Hello and welcome to the session my name is Mansi and I am going to help you with the following question. The question says find the distance between the following pairs of points minus 1, 3, minus 4 and 1, minus 3, 4. Before starting with the solution let us see the key idea behind the question that is if the point P x1, y1, z1 and the point Q x2, y2, z2 are two points then the distance between them with P Q is given by square root of x2 minus x1 the whole square plus y2 minus y1 the whole square plus z2 minus z1 the whole square. So using this key idea we find out the solution to this question. So let the point P be minus 1, 3, minus 4 and the point Q be 1, minus 3, 4 then we can say that P Q that is the distance between P and Q is given by square root of 1 minus minus 1 the whole square plus minus 3 minus 3 the whole square plus 4 minus minus 4 the whole square. Let us simplify this we get square root minus 1 is 1 plus 1 that is 2 and square of 2 is 4 plus minus 3 minus 3 is minus 9 and square we see that minus 3 minus 3 is minus 6 and square of minus 6 is 36 plus 4 minus minus 4 that is 4 plus 4 is 8 and square of 8 is 64 so we add 64 here that is equal to square root of 104 that is equal to 2 root 26. So we can say that our answer to this question is that distance between these two points is 2 root 26. So I hope that you understood the question and enjoyed the session. Have a good day.


Let's start from the beginning with lactose intolerance. About three-fourths of the world's population lose much of the ability to digest lactose after their weaned, somewhere between the ages of three and five, probably. In the United States, it's only about a quarter of the population, but still a quarter of 300 million people is, you know, 75 million people who have the potential for intolerance. Your bacteria contain a high level of the lactase enzyme, and this enzyme actually acts in the intestine to help digest the lactose. So eating yogurt is like taking a digestive enzyme supplement along with your milk, but it's a natural approach to doing that. And there are very well-controlled, double-blinded clinical trials that show that lactose intolerant individuals can consume significant amounts of yogurt, in fact as much yogurt as they want, and not have symptoms of intolerance. So it really works extremely well. In fact, I spent several years trying to make a super yogurt. Turned out all the yogurts were super yogurts. I couldn't make a better one because they all worked extremely well. There have been trials that have shown this enzyme as active in the intestine, and that there's less lactose that leaves the intestine to the large intestine when you eat yogurt as compared to when you eat milk. So the data is very strong that yogurt is well-tolerated, and it's a great source of calcium for individuals who are looking for calcium in their diet and are lactose intolerant. Yogurts evolve naturally as a way to preserve dairy products. If you think about the historical use of dairy foods and us using the milk of animals as human food, it has a very short life. It'll sour very quickly. The yogurt bacteria evolve to allow it to be preserved for a longer period of time. And so it's really one of the early food preservation methodologies. It sort of was a natural evolution or natural experiment in food preservation. And it has some unique flavor characteristics. It has the tartness of the lactic acid. When combined with the flavoring agents, you get both the sweet and the tart. Whether we make it into a drug or not, or it has a medical benefit, I think, is to be determined. Certainly there's potential there to do research in that arena. The requirement for three servings a day is based on solid evidence. I doubt if that's going to change. I do think that in the United States, we're going to see yogurt becoming a larger part of those three servings a day because it's so well-tolerated and so easily stored, easily obtained. You can buy it in large quantities, you can buy it in small quantities. You can take it on the go with you. So it has some advantages in terms of convenience as a dairy food. And you can make it low-fat version. Many of the dairy foods out there are high-fat, whereas you can make low-fat yogurts, which are a real advantage. So I would predict that we're going to see Americans eating more yogurt in the future.


What up Jay? It's DDK and I'm back today with another video.  It is August 31st and it's time for us to get to this bag. Guess what we're about to do? Yo, let me get it. You already know what time it is baby. We're about to do Amazon. Flags! Flags! Flags! Look, this block is from 7.45 am to 10.45 am And it's now 7.30. We're gonna show you me worthy. And it's for 66 dollars. We're holla. We're poppin' our collar Hopefully you have a great day today. Also, I want you guys to comment below and let me know how low do you think it's gonna take us to do this order, baby I hope you guys enjoyed the video. Again, spend a subscribe button, give me a thumbs up And do not skip those ads. You're about to go in the warehouse right now, so we can get to this bag. Let's go! We're about to go in the warehouse and get busy baby. We're about to hit up at the scan ski so we can get these bands, G. Comment below and let me know if you're going to Chicago or not. You know what I'm talking about? Hello Hopefully we ain't going to Chicago. Hopefully it'll be nice and easy. We get done in an hour and a half or something like that. You know what I'm talking about? That's that's the plan Stan. Hit it with the scan ski Scan ski so we can get these bands, G. We're in the game, Coach. Okay, see how long it takes baby, of course to get this order. Oh We're already ready We're having a scan that's on zero thirty nine. We're going to go to the end of time It's going to be Right right here. Let's see what we're going We're going to Lincoln Lincoln Woods, wherever that is. I'm thinking that's maybe around Chicago area Hopefully just houses Let me get in with this scan ski again This is our route, baby. We have 25 deliveries, 28 packages Um, it's actually close right here. That's what I'm talking about about the garden. Get busy doesn't look that bad at all It might be super sweet. Oh, I got to get my idea again. I'm sweet sweet Always put my idea back Good morning I didn't hear you All right, you too So guys we got everything situated We got everything in the backseat. We went like a track meet the only thing that we have in a trunk is some dog food And our first deliveries are four minutes away. There's actually three packages, baby So all I'm going to the same building baby. So this should be very smooth. I hope let's say I say the hour and a half, right? It's impossible. We can get done. We can get this done in an hour. I don't know, baby I don't know. Come in below and let me know what you think is going to happen, baby We ain't rapping. We ain't camping. We snap it. Let's go Are here to drop these packages, baby. If you wanted you can have it. Do they have a door up in here? How you doing, sir? Thank you very much Can you tell me where the mail room is? Thank you very much, sir We're over here going to the mail room Put these packages right here Oh, okay 4882 thank you very much, sir It's a very nice building Okay So now I'm gonna do a little more work guys Is it last name first or first? What's first name? Let me slow it down for a while get a ticket. You want a verse of me is going across the chicken. Here we go One package. Yes All these books in here Okay, so we got to put on the fifth floor fifth floor like a bro man. What is the fifth floor? That's all right here. Now when it's probably six this one is 220 so that's gonna be On the second floor we don't spoke and this is going to be on the night floor right here Problem Hello Number three we here babies right on the main street drop like this. I'll step back in the photos Package number four I have unlocked but maybe I see the words We in the game coach and jump right here like it's hot Step back out of the photos. Let's go Number five is a great time to be alive We've been going to a lot of apartments and it's like I've been a lot of traffic and stuff everything been going a little slow I don't know about that hour, baby. I don't know either way go.  You got a pie I'm gonna put this right here Right here. Let's take place step back with photos Six we are here. We in the clear baby, you know time off jump like it's hot step back and with the photos Seven we here we but we in the clear baby, but to get this money, you know demo All they put this door right here like that they out of pocket Step back and all the photos Or number eight guess what it is Order number eight don't be good be great. Look, but in order to be great You just get you must know you have to put in a lot of work, baby Most people gonna put it somewhere you're going to put all over ten times as much work as everybody else, baby But are you willing to do that if you want to be great? You got to do that hit them to follow Guess what baby? We just drove past house. They literally had three buildings in a driveway three up three Um, so basically they had three buildings in a driveway and the rules for it. They are thinking busy Jump like it's high step back out of the photo smack Let's go order number 10 Wayne stopping until we win. We go keep on grinding table when baby Just understand we already getting these beds. You understand drop like it's hot step back I don't know Let's go 11 don't look at it as lost look as a lesson, baby Learn your lesson, baby when you lose don't look don't take it as a loss take it as a lesson, baby You got to learn why you earn Drop like it's hot step back out of the photo smack Let's go What's that smell money? Yeah, I heard getting this money. This house is beautiful Not just We hear baby, guess what we are halfway done and it's been 45 minutes So it's looking like an hour and a half type of thing while we're getting this screen. Jump like it's hot step back I ain't even had me ready hit with the photo smack Let's go Was literally around the corner for packages, please ring doorbell. They want us to ring the doorbell, baby So we're gonna weigh it up to them skills. I'm like I'm out of pocket step back to the photo smack for that doorbell Let's go Order number 15 about to get this green. It says try to get inside the code Try to get in here. All these like mailboxes. I don't think there's any way for me to get in this zone Oh, maybe it is Hold on. Wait, I just locked it. Hold on. Wait I don't know about these exclusive locks. I can't see the code Going off the zone Here's our order number 16. It is actually two packages, baby This building is huge. I think it's like a cottage or something looks like. I don't know what it is Community center. I don't know what this is. Maybe it looked decent though. Now come out Packets think of the package I'm like the label with the door, man. Oh, here we go Hello, how you doing? I have uh two amazon deliveries. You have a good one We are here getting green, baby. Nothing in between. Nothing else Oh, I got no key in my hand. Drop it like a sign. I'll be going into these buildings I don't be knowing what's going on guys.   