Hey, everybody, Lance Coyke here. We're talking about deadlifting without hurting your back. Deadlifting safely without hurting your back. And today the fault or the cue, I guess more is what we're talking about here that I want to give you is I want you to drive with your hips. And so this is for people who can get in a pretty good position here at the knee or do a pretty good RDL eccentric lowering. But when they start to come up, they lose it.  So first, again, I kind of preface this, but you need to be able to get here first. If you don't go back, watch some of my other videos, figure out how to work top down in your deadlift. Figure out how to get into this position with heels in the ground and a little bit of hamstring, find and feeling. I don't think that's a word. Next, after that, so if we find the hamstrings, we need to be able to keep them throughout the rest of the movement, and that's what people are losing. So you've heard me talk about the hamstrings and a lot of different movements, and that's because they are a good target for you to shoot for, but finding them, I often say find and feel because finding is one thing, but feeling and maintaining that feeling is totally different. So we have to be able to find here down at the knee position, and then we have to keep feeling as we come back up. And especially as we layer reps on and we put more weight on the bar, we're going to start feeling it more and in other positions, right? In other situations, other environments, and that's what training is, right? It's desensitizing you to all these different things. Deadlifting 135 is completely different than deadlifting 225 or deadlifting 95. Every time you add weight, you totally change. You're training a totally new lift, and every time you wake up, you have a new body that you're lifting with. So you need to figure out how to translate what you do know into what you have at the moment. So as I, if I can get this good position, and I'm leading with my shoulders to come up, first thing I might say is your shoulders are coming up too quickly. I need you to just push your hips forward and eventually you will stand up. Boom, and then that worked. I'm just kidding. That doesn't work that often. So what else are we going to do?  Sometimes reframing it that way works wonders, and if it doesn't always work, and I might not even say it works the majority of the time, but when it does work, it lasts really long. So I'm usually going to try that first. If those cues aren't working, then I'm going to get tactile, and I'm going to tap your back while you're doing this. So I got one hand on the hip, one hand on the shoulders or the upper back, right about here, and right about here.  Try again.  And what I'm looking for is for the back, I guess the angle that the back makes change. If I see it curve more, then I know you're doing it incorrectly. And so you can film yourself, and you're going to watch yourself that way. It's sometimes hard to get if you're not getting tactile cues like I'm giving people, that usually works. It doesn't work right away, but it works within a couple of minutes. And it might not last that long. It might not last quite as long as, hey, I want you to lift with your legs, not lift the bar up. I don't want you to pick the bar up. I want you to push into the ground. If that works, it works really well for a long time. If I do the tactile thing, it works pretty quickly, but it might not last. And so I might need to come back over and say, hey, remember, my hand's there. You're pushing too hard into my hand. And I'm going to try to take away the tapping that I'm giving you. So if you have, you know, get friendly in the gym, people aren't always that scary. And maybe they're willing to help you and say, hey, dude, could you come over here and put one hand on my butt while I don't lift because I'm bending my back too much. Maybe you got to work on your delivery a little bit, but it can work. People are helpful. I encourage you.  So that that's going to be the big thing. We're trying to learn how to drive with the hips, not lift with the back. Okay, that's your summary.


Today is Wednesday the 9th of December and we are getting near the end of the second week of the COP. The sounds that you can hear behind me are the award every day that the Climate Action Network gives to the country that has done the worst or has held back negotiations and I believe they're giving it to Canada for supporting the lack of progress on the loss and damage which the developing countries have put forward. The developed countries are saying that they either want it deleted or they want it watered down to such an extent that it isn't anywhere near what the developing countries perceive to be required. So we've just got the new text. It's come down from 43 pages to 29 pages but unfortunately the sections that I am most interested in which is the loss and damage section on Article 5 has not changed at all. There's a little footnote that says negotiations or discussions with political discussions amongst ministers is still going on which means they're happening behind closed doors and we have no knowledge of what is happening. They might bring a text back to us this evening. They will be a reconvening of the negotiations late tonight and the French President, President C, the Foreign Minister of France, Lawrence Fabius really does want us to finish tomorrow which I think is a good thing. He's asking all the countries to bring their cards, final cards on the table immediately. We had a very interesting and I thought very good speech today by Secretary of State John Kerry who knows this issue very, very well. I was in Kyoto. I had the privilege of meeting him in Kyoto many years ago. He knows climate change very well. He gave an excellent speech. I thought he was a masterclass in describing the problem and the diplomacy that's needed and he also announced $800 million US contribution to vulnerable countries which is very welcome, not nearly enough close to the $50 billion that we are asking for but it takes us forward. So it's given us momentum. We still have another 36 hours perhaps to finish up. Hopefully we can do it in 24 hours as the French want us to do. So we are now all taking bets on when this jamboree here in Paris will end. Previous experience leads us to believe it won't end on time. It will go into Saturday and possibly Sunday. However, one of the high ambition elements that we are putting forward here include the one and a half degree goal, the loss and damage. One of the high ambition goals is finishing on time and that would be a great ambition to fulfill if we could manage. We shall see. This time tomorrow I'll be able to tell you whether we are finishing on time or not.


Now, this is a nice visual of a bronchiol culminating in multiple different clusters of alveoli. Each one of these little nubbins is an alveolus.  I know that this is a bronchiol because it's surrounded in these ribbons, these pink ribbons. It's actually representing smooth muscle. And remember that that was what distinguished bronchioles from bronchi. Bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle. You can imagine if you're surrounded by smooth muscle, if that muscle contracts, you're going to have constriction or decreasing of the diameter. And that's bronchoconstriction. If those muscles relax, you're going to dilate the diameter of the bronchiol. And that's bronchodilation. Bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation can regulate the amount of air that can get into the alveoli or out of the alveoli in the first place. So that's the site where we can actually regulate the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations in your blood. Okay, so let's look at the structure of the alveolus. Another thing I want you to notice is how it looks like a little salamander tail to me. But this is a blood vessel.  And they've counted the number of blood vessels that are connected, like literally touching the alveoli. And it's, I don't know, like 80% of the entire alveolus is in contact with the capillary. Which means that you're going to have a very efficient exchange of gas, which like I said is the next topic we're going to talk about in the next lecture or not today. So let's look a little bit closer at the structure of the alveoli. That's the big picture, but I want to draw you one just all by itself. Because the alveolus, I hope that you could actually guess what kind of tissue it might be made out of. I'm going to draw a bronchi. Just so you remember that this is a tube. Dude, seriously. We're going to go this way because we need to terminate. And I've just taken like a cross-section of a bronchi surrounded by smooth muscle, which is why I made it red. And now I hope that this does not shock you to find out that, dude, the whole purpose of this thing is gas exchange. We better have a structure that enables this function. And what structure, what kind of tissue, would you put in the alveolus? Well, 95% of alveolar cells are type 1 alveolar cells, and they are simple squamous epithelial tissue. Look how thin these things are. Thank you for being so thin. And in fact, what you'll find is that they're so thin and they're right next to a capillary, which the capillary we learned in the last lecture was so thin lined by simple squamous epithelium called endothelium that, yeah, gas exchange is going to happen super quick between these things. If 95% of them are type 1, what's the other 5%? You're so good, they're type 2. And look, the type 2 cells are different. I'm going to go back and I'm going to finish my type 1s so that you can see that most of them are definitely type 1s, but the type 2s, oh my gosh, the function of the type 1s is just to allow exchange of gases. Done. The function of the type 2s, these guys are rock stars. Number one, they produce a substance called surfactant and they squirt it out into the alveoli. And so surfactant decreases surface tension. And hopefully, this is another Bio 1 review fact. Hopefully you remember that water molecules, doggies, how cool is this? Water molecules were polar molecules, so they had a partially negative side and a partially positive side, which means that they form hydrogen bonds with each other and so they kind of stick together. And that fact that water molecules stick together actually means that it's like a plastic bag. If you stick a plastic bag in water and then you try to open it up and like put something in it, the whole plastic bag like sticks together. And that's because both sides of the plastic bag are covered with water molecules that stick to each other and cause the whole bag to stick together. Your alveoli would do the same thing if you did not have surfactant in there, breaking down the surface tension and making it easier to inflate the alveolis. So imagine if your alveoli actually slapped together and stuck, then every time you took a breath, you would have to work really hard to actually inflate the alveolis because of the hydrogen bonds that water forms with each other, water molecules form with each other. So surfactant is really important.  And so if they are born early, then they have a condition where they didn't have enough time to make surfactant.  There's all sorts of strategies for treating that, but that's because that's how important surfactant is. These guys also do something else. They actively transport, okay, they actively transport solutes, that says solutes, out. They take grime and crud that's inside the alveolis, and they say, dude, we got this. Let's just get it out of there. Now, think about that for a second. Apply your brilliance, your osmosis brilliance to this concept. If you take solutes out of this space, you're going to have fluid in there, but if you take the salts, the ions, the dirt, the crud, and you actively pump it out of the alveolis, what's water going to do? Water's going to follow it. If you're pumping solutes out, water's going to follow. It keeps your alveoli from filling up with water. It doesn't keep them dry. Alveoli from filling, dude, with water. I hope you listened to me instead of, because alveoli from filling with water. Alveoli are amazing. This oxygen in, carbon dioxide out. That's gas exchange. Next lecture. Breathing happens because of the structures in the thoracic cavity. So let's talk about that next.


