Chapter 8 of the Jeffersonians, 1801 to 1829, by Richard B. Morris. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. III. James Bunn-Rose administration, 1817 to 1825. Early Days in the Mississippi Valley. A Husking Bee in Ohio, William Cooper Howells. Religion in Tennessee, Lorenzo Dow. Davey Crockett runs for office. Early Days in Illinois, Morris Birkbeck. Early Days in the Mississippi Valley. James Bunn-Rose was the last of the quartet of Virginia presidents which had begun with George Washington. He was elected after serving as Madison's Secretary of State, but before that he had fought in the Revolution, sat in the Continental Congress, been a Senator, a Governor, and a Minister to France. His term as President is known as the Era of Good Feeling because of the absence of serious problems to divide the country. It was a period of rapid growth as settlers pushed west and the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution began to change the East. During the early decades of the 19th Century, the wilderness across the Allegheny Mountains began to fill up with farmers. Throughout Jefferson's administration there were occasional skirmishes with the Indians, but gradually the Indians were pushed out of their traditional hunting grounds. While Madison was President, the Shawnee Chief Tecumseh, who had attempted to organize Indian resistance, was crushed by William Henry Harrison in the Battle of Tippecanoe. Meantime, Ohio had become a state in 1803, and in 1816, the year that James Bunn-Rose was elected President, Indiana was admitted to the Union. Two years later, Illinois joined the growing Union. In the selections reprinted in this part of the Jeffersonians, we have chosen four pieces that show various aspects of life in the Mississippi Valley. Here you will find examples of farm life, religion, and politics in the new states west of the mountains. A Husking Bee in Ohio William Cooper Howells, the author of the next selection, was the father of a famous magazine editor and novelist, William Dean Howells. The Elder Howells was taken to Ohio from England as a child, and grew up on a farm while Ohio was a new state. His memories come from recollections of life in Ohio from 1813 to 1840. One of the gatherings for joint work, which has totally disappeared from the agriculture of modern times, and one that was always a jolly kind of affair, was the corn husking. It was a sort of harvest home in its department, and it was the more jolly because it was a gathering with very little respect to persons, and embraced in the invitation men and big boys, with the understanding that no one would be unwelcome. There was always a good supper served at the husking, and has certainly a good appetite to eat it with. It came at a plentiful season, when the turkeys and chickens were fat, and a fat pig was at hand, to be flanked on the table with good bread in various forms, turnips and potatoes from the autumn stores, apple and pumpkin pies, good coffee and the like. And the cooking was always well done, and all in such bountiful abundance that no one feared to eat, while many a poor fellow was certain of a square meal by being present at a husking. You were sure to see the laboring men of the vicinity out, and the wives of a goodly number of farmhands would be on hand, to help in the cooking and serving at the table. The corn husking has been discontinued because the farmers found out that it was less trouble to husk it in the field, direct from the stock, than to gather in the husk and go over it again. But in that day they did not know that much, and therefore took the original method of managing their corn crop, which was this. As soon as the grain began to harden, they would cut the stocks off just above the ears, and save these tops for fodder, and if they had time, they stripped all the blades off the stocks below the ears, which made very nice, though costly, feed. Then, as barn-room was not usually over-plenty, they made a kind of frame of poles, as for a tent, and thatched it sides and top, with the corn tops placed with the tassel downward, so as to shed the rain and snow. This was called the fodder-house, and was built in the barn-yard. Inside they would store the blades and bundles, the husks, and the pumpkins that were saved for use in the winter. The fodder-house was commonly made ten feet high, and as long as was necessary, and it was used up through the winter by feeding the fodder to the cattle, beginning at the back, which would be temporarily closed by a few bundles of the tops. It would thus serve as a protection for what might be stored in it till all was used up. The fodder-house was, of all things, a favourite place for the children to hide in and play. When the season for gathering the corn came, the farmers went through the fields and pulled off the ears and husks together, throwing them upon the ground in heaps, whence they were hauled into the barn-yard, and there piled up in a neat pile of convenient length, according to the crop, and, say, four or five feet high, rising to a sharp peak from a base of about six feet. Care was taken to make this pile of equal width and height from end to end, so that it would be easily and fairly divided in the middle by a rail laid upon it. When the husking-party had assembled they were all called out into line, and two fellows, mostly ambitious boys, were chosen captains. These then chose their men, each calling out one of the crowd alternately, till all were chosen. Then the heap was divided, by two judicious chaps walking solemnly along the ridge of the heap of corn, and deciding where the dividing rail was to be laid. And, as this had to be done by starlight or moonlight at best, it took considerable deliberation, as the comparative solidity of the ends of the heap and the evenness of it had to be taken into account. This done the captains placed a good, steady man at each side of the rail, who made it a point to work through and cut the heap in two as soon as possible. And then the two parties fell to husking, all standing with the heap in front of them, and throwing the husked corn onto a clear place over the heap, and the husks behind them. From the time they began till the corn was all husked at one end there would be steady work, each man husking all the corn he could, never stopping, except to take a pull at the stone jug of inspiration that passed occasionally along the line. Weak lovers of the stuff were sometimes overcome, though it was held to be a disgraceful thing to take too much. The captains would go up and down their lines and rally their men, as if in a battle, and the whole thing was an exciting affair. As soon as one party got done they raised a shout, and, hoisting their captain on their shoulders, carried him over to the other side with general cheering. Then would come a little bantering talk, an explanation why the defeated party lost, and all would turn to and husk up the remnants of the heap. All hands would then join to carry the husks into the fodder house. The shout at hoisting the captain was the signal for bringing the supper on the table, and the huskers and the supper met soon after. These gatherings often embraced forty or fifty men. If the farmhouse was small it would be crowded, and the supper would be managed by repeated sittings at the table. At a large house there was less crowding and more fun, and if, as often was the case, some occasion had been given for an assemblage of the girls of the neighborhood, and particularly if the man that played the fiddle should attend, after the older men had gone there was very apt to be a good time. There was a tradition that the boys who accidentally husked a red ear and saved it would be entitled to a kiss from somebody, but I never knew it to be necessary to produce a red ear to secure a kiss where there was a disposition to give or take one. Religion in Tennessee Religion played an important part in the lives of frontier settlers. Instead of the stern puritanism of colonial New England, the religion of the West in the early years of the last century was highly evangelistic. By this time the Methodist movement had made a large number of converts and was particularly strong on the frontier. One tireless Methodist preacher was Lorenzo Dow, often known as Crazy Dow, who traveled throughout the United States during a long ministry. Though he lived until 1834, the selection that follows comes from his journal of 1804, when he visited Tennessee at the age of twenty-seven. He was then traveling about ten thousand miles a year by horse and on foot over trails and primitive roads. This selection is particularly interesting for its account of a backwoods religious fervor, almost of physical affliction, described by Dow as the jerks. Next day I rode forty-five miles in company with Dr. Nelson across the dismal Allegheny Mountains by the Warm Springs, and on the way a young man, a traveller, came in, where I breakfasted gratis at an inn, and said that he had but three sixteenths of a dollar left, having been robbed of seventy-one dollars on the way, and he being far from home I gave him half of what I had with me. My horse having a naval gall come on his back I sold him, with the saddle, bridle, cloak, and blanket, et cetera, on credit for about three-fourths of the value, with uncertainty whether I should ever be paid. Thus I crossed the river French Broad in a canoe and set out for my appointment, but fearing I should be behind the time I hired a man, whom I met on the road with two horses, to carry me five miles in haste, for three shillings, which left me but one sixteenth of a dollar. In our speed he observed there was a nighway by which I could clamber the rocks and cut off some miles. So we parted, he having not gone two-thirds of the way, yet insisted on the full sum. I took to my feet the nighway as fast as I could pull on, as intricate as it was, and came to a horrid ledge of rocks on the bank of the river, where there was no such thing as going round, and to clamber over would be at the risk of my life, as there was danger of slipping into the river. However, being unwilling to disappoint the people, I pulled off my shoes and with my handkerchief fastened them about my neck, and creeping upon my hands and feet, with my fingers and toes in the cracks of the rocks, with difficulty I got safe over. In about four miles I came to a house, and hired a woman to take me over the river in a canoe, for my remaining money, and a pair of scissors, the latter of which was the chief object with her. So our extremities are others' opportunities. Thus with difficulty I got to my appointment in Newport in time. I had heard about a singularity called the jerks or jerking exercise, which appeared first near Knoxville in August last, to the great alarm of the people, which reports at first I considered as vague and false. But at length, like the Queen of Sheba, I set out to go and see for myself, and sent over these appointments into this country accordingly. When I arrived in sight of this town, I saw hundreds of people collected in little bodies, and, observing no place appointed for meeting, before I spoke to any, I got on a log and gave out an hymn, which caused them to assemble round, in solemn, attentive silence. I observed several involuntary motions in the course of the meeting, which I considered as a specimen of the jerks. I rode seven miles behind a man across streams of water, and held a meeting in the evening, being ten miles on my way. In the night I grew uneasy, being twenty-five miles from my appointment for next morning at eleven o'clock. I prevailed on a young man to attempt carrying me with horses until day, which