Let's go At delivery one eight, we are here getting cake. It says please put at the back door What's another back door? What is the back door, baby? That's the second what I'm gonna do My flow stick like a flow. You know what I'm talking about? See Oh back door right here Drop like a sign. Step back and open the photo smack. Let's go Nah, y'all see us on the ground all the time every day. We have no games every day, baby It says ring the doorbell when you're on the package. Uh step back I need to get my stuff ready. Step back and open the photo smack No bro, back. Let's go Oh, y'all know we are here getting dough. This is beautiful out here, baby I thought they got the new side the new concrete and everything. They're getting busy photo smack Doorbell. Let's go You know 21 21 seven if you wanted you can have it. You know time out 21 Jump like it's hot start a game photo If you ain't started a game, you don't speak a language. Let's go. This is 22, baby. This package 22. Y'all know what you're about to do Drop like it's hot step back and open the photo smack doorbell back. Let's go 23 Michael Jordan flashing like Gordon Oh I like to go up to the uh to their office. There's a lot of office and we have to go to number three What is this one? We have to go to sweet 330, baby. We're gonna show you we worthy. I'm in both of these elevators Because it's some businesses. So I don't want to just drop the package anywhere.  You got the purple one on this y'all. I got to be bought La la la la Cash money on your neck And Y'all know what that Hello, excuse me. I'm three. Oh three thirties right here. Yes, sir. Thank you very much Oh They front door step back in the photo smack Let's go. Oh, y'all know it's time to go. You don't come off Jump like Todd step back in with the photo smack. We're going. There you go. Do you have a great day? We about to get it done. It says bring all the packages to sweet one. Oh I don't know about getting it done Oh What do you want me to do? Ain't nothing else Oh, we gotta knock our bang on door then Um, I don't even know how to do this Sheesh, what's this place called? They tell me don't they should have told me all this many how to be out of pie Okay, I think it's worth you sure Yeah, okay, okay Got it right We're in the game coach 141 Uh, that's not how we get lost in these buildings, baby, this joint nice. I ain't gonna lie Hey, what's what type of work 31 Excuse me guys, can you tell me where it's way 141 is? This way. Okay. Thank you. I was going on. Oh, it's 38 37 38 so 41 part down 41 21 Let it go to 41. This is a nice building though. I ain't a lot.  Right here. I tweaked I couldn't see all the way that part, baby You know, I'm happy the lazy guys, sir. You know, I couldn't see nothing before there. She was I'm just hitting with the photo of this cuz They got some candy in there get that girl's joint red They go, let's go In just like that. It is the end of the video. I hope you guys enjoyed it guys So guess what it only took us exactly an hour and 45 minutes. We came and got an end it took us 21.6 miles We went well and they can't so if you guess an hour and 45 minutes, you was right, baby You got us, right, baby We are here at tomorrow. Now you better go ahead and get some stuff because guess what we'll be going, baby Tomorrow morning, we will be in North Carolina. Take your shirt off We'll be in North Carolina She tells about cousin we're going out there. We're about to get busy and we're gonna make some videos for you guys as much as we can But we are also are going to relax a little bit, baby. We definitely don't get this money though That's what we do best the rest we can put in the rest, baby I hope you guys enjoyed the video again. Make sure you like it tomorrow.  I'll see you guys on the next one We're gonna be gonna be throwing you already knowing the dk and I'm on my way


At Audiology Associates of Prestonsburg, you can live your life the way you want and find the freedom of better hearing. With 40 years of being in the hearing care industry, you'll experience patient care that is specific to you with exceptional follow-up care that ensures your hearing and balance needs are being met. Audiology Associates at 1428 Northlake Drive in Prestonsburg. An Elkhorn man has a new lease on life after a successful kidney transplant thanks to Donate Life Kentucky. Jonathan Oni was told he only had months to live when, shortly after, he received confirmation of a donor who was a 100% match. After the operation, Oni and his wife adopted two young girls to welcome them into their family. Happened when I was at my sickest. The doctor had told me that I had a few months to live, was starting to have some really bad complications and had poor quality of life, and had been told that I'd only have like a couple months to live, and about that same time is when I received a call that I'd received a donor and to schedule the transplant surgery and we were in the surgery within probably two weeks of that call. Due to past complications, Oni had little opportunity to be the father he wanted to be. He is now able to spend more quality time with his family and raised his children. I was totally unable to be any kind of father of the complications from the dialysis. The quality of life was poor. I couldn't play with my kids. I couldn't hardly go on vacation. Couldn't spend time on the beach with them. We've tried to go on vacation and I just couldn't spend time with them. But now I'm able to play with them. I'm able to run with them. I'm able to go on vacation with them. I'm able to lift them up. All things that I couldn't do before and you know I've been able to see my little girl graduate kindergarten. I've been able to baptize both of my girls and see them saved and baptized which was a prayer that I thought was going to take years and it actually happened this past January. So the quality of life I'm actually getting to be a father now and enjoy things that and see things that I prayed for that if it wasn't for that donor I wouldn't be able to have that time with my girls today. Reporting from Mountain Tom News, I'm Nick Collum.


Welcome to Tick Mail Weekly Market Outlook for a week commencing 22nd of February with me, Patrick Mulnery. The US bond market has been the epicenter of global financial markets in recent weeks, and bond investors will eagerly be awaiting semi-annual monetary policy testimony from Fed Chair Power on Tuesday. His challenge will be to express confidence in the recovery, but not too much confidence such that the bond market slide turns into a collapse. Typically, the Fed finds the right words on these occasions, most certainly downplaying the forthcoming rise in inflation into the second quarter, such that the bond market decline can probably stay orderly. US data in the week ahead should be a modest upward revision for the fourth quarter 2020 GDP figure, and then on Friday January personal income numbers. This is expected to jump on the back of stimulus checks, but should be priced in by now. We'll also see the Fed's preferred measure of inflation, the core PC deflator, which expected to be contained near 1.4 to 1.5% year-over-year in January. The coming weeks have also seen progress on the $1.9 trillion fiscal stimulus bill, where a vote could go to the House law on Friday. This suggests a tough week for bonds and potentially some further support for the dollar. Yet the dollar has struggled to make much headway on the recent 20 basis point rise in US real rates, and as long as Powell can convince the market that loose policy is here to stay, the reflation story should continue to limit any advance for the dollar. From a technical perspective, the Dollar Index has discussed in last week's session, and we've been looking for a breakdown through the sending trend line support, anticipated a bit of back-and-filling, which we have done, and whilst we hold below the sending trend line at $91.30, I'm looking for a break of monthly range support at the $89.90 level to get a retest of the price cycle lows at $89.20, en route to an ideal test of the $87.50 area. At this stage, only really a close back above $91.50 would suggest that we have further work to do on the upside in terms of a corrective move in the Dollar Index. The Euro had survived some strong dollar strength and could enjoy some strength on Monday, where the German E-phone number is expected to surprise to the upside. Friday's German composite PMI for February was slightly stronger than expected, and led once again by the manufacturing sector. This positive sentiment being echoed in E-phone expectations could suggest Germany was weathering the lockdown slightly less than expected. We'll also hear from Christine Lagarde on Monday. This year's consolidation in the Euro seems to have calmed the ECB down a little. The Euro did not feature, probably, in the January ECB minutes. From a technical perspective, as the Eurodollar holds above the trend line support, which now comes in just below $1.20, I'm looking for a grind higher to ultimately get a test, a retest of the prior cycle highs at 1.345, and to extend through there to ultimately get a test of the 1.2550 area. Sterling was yet another strong week for the currency, benefiting from this still not overly long sterling speculative positioning, and the ongoing good news on the vaccination front that points to a strong economic rebound for the second quarter. Should Chair Powell deliver a cautious message on Tuesday that A, won't increase expectations of QE tapering, and B, underscores the outlook for the deeply negative front-end US rates, the upside pressure on sterling then should remain in place. While sterling is now trading at modestly overvalued territory based on short-term financial modeling, this should now be considered as a new normal, as the switch from Brexit-related uncertainty to the vaccine rollout related upside to the UK growth outlook argues for more frequent periods of sterling valuation overshoots. Domestically, the focus will be on PM Johnson, who is set to unveil the roadmap for reopening the economy on Monday. While the underlying message is likely to be cautious with no formal dates set, the fact that the UK is moving towards such a roadmap underscores the constructive outlook for sterling for the coming months, particularly versus other European currencies. The UK jobs report on Tuesday should also suggest further stabilisation in the unemployment rates. So sterling got the test of the 140 levels or a little bit of supply into the closing of the session on Friday. What I'll be looking for now is some potential back-and-filling here. Ideally, I'd like to see a retest of the 13750 area to re-engage on the long side, looking for a move to test up into the 141. 30 is the next upside objective. At this juncture, really, we would need to see a close back below 135.70 to suggest a more deeper, corrective phase for sterling. Dolly Yen seen some heavy rotation trade recently. Large rises in US yields have been supported, but the relationship has been fickle. Also tend to think that a decline in the US money market rates into summer, for example, the three month US dollar live war could fall, let's say, 10 basis points on the back of US Treasury running down its general account. This could encourage Japanese investors to increase dollar hedge ratios, which would be a negative for the dollar. Friday sees a virtual meeting of G20 finance ministers and central bank governors. Normally, FX markets wouldn't get too excited about the FX language in the release communique. However, at this time, the global public health emergency will dominate, and the focus will be probably on ongoing stimulus in the vaccine rollout. Yet Treasury Secretary Yellen could again be asked her view on US Treasury FX policy. Expect a reiteration of market-led exchange rates, although suspect that Washington wants a weaker dollar this year to avoid all the US stimulus checks being spent on imports. From technical perspective, the Donnie Yellen trade up into the resistance zone, just above 106. And we've seen a pullback. I'm looking for a test now, and the ascending trend lines are coming in around 105. I'd like to see bullish reversal patterns there to ultimately set longs, looking for a test of 106.76, which is monthly rate of resistance. And maybe have been to the 107 area for another corrective leg. We'd like to play out. In the meeting term, really, it would take a close below this trend line support, 104.50 area, to suggest that the corruption is complete, and we're heading lower in terms of the Donnie Yellen. Finally, the Aussie dollar was the best performing currency last week, amid a generalized risk on environment and other rally in iron ore prices. It was likely the key driver for Aussie outperformance to its pro-cyclical peers. The currency has reached 10-year highs, and iron ore is around the $170 per metric tonne levels that have seen a surge in demand from China after the New Year holiday period. Commodity watchers continue to see a material risk of a downside correction from the current iron ore price, which appears unsustainable in a meeting term perspective. Declining iron ore prices may not be a story already for next week, but it represents a major downside risk for the Aussie. So with the iron ore price rise, we saw the Aussie take out the pro-cycle highs here. Now what I'll be looking for is any back and filling to hold the 78th handle. As it does, I'll be looking for a test of the 80th level as the next upside objective. This juncture really would need to close back through 76th to suggest a deeper corrective phase for the Aussie dollar. That concludes the weekly market outlook for a week commencing the 22nd of February. Hope you all have a great week, and I hope this helps. Thanks very much.


