I think it's pretty incredible that the SWAD has been running for 50 years now by students. So UVM Rescue is a group of UVM undergraduate students that basically run an entire ambulance service by themselves 365 days a year, 7 days a week. There's always students on the ambulance but then even behind the scenes. The people that are doing the billing, the people that are making sure the ambulance is staffed, the people that are having communications with higher up people at the university. The people who are organizing our trainings are all students as well. It's a really unique experience. And UVM Rescue kind of takes you under their wing and puts you through all of it. It showed me that I really enjoy being there for people when they are struggling. It showed me that I really enjoy challenging myself and putting myself into challenging situations and learning from those. When you get dispatched to something that's a little bit more intense like say like a cardiac arrest or a big car accident on I-89, you know, being able to control your emotions. You know, obviously you're going to have some adrenaline pumping but being able to take a deep breath or step back for a second. Being like, you know, I'm still going to drive the ambulance safe, treat this patient appropriately and calmly and making sure like the appropriate things are getting done. So just kind of a sense of composure is another big thing that I've learned. There's so much that it gives back to us. Our motto for the last 50 years has been Pride Service Commitment which is something we really take to heart and we kind of ingrain in people from the moment they join us. I feel a lot of pride working for UVM Rescue because we take so much care in making sure everything we do is done well and that everyone who goes through our program has the knowledge, skills and capacity to do the job right and to the best of our ability. Once I started learning more about UVM Rescue, I realized like, wow, like you're really getting out of your comfort zone here and just experiencing new things, things that not many college students can actually experience. I think for me personally it has helped a lot with just my confidence in talking to patients in particular. It's made me kind of chase being uncomfortable and pushing my limits more. Also being okay with failure and just being okay with struggling. Being able to see people when they're in a really tough situation and help them like mentally or like physically with like if they're having like a medical emergency or a mental health emergency and being able to talk to them and you know kind of hopefully change their life in a good way. The friendships and the relationships that I've made over the last four years are ones that I will never forget. I'm going to be working in the ICU at UVM after I graduate and I think working here has given me the confidence to say I want to take on that challenge because it's definitely going to be a challenge but it's given me the confidence to say I can do this.


Welcome back to emergency medicine video. In part 2 of GI bleed we will discuss the causes and presentation of lower GI bleeds. Just to refresh your memory, the dividing line between upper and lower GI bleed is the ligament of trites. That sits between the duodenum and the jejunum. Lower GI bleed is any bleeding that comes from the GI tract that's distilled to the ligament of trites. In terms of presentation, lower GI bleed will present either as hemoidechesia, which is blood mixed in with stool, or it can present itself as bright red blood perectum. It can either be on wiping or seen in the toilet bowl. Lower GI bleed can be caused by inflammation, growth, diverticulosis, and tear. We'll go through each one of them and how they might present. First off, inflammation, or colitis. Lower GI bleed associated with colitis tend to present as hemoidechesia. There are different causes of colitis. First it can be caused by autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.  They can also be associated with abdominal pain, fever. There are also extra intestinal symptoms of these inflammatory bowel disease that's associated with the skin and the joints. Lower GI bleed caused by colitis can also be from infections. These infections causes invasion of the mucosa. The sloughing of the mucosa causes the bleeding. They can be caused by bacteria such as Eucenia, Shigella, Compylobacter, Seminella, and E. coli. As you can imagine, in terms of symptoms, patients with infectious colitis will present with abdominal pain, fever, and repeated episodes of bloody diarrhea or hemoidechesia. Colitis from ischemia can also present as lower GI bleed. Because of decreased blood supply to parts of the bowel, the mucosa sloughing off causes the lower GI bleed. It can either be from narrowing of arterial supply from atherosclerosis or from an embolus from atrophibrillation. Cutting off the arterial blood supply will cause ischemia to that part of the bowel. Patients with ischemic colitis often have severe abdominal pain and they would look unwell on examination. Growth or tumor in the colon can present with GI bleed. These tend to be in small amount. The next cause of lower GI bleed are from diverticulosis. This is the most often seen cause of lower GI bleeds. Diverticuli are out-pouchings of the colon mucosa and the submucosa through weaknesses of the muscle layer in the colon wall. They can do one of two things. They can get inflamed causing diverticulitis, or they can bleed leading to lower GI bleeds. Diverticuli are mostly found in the sigmoic colon and therefore tend to present as lower GI bleed with bright red blood perectum that's not mixed with any bowel movement. The patient tends to have no pain. Last causes for lower GI bleed are hemorrhoids and fissures. Internal hemorrhoids and external hemorrhoids tend to form with constipation and straining during bowel movements. Internal hemorrhoids can bleed. Patients can present with painless bright red blood perectum during bowel movement. The blood can be in the toilet bowl or when wiping. Fissures occur as a tear in the mucosa. Patients will present with bright red blood perectum during bowel movement. The difference between that and hemorrhoids is that fissures are very painful. The last cause is angiotysplasia. This is a degeneration of the blood vessels in the colon. The vessel walls become thin and ectatic. That can cause bleeding. In summary, in this segment we discuss the causes and presentations of lower GI bleed. They can be from colitis either from inflammation, infection, or ischemia. They can be from growth like a cancer. They can be from diverticulosis or from hemorrhoids and fissures. They can also be from angiotysplasia. Please refer to part 3 when we talk about the investigation of patients with GI bleed. Thank you for watching.


A very good evening aspirants, welcome to Hindi newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankarae's Academy for the date 26th of August 2022. Before seeing the list of articles, I have an announcement for you. See the pre-storming test series batch 1 is going to start at Shankarae's Academy's Ananagar branch. See the test series consists of a total number of 6 to 6 tests. It includes GS paper, CSAT paper and mock test papers. And this batch 1 is going to start on 12th September 2022. See all the tests of set 1 will be conducted in offline mode on the scheduled dates from 2pm to 4pm and it will be followed by discussion from 4.30pm to 7.30pm. And those students who missed the offline test can take the test after 2 days in online but only recorded discussion will be provided for the students who take the online test. And note that the online mode test availability is until our mock test before the prelims 2023 exam. So aspirants make use of it. Now with this information, let us see the list of articles that we are going to discuss today. And these are the list of important articles that we are going to discuss in today's discussion. Without any delay, let's get into the article discussion. We are going to start our discussion with this friend page news article. It talks about the uncertainty in the continuation of Heymanth as Jalkin Chief Minister. See this uncertainty is because of an office of profit complaint against him and also the enforcement direct rate found two AK-47 series of rifles and 60 cartridges from the premises of Prem Prakash who is an alleged close aide of the CM. And this is the crux of the news article given here. So in this context, we are going to learn about two important articles in Indian constitution. See here, two articles becomes relevant. One is article 191 and the other one is article 192. Firstly let us see about article 191. See it talks about the disqualification of a person who is a member of state legislative assembly or state legislative council. And the article also provides certain conditions for the disqualification. The first condition is that he or she should hold any office of profit under government of India or government of any state. The second condition is that he or she should be of unsound mind and it should be declared by a competent court. The third condition is that he or she should be an undischarged insolvent. And the fourth condition is he or she should not be a citizen of India or should have voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign state. In some cases, if they are under any acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to any foreign state, then also they are disqualified. And the fifth condition is that he or she should be disqualified by or under any law made by the parliament. So these are the conditions for disqualification of a member of the state legislative assembly or state legislative council. See here, note that if a person is disqualified under 10th schedule which is nothing but the anti-defection law, then the member is disqualified from being a member of state legislative assembly and state legislative council. Now having these basic information in mind, you have to ask yourself another question. Who will decide upon the questions relating to disqualification mentioned under article 191? See the answer for this question is given in article 192. See article 192 confers the decision making power to governor and his decision shall be final in this disqualification matter. And note that before taking any decision regarding this matter, the governor shall obtain the opinion of election commission of India and he or she should act according to such opinion. Now with this basic information, let us see what's given in the news article. See there is an uncertainty in Jharkhand CM continuation because of an office of profit complaint against him. And what is this? This is one of the conditions for disqualification mentioned under article 191. And who has the power to decide regarding this disqualification? Governor has the power to decide upon the disqualification of Jharkhand CM. And this is what is mentioned in article 192. The governor should ask for the opinion of election commission also before making any decisions. So that's all about this news article. With these points in mind, let us move on to the next article discussion. See this article here, it is an editorial article. It is written in the context of reason debates around freebies. See according to the author of the editorial, the market fundamentalist have always been critical of subsidies provided by the government. Here market fundamentalist, they are people who strongly believe in the capitalistic ideals of free market and non-government intervention. See fundamentalist, they label all the support provided by the government as wasteful spending and this results in the suboptimal output from the economy. Through this article, the author counters the argument proposed by the market fundamentalist. He also highlights the hypocrisy in their argument. He criticizes them for selectively ignoring the tax support provided to industries and only attacking the support provided to agriculture and social welfare. And this is the essence of the editorial given here. In this context, we'll see the difference between subsidies and freebies given in the economy and we'll also see the need for subsidies in India. But before that, the syllabus relevant to the article is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. First of all, let us see the basic definition of subsidy. See subsidies include any form of income support or price support provided by the government. This is an all-inclusive definition. It means it includes everything. This is because based on this definition, subsidies include not only direct transfer payments by the government but also the revenue forgotten by the government that is the taxes and charges that are not collected by the government. So it includes the support given by the government and the revenue not collected by the government. So under this definition, both LPG subsidy provided by the government and the tax breaks provided to the corporates or classified as subsidies. Now having understood the basic meaning of subsidies, let us see the difference between a welfare measure and a freebie. But before seeing the difference, we have to see why welfare measures are needed. See have an understanding that basic issue or the basic problem that we try to address in the field of economics is how to meet the unlimited needs of people with limited resources. So for a developing country like India, which is having severe resource constraints, how we prioritize the spending of our limited resources is the issue. Why am I saying this now? See if we had unlimited resources, there is no need for the classification between freebies and welfare schemes. And it is because of India's lack of resources, we need to prioritize our spending and how we spend our resources is important. And only if we spend it in the correct areas, can our country get long term results. And this is where the welfare schemes becomes relevant. I'll give you an example of a welfare scheme here. See welfare schemes have a positive impact on society in the long run. For example, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Mr. Kamaraj, invested heavily on education and provided midday meal scheme to attract children to school. And this is a welfare scheme. What we saw before, we saw that welfare schemes have a positive impact on society in the long run. So we saw that what former CM of Tamil Nadu did was a welfare scheme.  