everyone and welcome back to Norris Cove. Today we're going to be doing our paycheck to paycheck weekly check-in from me and if that's something that you'd be interested in stay tuned. Okay you all so this is last week April 4th through the 10th and we're just going to do our quick review because I don't want to do it last I like to do it early. Okay so we estimated or projected in hair to make 750 we did 890 nails we projected 60 we made 80 in Norris Cove we projected 50 and we did 3150 we projected that total would be a 60 and we end up having $1,001.50. Now I'm gonna tell y'all something that went wrong okay you will say okay you'll see that you did really good you should have been able to pay your bills which was total 486 plus put money to Barclays and Citibank and your savings and T-Mobile and all that great stuff right get your sister a card okay a gift card or something and you should be able to pay extra oh all right right well I don't know what happened I'm telling you what I think happened let's just go down the list first so we did give credit $150 we did Shopify ended up being $61.35 and I kept wondering why they didn't come out like on the third because the money was in the account so this really wasn't supposed to be in there actually I'm going to mark that up but I didn't end up paying it but the money was already in the account y'all I had $61 in there okay so sure I should cover it I was missing $0.35 so I happened to go over to Shopify and look so they didn't cash it because it was 35 cents short so I just went ahead and paid it put the $0.35 seven and paid it okay okay next up was Canva Canva came out booth went to $50 I did put $50 I put well here it is $51.86 to Barclays um I didn't do Citibank um T-Mobile I did give them $50 so what I like about um T-Mobile I was going to save the money good thing I just went ahead and sent it over so that'll reduce my bills about time between first come I should have the other half you know what I mean so didn't do savings well I did I put $50 that's why you see a green and a red line through here I put $50 the savings but at the end of the week I had saved my tips for two weeks and I'm like yeah I have cashed off me money now no I don't that was my card note money which won't get into which is this week so what I did was I took 200 out of my savings to put into my checking account to cover my card note now I'm like okay I could go back and just take all my money out of cash left for envelopes and put that because that was pretty much my card note money even my eating out food all that was my card note when I kept saying I've been on point what's going on so now my savings has declined but what I think I'm going to do if the week turns out really good is just put it back into my savings so let's hop right into this week okay so yeah that's a lot so I was wondering like why don't I have any money like where is my money okay so this week well is this gray here and also I kind of always forget but you can find these inserts in my shop um www.NorrisCove.com and what I like about this is minimalist for me I like minimal stuff but for those who need color like my girl Sharlene you can take markers and you can just highlight this whole strip here you can just add color stickers whatever you want to do to it to spruce it up okay let's get into this week this is April the 11th through the 17th hair nails and Norris Cove and I haven't put miscellaneous in a while but I'm putting miscellaneous just in case we're just going to do zero but no let's do our 750 and then I have to go out of town like I take my daughter's dog back and my birthday is on the 23rd so I think I'm going to take the dog back on the 24th and come back that's maybe Tuesday so I need to put some money aside for that nails I don't project any nails this week because I'm not really taking people and the few that I did came last week so that's why we made so much last week I am doing new releases this week you never can tell because people may not like stuff so I'm gonna stick with my 50 here on Norris Cove and that brings us to 800 dollars all right let's see what is due this week I'm gonna flip to my calendar and this is my monthly calendar so we are on the 11th through the 17th so already we have car notes here we have I did give a little small amount of money from Shopify Capital One and then City Bank so first up will be car note and they didn't take my car note out this is car notes number one and I had it set up to come out so I'm just going to have to go in and manually pay it I think it's 181.63 and then the 15th we have Capital One I've already paid them for this month but I'm gonna go ahead and give them something else I'm gonna do 50 to continue to knock that down and then the 16th booth rent which is 250 and then the 17th is City Bank um City Bank I'm doing 15 now for my entrepreneurs I need them out just a little bit and for myself so as you can see I have Barclays due here on Monday I do work Monday I can pay it um but I want to save money from this week to pay it because I'll schedule my bills so like I'll schedule City Bank it's not going to come out until next week I can schedule Barclays so I here's what I can do um this is how like knowing how your bills come out knowing your budget knowing what you get paid or like here on Monday is when I have like a guarantee three people I know these three people are coming unless they got COVID or sick and we haven't had the issue in a couple months so I can wait till Monday and I can pay I can go ahead and schedule this which is City Bank but I know it's not coming out until probably Tuesday I can do Barclays it's not coming out to Wednesday so I could take this money to cover those but then we have T-Mobile coming so why not these being small pay them put the money aside this week for these two we got car note number two coming out you know so we basically got to take part of this to pay for that this makes sense so um yeah so let's put some of our money for next week aside and that kind of keeps us ahead on our bills oh wow I just happened to look next week so birthday so then we got birthday things I'm not treating myself but I got my T-Mobile I have my car note and then I have Barclays so I want to put the money for these two I'll put Barclays on this week and then hopefully part of my car note so that way I could take part of this to cover my car note you know half of my car note and then the rest of T-Mobile that makes sense okay I hope so so that's the way how you can just got to know what you're working with and we know that generally during the week I make about 750 800 whatever but things can always change like I work here Wednesday I know I work on I work no this Wednesday I work this Wednesday so that'll help cover this capital one I can actually go ahead and pay city bank today and that way it's coming out of my account by Thursday but nonetheless let's just do what we do so let's go ahead and add Barclays I'm gonna put them down as a 17th and then we want to have get car number one here I think we'll be okay with car number two on 18th but we definitely want Barclays and that we need to give them 100 and then T-Mobile I'm moving T-Mobile here just for to have half of it and I put them on the 17th as well and I think we need about 160 dollars and I know what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna do 100 to them and then the rest will come up next week I've already given them 50 so let's do a little math I'll push in this have 131 dollars and 63 cents we're pushing it okay we're pushing it now this is where the good thing is when you have like this savings won't get any money with 731 dollars so here's where the good thing come in especially for my entrepreneurs or anyone who's paying attention now we know that Barclays is not going to come out this week we know that city bank isn't coming out this week so that frees up that 150 dollars if we did not make 800 okay so if we didn't make it we'd go on to the next week but I don't want to do that I really want to have this money set aside so in the notes here this is what I need to remind myself to do eat out less plus we're supposed to be losing some weight so I'm supposed to be making smoothies every day all that great stuff so to save some money we're going to eat out less make our smooth smoothies make lunch smoothies so that we can have this less miscellaneous spending that'd be my issue because when I go back and look at my spending tracker it's a lot of miscellaneous and it's a lot of food my two categories okay so and I just thought of something else that really kind of blows my budget oh so no planner spend I was doing good but then when I got my taxes I just went crazy and then after that I just thought I was rich or something that I could just keep buying this buying stuff like I was about to buy a new plan knowing good and where I didn't need it okay so that's it you guys we're going to pop this back on in yeah I'll just scratch you off excuse the ashes okay um yeah let's go on pop it on and then next week I'll have this week's review for you this is it playing simple this week no cash envelopes this week now what I will do I think I like the idea of saving my tips so I'm going to try to save my tips this week see what we have and I'll be honest with you guys I'm thinking cash envelope stuff and it's not going to work for me only because I spent my car not money trying to stuff cash envelopes and I think I do it because I know you guys like but I'm more of a digital cash envelope person so I'm going to do digital cash envelopes but I do like cash stuff and so um yeah I may do it every two weeks and not just every week so that way um this is let me know where paycheck to paycheck is so that way I won't be in a bind or make sure that I have it or take away from and just not overdo it you know if that makes sense like I just don't want to be stuffing money and then having to take it out that makes no sense to me so we're going to figure it out and we're going to figure it out together so this is what we have for next week this is the income we're anticipating but as you all see we kind of do more so let's just hope for more and I have a goal every week I say am I um a six I'm going to flip to my salon schedule every week I set a $1,200 goal oh I took out the rest of them and then this is you know make notes to myself of what I've done for the month so when I go to do April let me show you when I go to do my end of April budget I've already made a note of what the first and the second was so in two days I made like 415 so um yeah when I tell you money isn't every planner every planner you have to keep your eye on your money because if not you will you see what happened I wasn't paying attention I didn't refer I need to start referring to this what I'm paying my bills and just coming downstairs until my budget planner and see what I'm paying because I should not have not had my car note okay so that's it you guys I hope you all enjoyed today's um paycheck to paycheck if so I hope you would consider subscribing coming back for more also hitting the notification bell for me I really appreciate it leave me a comment and comments leave me a comment in the comment section let me know have you done your paycheck the paycheck have you done your weekly check-in have you done your budget for this week if so what are your issues are are you having any issues is everything going great I would love to come comment back to you in the comment section and let's keep each other accountable so I'll talk to you guys later bye