What's up everybody Jason here for jazz music case race calm 2022 gold rush big Cajones Baseball edition five bucks case break random teams number four just sold out and again guys 30 spots Everybody's around team MLB one high-end baseball card per box We have pulled a couple of these sell sheet hits, but still a lot of them still remaining of course So let's see what we can pull here. So here we go guys We had to sell a couple fillers optic 7 and optic 8 those are the winners So congrats guys you guys got in for a fraction of the price everybody else. Thank you guys for buying in straight up See we can get some hits for all of you guys here. So here we go Let's dice roll it and we got ourselves a four to two six times one two three four five six Carl down to Carl two three four five Pirates on the Yankees So Carl with the pirates Gary with the twins Michael the Marlins Jason with the Brewers Carl with the Astros Josh with the Mariners Jeremy Port with the A's Carl with the Braves Royals Kenny with the Blue Jays Carl with the Giants James with the Cardinals Michael the Dodgers Chris Miller with the Rockies Carl the Rangers raised James the White Sox Danny with the D-Bags Carl the Angels Michael the Red Sox Obi-Wan with the Padres Kev you have the Nationals Carl the Guardians drew the Tigers Jason with the Orioles Carl with the Cubs Reds Mets James with the Phillies and Carl with the Yankees There you go If anybody wants to make any trades here we go, so what are we gonna do guys? Carnals and Phillies for trade Tigers anyone No, any takers you guys want to trade with each other Jimmy Drew if not, I'm gonna close it. All right Let's close it. Here we go guys All right guys, so here we go remember five hits only guys so Good luck. What is this Kangriffy, Jr. That is a tops project 2020 and civil number of 19 of 20. That's pretty cool Mariners who has the Mariners that is Joshua Joshua with that one, but a wander Franco in person Bowman's first autograph and it's a PSA 10 Tampa Bay Rays who has the Rays Carl there you go, buddy Very nice hit Yeah, I feel like they do have a lot of those tops projects in here But I guess it is made up by it for another card. I guess and how about a Nolan or an Otto? 2013 tops update rookie PSA 10 and that is Colorado Rockies, which is going to Chris Miller. Oh dual autograph Louise Robert and that's Esteban Floriel From 2019 Bowman Sterling. That's a black atomic refractor And four of ten, it's kind of hard to see the ten right there before of ten So that's Chicago White Sox. So first of all Yankees is Carl Chicago White Sox is Jim Jimmy. Wow, that'll be a randomizer there for you guys and I created a 9510 So again Carl with the Yankees and then Jimmy with the Chicago White Sox So we'll have to randomize that and that's not a sell sheet, is it last one here And how about Ronald Acuna, Jr. from Diamond Icons? dual jersey autograph nine of ten and Carl with the Atlanta Braves So there you go, man So Carl you for sure giving that one. We got that got that That and then one randomizer here between Jimmy and Carl That's four of ten Chicago White Sox Yankees dual autograph Robert and Floriel Nine five ten So let's run that randomizer really quick White Sox Yankees All right, good luck to the both of you after One of six seven times team a number one gets the dual autograph seven times one two three four five six seven Boom stays at the White Sox at the top so there you go one and a six seven so White Sox which is Jimmy there you go James. Congrats, buddy That'll be yours and appreciate you guys the last break of Cajones no moss Available in stock, but if you guys do like a little repack product We still have our own Jaspie's hip rate that one's multi sport and that one always has a lot of big hits as well Appreciate you guys Jaspie's case breaks.com


Well, what's going on guys got Kyle here relating sports cards, and we are ripping one box for Brian F It's gonna be 2021 tops tribute baseball Good luck Brian. Let's see we can get out of here Last box mojo sounds like good luck. First up. We've got a number to 50 Jose Garcia, Rookie Otto Purple Rookie Otto and a Schmidt next up. We have 2199 autographs For the Nationals Patrick Corbin nice out of there And a Merrifield Nolan Ryan Rookie Otto I'll try I'll try I'll try Lou Gehrig nice Ramon Loreano on the nice patch there number to 50 Nice three color patch for the ace now to vey base Thomas this is triple relic all game use gonna be Carlton Fisk Degrom Two packs left. Good luck, Brian We have a dual relic card number to 50 Steven Strasburg and Max Scherzer and the Nationals there on the purple to 50 and You and we have a stamp of approval number to 25. This one is your don Alvarez And I sit there in the game use relic for your don and to 50 on the back. We got a Cody Bellinger Alright that will do it for you Brian. Thank you so much. We'll get it right out to you


Welcome to WTDC 17 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where I've got the great pleasure of being in the studio today by Oscar González, who is the WTDC chair and he's also Undersecretary of Regulation at the ICT Secretariat for the Ministry of Modernization of Argentina. Welcome to the studio. Thank you very much. It's a pleasure to be here with you today. Now, we've been seeing a lot of you, obviously, at this conference. We're now in the second week and I wanted to catch up with you a little bit to find out how things are going. And perhaps you could perhaps give us a little bit of an overview of how the deliberations are going here at WTDC 17. I must say I'm very pleased with the development of the conference so far. We have had a first week, which was very rich in terms of contents. We had very interesting high-level sessions with the presence of many ministers and vice ministers that visited Buenos Aires from different regions of the world. They have given us rich and interesting opinions on how ICT can help sustainable development, focusing on the motto of this conference, ICT for SDGs. So I'm very pleased for that. Also, with regard to the work of the conference itself, we have made substantial progress. We are heading now towards the final days of the conference and I'm confident we will achieve our objectives and achieve good results for all of us, all the interested parties in this conference. Now, obviously we're coming here towards the end of the conference. What concrete actions would you like to see coming out of this conference, and especially in relation to the use of ICTs to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals? I think very much there are two main issues that are common denominators in this conference. First of all, it's the issue of connectivity broadband connectivity worldwide and the possibility that connectivity provides to all human beings to access to the benefits of technology and also to have a more equal and equitable world. We need to include all of those that are not included today. And that's one of the main focus of our debates and our work in the conference. And the second one I would say can be summarized as bringing the benefits of digital economy, the use of technology to have new forms of production more efficient and creating more wealth for our societies. I would say that those are the two pillars that could summarize the debates and the work of the conference towards the objectives of sustainable development. We're here in Argentina, I wanted to find out what challenges does Argentina face in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals and how do you see ICT making a difference? Well, let me say first that the objectives of sustainable development provide us, it's a two-way street. It's not only what ICT can do for sustainable development, but also the objectives and the focus that UN has put on the objectives of sustainable development. It also allows us to work on ICT policies and regulations with a special or a different perspective. It's important to focus ICT towards those goals and those goals are the final purpose that we should pursue through ICT as well. In Argentina, as most of other developing countries, we also have the issue of connectivity and we are working at the national level and also in this conference to achieve full connectivity, not only have people connected, but also to have people with good quality in the connections because regarding the second aspect of the debates, the digital economy and building a more modern economy and new ways of production and so on, it's important not only to be connected, but also to have good quality in those connections so people can embrace and achieve benefits and challenges that the digital economy presents to all of us. And how will the outcomes of this conference do you think benefit the ICT sector? Well, we are working in two or three main documents that the conference has to produce. That's our main objective. One is the declaration of Buenos Aires. The declaration is a high-level statement on how ICT is useful and will help the world to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. And we are working also on a strategic plan and an action plan for the development sector of ITU, which is those two documents are sort of the road we have to go through to help achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, okay? That's our main focus on this conference.  As I stated at the beginning, my summary of debates and so on, as you know from my role in this conference, I tried to have an overview of the debates and try to summarize what the different expressions are. And I would summarize, as I said at the beginning, broadband connectivity, quality of the broadband and digital economy as a new enabler for all of us to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Well, thank you very much for your presence in the studio. Thank you very much for sharing this in an excellent fashion and hopefully we'll catch up with you again sometime in the future. Thank you very much. It's a pleasure and I'm very happy to be chair of this conference in 2017 and to be here in Argentina, of course. Thank you very much. That's well, thank you very much. Thank you.