According to the 1951 census, Tamil Nadu had a literacy rate of around 13%. But by the year 1971, the literacy rate increased to 45%. See this is a 300% increase and it is due to the welfare scheme introduced by Mr. Kamaraj. On the other hand, freebies have only short term gains. See freebies do not have long term positive impacts. Another important characteristic of freebies is they are market distorting. Here for example, take the free electricity subsidy for agriculture provided by Tamil Nadu. This subsidy is grossly misused and the free electricity is diverted for other uses also. And due to this reason, TANJETCO, which is the government-owned diskom of Tamil Nadu, is one of the highest loss-making diskom in India. In addition to this, due to free electricity, there is excessive exploitation of groundwater using bore wells. And this is an example of freebie. Like as we saw earlier, it do not have long term positive impacts. So basically, based on the end result, subsidies were classified into welfare schemes and freebies. Now having seen the difference between the welfare schemes and freebies, let us see the need for subsidies in India. The first reason is to induce industrial development and employment generation. Simply to attract foreign investment, the government offers the MNC a lot of tax breaks. And in addition to this, they are also provided free access to land and water. And this effort of the government brings big businesses to India. And once a big MNC comes to a place, various axillary support industries develop around it. And this helps in the creation of employment opportunities for people in the long run. The second need is to boost the exports. Here take the establishment of special economic zones for example. These are low tax jurisdictions established within Indian territory. And this helps make Indian exports competitive in the global market. In turn, this measure helps boost exports from India. And the third need is to establish equality and social justice. See we all know India is one of the highly unequal countries in the world. To address this inequality, subsidies are required. An equal society is a just society. Also the term socialist is also mentioned in the preamble. So to achieve the ideals of social equality, subsidy is required. And the last important need for subsidy is to break the vicious cycle of poverty. Look at this flow chart here. Without any help from the government, a child who grew up in poverty will not be able to get a good education. And in addition to this, there is a high probability that the child will be undernourished. And this results in the child not getting the required skill to enter into a high paying job. And they will probably end up as an unskilled labour. See this results in the future generation of child living in poverty again. And the cycle continues. To break this cycle, government intervention like free and quality education, good food and nutrition, skill development have to be provided. And this can be provided only through subsidies. So these are the needs for subsidy. Now having seen the need for subsidies, let us see how the author of the editorial counters the criticism leveled against subsidy. See like I already mentioned, the people who are against subsidy, they only criticize the subsidy provided to the socially disadvantaged section. And they ignore the subsidy provided to the MNC in the form of tax breaks. See they argue that the tax break and the reduction in the corporate tax will attract investment. And in turn, this will generate employment. As more people get employed, the government's tax collection via income tax and other indirect tax will increase. And this increase in the tax collection will compensate the revenue lost by the government by the way of reduction of corporate tax. And this is the argument put forth by market fundamentalist. But the author in the editorial provides some data how in reality this is not happening. See according to a CAG report in the year 2019-20, the revenue foregone by the government was 22% of direct tax. See in general, as compared to individuals, corporations have been enjoying a larger share of tax preference. Now let's take a quick detour here and understand what is tax preference. See tax preference means an exemption, exclusion or detection from the base tax state. See currently the corporate tax rate in India is 25%. Now let us say that our government announces that greenfield investment in the semiconductor sector will attract no corporate tax for the first four years. And the government is doing this to attract investment in the semiconductor sector. See this preferential tax policy to attract investment is called as tax preference. And know that this is different from reducing the corporate tax. See our government has provided both tax preference for industries and in addition to this they have also reduced the corporate tax. Now here comes the golden question. Has this measure attracted investment? In reality it is a big no. See all these government initiatives like tax preference, tax cuts and other incentives they have not brought an investment. Now here the author is asking several questions. Since the stated objective of the government measure is not achieved, can these measures be considered freebies? He also asked the question will the government stop giving incentives to big corporations? See this is the question raised by the author of the editorial. And through this the author highlights the hypocrisy in the argument of market fundamentalist. See according to author the government spending for agriculture, education and health is very low. In the case of agriculture in 2000s the gross government spending was around 10% of GDP. But now this has reduced to around 5%. In education also the government has not made enough investment. See successive governments have failed to achieve the 6% of GDP expenditure for education. In the case of health public expenditure has struggled to cross 1.5% of GDP. See all these rates they are significantly low. See investing in social sectors like agriculture, education and health they will yield fruitful benefits in the long run. But instead market fundamentalist they are arguing about these social welfare schemes. So the author in conclusion says that a proper differentiation must be made between freebies and welfare measures and the expenditure on welfare should be increased to reach the sustainable development goals by the year 2030. So that's all about this article discussion. With these key points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Have a look at this news article. This news article talks about the arrest of two accused persons in a heroin seashore case. See they were arrested by national investigation agency and among the two persons one persons muggled drugs on the Indian side and then sold them to the domestic traffickers. And then he rooted the proceeds to the kingpin in Afghanistan. And both the accused persons they smuggled the heroin from Afghanistan using the maritime route. And this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context let us briefly learn about golden triangle and golden crescent. And also we will discuss about the impacts of drug trafficking in India. See drug protection impacts Indian Ocean states in two main regions. One is the golden crescent. And this golden crescent comprises of illicit opium production areas in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. See the heroin produced in the golden crescent is trafficked through the southern route. And what is the southern route? See the opium produced in the Central Asian nations they are loaded and transported through Arabian sea towards the west and the east and this is known as southern route. And this is about the golden crescent. And the second one is the golden triangle. See it is the second largest opium production region in the world. And this region covers Myanmar, Thailand and Laos. See in this region the drug production has shifted to methamphetamines and yaba. Here yaba is nothing but a highly addictive pill that combines methamphetamines and caffeine. See these drugs they are smuggled into South and the South Asian countries. And know that drugs from the golden triangle region reaches Bangladesh through Naaf river. And it is a river that borders with Myanmar. So far we have seen about the two main regions where the drugs are produced and the routes through which they are smuggled to different regions. Having seen about this information now let us see the impacts created by drug trafficking in India. See the problem is India is wedged between the world's two largest areas of illicit opium production that is it is placed between golden crescent and golden triangle. See this proximity to the world's largest illicit opium production areas has traditionally been viewed as a source of vulnerability for India. Why is this? This is because India has made to be a destination and a transit route for smuggling these drugs. See India being a destination and transit route affects the Indian youth and other stakeholders in various ways and this is the first impact of drug trafficking. Now secondly we are going to take the case of HIV and AIDS. Now you may wonder how drug trafficking is related to HIV and AIDS. See there are many ways of using drugs and one of them is injecting drug inside your body with a needle. So because of this there is a rising concern that HIV transmission through needles will increase significantly. See as we all know India is home to one of the largest HIV or AIDS epidemics in the world. If injecting drugs increases the HIV transmission it will be a burden to the India's health infrastructure. And this is the second impact. Thirdly these drug trafficking leads to illicit pharmaceutical diversion. See illicit is nothing but the opposite of illicit. Illicit is against the law, illicit is according to the law. See using medicines is not against the law right? Since India has become a destination and transit route for the illicit drugs this leads to the abuse of legitimate pharmaceuticals that is medicines. See India is a large manufacturer of pharmaceuticals. The law regulates their production and sale. But the problem here is that there is no monitoring of compliance with the law and this contributes to increase in the abuse of pharmaceutical drugs. See there has been several cases where pharmaceutical drugs from India are smuggled. The drugs that are smuggled include codyne-based cough syrups and dextro-propoxyfine and it has become a major concern for India as well as its neighbors particularly Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. And some other pharmaceutical drugs that are commonly diverted for abuse include diacipam and nitrozapam. And this is the third impact which is illicit pharmaceutical diversion to illicit drugs. And fourthly there is this illicit cultivation. See India is the only country currently producing illicit opium for domestic medical scientific and as well as export purposes under the terms of 1961 single convention. So India is legally producing opium. But however an unknown portion of India's legal opium crop is diverted