Earlier we proved that any planar graph can be vertex colored using at most six colors. But it seems we can't find a planar graph that actually requires six colors. So perhaps we're not clever enough to find such a graph, or perhaps we only need five colors. Well, we're definitely clever enough because we're on the internet, so it must be that we only require five colors. A statement we suspect to be true, but it doesn't yet have a proof is called a conjecture. And graph theory has a number of conjectures. In this case we may conjecture that five colors are enough to color any planar graph. Let's try to prove it. As with the six-color theorem, let's try an induction proof. Suppose every planar graph with K vertices has a five coloring. Let G have K plus one vertices. Now we know it must have at least one vertex of degree five or less. We note that if we remove that vertex, the graph G minus V has K vertices, so by our induction assumption it has a five coloring. So what happens when we put that vertex back? We'll dispense with the easy cases first. If the degree of V is four or less, then we'll only need five colors. So that's because when we remove the vertex we only need four colors to color the adjacent vertices, and so when we restore the vertex we can assign it the fifth color. So we'll assume V has degree five with adjacent vertices V1 through V5. Now we know the graph minus that vertex has a five coloring. Remember that's our induction hypothesis. And if any two adjacent vertices have the same color, for example if V2 and V4 end up both being colored red, then there is a fifth color available for V. So we'll assume that the adjacent vertices all have different colors. In other words, after we've removed that degree five vertex and colored the remaining graph, we have to assign different colors to the vertices V1 through V5. So an important observation, any path from V1 to V3 must cross every path from V2 to V4. So there are two possibilities. Either there are no paths from V2 to V4. In other words, the removed vertex was actually a cut point, or there are paths from V2 to V4 that cut through paths from V1 to V3. Let's consider these cases separately. So if there are no paths from V2 to V4, then in G minus V, V2 and V4 are in separate components. We'll call them G2 and G4. But that means the coloring in G2 is independent of the coloring in G4. So we can swap the colors around so that V2 and V4 have the same color. Consequently, the vertices adjacent to V only need four colors. So when we restore V, it can be given a fifth color. On the other hand, suppose there are paths from V2 to V4. Necessarily any such path has to cut through the path between V1 and V3. So let's consider the subgraph induced by the vertices having the same color as V1 or V3. We'll just cover up the vertices with different colors. And there are two possibilities. Now V1 and V3 are in separate components. So remember the covered up vertices have different colors than these two. So as long as these vertices are either color, we still have a coloring of the graph. So V1 and V3 are in separate components. We can create the colors so that V1 and V3 now have the same color. So the vertices adjacent to V only require four colors. And again, when we restore V, it can be assigned a fifth color. But if there's a path from V1 to V3 in the induced subgraph, it must alternate between the two colors and have a common vertex with any path from V2 to V4. Consequently any path from V2 to V4 must have a vertex whose color is the same as that of either V1 or V3. So now consider the subgraph of G minus V induced by vertices having the same color as V2 or V4. Again we'll just cover up the vertices that have different colors. Since every path between V2 and V4 includes at least one vertex with the same color as V1 or V3, then V2 and V4 are in separate components in this subgraph. So again we can permute the colors so V2 and V4 have the same colors. You know the rest. Consequently, regardless of the initial coloring of the five adjacent vertices, we can always find a coloring where two vertices have the same color. So when we restore V, we can assign it a fifth color and get a five-color graph proving any later graph is five-colorable. Now once you're be careful with this, remember that if a graph is n-colorable, we can color its vertices with n colors so that adjacent vertices have different colors. But if we have an actual map, we don't need to worry about the vertex colors. Instead, we want to assign colors to the faces so that adjacent regions have different colors. This leads to the four-color conjecture. The faces of every planar graph can be colored using four colors. And the thing to realize is that the four-color conjecture and the five-color theorem are actually about different colorations. One is a coloration of faces and the other is a coloration of the vertices. The four-color conjecture was proven in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Hocken. We'll present a proof. Just kidding, the full proof is a few hundred pages and relies on a computer analysis of hundreds of unavoidable configurations. It was, in fact, the first proof done largely by a computer. But while we can't reasonably give the complete proof, we'll outline how the proof was found. Well, eventually, watch this space.


Okay, good morning and welcome to this week's edition of Encompass Live. I am your host, Krista Burns, here at the Nebraska Library Commission. Encompass Live is the Commission's weekly online event, or a webinar, or a webcast, or an online show. Call us what you will. We are here live every Wednesday morning at 10 a.m. Central time. But if you're unable to join us on Wednesday mornings, that's fine. We also record all of our shows and they are posted onto our website for everyone to watch later. And I'll show you at the end of the show where all of that is. We do a mixture of things here on Encompass Live, demos, many training sessions, book reviews, interviews, basically anything library related, we put it on the show. We have guest speakers that sometimes come in and join us both in person remotely and we sometimes have sessions with Nebraska Library Commission staff. And that's what we have this morning. With me today is all Library Commission staff. I don't know how many. Sort of a series of things of these types of shows we've been doing just this year. It's an occasional yes. Book talks, books on certain topics that Library Commission staff have read. This week, this week, this time, our topic is mysteries, obviously. Who done it? Who figured it out? We probably won't give away the endings of any of these. No. Sometimes it's obvious depending on the mystery. They tell you at the beginning. But what the state talked about their favorite mysteries is Cecilia Ramsey over all the way over there in the middle, Laura Johnson, and right here, Debra Dregos, all Library Commission staff. So I'm just going to hand it over to you guys to take it over and tell us all about the mysteries. Well, good morning. So let's just move right into this. We might need to click on to the PowerPoint with the mouse just quickly. Just one look. There you go. We're going to book talk mysteries. We'll have our contact information at the end of this if you need to contact us for some reason. I thought it was very interesting. The public libraries online weekly, their little newsletter, has a poll every week. And a couple weeks ago, they asked what genre do you prefer out of these genres? And 33 and a third percent of the respondents liked mysteries. The next most popular was nonfiction. But I thought this showed kind of clearly that mysteries are terribly popular. They're usually a big part of any library's fiction collection. And there's an awful lot of different kinds of mysteries. So we're going to talk about several different kinds today and hopefully give you a good sampling. We're going to start with Debra. And my first title is called After the Storm by Linda Castillo. And this is the most recent in her Kate Burkholder series. Kate is the chief of police in Painters Mill, Ohio, which is right in the middle of Amish country. Kate was formerly Amish herself, but she no longer is. So we have insider knowledge into the community and the culture of the Amish, though. And that helps her in crime investigations when they involve the Amish people. This latest entry starts off with sort of a teaser scene of a murder that occurred some years previously and then switches to the current day and a tornado is bearing down on the community. I don't know what tornadoes are like. Well, in the cleanup afterwards, some bones turn up. So Kate is on the case. This is a rather dark series. It can be rather gruesome. The crimes can be rather gruesome. Kate has a very fraught past history and still carries that baggage with her as does her love interest, John Tomassetti. In each book you learn more about Kate and the different members of her police department. It's really interesting. I have found in all of the books to follow through on finding the solution of the crime. They're very involved, but it is fast-paced. Often it's suspenseful. You never know. There's a danger to Kate or other members of her team. It's definitely not the picture of the Amish community that you get if you're used to reading Amish romance. But I find it a fascinating read. You think that the setting contributes a lot to the overall? Yes. Some member of the Amish community is involved in every book. It's not just... Our next thing, Dry Bones by Craig Johnson. This is the 11th novel in the Long Wire series. There's also a book of short stories. In this, our sheriff, Walt Long Wire, from Absaroka County, Wyoming, gets involved in a case where a Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton has been found. There's quite a bit of conflict about who owns it, what's going to happen to it. Meanwhile, there's been a murder, and Walt has to figure out how the murder, which is related to the bones. So we have lots of bones here today, is how it works out. Walt is his usual stoic self. We also have the overarching personal story, and there's more developments in that. We see his great friend, Henry Standing Bear, helps him with the mystery. So it's an interesting look, once again, at Western culture. So I think it has a very double appeal. Not only is it a nice mystery, and well, really a procedural with a twist, I guess. But it also, I think, would appeal to readers of Westerns. And the Long Wire character, of course, is really an estimable lawman, and we all enjoy visiting with Walt and the cast of characters. Because this has been on television, and now they're getting ready for season four with Netflix. I think it came out. Did it? Yeah, I do believe. It's the entire season. I would think there would be quite a bit of interest in this in the library, simply because it has been on TV. Craig Johnson is, if not local, just a neighbor. And we all enjoy Walt. If you want to know what all the books in this series are, you can go to our website, the Nebraska Library Commission's website, where we have a books in series database. And it lists all the books, which I thought was kind of cool. So if you enjoy Western, if you enjoy procedurals, it also does bring up the issue of the idea of, I don't know, it's not really cultural remains. Tyrannosaurus had no culture. But the idea of who really owns these things and how, unfortunately, they've become big business because they're worth a great deal of money. I think you really enjoy this. And it's well written, as Johnson's books tend to be. OK, Cecilia. As Chimney Sweepers Come to Dust by Alan Bradley. The main character, Flavia de Luz, was actually introduced in her first book, Sweetness at the Bottom of the Pie, which is, she is an amateur chemist at the age of 11. And yes, there are dead bodies, but she figures it all out. It's 1950s, so there's no cell phone to help her out. Occasionally, she has her trusted bicycle lattice to get her where she needs to go. But the mystery seemed to just kind of drop into her lap. In this case, it's a charred skeleton wrapped in a Union Jack flag that falls out of the chimney of her bedroom at her school. She's been sent to Canada to a boarding school. You just click on that and I'll get rid of it. Just click on that and get rid of it. And what I love about her is that she's just a child, but she uses big words. She has great language. The title alone kind of gives you this idea that you're not talking simple in anything she does. She finds a way to get to the answer, even breaking the rules a little bit, like being up after hours or being off campus. But when it comes down to it, she figures out a way to sneak into places that she shouldn't and do the things that a kid would do, but she's very smart in how she handles it.  