he thought was impracticable, considering the darkness of the night and the thickness of the trees. Solitary shrieks were heard in these woods, which he told me were said to be the cries of murdered persons. At day we parted, being still seventeen miles from the spot, and the ground covered with a white frost. I had not proceeded far, before I came to a stream of water from the springs of the mountain, which made it dreadful cold. In my heated state I had to wade this stream five times in the course of about an hour, which I perceived so affected my body that my strength began to fail. Fears began to arise that I must disappoint the people, till I observed some fresh tracks of horses, which caused me to exert every nerve to overtake them in hopes of aid or assistance on my journey, and soon I saw them on an eminence. I shouted for them to stop till I came up. They inquired what I wanted. I replied I had heard there was meeting at Severesville by a stranger and was going to it. They replied that they had heard that a crazy man was to hold forth there and were going also, and perceiving that I was weary they invited me to ride, and soon our company was increased to forty or fifty who fell in with us on the road from different plantations. At length I was interrogated whether I knew anything about the preacher. I replied I have heard a good deal about him and have heard him preach, but I have no great opinion of him. And thus the conversation continued for some miles before they found me out, which caused some color and smiles in the company. Thus I got on to meeting, and after taking a cup of tea, gratis, I began to speak to a vast audience, and I observed about thirty to have the jerks. Though they strove to keep still as they could, these emotions were involuntary and irresistible as any unprejudiced eye might discern. Lawyer Porter, who had come a considerable distance, got his heart touched under the word, and being informed how I came to meeting, voluntarily lent me a horse to ride near one hundred miles, and gave me a dollar, though he had never seen me before. Hence to Marysville, where I spoke to about one thousand five hundred, and many appeared to feel the word, but about fifty felt the jerks. At night I lodged with one of the Nicolites, a kind of Quakers, who do not feel free to wear colored clothes. I spoke to a number of people at his house that night. Whilst at tea I observed his daughter, who sat opposite to me at the table, to have the jerks, and drop the tea-cup from her hand in the violent agitation. I said to her, young woman, what is the matter? She replied, I have got the jerks. I asked her how long she had it. She observed a few days, and that it had been the means of the awakening and conversion of her soul by stirring her up to serious consideration about her careless state, etc. Sunday, February 19th, I spoke in Knoxville, to hundreds more than could get into the courthouse, the Governor being present. About one hundred and fifty appeared to have jerking exercise, among whom was a circuit preacher, Johnson, who had opposed them a little before, but he now had them powerfully. And I believe he would have fallen over three times, had not the auditory been so crowded that he could not, unless he fell perpendicularly. After meeting I rode eighteen miles to hold meeting at night. The people of this settlement were mostly Quakers, and they had said, as I was informed, the Methodists and Presbyterians have the jerks, because they sing and pray so much, but we are a still peaceable people, wherefore we do not have them. However, about twenty of them came to meeting, to hear one, as was said, somewhat in a Quaker line, but their usual stillness and silence was interrupted, for about a dozen of them had the jerks, as keen and as powerful as any I had seen, so as to have occasioned a kind of grunt or groan when they were jerk. It appears that many have undervalued the Great Revival, and attempted to account for it altogether on natural principles. Therefore, it seems to me, from the best judgment I can form, that God hath seen proper to take this method to convince people that He will work in a way to show His power, and send the jerks as a sign of the times, partly in judgment for the people's unbelief, and yet as a mercy, to convict people of divine realities. Davy Crockett runs for office.  Then he served in the state legislature and later in Congress. He became the fair-haired boy of Whig politicians when he broke with Andrew Jackson, his fellow Tennessee Democrat. Subsequently, his backwoods' humor, tall tales, and picturesque personality were exploited by Whig journalists, and Crockett became a sort of folklore hero. But Tennessee Democrats would not tolerate his desertion of their party, and turned him out of office. After that he went to Texas, and died, as everyone remembers, during the heroic defense of the Alamo. The following selection is taken from a narrative of the life of Davy Crockett, which passes for his autobiography but which undoubtedly was ghostwritten for him. This account describes, with typical frontier exaggeration, Crockett's first campaign for office. In a little time I was asked to offer for the legislature, in the counties of Lawrence and Heckman. I offered my name in the month of February, and started about the first of March with a drove of horses to the lower part of the state of North Carolina. This was in the year 1821, and I was gone upwards of three months. I returned and set out electioneering, which was a brand-fire new business to me. It now became necessary that I should tell the people something about the government, and an eternal side of other things that I know nothing more about than I did Latin, and law, and such things as that. I have said before that in those days none of us called General Jackson the government. Jackson was not yet president, and Crockett was still a Democrat. Nor did he seem in his fairer way to become so as I do now. But I know so little about it that if anyone had told me he was the government I should have believed it, for I had never read even a newspaper in my life or anything else on the subject. But over all my difficulties it seems to me I was born for luck, though it would be hard for anyone to guess what sort. I will, however, explain that hereafter. I went first into Heckman County to see what I could do among the people as a candidate. Here they told me that they wanted to move their town nearer to the center of the county, and I must come out in favor of it. There's no devil if I know what this meant, or how the town was to be moved, so I kept dark, going on the identical same plan that I now find is called noncommittal. About this time there was a great squirrel hunt on Duck River, which was among my people. They were to hunt two days, then to meet and count the scalps, and have a big barbecue, and what might be called a tip-top country frolic. The dinner and a general treat was all to be paid for by the party having taken the fewest scalps. I joined one side, taking the place of one of the hunters, and got a gun ready for the hunt. I killed a great many squirrels, and when we counted scalps my party was victorious. The company had everything to eat and drink that could be furnished in so new a country, and much fun and good humor prevailed. But before the regular frolic commenced, I mean the dancing, I was called on to make a speech as a candidate, which was a business I was as ignorant of as an outlandish negro. A public document I had never seen, nor did I know there were such things, and how to begin I couldn't tell. I made many apologies and tried to get off, for I knowed I had a man to run against who could speak Prime, and I knowed too that I wasn't able to shuffle and cut with him. He was there, and, knowing my ignorance as well as I did myself, he also urged me to make a speech. The truth is, he thought my being a candidate was a mere matter of sport, and didn't think for a moment that he was in any danger from an ignorant backwoods bear hunter. But I found I couldn't get off, and so I determined just to go ahead and leave it to chance what I should say. I got up and told the people I reckoned they knowed what I'd come for, but if not I could tell them. I'd come for their votes, and if they didn't watch mighty close I'd get them, too. But the worst of all was, that I could not tell them anything about government. I tried to speak about something, and I cared very little what, until I choked up as bad as if my mouth had been jammed and crammed chock-full of dry mush. There the people stood listening all the while, with their eyes, mouths, and ears all open to catch every word. At last I told them I was like a fellow I had heard of not long before. He was beating on the head of an empty barrel near the roadside, when a traveller who was passing along asked him, what was he doing that for? The fellow replied that there was some cider in that barrel a few days before, and he was trying to see if there was any then, but if there was he couldn't get at it. I told them there had been a little bit of speech in me a while ago, but I believed I couldn't get it out. They all roared out in a mighty laugh, and I told some other anecdotes, equally amusing to them, and believing I had them in a first rate way I quit and got down, thanking the people for their attention. But I took care to remark that I was as dry as a powder-horn, and that I thought it was time for us all to wet our whistles a little, and so I put off to the liquor stand, and was followed by the greater part of the crowd. I felt certain this was necessary, for I knowed my competitor could open government matters to them as easy as he pleased. He had, however, mighty few left to hear him, as I continued with the crowd, now and then taking a horn and telling good humoured stories till he was done speaking. I found I was good for the votes at the hunt, and when we broke up I went on to the town of Vernon, which was the same town they wanted me to move. Here they pressed me again on the subject, and I found I could get either party by agreeing with them. But I told them I didn't know whether it would be right or not, and so couldn't promise either way. Their court commenced on the next Monday, as the barbecue was on a Saturday, and the candidates for governor and for Congress, as well as my competitor and myself, all attended. The thought of having to make a speech made my knees feel mighty weak, and set my heart to fluttering almost as bad as my first love scrape with the Quaker's niece. But as good luck would have it, these big candidates spoke nearly all day, and when they quit the people were worn out with fatigue, which afforded me a good apology for not discussing the government. But I listened mighty close to them, and was learning pretty fast about political matters. When they were all done, I got up and told some laughable story and quit. I found I was safe in those parts, and so I went home, and did not go back again till after the election was over. But to cut this matter short, I was elected, doubling my competitor and nine votes over. Early Days in Illinois Morris Birkbeck was an Englishman who came to the United States and settled in Southeastern Illinois, where he founded the town of Albion. His account of the people and life in Illinois in 1817, just before it became a state, is good reporting. He had a sharp eye for detail, and because he was fresh from Europe, he sees and records the contrasts between the Midwestern Backwoods and the Old World. The following selection comes from his book, Note, Sonner Journey in America, from the coast of Virginia to the territory of Illinois. August 1 