So thank you all for coming this afternoon. I'm Joe Palca, and I'll be moderating this session. The session is called Beyond Moore's Law. Oh, bit of housekeeping. If you have a cell phone, please put it on silent. And we're using a hashtag for this session, which means that if you put this into your Twitter tweet, it will pop up on a screen. And if it's reasonably coherent, it will be passed on to me. And I'll read it off the screen if I don't screw it up, which I have done. So what we're going to talk about, the topic is Beyond Moore's Law. The two people who are speaking are Konstantin Novoselov, to my left. He's a research fellow in the Mesoscopic Physics Research Group, University of Manchester in the United Kingdom, right? And to his left is Robert Sholkoff, Sterling Professor of Applied Physics and Physics at Yale University in America. Now, we titled this session Beyond Moore's Law. And first, I'm assuming that most of the people in this room know what Moore's Law is. But as Robert explained to me earlier, it's a law postulated by Gordon Moore 50 years ago that basically suggested that the density of information that could be packed on a silicon chip was basically going to double for every 18 months up to a certain point. Now, the up to a certain point is a question mark, because at some point, you run into the physical limits of the amount you can pack onto a chip and you start running into things that no longer follow the seemingly clear-cut laws of physics. And they dive into these weirder laws of physics, which Robert would talk a little bit about. So the thing is, we're not going to talk about that. We're not going to talk about when Moore's Law is going to be reached. We're not going to talk about why it's coming soon or late. That's not what the topic is. We just know it's coming, and there's going to have to be something to come after that. And there are a multitude of approaches to what we're going to do to continue this incredible run we've been on of packing information and processing into smaller and smaller devices. And there are a lot of approaches, but we're going to talk about two of them as represented by Kostya and Ron. And Kostya, as you probably all know, is an expert in graphene, for which he and Mr. Keim, undergone. Won the Nobel Prize in 2010. And Rob's Nobel Prize still hasn't been awarded, but we can expect that in time. But he's been working on quantum computing. So that's where we are. And I think I'll just start by saying to you, Kostya, what do you see? What part of the future excites you? And what role might graphene play in it? Just to say first that although I've been working, I started to work on graphene 2004, probably. Currently, only 20% of my time is on graphene itself. And since then, we expanded into many other two-dimensional crystals, many other materials which are only one atom thin. And depending on the particular application in electronics or in computing, you would like to use one or another material for different applications. Or what is even more exciting is the combination of many materials. Because then you can create something which is called heterostructures, where you combine different properties of different materials. And in a combination which won't be available to you from mother nature. And then you can achieve completely novel multi-functional properties, multi-functional applications from those. So I can probably talk about them. OK, well, first maybe you could talk about why there was so much excitement around a sheet that was one atom thick, essentially, two D crystal. Well, first of all, most of the excitement came with graphene itself. And the first excitement and the major excitement for me is that it's the two-dimensional material, one atom thick. And if you would ask me 10 years ago, can you make one atom thick fabric? I would say probably not. Just all the previous experience tells you that it should decompose, it shouldn't be stable. That one was particularly stable, extremely stable. And if that is not enough, we have very unusual properties for electrons, for quasi-particles, which transfer electrical current in this material. They mimic quasi-relativistic Dirac fermions. Won't go into details. But it's something very, very unusual for electronics or for advanced metaphysicists. But then you have lots of new opportunities. And of course, then it turns out that this material is extremely strong. It's impermeable to anything, extremely stretchable, and so on. So that was for some time. But then we figured out that there are a whole class of those materials, which are only one atom thick. And surprisingly, their properties often very different from the properties of their three-dimensional, because of their three-dimensional counterparts. And exploring those properties is something very exciting for a physicist. There's no superconductivity in two-dimensions, very interesting ferromagnetism in two-dimensions, and so on. And on top of that, the recent topic, which we start to explore now, is bringing all those crystals into heterostructures. And then we design a material on atomic level. We encode different properties into this three-dimensional stack. And then we call it material on demand. You tell us which properties do you want. We can give it to you from this step. If you compare it to modern electronics to silicon, what we have now is a material which practically is electronics now, silicon. And then on top of that, we build a structure. We cut it, we etch it, we put contacts, we evaporate gates. On top of that, we create structure which has the functionality. What we are trying to do is to build materials with the functionality already built on the materials level, rather than on the structural level. So you have material which carry some information, some functions in it already. So it's a different paradigm if you want. Is there a reasonably simple answer to the question? The simple answer is, how do these new heterostructures that you're making solve the problem that is caused by the silicon three-dimensional structures? Now, I think it's a little bit more complicated than that. And I'm probably the wrong person to answer this, because there is a road map, and this Moore's law determines this road map, where do we want to be? And if you want me to answer from a physics perspective, then yes, we can. One of the transitional points for modern electronics will be to switch from the planar arrangement of our transistors, because currently what we're using, we have the silicon wafer, and we are using the planar arrangement, just those transistors situated next to each other. We can switch to vertical arrangements, and then it would bring clear benefits. For example, the length of your transistor, the effective length, we can make it into few atomic layers rather than 20 nanometer now as we've got at the moment. But what you've got to realize is that there is this road map, and before we're going to that transition, there will be many transitions before that. We will probably start introducing new materials into silicon technology first, keeping the CMOS technology there, and then bringing gradually new architecture. That's where this vertical heterostructures would come into play, and then later on probably would have to switch to completely new program, new architecture. That's where Robert would contribute, because it's a completely different mindset of computing. Okay. Well, let's speak a little bit about that. The mindset is completely different in quantum computing. Maybe you can talk a little bit about how people who don't get that can wrap their heads around it. Yeah, I can try. Thank you. As you were saying, as they keep shrinking down today's circuits, they're getting smaller and smaller, and they're approaching the atomic scale, and conventional chip makers and electrical engineers look at that and say, oh, this is a problem. The rules are changing, and the way we understand our circuits are breaking down. What we're trying to do in quantum computing is say, oh, that's not a bug, that's a feature. Let's accept that things may change, and if we kind of go to a different paradigm, let's not have a circuit which behaves in the ordinary way that electrical engineers and so on are trained, but is explicitly quantum in some sense. Then we can process information and do computing tasks and so on in a kind of new way. And quantum is giving you what properties that traditional computers don't possess. Right, well, so in a traditional computer, you represent the information as bits, and the bits are always supposed to be zero or one, they're never supposed to change on you, they're never supposed to be in an undefined state in between zero and one. The basic paradigm of quantum computing is to say, well, we'll replace that with a quantum bit, or we call them qubits, and the quantum bit has, let's say, two energy levels like an atom, which we'll call zero and one, but then we can manipulate that in different ways, and we can make new states of that quantum bit, so we can put it in a superposition, which is both the zero and the one at the same time. And that sounds maybe at first glance like a bad thing, now we don't know what the information is that we've stored, but actually a superposition is not just a random thing where you don't know if it's zero or one, it's really, according to the rules of quantum mechanics, both representing the zero and the one at the same time. And eventually then the idea of mathematically you can show is that this allows the computer in some sense to explore many different possibilities, many permutations or branches that the calculation you're doing could have taken, but all at the same time. We were talking earlier that you use fairly traditional materials to create the qubits, or to create the entities that will hold the quantum information. Is it, can you see a connection between new materials? I mean, might that offer solve some of the technological hurdles that you face, or are you still facing mathematical hurdles? No, no, I mean, I'm an experimentalist, and so there are lots and lots of practical challenges in trying to realize a useful quantum computer. And absolutely there are many materials challenges that we face and many things where new materials could really be the enabling key thing. But I guess we use, in our research at Yale, fairly conventional materials, we use silicon or sapphire chips and metallic structures composed of aluminum, but we're operating them under sort of exotic conditions, extreme conditions near absolute zero, where all the metals are superconducting, and then we can make circuits where the things in electrical engineering usually works with, like current and voltage, are actually quantum objects that need to be described with the rules that are usually applied to single atoms. So Kasia, do you have to also use exotic states to make your materials, or do they exist in more normal, you know, temperature and pressure? Well, they exist in normal temperature and pressure, although we always like to keep them at same extreme conditions go to very low temperature, then it's much easier to