Hello everyone and welcome to our 2020 Reconciliation Week panel discussion coming to you online this year via Zoom. Please note that this event is being recorded and would kindly request that you keep your cameras and your sounds on mute just for quality purposes. My name is Jodi Taylor and I'm delighted to be your moderator today. I am a former ABC journalist turned corporate affairs specialist. I'm a proud Aboriginal woman, a descendant of the Waramunga people in the Northern Territory, and I recently joined supply nation as the head of marketing and communications. I'm a natural storyteller and I'm very passionate about highlighting the success stories about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leaders and also progressing opportunities for the Indigenous business sector. Of course I'll be introducing our speakers today shortly, but first I'd like to acknowledge that I'm broadcasting from beautiful Gadigal country in Sydney today. I'd like to acknowledge the lands across where ANU operates and where you're coming from today and pay our respects to elders past, present and emerging. I'd now like to introduce Indigenous leader Paul House to give us a welcome to country. Welcome. I'm speaking Yambi Nunu language. Ladies and gentlemen, young men, young women distinguished guests. My respects to Yambi Nunu, elders past and present. My respects to all elders and all people from all parts of the country. Welcome you all to country. I'm speaking Yambi Nunu. I'm hearing the language and the words you said, you Butter boiling via water. Looking to see and to here and listen to understand. I won't know if the civil rights have lived and antics have. I'll be presenting shortly. respect is in the rivers, quite moving through the every notable country, respect is in the grinding stones and carved trees made long ago when the every notable country. This welcome to country is made in the spirit of peace and a desire for harmony for all peoples of the modern ACT and surrounds. And our main aim as local custodians is to establish an atmosphere of mutual respect through the acknowledgement of our ancestors and the recognition of our rights to declare our special place in the pre and post contact of the region. We have cared for Mother Earth since the dawn of time and evidence of our occupation now sovereignty can be seen everywhere throughout the land. Our signature is in the land not just our DNA and taking care of country is important. I just in conclusion I'd like to say the law of the land talks about giving respect and honour to all people in all parts of the country. In the spirit of peace and reconciliation I say Gura Bari, welcome and Wura Gowari, thank you. Thank you Paul for that beautiful and deeply moving welcome to country, thank you. I'm now delighted to introduce you to the new Vice Chancellor, actually the new Chancellor who joined the university on the first of January, the Honourable Julie Bishop. Thank you Jodi and thank you Paul for your warm and generous and gracious welcome to country. I'm joining you from ANU's new office in the CBD of Perth, Western Australia. And so I pay my respects to the Noongar people upon whose traditional lands I am standing. We have a wide audience joining us via Zoom and so we acknowledge and pay our respects to the first people upon whose traditional lands each of us meets today. And I pay my respects to the elders past, present and emerging. I am delighted to welcome you all to the 2020 Reconciliation Week panel discussion. We do meet in unprecedented times, quite weird times in fact as we struggle with a global pandemic and its impact on the world but on Australia. And I think it quite apt that the theme of reconciliation Australia this year is in this together. And so we must ensure that even though we can't meet in person, we still take this opportunity to exchange learnings and ideas and perspectives on our shared histories, cultures, achievements and challenges. We should be proud that the Australian National University is committed to advancing the education and learning and lives and interests of our nation's first people. We have a thriving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community at ANU. And I know that the Debal Centre has become a home away from home. We are continuing to work to close the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people but there is no room for complacency. I am delighted that we have introduced the Canberra scholarships this year, a $50 million investment by the university with calls for more sponsorship and investment from others to ensure that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students have opportunities of access and an opportunity to study at ANU. We must continue to strive to be the University of Choice, a university where Indigenous cultures are respected. We are this year updating our reconciliation action plan. ANU continues to be a place where learning is facilitated, where diversity is valued and celebrated and where reconciliation is embedded in our core operations. So I thank you all for joining us today and I look forward to enlightening and exciting innovations and perspectives. Thank you, Chancellor. We certainly appreciate your presence today. Thank you so much. I would now like to introduce our panel guest, Professor Ian Anderson, AO, the Deputy Vice Chancellor of Student and University Experience, Dr Virginia Marshall, the inaugural Indigenous postdoctoral fellow with the ANU School of Regulation and Global Governance. That's quite a title. And Azura Hamiz, the Indigenous community engagement coordinator with the National Centre for Indigenous Genomics at the John Curtin School of Medical Research. Welcome to you all. Now before we get underway with our panel discussion, I'd like just to spend five minutes with each of our guests. If you read their bios, you would understand why we are so privileged to have them here with us today. I won't go into all of their backgrounds given we are communicating via Zoom and I don't want to go through any long-winded introductions because I think that their experience will come through during the conversation. So Professor Anderson, I'd like to start with you. You've recently joined ANU after an extremely distinguished career, which we'll discuss shortly. But firstly, I'm keen to understand what attracted you to ANU and love to understand what your vision is in terms of Indigenous engagement. So thank you. Just to like to acknowledge Paul's welcome to country and to reciprocate those greetings from my people who are Pahawa, I've had a long association over a number of years with ANU. I actually was supposed to have my first academic job back in the olden days in the 90s. I was at ANU, Centre for Environmental and Economic Policy Research. I also worked a lot with the National Centre for Population Health on some of the work that they did around masses of applied epidemiology and pathways through Indigenous students and then much more recently on some of the ethical work that enabled the creation of the National Centre for Indigenous Genomics. I must say I've been really, it was an unusual time to come to the university. In fact, the day I started the university shutdown. So I haven't yet seen an office. I haven't. I've only been on campus a little bit this week, but I've been profoundly kind of amazed at the kind of generosity and the welcome that the ANU community has shown me and particularly in what is probably the most difficult moment in the history of the institution in recent years. And as we move back, the work that everyone's doing to ensure that the university is indeed a safe institution to return to. So I'm very much looking forward to actually understanding and meeting people face to face rather than just on Zoom, seeing ANU in 3D and working with what is an extraordinary community of intellectuals and people who are really passionate particularly around Indigenous issues and I'm really, really quite excited about coming onto campus in the next few weeks. Wonderful. And I think I'll explore some of those key priorities that you have for the university later on in our panel discussion. But as I mentioned, you've recently come from government and I should respectfully note as our most senior Indigenous public servant. And I'm interested to