Dagleys, 20 miles north of Shawnee Town After viewing several beautiful prairies, so beautiful with their surrounding woods as to seem like the creation of fancy gardens of delight and dreary wilderness. And after losing our horses and spending two days in recovering them, we took a hunter as our guide and proceeded across the little Wabash to explore the country between that river and the skillet fork. Since we left the Fox Settlement, about 15 miles north of the Big Prairie, cultivation has been very scanty. Many miles intervening between the little clearings. This may therefore be truly called a new country. These lonely settlers are poorly off. Their bread-corn must be ground 30 miles off, requiring three days to carry to the mill and bring back the small horse-load of three bushels. Articles of family manufacture are very scanty, and what they purchase is of the meanest quality and excessively dear, yet they are friendly and willing to share their simple fare with you. It is surprising how comfortable they seem, wanting everything. To struggle with privations has now become the habit of their lives, most of them having made several successive plunges into the wilderness, and they begin already to talk of selling their improvements and getting still farther back on finding that immigrants of another description are thickening about them. Our journey across the little Wabash was a complete departure from all mark of civilization. We saw no bears, as they are now buried in the thickets, and seldom appear by day, but at every few yards we saw recent marks of their doings, wallowing in the long grass, or turning over decayed logs in quest of beetles or worms, in which work the strength of this animal is equal to that of four men. Wandering without track, where even the sagacity of our hunter-guide had nearly failed us, we at length arrived at the cabin of another hunter, where we lodged. This man and his family are remarkable instances of the effect on the complexion produced by the perpetual incarceration, imprisonment, of a thorough woodland life. Incarceration may seem to be a term less applicable to the condition of a roving back woodsman than to any other, and especially unsuitable to the habits of this individual and his family. For the cabin in which he entertained us is the third dwelling he has built within the last twelve months, and a very slender motive would place him in a fourth before the ensuing winter. In his general habits, the hunter ranges as freely as the beasts he pursues, laboring under no restraint, his activity is only bounded by his own physical powers. Still, he is incarcerated, shut from the common air. Buried in the depth of a boundless forest, the breeze of health never reaches these poor wanderers. The bright prospect of distant hills, fading away into the semblance of clouds, never cheered their sight. They are tall and pale, like vegetables that grow in a vault, pining for light. Our stock of provisions being nearly exhausted, we were anxious to provide ourselves with a supper by means of our guns, but we could meet with neither deer nor turkey. However, in our utmost need we shot three raccoons, an old one to be roasted for our dogs, and the two young ones to be stewed up daintily for ourselves. We soon lighted a fire and cooked the old raccoon for the dogs, but famished as they were they would not touch it, and their squeamishness so far abated our relish for the promised stew that we did not press our complaining landlady to prepare it, and thus our supper consisted of the residue of our cornbread and no raccoon. However, we laid our bearskins on the filthy earth, floor there was none, which they assured us was too damp for fleas, and wrapped in our blankets slept soundly enough, though the collops, slices, a venison, hanging in comely rows in the smoky fireplace, and even the shoulders put by for the dogs, and which were suspended over our heads, would have been an acceptable prelude to our night's rest had we been invited to partake of them. But our hunter and our host were too deeply engaged in conversation to think of supper. In the morning the latter kindly invited us to cook some of the collops, which we did by roasting them on a stick, and he also divided some shoulders among the dogs, so we all fared sumptuously. The cabin, which may serve as a specimen of these rudiments of houses, was formed of round logs, with apertures of three or four inches between, no chimney, but large intervals between the clabbards for the escape of the smoke. The roof was, however, a more effectual covering than we have generally experienced, as it protected us very tolerably from a drenching night. Two bedsteads of unhewn logs and cleft boards laid across, two chairs, one of them without a bottom, and a low stool, were all the furniture required by this numerous family. A string of buffalo hides stretched across the hovel was a wardrope for their rags, and their utensils, consisting of a large iron pot, some baskets, the effective rifle, and two that were superannuated, too old to use, stood about in corners, and the fiddle, which was only silent when we were asleep, hung by them. is in the public domain. Ominous slumines, the Missouri Compromise, 1820. Representative Arthur Livermore argues against extending slavery. Senator James Barber defends slavery. Representative James Stevens argues for the compromise. Ominous slumines, the Missouri Compromise, 1820. When the War of 1812 ended, the United States consisted of 18 states, nine free and nine slave. Very soon Indiana was admitted as a free state, offset by Mississippi as a slave state. It was inevitable that this precarious balance between the North and the South would someday cause trouble, and the trouble came very soon. In 1818 Illinois entered as a free state, and the enabling legislation to admit Missouri was introduced in Congress in 1819. The South assumed that Missouri would be a slave state, but a New York congressman amended the Missouri statehood bill to provide for gradual freeing of the slaves there. The South reacted vigorously to keep from losing its equal representation in the Senate, and blocked passage of the bill. Meanwhile, Alabama came in to balance Illinois, and there were eleven Northern and eleven Southern states. The following year when Maine applied for admission into the Union, Henry Clay of Kentucky engineered the famous Missouri Compromise. This agreement provided that Missouri would come in as a slave state, but that no more slave states would be admitted from territory north of Missouri's Southern boundary. This compromise is important because it foreshadows the struggle between the North and South that eventuated in the Civil War a generation later. Although most of the oratory dealt with the slavery issue, the struggle also concerned the broader matter of political control in the West. Representative Arthur Livermore argues against extending slavery. The following selections illustrate the debate in Congress over the Missouri question. The first speech is by Congressman Arthur Livermore of New Hampshire, against the extension of slavery. I propose to show what slavery is, and to mention a few of the many evils which follow in its train, and I hope to evince that we are not bound to tolerate the existence of so disgraceful a state of things beyond its present extent, and that it would be in politic and very unjust to let it spread over the whole face of our Western territory. Slavery in the United States is the condition of man subjected to the will of a master, who can make any disposition of him short of taking away his life. In those states where it is tolerated, laws are enacted making it penal to instruct slaves in the art of reading, and they are not permitted to attend public worship or to hear the Gospel preached. Thus the light of science and of religion is utterly excluded from the mind, that the body may be more easily bowed down to servitude. The bodies of slaves may with impunity be prostituted to any purpose and deformed in any manner by their owners. The sympathies of nature in slaves are disregarded. Mothers and children are sold and separated. The children wring their little hands and expire in agonies of grief, while the bereft mothers commit suicide in despair. How long will the desire of wealth render us blind to the sin of holding both the bodies and souls of our fellow men in chains? But, sir, I am admonished of the Constitution and told that we cannot emancipate slaves. I know we may not infringe that instrument, and therefore do not propose to emancipate slaves. The proposition before us goes only to prevent our citizens from making slaves of such as have a right to freedom. In the present slave-holding states, let slavery continue, for our boasted Constitution connives at it. But do not, for the sake of cotton and tobacco, let it be told to future ages that, while pretending to love liberty, we have purchased an extensive country to disgrace it with the foulest reproach of nations. Our Constitution requires no such thing of us. The ends for which that supreme law was made are succinctly stated in its preface. They are first to form a more perfect union and ensure domestic tranquility. Will slavery affect this? Can we, sir, by mingling bond with free black spirits with white, like Shakespeare's witches in Macbeth, form a more perfect union and ensure domestic tranquility? Secondly, to establish justice. Is justice to be established by subjecting half mankind to the will of the other half? Justice, sir, is blind to colors, and weighs in equal scales the rights of all men, whether white or black. Thirdly, to provide for the common defense and secure the blessings of liberty. Does slavery add anything to the common defense? Sir, the strength of a republic is in the arm of freedom. But, above all things, do the blessings of liberty consist in slavery? Senator James Barber defends slavery. In the second selection we have chosen, Senator James Barber of Virginia defends slavery. The gentleman from Pennsylvania asks, shall we suffer Missouri to come into the union with this savage mark of slavery on her countenance? I appeal to that gentleman to know whether this be language to address to an American Senate, composed equally of members from states precisely in that condition that Missouri would be in, were she to tolerate slavery? Are these sentiments calculated to cherish that harmony and affection so essential to any beneficial results from our union? But, sir, I will not imitate this course, and I will strive to repress the feeling which such remarks are calculated to awaken. They assure us that they do not mean to touch this property, slavery, in the old states. What kind of ethics is this that is bounded by latitude and longitude, which is inoperative on the left, but is omnipotent on the right bank of a river? Such a doctrine is well calculated to excite our solicitude, for although the gentlemen who now hold it are sincere in their declarations, and mean to content themselves with a triumph in this controversy, what security have we that others will not apply it to the South generally? Let it not, however, be supposed that in the abstract I am advocating slavery. Like all other human things it is mixed with good and evil, the latter no doubt preponderating. Whether slavery was ordained by God himself in a particular revelation to his chosen people, or whether it be merely permitted as a part of that moral evil which seems to be the inevitable portion of man, are questions I will not approach. I leave them to the casuists, debaters, and the divines, preachers. It is sufficient for us, as statesmen, to know that it has existed from the earliest ages of the world, and that to us has been assigned such a portion as, in reference to their number and to the various considerations resulting from a change of their condition, no remedy, even plausible, has been suggested, the wisdom and benevolence united have unceasingly brooded over the subject. However dark and inscrutable may be the ways of heaven, who is he that arrogantly presumes to arraign, challenge them? The same mighty power that planted the greater and lesser luminary in the heavens permits on earth the bondsmen and the free. To that providence, as men and Christians, let us bow. If it be consistent with his will, in the fullness of time, to break the fetter of the slave, he will raise up some Moses to be their deliverer. To him, commission will be given to lead them up out of the land of bondage. Representative James Stevens argues for the compromise. In the final selection, James Stevens, representative from Connecticut, pleads with Congress to accept the compromise. I have listened with pain to the very long, protracted debate that has been had on this unfortunate question.  