understand what is going on, but just to add to what Robert said, one of the reason and one of the task to, if you're trying to work with quantum computations is to create, for example, apologically protected states for, so the quantum information can be transferred and manipulated, and that's one of the most exciting topic over the last maybe five years or so, where you start finding those materials where we can't create those apologically protected states and heterostructures, which I mentioned, they also allow to create those states. So part of my job is, of course, to think about possible applications, but what really excites me most is to find those new quantum states of quantum. So who is sufficiently interested in this question to give you money to try to solve it? Well, sorry. No, no, no, you're fine. You would be surprised, but even electronic companies, I won't be comfortable to talk about, to give you names, but very large electronic corporations are interested in those new architectures. So we're not talking, so we are talking medium-time horizon beyond five, seven years, but not 20 years, which might be 15, 20 years, which might be the quantum commutation, so the horizon about 10, 15 years. And one of the outcome of our research on the heterostructures was a new type of transistors, tunneling transistors, and apparently several big corporations working around electronics are interested in those, and we work closely with them. So they're looking to solve, they're looking to the future of these sort of standard electronic devices, but to take them into the next generation to make them faster, less energy consumption, things like that. Well, I won't say that there is, that currently there is panic and that we don't know, that they don't know how to proceed, but they need to start building the roadmap for the next 10 years, and they know that they want to, and of course, as you try to look further and further into the future, you've got more and more possible opportunities, so one of the opportunity they try to, so this is one of the possible opportunities, isn't it? Right. So, Rob, you said that one of the, well, there is a similar curve in terms of the speed at which the problem-facing quantum computing is being solved, the Sholkov curve. Maybe you can talk a little bit about where we are in terms of, you said we're moving from a period of a theoretical possibility into a period where quantum computing can actually begin to, you can begin to think of it as being possible to scale up and use in a real device. Yeah, so, I mean, actually the sort of theoretical origins of quantum computing and so on were in the 1980s and 90s, and it became a very popular topic in round 1994 and 95 with the discovery of this factorization algorithm by Peter Shore, but I think the field is evolving and things are moving more quickly than we had thought at some point, so I guess five years ago I was saying, people like myself were saying, I think it's 30 years away from reality or from applications, and today I'm saying it's maybe 10 years or 15 years away, and so I think things are accelerating. So, now in terms of the Sholkov's law, there are sort of two main branches of technology that people are investigating for quantum computing. One is to use microscopic systems like single atoms or single impurities in a semiconductor or things like that, which are very microscopic. And then there's another approach which is what we specialize in that's sort of making relatively large circuits and devices that can still be coaxed into being explicitly quantum mechanical and serve as quantum bits, and for the two approaches, they're sort of two different basic problems that were faced at the outset. So, for a single atom or these microscopic devices, it was understood what their quantum mechanics was and that of course they could serve as a quantum bit. What was much less understood is how you would couple them together and connect them up into something you would imagine could process information and do a computation. Now for our approach with the larger devices, we can make many, many of them and we can array them in very complicated ways. The question there was, well are they ever really going to be quantum enough? Will they actually serve as quantum bits? And so, the place where we've seen the biggest progress is not, we haven't yet hit a Moore's law where the number of quantum bits in everyone's experiments around the world is doubling every 18 months. But for example, with our technology, the lifetime over which our qubit will stay in the state we need it to be in without forgetting has improved tenfold every two, three years. And so, it's now reaching a point where we think that's enough to let us go forward. But are you in a place where you have some conceptual hurdle that has to be cleared or are you at a place where you can tweak the parameters that you're currently working under and hope to get to the desired outcome? Yeah, so I think what we find very exciting is right now with our devices, we really believe we can build things of a complexity that's never really been done in quantum mechanics or in quantum information processing. To go to the really large scale that would help people solve computational problems, there are still issues that need to be understood better and conquered. One of the biggest ones is something called quantum error correction, which is sort of a way of keeping the computer on track so that just one error doesn't take it to a completely wrong answer. And that's something which, again, there's some mathematical understanding of but the practicalities of how you achieve that and how hard it's going to be to implement that necessary function before you can scale up. Those are really the sort of science challenges we think we need to tackle in the next five years. Right. What is the current state of hard is there an alternative to just some qubits in terms of scaling up? Sure, I mean, as a flip answer, I sometimes now say that there are as many possible qubits or proposed qubits as there are quantum systems that people know about. But some of the leading things are quantum dots in semiconductors where you can confine one or two electrons using some wires on a chip. There are things like NV centers, nitrogen impurities in diamond. There are also these interesting ideas about using novel materials, like you were saying, to realize myronophermions or other kinds of things. But those haven't been shown to be scalable yet? They've not been shown to be scalable. In some cases, we're still looking to really demonstrate the basic physics that this approach would rely on. They're very interesting pieces of fundamental physics that people are discovering all along. And that's the thing that initially drew us to the problem. But I think no one should say that they know everything they need to do in order to scale up yet. But I think the idea is that there are going to be a few approaches that will be able to move forward in the near future. I just want to remind people that if you do happen to be watching and have a question that you'd like to have me ask, send a tweet using that hashtag, morse law, even though we're not talking about morse law, you can still use it and we will capture it and it will be sent to me and I'll be able to ask the question. Kostya, when you said that 10 years ago the things you're working on probably weren't even considered possible. Well, the point is it's a relatively new field. Are you in a position now where you're simply just there's everything every day there's something new to learn about what the properties are of these crystals? Or have you moved into another stage where you've begun to understand enough about them to predict, OK, this is what's going to happen if we do that or do this manipulation with them? Well, first, yeah, so the systems which we started to work with 10 years ago, Graphene has quite a large number of the unique properties. The good thing is that lots of physicists around the world found it interesting. So we tackled this problem quite fast, I would say, and we've got very robust understanding on what is going on there. However, still every now and then we're coming across new properties and new phenomena which are extremely exciting. Now, as I said, there is a whole class of those materials which are only one atom thick. And from our experience with 3D objects, it's not always possible to predict what can you expect from those one atom thick material. You can try to think about it and you try to calculate, but sometimes it's easier to measure, in fact. And also there are a large number of those materials as well to predict which one would be most exciting. Well, it depends, first of all, on your field. I mentioned superconductivity is very interesting in two dimensions, ferromagnetism. But also sometimes it's very hard to predict what are you going to find in those crystals. Is there one that you're particularly interested in? You said that they're depending on your application, but you're more interested in the materials themselves. So is there something that got you very excited? No, I'm not a material scientist myself. And the exciting part for me is to create structures where we can put our hands on the quantum properties of electrons or quasi-particles there. And there are certain types of heterostructures which I would like to do and which I'm very excited about. Some of them may be related to what Robert is studying, like decomposing a cupopine into two coherent electrons. But there are quite a few of those structures. OK. Well, I said I'd be happy to take questions from the audience. And if anybody has one or wants to think of one, I can ask a question or two more and then you can go. Or if somebody has a question right now, feel free. There is one in Iran. Yes. Thank you so much for that incredible information and the innovation that you're driving in the work that you're doing. My question is time to market. Given sort of Moore's law of market, how are you seeing the time cycles shrinking from your research to getting into our ever shrinking hands? And what is the interest in the work that you are doing and or who is helping both accelerate and amplify the work that you are doing? Let me probably start from the beginning. Sure. Well, first of all, there are rules of physics with which we are very comfortable usually. So sometimes you can be disappointed that you cannot raise the TCE of superconductor much higher, but we are comfortable with it at least. And there are rules of economics with which we're really struggling. And I can tell you the time life of any discovery of any new technique, either the new materials like graphene or many others. Or I can even try to predict what's going to happen with the quantum computations which Robert is trying to do first. It would be very naive to expect that those electronic operations would jump and try to implement those techniques into the front end devices, into front end microprocessors. What will happen is first you would see individual transistors based on that or another technology then probably incorporate them as devices for telecommunications where single transistors would work or a single modulator would work. As we do it, we learn more about the stability of those new materials or those new technologies. You develop the new technologies and then you will be ready to incorporate it into the front end devices. Same will probably happen with the quantum information. First, before seeing quantum computers, well, we have already a quantum computer and I will probably challenge you to tell us more about that one. But you will probably see more of quantum technologies in telecommunications. And then as we use it there, we would learn more about that. And then at a certain moment, we will get ready to put it into a final device.  