kind of delve a little bit into your work on the closing the gap report and would love for you to share your reflections on that engagement process. So for three years I worked first off in the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet and then in the National Indigenous Australians Agency, leading negotiation on the refresh of the closer gap agreement through the Council of Australian Governments. I had a couple of really profound parts of the experience. One is the kind of challenge of leading system reform through a policy processing and since working with all Australian governments across Australian public service and leading a process that was properly engaging with Indigenous Australia on that. And I think one of the many, many difficult moments, really difficult moments, really hard work, long negotiations which are almost complete, but some also some profound, profound moments when real estate change is actually possible. I think one of those came in December in 2018 when Australian governments agreed to follow some negotiations on the close and get within Indigenous Australians. Not as consolidated people, but as decision makers and creation for the first time in federation, a decision making structure that had governments at the table and Indigenous people as represented through the Coalition of Aboriginal Peaks as decision makers leading the change forward. You obviously brought quite a unique perspective to that role. Obviously your background as a doctor and significant experience working throughout your career with Indigenous health. How do you manage the politics of, you know, that sense of urgency, of wanting to drive change across communities with that balance of having to undergo the engagement process and really consider and respect the reform process? I think that's a real key challenge. Many, most Indigenous leaders and communities are anxious for change, for change now. Governments often have time tables that don't work in ways in which they can meaningfully participate. I think that there's a difference between being in government, being in the university, you have views and opinions and you can broadcast them well. In government, you don't have a senior public servant. You can influence, you can have significant influence, but it is through respecting the role of political decision makers and the political process. But indeed, I reckon that is a key challenge in leading change when people are rightly, rightly, rightly want to have change quickly through really complex systems of democracy, which actually are not always amenable to rapid, rapid transformation. And how do you think that you'll bring that perspective and that experience around policy and engagement? And how do you think you'll bring that to drive Indigenous engagement at ANU? I think that this kind of same principles in some ways, you have to respect the experience of everyone you're working with, and there is a real depth of experience at ANU. Play a role where you are the facilitator and the enabler, and not necessarily the sort of, I don't bring all the solutions, but I can bring some of the conversations and the ways of having those conversations. They can bring people together and ensure that those sort of views and perspectives get well-reversed in the senior management processes of the university. Thank you, Professor. I look forward to more of your insights further down in the conversation as we have a panel discussion. Thank you. Dr. Virginia Marshall, I might come to you. You're a legal academic and educator and a practicing lawyer who also boasts a long list of accomplishments, including being the first Aboriginal woman to gain a PhD in law from Macquarie University.  Yes, I am. I think that advocacy was well honed by doing a number of degrees, and I think that also the opportunity just to go out and be front and centre and loving court appearances, of course, and also social justice, I think most of my student colleagues who are Indigenous really wanted to do law because they wanted to make a difference. And I think that's really at the forefront of why human rights law is important, to have the tools and the ability and the confidence to actually interface with that court system and to understand the very deep and long traditions of the common law that we all have to learn. And that was also a challenge for myself and for others. And I think that human rights is a natural fit with Indigenous people, whether you're in intellectual property or criminal law is where I started. I have my opportunities from Legal Aid in New South Wales and then started my own firm in 2013. So I think that that's been a wonderful opportunity to really hone and to be the voice of people who are voiceless. I think that's really important. And how have you seen the industry change or the perception around our Indigenous voice change across the legal industry throughout your career? Well, I think, like many of us, when we read the Curie Mail for the first time in the 90s, we realised that new opportunities were going to open to us. And the story was starting to change. The narrative was starting to change. And many people would ask me in the first or second year of law, what should I do? What should I do? And I would say, well, think about seriously starting a law degree because it empowers you, even if you don't want to practice it. It gives you that ability to really navigate difficult territory. It gives you that confidence and the skills and the advocacy and to really be on message. And it gives you a wealth of intellectual freedom to challenge. So, you know, from cultural perspectives, we've seen that in native title, for example, the challenges that people make through various claims. But it gives you that ability to navigate. And there's so much strength in that. And I really encourage a lot of young people through being a judge in the mock trial competition for the Law Society. Every year, and I think I've been doing it since 2005, that it really shines that people get that confidence, they get that self-worth. And usually, they're the quietest people in that competition. But usually, by the end of the year, they have that ability to carry themselves and know who they are. I think that's fantastic. And you mentioned the career mail and you're exactly right, because I started out as a journalist back in the late 90s with the ABC and Canberra. When the career mail was out and when you were featured, it was such an amazing thing. And I think part of, certainly, our theme because of her, she can. We can really resonate it so strongly. Because it is about, if you can see it, you can believe it. And back in the 90s, across various industries, we didn't necessarily have a lot of visible role models for us to look to, did we? That's right. And we also now, because we've got children and we're mothers, I've got four. So that's the strength in the career mail. It gives you the ability to see those photos and see those strengths that people that have struggled through university.  And certainly, it's the path of the course. Most indigenous peoples had only several years of high school. And many of the people where I work as a volunteer in community development in Western Australia, they have primary school education. Maybe only a couple of years of primary school. So that's really, it's amazing how much the career mail and the message and those relationships that we can even see skimming through the paper or online can really mean to us and encourage us. And that's so important. Absolutely. And I think I'll touch on that more in our panel discussion as well with the other panelists. But I did want to kind of touch on, you mentioned your vast legal expertise in working in native title. Could you tell us about the latest or one of the key native title cases that comes to mind for you? And what are some of the cultural complexities across that case? Well, I think when I first started, I can remember certainly one of the points that I wanted to put across, which is I had hoped for a case, particularly in water and in native title. And one did come to me and I was very happy to actually take that on for Seacountry. So it's an important issue, irrespective of whether you're from the land or from Seacountry. That Seacountry means the identity, your very