and working as a journalist at the time, so very interested in non-fiction media and also had aspirations to become a documentary filmmaker. And I was just wandering around, as I say, like not too far from where I lived and I ran across the stone marker, the commemorating Alexandria as the site of the nation's first sit-in in 1939.  So I was kind of blown away by that fact. So all this was kind of swirling in my head and then one day it just kind of popped in my head, this really should be a documentary, this should be a story that should get out to a wider audience. And it's kind of what launched me on it. Yeah, well, it just seemed, you know, pretty obvious that if I was going to embark on this project, I had to collaborate with the center, you know, that's the repository of then and now of black history and African-American history like in Alexandria. So I just literally walked in one day and Audrey and Lewis Hicks, who was the director at the time, were here and I told him I was just, you know, smitten with this story and I really thought it should be a documentary. And I guess I was just passionate and persuasive enough that they agreed to collaborate with any, you know, we got it done. And they were, to put it short, you know, invaluable resources throughout the whole process. You know, they steered me towards all the research sites that I needed to go to to get background on it, helped me with, you know, helped connect me to folks that I needed to interview for the project, helped connect me to images for it as well. So they were, it just couldn't have been done without them. That was 1998. So that was the spring of 1998. So in August of 1999, that was the 60th anniversary of the Senate. I think I may be skipping a head here, but we actually released, you know, the documentary shortly after that 60th anniversary. There were some politics, you know, swirling around it as well because it was the 250th anniversary of Alexandria. And Alexandria is a city, you know, that's mostly been known for celebrating its white history throughout its history. I can't really speak for the last, you know, quarter century as well, but there was, you know, definitely a sentiment in the city at the time that something needed to be done, you know, to chronicle the African American history, you know, as well.  So some of, you know, the funding for the project came out of my own pocket. I also, you know, very generously received a grant from the Office of Historic Alexandria. So that actually helped, you know, underwrite a lot of the production and post-production costs of it. Yeah, that's an interesting story. I think you asked, like, what one of the roadblocks was, you know, in getting it done. And probably the most significant one was the one remaining participant, you know, the one living participant in the sit-in was Buddy Evans, right? And he was still alive in the summer of 1999 and we were gonna do an interview with him. So my co-director, Eddie Becker, and I showed up at his house. He was in Washington, living in D.C. at the time in the summer of 1999. And one of his family members came to the door and told us he had had a stroke, you know, the day before. Yeah, so that was very sad news, you know, for his family.  So I thought the project, frankly, might be sunk, you know, at that point. But I talked to Audrey and she saved our bacon. She, and you'll have to confirm this with her, I think she was an undergrad at University of Virginia and she had a professor there, William Elwood, who had made this wonderful documentary in the 1980s called The Road to Brown. And he went around kind of throughout the South, you know, interviewing all these veterans of the Civil Rights Movement about, you know, the struggle that led to Brown versus Board of Education. And he had hours and hours of footage and included in that with some interviews with Sam Tucker and Buddy Evans and actually Autumn Tucker, Sam's, you know, brother as well. And Audrey connected me to Dr. Elwood and he just said, yeah, sure, you can have whatever you want from the collection. So Audrey and Dr. Elwood really saved it. And, you know, if you see the documentary today, you know, that's a lot of his footage that's in there. 80s, yeah. So he did do the, you know, was it the New Kent case. He argued that before the Supreme Court in 1968. And that was the one where, you know, the Southern states had basically been resisting segregation or desegregation for years. And so the Supreme Court kind of pointed a finger at them and said, no, you have to take care of this now. And Tucker was the one that made that argument, for the Supreme Court, you know, especially with everyone that I collaborated with. The people that work with me on the production, post-production, working with, you know, Audrey and Louis and the other historians as well. I would say, you know, the biggest success that always, you know, sort of sticks out in my mind. And I think understandably so, is towards the end of 1999, Audrey might remember the date better than me. I was not there, unfortunately, but the city council of Alexandria had a meeting to name the new elementary school, you know, on the west end of Alexandria. And interestingly, you know, the two names that they were considering were Sam Tucker and Armistead Booth, who was on the high of the courtroom, you know, fighting the litigated case, you know, in 1940 over the sit-in. And they showed the documentary and then afterwards they unanimously voted to name it after Sam Tucker. So, I don't think that was me, but I think, you know, if watching that film helped persuade them, you know, that this was something that needed to be done, I don't know what else I could say.  Yeah, I haven't been there in quite a while, but I did see, I went onto their website this week and that they put up that BLM mural, I should say, recently, a couple months ago, and that's just wonderful. It's wonderful that the kids there are, you know, having a sense of like social justice, like instilled at them at that age, you know, for sure. Better recollection. So, I knew, you know, we had our first screening at the Resource Center in 1999, and then, you know, there were a series of public screenings around the DC area, you know, for maybe like the next year or so. It did screen at a couple of festivals, including the Rosebud Film Festival. I don't know if that's still in existence anymore, but that was in Washington. Won an award there. Years later, it screened at the inaugural Alexandria Film Festival, and I think that's still around. But they, it won like the inaugural, like best documentary award at that festival as well. It aired on a couple of public television outlets. There was an independent public television outlet named WNVC TV and Falls Church, so they aired it in 2000. Also, the PBS affiliate in Pittsburgh aired it as well. And then, later in 2000, it got picked up for distribution by California News Reel, which is a big catalog and distributor of films to the education market, I would say primarily. I actually don't know if there's still any existence, but they, so they had, for about a decade, exclusive distribution rights on it, but we did have like a carve out in our deal so that the Resource Center could sell its own copies of the DVD as well. But having that deal sort of limited somewhat what I could do with it at that point. But yeah, it got out quite a bit. I don't know that it really took the world by storm, but it's a story that continues to fascinate in this area and resonate as well. It was, so when we made the film, we shot it like all the interviews on many DVDs. I don't know what hell it shot his films on, but we eventually mastered on a format called BetaCam. Yeah, and it's obsolete, you know, I think now, but it's not used anymore, right? But so we still have like a few BetaCam masters of it and that's what we created the DVD copies from. I guess I would, to that question, kind of give sort of like what is a very generic answer that a lot of filmmakers would and that is you just wish you had more money to make it with, to make