So it will be a gradual introduction of new materials, new technology into our life. Yeah, I think I would agree with everything Kostya said. So there's quantum computing and there's quantum information in general. So a full-blown quantum computer that outperforms any conventional computer is never, I think, going to end up in some future version of your phone. It's more likely to be a very specialized thing that scientists use or that exists in the cloud somewhere and you access. But indeed, there are things such as protocols for doing secure communication and so on. And there are some small versions of these available commercially already. So I think there will be some gradual transition as well. But I think people have been predicting the end of Moore's law and that it's always 10 years away for the 50 years that it's been around. So it's maybe a dangerous thing to bet against it. But nonetheless, I think in that industry, a couple of things you have to do. You have to make sure that your next fabrication plant two years from now is also producing things that are twice as good like everybody else. And there's a path that they follow for those timescale kind of innovations. But they also need to look at what's coming ahead a decade away or so. And so I think, at least for our field, we're maybe in a transition period where I think we're going to start to see more private sector funding and interest from industry and things. Yes. I'm interested from Constantina. Do you look at the effects of gravity on what you're doing? Are you interested in that? Are you interested in doing something in space and seeing what, since there's such a business between the quantum and the graviton? It would be quite challenging experiment to do. But one of the possible experiment you can imagine you can create the thinnest possible membrane which is, and you can use it as the finest possible balance. So you can measure masses using the resonance on this membrane. Whether you would be able to catch gravitation. I think there are even publications which propose square kilometers of graphene and trying to catch gravitational waves. So I'm not really following that literature. But something which would link elastic properties and the possibility to measure really fine masses with graphene membranes would be extremely exciting. I have a question from the Twitterverse. It says, it's question seven, if you want to put it up. It says, graphene has plenty of non-electronic related applications. Are those nearer term? That's very much true. And yes, probably, or electronic related applications which are not in the front end computing but in printed electronics. So graphene is indeed extremely strong material and very elastic. And people already start to use it as a reinforcer for plastics, for composite materials. It's already being used. And you can buy products where graphene is being used. It has extremely good thermal conductivity properties. And that's another problem which we are facing. So probably one of the biggest issue is not even the utilization of our transistors, but really the heat dissipation. And as a heat conductor or a heat spreader, the paints which are based on graphene are being explored now. And there are quite a few of those. Printed electronics is extremely exciting and probably much more near term than the front end computing. OK. Do you have a question? Yes. Do you already have an idea what your research may mean to manufacturing technology? Because today's leading edge silicon wave of fares costs a billion of dollars. Can you change this game? Right. We are, as I said, people are looking forward 10 years ahead. And there are research for new materials and for new architectures. And of course, 3, 5 material like Gala-Masonite and Indian Gala-Masonite have been explored extremely broadly. Graphene and many of the other two-dimensional semi-metals and semiconductors are being studied. So we work closely with industry. They are aware of the possibilities and they are researching into it. Is there a question there? Go ahead. Bill, do you have time? I've read press accounts of quantum computers apparently in commercial operation or semi-commercial operation. But there seems to be a lot of controversy about benchmarking these, about whether they're actually computationally efficient. So I was curious why it's so complicated to find out whether something's being done better or not with these devices, or whether they even exist or this is a fiction of the press. Well, OK. So there may be several ingredients in your question. I mean, the first thing is even when you looked at the early days of original computing, as soon as people could build the hardware, it was not immediately apparent what you should do with it, how you would need it. The science of programming had to be developed once people actually had the hardware. So we don't know that much yet about the applications of quantum computing and how you should program it. And so one interesting thing that's coming out of this topic and these machines that are coming forward is sort of, let's say someone. Let's say I claim I've built a quantum computer and I hand it to you. What are the tests you do to it to see that I'm not pulling your leg, right? And so I think a good part of this debate that's going on right now is we're doing the first steps in figuring out what it takes to validate the performance of some quantum-enabled device. So there are some companies out there now. And one in particular is promoting some hardware which they sometimes describe as a quantum computer, but is a little bit different than the quantum computer that myself and then my colleagues are working on. Roughly, theirs is sort of an analog computer that is doing a quantum annealing kind of thing if you know what that means. But it's basically yet another paradigm where quantum mechanics may help in solving certain kinds of problems. But there's less, I think, known about what you really need to show in your hardware to convince someone that it's useful. So I don't think we're there yet. But these are going to be questions that will come up more and more as the time goes on. Thank you. You've got the microphone going that way. Thank you. I came here to learn something completely new. I'm totally out my depth. I've probably understood about 5% of what you've said. That's good. But that's no criticism of you. It's a comment on my own ignorance. But I found it absolutely mind-blowing, really fascinating. I want to be able to go home and explain to my nine-year-old grandson what he might be able to do when he's 25, as a result of what you're talking about, that a 25-year-old couldn't do now. Could you give me some insight into what that would look like? OK, so I'll put my stuff where I want to go ahead. So I think what becomes more and more evident now that we start to use more and more materials in our technology, say 20 years ago, Silicon Fabs would use maybe 10 of different elements now. It's half of the periodic table, isn't it? But we're going much, much, much beyond that. New materials are being utilized in modern electronics, and even your mobile phones would have very electronics which are based on very different materials, not only on Silicon. So this trend will probably continue, and we will see that materials on demand or designing new materials being more and more important, and depending on the particular application, on the particular frequency you want your transistor to operate, you will be able to compute and predict any material and try to produce it as well. So that's one of the general trends that we'll start using more materials, much more new materials than we're using now. Yeah, I think I might turn it around. So I'd say we hope we can't actually predict what's going to happen in 25 years. And if you look back, computing and information technology, 25 years ago, we're just beginning to have a lot of the things that everyone takes for granted now, like email and e-commerce and the internet and so on. So whether it's quantum computing or new materials or whatever, I think in 25 years, the way modern technology is going, the way information technology in particular is moving, it should be very, very difficult to predict. But I would hope that if you had brought your iPhone back to someone 25 years ago, he would have called you a wizard and said, how did you get this supercomputer? So I think unless there's really a shocking turn of events and everyone runs out of good ideas, which I really doubt, I think we'll have a similar kind of feeling looking back from now 25 years hence. First of all, I just want to note that it's great to have a compatriot and a fellow yearly on the panel. But my question is about this. So for me, all of this is very new. And what else should I be looking at that the most exciting things happen in physics and computing in general, either now or in the future? So what are the other breakthrough ideas that perhaps should be on the horizon of all of us? As just been mentioned, the most interesting things are those which you cannot predict. I can accurately predict the past, not the future. But generally, the quantum states of matter is a big trend in physics. And I think it will continue. I can say something I learned just yesterday. So I was in a different session where someone was talking about the capabilities of electronics and modern computing being applied to try and understand the brain. And so I think one hope also in this whole area is that maybe quantum information or maybe understanding better how the brain works will tell us just different ways that we can go about solving the problems it faces. Well, I've been listening to this discussion myself and trying to think, how do I sum this up? And how do I lay out for you the future and the direction that this is taking us? And I think it's actually quite interesting. I think this idea that we really don't know. But the fact that smart people are really paying a lot of attention to these two topics, I mean, two areas, suggests to me that there is something important there. And maybe they're wrong. And in 20 years, we'll say, well, that was a dead end. But I don't think so. And so I would encourage everybody just to pay attention and keep an eye out and expect the unexpected. Maybe that's the way to put it. But anyway, thank you all for coming and thank the panel for their great presentation. Thank you.