being, the ways of knowing, the way you connect to who you are. And that's no different when you're looking at native title claim that I'm actually dealing with at the moment. It's really trying to set the opportunities right for people who can then navigate the system with you. Because many people are passionate from our community and they know that they exercise their law every day and they know that they exercise their customs and practices every day. And when you're actually coming to court, it's a far different experience. So I think that the most an incredible differences between the Western Indigenous perspectives is our culture, is the way we think about each other, the way we think about country. And that to translate into what the Western legal system wants us to talk about and is limited by evidence and the misability and the voices of Aboriginal people. And when they were on country or how they know about a certain creation story. So all of that is very difficult for some people to navigate. But it makes me extremely satisfied to know that I'm in an area that I absolutely am passionate about, but also want to be there to assist with council to make this a really strong and positive, not only experienced, but also that the end result is positive for Indigenous peoples. I think that means a lot. Thank you. Well, thank you for being an incredible role model and showing us all what is possible.  So and, you know, believing that when we see it, we can believe that we've spoken about that before. And I think that you've improved that. So thank you so much. Thank you. Thank you. Azura, I might come to you now. You work in a fascinating field. And I'm really quite keen to understand what drew you to this particular field. But just wondering, firstly, if you could maybe tell us about the consultation project that you undertook in Galaringu last year and how you navigated the cultural challenges associated with that work. Yeah, sure. So I would like to acknowledge the Ngunnawal people for the land on which you meet today. I'm a Gimwe Walebari Yudinju woman. So I'd also like to acknowledge my family back home in Cairns Far North Queensland. I started off in Galaringu as part of a consultation process that NC has. We currently have 7,000 Aboriginal blood samples collected from 35 different communities across Australia. And of those 7,000 samples, 1,200 come from Galaringu community. So for those who don't know where Galaringu is, it's a small island off the coast of the Northern Territory. It's a population about 3,000 people, very traditional people. They practice their culture still on a daily basis. English is their second, third, maybe sometimes fourth language. I started in Galaringu because we needed to talk to the community about these samples that were in Canberra. It wasn't necessarily a talk about us saying, we want them, give us permission to do that. It was consultation around, we have them, and what would you like to do with them? And maybe if you could give us some context around the issue generally of having the blood samples and just some context around the project. Yeah, so I guess the cultural difficulties around having these samples in Galaringu is blood is still very much a part of a person, regardless of whether they're still alive or if they've passed away. And so going into a community and explaining that you have 1,200 samples collected in 1968 meant that there were a lot of people who had passed away. And that caused a lot of, I suppose, anxiety from people. Because for them it meant they didn't know what that meant. They didn't know whether or not the person spirit had moved on to the next world. They didn't know whether or not this was the reason why they had so much bad luck that they were being punished for these samples being in Canberra. So it was a real eye-opener for myself who comes from a different tribal group to go into Galaringu and to talk to people about these samples and what we should do with them and whether it was okay to have them and whether it wasn't okay for us to have them. And if people didn't want us to have them, then what should we do with them? So the project itself, NCIG, is trying to create a biobank. We want to use these samples for research. But we can't do that obviously without permission from people. These samples were collected in mostly the 1960s and the 70s. So in a time where Aboriginal people didn't have a lot of say when it came to their health and well-being. We were still managed by the police or the missionaries and we were living under the act. And so very difficult time for our people. So to go in and to sort of say, we've got these samples and what do you want to do was a bit of a shock to community members. So we'd like to use these samples, but my job really isn't to go in and convince people to consent to these samples. My job is to provide information to people to make informed decisions about what's right for them, what's right for their families and their communities. And obviously there's multiple layers of complexity in this, isn't there, rather? Because the issue, as you mentioned, the blood samples were taken back in the 60s. So a different environment, different context. We didn't have the rights we obviously enjoy today.  And some people were not aware that blood was taken. So you've got the multiple issues, as I mentioned, around that feeling of permission and potentially violation, I would assume as well. So that would have been extraordinarily difficult for you, not just as a professional, but also as an indigenous woman. Yeah, I definitely had to reconcile my feelings around that. One of the communities I have visited in the past is a community called Yarrabah, which is where my family live. So I have aunties and uncles and grandparents on participation lists. Their little blood samples are sitting here in Canberra. So I've had to go back and explain to my family that samples were collected from them when they were children, without their parents' permission, and they're sitting in Canberra, and I'm here to ask whether or not it's OK for us to have them. And so I really had to think about, is this the right thing to do? Can I do this as an Aboriginal woman? And what's going to happen if this doesn't go to plan? So I've had to really reconcile with myself about this whole project. But I think that's also made me better at my job because I know that if I can't go home and look at myself in the mirror after community consultation, then perhaps this isn't really the right thing to do. It is very much about being able to navigate those two worlds, isn't it? And I note that when you went on that project, you also made a very strategic decision in terms of ensuring that you also went back with a contingent of influences so that they could see firsthand the impact what the whole experience was having on the community. Yeah, that's right. So to the ANU's credit, they gave us a bit of funding to be able to do a repatriation project with Gallowinku. So we were able to return all of the remains, all the blood samples of people who had passed away, and we were able to have a public ceremony to welcome them back. It was really important that we took people from both the ANU, University of Melbourne, people who were in positions of power back to the community to experience what it was we're doing. And the reason being is because a lot of these people that we took back, they're in positions of power. They're in positions where they're able to influence change. And we really wanted to make sure that Gallowinku had a chance to talk to these people and to tell their story instead of having myself as a third party going back and telling them. Absolutely, well, fascinating and just so emotional. And during our brief, I mentioned to you, we could dedicate a whole hour to each of you. So stay tuned, we'd love to find out a bit more of it. Thank you so much for that. I appreciate your sharing your experience. We might move on to the panel discussion now. So I think if we can focus on the issue of reconciliation. Now, obviously, we are entering the next phase of the COVID-19 situation as lockdown relaxes, but of course, still within an environment of uncertainty. I'm interested to know your thoughts around how we don't lose momentum in the reconciliation movement, particularly