And this is the seventh in the series. And I fell in love with her from book one. I just think it's very, it's kind of lighthearted because you're talking about a child, but she takes care of some serious business and she isn't, in this case, some of the adults she has to figure out who she can trust. And she's been warned not to talk to certain people, but then she's like, how can I figure this out? If I can't talk to anybody, she figures out a way around that by having some of the other people do the talking for her. It's very clever in what she does. And I personally am a listener of books, so part of I think what won me over to this series was the narrator. I work for the Talking Books and Braille Service under the Nebraska Library Commission as part of that. And so all my listeners, all my readers are listeners. And so I was just won over by the narrator, so I thought I would share with you a little sampling of her... It's long just here. Right now there you go. Okay. We'll get to... This is Jane Enschweil, Whistle, and she does the voice of Flavia, and she's just going to give you a little hint about this particular book and introduce you to Flavia, a conversation that Flavia has with the character. And all of that credit goes to Alan Bradley because it's his heart that has created this wonderful series that all of us love so much. So now I'd like to read you a passage from his latest book as chimney sweepers come to dust.  Flavia, Miss Fourthorn, setting reply to my knock, I squeeze through the very open door. Sit down, she commanded, and I obeyed, perching myself on the edge of a leather divan. First things first, she said. You will have for no doubt that I promised you punishment. Yes, Miss Fourthorn, I said. I'm sorry, I... She said, holding up a restraining hand. Excuses are not legal tender at Miss Body Coat's Female Academy.  I didn't, but I nodded anyway, imagining a red-faced magistrate in a horsehair wig glaring down at me from his elevated bench. Rules are rules. They are meant to be obeyed. Yes, Miss Fourthorn, I'm sorry. The old, old formula. It had to be played out step by meticulous step according to some ancient ritual. Perhaps they should have business cards printed to hand out each and past with my name and the words, I'm sorry, Miss Fourthorn, every time I offended, I would pluck one from my pocket and hand it for your punishment. I want you to write out 500 words on William Palmer. He led, I believe, an interesting life. It took a moment for the light to come on, but when it did, my brain was dazzled by the sheer brilliance of it. William Palmer, the rougely poisoner. Why, I could write 500, a thousand, ten thousand words on dear old, jolly old Bill Palmer with my fingers frostbitten, my wrists handcuffed, my ankles bound, and my tongue tied behind my back. That is the world of Flavia de Luce.  Okay, so now we're going to go on to the Darling Dahlia's and the Eleventh O'Clock Lady by Susan Whittig Albert. This is a, I've talked about a very dark series the first time. This is the total polar opposite end. This is a cozy mystery. The series takes place in Darling, Alabama during the Great Depression, and the main characters are the women of the Darling Dahlia Gardening Club. Their husbands and other members of the community do show up as needed, but we do follow the ladies. And in this latest entry of the series, one of the town's telephone switchboard operators has been murdered, off scene, of course, because this is a cozy. Why was she killed? What did she know? Uh-oh, did she listen in on somebody's telephone conversation? This is the 1930s, so that was an option. As the story goes along, you discover the clues along with the Dahlias as they go about their work around town. They work at the diner, or they own the diner. The beauty salon, the newspaper office, the county courthouse, lawyer's office, you know, wherever, there's one of the Dahlias. And of course, there's the new Civilian Conservation Corps, or the CCC camp, just outside of town. And what does that mean to the town, and what does it mean to the murder? Uh-oh, we'll find out. One of the greatest appeals of this book to me is the research that Albert has done on the Depression, and how she weaves it into the story and shows it to you through the characters' lives. It's also about women being supportive of each other and helping out the community. The characters grow through each of the stories, and you really cheer for their successes. The books are a really quick read, and for me, thoroughly entertaining. Like many cozies, at the end of the book, there's extra materials. Albert always includes a historical note, but there are also some recipes. As you know, a gardening club, you know, town, Fourth of July picnics, you always have to have food, celebrations, so there's always recipes. But these particular books also include tips on gardening, and household tips on how to save money. Because remember, this is the Depression. So, how do you get by with a little amount of money and limited resources? Sounds like a lot of fun. Yep. Okay. Now, we're going to go to another mystery about the 30s, although this one was written in the 30s. So, she was writing contemporary mystery, but now, of course, it's historic. Dorothy Sayers, one of the greats of mysteries, the Golden Age of Mysteries, wrote a series, her detective is Lord Peter Wimsey. Very often, he is also involved with Harriet Vane, the lady he really would like to marry, but she has her reservations. So, five years into their relationship, Harriet goes to the Gaudi, essentially a college reunion. And there, she encounters, well, they call it a polsergeist. It's a small women's college in Oxford. It's part of Oxford University. And the female faculty members are getting kind of concerned because weird things are happening. They think that since Harriet is actually a mystery writer herself, she should be able to help them solve a mystery. Harriet tries, and things are escalating. Things are getting a little alarming. So, she calls on Lord Peter to come help her out. And, of course, they solve the mystery. And this one, I think, is rather unusual because there's actually no murder. It's just this polsergeist, and we discover who done it and why. And it deals very much with issues of women's education because in the 1930s, the idea of women with university educations, especially someplace like Oxford, a very high prestigious college, were still open to some debate. Some people didn't think women, you know, what did they need to have an education for if they were going to stay home and have babies? It also sort of deals with what the idea of a relationship, because remember, Lord Peter has been wooing Harriet Vane for five years now, and Harriet is just very skeptical of how a relationship can work and what a relationship would do. So, there's a rather serious discussion or treatment of the idea of what a romantic relationship means to a person, and that does have something to do with the mystery as well. So, there is some very serious discussion of issues underlying what is, in some ways, a rather light-hearted or has light-hearted moments. It's whimsical. It is whimsical. Yes, it is. I will tell you, a big spoiler here, it does end happily, okay? But this is one of my favorites. Dorothy Sayers is a classic. They've been around a long time, but she's still the quality of the writing, the characterizations, the mysteries are darn good mysteries. The clues are there, if you can find them. It's just really excellent work, really quality work. Goddy Knight is one of, I think it's like, and I did, I looked this up also on our website in our books and series database. It's one of 11 novels that Dorothy Sayers wrote about Lord Peter Wimsey. She also wrote some short stories, and the series has been continued by Jill Payton Walsh with, I think, somewhat uneven results. But I think this is one of the classic series that you still might want to consider having in your library because I don't think it's ever going to go completely out of style. All right, well, I grabbed up this book off a digital thinking I was grabbing a standalone. The boy in the suitcase title grabbed me from the minute I saw it and was introduced to Nina Borg. And it turns out she's not. It's standalone. It's actually the first of four books in a series. But Nina Borg is a Red Cross nurse in Denmark. This book is actually a translation. We originally published a few years back in Denmark. And it's in the thriller category. It's darker. It goes well as a standalone, but it also introduces you to this character who can't say no when asked to do a favor for a friend. She actually works at a refugee crisis center. And that's how she tends to make her connections, which lead to these very different and serious cases that oftentimes she forgets about picking up her child from daycare or contact call giving her husband a call. In fact, in this one, she loses her cell phone at some point. And so she just focuses on what she said, yes, she's going to find work things out till the end. And this different series have her dealing with serious issues, immigration, genocide, abuse. And then, of course, in this case, we have from the minute you open the book and she has unzipped a suitcase she's been asked to pick up at a transit center locker by a friend and she discovers this boy in the suitcase. Barely breathing. That's when you first see your first sigh of relief. Okay, so he's alive. I'm not giving away any ending here, but it leads her to say, well, now I've got to figure out who this boy is, why he's in the suitcase, and what I can do to bring him back to his mother. One of the things that a neat freeze and lean caribou do is they weave parallel stories. So you have Nina's story from the beginning, but then as you're introduced to characters, you start to see where they are and what they're doing to, in a way, solve the same mystery, the same... but in the process, or in some cases, try to conclude the crime that they've started because there was also supposed to be a suitcase with some money in it. So then you start to wonder why they're looking for money and they're also looking for Nina once they figure out she has the child. So you are kind of thrown into it and those sighs of relief come and then you gasp again because something else... this is not your cozy mystery. This is your darker thriller because even the main character can end up in a brawl. There's going to be violence and there's going to be some serious issues discussed amongst the characters or as Nina unfolds what's going on. There's three more. The fourth one is not yet available in the US. It comes out in March of 2016. So if you get hooked, you're going to have to wait until then to get to the conclusion of these characters. And it takes place in this particular two different countries, Denmark and Lithuania. And because of the refugee center, you're going to meet characters from all over the world and their situations are political in problems and all of that come into play. Okay. We thought that mysteries were interesting because they do first bring up the idea of what do you do with series in your library? So many mysteries. In fact, I think every mystery we've talked about here is part of a series and I think publishers like series because they tend to help sell themselves. But what do you do? Do you just keep collecting? I think the series we talked about today for the most part are fairly short. But what about, you know, Air Q Perot or some of those that are or have been helped us in J.D. Rob in Death series. What do you do when the series gets really long? Do you try to have part of the whole series? Do you just have the most recent ones? Sue Grafton. We're up to X from A. Yes, we are. We're up to West 24 then. Where's she going to do it? I don't know. Go retire. Go reek. But you know, this really is, I think some people would tell you to have series while they're going on. Yeah, as long as something new is being printed to continue. I would suggest that even that may end up being a little bit difficult. Well, and especially if you have, if book number three in the series was a paperback and it wears out and, you know, or it gets lost, do you replace it? Yeah. Or do you just say, well, you know, this series will end and we'll lose its appeal and so I'm not going to bother. I don't have the shelf space anyway. Whether the mystery, the series has a arc or not, a story arc. Yeah. If you can pick