into illegal channels. And then they are converted to heroin and smuggled and this also impacts India in a significant manner. Now apart from this the other impacts of drug trafficking include money laundering, crimes against women, human trafficking, corruption etc. So what does this mean? This means that drug trafficking is a primary crime that leads to a lot of secondary crimes in India. So what should be done here? Steps should be taken to control drug trafficking along the border areas because India is placed between the two main opium production areas which is Golden Crescent and Golden Triangle. Now that's all for this article discussion. With these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. See this news article here it is regarding India Credit Spotlight 2022 webinar. In this webinar the SNP director mentioned that India has a strong external balance sheet and limited external debt and he said that this aids in India's debt servicing. Now what is debt servicing here? See debt servicing is just a fancy way of saying repayment of loan. So basically India will not have any trouble repaying its loan because India is having a favorable balance sheet and limited external debt. He also said that India has built up ample forex reserves of about $570.74 billion which will help India to overcome the issues caused by the cyclical changes in the global economy. See the only key concern for India is the inflation that it is currently experiencing. And this is about the news article given here. In this context we are going to see about cyclical and structural factors that causes economic slowdown. First of all let us take cyclical economic slowdown. See cyclical economic slowdown occurs in a capitalistic or market based economy. See every economy in a globalised world goes through peak phase, recession phase, trough phase and the recovery phase. And this is a cyclical process and all economies go through this. So the period of slow growth that occurs periodically is called cyclical slowdown. But why does this happen periodically? See initially in an economy when the demand is high the producers will increase the production to meet the demand. What is happening here? The producers are expecting the demand to continuously increase and that is why they are increasing the production to produce excess products. But due to excess production the demand will fall.  And this measure pulls down the demand curve further down. Because employees they won't have money in their hands to purchase anything, right? And this is called as economic slowdown or recession. When there is recession the government will increase the spending to increase the demand in the economy. Once the demand increases the economy starts growing and the production starts increasing to meet the demand. And this phase is called as recovery phase. And after this the cycle happens again. So for every cycle there is a slowdown in the economy. And hence it is called as cyclical slowdown. Now coming to Indian scenario the slowdown that India is experiencing is cyclical. Due to Covid and the associated job losses the demand in the economy is low. See traditionally RBI will increase access to cheap credit by lowering the report rate to increase the demand in the economy. But right now due to the external factors like Russia-Ukraine war, the associated global oil price rise and the associated global oil price rise inflation is also increasing in India. So RBI is not able to follow the cheap money policy. But the government on its part decided to address this through the Atman-Irbar Bharat 2.0 and other capital infusion programs. But even after this the demand in the economy has not reached the pre-Covid level. And this is the reason for the slowdown in India now. And this is an example of cyclical economic slowdown. Because it happens due to the demand and supply factor. Now moving on to the structural economic slowdown. See structural economic slowdown is more deep rooted. It does not occur periodically like the cyclical slowdown. Here structural slowdown occurs when there is innovation, behavioural changes and other external changes also. Now let us see an example here. Take Saudi Arabia. See Saudi Arabia does not have a diversified economy. Why is it? Because it is primarily dependent on oil exports. See in the next few years if there is an innovation that helps to store electricity more efficiently then everyone will shift to electric mobility. When this happens the importance of oil will decrease and due to this Saudi Arabia's export will slow down and its economy will contract. And this type of economic slowdown is called as structural economic slowdown. See in this economy this slowdown is not cyclical but rather it is due to the excessive dependence of Saudi Arabia on its oil exports. I hope you understand the difference. With this we have come to the end of this discussion. With these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Have a look at this news article. This news article talks about the ban imposed by stock market watchdog Securities and Exchange Board of India and it is shortly referred as SEBI. See SEBI had restricted the NDTV from accessing the securities market. And this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context let us discuss about SEBI, its composition and its functions. First of all let us see who SEBI is. See the Securities and Exchange Board of India or SEBI was constituted as a non-statutory body. This was based on a resolution in the year 1988 by the Government of India. And then the SEBI was established as a statutory body in the year 1992. Note that the SEBI was established as a statutory body based on the provisions of Securities and Exchange Board of India Act 1992. See this statutory body SEBI it monitors and regulates the Indian capital and securities market. Now having said this the basic functions of SEBI are to protect the interest of investors in securities to promote the development of securities market and to regulate the securities market by formulating rules, regulations and guidelines. See these are the major functions of SEBI. I have given here other functions of SEBI for your reference pause the video and go through it one by one. Other than this SEBI has the power to act as a quasi-judicial body it is because it has the authority to deliver judgements related to fraud and securities market and it also has the power to act as a quasi-executive body this is because it is empowered to implement the regulations and judgements and it is empowered to take legal action against the violators. Now thirdly it has the power to act as a quasi-legislative body this is because SEBI reserves the right to frame rules and regulations to protect the interest of investors and some of its regulation consist of insider trading regulations, listing obligations and disclosure requirements. So these are the powers and functions of SEBI. Now coming to the hierarchical structure of SEBI it consists of chairman and eight members. See the chairman and five members are nominated by Union Government of India and two members come from the Union Finance Ministry and one member will be appointed from Reserve Bank of India. So this is about the membership of SEBI. Additionally here we are going to discuss about securities appellate tribunal. See it is also a statutory body it is established under the provisions of section 15K of the SEBI Act 1992 and what is the purpose of this appellate tribunal? See it purposes include to hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by SEBI. Secondly to hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by an adjudicating officer under the Act and thirdly after a government notification the securities appellate tribunal obtained the power to hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority of India that is PFRDA and this authority is established under the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Act 2030 and fourthly after another government notification the securities appellate tribunal obtained the power to hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India and this is about the securities appellate tribunal and with this we have come to the end of this discussion and with these points in mind let us move on to the next part of the discussion that is the practice prelims question discussion. Today we have four prelims questions I will solve three of them and one of them is a quiz question for you. Now let us take this first question consider the following statements. President requires the election commission's opinion for the disqualification of a member of parliament. This statement is correct. See according to article 103 the president should obtain the opinion of election commission before taking any decision and he should act according to the opinion of the election commission. You all know what article 103 is about right? See it is about the decision on questions as to disqualification of members of parliament. So here the statement one is correct. Now coming to statement two president can disqualify a member of the parliament if he or she holds an office of profit under any state government. See this statement is also correct. Here we have to remember article 102. See article 102 deals with the disqualification of members of the parliament. Like article 191 they also have the same sets of conditions for the disqualification of member of parliament. In our discussion itself we saw that if a member holds an office of profit under any state government then he will be disqualified right. So the statement two is correct and the correct answer here is option C both one and two. See after solving this question go and read about article 102 and article 103. It will be like a revision for you. Now moving on to the next question consider the following statements about Narcotics Control Bureau shortly referred as NCB. Statement one NCB is a constitutional body and an apex coordinating an enforcement agency for the prevention of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. See we have to split this statement into two. First of all let us see whether the first part is right or not. NCB is a constitutional body. This is wrong. See NCB is a statutory body. It was constituted based on the provisions of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act 1985. So the first part is incorrect. Now coming to the second part NCB is an apex coordinating an enforcement agency for the prevention of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. This part is correct. But since the first part is incorrect the whole statement is incorrect. Now coming to the second statement NCB is governed by the Ministry of Home Affairs. This statement is correct. See currently the Home Ministry governs the Narcotics Control Bureau and also know that the Department of Revenue and the Finance Ministry it administers the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985 and the prevention of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act of 1988. So from this we know that second statement is correct. So what is the correct answer here? The correct answer is option B, 2 only. Now moving on to the third question which among the following are the steps taken to address cyclical slowdown, expansionary fiscal policy, cheap money policy, recapitalization of banks, diversification of economy. Read the question carefully it is asked about the steps taken to address the cyclical slowdown. See expansionary fiscal policy, cheap money policy, recapitalization of banks, they all will help increase the money supply in the economy. We saw in our discussion that reduction in demand is the main reason for cyclical slowdown. So increasing money supply will help increase the demand in the economy and it will help address the cyclical economic slowdown. But the fourth statement which is the diversification of economy it will help address the structural economic slowdown. As we saw during the discussion if Saudi Arabia diversifies its economy now it will not face any structural slowdown in the future. So if we eliminate statement 4 we can easily arrive at the right answer which is option A, 1, 2 and 3 only. Now moving on to the final question consider the following statements regarding securities and exchange board of India, SEBI. Read the statements carefully, think about it and post your answer in the comments section. Here I have displayed a main question for you to practice. So interested aspirants write it and post it in the comments section and if you have any queries related to the articles that we discussed today post that also in the comments section and with this we have come to the end. If you find the video useful like share and comment and do subscribe to Shankar Iyer's Academy's YouTube channel for further updates. Thank you.