it, I think it looks good and it's obviously a film that resonates with people, but I look at it sometimes and I think, I wish we had more money if to stage that reenactment sequence. It was a crunch in post-production. We booked some space in a local post house to do it and I wish we'd had more time to do it. My co-director was Eddie Becker and he was also the cinematographer and he was using a Sony and many DV camera to shoot it on, which was fine, but there were better cameras available at that time so it'd been nice to have more money to do it. There was, I don't know that this is a moment that I really regret not having captured an interview and I regret not having captured, but I did contact Howard Smith Jr. and it was his father that presided over the trial that of Tucker when he was a youth, he was arrested for sitting in the wrong seat like in a streetcar and his father was a pretty unapologetic, a supporter of segregation when he was a congressman. So his son, maybe not surprisingly, didn't want to talk to me and he gave me a pretty curt response when I talked to him on the phone. So when I got off I was like, well, that's not happening, so yeah. But it would have been fascinating to get that interview. So to try hearing somebody defend that system, I suppose. Right, well, so my work now, like a lot of creative types, I have a day job so I work in development for a social justice nonprofit. So certainly the same passion that I had for this project and for the documentary and how it told the story of the civil rights struggle, certainly that fuels the work that I do for the social justice. It's a legal defense, public defender law firm. I think the way it should have probably affected me is I take away a message like the, what is the quote, the arc of the moral universe is long but always bends towards justice, right? But I made it in my 20s and I suppose I was a little bit more of an optimist then but now I'm in my 50s and since that time, we've had the war on terrorism, we've had the Trump administration, we've had George Floyd and gun violence that just never stops in the climate change and so on and so forth. So I don't know that, I feel that way about the direction that America is headed. So sorry to cast sort of a dark note on things with that but that being said, what do you do with that? When you have that sort of realization, well, you can put your tail between your legs and do nothing or you try to make whatever difference you can in the world. So I always saw this film, I always saw this story as part of a one piece of a larger puzzle and telling the story of the larger civil rights struggle. You know, Sam Tucker didn't litigate Brown versus Board of Education personally but this was kind of a critical test case that proved out that these arguments could be made. And so by the same token, does anyone think Dr. King single-handedly ushered like the voting rights actor? No, I mean, there's many players involved in the process and many steps along the way and similarly like the set in is one of those steps or it was one of those steps.


All right, last day of double AS. Lucky lie. Okay, day four of double AS, the last day of double AS. Always, always the sad day. My goals today are of course, a last pass around the convention center, around the poster hall, the last opportunity to get swag, that's important. There's a good session today on low mass stars and stellar activity. This is flares and spots and magnetic activity on stars. This is of course my bread and butter. This is what I did my PhD on, and so I expect to see a lot of people that I know. That'll be cool. I'm gonna get lunch with a friend, go to a couple plenary talks, and then in the afternoon, I'm gonna chair a session on technosignatures, which is what I gave a talk in yesterday. Can't believe how exhausted I am after this. And also it flew by. It seems like it's just gone so fast. This meeting feels like it went faster than any meeting I've been to, even though I've been less busy. Maybe I'm just getting old. Variability of embers that are known to have planets from months to decades. And today I'm gonna be talking to you about radius inflation on low mass stars and what we can do with Gaia DR-3 to improve the study of this issue. Cool stars are magnetic. Their turning convective envelopes are positively dabbled by spots. And I've a lot I wanna talk about today, so I'm just gonna jump right in. So we started with a sample of about 100,000 optical spectra of em dwarfs and decay dwarfs from early slow and surveys. So this is great because this is where we expect to see a lot of our young stars. Young stars are forming in the disk. They should be there. So it looks good. It's raining in Seattle. Okay, somebody told me that they're trying to give away swag. They're trying to empty their booth. So I'm gonna come help them by taking some. Swag, swag, swag. Let's see. Okay, the shameless swag crawl has been very successful so far. I've got a bag. I'm filling it. People are very good about like just giving things away at the end of the week. All right, that's a serious sticker roll. Oh, I get it. We did well. What I loved about the session this morning and why I was so involved and asked a lot of questions was so many of the projects were based on things that we worked on or I knew people who did like 15 years ago. This session was almost fully like a new generation of people taking up the ideas and topics that I started doing my career with. This afternoon, I'm gonna be chairing a session on one of the things that I'm most excited about going forward. That's the best way to end this week. Thinking about these cycles, cycles of birth and rebirth, discovery and rediscovery, sunshine and rain, and maybe a little more rain this week. I didn't realize it was rear projected. That's cool. Okay, just moderated a session and check it out. A bunch of people still hanging out talking, still chatting about the content of the session. It was great. Canned water. I'm thirsty. That's weird. That's, that's weird. I mean, it's water. WS241 finished. That was a very long week. Very good week, but I'm exhausted. Tomorrow at UW, I'm organizing a workshop on SETI with LSST and I'm really excited about that. But it means no rest day afterwards. Today, I did one last pass through the poster hall, got all the swag. My kid's gonna be very excited about the light of fidget spinners. I had lunch with a friend who then gave a plenary talk. Good job, Dan. That was great. The very last talk of WS is a talk about Gaia, which, you know, I love, I love Gaia. And I hope all my students are watching that Gaia talk because we'll talk about it on Tuesday in class. It was so good to be back in person with people. Yeah, the masks were a little tedious. I did COVID tests every day, just as careful extra layer of surveillance of information. It's not perfect.  As part of my annual tradition, my practice of doing a science, this is an important event for community and for ideas and learning new things. And I have missed that very much. Thank you all for watching. See you next time.


Luzusky, commanding general, Marine Corps Insolation Specific. Reader General Adam Chisholm. Selfless sacrifice to this command. The Marine Corps and the United States of America. And they will always be part of our pretendable family. Be an avid reader in wise sayings who gives books to those we have shown themselves worth. If you will look at Tico's biography and nothing but hard jobs and almost poor jobs. I made that up so I'm cool. So we found... That's because of the love of the people who trust us. I think it will be something that you're proud of. That's what I think. I think no one will ever like this. Just kidding. Just kidding. I know you're all here for the right reasons. And I'm very, very grateful for that. Thank you all for the place where you are. Yes, it's okay. We have a lot of work to do still. And I can't wait to start. Thank you everybody for coming. In a ceremony when they hear the playing of Marine Tim, take standard attention and sing the words of the heaven.