up anyone along the way and you're okay, then those missing volumes are not necessarily need to be replaced. But if there's that story arc that people want to know what happened between this book and that book, then you've got an issue. It seems to me that this is one of those places where some work with some of your neighbors might be in order. If you know, for instance, that someone is collecting a particular series, maybe you could collect a different one and you can all share. If the back volumes are considerably older, you know, maybe not everyone needs to have them. So I think that's one of the things that you can talk about doing. It would be lovely if we could talk about, well, we don't have to have them on the shelf because we can have them electronically. But so far, the publishers... Well, the publishers don't always provide every single title in a series to a library for an e-book or an audiobook. And sometimes, depending on the publisher, the library can only have them for a certain number of checkouts or for a certain period of time. So once those checkouts are used up or the time has expired, then the library is faced with the issue of, do we pay again for that same title or do we spend our money on other newer books? These are issues. They really are. And really, there isn't any one-size-fits-all, I don't think. I think it also does mean that you kind of have to know what you're talking about. You have to know what the series is and there are places to find out. You know, if you're not familiar with a particular series, you can find out. And you have to keep track of how popular they are in your library. You really kind of have to know how many times they're being checked out. So series do bring up problems, but they're very popular and haven't helped you if you don't have X, since we're all dying to find out what Kinsey Milhohn is going to do next. There's also, I think, a problem when we have some of our favorite authors go to that great beyond. These are some who mostly are recent. Edgar Allen Poe, of course, has been gone for quite a while. Although I would say you have to have his books because they really are classic. I don't know. And there are... All of those English teachers keep assigning that. Yeah, if they do. Yeah, available somewhere. Some of these series are done because the writers no longer with us. Elizabeth Peters, who wrote the Amelia Peabody. A series. Ellis Peters, who wrote Brother Catbough. They're wonderful series. They really are wonderful books, and I would think a lot of people would enjoy them. In those cases, they were set historically to begin with, so they aren't going to date. But they're done. And maybe you have to read those so you have room for some new things. Now, Robert B. Parker brings up another issue. Right.  Robert B. Parker has... There are a couple different authors who have picked up and continued his series. Same with Vince Flynn. Someone else is finishing off his last book. Ariana Franklin, her daughter, finished off her last book. I don't know if anybody's going to dare pick up P.D. James. She's come back from the grave and get you for it, I think. Someone just said that Vince Flynn is being carried on by Brad Thor. Oh, yeah. So, there's that. Do you stop carrying a series when the author goes? Do you keep it because they're going to continue? Evidently, they feel continuing the series still makes money. Right. And, really, I would tell anybody to keep Brother Cadfile. But that's my personal opinion because I really enjoy Brother Cadfile by Ellis Peters. Could I justify keeping that if it meant that I couldn't have a lot of new things on the shelf? I don't know. It's tough. These are tough and you have to kind of make decisions. Right. Again, maybe you want to have work with some of your neighbors and some of you can have some older mysteries. Others of you have other older mysteries. I don't know. The one thing to consider there, though, is that if you don't have them on the shelf, you can only borrow them from the library if people can't discover them. Yeah, it's a tough one. And, probably, again, your user's taste has a lot to do with what you keep. But these are issues and they're things that libraries have to grapple with. I actually answered someone type in a question that when you're limited on space, do you delete half of the collection that is not popular or do you keep it? I think it's going to depend on your situation. It is. And you're going to have to pay attention to what, well, if it is popular, obviously keep it. And maybe pay attention to circulation records or these not going out. Do you get rid of them or do you try to promote them more because you think they should be going out? I mean, you're going to have to. It's not something specific to mysteries, really, but... Yeah, collection. But mysteries, certainly, I think... They have their own issues with the series and whatnot. Yeah. It also... Do you keep part of a series or do you make sure you have the whole thing? I can't help myself. That need for completion. I like to have whole series. But maybe you do have just some of the volumes that gives people a way to discover the series, but it doesn't take up quite as much space on your shelf and you can get the other... Interlibrary loan does mean that we have a way to enlarge our collections when we need to. You just have to make sure someone else is actually keeping it and not weeding it, too. So, again, cooperation. And does classic mean we have to keep it? I would say Dorothy Sayers was classic and you probably ought to have her. But then I really like her. Maybe somebody who didn't like her wouldn't think it mattered.  Yeah. So, you know, everyone has their own... Well, yes, they do. And you can't just keep what you like. No, you can't. You have to watch your personal opinion. But it also, you can't just keep... You want to serve those people who come in the library every week, but you also want to serve the people who maybe only come in occasionally or maybe would come in if they knew you had some of this stuff. So, again, do you have all of Agatha Christie? I don't know. That's a lot of books. That is a lot of books. And I think some mystery writers or readers are very much... They're just happy with the mystery. You know, because 33%, as you mentioned earlier, a third of the people who respond in mysteries, they'll eat up almost anything that has that sticker on it that says it's a mystery. Mystery certainly creates a plot and it creates suspense. So there really are issues with this stuff. Okay, so how do you find out about new authors and detectives? We're talking about some of the issues about keeping old ones, but there are new ones all the time. So how do you find out about them? Well, one way, of course, is the awards. There are mystery awards. The Edgar Awards from the Mystery Writers of America. The Crime Writers Association is British, but, of course, nobody does a mystery quite like the British. The Agatha Awards are for cosies, but... Flavius won the dagger. Yes, Flavius won the dagger. Sometimes the old... I think you want to watch these. I don't think you have to follow them slavishly. I think you also have to think about what people in your library like. Right. Because some of these get a little literary sometimes, I think. Yeah, just my personal opinion. They're just mysteries you don't like. Well, okay. But it is one of the things that you can watch, one of the clues for you. And we have a new tool. So take it away, Debra, who's going to talk a little bit about this wonderful tool. Okay. And before we get into new ones, first I'm going to just talk about Novelist in general for a minute here. And y'all know that you can get to Novelist through the Nebraska Access website. And I'm just going to click on Novelist here. And it'll take one minute to come up, or hopefully not a full minute. Okay. What I'm going to search for first is an author. And I'm going to use Laura's example of Craig Johnson. And you'll notice it starts auto-filling. And I'm going to go ahead and click on that. That just means that I am actually going to get his author record right off the bat. The author record usually talks a little bit. Sometimes it gives more detail about their writing history, but it always does give some idea of what genre they're writing in, the writing style, the book appeal, and things like that. There is also, to the right, I'm going to just point out here too, read-alikes. When you're in an author record, you will get a list of other authors that write in a similar manner. And then in the center part, you do get a listing of the books that this author has written with the most current title at the top. It will also list, books are always first. It will also give you a listing of audio books that are available. You could go to series. If he had written more than one series, there would be information there, more information about this author, which in this case just mostly repeats. Sometimes there's more information. And then there are other... This site offers a lot of different lists for different types of books that you might want to put together. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to go back to books here for just a second, and I am going to click on... You could click on the title and get more information about that specific title, but what I'm going to do right now is click on the series link, which will take me to a series record, a description of the series overall with its appeals, genre, et cetera. And then in this case, it lists the titles in the order that they were published. So the first book in the series is listed first. So all of the series titles are here. Again, you can find audio books, more about this series. This is where I would like to point out that there is a note here that says this series has been adapted to a television show. So you get other information like that, too, things that go beyond just the books. Okay? Another example will take the boy in the suitcase. And of course, if you do have to put in the proper spacing. Yes. Okay, you'll notice when you go to a title record to the right, your read-a-likes are now titles as opposed to authors. You get read-a-likes for whatever type of record that you are in. Okay? With the title record, it does give you a bit of a description about the book. Some appeals, storyline, pace, tone, et cetera. And then the first link, first tab, if these are available, are reviews. And the reviews that are included in Novelist most generally are from Booklist, Publishers Weekly, Library Journal, and Kirkus if they're available. So those are there. Things that we are as librarians read. For under audio books... Whoops. What happened here? I didn't click it. Oh yeah, here we go. Okay, for audio books, it does tell us that there is an audio book version available and it gives us the narrator and the duration of the audio book. And then if I went to more about this book, it would tell me, because I'm on a book record, it will tell me how many pages, the publisher, et cetera. And also in the notes, it tells me that this was translated from Danish and it gives the Danish title. So just a bit of... a bit more information. At the bottom of each screen, you know, I've been mentioning appeals for each of these items. And they do show up at the bottom of each screen in the format of offering you a way to search for those particular appeals. So if I had read this book and what I liked most about it was that it was a Scandinavian crime fiction book and that it was suspenseful, I can pick those two and say search and it will search for other books that have those same headings applied to them. At least then we get a totally different listing from what was suggested as read-alikes. And you'll notice the most current one right here is The Girl in the Spider's Web which is really hit hit the best seller list and is going great guns. So those are some of the ways that you can help a reader find more new authors and more books. If you know what books that they've been reading and what they like you can go in here and find read-alikes or other books with the same appeals. That's very helpful as a reader's advisor to the talking books because I use this all the time. We'll see if this is working this morning working