So I suggest we start. So welcome today to the event session, Supporting Educators and Education in COVID-19 Crisis, Eden Perspective. This session is part of the ICD President's Forum 2020 as a satellite engagement event. And we are very happy that we could contribute to ICD President Forum. My name is Sandra Kucina and I'm Eden President. And in today's session, we will share our know-how about how an organization and associations such as Eden can support educators and education in time of pandemic when we have faced this crisis. The speakers today are Timothy Reed, Eden Vice President for Open Professional Collaboration from UNED Spain. Diana Andone, Eden Vice President for Communication and Communities of Practices from Polytechnica University of Timoshera, Romania. Elisa Mari Blashke, Chair of the Board of the Eden Fellows Council. And she's working at the Center of Live Long Learning at Oldenburg, Germany. And Antonio Teixeira, former Eden President from Universitate Aberta, Portugal. And before we start with our session, I kindly ask the Secretariat to share the video message from the ICDE. Dear ICDE partners and colleagues, my name is Turin Jelsvik and I'm the Secretary General of International Council for Open and Distance Education, ICDE. It is my pleasure to greet you through this video on the occasion of today's satellite engagement event for the ICDE President's Forum 2020. The ICDE President's Forum will take place virtually on the 25th of November and will address the topic on how we can recalibrate educational leadership for resilient education. On the day, presidents and rectors of ICDE members will reflect upon educational challenges accentuated by the pandemic and discuss leadership actions and steps that must be taken towards a more resilient education system where open, flexible and distance education must play a greater role. The difference between flexible and distance education as a planned and pedagogically designed program or course to emergency remote education is crucial. During the crisis, we have seen that educators and societies that already had planned systems, proper infrastructure and flexible learning concepts in place were much better equipped in order to secure continuous learning than the ones that did not have these systems in place. At the same time, it has been clear that already existing inequalities related to lack of connectivity, social injustice and the digital divide has been accentuated during the crisis and the targeted measures must be taken. These and many other challenges will be discussed and addressed during the next ICDE President's Forum. Through our partners, satellite engagement events and other pre-forum activities, we have invited all ICDE stakeholders and the whole global community of online, open and distance education to contribute and feed into the discussion. Check out the events page on icd.org that is populated with introductory videos, keynotes, blogs and blog posts related to the topic. Through today's event, which you as a valuable partner to ICDE is invited to host, you now have the opportunity to contextualize and concretize the leadership challenges that are most relevant for your organization and stakeholders. How should educational leaders respond to the challenges addressed? How can we as a global membership organization facilitate for stronger collaboration and partnerships across borders and continents? Again, thank you for engaging in the discussion. I wish you a successful event. So you have seen the video from the ICDE. And let me start with Eden. Presenting Eden Association in a way that as Toran already says, how can we as a global associations contribute to the situation we are facing today with the disruption of education and the society in global, the biggest one in the history and the issues how to enable educators all over the globe and also education to continue and to respond to the challenges we have faced this year. In our session, we will present how Eden responded to this crisis. What measures and steps did we take so far? Let me just remind you that Eden Association is almost 30 years old. And as we like to say, this is smart network for professional community and professional community for smart learning. And our idea and our aim is to contribute to education and educators by talking and tackling the most present and important topics relating to digital learning and teaching by bringing Eden community and all interested to discuss, to exchange ideas and know-how and providing ground for collaboration and joining of efforts to foster digital education and digital culture for better life and well-being in today's and tomorrow world. And my colleagues today will first share our activities which we have taken in this year so far and how we cope with them and what was the feedback of the community on them. And so I will ask first team and Lisa to share our initiative with which we started immediately after the crisis has begun. And to show our leadership and our strength as a community to support educators and education. So team and Lisa, I'm giving the floor to you now. Thank you very much, Sandra. Okay, so we're gonna talk about our Eden webinar initiatives, the two blocks, Education in a Time of Pandemic and the subsequent block on Education in a Time of New Normal. Can you move on to the next slide, please? Now, Eden has a long history of giving our webinars and engaging with our community. So we really decided that this was a way we could immediately contribute to supporting the teaching effort that was going from face to face to emergency online teaching tool to distance learning. And you can see the team of people who actually worked in this initiative because it was quite an intense period. We had weekly meetings and we tried to stay up to date with the feedback and information we were getting in the preparation of these webinars. They typically lasted about an hour or an hour and a bit and you can see the first block of 11 webinars. It started at the end of March and went through to the beginning of June. So, I mean, if we skim over these very quickly, we were very fortunate to start in our first webinar with a wonderful presentation by Tony Vates, helping people get their hands on there. In the second one, we were talking about the implications of this new online environment across the board, really, from academics, administrators, et cetera. And that was an interesting talk given by Eva Ossi, Neil Insan. The third webinar, it was our attempt to catch up on all the questions that we'd received during this period. And there was a very good Q&A session held by Don Alcock Jr. and Donella Apothia and Lisa Maria Blaschke. In the fourth webinar, we really looked about design and assessment for online learning. And that was our webinar in which Alfredo Soreda, Lisa Maria Blaschke and Orna Ferro participated. In the fifth webinar, we were really looking at engagement, how to actually really relate to our students in an online environment. And the webinar was given by Alan Tate and Simon Paul Atkinson. In the sixth webinar, we looked at the notion of community and how to build it online. And this was given by Steve Wheeler. In the seventh, we looked at the question of information overload and fake news. And it was a webinar given by Irving Katz and Francesca Aminduni in the eighth webinar. We were looking at some practical tips for learning instructional design, how to give structure to the classes between online and online. And this was given by Joyce Senginger, Gerald Evans and Julie Simon. In the ninth webinar, we were looking at open educational resources and practices. And the webinar was given by Martin Wheeler and Catherine Cronin. In the tenth webinar, we were looking at how we can actually plan for education after the pandemic. What sorts of things we'd have to take into account and what types of problems we'd have to face. And this was a webinar given by Antonio Teixeira, Neil Fashini and Binay Makore. And finally, in the eleventh webinar, we were developing 21st century skills for teaching online in general. And this was a webinar given by Parthiti Irving Senginger and Ulf Daniel Ehers. Next slide, please. So then we had the summer recess. We weren't really sure what was gonna happen afterwards. But when it was clear that things were gonna carry on in a similar fashion at the middle of September, we started again and we carried on with a series of six webinars. The first one, the first part, the first one was really divided into two, looking at this online transformation of universities and the sorts of challenges it would actually imply. And so in the first part, the first half, we had a presentations by Sir John Daniel and Antonio Teixeira. In the second half, the presentations were by Mark Nichols, Christian Andres Schumann and Allison Littlejohn. In the third webinar, we were looking at the next phase of online. How can we actually improve or carry on improving in the most cases? And we had presentations by Alexandra Mahai, Marthi Paol and Richard J. Paol. In the fourth webinar, we were once again looking at the idea of communities at this time in terms of how to support our teachers. And we had presentations by Mahavali, Mia Samora and Autumn Kynes. In the fifth webinar, we were looking at the role of research and how we could use it to actually support and improve learning with technology. And we had presentations once again by the ever-president Antonio Teixeira, Gio Ceptuat, Ulrich Bernath and Sandra Luchina-Sovcik. In the sixth and final of this series, we were lucky enough to have representatives from the European Commission who were talking to us about the digital education plan 21 to 27 and such in the education and training for the digital age. And with us was George Dimitrov, Veronica Morilito and Yves Prune. Can you move on to the next slide, please? Okay, how did we actually do this? So we had a weekly meeting. We prepared the topic. We got our speakers together. We set up a webpage and we had the event. We enabled people to participate with us within Zoom, but at the same time, we had a real-time transmission on YouTube. And there was always one of us picking up the questions in Zoom and somebody else in YouTube. And once the event was over, we left recording and also the presentations that were there for people to go back. And you can still go back and watch those. And I encourage you to do so if you haven't done so far. Sandra, next slide, please. Okay, webinar philosophy. One thing we didn't want to do was get carried away with the theory and philosophical reflections on the nature of online learning and distance education. We tried to be as far as possible, hands-on. Although, to some extent, reacting to those types of questions that were being asked, we adapted as we went along. And really, at the same time, trying to create synergies right across the organizations because if there's one particular feature of online teaching and learning that's important, is that it's a team game and we all need to be pulling in the same