around push for constitutional change. And Azura, I might start with you, given you're still on camera. It's a really good question. And the answer is I'm not sure how you continue that push. I've been in constant communication with some of the communities I've been working with in the Northern Territory. And at the moment, they're still considered that the biosecurity sort of not allowed to enter, must do, quarantining, all those sorts of things. So for them at the moment, there's a million and one things that are so much more important that they need to work through that constitutional change and recognition seems to be at the bottom of that. I think the best way to do that is if we continue to do proper consultation with the communities. As soon as these things are lifted to be going back out to community and to be putting it to the forefront of people's minds again. Professor Anderson, what about you? I think one thing I'd kind of recognise that there's been some extraordinary work, particularly done by Indigenous health leaders, actually working in good partnership with government around COVID. I'm in touch with other Indigenous health leaders across the world. And I think the work that is being done here in partnership with the National Aboriginal Community Control Health Organisation, the Federal Department of Health, where they actually co-chaired a COVID-19 working group that was reporting right up to the Chief Medical Officer, was extraordinary. And it's one of the reasons why I think we are in a relatively good position at this point in time in terms of managing COVID-19 issues in the Indigenous world. And I think that really points to what is possible if you work well with people in partnership. I think that the challenges of constitutional change are still in front of us, and there are still people who are actively looking for pathways to have that conversation. I think that there are two levels of it. There's a kind of what is possible technically in the constitutional reform space. I think that there's probably a degree of consensus in the legal community about the path forward of that, and Virginia will probably want to reflect on that. I think the challenges are political in some sections of the community who feel that constitutional change is possibly harmful to them. And I think that that requires some really clever messaging. You know, we're not going to get constitutional change by Indigenous people voting. It's going to have to bring in the other 97%. I think there's a broad consensus. The latest polling data probably suggests that about roughly, let's say 85% of the Australian community are really open to these sorts of questions. So I just need to understand what it is that this proposition will lead to. And then there's another section of the community which you probably don't know all the way to go, but I'm actually hopeful around this question in the longer term. And I wouldn't, no, let's continue to have a conversation. We know we're all worried about COVID-19, but this is really a conversation that we need to have. Professor Anderson, I might just stay on you for a moment if that's okay, just to elaborate on that question. And I'm not sure if you could just potentially turn up your volume at all. I think there may have been a slight issue there, but your comments around continuing those conversations, do you think that universities have a role or an opportunity to play a greater role in social change conversations? Yeah, and I can't remember where the volume controlled in is on Zoom. That's okay, that's a lot better now. Just sitting forward. I think universities have a really perfect position on the universities. When I was working in government, we could always have conversations with Indigenous Australians, leadership, but they're always very constrained conversations. I think universities provide a place where you can have much more open conversations, which government can come into participate. You've got a university like Australian National University has a convenient power. It can bring all sorts of people into a conversation that is much more open than sort of conversations. I would have to leave when I was working in government. So I think there is an absolutely critical place for universities. It's a good place to bring legal scholars to the table. It's a perfect place to actually bring some evidence to the table. And I think that that's what a university can contribute to Indigenous development and Indigenous rights and holds a lot of issues that are really important to our people. Thank you, Professor. Dr. Marshall, what about you? What do you think we should do to ensure that we don't lose momentum? Well, I'd agree with both Azir and Ian that ANU and many other universities are so vital. And they're vital because you can share with colleagues various opinions and even also form opinions. And also you can create change in discourse in communities and in the wider civil society. So I think that opportunity to discuss those issues openly and with evidence, that's the most important part. And I think we should not dismiss the value for universities. I came to a university after being a taper a year. And I could see that so many people were there because they wanted to have those tools to understand all of the intellectual expression and to really open their minds. And that's what I believe ANU does. It really opens your opportunities and your mind to so many things. And I think the advocacy I know that's taken place since I've been here is in water. So water reform, water emergency, water justice, that's been critical to a lot of the work that I've done at ANU. And also on the other hand, I'm called for a variety of lectures in climate change or in other legal issues. And I think that's really important. So I don't think we should underestimate the power of what university can do and can share. But I think that the critical issue here with COVID and we're in a really difficult situation like many places such as the South Coast that have had the fires. We've had a shocking year at the end of the year last year and it came into an even more dangerous time where I'm at. So I think that those sort of preparations really didn't give us the experience to know how to deal with COVID. And I've had a lot of communication with remote communities and they've said, at that height in February, they didn't have the masks. They didn't have the sanitizers. They felt extraordinarily isolated when a lot of the communities were bussed out of remote community towns. So, you know, that feeling of angst is really there. And I think as you was right, you know, there is a time and place to talk about constitutional issues and treaties and forming new relationships and change in the native title legislation for Aboriginal people where the burden of proof is not on Aboriginal people. And Chief Justice French said that very clearly. So there are a lot of things that we can't get distracted because of COVID-19. But we have to juggle a lot of things right now. And one of them really is civil society and the need for support. But also we can see a light at the end of the tunnel because for the first time that I can remember, traditional fire management knowledge is being celebrated by non-Indigenous people. And that is truly amazing. And that's come out of the fires. And probably more is going to be discussed in the Royal Commission on Fires right now. So I think that, you know, it is a time where Australian society is going to say, you have something and it is very valuable and your knowledge is appreciated. And we want to work with you. So I think that that's what we have to take hold of. We have to work together. That's a great point, though, that you raised about the bushfires and I guess just leading people to have a deeper appreciation or insights into the benefits of our culture and maybe looking at our culture with fresh lens, if you like. Now, absolutely. And that fresh lens is also in the water area as well because now the Productivity Commission is going to have an inquiry into water.  