now. We had a slight hiccup. It's working great. Under Browse by you can go in and find. We're going to scroll down to Mystery. These are some of the different genres but we're going to say Explore Mysteries and you'll notice the first grouping under Mysteries is Fourth Coming Mysteries and you can do a View All and you'll get a listing of titles that are going to be coming out over the next couple three months. So that's another way to figure out what's coming. Yeah. I thought it was interesting that they broke down Mysteries into several different kinds of categories. Yes. We've been talking Cosies or Dark or you know Mysteries actually this is one little thing that we're going to go back to Explore Mysteries Mysteries are all there are all kinds of categories. We talked about Police Procedural we've got a Sheriff we've got a Police Chief we've got Amateur Detectives we've got Historical There she is and there she is again under Cosies you have the Noir and Hard Boiled Mysteries they're just so many different kinds there are it seems like one writer starts writing about some little thing like it's a bookstore owner well then you get a whole bunch of series that are about bookstore owners or you've got somebody who's doing quilting, has a quilting shop so then you get a whole bunch of other series that are craft related in some way. They're knitting mysteries so those things are out there too that you can divide things by just one way to find new titles and we'll put back to the PowerPoint well I thought this was fascinating too because you saw that they also would deal with ages so there were children's books in here those adult books I novelist is one of those things that I could spend a lot of time with but it's very useful really it's fun okay so let's go on if you need your Nebraska Access password to get into novelist and we know that Nebraska Access passwords change twice a year and Alana will send it to you and if you forget it if you ask Alana she'll send it to you again but you can get into Nebraska Access and of course not only can the librarians use this tool but their library users can as well so this is pretty cool I was very excited there are some other things as well that you can look at Booklist does offer webinars and here's two about mysteries that are in their archive you can go to the archive of webinars and look at the Booklist webinars and you do get CE credit for them of course there's the stop you're killing me newsletter this is actually a website but you can sign up for a newsletter so it comes in your email it's twice a month and you don't even have to go look for it it just shows up for you and they will list new mysteries they will list award-winning links to the awards yes they I think they do a really good job actually they really keep up with a lot of series and a lot of popular series that are not real literary which is what people actually like to read so I think the stop you're killing me newsletter is a great thing to look at just to stay kind of aware of what's going on in the whole genre there are some books and we have them here and you can borrow them if you're a Nebraska librarian so there are readers guide kind of books on mysteries this is one of them we have more than one and the adult reading round table a group of people who are very very serious about their readers advisory do studies of different genres right now they're in the middle of a two-year study on mysteries and there is some material on their website so this is a it's a source of information to consider so there's lots of places you can find out about mysteries are a great big part of most libraries fiction collections we've only dealt with adult mysteries today but really there are mysteries for all age levels I've been reading mysteries since Nancy Dritt yeah and they bring people a lot of pleasure and we all have you know this house gives you some ideas and maybe some new titles to investigate you can contact us anytime if you like and do we have any final words? did anybody have any questions? a couple comments and things that came in during the show did anybody have any last minute questions? and you know you don't have to read every title in a series yourself but it does help if you read at least one title from an author from across the different types of mysteries just so that you have an idea of what the different types of appeals are yes I think you're right there sometimes we read things that and you know it's surprising what you will find that you do like that you didn't know you would like so you do need to go out and sample I love sorry your advisory person oh Nancy Perl I like Nancy Perl I'm sorry I love Nancy Perl's rubric which is if you're under 80 you take your age and you subtract it from 100 and you have to read that many pages of a book before you decide you're not going to read the whole book if you're over 80 you can just put it down anytime there's a lot of time to mess with that kind of thing in other words it is okay to sample books sometimes even if you don't want to read the whole book if you just read a chapter it gives you a flavor so there's nothing wrong with that and sometimes publishers don't promote books as mysteries they promote them as suspense or thriller but there's a crime there so most people will read them as mysteries well I think that brings up a whole other issue that we haven't really dealt with which is do you keep them separate or do you inner file them there are people who write mysteries but they also write other kinds of books so if you keep the mystery separate you're going to separate an author's works um it's tricky but anyway thanks thank you to everybody doesn't look like anybody had any urgent desperate questions they needed to ask you but you guys do you know where to find them all um if you do have any questions just take it and have it live so if you do have any questions contact just contact Laura or Debra Cecilia whoever and they can answer your questions I did I think capture all the different websites links you mentioned I'll go back and double check for the presentation just to make sure so after recording guys y'all have access to all of those they'll be along with the recording for the show and the slides themselves too you'll have all of that available to you afterwards thank you guys very much for attending for doing this course that was great um lots more books that I now need to read of course if we do one of these I got to write that one down I got the new play for you oh alright so then we'll wrap it up for the day show it was recorded as I said here in our archived Encompass Live Sessions links which is on our website where we post all of our shows afterwards um let's see last week yeah the recording, the presentation and this one, this one happened to have an extra handout and the links so this one will all be on there for you probably available later today you'll get an email I'll let you know when I've got it done um that will wrap it up for today's show hope you join us next week we'll start talking about books again um Nebraska's One Book One Nebraska where we read everyone in the state reads the same book each year this year it's Death Zones and Darling Spies Seven Years of Vietnam War Reporting that Beverly Deepkeever I think I pronounce it deep and so next we have people joining us from the Nebraska Center for the Book to talk about the this year's program and the book that we're everyone is reading um and then also sign up for any of our other shows we have on here um we've got our new topics always coming up on here so keep an eye on it also Encompass Live is on Facebook so if you're a big Facebook user do go ahead and like us over there you'll get reminders as you see here I told you to be reminder this morning don't forget to log in when the recording is available I post it on here when any new things are coming up I post on here as well so definitely like us over there on Facebook if you are a big Facebook user other than that that wraps up for this morning thank you very much for attending and we'll see you next time on Encompass Live Bye Bye There we go


back at work. We are at lecture 19, entering chapter 7, Differential Equations. I did kind of make a count in here of the folks in this class. But if you are taking this class on cable TV this semester or in future semesters on DVD, there is a supplement that goes along with this book. And we're about to embark on the use of that supplement late in chapter 7, later in chapter 7. So if you don't have that, then I will, with your first test that goes back in the mail, I will include the supplement. And then there's also something, a summary of some chapter 8 things. I'll include those also. So if you don't have it, don't fret. I'll send it to you in the mail. Cable TV or DVD people. Chapter 7 deals with differential equations, probably in a way that you have never seen them, tried to visualize them. We have the derivative of something. We know what that is. By definition, we know it's a slope. And we're actually going to make pictures. And we're going to use pictures, thankfully, that are provided for us, that show what the slope is at individual points in the plane. So we know what the shape of the curve must look like, simply by the way the slopes go in the plane. It's called a slope field or a direction field. So we won't get into those today, but just to prepare you for the fact that differential equations have derivatives in them. That's why they're called differential equations. Normally, they'll have the function itself and a first derivative or a second derivative or third derivative or maybe some combination of all of those. So they have a derivative in them. And the order of the differential equation is determined by the order of the derivative that is contained in it. So if it has a second derivative in it, it's a second order differential equations. Not very many of those in the book. That's why we have this supplement to the book, because that does a more thorough treatment of second order differential equations. And to be very honest with you, the reason why we have this supplement is that the College of Engineering, which is a major client of ours. I mean, engineers are plenty in number and they populate our math classes, especially this calculus sequence pretty heavily. It's been determined that they need second order differential equations in this course before they take courses in engineering. So the book wasn't good enough, so we supplement the book. So primarily because of the College of Engineering. And it's good stuff. It's just normally not at this stage of the game. So chapter 7, section 1, differential equations. Keep in mind that there are entire courses on differential equations here at this university. Math 341 is intro to differential equations. It's a full three hour course taken after Calc 3. If needed for your particular curriculum, math 401 is the follow up to that course, which is an undergraduate level course, but it's part two of differential equations. So we're going to brush the surface of differential equations. And I know it's going to feel like more than brushing the surface, especially because of the supplement. But by no means is it a thorough treatment of differential equations. There are some techniques and types that we don't examine at all that many of you will see in math 341. So what is a differential equation? It's an equation that contains some unknown function and a certain variety of its derivatives. So it might be really, really simple. A simple differential equation might be that. We know how to handle that. Derivative of y is x cubed. We want to solve for y. We've already been dealing with things like that. We're anti-differentiating to get our way back to y. So technically, that is a differential equation. But we're going to examine some that are different than that. So these are kind of divided into categories here. This is an introductory section. We'll look at some solutions of differential equations. But we're not going to explore how we get to that solution. But we're going to validate that it is, in fact, a solution. So the first type would be population models. And starting with the differential equation, so let's say the rate of change of population is equals