Eventually we want to graph equations, but in order to do that we'll need to find points on the graph, and so a good place to start is with what are known as the x and y intercepts. These come about as follows. Graphing only requires an origin and two principal directions. You need to know where you're starting and what directions you're going in. But it's sometimes convenient if we set down an axis for each of our principal directions to serve as a reminder of the directions that we should be traveling in. Now an important idea is that we're not actually traveling along the axes. Rather the axes tell us which directions we should be moving in. So in rectangular coordinates we have a horizontal axis that tells us we should be moving left and right, and we also have a vertical axis that tells us we should be moving up and down. Or because our horizontal coordinate is also known as our x-coordinate, we call the horizontal axis the x-axis, and the vertical axis is known as the y-axis. Now typically we draw these axes so they cross at the origin, and because they are our representations of our principal directions, we don't always draw the principal directions. And we can also omit the origin. However it's vitally important to understand that like the principal directions, the axes have to be drawn in some place, but they don't actually exist in a particular location. They represent directions. This leads to the following idea. If two curves cross, that is a point of intersection. So we might have these two things crossing at these two points, and these are points of intersection. Now you might look at this and say, wait a minute, that's not a curve, that's a straight line. And that's true, it is a straight line, but we also call it a curve. We'll explain why in a little bit. Now if we think about these curves as living on the coordinate plane, then someplace there's an x-axis, and our curve can cross this x or horizontal axis at an x or horizontal intercept. And again, how you speak influences how you think. This is an intercept, not an intersection. And the reason for the distinction is that the x-axis in some sense doesn't really exist. It's a reference that shows one of our principal directions, but it can be drawn any place. Similarly, someplace floating around there's a y-axis, and we can talk about the y-intercepts. And again, because the x and y-axes don't really exist, we call these intercepts and not intersections. Now geometrically, finding the x and y-intercepts is easy. Suppose the graph crosses the x-axis. If we have the graph, we just look for the intercepts. So we cross the x-axis here and here, and we cross the y-axis here. The problem is figuring out the exact locations of these points. But finding an exact location is something that algebra is good for. So let's translate this into an algebraic problem. So let's take a look at our x-intercepts first. So if I want to get to the x-intercept, what I have to do is start at the origin and go out some distance h. Then go vertically a distance of k equal to 0. And that means the coordinates of any x-intercept will be h0. So for example, let's say I want to find the x-intercept of the graph 3x plus 5y equals 15. So remember the x-intercept will have coordinates h0. And that means we need to find a point where the x-coordinate is, I don't know, but our y-coordinate is 0. Well, let's let our y-coordinate be 0. If we do that, then our equation becomes, and we can solve this for x, so x equals 5. So if y equals 0, x equals 5. So what's the x-intercept? And it's important to remember that the x-intercept is a point, which means that both coordinates must be given. So that means that the point on the graph is 5, 0. What if our graph crosses the y-axis? To get to the y-intercept, start at the origin, go some distance k vertically, but go distance h equals 0 horizontally. Don't move left, don't move right. And this takes us to the point 0k. So let's try to find the y-intercept of our graph of 3x plus 5y equals 15. So the y-intercept will have coordinates 0k. So we're looking for a point on the graph with coordinates 0k. So if we let x equals 0, our equation becomes, and solving this gives us y equals 3. So if x equals 0, then y equals 3. And remember, the y-intercept is a point, and both coordinates must be given. So the y-intercept is 0, 3.


Welcome, everyone. We have two very distinguished European statesmen with us, the Foreign Minister of Finland, the Finance Minister of Sweden, to discuss what is really a central historical issue that I think most people haven't realized how central and how historical it is. So I'm going to ask you, Minister Danberg, Sweden has been neutral for 200 years, maybe more. This is a big deal. Do Swedes think of it in those historical terms? This is a break with centuries of neutrality? I think you have to understand that Sweden has been non-aligned for 200 years. Last time we were at war was the Napoleon Wars. That brings some perspectives to it. So no ordinary family in Sweden has experienced war themselves. They might have contacts with Finland, with other countries. People have fled to Sweden with experience in war. But Sweden itself has not experienced war. So for us, the non-aligned politics has been very pragmatic. It's been a way of not getting involved in war. So for us, changing this policy is quite big. It's a huge thing. It's a generation of Swedes that have grown up. It has not been the same for 200 years, but still basically had a political position not getting involved and being non-aligned. But it has changed. The last couple of decades, we've joined the European Union. We have a broad cooperation, not least with Finland, our closest ally, but also a very strong partnership with NATO. So of course, this has changed over the years, but this is a big historic event for Sweden. And for you, this Russian aggression tells you you're in a new world, you're in a new security environment? Yes, totally a new world. And also, we think it's a long-term change. It's not just the war right now. This is a new Russia. This is a new environment. So for many Swedes, I think this really brought the debate to a different level. So we had a debate in Sweden, but it was quite cautious. It was quite respectful. You could have different opinion, but in the end, most people, the population, but most political parties agreed. This was the time to see that we are more secure within NATO than outside NATO. And we want to go hand-in-hand with Finland. Mr. Javisto, tell us from Finland's point of view, you also have a long history here, and it's been one where you've been very careful not to provoke the Russians, because you share that border in a way you're almost a suburb of St. Petersburg. What made you change? Well, of course, we have 1,300 kilometers common border, and we want to maintain that border peaceful. And how we, in Finland, think about Russia is a long perspective also. We look 100 years backwards and 100 years forward. And when we look backwards from the Tartine, Lenin, and Stalin, after Stalin, Rudshev, then after Rudshev, the turn to Brezhnev, then from Brezhnev to Gorbachev and Yeltsin, and then to Putin. And we have seen, we have been witnessing all these changes. So we have a neighbor that has been performing quite a big political changes even in the last years. And when we look towards the future, we don't know what's coming after Putin. Is it something better, more democratic, or is it something worse? And we have to be prepared for all different scenarios of Russia. And we have had, actually, this has maybe a difference with Sweden that we have had in our security white paper since, I think, 2004, this kind of what we call a NATO option. That means that if security environment changes around the Baltic Sea area, we might consider applying NATO. And now it's the question that, has it been changing enough? And we think that when Russia, by military force, tries to change the government and leadership of the 40 million country, Ukraine, in the neighborhood, this is a major change also in our security environment. And that made the fundaments that we decided to apply for the NATO membership.  