If the deadliest enemy this country has, or ever had, could dictate language the most likely to destroy your glory, prosperity, and happiness, would it not be precisely what has been so profusely used in this debate? Sectional vaunting? Indeed, sir, there is no view of this unhappy division of our country, but must be sickening to the patriot, an indirect violation of the dictate of wisdom, and the last, though not least, important advice of the father and friend of his country. He forbids the use of the words Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western, as descriptive of the various parts of your country. But, sir, we have now arrived at a point at which every gentleman agrees something must be done. A precipice lies before us, at which perdition, ruin, is inevitable. Gentlemen on both sides of this question, and in both houses, indoors and out of doors, have evinced a determination that augurs ill of the high destinies of this country. And who does not tremble for the consequences? I wish not to be misunderstood, sir. I don't pretend to say that in just five calendar months your union will be at an end. But, sir, I do say, and for the verity of the remark, cite the lamentable history of our own time, that the result of a failure to compromise at this time, in the way now proposed, or in some other way satisfactory to both, would be to create ruthless hatred, eradicable jealousy, and a total forgetfulness of the ardor of patriotism, to which, as it has heretofore existed, we owe, under providence, more solid national glory and social happiness than ever before was possessed by any people, nation, kindred, or tongue, under heaven. End of Chapter 9 Chapter 10 of the Jeffersonians, 1801 to 1829 by Richard B. Morris The sleeper-vox recording is in the public domain. The Monroe Doctrine Excerpts from the Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine Although the United States was mainly concerned with internal problems during Monroe's presidency, there was one important policy established during this period in the area of foreign relations. This was the Monroe Doctrine. It was a statement of policy made by the President in a message to Congress in 1823, which defined the role of the United States in international affairs, and which, in some respects, is still vital United States policy. The Doctrine states that the United States will not tolerate further foreign colonial expansion by European powers in North or South America. This policy was necessary because Spain's colonies in Latin America had recently revolted, and it looked as though the other European powers might try to reconquer Spain's former colonies. In addition, Russia was moving southward from Alaska and claiming land down to the 51st parallel, which would have taken in much of what is now British Columbia. The Monroe Doctrine also declares that the United States will not interfere with existing European colonies in the Americas, nor with the internal affairs of European nations. In the following selection, we reprint part of the Monroe Doctrine. Excerpts from the Monroe Doctrine In the wars of the European powers, in matters relating to themselves, we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy so to do. It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make preparation for our defense. With the movements in this hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have on great consideration and on just principles acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power, in any other light than is the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. In the war between those new governments in Spain we declared our neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have adhered, and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur which, in the judgment of the competent authorities of this government, shall make a change on the part of the United States indispensable to their security. Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which is not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers, to consider the government de facto, actually ruling, as the legitimate government for us, to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting in all instances the just claims of every power, submitting to injuries from none. But in regard to those continents, circumstances are eminently and conspicuously different. It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent, North or South America, without endangering our peace and happiness. Nor can anyone believe that our southern brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of their own accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we should behold such interposition in any form with indifference. Chapter 11 of the Jeffersonians, 1801-1829 by Richard B. Morris This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. John Quincy Adams Lighthouses in the Sky Excerpts from Adams' First Message to Congress Lighthouses in the Sky John Quincy Adams, who succeeded James Monroe as president in 1825, was the son of John Adams, the second president. He, too, had served a long apprenticeship in government, having been senator, minister to Great Britain and Russia, and Secretary of State. Although he served only one term and was defeated for reelection by Andrew Jackson, he was a forward-looking president. We illustrate his interest in science and the internal development of the United States by a portion of his first message to Congress. He begins with a plea that the object of government is to improve the lot of the people. He favors roads and canals, but even more moral and intellectual improvements. Excerpts from Adams' First Message to Congress Upon this first occasion of addressing the legislature of the Union, with which I have been honored in presenting to their view of the measures sanctioned by them for promoting the internal improvement of our country, I cannot close the communication without recommending to their calm and persevering consideration the general principle in a more enlarged extent. Among the first, perhaps the very first, instrument for the improvement of the conditions of men is knowledge, and to the acquisition of much of the knowledge adapted to the wants, the comforts, and enjoyments of human life, public institutions and seminaries of learning are essential. So convinced of this was the first of my predecessors in this office, George Washington, now first in the memory, as living he was first in the hearts of our countrymen, that once and again in his addresses to the Congresses with whom he cooperated in the public service, he earnestly recommended the establishment of seminaries of learning to prepare for all of the emergencies of peace and war, a national university, and a military academy. With respect to the latter, had he lived to the present day, in turning his eyes to the institution at West Point, he would have enjoyed the gratification of his most earnest wishes. But in surveying the city which has been honored with his name, he would have seen the spot of earth which he had destined and bequeathed to the use and benefit of his country as the site for a university still bare and barren. In assuming her station among the civilized nations of the earth, it would seem that our country had contracted the engagement to contribute her share of mind, of labor, and of expense to the improvement of those parts of knowledge which lie beyond the reach of individual acquisition, and particularly to geographical and astronomical science. Looking back to the history only of the half century since the declaration of our independence, and observing the generous emulation with which the governments of France, Great Britain, and Russia have devoted the genius, the intelligence, the treasures of their respective nations to the common improvement of the species in these branches of science, is it not incumbent upon us to inquire whether we are not bound by obligations of a high and honorable character to contribute our portion of energy and exertion to the common stock? In inviting the attention of Congress to the subject of internal improvements upon a view thus enlarged, it is not my design to recommend the equipment of an expedition for circumnavigating the globe for purposes of scientific research and inquiry. We have objects of useful investigation nearer home, and to which our cares may be more beneficially applied. The interior of our own territories has yet been very imperfectly explored. Our coasts along many degrees of latitude upon the shores of the Pacific Ocean, though much frequented by our spirited commercial navigators, have been barely visited by our public ships. The establishment of a uniform standard of weights and measures was one of the specific objects contemplated in the formation of our constitution, and to fix that standard was one of the powers delegated by express terms in that instrument to Congress. The governments of Great Britain and France have scarcely ceased to be occupied with inquiries and speculations on the same subject since the existence of our constitution, and with them it has expanded into profound, laborious, and expensive researches into the figure of the earth and the comparative length of the pendulum vibrating seconds in various latitudes from the equator to the pole. Connected with the establishment of a university, or separate from it, might be undertaken the erection of an astronomical observatory, with provision for the support of an astronomer, to be in constant attendance of observation upon the phenomena of the heavens, and for periodical publication of his observations. It is with no feeling of pride as an American that the remark may be made that on the comparatively small territorial surface of Europe there are existing upward of one hundred and thirty of these lighthouses of the skies, while throughout the whole American hemisphere there is not one. If we reflect a moment upon the discoveries which in the last four centuries have been made in the physical constitution of the universe by means of these buildings and of observers stationed in them, shall we doubt of their usefulness to every nation? And while scarcely a year passes over our heads without bringing some new astronomical discovery to light, which we must fain receive at second hand from Europe, are we not cutting ourselves off from the means of returning light for light, while we have neither observatory nor observer upon our half of the globe, and the earth revolves in perpetual darkness to our unsearching eyes?