From Memphis, Tennessee, in celebration of the formal opening of Kraft's new branch and distribution center here, the Kraft Foods Company presents the Great Gildersleeve. It's the Great Gildersleeve starring Harold Perry, brought to you by the Kraft Foods Company, makers of parquet margarine, and a complete line of famous quality food products. Wednesday, January 8th, 1947, exactly one week ago, Gildersleeve turned over a new leaf. So this must be the new Gildersleeve we see today. But as he sits there at his desk in the water department with his feet on the blotter and his chair tilted back, paring his nails, it's hard to tell him from the old Gildersleeve. Yes, Bessie? Judge Hooker calling. Yeah, put him on. The old goat, what does he want? Gildersleeve. Well, what's new Gilder? What do you know? Look, I haven't got time for any small talk, Judge. I'm a busy man. If you want something, state your business. I had a lovely gift, man. Oh, you did.  I can't sit here gabbing all. Who is it from? Wouldn't you like to know?  Hello, hello? You still there, Judge? I wouldn't hang on something. Listen, I'm not interested in hearing any gossip, particularly if it concerns a friend of mine. What about her? It's coming to town. Who's coming to town? I don't know. I don't know any messages. It's Leela. What's the matter with me? Must be my heart. Gosh. Well, aren't you going to say anything? It seems Leela and her new husband, the doctor, that is, are on their way to a medical convention in Chicago. She's stopping off here for a couple of days while he goes on ahead. He wants to see about selling a house. I've got a prospect for her. I expect we've closed the deal while she's here. Just thought that you'd like to know she's coming home, man. Leela, coming here. She's married. She's coming back tonight. What? What's that? You okay? Oh, certainly I'm okay. Yes, I'd better go in here, sit down. Mr. Garrison, what can I do for you? I don't know, Peavey. You mind if I sit down for a minute? Not at all. Those stools were placed there for the convenience of our customers. Oh, thanks, Peavey. I've been walking for hours. Nice day, isn't it? I'd say it's a nice day. It would be if those clowns would go away. Looks like there's still a chance the sun might break too. On the other hand, it might not. You can't expect good weather this time of the year. I wouldn't be surprised with rain before nightfall. Peavey, could I have a glass of water? Water? Certainly. What am I stirring it for? There you are, Mr. Dillerson. And no charge. Thanks. Why aren't you going drinking? Peavey, if a man falls in love with a woman, only he doesn't know it. And she goes off and marries somebody else. And then he finds out he was in love with her the whole time. Only it's too late, only he's still in love with her. Is that wrong? What's wrong? The whole thing. Can a man be blamed for something he can't help? What man? Nobody, you know, Peavey. He's a friend of mine. You see, this friend of mine, well, it's quite a tragic situation, Peavey. It seems this friend of mine is in love with this girl. Oh, hell, she's not a girl, exactly. She's married now, and all of a sudden he finds he's in love with her. Has been all along, I guess. This friend, I mean. What do you think he should do about it? Well, I'm sure he'd better forget it. But he can't forget it. It preys on him. It haunts him night and day. It's always in his thoughts, every minute. What do you think he should do? Take up the hobby. That's no solution, Peavey. You don't understand. This girl is coming to town. My friend is liable to run into her. Mrs. Ransom coming to town? Who said anything about Mrs. Ransom? This is nothing whatever to do with Mrs. Ransom. This is two other people. My mistake. What did you want of me, Mr. Goldiefeave? I don't know, I just say it's a problem. That's all. Yes, it is. Maybe the only thing to do is jump in the river. My friend, I mean. Maybe there's no hope for him. Well, I wouldn't say that. Goodbye, Peavey. Mr. Goldiefeave, where are you going? Dear me, I hope he isn't going to... Oh, no, no, Mr. Goldiefeave, it's too sensible, man. And I wouldn't say that either. Faster, faster. Where am I going? Am I trying to run away? You can't run away from your own heart, Throckmorton, Goldiefeave. I don't have to run away. She can't chase me out of this town. I've got as much right in the summer field as she has. I'm not afraid of her.  A brilliant observation, Leroy. Can we have a snowball fight? We're almost being Judge Hooker. I didn't mean to. I was ducking down behind the fort, hiding, see? I heard these footsteps. Lucky thing I looked before I let him have it. Mrs. Ransom was with him. Mrs. Ransom? Yeah, she's in town, didn't you know? Mrs. Ransom came here? No, I guess they're still over there. Oh, she's avoiding me, eh? Very well. That's the way she wants it. That's the way it's to be. I'll avoid her, too. Perhaps it's all for the best. Who's avoiding anybody? You weren't home, I don't get it. Hey, where's the evening paper? Did you, uh, talk to her, Leroy? Talk to who? Mrs. Ransom. I said hello. What did she say? Oh, I don't remember, nothing particular. Did she see you? Sure, she said hello. Oh, she didn't say anything else. Nah. Hey, what happened to the paper, Daddy? Come here, young man. Gosh, what's the matter? I'll share a conversation with Mrs. Ransom, Leroy. Try to remember it. Did she say anything about me? I don't think so. Heck, we only said hello, and then she went right on. I guess she probably said a few things like how much I'd grown and how was my uncle and all that kind of stuff. Conversation. She asked about me? Yeah, she asked how you were. She cares. I don't get it. Hey, where's the paper anyway? What he brought it is. She doesn't dare to see me. That's it. She doesn't dare. The paper was out there. Mrs. Ransom's just leaving, Uncle, if you want to say hello. If you want out, you can catch her. What do I want to say hello for? I can do that anytime. Where's my hat? Where's my overcoat? Where are you going? Never mind. Who wouldn't like to help Bernie? I'm just going downtown for a minute. It's certainly nice to see you, Fragma. It's nice to see you. You look just the same. So do you. You look just the same. Lila and I have just been checking the house. You going downtown, you say you're there? Me? Why should I go downtown? It's supper time. You look just the same, Lila. You haven't changed a bit. No, I'm just the same. How's your husband? Oh, he's just fine. I'm going to meet him in Chicago day after tomorrow. Lila, that's fine. I don't know whether I mentioned this, Lila, but I thought since you're staying tomorrow it'd be nice for you to see a few of your old friends. Well, Horace, I didn't want you to go to a lot of trouble. Just a few people, Lila. They're coming for tea tomorrow afternoon. It's all right. You'll come, I trust Rockmorton. No. What? You heard me. I'm sure you won't be there, Fragma. I can't help it. I have an engagement. Oh. An engagement I can't possibly break. Nice to have seen you, Lila. Thank you. You're my regards to your husband. So long. So long, Judge. Bye. Bye. Why did you do that, you fool?  The Great Elder Sleeve will be back very shortly. Mr. Lang, I wonder if you'd like to hear the comments of new customers for Parquet Marjorie. Well, he certainly would. Well, this is from a letter mother wrote me after she and dad had been introduced to Parquet for hosting me over the holidays. Quote, your New Year's Day dinner was simply delicious, Dorothy, especially the pinwheel rolls. And by the way, I intended to ask you for the name of that delicious marjorie you served. It tasted so good on those hot rolls. I want especially to get some because your father liked it as well as I did. Unquote. I see what you mean. So that's how we got two new boosters for Parquet Marjorie. Yes, once they've tried this delicious spread, we really appreciate Parquet's fresh country sweet flavor. And now that quite a bit more Parquet Marjorie is going to your food store, we suggest that you try it too at your first opportunity. When you shop tomorrow, look first for Parquet. P-A-R-K-A-Y. Parquet Marjorie made by Kraft. Now let's get back to our story. After a bad night of tossing and twisting, Gilder Sleeve has come to the conclusion that the only way out of this difficult situation is to face it. And so at four o'clock in the afternoon, wearing his number one dark suit, we find him at Judge Hooker's door after all. Gilder, I thought you weren't coming. I changed my mind. Here's a cake. Hey, what the dickens did you bring a cake for? I thought maybe you could use it. Help out. Well, thank you very much. You didn't need to bring anything. That's all. I didn't as much of a cake. Is, uh, is Leela here? Yeah, she's here. Come in, come in. I believe you know everybody here. Just throw your hat and coat in the closet with your old man, and then come into the parlor and join the merry throng. Well, thanks. Good afternoon, Burbick. And Mrs. Burbick. I haven't seen you in ages. Well, Dr. Pettibone as I live and breathe. How are you? Mrs. Pettibone. Hey, you're looking splendid, Mrs. Pettibone. Mrs. Trask what a beautiful show. And Mrs. Wren, and Mrs. Culpepper. How lovely to see you again. Drogmont, not thought you weren't coming. Hee, hee, hee, hee, hee, hee, hee. Boogey, didn't I? Gilday, would you cover a cup of tea? Tea? I never touch the stuff, Judge. It gives me ideas. Oh, ha, ha, ha. Drogmont, you're terrible. Yeah, yeah. Isn't he terrible, Judge? He certainly is. Well, you don't want tea, gilding.  