We take that for granted. I grew up on tap water and really enjoyed that. But, you know, we sort of just reach for that bottle of water and knowing that that plastic is so undervalued sometimes and the water is undervalued. So the whole process, we're not really conscious of. So I think that that is a really important area that we can work on this year and in the future years together. Thank you. You've all spoken about the fact that we shouldn't be distracted and we really need to focus on the core elements. What do you think are the fundamental, fundamental rather elements of reconciliation that we just can't lose sight of at the moment? I'll stay with you, given I have you on camera. Absolutely. Look, I think the real core issues are that we have to have truth telling. And more people than just us today will say that and have said that. But I think truth telling in this country is really important. If you take your finger and you just really drop it over any town within Australia, you can see that there is going to be a dark history. And we need to shed light on that dark history. And we need to understand that not everything is great, you know, that we've really experienced together. But we have to have that openness and that truth. It's really going to the next level of the relationship. And I think that we're ready for that next level. So the core element of that is really truth. And also being prepared to hear those things that we really know we'd rather kept buried. You know, it's like a lot of people, they didn't want to really announce that they had convict history. And many people over the years, because of exemptions and certificates that Aboriginal people needed to acquire to be white or to be treated as a white person in Australian society. That really challenged identity and place. So I think that we're ready for that. And really COVID has got us prepared for those unpleasant conversations. And that unease, that uncomfortableness is the right timing, I believe, for that sharing. Thank you. Professor Anderson, I might lead into you now. Just on the back of some of those identity comments. You've previously said that the diversity of cultural identities in Australia is one essential component of reconciliation. Can you share your thoughts around that? And what do you mean by those comments? Quite aware of where I made those comments, but might reflect on what they mean right just now. I said, we have a diversity of Indigenous culture, Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander culture, which is profoundly important. And it's profoundly important to recognise. And if I can pick up just on some of those stuff about truth-telling that Virginia was talking about, for some of us, that goes into our history. So I'm born in the North Coast of Tasmania. That's where my traditional country is. Tasmania has a brutal history of genocide. It was actually sanctioned by government over a period of 60 years. The greater irony for me is that some of the worst perpetrators, or that was my white ancestors, who brutalised the Aboriginal women across the North Coast and the Western Islands. So what that means is that the reconciliation journey does require healing. It does require ways in which we can heal together within our communities and within Aboriginal communities as well as between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples. So truth-telling is a really important part of that, but an equally important part of that is, how do we commemorate that history? How do we tell that story? And how do we heal collectively, both through our personal history, but also through our shared history? And I think that that's a really not insignificant challenge for us. Thank you, Professor. Azura, can I ask you, what do you believe should be, rather, I'll rephrase that, what do you believe should be the key priorities in our reconciliation journey given the current environment? So I think in terms of how far we've come is interesting. I think in terms of education, we've done some really great things with our reconciliation. We've got more students now coming into universities. We've got more students finishing grade 12. We've got people going on to higher areas, such as PhDs and those sorts of things, masters. I think the priority now really lists with the things we're not doing so well in. We still have a lot of Indigenous people living in terrible housing situations in our communities. We still have such a high rate of incarceration when it comes to Indigenous people. We still have a number of people dying from deaths in custody. So what I would really like to see is now a shift on the areas where we're not doing so well. I think the other thing I'd like to see is, and I don't want this to come across as being disrespectful to our non-Indigenous people out there because I know that we have a number of allies. Sometimes I feel like we have a number of allies when it comes to Reconciliation Week and all the good things that we want to celebrate about Indigenous people. And what I'd really like to see is those aligning up when the not-so-good things come about when we have people dying in custody, when we're outraged about all the people that we have in our prisons, with the outrage over the amount of people that are still suffering from illnesses like renal failure and diabetes in our communities. So I'd really like to see a focus on that in the next 20 years coming. Absolutely, absolutely. We are running out of time, unfortunately, so I'm going to throw to my last question to the panel. You're all three, obviously, accomplished Indigenous leaders, but what you share, you appear to share, is a genuine passion for fostering talent. And so I'm interested to know your thoughts around why it's so crucial to have Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leaders and lecturers across the university environments in order to attract and foster talent. Azar, I'll stay with you. I think in terms of... I think in terms of NCIG, we would love to see more Indigenous students coming through and studying science and studying in that genome space. The reason being is that we do have students, but we have such a small pool of people. And that means that in this genetic space, we have a lot of non-Indigenous people who are becoming the subject matter experts who comes to our genome. Oh, I think we may have lost you. Science and taking over as those subject matter experts. Oh. That's okay. It's not too late. That's okay. We've been pretty good so far in terms of our technology. I think you're all right now. Yeah, so I think it's really important that we start having our Indigenous leadership in place in the university to start encouraging these students to come through in science because we want them to be the leaders. We want them to be the subject matter expert when it comes to the Aboriginal genome. They're doing the research rather than having non-Indigenous people do research on us. Absolutely. Professor Anderson? So I'm going to just maybe illustrate why this is so important. So if you look at healthcare, there's an important part of change that happens within professional groups, within doctors, nurses, and so on, who really drive the education of the next generation of doctors and the next generation of nurses who undertake the leadership in hospitals and general practice and so on. So it kind of occurred to me fairly early in my career that you had to have Aboriginal people in those jobs because you couldn't get inside the system in order to change how future doctors are educated or how to change how hospitals work, emergencies, department work. So it's a really fundamental part of the change and transformation journey. When I started as a medical student, there was one other Aboriginal doctor in the country. We now have about 400. That has really accelerated change. Still very, very important that you've got community leaders in the health sector, and they all play an absolutely vital role, but a key part of change is actually having people who've been educated within, had the opportunity to be educated within those professional systems in order to drive home some of those gains that our community leaders have been looking to achieve. Dr. Marshall? Well, I think I agree with both Ian and Azir-e, because if you can actually see yourself and you walk into court, for example, or in a hospital or in a department of genetics, you want to see yourself. You want to be inspired by people there that are Indigenous or Indigenous people, but that also