to me ask why I'm shock waiting at table right now maybe not who knows I would ask somebody shot room table but basically this is the patio furniture we pulled off of the back porch just dusty I mean they didn't ask us to clean it but that's just something you know we go the extra mile for the customer I mean why not so gotta treat it like it's your grandma's house you know how would you want your grandmother be treated if somebody was doing this service for that you know you'll leave things better than you found it


This outcome is a very versatile network player, an MQA DAC that supports DLNA, UP and PAV, Airplay 2, Chromecast and can function as a Roon endpoint. The outcome is very well known for their sublime surround receivers. But they are very good in stereo too. So it was about time I reviewed the ST16. It was held up by accreditation by MQA or Roonlabs, I forgot which one, perhaps even both. You might consider it to be a nuisance but it is the only way to keep those two features reliable amongst all brands. Anyway, let's see how the ST16 is to be used. The ST16 is called Network Streamer, again a new name for a network player, streamer or digital audio player. It shows it is very difficult to give it a proper name for it functions as a digital to analog converter and a digital pre-app. Let's see where it finds its place in your stereo. It needs to be connected to your amplifier that in turn is connected to your loudspeakers or headphones. It also needs to be connected to your home network over either a network cable or wifi so it has access to streaming services and internet radio. If you have music stored on your computer or NAS, it needs to have a DLNA or UP and PAV server program running and it needs to be connected to your home network of course. You could alternatively connect a USB drive containing music to the ST60 or even keep it all connected and keep all functions open. You can select a source and select the music using the knob on the front in combination with the display. Use the supplied remote control with the display or use a tablet or smartphone to select the music. The ST60 works with DLNA server software on your computer or NAS with Apple Airplay 2, Google Chrome and with Rooners Endpoint. MQA audio files are decoded and rendered too. As said, the ST60 can function as a DAC too so you could connect the digital output of your CD player, TV, game console or smartphone to one of the four digital inputs to enjoy a higher quality sound. The heavy housing has a classy looking bronze brown front and a grey brown cover. It measures 433 x 306 x 102 mm and weighs 5.5 kilos. The front holds a rotary encoder that normally works as a volume control but in menu mode lets you navigate and select. That menu is opened by pressing this menu button. Above it the input select button and on top the play-pulse button. In the middle a large window that holds a 145 mm color display that shows the source, the track name, artist, album name, album art, sampling frequency and track progress. A small LED shows the power state and to the right the power button. At the back we find the IEC mains inlet, an RS232 port for domestic control systems like Control 4 and Crestron, a USB 2 socket for USB storage media, the network socket, two SPDIF inputs, two Toslink inputs, a Toslink output, a SPDIF output, stereo balanced analog outputs on XLR and stereo single ended outputs on RCA. At the SD60 there are four circuit boards, the power supply, the digital board, the analog board and a board that holds the control electronics, the knobs and the display. On the power supply board we see an XP-Power switch mode power supply module with a rounded sum filtering. On the digital board we find the Motorola PIC32 micro processor. I presume it does the audio processing. The SPDIF inputs are transformer decoupled individually while the AKM4113 SPDIF receiver handles the incoming AES3 signals. Wi-Fi is taken care of by this piggyback board holding Ampac technology behind a metal shielding. The audio board on the right filters the incoming DC voltage and over the band cable receives the digital audio that is sent to the ESS9038K2M DAC chip that has its clock oscillator very close by. From there the analog signal is converted from current to voltage and buffered separately for balance and single ended outputs by the circuits here. To maintain proper power, voltage regulators are plenty on this board. As we have already seen the SD60 can be controlled using the infrared remote together with the color display on the front but it is more likely you will use the app on a smartphone or tablet, the latter being the most comfortable. Let me show you on my iPad Pro. After startup you can choose what device to control after which this screen appears. It lets you set a number of features like the brightness of the display or switch of the display altogether. Then there is an audio switch-off function of which the time can be set and you can easily choose what reconstruction filter to use. I particularly don't like the linear phase ones. My favorites are Apple Dising and Minimum Phase Slow. But since it's so easy to compare, pick your choice. The fixed volume is handy if you want to control the volume on your amplifier. There is nothing wrong with the volume control in the SD60 so if you want to hook up a power amplifier directly please feel free to do so. You can set the volume on switch on and the maximum volume to avoid surprises when switching on the power amp. As said I use the fixed output except for a short evaluation of the volume control. When music is playing you can see the input sampling rate here while beneath it the software version and the IP address are shown. On the left side there is a power button that will switch on the SD60 when Wagon LAN is set. Then the mute button and the input select button. Below it the volume control and the chosen input. The display names of the inputs can be changed, for instance in CD player, TV, game console and so on. On the sources screen you can choose your streaming sources. Let's start with the DLNA sources in the right column. I go for the Minim server on the SYN8 server since it works faster and shows more metadata than the standard DLNA server on the SYN8 and SYN18nesses. Let's go for the artist. On the right edge of the screen you see an alphabet being built up to enable fast access. I choose the P and immediately find PJ Proby, the 70s artist. From there on I can scroll further up or down. But I can also search for an artist's name. Let's do Pink Floyd to find 65 albums, yes I am a Pink Floyd fan and have several releases of albums as you can see. My favorite track is Dogs from the Album Animals. From the sources screen you can also choose streaming services like Tidal, Kuboos, Deezer, Amazon Music and so on. But also internet radio. Let's open that and look at local stations. A comprehensive collection of Dutch radio stations appear immediately. I also like the high quality section. Let's go there and open Link Classic. On the display of the player the sampling frequency is shown but not there nor in the app whether it is a full CD quality or lossy compressed file. There is a fast responding app, although it does need some time to find everything you want. But that is about the only critique I have. The SD60 plays files up to 192 kHz 32 bit over the network and speed of inputs. The Toslink inputs are limited to 96 kHz 32 bit, which is more than needed for connecting a TV or CD player. The output voltage of the single ended outputs is only a few millivolts shy of the Redbook spec of two volts. The balanced outputs of course are double that. The manual specifies the output voltage of 2.2 volts single ended. Further measurements show a nicely designed digital player. Given the price of the SD60 it was placed in my setup 2 where the amplifier is the Moran's KI Perl light. It drives the acoustic energy radiance 1 loudspeakers connected over Kimber 4PR loudspeaker cable. These are supported by the RELT-5 subwoofer that is connected to the loudspeaker terminals on the Moran's using the cable that came with the sub. The network switch is the Uptone Audio Ether Region with Uptone Audio Ultra Caps 1.2 power supply. It was played from the Synology DS1819 Plus NAS with DX517 extension. The sound quality impressed me right away. The stereo image was wider and deeper than I normally hear in this setup. Highs and mid-range sound clean and offer excellent resolution for as far as I can judge it on this setup, while the lows are quite good but not exceptional. This is the best source I have connected to this setup so far. Let's see what it does on my reference setup 1. Setup 1 is placed in the living room on the ground floor. The AIR AX520 amplifier drives the PMC FAC12 signature loudspeakers on Isobe Acoustics Gaia II isolators. These are connected to the amp over AudioQuest Robinhood Zero loudspeaker cable. The SD60 was connected to the amp over Grimm Audio SQM XLR cables and to the SQM S&H 10G network switch over a network acoustic MUON Ethernet cable. Music came from the same Synology NAS where the D&L was used and from the Intel Noc i7 running RoonRock when Roon was used. Of course this setup is out of balance but I can't afford to have even more setups, both logistically and monetary wise. But it showed how good the SD60 is for in the mids and highs it is very close to the quality of, for instance, the Mitake Brooklyn Bridge streaming DAC. Microdynamics are even better. Also the stereo image is somewhat wider and deeper and has very good focus and placement. Only the lows offer slightly less resolution. Impressive for about half the money and that is using normal flag files. There is still a small step to win using MQA files. The SD60 decodes and renders them perfectly, further improving transients and spatial information. The SD60 has an MSRP of €1699 which makes it a very attractive proposition. I like the understated design, the large display made possible by the 443mm full width and the fact it comes with a full function remote control. But most of all it is the impressive sound quality that I like the most. This is a very well sounding streamer and DAC. Oh and that's another thing I like, the fact that you can upgrade your old CD player by hooking it up to the SD60. And I know MQA is controversial in some circles. Here it shows again it does have added value in the shape of added sound quality in affordable equipment. And with that thought I'll leave you. I'll be back next Friday at 5pm central european time. If you don't want to miss that, subscribe to this channel or follow me on the social media so you will be informed when new videos are out. Help me reach even more people by giving this video a thumb up or link to this video in the social media. It is much appreciated. Many thanks to those viewers that support this channel financially. It keeps me independent and let me improve the channel further. If that makes you feel like supporting my work too, the links are in the comments below this video on YouTube. I am Hans Beekhuyzen, thank you for watching and see you in the next show or on theHBproject.com. And whatever you do, enjoy the music.


going to be demonstration of the facial vessels and the facial nerve. This structure which I have lifted up here, this is the facial vein. The facial vein starts from the medial angle of the eye in this region and we can see a little bit of the origin of the facial vein if we see very closely. It starts as the angular vein by the union of two veins. The large supra orbital and medial to that is the small supra trochlear. They unite to form the angular vein and the angular vein descends down like this and it receives the superior palpable vein, the inferior palpable vein and in this region they also have communications with the superior and inferior of thalmic veins. Once the angular vein crosses the margin of the orbit and we can feel the margin of the orbit here. This is the margin of the orbit from here onwards it becomes known as facial vein and as it descends down it receives the branch from the nose called the external nasal vein and we can see a little bit of that here. Then it receives from the upper lip the superior labial vein it receives from the lower lip the inferior labial vein and it can also receive a branch from under the chin called the submental vein and we can see the submental vein here and then it continues down. Typically it should meet with a branch from the anterior division of the retromandibular vein which is here and then it forms a common facial vein and then the common facial vein then drains into the internal jugular vein deep to the sternocleidomastoid. Let me now draw your attention to this small correction here which is running inside this one. This is a very important communication this is referred to as a deep facial vein. A deep facial vein runs through the bugle pad of fat and it goes and it communicates with the teregoid venous plexus and this deep facial vein can be a source of spread of infection to the teregoid venous plexus and from there to the cavernous sinus and can lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis. So this is the deep facial vein that we have picked up here. Likewise as I was mentioning when it was coming down it received communications from the superior of thalmic vein and the inferior of thalmic vein. The superior of thalmic vein drains directly into the cavernous sinus. The inferior of thalmic vein drains into the teregoid venous plexus which in turn communicates with the cavernous sinus. So therefore if there is any infection on this region of the face then also infection can travel to the cavernous sinus and can produce cavernous sinus thrombosis. Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a particularly dangerous condition because cavernous sinus gives passage to ca3,4,v1,6 and sympathetic plexus. So therefore cavernous sinus thrombosis can lead to paralysis of one or more of these nerves and can also lead to a condition known as horner syndrome. So that brings me to the concept of what is known as the danger triangle of the face.  The apex of the triangle is at the root of the nose here and one margin of the triangle goes down along the side of the nose along the ale of the nose right up to the angle of the mouth. Approximately where the incision has been made and other triangle of the triangle goes like this. So this is the danger triangle of the face and we can draw three lines to represent the sides of the roots where the infection can travel. One line will be along the superior of thalmic vein like this. Another line will be along the inferior of thalmic vein like this. The third line will be the deep facial vein like this to show this is the deep facial vein again. Inferior of thalmic vein here, superior of thalmic vein here. So therefore any infection in this danger triangle should be taken very seriously because it can potentially lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis. So that is the importance of facial vein. Thank you very much for watching. If you have any questions or comments please put them in the comment section below. Dr. Sanjay Sanyal signing out. Anderson is the camera person. Have a nice day.