direction. We also tried to reach out to new players and people who may not have participated in our webinars previously to bring their valuable experience and interesting perspective to the distance educational field. And also begin to sketch out what we might think this idea of new normal might actually be, which I think we're still discovering now at the moment. Sandra, next slide, please. How do we decide on the topics? Well, I think I've given some insight into that already. And also, we tried to make use of the results we picked up from the feedback and also the demand that we were picking up in the weekly meetings. So without time, we'll do. On the next slide, I'll pass over to my colleague, Lisa, to carry on, please. Thank you, Tim. I'm just gonna present to you the results that we got from the webinar series that we held. And there's a lot of data here, but I'd like you to most specifically look at the totals that are at the bottom. This is from the first webinar series that we held education in time of a pandemic. We had overall 6,263 registrations. And then we had a total of 3,552 participants and we issued 52 contributor badges and 2,028 participant badges. And so altogether, since that time, we've had nearly 12,000 views of the webinars since holding the webinar series this spring. Next slide, please. One of the things that we looked at for this particular webinar series were the number of participants by country. Croatia ranked number one in terms of participants, then came Germany, Portugal, Romania, Italy, the UK, Spain, Latvia, Ireland, and so on. And so there was quite a diverse number of participants and most of these are from the European Union. However, we did have a number of participants from around the world, Canada, from the United States, from the Philippines, South Africa. So we really were able to reach a wide, wide breadth of people. Next. This gives you an idea of where our participants are from. I wanted to include this so that you could see, we hit just about every country there was in terms of participants. So it really did, we were able to reach out and to really support people and to meet the need and the demand that was out there for information about how to survive this initial transition into online. Next. Here's some of the results. As I mentioned before, there were the top five countries with participants. So we were visited by over 120 countries worldwide and then here's the top five. The topics that were in the greatest in demand, the first was the Moving Online, which was our very first webinar, which was with Tony Bates trying to get what are the things that participants needed to be aware of as they transitioned into the online environment. The next was Designing and Managing Assessments, then Practical Tips for Learning and Instructional Design, and then what would this mean, this transition for students, academics and administrators, and then how to engage and support students online. And you can see from the topics that these weren't really investigations into research or into theory, but they really were hands on what do people need right at that moment in order to successfully survive within this new environment. Next slide. Some other results that we had, there was a really high number for badges. We aren't sure whether it was because people wanted to have recognition that they attended or they wanted to show that they had acquired a specific set of skills that they could then show to their employer about moving into the online environment, but it was very clear that there was demand for that recognition and specifically in the areas of assessment, information management and what it would mean to moving online. We did notice that there was a decrease of participants over time, and this is completely normal because they were moving from an emergency phase into a more streamlined phase of moving into the online environment. Topics were not as much in demand and it could also be that participants just didn't have the time in order to attend. We did notice that there were more views of the recordings than there were actually live participants. And this is a good sign because it shows that there was still demand that was still need for these topics and for these webinars. Next. Now the next webinar series that we gave was after the Eden conference and here we wanted to focus on really education in this phase of new normal. And so these are the topics that we looked at. We had 1,600 or 1,688 registrations and then we had 923 participants issued over 700 badges and there have been close to 2,000 views since we have started this particular webinar series. Next slide. As with the previous seminar, we looked at how many participants that we had, how many speakers and then how many Zoom and YouTube participants. And here we had 89 countries that participated and these are countries from Europe as well as non-European countries. And so that's what we did and those are our results. And now I'll hand it back to Sandra. Thank you, Tim and Lisa. I think that this shows that at the moment when it was needed, Eden showed that it can offer a variety of topics which were at demand at that moment but also that it can gather the community to share expertise and know how. And this was, I would say, our biggest challenge at that moment together around and to communicate and collaborate and to organize such session. Next, we will share with you the challenges we have faced in this year as well. These were that we planned our biggest meeting annual conference. It's always face to face and it's time to meet, to greet, to collaborate, to meet friends and so on. And we had to do it fully online. So now I'm going to give time to Diana to as a host of the Eden annual conference this year to share which challenges did we face in organizing the conference fully online for the first time. Thank you, Sandra. So indeed we picked up directly from the webinars and we tried to move that experience which we gained during the online webinars running 11 webinars was quite a challenge for the whole team of Eden and also spread even wider the Eden community. So we had decided quite early in means in April that the Eden conference annual conference is going to be fully online. And that means quite an intense preparation of being sure that we can also support it technically but also instructionally. So we will really give back something to the community. The theme of the conference was picked up before the, obviously before the COVID era. So we've been focusing more on human intelligence and artificial intelligence and our involvement into the STEM, into the science, technology, engineering and math education. We adapted this with digital education. And the image which you can see here is the image coming from the end of the conference from the closing session where we were all happy because we consider also based on the feedback which we received live afterwards and also during the feedback survey that it was quite a successful conference and well appreciated by the education community which participated into it. I need to say that it was a joint team effort also from the Polytechnic University of Tinshara which was officially hosted the conference. The Eden secretary and the Eden leaders, the Eden vice president. And we used also quite a lot of other Eden community as technical chairs, as chairs of the sessions. And we needed to train quite a lot of people on how to use a virtual conference because this was quite early for a lot of us. We were not really being part of too many conferences. So that was the biggest challenge beside of the technical one. To be sure that all of us, we have similar competencies to be able to run a conference with multiple participants from all the four continents and with four or even five sessions simultaneously. Next please. Because the committee pulled on together, we had more than 300 delegates coming from 40 countries covering all the areas of expertise from education technologies, from higher education, but also from the K-12 or the pre-university education system. And quite a lot coming from companies and from the general public. So this was very welcome by us. As you can see, we'll be mainly European but also spread out around the world. And quite a lot of people followed the sessions online because the planning sessions were live broadcast also on YouTube not only inside Zoom and into the virtual conference. The planning sessions which we planned was had a very large breadth of views coming from digital education because we were lucky to have the first introduction from the European Commission of the new digital education action plan. We were also lucky to be able to have the learning analytics teams being presented quite powerfully with two presentations coming from this subject but also the artificial intelligence and the use of the artificial intelligence in the wider spread of our lives but also quite focusing on the use of artificial intelligence with chat booths and so on into the education. We also introduce assessments and how assessment will be done into the planning sessions and open educational technology with the use of the new technologies which are supporting education nowadays and the micro credentials which were also run through a special workshop. We also, you can see that the keynote speaker were coming from Australia to United States going through Europe. So again, it was proven that it's a global association which can lead and gain also from the knowledge which is globally provoked. Next slide please. And we had several papers. We had 44 paper presentation, 12 workshops and training sessions, 14 posters and demonstration all included into special sessions and other support which we gave during the conference. And I need to say that we continue the, how to say the custom which was in Eden in the last two years to have also a PhD symposium during the annual conference as well as it was during the research workshop which followed. So we managed quite well to bring the young researchers into the Eden community and to have very valuable mentoring and also feedback and information to our young researchers. We were lucky because with the Polytechnica University we managed to pull up a virtual conference tool when this was not possible. I know virtual conference tool was ready in June to be used either commercially or in other format. This virtual conference tool also allowed everyone to upload their papers, their presentation and it was seen as a main network hub as a nexus of information and communication among the participants and also included the links to the live sessions for everyone to be accessible and usable. And it was quite well-valued by the participant. Next slide. But as Sandra also said, a conference is also a time when it's not only knowledge and information and projects to be shared but also friendship to be shared. And this was the most challenging bit which we tried to somehow to present as we had also some social cafes from networking sessions. In all the breaks we