directly proportional to the population itself. So this is pretty prototypical first example of differential equation. It has the derivative of p in it. And it also has p in it. So the rate of change of population is directly proportional to the population. So what does that say about the population? Well, it's growing at a rate that the k value is going to be fixed. But as the population grows, doesn't the rate of change of population also grow? Does that seem logical for a population growth model? If there are more people there, we have more people that have the capacity to make more people to put it very bluntly, right? So as the population is larger, the rate of change of population is also larger. So the smaller the population, the smaller the population growth. If k is positive and the population is positive, it's kind of hard for the population to be negative, then we would expect the growth rate to be positive. So the picture that we would expect, and if this is with respect to t time, we would expect the picture to look something like this, that as the population gets larger, sorry, t is here, p of t is here, as the population gets larger, the rate of change gets larger, which means the slope of the tangent lines are steeper. It may not be quite this drastic. You might think, well, where's the rest of this picture? Well, it's over here, but we don't need that because this is t, which is going to be time. So it might look like that. It might be considerably flatter than that. It might just be slowly increasing. But as the population gets larger, the rate of increase gets larger. Another way of looking at this equation is we're talking about some population function, capital p, where if you take the derivative of p, it's a constant multiple of the original function, p. What is it that we already know about that looks something like this, such that when you take its derivative, you get some constant times the original function? What is basically its own derivative with the possibility of some extra co-efficient? e to the x. e to the x, right? So we would expect this to be exponential. This one with the dots over here and then going up here should look something like y equals e to the x or y equals 2 to the x. But we can always convert them to e to the x type functions. So let's say that capital p, this is what we're going to be able to solve by some techniques that we'll study in this chapter. But right now, we're kind of validating that this is, in fact, the solution. So we're allowing for the possibility of some arbitrary co-efficient. It might be 2 or 5 or negative 11. The k value is the same k that appears here. So if it is exponential, then it should, in fact, solve this differential equation. We can check it. Let's differentiate both sides with respect to t. So if we took the derivative of the left side with respect to t, we'd get p prime or derivative of p with respect to t. This coefficient, this number, comes along for the ride. What's the derivative of e to the kt with respect to t? k to the kt. e to the kt times k. So I'm going to take this k. It's all multiplication. So I'm going to bring this k and bring it out front. And then I'm going to have a c e to the kt. What is c e to the kt? p? That's capital P, right? So if we start with an equation, capital P equals c times e to the kt. And we take its derivative. Are we back to the differential equation that we started with? That is a legitimate solution. That's not how to get there. But at least it validates that that is a legitimate solution. So something of the form of c e to the kt is what we're talking about. We know that exponential functions, that if k is large, that it goes up fairly quickly. If k is small, it still increases. But the rate of increase is fairly slow. All right. So that is sometimes called uninhibited growth or uninhibited population growth. Because when you do sketch it, and it is this type of exponential function, it does keep increasing without bound. So it's uninhibited growth. Now not all things that grow grow in that fashion. For example, population. That may be a good model for the short term, but a not very good model for the long term. I don't know who's from the smallest town in this room. Who thinks that your town is the smallest? Jacob, what town? Matthews County, Virginia. Matthews, the whole county? Yeah. OK, so it must be small. If he's naming the county. All right, Matthews County. What's the town? I live in the town of Moon. Moon? Ooh, I like that. That's even better. So Moon, Virginia. Let's not do that, because that's against the law. The town of Moon, Virginia. So what do you think the population is? 114. I like Moon, Virginia. I'm going to go back and Google that and see where it is. I'm going to go there. Population 114. So if we use this model, so here we are, way down here, at time 0 today. The population is 114. Could we over the long haul predict the population? So here we are at time 0. Could we use this model to get the population of Moon, Virginia to be 500,000? What are the chances that Moon, Virginia is actually ever going to be 500,000? Probably isn't, right? There's a lot of things that will constrain that. The limits, I mean, the whole county, right, is only so big. The city limits are probably going to constrain that. Water, sewer, fire protection, police, all kind of things are going to constrain that. You'll probably never get that. But could we use this model to eventually get the population to be up here at 500,000? Yeah, you could. It's uninhibited growth. So when would that happen? I don't know. 2,500 years from now? If it could happen. So after a while, this is probably not a good model. So it's good for the short term. A couple years ago, I had somebody in class from Tarheel, North Carolina today. That's kind of small. I think it was not that small. Now the county's got like 9,000 of it, so. Oh my goodness.  Hey, let me tell you, middle of nowhere, I'm from a little town in Indiana, Speedway is the name of the town because the Indy 500 is there. And that's why the town got its name Speedway. If you haven't laughed at that yet, it wasn't 114, but it's a little bitty town in Indiana. Our high school, the nickname was the Speedway Spark Plucks. Because we were, yeah, that's pretty funny, isn't it? Legitimately, that was our high school nickname. So we were the plugs. The plugs. So I'm from a small town, so I know small towns. Now, so if that's a good short term model, what's a good longer term model, still population model. So let's start out the same way. And I'm going to put a letter down here that's in your book, and then I'm going to, because there are two of the same letter and the same equation, and I don't want that to be confusing. This is a lowercase k in the text, and they use a capital K here. And they're different things, so I'm going to switch this letter to L, a limiting value. They call capital K the carrying capacity, which doesn't start with K anyway, but at C normally means something else. So I'm going to switch this K to a capital L. So L is the carrying capacity. Nice to know how to spell that. Or the limiting value. So we've got this value that we're going to assign to Moon, Virginia, or Tar Heel, North Carolina, or Speedway, Indiana that there's only so much acreage there, so many square miles, water, sewer, all kind of constraining values that we're going to say the maximum population of Moon, Virginia is, I don't know, 3,000. The maximum population of Tar Heel, North Carolina is 7,000. Of Speedway, Indiana is 15,000. So we've figured that that's the maximum supportable population, so to speak. So we've established what that is. Now, what happens as the actual population gets very, very close to this limiting value? The change gets closer to 0. Change gets closer to 0, because if P and L are the same, or practically the same, then this fraction is practically 1. 1 minus 1 is 0. So that means the rate of change of population is pretty close to 0. So if P and L are the same, then the growth rate is 0. Well, the population then flattens out at that rate. So the picture, well, let me ask one more question before we get the picture. If the population is very small compared to the limiting value, so the population is 114, the limiting value is 100,000, this is not a very significant number. So it's 1 minus practically 0, which is 1. And then it just looks like, if this is 1, doesn't it look like the other model? So for small values of P, it looks like our old friend here, this exponential model. And as we get closer to this limiting value, it begins to flatten out. So this is a better long-term model for population growth. It's a logistic model. So it shows that initially, things are growing pretty much exponentially until we, at some point in time, there's a little point of inflection in here, right? Where it changes from being concave up to concave down. At some point in time, when we pass that, the growth rate slows down. It begins to flatten out. And as we approach the limiting value, the growth rate approaches 0. Now, there are two equilibrium values for this particular differential equation. What values for P would cause the growth rate to be 0? We already have one of them. When the population is capital L, then the rate of change of population is 0. So that means it's flat. So it's staying the same, equilibrium there. And when P itself is 0, if you look at the model, so these two are called equilibrium values. So if you start with P equals 0, you're not going to get this picture. If you start with P equals L, you're not going to get this picture. You're just going to get a flat line, right? Because the slope would be 0 at either of those. So there are some equilibrium values for this type of equation. We'll see them for some other differential equations as well. But this seems to be, this model, seems to be a model that's going to be good for the long term if we can somehow determine or make an intelligent guess about the limiting value. We will solve this eventually. It's in your book. A little bit later, we'll use a technique that will allow us to solve for P to see what this looks like. It kind of looks exponential in nature, but it's got a little extra baggage on the equation. But that's not part of what we're doing today. All right, another kind of differential equation that we'll use. And they're trying to get us to think about in this section what the solutions would be like. So the first time it seems that for population growth models, it seems like something exponential is going to work. And then we'll adapt that for the logistic population growth. Second thing they ask us to take a look at has to do not with the hooks law where we determine the force required to stretch or compress a spring, and then we figure out how much work is done. It's a different thing. It's the motion itself of the spring. So here would be the type of problem, the description of the type of problem. So we have this weight on a spring, and we pull the weight down and release it. And then the weight on the spring begins to oscillate. So it's the motion of the spring. Actually, it's the position of this object at the bottom of the spring that we're trying to track. So we've got this oscillation. We pull it down, we release it, it begins to go up and down, oscillate without any external factors like anything that's going to slow it down in any way. We would expect this spring to go from here, back up to here, back down to here, back up to here, and so on. Now, eventually, we would expect the amplitude of that to decrease if we throw in some realistic constraints. But if we don't, it would oscillate forever with that same amplitude. Now, if you take this over time, this motion of this object at the end of the spring, it starts here at equilibrium, it comes down, it comes back up, comes back down, goes back up, and so on. So we're letting the clock run here. We're letting T increase. So that is a better picture of the motion of the spring. I don't know. What's that look like to you? What do you think would describe this kind of signs? What else? Cosines, possibly, right? So signs and cosines seem to be what we're going to use to model something that's oscillating in this fashion. What's the differential equation going to look like? Based on two