might notice with your lamina dural. You notice that the lamina dural in the structure has been disrupted or it's going to be discontinuous. And then you can see a kind of radiopic mass over here. Already an RC treated tooth. So it's kind of a lesion that you see here. So let me explain into the next chapter there's a bulk in periapical lesions in that. Others speak about this. Nothing and then periapical lesion that you see here. Okay. Might be also another differential diagnosis you can give is a periapical scar too. Because already you can see that as R, B, and RC treated. You can see that differential diagnosis of periapical lesion, what a periapical scar. Moving on to the cancer recanine region. The maxillary canal is in the facial aspect of human skull. You can see the depression that is seen between your lateral incisors with that of your maxillary canines. You can see that a depression between the roots of these two structures. You can see in the radiograph you can see that is a radial loosened structure that is seen here. It's in a curved shape or it's on a long shape. It is seen between the roots of your lateral incisors and that of your canine. This is one of the favorite questions that are asked by certain white ones. This is also for short notes too. This is called as a white inverted Y-line of NS. NS, the spelling E double N-I-S. This is the structure that is being formed by two different landmarks i.e. your floor of the nasal cavity or the nasal aperture and the anterior border of your maxillary sinus. Please remember this blue outline, the blue marked arrow is pointing out towards the anterior border of your maxillary sinus. This is not the end of the floor of the maxillary sinus. The floor of the maxillary sinus is seen in your posterior teeth and especially near the apices of your or above the apices of your fold of the maxillary molars or the pre-molars. Here in the canine region you will see that the inverted Y-line of NS is being formed by the floor of the nasal cavity and the anterior border of your maxillary sinus. Then you see one structure that is a radial loosened, sorry, radial pick, mass that is seen here. This is nothing other than your soft tissue shadow of the nose. The red mark that you see here, the oblique and radial pick outline that you see is your nasal labial. Summarizing the structures that you see in your maxillary canine, it's your floor of the nasal cavity. Then you have your anterior border of your maxillary sinus. Then the C that you see here, the oblong of the radial loosened structure that you see between the roots of your lateral incisor and your canine is your lateral prosci. This is just a diagrammatic representation which I've already explained previously. What are the structures that you see in your maxillary cospits? With this you can see that sometimes the anterior border of the maxillary sinus, you can see that it might pass across your periapics of the maxillary canine. Sometimes it can be encircled over the periapics. So always try to differentiate from the pathologies by seeing the variation laminar dura, appreciating your laminar dura opposite, whether it is continuous or whether it is discontinuous. Then you can notice that there's any pathology of any kind of variations that are seen to these normal structures. With this one you can see that the white arrows that are pointing out is your flow of the nasal cavity. Then the adjacent maxillary sinus, this is your anterior border of the maxillary sinus. Now next is the structures that you see in the maxillary molar region. Your favorite question to be asked is your maxillary sinus. Your sinus as you have already studied in your anatomy, you have the pyramidal structure and air filled cavity that you see in the posterior maxillary posterior area. So it's found to be one of the largest paranesial sinuses that you see in your skull. And here you can appreciate that this is where the maxillary sinus is located. In this you can see that when I was treating a radiograph you can see this is the flow of your maxillary sinus. As I previously mentioned you can see that here it's passing across your periapyces of your folds of maxillary molars. You can see a radiopic line. And then the arrow that is being pointed out here is the septic. Septic is nothing other than a radiopic line that is found to be running across vertically from the floor of the maxillary sinus. This septic molar does is that it helps to divide or it helps to perform compartments within your maxillary sinus. Sometimes as each progresses or if you see a missing tooth what happens is that your maxillary sinus tries to move inferiorly towards the alveolar crest web. So you can see here there's a missing tooth and that is it's pontic below that you can see the floor of the maxillary sinus that is almost reached in the alveolar crest web. And this red arrows that have been pointed out is your radioloscent outline that is seen. You can see here with the radioloscent structure with the radiopic lines between them. There's nothing other than your neuro vascular canals wherein it supplies your posterior superior alveolar nerve canals and nerves as well as other superior alveolar vessels and nerves. You can see that it's passing across the maxillary sinus. So remember that this is your radioloscent structure with the maxillary sinus the radiopic line that you see here is your floor of the maxillary sinus. Then this is your neuro vascular canals. Next you have this aromatic process of as you know this is an aromatic arch. It's found to be lateral lipid it extends laterally from your maxillary so you might see that it's formed by the zygomatic process of your temporal bone and then the zygomatic the zygoma or the malabone also it comprises that of your zygomatic arch. So what do you see here in the radiograph? You can see that it's found to be a U-shaped U-shaped or a J-shaped radiopic structure that you see here this is your zygomatic process of the maxillary. The black surface that you see here is a zygoma. So as I said this is your malabone malabone, your zygoma that once you're taking a radiograph see this as a G or a U-shaped radiopic line that is seen above the floor of the maxillary sinus. This is your zygomatic process of the maxillary. Next is the maxillary tuberosity. You see it as a radiopic mass that is seen posterior to that of your third molars wherein you can see as past tabacillations that are seen here. See the tabacillations that are seen here. This is your maxillary tuberosity. So posterior to the maxillary tuberosity you have the structure called as a teribot plates. That is located here wherein the attachment for your medial teribot is your teribot plates the pink shift arrow that you see here and then inferior to this teribot plate is your hamler projection or the hamler process that you see here. When taking in the radiograph you can see here as a homogenous radiopic mass that is seen posteriorly located to that of your maxillary tuberosity. This is your maxillary tuberosity. Here is your teribot plate and inferior to this teribot plate is your one another homogenous structure that you see here. The kind of projection that is seen here is the hamler process. Then most commonly seen one of the mandible structure part of the mandible that is seen in your maxillary posterior region especially when you are taking third molar maxillary third molar's radiograph. You see this kind of homogenous radiopic triangular shaped mass that is seen here. You can see here to your third molar's maxillary third molar's you can see here coronoid process of the mandible. So this is mostly seen because when you are asking the patient to open their mouth wide open this coronoid process normally what happens is that the coronoid process tries to move forward and downwards. So when it moves forward and down while the patient is opening their mouth when you try to take the radiograph of the maxillary molar's you will see this kind of a radiopic triangular shaped projection that is seen here this is the coronoid process of your mandible. Now to summarize in a diagrammatic representation of all the structures that you see in the maxillary molars this is your maxillary tuberosity that is seen to be located posterior to that of your maxillary third molar's then you have your coronoid process of the mandible and above you mentioned then posterior to that of your maxillary tuberosity you have your terugot plate which is want to be a radiopic structure and then just inferior to the terugot plate structure of your terugot plate is your another projection that you see is a Hamilton process then you have the floor of your maxillary sinus which runs through the periapis of the roots of your maxillary molars then just above that you might see a J shaped or a U shaped radiopic outline it's nothing other than your diagrammatic process of the maxillary so to summarize we have spoken about the anatomical landmarks that you see in your maxillary that is the actual incisor region then we came on to the maxillary that is your canines the structures that you see there is your lateral fossa you see the the inverted byline of NS in the maxillary canine region sometimes you see the soft tissue shadow of the nose as well as the nasolabial fold then we moved on to your maxillary posterior region wherein you see the maxillary sinus is aigmatic process of the maxillary the maxillary tuberosity amyla process and ocular pleats