Do you worry that there will be more Russian actions? Well, our feeling is that, yes, Russia did not like the idea that there's an enlargement of NATO and particularly that NATO is coming closer with the Finnish border, Finnish-Russian border and so forth. There were critical comments on that. But at the same time, my understanding is that it didn't trigger any military action against Finland or Sweden. It might trigger something on cyberspace or on hybrid format and so forth. But, of course, we have been all the time saying that we are not provoking. We want to keep the border peaceful. We want to keep the bilateral cooperation what is needed, even in these circumstances on the border, on the professional basis. What about, how do you feel about that? You know, the Russians have been saying, as Minister Havista says, NATO is being provocative. It's moving closer and closer to us. This doubles NATO's border with Russia. Is there something to that, to the idea that NATO is moving eastward in a way that threatens Russia? No. We wouldn't have this discussion if Russia wouldn't have invaded Ukraine. Then the discussion wouldn't have been there in Finland and Sweden. This is a reaction on Russians' way of acting in Europe. They made that choice and that made us, as sovereign states, we make our own security decisions. We're not dictated from Moscow. We make our own security arrangements. And now with this environment we find that we are more secure inside than outside and made this change in our history and our perspective. So you can't use that argument. I think it's not valid because Russia invaded Ukraine. Was Swedish neutrality in part because of your relationship with Finland? I would say not the whole question because we have a very pragmatic history on this, trying to avoid being involved in wars. But the Finnish history is important for us. Sweden and Finland was the same country. We were the same country for hundreds of years. My mother comes from Finland. Actually, she came to Sweden the first time where she was four years old. She fled when Russia, the Soviet Union, bombed Helsinki. And she was 1939. My grandfather was killed in the war. And my mother was sent to Sweden alone when she was four years old, taking care of a Swedish family. A lot of war children came to Sweden. This is my history. So we belong to each other in a special sense. And we have also created a unique security arrangement between Finland and Sweden, planning, working together in a most advanced way. So for us, the Finnish decision was also important because we didn't want to separate from Finland in a security arrangement system because that would also hurt our security. So for us, going together was one part of argument. Finland has had a war with Russia. And what lessons did you take? What lessons has Finland taken from that? I think there are many lessons and it might be that the different people have different lessons from that. But first of all, I think the lesson or the first lesson is that you have to defend yourself. Now we are hearing from Russia that when Ukraine is defending theirs, as they are prolonged in the war, we feel a little bit guilty. We also prolonged the winter war a little bit by defending ourselves. In 1941. Yes, and in 1939 when Russia was attacking us and 1940 when peace was made. But I think that is our recommendation, of course, to Ukraine. You have to defend yourself. We can help you, but it's your responsibility. The second lesson is probably that we have feel a certain time respect by Russia on that people say that Russia respects when you are powerful and so forth. Of course, as a small nation, we are maybe not so powerful. But I think there has been a certain respect in our relations. People are actually asking that why didn't you apply NATO when Russia made its tricks in Georgia, 2008? Or why didn't you apply NATO when the 2014 happened in Crimea, the occupation? I think we are totally on the other level of violence. Totally at the level of behavior of Russia at the moment. And Russia was well-calculating maybe 2008 and 2014. Now they are ready to take huge risks losing their own soldiers, losing their material in the war against Ukraine. This looks very scary. And also, I think the issue of the tactical nuclear weapons have been, I would say, ever discussed in Europe that somebody would use this type of weapons. And people at the streets stop me and ask, hey, Pekka, we have a good military force. We have 280,000 in our reserve. But what do we do if we are threatened by tactical nuclear weapons? This is a new type of phenomena. So let me ask you about that, because you, your government and your president in particular knows Putin very well. And I think many of us, I met him several times. I always thought he was calculating, rational. Always seemed to me very anti, certainly anti-American and in some ways anti-Western. But now you seem to see somebody who is emotional. It's difficult to understand what cost-benefit analysis took place here, Russia is suffering huge costs for seemingly very little benefit. Do you think Putin has changed? Of course, you can have a speculation on this psychology, but the issue is also, it might be that your decisions are based on the wrong information. That the intelligence in Russia didn't work properly or people wanted to feed up to the leadership, something that maybe the leadership wants to hear. This is something we don't know. It's actually up to the historians then to find out what really happened. But this is surprising also from our perspective, to take such risks and come to the situation where you are cornered almost the entire world against you. This is not certainly a calculated risk. And I think how to get out of this is very complicated because there are, of course, those who want to now find a peaceful way, then some people who say without this regime we cannot find a peaceful solution. I hope still there's a chance for the peace because sooner or later, of course, some kind of negotiations have to be there. What do you think about that? You know, the Italians reportedly have put forward a proposal that says, look, let's find a way to start negotiating an end to this conflict. Ukraine declares no neutrality. Crimea and the Donbass remain in essentially Russian control. But they have to withdraw from certain territories. Do you think that we should be moving in that direction? I think we should be very careful for putting these arguments to another people that are under attack. Our response now must be supportive and solidar with Ukraine. And of course, there might be a time where the Ukrainian leadership comes to a conclusion and wants to make a decision. But it's very clear that they should have our backing all the time because Ukraine didn't do wrong. They defended themselves. And they have the right to their territory under international law. So I think, of course, there might be a time where there will be a diplomatic or a political solution to the question. But this does not take away the responsibility from the Russians. And I think the international community should be very careful to put that pressure on Ukraine. Do you think Europe can continue and even expand the economic pressure on Russia? Or are there going to be voices in Europe saying, look, we're paying too high a price for all this? I think, first of all, there's been unique unity among Europe and together with the US. I just remember six months ago, or a year ago, everyone was talking about Europe being splitting up. Will the EU survive the split within? And when I came as Minister of Finance to my first meeting talking about the sanctions, the Minister of the Ministry said, we will not bring out our calculator now. We will have to make substantial sanctions on Russia. And we managed to put five package so far. I think we will come to six package. And that will be very important. And it is historical. Although for us, it's very important to say that for Sweden, we are not linked to the energy system with Russia in any way. So for us, it's very easy to have a very principal position. But we also see that some countries in Europe are very linked to their energy system to Russia. That's a different situation. And we have to find a way of getting rid of this. So I think this is a very also relevant security policy issue to actually not talking only about climate when we talk about energy, but actually talk about this as a new argument for making an energy transition and away from fossil fuels. What happens if the Russians continue to just cut energy off from Finland? Can you handle it? Actually, we can handle it. We have been all the time calculating that if the gas like now, there was a cut of the nature gas and if the electricity connection will be cut, we have an alternative for that. That's part of our planning. The issue actually in some European countries is that households are connected to Russian gas. And when you cut the gas from the kitchen or the heating or so it's affecting direct to the people. We have actually majority of those users are from the industry and we can replace the gas. And we have made arrangements to LNGCPs coming to Finland and so forth. And we have the Baltic connector, which is now helping us a little bit, we invested into that. So it has been planned. But I fully agree that this is the moment for the green transition actually giving this kind of foreign policy reasons also for this and doing the climate things a little bit ahead. And this is something where Europe has probably been a little bit weak to coordinate the energy systems earlier and now comes the moment of truth that you have to find ways to survive without this Russian gas, Russian oil. And I also actually agree what you said that how united Europe has been has been a surprise. It's been united on sanctions issues so far and it has been united to send even weapons to Ukraine. And I think European Union has really done its role at this crisis. All right, we are talking about membership in NATO as if it is essentially fit or complete. And certainly that is how the Secretary General of NATO talks about it. That is how the President of the United States talks about it. But there is one NATO country that does not talk about it that way and that is Turkey. The President of Turkey has made clear in his view, this is not going to happen.  