means that people amongst you that are non-Indigenous get to understand who Indigenous people are, how we think, why we think differently, why our values are so distinct. So I think all of that really feeds into our relationships broadly, and I think that's what happens when you're here at a university, for example, but I do really feel that even though we've got a lot of people studying law, we don't have enough people really at the bench. We don't have anybody at a time, well, most clearly not many people at the bar. So we're not seeing ourselves in those senior positions. So I think that that's really important across these broad issues that we have to see ourselves, but we need to be invested in science. Health's really led the way on research and researching Indigenous peoples and how we want to be researched. So I think science is also really significant and that's why I chose my appointment in Regulation Governments Law and also science because it's critical that we are right there with the science, understanding the Western science and also sharing our Indigenous science. That's really going to be a plus for anybody that comes into contact with people who just exude confidence and knowledge of both sides, you know, Indigenous and non-Indigenous. That's precious. Thank you. Thank you. Well, unfortunately, we are nearly out of time, so I'm afraid I'm going to have to wrap up the questions, but thank you so much for your valuable insights and time today. The ANU is certainly very lucky to have you as an Indigenous woman. I also want to thank you from a personal perspective for being such inspirational leaders for our communities but also being so generous with your time and demonstrating a passion to really foster and nurture talent and that's very much appreciated. So thank you very much. Thank you. I'm now honoured to introduce the Vice-Chancellor, Professor Brian Schmidt, for his closing remarks. Thank you, everyone. Thank you for everyone who joined us. As I reflect on this reconciliation, not so much a lecture, but as a panel, I want to first thank Paul House for his welcome. Paul, it's great to see you back on your feet again and I hope he gets back on his bicycle soon. He had a fairly nasty accident not too long ago and it's great to see him back so soon. Jody, it's wonderful to have you lead our conversation today, and I hope you feel part of the ANU community. I think you've spent a lot of time in Canberra and it's great to have you in our mix today. Thank you. For Azura and Virginia, as always, I'm so proud to have you on our staff here at ANU. The work you're doing is absolutely core to our mission and helping us lead the way in something that's just critical in multi-strands for what the university is trying to do as the National University and I'll talk more about that in just a second. Ian Anderson, it is great to have you back at ANU. As our first Indigenous Executive, you're an inspired leader and a new portfolio dedicated to our staff and our students. This is the place where I want ANU to be a university like no other in Australia and indeed one of the best places to work and study of anywhere in the world and indeed we should even strive to be better. Reconciliation Week, this is a week to reflect on how we move forward together as Australians on the unfinished business related to our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of this nation that go back 65,000 years and beyond. Doing that well is a core mission of the National University. It is our mission to be a place where Indigenous students come from around Australia to become leaders themselves. We are very fortunate to produce a number of student leaders including Indigenous leaders. And I just think it's important to reflect that our Indigenous students graduated a higher rate than our non-Indigenous students and that is remarkable to what Auntie Anne and her team at Chival have been able to achieve. We have a lot to learn from how they approach pastoral care and indeed those learnings need to transfer on to how we do the entire university. We need to create an Indigenous academy. That is the whole gambit of experts across all subject matters, have people from all ages and really coming from across Australia, all of the 250 language groups. That has to be at the core of what we do. And we need to understand everything from Indigenous culture, knowledge and history and embed that within all of our subjects. So a complete Indigenous academy and if it doesn't happen here, it ain't gonna happen and I am absolutely determined to start building that and working with some great partners to make sure that that happens during my tenure here. And finally, as a National University, we have a unique role to do the policy work for Indigenous advancement, whether it be economic, health and wellbeing but also recognition and self-determination. These things are at the core also of our mission as National University. So over this week, I've had the opportunity to be part of this event but I've also had a chance to talk to a couple of our students. Isaiah Davis, Rebecca Butel, two amazing young students and I encourage you to listen to how they see the world and what experience they're having at A&E. I certainly found it having had a pretty rough week this week, I'll be honest. Probably the most uplifting thing I did this week and I think everyone will feel the same way. I had a chat to Auntie Ann about how she sees the world and what she wants to accomplish. And finally, Peter Yu, who is going to be joining us moving from council to become the header of our Vice President, Indigenous First Nations and he is a remarkable person with a remarkable history and can I say, he deeply thinks through what reconciliation means and why it's important. But 2020 has been, I think, perhaps a year. Most of us would like to forget but we still have almost 200 days left to make sure that it can be a year to remember for advancing reconciliation. And I encourage everyone then today to, yes, take reconciliation week as a week to reflect but take the rest of the year as a time to act. And so please join me in thanking our esteemed panel for everything today, thank you Chancellor. It has been a great event and I think a suitable way for us to mark this very important week in our calendar. Thank you one and all.


Adding an Editing Text In many places in Moodle where you can type in text, you will see Moodle's purpose-built editor, known as ATTO. We see it here in a topic section summary. Many of the icons you'll know from word processing or other online programs, but some may be unfamiliar. The Link icon allows you to link text to an external website or an uploaded file. So for instance, if we select the text BBC Talk French and then click the link, a pop-up appears allowing us to paste in a URL or web address. The text will change colour but note that the link will only work once you've saved the changes. The Media icon here offers many options for adding sound and video along with thumbnail images and subtitles. We explore adding media in a later video. These icons allow you to directly record sound and video from within the editor. The ATTO editor allows you to drag and drop images directly onto the text box, something we look at in another video. And it automatically saves what you type, so if you have to leave it for a while or you accidentally go onto a different page or lose your connection, you don't have to start again. Two other useful icons are here. They help ensure your text is designed well to make it accessible for everyone on all devices, including people with restricted site who use screen readers. If you really want to use different colours and different font styles and you know about design, you can change your editor if your admin allows by going to the user menu top right, clicking on preferences, then editor preferences. Technical people might use plain text if they want to add code, and TinyMCE is an alternative editor which many people know from other online software such as blogging software. If we select it, you can see what it looks like. And again, the hamburger icon top left allows you to expand the toolbar for more options. However, TinyMCE does not have the same features as ATTO, and for that reason we suggest you use Moodle's own editor, ATTO.