things, one of them is actually Hooke's law, but it's the restoring force, which is negative kx associated with this motion of this object at the end of the spring. The other is Newton's second law, which says that the force is equal to mass times acceleration. So if x of T is the position, then the second derivative of x with respect to T both times would be acceleration. So if we equate those, because they are both equations involving the force involved with the motion of the spring, we end up with mass times acceleration equals this restoring force and solving for the second derivative. So this is a differential equation. It's a second order differential equation, second order because it has a second derivative in it. So you could write this, I guess, x double prime equals some number times x. This, then, ought to give us some more ammunition besides the other picture where this thing's oscillating and the amplitude is the same and the period is the same throughout. What is an x thing? Excuse me. We've got an x double prime and an x in the equation. What can we take the second derivative of and get some negative coefficient times the thing we started with? Or let's look at it the other way. We're going to start with something. We're going to take its second derivative and it's kind of the negative of what we started with. Aren't those sines and cosines? If you start with a sine and you take the first derivative, first derivative is cosine, is that right? What's the second derivative? What's derivative of cosine? It's negative sine. So we started with sine, now we have negative sine. That's kind of what this equation is saying. Now, we're going to accumulate some other baggage along the way because it's not just going to be t. It's going to be 3t or 5t or some other number in terms of the t. So we'll accumulate some other stuff along the way. But the key thing is we started with a sine. We took the second derivative and we ended up with a negative of that sine. How about if we start with a cosine? What's the derivative? The derivative of cosine is negative sine. And what's the derivative of negative sine? Negative cosine. So we started with a cosine, we took the second derivative, and we have a cosine again, but we have a negative. If sines generate this and cosines generate this, how about sines plus cosines? And it does get worse, by the way. But if we take their sum, what's the first derivative? Aren't we just going to get the sum of these from right up here and right up here? Derivative of the sine, well, let's just track it down, is cosine. And then what? Negative sine. And derivative of cosine is negative sine. And then what? Negative cosine. So if we start with sines and cosines added to each other and we take the second derivative, don't we still get sines and cosines added to each other with a negative sine out in front? Is that correct? So that'll be very close to the model that we'll use in this situation, in this setting. Now, obviously, that's not reality. You don't expect it to oscillate exactly the same way forever, like sines and cosines would do. But we'll add those other constraints into the problem. General differential equations. So they might be as easy as, I wrote up here earlier, y prime equals x cubed. If that is what we're given for y, the derivative of y is x cubed, what is y itself? If its derivative is x cubed. What's the anti-derivative of x cubed? x to the fourth over 4. Wouldn't we include some more? We could include a plus c. So this tells us that we don't have a solution, but we have a whole bunch of solutions. Now, whatever we choose for c, when we work our way back to the derivative, it doesn't matter. If we choose over here 11 for c, is the derivative of this still x cubed? If we choose plus 8, the derivative is x cubed, no matter what we choose for c. So we've got this family of curves. And if we want to zero in on any one specific member of this family, we've got to have additional information. If this is all we have, we don't have an answer. We have a whole bunch of answers. What would be something that would give us that category of additional information? What do these look like? x to the fourth over 4 plus c. What if c is 0? What's x to the fourth over 4 look like? What's the slope? You graphed x to the fourth over 4. x to the fourth looks like a kind of parabolic shape, but it's skinnier. Things go up pretty quickly. So let's say x to the fourth over 4 plus 0 looks like that. What if it's plus 1? What if it's plus 8? And so on. So what do all these curves have in common? Well, they all have the same derivative. The derivative, at any point, is the cube of the x value. How about at x equals 0? Slope is 0, slope is 0, slope is 0. So in that sense, they're kind of parallel curves. How about at x equals 1? What's the slope? 1, right? It's the cube of the x value 1. So we come over here to where x is 1. The slope here ought to be 1. The slope here ought to be 1. The slope here ought to be 1. So again, we've got kind of parallel curves. It is true that for all these curves, regardless of what we choose for c, the slope of the tangent is the same. So the constant doesn't matter. We know that derivative, the constant of 0, disappears. So back to my question. What other type of information would allow us to zero in on one specific member of this family of curves? What if we said it contains a certain point? That when x is 1, y is 11, is that one of these curves? When x is 1, y is equal to 11. We would take that information, plug it into this equation, and solve for c. Find the 1 value for c such that when x is 1, y turns out to be 11. I just made up a point. So let's see how much sense it makes. Probably not a lot. So we've identified a point that this curve, one curve, one member of this family has to go through. So y is 11. When x is 1, so the only variable is c, we'll find the one member that goes through this particular point. So what is c? 10 and 3 fourths? So this is no longer a family of curves, but it is one member of that family of curves that goes through that one specific point. That point being 111. A lot of times you are given an initial value. So you'll have a function of t. And it will say when t is 0, what is the population at time 0? What is the number of bacteria in this culture at time equals 0? So you'll be given some initial value. So if you have t equals 0, population is 120,000. So there's an initial value that's going to take this family of curves and get it down to where it's one single member of that family of curves. So that's pretty common. In fact, let's get an example all the way through. I think we have just the right amount of time here. How many times last semester did I write on the little taped thing? Not going to do that this time. I might be from Speedway, Indiana, but I can learn. Got to watch my alma mater on ESPNU last night. Indiana State was on ESPNU where I went to college. Just a couple of years ago. No, a long time ago. What's Indiana State's nickname? Who knows that? Indiana's Hoosiers. Indiana's? Indiana State. See, that's how popular Indiana State is. The Sycamores. Who's the most famous other than the one you're looking at right now? Who's the most famous Indiana State alum in athletics? Beats me. Larry Bird. Really? You heard of Larry Bird. Of course, you guys, I mean, Larry Bird was winning. You guys were born and win. 90? 90. Yes, of you. Ash Bird. Ash Bird won the NBA in 1986 and 1987. You guys weren't even born yet. Did you play basketball there? I did play basketball one year and played football four years. But that my claim to fame in basketball is that I have played numerous pickup games with Larry Bird. Nice. That was fun. That's crazy. Not that I deserved to be on the court with Larry Bird. I ended up in the gym and they needed somebody else. And I was fairly athletic at the time. So I got to play pickup ball with Larry Bird. That was fun. OK, here is a differential equation. So it has y in it. Y is kind of the unknown function. It has the derivative of y in it. So it's a first order differential equation. Here is the solution. So again, we're in that stage where we are going to be handed the solution. Notice there is something in the solution that makes it a family of curves as opposed to just a single curve. Now, as we do different techniques, you're going to see the C and the K values appear in different places. Used to be we would integrate and we'd just put a plus C at the end. And we'd always be OK because that's the constant, the derivative of the constant with 0. Now notice that the plus C is in the numerator and both of these terms get divided by x. So you'll see the C's and the K's in different positions. So is this a solution to this differential equation? Let's verify. How do we verify? Which is part of, I'm sure, that's what the web assigned questions are because that's what the questions are at the end of this section. Verify or validate solutions. Plug it in for y. Plug it in for y and do what else? Solve it for y. We need to find its derivative and throw it in there and then put the original function in there. And if it is an equation, then it must be a solution to that differential equation. So we have y. Let's find y prime. y itself is a quotient, so it seems appropriate to use the quotient rule, denominator, times derivative of numerator. What's derivative of numerator? 1 over x. 1 over x derivative of the c is 0 minus numerator times derivative of denominator all over denominator squared. So let's see if we can simplify. x times 1 over x is 1. Distribute the 1 as if that's going to take a lot of work. So the minus 1 here and the minus 1 here. So there is y prime. So let's plug these things in. Plug y in here and y prime in here and see if that is, in fact, a legitimate equation. So x squared times y prime, that works out nicely. Plus x times y is that equal to 1. So we're kind of verifying the solution that's been given to us. How's it look? Yeah. I think it's going to work. The x squareds knock out. The x's knock out. We've got 1 minus natural log minus c. Add back in the natural log. Add back in the c. So left side and right side are, in fact, the same thing. So we have validated or verified a solution. Here's the solution to the differential equation that was given in RET. Now you have another good example in the book on page 502 that is kind of along the same lines as far as this level of difficulty. So let's backtrack to that solution. Let's suppose we don't want a family of curves, but we want a curve. We'd have to have some additional information. So let's say, and I'll use the author's notation here, that the y of 1 is 2. So when you put x equals 1 into this function, you're supposed to get y equals 2. So the y of x equals the value here. So when x is 1, y is 2, what was our function? Our solution to the differential equation was that. We don't want a family of curves. We want a curve. So call this, if you want to, an initial value. It's a value that we can solve for. So y is 2 when x is 1. Plug both those in, keep the c in the equation, and solve for what c is. Natural log of 1 is 0. So it looks like c is 2. So the one member of this family that we want to address with this particular constraint is this one. No longer a family of curves, but a single curve. Let me reinforce something that I know. I just know it gets lost sometimes in the middle of the semester because you are busy people. But while I was given a test to the distance ed people that are taking this class on cable TV, I didn't take enough work with me, so I had the book. So I reread the book through a lot of chapter 7. This is pretty good. I mean, it's not leisure reading. I know that. It's not like Nicholas Sparks and all these romance things that you're going to read. But it's pretty good. Pretty easy reading.  It's very well written. It doesn't take that long. I'm trying to do examples other than what's in the book, so I think it's to your advantage to also look at the examples that are in the book. So when you have time or try to make time, especially if something's completely new for you, which it might be in this chapter, make sure that you read the book. It's well written. You paid a lot of money for it. Let's get some use out of it. We are done for today, and I will see you tomorrow.