How big a stumbling block is this? Of course all NATO countries have the possibility of putting their opinions on in this process and there are three or four moments when you can pull the brake and push the brake and so forth. So it's like a situation where you really have to answer to all questions, whichever NATO country has. And this is where we are now. I have had a very good cooperation with the Turkish Foreign Minister, my colleague Minister Savusokla, I have been visiting Turkey twice this spring and we have had many, many telephone calls on variety of subjects including by the way the Turkish role in Ukraine, Russia, probably solving the conflict. So they are doing a lot on that front. But now it's of course our time to convince that our legislation is appropriate regarding the PKK and so forth. PKK is also forbidden organization, terrorist organization on the European level and that is also in Finland and Sweden. So no doubt about that. Our delegations, first diplomatic delegations will be in Ankara tomorrow and on Wednesday and this debate will continue. But of course timeframe is very difficult to decide because it's up then to Turkey also in what time table things can move. Are you confident that you... I have one question. Sorry, this is a press conference and members of the press also now to ask questions. Sure, let me ask the Swedish minister to respond to the same thing and then we can... Do you think the Turkish objections will be dealt with? I hope we will reach a conclusion. We had initial contacts with all 30 membership countries and there were positive signals. So of course I think we talk about now that the Finnish and Swedish situation will be better off with the NATO membership. But I think NATO will be stronger as well with Sweden and Finland joining NATO and that's also perhaps relevant for all the other members on NATO to actually have that in the question and hopefully that also plays a part in the end. Sir. We just have five minutes left, sorry. Go ahead. Like one hour ago or two hours ago, Mr. Timmerman said on the panel, he said Putin cannot cut off gas to EU member states without hurting himself. Nevertheless he has done so. He has done so in the case of Poland, in the case of Bulgaria and now in the case of Finland. So where is the truth? Is it just what he did? Was it just symbolic because you are relatively small customers or where is the truth? Can he cut, do you think he can cut off gas to the EU member state or not? Or maybe to some... Sounds like an economics minister, finance minister should answer that. I would argue that he has done a lot that we didn't think he would do. So I think there has to be an option for him and there is an option. It would cost Russia a lot to do it but of course he could do it and I think we should be prepared. That's why we're working very hard in Europe to repower EU, to actually have a stronger energy cooperation, not only in Europe but also with international partners but also to increase the pace in the transition. So I wouldn't say no to the question but perhaps it would cost him too much, I don't know. Maybe you want to add to this issue that you can cut the gas actually only once because after that you have also cut the trust that you could deliver it in all conditions in the future and that leads countries of course to build and choose other energy systems and other providers of energy. So there's a bigger price than he may even realize. There is a big price because this is a major change of course then in the energy system. When you once cut the pipeline, that's it. Who relies after that to the... And one other thing to it, he cannot deliver the gas to someone else in a short period of time. So the gas will be worthless. He couldn't transform it to Asia or somewhere else in a short period of time. So it will be stopped. It will be not sold anywhere else. My name is Adifemi Akinsanya with The Rise News. It's a small Nigerian network. But my question is actually about Turkey. Their hesitation for Finland and Sweden to join NATO has been quite strong and though not to underestimate the power of conversation and negotiation, it seems as though their dismay at the prospect of you joining NATO was quite strong. So what has changed? I understand that Foreign Minister Tavisholu has confirmed and you've already said that starting tomorrow there will be a delegation in Ankara, but is it just conversation that has made Turkey go from saying the both of your countries, harbor PKK terrorists as they call them to just, well if we have a conversation everything will be smoothed out. So do you have PKK representatives in your country or not? But as I said, we have a very strict rules on any terrorist acts or any terrorist preparations in our country and we take very seriously those limitations and rules that are put also by European Union. That's very, very clear. On other issues of course, if there are any requests of individual citizens or something like that, then we follow our rule of law practices. Our legal system is very clear on this issue. But I think this is also, this is of course a question to Finland and Sweden, but this is also a question to NATO, is the NATO Open Door policy valid or not? If there comes a moment when the Open Door policy is no more valid, that's a big change also in the NATO. Do you have anything to add? No, I think it's very hard to speculate about the motives because we got signals in the beginning in the process before we went for application, had positive signals. So what changed in between, I don't know. So for us taking this concern seriously, we should. We should do our homework and hopefully that could resolve the situation but also think that other NATO countries seize the benefits of Sweden and Finland being part of it and perhaps that also plays a part. So it's very hard to say, but it's not the first time that there have been these kind of processes in different sets of forums. So we'll see. Anyone else? We have time for maybe one more question if someone has one. Let me ask you both then, it feels like this conflict is going to go on for a long time. The economic crisis that comes out of it seems like it's only going to spread, food crisis because Ukraine is the bread basket of the world.  Because it feels like it's going to be high energy prices, food crises all over the world, presumably then migration crisis that come out of those food crises. It feels like a very different world than the last three years. It is a different world and it's more dangerous, it's more unsecure, but it depends on what's happening. Both in the war, what Russia actually does in Ukraine, how it continues, but also how we help Ukraine now. They have a lot of harvest that actually could be brought to market. How do we help them with that? So they also get their income from what they have done so far, but also what can we do on the energy side, we already talked about it in Europe and with international partners, and then also how international actors act now. When it comes to trade, when it comes to food, for instance, we know when countries actually make export restrictions, the prices are going up. So this is what's happening in some countries around the world. So we have to also have an international debate and discussion on how to handle the situation so we don't increase inflation and create problems for ourselves. Final thoughts on this? No, I think, of course, this is a global crisis now vis-a-vis the energy prices and food security issues and others. And I've met here also several African ministers and of course there's a major, major concerns what's going on and how this is influencing to the stability of those countries. And this is maybe