Well, I think this has to be a unique situation in the history of the Alumni Association Awards and the faculty because I have the pleasure of introducing my daughter, Elizabeth Susan Potts-Dellin, for the 25th Silver Anniversary Award. The coin of the realm in academics, of course, is things like publications and she has 38 publications, I think, mine with her as the first author, which indicates she did the legwork on the project. Yeah, and she's had another coin of the realm is abstracts. She's had something like 50 abstracts published in her field. So academically, she's really done a superb job. She's won 11 awards in both teaching and research in her career. And I find that particularly gratifying. She is a teacher as part of her position as Professor of Medicine at UNC. But I had no idea she was so active in that. One of the awards that I am particularly proud of really is not dealing with teaching. It's something called the Golden Heart Award at UNC Hospital. So she works with children with parents as well as children. She's worked in genetic counseling of parents who have had kids and want to be careful. She's also become a real promoter of palliative care. And that's the heartbreaking side of cystic fibrosis that at some point, often in the teens, the late teens, palliative care is the way to deal with things. So I very much admire her for doing that because that's an emotional load on top of her administrative load and her clinical rounds. She's extremely warm and friendly. Which sometimes would, I think, strike people as a little bit different from the CV side. Because she's a very high achiever that way. But she's fun. She has a ready laugh. She's fun to be with. And of course, as a child, we always had so much fun together. Another dimension to Elizabeth is that she's done a wonderful job in raising, along with her husband, Evan, who's also an MD at UNC, raising two adorable granddaughters of mine. And for that, I'm eternally grateful. So she came to Gustavus. She got involved in Curriculum 2, but she also got involved in a brand new biochemistry major that we started offering in basically her freshman year at Gustavus. And so she was one of the early graduates in the biochemistry major program. And she was with her friends doing summer research in biochemistry at Gustavus. And all the sorts of things that we like to point to about Gustavus that make, pardon me, a special place to come to college. She'll get a call from the hospital and one of her kiddos, as she calls them, had passed away. And those times have been a couple of those. It's very difficult. And we sit back and talk a little bit about it. And I listen to her talk about her relationship with her patients. She's a deeply caring person. And I admire that very much about her.


So quantum mechanics is the theory of all the stuff in the universe. Everything you see, hear, feel, touch, or everything you're made of is all described by quantum mechanics as far as we know. But we've only really known about quantum mechanics for the last century or so, and it took scientists several decades to kind of sneak up on the theory because it was such a radical change from the other theories that they were beginning to feel they really understood. However, we can talk about quantum mechanics with a very simple experiment, the two-slit experiment, which Feynman said contained the heart of quantum mechanics, and he reckoned basically all of the mystery of quantum mechanics could be described within the shape of the two-slit experiment. So the basic idea of the two-slit experiment is very simple. You just take a sheet and you put two slits in it. You're going to throw something at that sheet from one side and on the other side you're going to detect it on a detector. And why might you do such a thing? Well, you're trying to find out whether these things, these green things here, are a wave or a particle. So what's a particle? A particle is something that has a particular position and a particular velocity, and it might have some properties like mass or charge or other things like that. And a wave is something that's spread out and it's oscillating, and so it can make ripples. You can have constructive and destructive interference. And there doesn't seem to be any particular confusion about something like a pebble, which people realize that's something like a particle. And there's no confusion about obviously a water wave, which is clearly a wave. And circa 1800, everyone would have said the same thing about light. It's obviously a particle, they'd say, because that's what Newton said and everything that Newton said turned out to be right. But it turns out that when Newton wrote that in his treatise optics about 100 years previous, the reason he'd done that was not because he'd had any proof that light was a particle, but just that he felt that light was a particle. And Thomas Young developed an experiment that would show exactly whether something was a wave or a particle, and that was the two-slit experiment, also known as Young's double-slit experiment. So the idea here is fairly simple. If you send things through a pair of slits, then if they're particles, if they go through one slit, they make a big fuzzy blob. It's a big fuzzy blob, and maybe we can't resolve the individual clicks of the particles, but if we send a lot of them through, we get a big fuzzy blob. And if we send them through the other slit, we'll also get another big fuzzy blob. And if the fuzz of the two kinds of blob are sufficiently wide, what we'll get is a kind of joint fuzzy blob. And that's all we'll see. That's if they're overlapping. However, supposing it's actually a wave, then if you have a wave going through two slits, then the oscillations of the wave are going to be going in and out of phase. And as you move across this screen, across here in this direction, the amount that they're in and out of phase is going to change. And so they're going to be giving constructive and destructive interference. Now remember constructive interference, if you have one wave doing this, and you have another wave doing exactly the same thing, when you add those up together, you get a larger wave. Whereas if these are out of phase, then what you get is basically nothing. And so the net result is that if you have something going through two slits and it's a wave, what you're going to see are regions of bright and dark bands. And the bright bands will be where you have constructive interference and the dark bands will be where you have destructive interference. The particular positioning of these constructive interference fringes depends a lot on the spacing between these two slits. Indeed, some of the shape of it depends on the size of these slits. And so you don't necessarily see those fringes very clearly when you put it through two slits unless you make the spacing and the sizes of these slits appropriate to the wavelength of that wave. So if the natural wavelength of the wave that you're putting through there matches that spacing, then you're going to see something significant over on the screen. So Jung used sunlight as his source and he put it through a little pinhole, so we get a nice single point source of sunlight. And then he put it through two other pinholes and he saw his interference fringes and from the placement of those he figured out that the wavelength of the red light was around about a micron and the wavelength of the blue light was around about half that. And the other main thing he showed was that light was clearly a wave, because you can't possibly get interference fringes if you don't have a wave. You can't get two particles adding together to give you nothing, or two particles adding together to give you the equivalent of four particles. It has to be a wave if you're going to have interference. And so he went and published this and showed, yes, light is a wave, I've shown it. And this of course made people very angry. And so Kaposco the theorist attacked him in the Edinburgh Review and eventually he was sufficiently undermined that he went back and focused on medicine for a while. In the years to come after that, Fresnel wrote a thesis about wave properties of light and Poisson tried to prove him wrong by saying, well, obviously if light's a wave, then if you have a perfectly round object, then what you should have in the middle of the shadow is a bright spot.  Now people originally took Poisson's suggestion as a disproof of the wave theory of light because no one had ever seen bright spots in the middle of shadows before. But in order to expect that bright spot, you have to have your surface smooth on the scale of the wavelength of the wave. And given that the wavelength of the wave was supposed to be round a micron, it took them a while to make a ball that round. And when they did, of course, what they saw was this bright spot, now called Poisson's spot. And so our final conclusion was that light is certainly a wave.