A song? Oh, no. Schrockman, huh? Wish Pettibone were here. My first selection, friends. My first selection will be one of the doctor's favorites. Just the wiryans for you. Well, I'd never come home. Schrockman. To the kitchen and got a glass of water. Met me, Leela. Oh, no, no, no. You're the host. I'll be right back. I'll be right back, too, Judge. Really? Schrockmorton. What will people say? What do I care? Mrs. Pettibone's a singer. I'm Jack Dempsey. Oh, you're the same old Schrockmorton, aren't you? Yeah. And you're the... What? Nothing. Schrockmorton, would you mind running over to my house with me for a minute? What for? Maybe I left the gas on. Do you think you did? I ought to make sure. Yeah, but what about all those people in there? Do you think they've noticed? Oh, they're all listening to the music. Well, come on.  You want to see me make a real big fire? Mmm. Can your husband build fires? Julie and Henry. Oh, he's mostly too busy. Besides, he has to be careful of his hands. He's a surgeon, you know. What's that got to do with it?  Who's afraid of a little splinter? I've got a splinter right there. Had it for a week. Doesn't bother me. Let me see. Oh, Schrockmorton, that's terrible. Nothing. But doesn't it hurt? What do I care? I could kiss it and make it better. Really? Hey, yeah. We forgot what we came over here for, Lila. We never looked at the gas. Oh, if it won, we'd smell it.  All right. It feels good. It does feel good, doesn't it? Am I frowning him? Oh, not at all. In fact, I'm the contrary. Schrockmorton. Lila, what are we doing here? Why shouldn't we for goodness sakes? What would Julian Henry say? Oh, he wouldn't care. Yeah, that's a surgeon for you. Oh, who wants you to think he isn't jealous, if that's what you mean? Gracious, he's just about the most jealous man I know. Watches me like a cat every minute. But after all, he's off at this medical convention, and there's nothing wrong in just sitting here watching the fire. Is there two old friends? I went to church last Sunday. Did you? Oh, Dr. Needham. Dr. Needham? Well, he's fine. Lila, I think I ought to tell you, when I'm with you, I don't feel like just an old friend. Don't you? What do you feel like? You're trembling. I shouldn't have come here, Lila. I have no business here. Oh, Schrockmorton, what is it? Tell Lila. I can't. I've tried to fight it, Lila. Heaven knows I've tried to fight it. But it was just something bigger than you. You know, then. Oh, it's something bigger than either of us, Schrockmorton. I don't think we should fight it another minute. Lila, we better get out of here. Don't go. Oh, my God, this is terrible, Lila. This is wicked. Why? You shouldn't be here with me. You belong to another. What about Julian Henry?  Separated? You mean it? Uh-huh. Oh, gosh. I'm sorry to hear it. See, that's too bad, isn't it? Oh, and so soon, too. Lila, was he ever cruel to you? Terribly. Why the... I never did like that guy. I never liked a single thing I ever heard about him. Calls himself a doctor. I'll bet he's. Well, never mind. Have you ever gone back to him? Never. Good. That's why I say, Schrockmorton, there's no reason why we shouldn't be perfectly friendly. You and I... There he is. Make me. I don't want to. Bye, George. This is just like old times. Yes, sir. Hey, wait. Why? You're still married. Well, I told you, Schrockmorton. That doesn't make any difference. Just because you're separated. You're still married. Well, let's not be silly about it. I mean, I thought... Schilly, Lila, I'm as broad-minded as anybody, but no, sir, I'd really better get out of here.  Lila, what would people say? What would Dr. Needham say? Us sitting here all alone, are you married and me without a chaperone? Schrockmorton. No, I'd better take you back to the party. Come on, Lila. Schrockmorton, will you please listen to me? Well... Now come and sit, I am. Well, I'll sit on, but that's all. Schrockmorton, I told you, Julian, Henry and I were separated. Yes. But if I told you, we were never married. Well, oh, what? It's true. I couldn't go through with it. I just couldn't go through with it. I couldn't stand his relatives, his mother and his sisters-in-law. They hated me because they were all as homely as a picket fence, every last one of them. They just had Julian Henry tied to the apron strings. I felt terrible leaving him at the church like that, but what could I do? Lila, what about you and him coming up here together? I mean this medical convention. I made that up.  Julian Henry didn't come up with me. I came alone. I was just going to slip into town and sell my house and slip right out again without ever seeing anybody. Not even me? I didn't want to see it so. Because I knew what all those old tabby cats around town would be saying, often abroad's made, but never abroad. They'll say Julian Henry walked out on me. But it's not true. I walked out on him. And I suppose you never speak to me again. Oh my goodness, somebody's at the door, Lila. What if they find us here? Wait a minute, everything's perfectly proper here. Everything's open and above board. What are they talking about? Hey, Lila, couldn't be Julian Henry. Julian Henry wouldn't have the nerve to show his face here. Not after the way he walked. Not after I left him waiting at the church the way I did. Well, in that case. So, just as I suspected. Lila, I think this calls for some explanation. I must say, running out like this. After all, you were my guest of honor. I kidnapped the lady Horace. Yes, I consider that your conduct, Gilder Sleeve has been that of a bounder. However, I'm here in the role of Mrs. Ranton's legal counsel. Not her chaperone. I mean, Mrs. Guffer. Now, to get down to business, Lila. The time is short. If it's about the house, judge, it's not for sale. What's that? I say the house is not for sale. Well, I think Lila might have something to say about that. Lila? Whatever's rock mountain says, Horace. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. But, Lila, you told me only yesterday. Well, I have your written authorization. Your power of attorney. I closed the deal with the bank. You heard the lady, judge. Anything else you'd like to know? Thank you very much. We'll be seeing you soon, no doubt. Watch the step outside their little slippery, flowed goats. I should just like to say this. Good night, Horace, and thanks for everything. Oh, Strasma, and you're terrible, Horace. You're terrible to everybody. You're just terrible. Yeah, that's me. I declare, I don't know why I have anything to do with you.  Our day-to-day. Say, how's the toss another log on the floor? I don't know. Our day-to-day. Say, how's the toss another log on the fire there, Lila, huh? Let's have a little warmth around here. What do you say? All right. Careful not to stain yourself there. That's the girl. Easy, does it? Throw it way in back, Lila. That's the girl. Oh, Strasma, and it's so wonderful to have a man around the house again. You said it. You'll just leave again in just a minute. There's an old saying that money talks. But these days, many a homemaker's food bill leaves the impression that money only whispers. Of course, one way to keep your budget in line is to look for only the best values and foods. And that's why we've been suggesting that you look first for delicious economical parquet margarine when you shop for your family's spread for bread. Among good energy foods, parquet margarine is one of the finest made of rich, wholesome farm products and fortified with important vitamin A. Yet delicious country sweet parquet generally sells for less than half the price of costly spreads. So for a real value and a quality spread for bread, be sure to look first for delicious economical parquet. That's P-A-R-K-A-Y. Parquet margarine, made by the Kraft Foods Company. Well, it's all set, Lila. The judge can get your house back, but it may take a couple of months. Oh, well, I couldn't possibly move up here before spring anyway. Hey, why not? Oh, no, I have to go right back to Savannah. You see, I'm staying with my Auntie Pooh down there. You remember me telling you about my Auntie Pooh froth modern, the one that's so rich? Auntie Pooh? Mm-hmm. She has meant it all well this winter, Pooh, so... and she's rich as shit, and I just couldn't bear to think of anything happening to her when I wasn't there. Well, I suppose we'll have to leave it go at that then.  Well, I guess I shouldn't say that. If it hurry back, Lila, you'll be as welcome as the flowers in spring. Won't you, folks? The great show to claim is played by Harold Perry and is written by John Gleedon and Sam Boyd. The music is by Jack Mason. Walter Chetney is Lila Rice, Shirley Mitchell plays Lila Ransom. Judge Booker is Colonel Ross. Dick LaGrand plays Mr. Peeble. It's a treat that's always surefire with a whole family. Ice cream made with frizz, the new craft product. Yes, frizz makes delicious, velvety smooth ice cream right in your own refrigerator. Real ice cream rich with plenty of milk and cream. Put that water, a little sugar, and freeze according to directions on the package. Add fruit juice, flavoring, or coffee, or variations from vanilla. Frizz is made by an exclusive process that retains the fresh cream flavor. Ask your grocer for Frizz F-R-I-Z-Z. Six generous servings from one package.