My name is Tyler Dooley, Markle, and these are some royal world tips for my aunt, Megan. I think to curtsy is always a good idea. And show your table manners are on point and make sure you're always polite.  It's just repeating yourself over and over and over again and it's like boo boring. Everyone likes talking about clothes fashion. Don't bring up politics, that's something I would do by accident and I'd really shoot myself in the foot. I'm sorry but it has to be heritage, I know it's really cliche but they've got everything. It's not the place, it's the material.  A good dress that's respectable of any sort of dress codes. I would recommend a little black dress but maybe not that little. Just be true to yourself and remember your roots and where you came from. Don't show off about it because nobody really cares.  Keep it easy but always end on high note. Make sure you black out in the taxi. The Macarena, the Hokey Pokey. Avoid the robot please. Avoid the slut drop. Ensure you avoid the shopping trolley, that is so lame. Not introducing yourself to the person sat next to you.


So in the past video, we talked about how doing a simple left rotation might not fix our problem. So in this case, we saw that we had inserted a 7, so when we came in and did a normal just left rotation, I was left with a 2, a 5, an 8 again because that's the heavier side of things, a 6 and a 7. So I didn't actually solve the problem at all. And so what we introduced was this idea of what we would do as a double rotation. Now I also mentioned a term that we call a, and I'll give it a new color, trinode restructuring. So what actually happens is we start to look at those non-existent nodes or those subtrees again that we were just talking about. I actually look a little further. I see that I have sort of this issue of three nodes that are in plane out. And so what I'm going to do is I'm going to call this one's now my y, this one's going to become my x, and this one's going to become my z. So that heavier node, it is still sort of where we go with our trinode restructuring, and we still handle our x. We'll classify that sort of as our children, our first child, and then we have our z. So z being our grandparent. Now like I was saying, every single one of these nodes, if we were to map this out over here, every single one of these nodes has the potential for another subtree. So y happens to have a spot, z happens to have a spot, and x happens to have two children available to it as well. This is where things get a little different, but that's also why we do a double rotation. Now I'm going to map these out as t1, t2, t3, and t4. So what's going to happen here is I need to look at where they all line up. So in this example for our sake, we would classify this as how these line up in order. Remember in order means that I look at whatever my left child is first, then I get to look at myself, then I look at my right children. So in our case, we would look at this and we actually do a few letter changes. I'm going to make sure to kind of label them with separate letters as well. So I have an a, a b, and a c. These are for my trinode restructuring. So the first thing I need to do is I need to find out which one of these nodes is going to be a, which one's going to be b, which one's going to be c. Now like I just said, I have an in-order presentation that I need to find out first. And in order again is, I'll use a different color, it's left child, self, right child. And that's exactly what we're going to want to look for when we're dealing with what's a, what's b, and c. So I only have three options, x, y, and z. I need to figure out sort of when each one will get accessed, which one is going to happen first. Now in this case, as we said, the left child is going to happen before I get to myself. And so if I'm sitting at six, you know, just arbitrarily, if I, or I was sitting at five, I would access the two, then the five, then the six. That same principle is coming down here. I would access what are my left child is first. I don't have one, so that's fine with me, but then I noticed that I would access my six before going to my right. So what that means is z is going to be my a. Then I get my b. My b is saying, again, it's the next one in sort of my in order reading. Now, you would say, oh, it's going to be eighth because z, y, they're connected in some way, it's the next one, they're chained together, but not in reality. Remember, if we're looking at the idea of the in order operation left, then myself, then my right child. So I visited z, which means that I get to move to my right child here, but I don't just immediately access, you know, access y. I have to first access my left child. Again, that's in order. So in reality, x is going to become the b in this situation. And then finally, as you know, rules of removal kind of come into play, then I get to remove, I get to access myself. Since y is the only available node left, it becomes my c. So why is this important? So now that I've created this a, b, and c, what I can do is I can take this structure right here and I can make b my parent node with a and c being the children nodes. So what happens to my t1, my t2, my t3, and my t4? Well, the same principles are going to come into play. I know that t1, for example, has to be less than z. And if we kind of see, we see that z happens to be my left child. So I give z, or a, t1. But what about the right child? You can already imagine I have four of these to give. So where does, say, t2 go? Well, if we kind of take a look, in that kind of chain, we see that t2 happens to be less than x, less than y, but greater than z. Alright, well, if we happen to be following along, this is our x, this is our y, this is our z, well, I said that it's greater than z, greater than z, and still less than x. So less than x, less than x, but greater, but greater than z. So it gets to become t2. And so the same principle can come into play with our t3 and t4. t3 happens to be greater than x, but less than y, and t4 happens to be greater than y. So our y will get t3 and t4.


Hi everybody Michael bowl here Today we're going to talk about digital badges how to bring digital badges to your organization Perhaps to your classroom perhaps to the world. It's pretty exciting stuff. Hopefully you'll find this exciting as well Hey, don't worry. I break up the videos here into sections I'll show you those sections in a moment so you can start and stop as you see fit You can skip around as you see fit and you can always repeat as you see fit especially if I talk too fast Here we go a little bit about me. I work at Concordia International School in Shanghai, China I'm an international educator and have been for quite a few years. I'm a technology coach here for the middle school Yeah, go middle school if you ever interested in teaching overseas just shoot me an email I'll give you that information in a moment. I am an American so I hang out in Oregon during the summers and as you can see that's a picture of the happy family a place called Crater Lake And so it makes me a father parent and husband as well as a tech coach Yeah, okay Next up here's how you get in contact with me. You can always follow me at autism podcast Used it. I excuse to currently and still do have a son with autism. So in the past I did a podcast about autism hence the name I can you can contact me by email Michael at innovative PD calm You can always check in with me at LinkedIn My website address is Michael bowl me and by the way, you'll find a bunch of resources there And if you want to listen to a regular podcast that I do with two other people here at Concordia Check us out podcast. Concordia Shanghai that or g Here's the takeaways and each of these below. This is what we're going to This is where I'll break up the videos. So each of these will be separate sections So this will give you the opportunity to skip around as you see fit first section is what is digital badges? Kind of good to explain what the whole thing is a lot of people I find are still unfamiliar with it That's fine because it's pretty new Knowing the tech behind the digital badges how to get all that working the nerdy stuff Bringing badges to your classroom. So if you want to bring it to your individual classroom Totally possible if you have the ability to bring it to an organization such as your school your school building your district Or whatever you want to call it. We'll talk about that. That's what we do here at Concordia International School as a tech coach I don't have a class specifically. So I'm more motivated to bring it to an organization Then we'll talk about the future of badges. It's pretty cool stuff there It gives us a reason to adopt badges in the first place because the future looks awesome If you want to find this particular presentation including a bunch of other links and resources You can do that just head to my website Michael Bowl dot me and as you can see here You just go to presentations and workshops click on one hour plus workshops and then here bring badges to your classroom or school Let's understand these digital badges. Let's figure out what they're all about Here's a bunch of examples right here of digital badges for a organization called the learning 2.0 organization It's here in Asia. It's gonna be hosted in Singapore this year Actually, and these are badges that are awarded to people who participate in that event doing different things Let's introduce open badges. We can thank the Mozilla Foundation really for taking badges to a whole new level Badges recognition and let's say ribbons. They've been awarded for thousands of years We can look back to the Romans and before to see examples of badges and medals that were given to people The point of badges is to encourage positive behavior for a group or society or an organization or whatever you want If you give people public recognition, they will be very happy and they will quite likely repeat that behavior The difference here with the digital badges is that this a badge you award can now be stored for the student or the individual Forever, we'll see long time at least and then it can be displayed on various web presences all over the world pretty nifty It's free and open because it's an open source and the Mozilla Foundation is nonprofit You take your badges with you You can knit your skills together so you can have different organizations award you a badge and they're full of information something called metadata which is a way for See individuals or hiring organizations to do due diligence and to be able to check back and verify that this is a real badge There we go. This infographic totally explains it, right? Here it is right there, and I'll break this infographic down in a moment If you want to hear some more information, you can always go to a podcast I did with Emily Golugowski She works for the open badges group at the Mozilla Foundation, and we talked for about 30 minutes all about badges It's pretty cool. I enjoyed that interview quite a bit You can get to it by clicking on here, and you can get to it from our website podcast. Concordia Shanghai Org, here's welcome to another Concordia EdTech podcast that we'll make you endure all that All right, this is that infographic. We're breaking it down. Here we go. So these are the award The people who can award the badges by the way anybody can award a badge Mozilla just hosts all this stuff They just host the backpack. I have nothing to do with who can award a badge or Proving whether a badge should be awarded or not. That's totally up to you So you could have a chef school or let's say a regular school perhaps where you are Let's see. We're an online teacher Let's say you were just the community and we wanted to encourage people to participate in their volunteer program All these people can award badges when they wore that badge it goes to the learner here Perhaps one of our students and then they because of Mozilla's foundations