something, again, little bit unpredictable consequences of this crisis or how to get the food products out of Ukraine and the shipping and so forth should be organized. And I have also the feeling that all this happened very rapidly in a couple of months time, but to fixing this will take a long time and maybe trying to look different solutions. But of course, what is obvious is that when we look, for example, the voting in the UN more than 140 countries, you know, condemning what Russia has been doing. So at least understanding is there that the major, major global rules has been violated and that there has been a strong global reaction. One big unpredictable element of this could be that Russia invades Finland. Do you think that's a serious prospect and are you prepared? We have always, of course, due to our history being prepared for that. We have been prepared for the military action. We have been prepared for the violation of our airspace, our land, our territory. We have been prepared for actually cyber and hybrid threats and so forth and that has been, that's in our DNA and that's a part of our defense mentally. Whoever wants to try to harm us will face the consequences from our side. And of course, when we are a member of the European Union, when we look how much solidarity there has already been for Ukraine, which is not a member currently of the European Union, how much more solidarity there would be for a country that is attacked, which is a European Union member. And then, of course, the NATO members would also increase the security. But I also add to that that we want also to be the security provider. We are looking also situation in the Baltic states. We are looking at the situation around the Baltic Sea and so forth. And I'm sure that Finland and Sweden as NATO members will contribute to the regional security as well. Final question. I think we have enough time. No, I'm sorry. They make the rules. Ministers, thank you so much. Pleasure to have this conversation. Thank you.


Under the course of trends and issues in early childhood education, we were discussing individualized instruction and now we will see what may be the teaching strategies for individualized instruction. So it is imperative that teachers know individual children's interests, cultures, values before determining the best way to create learning opportunities. When we teach children individualized instruction or individualized instruction, we try to understand the children well. What are the values of their culture and background? And then what are their interests? We have discussed that we need to know the children first, then we can give them individualized instruction. So we are saying that there are seven such techniques through which those children who are a little problematic or have a little distance from other children or have some deficiencies or problems, we can guide them in a better way. First of all, there is a comment about an event. Those children who do not like to speak, either you have an event or celebrations or a game, whatever the phenomena is, then the educator will comment on the child and the child will respond to it. In this case, they will speak. Then we see that the child has given a statement saying that this is an apple. So you say yes, it is a green apple or a red apple, so very delicious. So you extend the same thing so that some more people speak or add to its vocabulary. Then it is also that you do something unexpected in front of it. For example, you wear a cap on your foot, which is trying to put you on your head, talking about a doll. So if he thinks that this is not right, that he is doing something wrong, then he will try to talk. Then it can also be that you give him a toy and it is not complete. Then he will ask for more. If you have given him a car, then he can talk about a track or you have given him a ball, then he will talk about space. So you have to give some things like if you are giving blocks, then there is no block in between. Then the children will ask where this block is. So you are giving him something to say, to think and to interact with yourself.   You will understand that at this time what is the mental level. Then at some places you have to do something like when the child is not speaking, then block access. Which means that something is in front of him. A very attractive toy or a story book. But you are not giving it to him. You tell him that you want a story book. He says yes, but you have not given it to him yet. Then she will talk again and again. You know the child, they play a little bit. So you have to tell him that you give me access. Or the child will ask you to give me access.  Some different activities or some different toys. The child will select himself out of those choices. Then you can also ask him the reason. Why do you want this? Why do you want to play only with the flag? Or why do you want to build a house? Why do you like it? Why do you want to build it? So then she will talk. Then make a direct request to say or do something. And sometimes it happens that many times children do not initiate themselves. They are not able to speak to themselves or do something to themselves. Then you can also request that you make a building with these small blocks. Or you make a car. Or you draw and show me.  Or you make an apple. So in this way, you say something to yourself.  You force the child to act softly. Or do some activities. So that you can understand what he is thinking at this time. And what is his mental level.


The elephant in the room right, we have some big numbers associated with four players, particularly our quarterback. We have a big cap number and all those players with the big cap numbers, it's not their fault. They're just good professionals that come in and do their job and I want to be clear with that but it's important to make sure we go through the process of finding the right ways to open up some cap space and we have to add players and we have to improve this roster. The most important thing we do is assess makeup, we're working to build a championship roster one player at a time and in order to do that we have to make sure we bring in the right kind of players that fit our ethos, smart, tough, competitive players that are wired the right way. Allowing the scouts to kind of put all the work that they've done from August until Christmas time really and pour their hearts out. The clarity starts to come in terms of depth at each position but the wiring of the player, the makeup of the player, type of kids that we're going to get on the draft. So now we get into the all star games and you get into the combine and the pro days and you get the confirmed measureables because a lot of those players in those meetings we don't even have confirmed measureables, we don't have 40 times, we don't have all the tests but now we get all the testing numbers, you start meeting with them and going through that whole process and so it's cool to go back to that point and know okay this is where we were on these players when it was just about football. If you handle this week the right way it can be very productive so we're excited about being here. It's good to be back. It's good to be in person. I like being around people and getting to know them, everybody's got different strategies. You'll see throughout the league it makes it fun seeing guys come in there and they light up the room and they can fake it for 18, 20 minutes. I've seen other guys and it's not their setting and you've got to look at their body of work. As you get to know every one of these players you try to figure out how they learn, what they're about, what makes them tick because at the end of the day this is a relationship business between coach and player and I understand how they learn best and so this is just a small part of it as you're building this, as you're building kind of the entire bio so when we get down in late in April we make the best of it. I think another elephant in the room is are we rebuilding, are we trying to win now and I would say we're trying to have our cake and eat it too. We want to be smart and we don't want to make decisions that are going to hurt us in future years but we also want to build the best team that we can. We do a lot of work in our scouts, do a lot of work our coaches, do a lot of work on players and when you go through the process the right way you have to be confident and you look for conviction and when scouts and coaches have a lot of conviction on players and they really believe in them then we're excited to bring those players in and you're right you can't live in your fears and you can't worry you want to be aggressive and and do everything you can do to make a team make a team better.