had the open sessions where people will join and just chat and network. There were forums where people shared information and projects and established meetings. And we also tried to put up together a social program somehow to bring the community to Timishara, to Romania. Also virtually with a virtual tool which we done live into the city and with a virtual dinner with food and wine from Romania. Unfortunately, only to be tasted by the Romanian for the moment. And also with quite an interesting session of bringing local activities and regional activities in STEM education. So things from which we can all learn and share. Thank you. Thank you, Diana. So you can see that it was definitely challenge for us to go fully online. And I would say that it was very successful challenge taken that results were really great. And based on so good experience with having online conference and the really high response of participants and collaboration. We decided to have the research workshop online as well. The research is very important part of Eden activities. As Diana mentioned, we have this PhD Symposium initiative but every second year we have Eden Research Workshop and this year the research workshop was in Lisbon virtually hosted by Universitate Averta and our host was Antonia Teixeira. So Antonia, please tell us why do you think this research workshop was special? Not only because it was virtual but because it also brought the results from on the present issues which we are still facing today. Well, thank you, Sandra. Actually, this was the challenge. In fact, when we started planning the event similarly like Diana has explained for the annual conference we were actually the event started we planned two years in advance. So it was a long preparation and it's interesting that the insight we had on the topics proved to be right which is the first interesting conclusion. So our approach was actually as the title in a way represents we tried to look at the experience of learning with technology from a human perspective. So of course, focusing on the use of technology especially of course on the emerging trends artificial intelligence and others as Diana has also noted but trying to in a way to also focus and in a way to actually to bring back the human part of this experience. It's interesting because that was possibly probably one of the major conclusions that people felt while researchers felt from this experience during the pandemic times. So of course, this was the topic and has human experience of learning with technology new challenges for research in digital open business and network education and we've folding up on the explanation that Senator has already shared. We had this issue, this discussion on whether to to keep the conference or during the session of the conference as it was a shadow or to make some kind of adjustments or even to postpone it and the decision was the right one in the sense that we had to redesign the event but using some solutions that were slightly different from what we had tried in the annual conference. So as Diana has already noted one of the major challenges has to do with the balance between the scientific component of the event and the networking aspects of the event as well. So differently from what has been tried in the annual conference, we tried to streamline in the sense to focus the attention and focus the redesign of the program on the content part and to use social media to actually to account for the networking part in the sense. But this was combined also in a very dynamic way and what was also a good experience was the fact that given the very high density of the program the actually experience was really intensive and these allowed for well also a very great atmosphere amongst the participants. So the first probably one of very important aspect to highlight was the fact that opposite what we had feared, the participation was much higher than expected. So these was most probably the highest attended research workshop ever from organized by Eden and the numbers are there to attest it. So we had over 200 participants from 43 different countries representing all regions of the world. We had close to 50 full paper presentations, also posters, workshops and all the PhD symposium as well with the higher tennis. The keynote speakers as you can see from the left were very well high and important speakers I mean, great experts from Allen, well from Allen Tate, Tony Bates, Terry Anderson, more established keynote speakers and experts. Also Antonia Nova, who brought a different kind of perspective from a more traditional approach to education but it was really interesting how we combine it with the research that is going on and also the contribution from Allen, new research, well, younger research in this sense, new generation of research from represented by Alan Ellsberg or Mahabali and Mark Pedestan Agustin, Christina Costa and Dinesh and Martin Waller of course. So in this sense, it was also interesting to note that we had already seen in the research workshop and not just a combination of different generations that were conducting research on open and distance, open distance and new learning but also a new generation that has started to conduct research as a result of the impact of the pandemic and it has already been seen in this workshop. So there is, and we can now go to the next slide please. If you can. Okay, thank you. So as Allen Tate, well, very, as summed up in the end, in a very beautiful sentence, this workshop has been a triumph of resilience for the community in a number of ways. First of all, it was, it represented the fact that given the impact of the pandemic, which also affected all of the institutions, how we could, and also how we organized conferences that remind us, as Diana has already noted, that reorganizing a conference that has been planned for a physical scenario is quite difficult, quite hard, but these has been done quite successfully. But apart from this, there's a new sense of vitality from the eating community that was clearly shown and also a widening of this community as well. So as a result of the impact of the pandemic, not only the field of practice has widened, but also the field of research. There are new researchers coming in, bringing new perspectives, bringing new focus of attentions, and this has been very interesting. So the first conclusion I would draw from this is this one, right? There is a new generation of researchers that is coming to the field and bringing new perspectives. This has also been seen as one of the most important aspects, one of the most important highlights after research workshops are usually the awards. The best research paper award was received by a young researcher, a very promising new one, and also new awards were given, which represents the vitality also of these new perspectives. Another aspect which is also important is that the researchers are exploring a wide array of topics, both traditional and new ones, as already noted, but in a very holistic way. So this has been very clear also in the program as well. Diana has already noted a number of topics, I will not repeat them, but from aspects linked with inclusion and the social impact of the use of technology and education to how institutions can be changed, and so topics related with strategic planning and transformation, topics related with teacher training and capacity building, topics related with assessment, which is clearly a very important topic these days, also with accreditation, with the feedback and how students can be supported. All of these different kinds of aspects have been researched with a new vitality. Also new emerging topics as the ethics and the issues related, ethical aspects involving issues related with data management, with privacy and all of this. I would say that there is a very clear focus on the quality, the integrity, and the equity of the online learning process. This has been a key element in this research that is being conducted and has been presented at the workshop. Finally, there's a very interesting aspect as well, which was noted by Baxim Jean-Louis at the end of the workshop, was one of the conclusions as well, is that we are living now in a time where evidence-based decisions and access to quality data are critical for decision-making. And this has been not only relevant in the case of, for instance, health-related issues, but also in education. And so there is an understanding that is emerging of the need to base our decision-making on research. So research-based decision-making is critical and is more important than ever. And in this sense, I could say that one of the biggest outcomes of this workshop has been not only, of course, the vitality of the hidden community and the research community as a whole, but the clear understanding of the community itself, the community of researchers that is being, that its activity, it's only important for the sake of research but to inform decision-making. And this sense of connection with what actually is the reality of the field and the changing process that is being conducted at the same time that we're researching it has been also very highlighted during this event. So just in a brief word, of course, this was an important event for all the reasons that I've tried to show, but mainly because it was, as Alente te stated, a clear triumph of the real resilience, but more than the resilience of the relevance of the hidden community and of course, of the research and practice community in this field. Back to you, Sandra. Thank you, Antonio. Very, very nicely said. And I think at this moment in such situations that we are facing today, research is very important part because decisions should be done based on research, not just only based on the impressions and feelings. Although we do like to do that, it's work sometimes. Well, here are the events we have presented so far. I will stop sharing my screen now, screen now, and I would like to invite you to ask questions to panelists and me as well. Why do you think that our activities are good or can be better? Or do you think that such associations as Eden could have done some other activities or some other initiatives in order to support educators and education? I see that, I'm sorry, I see that you have had some comments in the chats already. I mean, while you think about questions, I would like to ask my speakers, my colleagues here with me who are working on Eden as well, shaping our activities and our policies which we are preparing. In your opinion, how did we do so far and did you miss anything as a member, as the educator and the researcher? Did you miss anything that would be very helpful to you to help you in organizing your work and to feel as a part of the community? So maybe we could start with Tim here. Thank you, Sandra. I don't really think I missed anything directly because it wasn't necessarily just the topics we covered at the conference, the research workshop and in our webinars. It was all the rich interaction with all the people there, the speakers and the people who are actually attending these events. And I really think we touched on to a greater or lesser extent most of the actual problems that we were really looking at because at the end of the day, this is a wonderful opportunity because we've been preaching for so many years about how to play this online game and all of a sudden people are forced to do so. It's a great your own dog food situation. And I think we stepped up to the mark quite well and I think you can tell by the positive feedback we've had and the large number of people engaging with us. And also it's not been like a ballistic process. It hasn't been like a shell that's fired as a cannonball fired out of a cannon that just moved straight. We've incorporated people's feedback in as we've gone along. So I'd like to think that we've tried to adapt to people's needs. Thank you, Tim.  