open badge pack program And put it in a badge backpack cool got the award sitting in the backpack What do I do with that badge now? And here we are from the badge backpack The learner or awardee or person or whatever you want to call them can then display that batch It's cool to be publicly recognized, but it's even cooler to be able to show other people You've been publicly recognized It sets you apart from other individuals and gets you something to strive for and gives those individuals something to strive for From the badge backpack the learner at their choice. They totally decide what they want to display Maybe they want to display stuff from high school now and maybe when they're 20 years older They don't want to display the high school stuff or maybe they do because it's fun to go retro Anyways, they can display it on their website Facebook Twitter. This is WordPress here. They can print it out They want as well and put it up and have it as a I don't know a plaque or something in their room And the idea behind this is then that it will create job opportunities because people will be able to search for badges It'll show you a lifelong learner and unlock new possibilities That's probably where we are right now because this whole digital badge concept is pretty new It's got a long way to go and if you get involved with it, you'll be on the cutting edge That's the kind of person you are right? I hope so All right, here's the whole infographic together again We have people awarding the learner goes to badge backpack. They display it and their life has changed forever Right, right All right, here's the metadata. This is a sample. So for example at Concordia We award students a badge here for something called the will foundation its community service organization And they do 20 plus hours or more service hours than they get this badge Now if I want I can click on their badge wherever they display it from I can click on that and I get this metadata So this is the data behind the badge Which makes it a little bit different and it allows me to verify that badge I could contact Concordia right now and say hey, did Joey really get that 20 plus service hours badge and That person that Concordia would say well, yes, of course he did In the real world a more practical use might be if I claim that I'm like a level 3 Programmer for Ruby on Rails or something like that. I could put the organization Let's say Stanford that issued that badge to me and then you as the employer could verify that and contact them If you want to it doesn't mean people do that It just means there's an opportunity to do that. Generally we take each other for a word All right, this video does a nice job of explaining everything. I just talked about it's put together by a young person It's pretty awesome. Enjoy when we're done with this video. We'll move on to the exciting stuff the tech of badges Learning today happens everywhere at school outside of school at your friends place in online MOOCs at your local art museum The possibilities are endless Yet being recognized for all the projects you're passionate about is Well difficult Transcripts and resumes don't always paint a complete and vibrant picture of all you can do Say that you're learning to speak Italian and That you're also taking an online course to learn how to build a website about your love for Italy on The weekends you teach kids in your neighborhood how to cook traditional Italian food You're busy learning a lot between in-person instruction online videos and mentoring other people What if you could be recognized for all you do What if your passions could be stacked alongside your work and academic achievements? Well, Mozilla's open badges were created to help you do just that and get recognized for all you do online and offline You've probably earned physical or digital badges before Open badges are similar in that they can help you celebrate skills. You've demonstrated But these have much more than just a pretty picture Open badges are information rich, which means they carry loads of valuable data and can be displayed all around the web They include something called metadata Think of metadata as lots of information that can tell you what makes something special like a photo It's metadata could let you know where it was taken and what type of camera was used With open badges metadata contains information that is uniquely tied to you Including the issuer who gave you the badge the criteria you had to meet to get it and the delicious work you submitted You can earn badges from many issuers including educational organizations companies non-for-profits and people with knowledge to share as You take courses and gain knowledge. You can use what is called a backpack an Online dashboard where you can store your badges and create collections You can then choose to display badges You're proud of across your social and professional networks blogs and portfolios Then family friends and even potential employers can check out your work and support you as you pursue new learning opportunities and jobs Thousands of organizations and individuals around the world are already contributing to open badges Come along and join us. Let's celebrate your success together


The Floyd County Fiscal Court recently shared a public service announcement video on social media where local leaders, medical directors, and government officials all echoed a statement. Hello, this is Judge Executive Robbie Williams. I've got my vaccination. How about you? I'm Governor Andy Beshear. I'm vaccinated. How about you? I spoke with Floyd County Judge Executive Robbie Williams to discuss this public service announcement and the need for herd immunity in eastern Kentucky. Jeremy, we felt it's important for us to be consistent in our messaging. And I've said from day one, it is a personal decision, but we do want you to have all the information that you need in order to make an informed decision. Williams believes that one step will be encouraging people to search for local information from local health professionals. You know, I think a lot of folks watch CNN and Talks News and these national media outlets, and the information they're hearing is what's going on in Florida, what's going on in New York, what's going on in Chicago. The information that we receive is what's going on at Highlands ARH, what's going on at PNC and Pikeville, what's going on in our region. So we feel it's important for us as community leaders to step up and let folks know that we have been the vaccinations and we would encourage you to get vaccinated if your circumstances deemed it to be necessary. Williams adds that there is too much misinformation going on, which could deter people from getting vaccinated. Like I told my brother a couple days ago, I said, I don't go to my mechanic and ask for medical advice and I'll go to my doctor and ask for mechanical advice on how to work on my car. I want to get my information from the people who are trained and have an understanding of the information that they're trying to pass along to me. The debate on whether to get vaccinated or not has become political, creating a divide among communities. I tell folks, I don't think any more or any less of you, if you get the shot or you don't get the shot. But from what I've seen and how it is destroying families for every death, for every death that people hear about, I'll promise you, there's 30 more people that are going to have lifelong issues due to COVID and their lungs. They don't realize. They say, oh, I got COVID, I've gotten over it.  But Williams says that people should consider if they do become infected with COVID-19, whether they are better off without being vaccinated, dealing with the much worse symptoms from the virus. All in all, Williams does say to be vaccinated is your choice to make. As a veteran, I'm not going to impose my will on anyone because that goes against everything that I fought for and signed up to protect as a veteran. That's freedom of choice. But we certainly feel, based on the information that we have, Jeremy, it is in a large portion of society's best interest to go ahead and get vaccinated. But he hopes everyone will make a reasonable decision on whether the vaccine is right for you. I think for a lot of folks, the answer is go sit down with your family physician and discuss your medical history and see what your family physician recommends. It's a simple and clear message. You need to do what you think is in you and your family's best interest. What was in my and my family's best interest was to sit down with our family physician and get the facts, and we've got vaccinated, and we feel comfortable in the decision that we've made. And I certainly want you to feel comfortable in the decision that you make for you and your family. Reporting for Mountain Top News, I'm Jeremy Justice.


After I make a Facebook live video I do two things. One is I see if the video needs to be trimmed at the beginning, maybe the end. I'll show you how to do that. And secondly I upload a video thumbnail image. So first of all to do both of these things come into Facebook Creator Studio. I will put a link in the notes below the video to where you need to go for this. And once you're here click on the left hand side if you haven't already in published and then click on live videos to find all of your recent live videos. And once you find the most recent one here's what I recommend doing. Instead of clicking edit post I click directly on the video picture itself which before I've uploaded a thumbnail. It's usually black because I do it through zoom and somehow that's the thumbnail image. So I'm going to click on it right here and then once I click on it I will find that on the left hand side if I move my mouse to the left there are now these options. For some reason this edit post link works better than the edit video link that I showed you earlier but so I come here on the left hand side I click edit post. Okay and now let me go ahead just now you'll see that I can edit the title of the video which actually is something else I need to do. So this video is about about my upcoming course making authentic simple videos. Okay so I've named the video I already have the description of the video here. I could add more I don't actually add hashtags that'll be in a separate segment but anyway I can edit the description if I want to and now on the right hand side let me go and move my little video here on the right hand side you will see several sections. We are in the video detail section right now let me go down captions is very helpful. I have left mine auto generated. Now I don't worry about this part because this part this usually disappears after a while. I just made this video today so they're still working on it so I just ignore that error. I just make auto generated captions turned on auto generated subtitles now don't ask me what the differences are because to me they're the same thing but I'm sure there's technical differences whatever I keep them both on the thumbnail okay let's click on the thumbnail section here and you can either scroll through the video to select the least unflattering image of yourself that you find or you can go down to where is this custom image let me sorry I'm gonna move my view. You go down where is this custom image and if you have created a thumbnail image which I have by this point I'm going to click on add image I'm going to go probably I don't know if you can see my screen but I'm going to click on I'm selecting an image I created there it is all right so that's what it looks like and then further down what I do is I I actually ignore all of these things I've tried these different things but I think they're worth worth my time. I click on video trimming down here and this is where we can trim videos. Now a couple things one is you can simply watch the video to see where you might need to trim it or you can you can simply what I do is if I'm trimming the