Good to see you and be with you again here. So beautiful Today I was feeling lots of love and inspiration and so in this afternoon. I thought well, maybe I'll do a little Meditation with a little reading from the course and miracles and and a song Play a song for our meditation It's been a very deep time very very deep very very holy as we open up to the light and It's been beautiful reading all the correspondences that you've been sending in in remembrance of Francis in and the light and Francis would always tell me over these last months It's all about true empathy. It's all about Staying with what's real and true and celebrating the light. So I know many of you have gone through some emotions And I've been writing to me and sharing some of those emotions that have come up regarding Francis laying inside her body and And also there are those of you that have kind of had these kind of epiphanies and And light experiences of seeing Francis in the light and it's a blazing light and and you're filled up with overwhelming love and Gratitude and so it's kind of an explosion of love It's like a bursting love a love that is just bursting and bursting and can't be contained So today I thought in the joy of the presence that we're feeling and that we have such gratitude for I would start off by a beautiful reminder that God only gives God is love and God extends love and God only gives there. There is nothing to get in God there is nothing to get in Christ. There is nothing to get in the light and There was a line that was coming to me from chapter 17 today and it was only what you have not given can be lacking in any Situation only what you have not given so this comes back to the joy the glee the happiness of giving the Seventh characteristic of a teacher of God is is generosity and What we want to do is stay in that generosity. He's basically basically talking about it in terms of our attitude he's talking about the Beatitudes and Have a generous spirit have a generous heart Be in the joy of giving be in the joy of extending the light There is no other purpose than to extend the light and if you perceive anything lacking in any situation It's just what you have failed to give in other words The only way that you come into the abundant joy of who you are and at the light is to give as God gives and God Has no Idea of reciprocity. There is no giving to get something back. It's just love extends like a flower extends its fragrance It just extends and extends it just offers and offers and offers and in that giving and receiving are the same so you are blessed by The giving the giving thought that God is the giving idea that God is So It's beautiful because that's what it's always been about just sharing the love sharing the joy sharing the happiness and and celebrating eternal life not as as a Ritual but as as an expression of this moment, which is our gateway to eternity so I thought I would Read a section today as a meditation so we all can just take a pause and In these days when you watch the news or look on the internet and you see all kinds of things and you you Feel that you want to feel the connection and the joy and the love of God then I'm going to read a section from Chapter 13 is called attainment of the real world and the real world is the forgiving world The real world is the world with no judgments The real world is unified perception. The real world is the happy dream You know Jesus calls it by many different names in his course of miracles But but it's it's why it's called the real world is because it's a reflection of reality It's a it's a world without Divisions, it's a world without separation. It's a world about without comparison It's just a world that's bright. It's lit up From the light of christ, which is within us So here we go Attainment of the real world it's section seven there in chapter 13 Sit quietly and look upon the world you see and tell yourself The real world is not like this It has no buildings and there are no streets Where people walk alone and separate There are no stores where people buy an endless list of things they do not need It is not lit with artificial light and night comes up not upon it There is no day that brightens and grows dim There is no loss Nothing is there but shines and shines forever The world you see must be denied For sight of it is costing you a different kind of vision You cannot see both worlds For each of them involves a different kind of seeing and depends on what you cherish The sight of one is impossible And the sight of another is possible because you have denied the other Both are not true yet either one will seem as real to you as the amount to which you hold it dear and yet Their power is not the same because their real attraction to you is unequal You do not really want the world you see for it has disappointed you since time began The homes you built have never sheltered you the roads you made have led you nowhere No city that you built has withstood the crumbling assault of time Nothing you made but has the mark of death upon it Hold it not dear for it is old and tired and ready to return to the dust even as you made it This aching world has not the power to touch the living world at all You could not get at that and so although you turn in sadness from it You cannot find in it the road that leads away From it into another world Yeah, it's just beautiful the presence of love I feel Francis was such a great demonstration that you can empty your mind of concepts And and when you do you are carried by the light you are literally carried by the light The body is just a A learning device and it's animated for a brief time In time and space a brief time in the cosmos Just to be an expression of that love and light and then it is gently laid aside So what we extend What is our joy to extend is is the happiness of the real world and this is This is our section here the attainment of the real world To continue with paragraph four yet the real world has the power to touch you even here because you love it And what you call with love will come to you Love always answers being unable to deny a call for help Or not to hear the cries of pain that rise to it from every part of this strange world you made But do not want All that you need to give this world away in glad exchange for what you did not make Is willingness to learn the one you made is false You have been wrong about the world because you have misjudged yourself From such a twisted reference point. What could you see? All seeing starts with the perceiver who judges what is true and what is false And what he judges false does he does not see You who would judge reality cannot see it For whenever judgment enters reality has slipped away The out of mind is out of sight because what is denied is there but not recognized Christ is still there although you know him not His being does not depend on your recognition He lives within you in the quiet present And waits for you to leave the past behind and enter into the world he holds out to you in love No one in this distracted world But has seen some glimpses of the other world about him Yet while he still lays value on his own he will deny the vision of the other Maintaining that he loves what he loves not and following not the road that love points out Love leads so gladly As you follow him you will rejoice that you have found his company and learned of him the joyful home You wait but for yourself To give this said world over in exchange for your errors for the peace of god is but your will And christ will always offer you the will of god in recognition that you share it with him So As you open to the vision of christ to this blazing light All that is required For healing in mind is to simply let healing be Healing is really not a process And it's really not an action And it really doesn't have A destination of some where else other than right here and some other time other than right now Healing is really the acceptance of what is And it's acceptance of this moment so all Problems that are remembered from the past and all problems and worries and concerns That are imagined in the future are are but grievances that hide the light of truth right now So our prayer is always Let me accept healing exactly as it is Nothing in form has to change For that to be the case, but our perception Our our perspective of the form has changed We are clueless We do not understand the world of form. We never will understand the world of form Because peace and understanding go together and cannot be found apart and that is It's a state of mind. It's a way of looking at the world It's being right smack dab in the middle of your heart Of desiring god above all else and not expecting anything to shift or change in the world to To bring about something different. There is