So you are accustomed to be fully online all the time, you know. But taking into this, do you think that there's too much online at the moment or are we becoming Zoom zombies, as someone says? Yeah, well, I know I've become a Zoom zombie. I don't know how everyone else is feeling, but it just feels like there's just a lot of... There used to be a show in the United States it was called Zoom and it was Zoom, Zoom, Zooming around. And that's how I feel. I'm Zooming from one meeting to the next. And I think one of the things that, and we did actually do a webinar about this through Eden, is really concentrating on our well-being and the well-being of our students and trying to support them as much as that we can. And for me, from my perspective, working within the Eden organization, it was such a positive experience, bringing everyone together and really capitalizing on the experiences that we have had. I mean, there's so many people that think that online just happened with this transition, with this big pivot. And as a result of the pandemic, when in reality, we've had decades of experience that we're now drawing from. And we're not just drawing from it, but we're sharing it with the community. And that to me is such an exciting experience because we're now able to really apply so many of the things that we know. But as I said, well-being is really important. So it's important to be able to close your computer when you need to. Yeah, I agree with you. Yes, Diana, you have been working with the community all this time since the beginning of the pandemic, trying to help teachers and students to get around the online environment. How do you think that the case studies and know-how from Eden did contribute to your work and the way how you can help the educators in your country? Yes, I think it was for everyone. It's not only for us in our country, but I think for everyone who would be part of the Eden community in the last years, even but more predominantly in the last eight months, it became quite evident that being online and gathering all of this information through the webinars and not only the presentations and the speeches, but also what the community was sharing in chat and in questions like it's now, people sharing links and ideas and their experience, which is a very, what to say, valuable resource for everyone. So I think everybody gained, but probably quite a lot of us, it's not only the case of us here in Romania, but a lot of others had done regional events or national events. From us, we started immediately, I mean, in April, also a series of webinars called Online Together in Romanian, Preuno Online, which gather a huge momentum in Romania, but not only Romania, I gather the Romanian community across the globe, I can say that because we had people participating from Romanian, speaking on Romanian, because I always thought that at least in Europe and not necessarily everywhere, we need to focus also on sharing the knowledge and experience in other languages, not only in English. So people who are not so accustomed or they don't know the special language which we use sometimes on English for different terms to be able to access the information and also to have a sort of national or regional perspective on it. We organized these webinars together jointly with Eden with a lot of contribution of Eden, also by delivering and sending open badges which were validated also by Eden and IEEE police. And there were very, as you Elise also mentioned about the Eden badges, there were very much sought after. Even now I have people which are asking about those badges during the webinars and we are now at the webinar number 18, which is I think quite valuable and quite good. And also through the training, we train more than 6,000 professors from the high schools and different other universities in the last month with a lot of resources and information which was shared by Eden. And I encourage also the other participants to this and to the ICDE or to USDL or to ODLA to share your information, your knowledge through resources either on video sharing platform or on your website. So creating as much as possible open educational resources for other communities to include into their trainings or into their resource sharing websites. Thank you, Diana. Although I have a prepared question for Antonio, I see that we have question in chat from Hannah Granger. She says, as Antonio says, gathering real time evidence is hugely important. Eden has certainly contributed. Question is if there is a bias to higher education since growing interest and evidence from school education would be great to improve higher education, school education evidence sharing. So what would be your comment, Antonio here? Well, first of all, let me just also give a short reply to one of the questions in the Q&A which was related to the cost efficiency of all of these initiatives. I think it's important to make a brief reference. In fact, and it was proven, for instance, with the research workshop, we were able to gather a tremendous amount, I mean, a tremendous selection of experts from around the world of very high quality that it would be very difficult to actually have them physically if we had, well, a traditional event. And this has happened also in terms of the online initiatives that were conducted, well, the webinars that were organized by Eden and other organizations as well. So the amount of talent and expertise and that was able to be collected and shared in a very open and easy way with everyone from around the world has been a tremendous experience and it has a tremendous value. Well, in the case of our conference and the webinars and all of these, they were done with no costs attached in terms of inviting experts. These has to be noted as well. So all of the community from the highest expert to the just a practitioner that is just starting out everyone was sharing their experiences openly and in a very, how can I say, in a very healthy way. And this generosity that was shown by everyone has to be highlighted as well. Regarding your question, the question that you've just asked me, Sandra, it is true. I think that Eden in this sense and the other associations as well, but Eden has a very special place because it has 30 years archive in the sense of the best research available in the field regarding these topics. And this has been widening in the last couple of months with all these experiences that have been shared. I think that the collection of best practices or practices by Eden should be while a target for us. These, of course, regarding association as Eden, this has not to be done only focusing on higher education. It could and it should also include the other education sectors. And one of the things that we also have to note is the fact that this pandemic or the impact of the pandemic has brought a new interest and has developed a lot research on distance and well and e-learning for younger kids. There wasn't much research on this and now there's important research being conducted, important expertise that is being gathered and can be shared. And this represents an important aspect. Well, if we're all happy with the fact that we've been able to develop a number of vaccines in such a short notice because well, there was a lot of investment. We also need to have investment in education. But independently from the public funding investment, the community should invest on this. And there are simple things that we can do in order to upscale the research and expertise. And of course, collecting evidences is a very important aspect of this. Thank you, Antonio, for a very good answer. You have summarized really good the important issues. And before closing the session, let me just add that my experience is that at the moment we were faced in Croatia, for example, with the pandemic and the crisis, my decision was that we were not going to do our own webinar session that I would direct the high education community to Eden's webinars. And you have seen that in the results on Eden webinar series. And these, that high number of creation teachers has attended these webinars and feeling that they can go somewhere, find the information, collaborate with people. And this was at that moment very crucial for them to be able to get immediately some kind of support and reply to their numbers questions. I have last question for each of you. And it was not prepared questions as some of them are. Well, in two sentences, what would be your thinking, the most important issue in education next year? Whether or not we managed to get over the pandemic. So what would be the most important issue you think next year, which will be talked about? While you think about this, I'll give you a minute or two. I will just give some info that at the beginning of this November, we had also another one activities. And this was Eden European Online and Distance Education Week. And here we show the full strength of the community collaborating with another associations like United States Distance Learning Association like Australian Association of Distance Learning and Flexible Learning Associations of New Zealand, showing that we can go higher, that we can aim wider working on the global level. And I think that is very important that at this time we collaborate, we communicate and we share among us the best practices and know-how. And I hope that you will find Eden as association where you can get all this information that are important to you. So let me go back to my speakers, my colleagues. So I will start now here with Lisa. So what do you think, Lisa? I think that the biggest issue facing us will be two issues. One is the wellbeing and the support of our students and our learners. And the second would be finding a way to create designs for online and for the face-to-face classroom that can shift and transition back and forth. Okay, great, great. Thank you. Tim, what would be your answer? I think it's clear that we can't get the genie back in the bottle. I mean, we've now got this move to online. So the big issue is how are we gonna establish the equilibrium when we move forward from this and what role will the different actors and students have in this