beginning of a video right what I usually like I just need to trim like one second or even it's like half a second I actually click on these up down arrow so I click on this up arrow and it will it will move the video forward one tenth of a second at once you see it just keeps moving the frame by frame by frame and let's say that I wanted to start here I could leave it like this and then I would click on save to trim the video there's no confirm down here they just have to click on save which saves everything else I've done I've it saves that the video title I did earlier it saves the thumbnail and it saves any trimming and the same thing at the end if I wanted to to do to do the end oops let me see here see if I if I if I click down arrow it's moving the frame by frame the ending of the video and I could just keep going backwards to see at what point do I want the video to be stopped okay now in this it just happens in this case I don't actually want to trim either end of the video so I'm just going to click and drag the gold and just go to the very start again click and drag to the left to go to the very start at zero zero zero see I can click and drag and and change however I want but I'm going to just cancel out the the trim I'm the same thing here I'm going to go all the way to the end I'm just going to click up just to make sure yeah okay so I'm done with all these things imagine I had trimmed something in the beginning or at the end I'm going to click on save and voila it should go through yes it did ignore the fact that the thumbnail hasn't shown up yet because it takes them bit of time to to update it and oh actually I think this is just like a quick preview of several screen screenshots within the video so anyway hope that helps and you know this is something that I usually just it only takes me it took me six minutes to describe it but usually it takes me like two three minutes to do so it's pretty pretty quick action


Hit the legendary universe six assassin and today we're taking him on in a modded raid battle video in Xenoverse 2 guys It's back bro. We're finally here before the patch or before the new AI We're still back to take on the old hit What bro hit the legendary assassin that's his name my name read cuz I had to quit out of a different Bro has to explain it because you don't understand bro. You're you didn't grow up Do agree Name and fighters bro.  Look at you Like in real life, bro, who would look worse I feel like Dino's would look worse, bro That's terrible. I'm literally just a human with no nose. You're cat Have a red name like having a walk in the mirror, bro.  I was right side.  I would always have to explain I mean these these will get progressively harder as we get through the modded stages you are correct there Oh damn. Oh, can I just hit a flash claw real quick? The people are wondering when are the fighters raids coming back, bro? They're wondering, bro I'm wondering when fighters is going to do it too, man. I'm waiting for it I don't think people realize we never control those raids. Yeah, though. Those were just whatever raids were actively going Why don't you guys do more rage? We don't have power in it. No, does it is it?  No, he's broken on my screen Yo, we're clashing all my head up with a flash. I'm Regenny. Damn. How does it miss 90% of the time? The question what Lythera does is they do regular raids, but they changed it models for them. Oh, okay That makes sense. Yeah, so they don't have custom raids and they can do whatever they want fighters modders, bro Figure that out make that happen. Yeah modders if you have to figure out how to do raids We'll do raids weekly on fighters our stage one is free. Oh, get him out of here.  He's died. Oh, I thought that was I thought that was gonna be for me It might be a little over the top that I did no damage. I just evaporated that motherfucker. Yeah, I got the first KO What I'm buying is dead. I've got a hit clone down, you know, you look quiet No, we didn't I got the first one on my screen is showed one before you said I got the first one Bro, how many Yeah on your screen how many KOs out of ten Okay, well at least right three just like legless and the gimley in the Lord of the Rings You know, I actually only read the Hobbit, I would you not watch literally peak cinema Long long.  Did you guys know that Dotto is Hold on. No, I got the list Dotto Dotto has not watched the office. He has not watched Game of Thrones He's a bleach hater and he's apparently also not watch Lord of the Rings and Honestly, I think we should all just beat his ass because there's Somebody's a man at least a little jump to a bit of an extreme there to be fair. I'm like that with a lot of movies I haven't watched like really any of the Marvel spider-man like spider-man movies. Yeah, you got me spider-man movies You caught me. I only watch like it's over for me Oh, please die. Thank you. I appreciate that Sometimes On the last one break a stamina then just like let me kill it so you can see Whose idea was that? All right, all right, let it wait till it breaks Shoot again because I'm mad before power scales like ruined everything I guess early on you find out Goku like can take a shot to the head But uh, bro, I was like in the back of my head. I was like, why don't they just shoot this nigga in the head When I was watching Dragon Ball Z out of context, I was like, they could literally just shoot freeze on the head That's what would have ended the series That gun and the androids are carrying on Hypothetical things where I was like it well if I just got to fight with it and don't if you want to heal them Yeah I'm good at the game Bro, I'd be tight if like time like bro if you just blinked because time skip is weird like time stops and you know It's hard to even fathom.    Oh Literally can't remember how to do that. Oh, I did it Yeah, get off of them. Get off of them. Donna. We are waiting. He's in a cinematic I was like, oh, I could see I need to stop Watch this guys hold this My god, it was an all-so.  All right, thanks That's your butt kick didn't you What he's faster than flash claw put all my Yeah, I was embarrassing you did all that he was behind you you healed me and it's Hey fellas, I Hold on that inspired me to do the attack again Yes, yes, well, I'm helping brother. That was pretty sick. Actually watch close bro. Just said I got a participation I was I know why you say that. All right, bro, I'll take down Goku. He's got red hair. I've got red hair I don't really mind this mirror matchup.   Don't worry about Deon. I got him If he's got both of them, I'm just gonna I'm gonna take my time I got snuck by Goku. He's a same thing happened to me.  Oh charge Dotto, let me show you my transformation, bro. Oh, yeah, let me see that He sounds pretty good to me.  Do you know you need to do all that, bro? If you're fighting Because I will beat the brakes off of you literally in three seconds flat did all that work worst hit all that work Yeah, Goku's still in healthy green, bro You're back. Yo, I'm surprised you healed that quick. Go go.  Hold on. No revive. What he's got a point There we go. He's got a point. I never get to use the limit burst. I feel so powerful Damn they jumped in me. I got you fear destruction The work anyone want an all-energy L. I think it worked. It's going screen. It is it is out there flash claw catch up Yes, I'll take the damage.  That's quite a bit actually. Yeah, I combo that with you, Dotto I've combo that with you. What can you save me? Yeah? He behind you. Oh, let's go. We dash into it This guy's got the IQ of a turtle, bro. He's not here, bro. Turtles are actually very intelligent creature Compared to a human though. Yeah, I'll block this bro. You know blocking this big stronger I don't know why I did that with a stamina break. Hey, it felt it felt satisfying, bro Yeah, oh, yo, I didn't mean to land on this rock like this.  I'll give it up. Thanks, bro. You got a baby. Not. Are you good? Uh, no?  I got him. No, don't don't bro you using that says it would be a direct violation of your trust in me, bro Don't do it Fine Marlboro, I don't think you have oh brother this guy. How do you do that? Korean wave-dashing references? Hey, man, it's fine. It's just fighting game things, bro. Yeah, you haven't touched grass for years Going on six, baby Where is he? Let me out. Oh god. He hits me. So how do you dodge that? You don't a pal? Hey, I don't know how to dodge Goku moves. I'm not good at that part. I got you. I got you. I got you. I got let me finish Would you guys be interested in a Z capsule?    This is over. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Oh god, please. I wish All right, hit I think it's because the final face Freaking Levi Oh No, I committed to a cut scene, but I can get you up right now Oh I didn't even know I had bees and carrots to be on we have a region capsule fellas region council I'm telling you bro. We're about to make it out.   About time skip you gotta be on the old shit Bro, I can hold on just let me go Bro, that is not Well, it doesn't matter what he might as well do an ultimate I Already did mine Fine. Hey Goku whenever you're done spamming ultimates.  All right, bro. This is the method you prefer Goku by myself BTW, bro All right, go ahead, bro. He's he's cut. Yes, we got first we going. Yeah, there you go Over and over again, you blew it. I got it. I got a good idea Combo and you tell me in two hits. Yeah, that's gonna be okay. Okay. You don't need a you know Do that to him anymore. He's not working.  I'm gonna lie.  I got him in green.  Why are they both on me? Hey, we've been trying to find him.  I I have a sense who I thought about it. No, I did not mean to do that I know you're only looking at me though. That's crazy. I know it damn. It is on site with Goku I'm injured. I can hold Goku back. Actually, damn. What did you go to do anything to this man? There's a lot of damage, bro. It's his obnoxious ultimate that he spams.  He's doddies to step in all right I'm gonna god. Okay. That's it. It's over It's over. It's over.  You got up. Let's go. I got him up.  It was Goku's already fighting me. Oh, they're already jumping me. Oh smart, smart, smart, smart. Yeah, I'm somewhat of a genius. Piccolo would call me a genius. Damn! In a way, you died here. Goku was pissed at me.  Just get off of him.  Yeah, I'll hold it back. You killed Goku. I mean, yeah, this guy's a menace. I can almost kill Goku and by almost, I mean he is pretty high up. Yeah.  No, that was so cheap. Nah, he got robbed. I'm mad. I dodged it and then he auto turned around. Bro, really became a fighter's character. He just auto combo'd in and auto turned around. It looked like you just ran into his back. I was gonna say that was, you didn't see what happened, but he killed me when he undied.


Hi everyone, Joe for jazby's casebreaks.com with a team random that'll fill Panini black football picker team number one and one spot We only sold nine spots one spot gets you two teams from this big list right here So big thanks to this group Thanks to Chad Judson and Brian for buying your spot straight up and congrats this group right here for taking the risk on that filler You won those spots an obsidian nine till it's double you up Oh double up.  That's it Let's let's roll it and randomize that list snake eyes two times easy one and two There you go, Brian on top Craig on the bottom Brian you get the top team after two so that was So we have it ordered by by price and we'll put a little rooftop next to name So you know you won that spot right there So Brian congrats Titans Chad Bills Craig Packers Brian with the Chiefs Brandon with the Eagles Adam with the commanders Chad Bucks and Cowboys Judson with the Jags Brandon with the Niners Evan with the Panthers Chad with the Bengals and Dolphins Evan with the Saints Adam with the Broncos Chad with the Cardinals Judson with the Raiders And Craig with the Rams. We'll see in the next video for the break jazky's casebreaks.com