nothing different than this moment It is god's will that nothing touches son except himself And nothing else comes nigh under him He is as safe from pain as god himself who watches over him in everything The world about him shines with love because god placed him in himself where pain is not And love surrounds him without end or flaw Disturbance of his peace can never be In perfect sanity he looks on love for it is all about him and within him He must deny the world of pain the instant he perceives the arms of love around him And from this point of safety he looks quietly about him and recognizes that the world is one with him There's no world apart from the mind If you If you see something you don't like then jesus just says pluck that That concept or thought out of your mind. I let the holy spirit take it away pluck it Don't tuck it away in the unconscious mind pluck it and do that by giving it over to the holy spirit The peace of god passes your understanding only in the past Yet here it is and you can understand it now God loves his son forever and his son returns his father's love forever The real world is the way that leads you to remembrance of the one thing that is holy true and holy yours For all else you have let yourself in time and it will fade But this one thing is always yours being the gift of god Unto his son your one reality was giving you and by it god created you as one with him You will first dream of peace and then awaken to it Your first exchange of what you made for what you want is the exchange of nightmares for the happy dreams of love In these lie your true perceptions For the holy spirit corrects the world of dreams where all perception is Knowledge needs no correction Yet the dreams of love lead unto knowledge And in them you see nothing fearful and because of this they are welcome They are the welcome that you offer knowledge Love waits on welcome not on time and the real world is but your welcome of what always was Therefore the call of joy is in it And you are glad response as you are awakening to what you have not lost Praise then the father for his perfect sanity of his most holy son Your father knoweth that you have need of nothing In heaven this is so for what could you need in eternity? In your world you do need things It is a world of scarcity in which you find yourself because you are lacking Yet can you find yourself in such a world? Without the holy spirit the answer would be no That because of him the answer is always a joyous yes As mediator of the between the two worlds. He knows what you have need of And what will not hurt you The ego wants to have things for salvation for possession is its law Possession for its own sake Is the ego's fundamental creed a basic cornerstone in the churches it builds to itself And at its altar it demands you lay off all of the things it bids you get Leaving you no joy in them Everything the ego tells you that you need will hurt you For although the ego urges you again and again to get It leaves you nothing for what you get and will demand of you And from the very hands that grasp it it will be wrenched and hurled into the dust For where the ego sees salvation it sees separation And so you lose whatever you have gotten in its name Therefore ask not of yourself what you need for you do not know And your advice to yourself will hurt you For what you think you need will merely serve to tighten up your world against the light And render you unwilling to question the value that this world can really hold for you Only the holy spirit knows what you need For he will give you all things that do not block the way to light And what else could you need in time In time he gives you all the things you need have and will renew them as long as you have need of them He will take nothing from you as long as you have any need of it And yet he knows that everything you need is temporary And will put last until you step aside from all your needs and realize that all of them have been fulfilled Therefore he has no investment in the things that he supplies except to make certain that you will not Use them on behalf of lingering in time He knows that you are not at home there and he wills no delay to wait upon your joyous hope coming Lead then your needs to him he will supply them with no emphasis at all upon them What comes to you of him comes safely For he will ensure it never can become a dark spot hidden in your mind and kept to hurt you Under his guidance you will travel light and journey lightly for his sight is ever on the journey's end, which is his goal God's son is not a traveler throughout our worlds However, holy his perception may become no world outside Himself holds his inheritance Within himself. He has no needs for light has nothing needs nothing but to shine in peace And from itself to let the rays extend and quiet to infinity Whenever you are tempted to undertake a useless journey that would lead away from light Remember what you really want and say the holy spirit leads me unto christ and where else would I go? What need have I but to awake in him? Then follow him in joy With faith that he will lead you safely through all the dangers to your peace of mind This world may set before you Kneel not before the altars to sacrifice and seek not what you will surely lose Content yourself with what you will surely keep And be not restless for you undertake a quiet journey to the peace of god Where he would have you be in quietness In me you have already overcome every temptation that would hold you back We walk together on the way to quietness. That is the gift of god Hold me dear for what except your brothers can you need? We will restore to you the peace of mind that we must find together The holy spirit will teach you to awaken unto us and to yourself This is the only real need to be fulfilled in time Salvation from the world lies only here My peace I give to you Take it of me in glad exchange for all the world has offered But to take away and we will spread it like a veil of light across the world's sad face In which we hide our brothers from the world and hit from them Wow, this is just such a song of joy and gratitude and I like that that The holy spirit will in time he gives you all the things that you need have and will renew them As long as you have need of them But as we go on down a little bit further He basically is saying He will make certain that you will not use him on behalf of lingering in time There's our line The spirit the light Would not have the sleeping mind lingering in time No lingering no loitering It's time to accept the calling and all fear all doubt all shock all Resistance is basically a resistance to the light to accept the calling the inner calling and when we Remember Francis. I can just tell you she Remembered her calling she She dumped into that calling headfirst She joined she prayed together She listened together All the sparkle and joy in her eyes and the smile on her face was coming from the light of heaven And that is our light our light that we share that is the light of the world is really what it is And and to do that we have to lay aside all thoughts of the self concept Go beyond the body Go beyond the forms go beyond the images Go beyond the concepts of competition and possession Be you faithful To the lord thy god be you faithful to god in all things And that simply means that you don't want from anything from the world And when you don't want anything in the world, then then it's time to lay the world aside gladly Happily joyfully We lay the world of judgment behind and we We spring into and remember the the unified Glorious state of mind that is one with with god So I think Just feel the peace of that sink back and feel the peace of that and And I feel also that I want to play a song Saba has so many beautiful songs that she received and I was just listening to this song yesterday, and I was just so filled up. I felt so deeply connected with God with everyone and everything and filled up and And actually the name of the song you can close your eyes if you want to meditate along here But the name of the song is Carried by the light Feel the light feel the light Feel the truth Embrace it And let everything else go really that's it that's that's the message That's always been the message. Yeah. Yeah, don't linger Don't linger in time Let the holy spirit light things up And then god takes the final step as usual God is all in all god is everything and we We thank our source. We thank our creator for creating us as a being of light so God bless you all Hope you're happy and joyful and feeling light Under the holy spirit you will journey Light and travel light and journey lightly. Yeah, we just read that today So I wish for everyone the gift of forgiveness to travel light and journey lightly and adios my friends