process and how can we move forward together? Great, Diana? I think I will pick up from where my colleagues have said and maybe also from the question which was raised and I will say that in higher education, blended learning and digital education was here for some time. Quite a lot of us were much more better prepared but in the K-12 and in the high schools and gymnasium that was the biggest shift. And I think the biggest challenge will be how to support, how to integrate digital education and blended learning at all levels. So even in rural areas for so to be able to have or to say a fair education and access to everyone in the future. That's probably the biggest challenge which at least Europe we are going to face. Good, and Antonio, I give the last word to you. Well, I will agree with everyone else before, but also with that because I had to add something and you were not fair with us because you've arranged questions that you didn't ask in the end. So, okay, I would add that a very important issue that we should tackle is of course to have a more inclusive and in that sense and more also a better quality learning experience, well, digital learning experience in the next year. So I think that the basis are here. As Tim has said and also Lisa and Diana, the journey will not get into the bottle again. So what we have to move is forward but we have to improve the quality of what has been, what has been delivered. And that implies from improving the support to students, improving the support to teachers as well, to improve their training as well and overall to have a better quality and also also improve the equity of this experience to have it more inclusive in order for not to widen the digital gap but also to do exactly the reverse. Thank you all. We have some here comments in the chat. For example, Joseph, I said that online design is a paramount performance and 2021 is year of to support teachers, trainers and lecturers in how to upskill. So something we already mentioned in our answers. I see that some say, Edwin contributes to facilitating and fostering research and development in distance. Any learning, thank you. We'll try to continue. And Mariam Cartagian says for me, the biggest issue is the lack of equipment for distance learning in all parts of the world. How is it possible to find sponsors and support them? Well, not an easy questions. I'm not certain that we have an answer to this one. Is anyone would like to comment on this? If I can add something very quickly, in terms of also software, you'll need to look onto open source software. The open source software community has pulled up immensely in the last month and quite a lot of them are going out into the market. And in terms of the equipment, there is also equipment quite cheaply now designed even with simple Raspberry Pi's and so on, which can easily support people. And I think the solutions are there and they're coming up together also for those which don't have so much access to possibilities to access very good quality equipment. And if I can add Sandra, one of the challenges which I was hoping that somebody else will pick up, I think it's going to be assessment and credentials, which is also following from Antonia's quality thing. I think we will need to focus much more on this, including in higher education on how we validate our degrees when it's partly online and with full blended learning because in higher education and in traditional education system, we have no model of that in Europe at least. And it's going to be one of the huge challenges for the policymakers in the future. So thank you, thank you all. I'm going to conclude now our session. Thank you for all your contributions in chat. I thank today for my speaker for being attending this session. Certainly Eden will continue to work to share, to collaborate and enable everyone to become a part of the community because I think today, especially today, it's important to be part of community of practices, to be able to get information and to network and exchange experience and practice. And all our activities in the next year will definitely be shaped in a way to go in this way. And I just see that my secretariat colleagues are saying that the next Eden session will be on, but it goes too much too so quickly. On December 2nd, it will be an app webinar. So please follow us on our web pages. And this is the end of our session, our contribution to ICD forum, which will be in the next two days. So thank you again and see you soon. Bye. Thank you. Bye. Stay safe. Bye everyone. Bye.


Yeah, I got a taser All six what happened custody I want to Oh We're gonna help you up, okay. All right, we're gonna roll you towards me. All right. All right ready one two three Yeah, I just just be careful and just try to stay away from Charlie can I search you for 911th Avenue 9-0-0 east 11th Avenue at the Whole Foods on an assist being towed with a dog in the vehicle calls about two and a half hours old I'll give them a call and see if they're even still there Hey, they're coming nine and six forty three Charlie you can go ahead and cancel animal control already Position of the dog and have another one for you already 1434 1433 Washington Street 1433 Washington Street At the natural grocers for a male going through a bag in the parking lot Black male in his 25 7150 worn a black tank top black pants with red shoes Being called in by a great couple in the security there. Okay. I got you back in at 1546 Which called any male for 1460 liberal Evan Street 1460 liberal Evan Street Apartment 1206 be stationed in Riverfront apartment been contacted the marker at Laban in regards to her vehicle being broken into All six Yeah, if you could just have EMS coming Okay Where's your clothes at that where's your where's your clothes at? Down the street Right now all the way down all the way down lay down Lay down on your face lay down on your stomach Get down or put your arms out put your arms out both of them all the way out Yeah, please go down there. What'd you take nothing? Yeah, what's going on today? This is normal for you Yeah, what'd you take what you take that all right? Thank you. Thank you for being on You what shot it All right, we'll take care of you. Okay, just calm down try calm down. Okay. All right What do you want what do you want to see? Stadium medical they're probably going to off-duty 22 was the MS in route I Six forty three Charlie you can go ahead and cancel animal control already to possession of the dog and have another one for your nerdy 1433 Washington Street 1433 Washington Street at the natural grocers for a male going through a bag in the parking lot Black male in his 25 7150 worn a black pink top black pants with red shoes Being called in by Colt great couple in the security there He hither here now See the carriers be a medical call Then walk walk normal stop resisting just relax your body and walk normal.   I will give you my business card. That's Selena. Holla. She was killed in the line of duty So make sure you get mine right I'll give you my card. I was the one that initiated this Okay You have your media ID or badge It's in your car. Where's your car? Now you can film all you want Check double check right here 453 Is everything there that was there before And I didn't go into your phone or anything Okay, but all your pictures are there All right. Have a good day. All right, ma'am What's going on with it? Yes up in your body In direct in your rectum Entered your body through the record Okay How are you feeling right now? Well, I just don't I don't want to see in the naked guy. That's all no, I don't let the kid I don't let the guys just just just go around for me. Don't mind Like that's about like mentally or inside You know We got a name is coming to check you out man, all right This is protected by him you can't record Well, that doesn't supersede Step away, maybe arrested for interference Stand up straight.  Now you can go to jail Walk stop Wait He's gonna go to the hospital Yeah, I was gonna call for a car, but then she started interjecting herself So can we get another car? He says a blue shirt or blue cut-off shorts Shorts have a like a green stripe, I think it was Thanks It was uh, it's on the east side those are rusty No, both of them are just the right one so I can get my fingers in there up to the second knuckle both of them Okay, it's because you're twisting. That's what's causing it. No, I'm not right now Okay, I can get by get my fingers in there up to the second knuckle so they're not Because you're in handcuffs I don't know why you get to make this so difficult. Just relax He's done I know I'm not a tough guy. You're just resisting and pulling against me Let go the public sidewalk. Why don't you cooperate?  Mom's going to trace it, very good I'm gonna get the CAD for the Is everything there that was there before? I didn't go into your phone or anything Okay The other officer right out there He has it he's the arresting officer He has all your personal property I don't know That'll have to be done in the jail Where is it at? Hey guys, she's complaining her handcuffs are a little too tight Okay, this officer is going to talk to you Air, can you direct her back? They should be open They're all the way down Yeah, just can't have this open With somebody back there Yeah, I did I let them know They are aware of it Are they mall 23? Mall 63 Good Yeah, we stopped by Here with malls 22 and 23 Okay I didn't say no Yes Yes ma'am They'll go with you in your personal property We have her phone The other officer He has it He's the arresting officer He has all your personal property I don't know You'll get it It'll be on the paper I don't know his name either He'll tell you his name That'll have to be done in the jail Where's your car? Which one is it? Veracruz Where is it at? Parked on the street We'll make sure it's secure Do you know the plate number If I can? That'll help Okay, I'll get out Okay You'll be able to call them in a minute Don't worry about that right this second We'll get all that We'll get all that We will We'll get them over here Where? This officer is going to talk to you Tell them where your car is They can go lock it They should be open They're all the way down What chairs we get Just can't have this open One of these guys know about our cars They can lock it or something We can't I did They are aware of it


Innovative drug delivery systems are being developed to target ocular diseases in the posterior segment and retina. These include novel matrices, nanotechnology, and non-traditional treatment strategies. These advances offer potential solutions to the anatomical and physiological barriers of the vitreorentinal structures while addressing issues with patient compliance, acceptability, effectiveness, and sustained drug delivery. Clinically applicable experimental approaches are needed to further advance the development of these systems and improve the quality of life for patients suffering from ocular diseases. This article was authored by Andrea Gabay, Marco Zeperi, Lucia Finocchio, and others.