Hello, welcome to the lecture on Searching Operation on Array in Java. In this lecture, we will be discussing about how to perform searching operation on array in Java and methods available to perform this operation in arrays class available in Java library. The learning outcome of this video lecture is that the student will be able to write a Java program to perform searching operation on array and will be able to use binary search method of arrays class in Java library. Searching operation is finding a particular element in given list of elements. There are basically two types of searching which we will be discussing here. First one is linear search and second one binary search. Linear search is the simplest way of searching a particular element in the array. In the linear search approach, the search element is compared with each value of that array with the target element. As shown here, in this example array is containing 7 elements 45, 23, 67, 34, 12, 28 and 56 and search element is 12. As per linear search algorithm, 12 is first compared with the first element in the array. So in this example, 12 is compared with 45. Now here, 12 is not equal to 45, therefore search will be continued to next element if next element is present in the array. Here next element is 23, so 12 is compared with 23. It is not equal, then continued and 12 is compared with 67, so 12 is not equal to 67. Now search is continued and 12 is compared with the next element 34, 12 is not equal to 34, continued with the next element, 12 is compared with 12. Similar search element is matching with array element. Now we found search element in the array at index 4 in this example. If not found case is arrived, then search element is compared with each element till last element in the array. Second searching algorithm is binary search. This is an efficient searching algorithm and in this approach, search is performed on the sorted list of numbers. It is also called as half interval search. The range of array will be divided into two parts at every iteration of comparison. The search element that is target element will be compared with the middle element of the array. If the target element equals to the middle element, then we found element and search is completed. Else, search will be continued in one of the divided part based on the search value smaller or greater than the middle element. Here is the example. List of sorted numbers stored in the array. The numbers are 8, 12, 16, 24, 29, 36. These numbers are stored in ascending order. Size of the array is 6. This list is divided at the middle by using lowest index plus highest index divided by 2. I shown here in the formula. It means for this example, 0 plus 5 divided by 2 which results in 2. So the middle element will be at index 2. Now the search element 12 is compared with the middle element 16 which is not equal to 12. Continue the search in the first half because the search element 12 is smaller than the middle element 18, middle element 16. Now search range is from index 0 to index 1. So middle element in this part is calculated using new lowest index and highest index that is 0 and 1. So middle element is at index 0 that is element 8 which is not matching with the search element 12. Continue the search in the second half because the search element 12 is greater than the middle element 8. Now search range is from index 1 to index 1. So middle element in this part is calculated using new left index and right index that is 1 plus 1 divided by 2. So the middle element is at an index 1 that is element 12 which is matching with the our search element 12. Here search element match found and element found at index 1. Now search is completed. In this way the binary search will work. Now here is a demo example demonstrating the binary search algorithm. First the array A is initialized with the value 37, 10, 15, 91, 110 and 150 which is in sorted order in ascending order. The variables declared here is the target that is the search element 91, left index initialized to 0. The middle variable is used to calculate the middle element index and right variable is initialized with the array length minus 1. Now the search will be continued if the left index is smaller or equal to the right index. If this condition is satisfied then only the search will be continued. Now the first we are going to calculate the middle element index using the formula left element index plus right element index divided by 2. Now this middle element is compared with the target element and if it is matching so we found the element at that particular position and we will stop here only our search. So that is why break statement is there. If the middle element is not matching with the target element then there are two possible cases that is target element is greater than the middle element or the target element is smaller than the middle element. If the target element is greater than the middle element means we have to continue the search in the second half. So left index will be changed that is middle element index plus 1 and if the target element is smaller than the middle element means we have to continue the search in the first half of the list. the in that case right index will be changed that will be calculated using the middle element index minus 1 and in this way the search will be continued till the left element left index position is smaller than or equal to right index position. The other case if we do not find the search element in the given list then it will continue the searching and it will come out of the loop in that scenario the left index will be greater than the right index so in that case we will found that element not found case. We have discussed how binary search works. Arrays class in java.util package containing binary search method which is most efficient method to find an element in a sorted array in Java. This method searches the specified array for the specified value using the binary search algorithm. The array must be sorted before making the call making the call to this particular method. If it is not sorted the results are undefined. The declaration of binary search method is shown here. This method is public static method it is accessible using the class name itself. Return type is integer and two parameters are passed to this method. The first one is array of elements of specified data type and second parameter is element of same type that is key to be searched. This method returns index of the search key if it is contained in the array list. As this method returns the minus insertion point minus one what it means we will discuss more detail using example. Here is the simple Java program to demonstrate use of binary search method from arrays class. Integer array A is declared and initialized with the sorted values that is 10, 11, 13, 14, 15. Now key variable is declared and initialized with the value 14. Binary search method from arrays class is called with the parameters integer array and key. The return value is stored in RET integer variable and RET value is displayed in the next line using system.out.println. Now here search value is 14 which is present at index position 3 in array A. This index value is written by the binary search method while searching 14. Next case assume K is 8 then 8 is not present in array A which value it returns if it will be negative number but not always the minus 1. In this case if 8 is 8 will be inserted in this sorted list then at which index it will be inserted that is it will be 0. At index 0 it will be inserted to keep the list in sorted order. The return value will be minus insertion point minus 1 so in this case it is minus 0 minus 1 which is equal to minus 1. So while searching the key value 8 the binary search method will return minus 1. Another case is if the key value which we are searching is 16 in this case 16 does not exist in array A therefore new insertion point for 16 would be 5. Hence the return value is minus 5 minus 1 which is equal to minus 6. One more case with the key value 12 in this case 12 is does not exist in array A therefore new insertion point for 12 would be 2. Hence the return value is minus 2 minus 1 which is equal to minus 3. So with this example program we have seen how binary search method works. Now pause the video for some time and answer the below question. What is the value written by the binary search method called in the given code snippet? Here the value 45 does not exist in array A so the new index position will be 3 if 45 would be inserted in this sorted array A. Therefore binary search will return minus insertion point minus 1 that is equal to minus 3 minus 1. So therefore minus 4 will be written by this method. Thank you for watching this video.


And here are the people, TV boxes, like computer and extremely affordable Windows computer. You're making kind of like the cheapest Windows desktops in the world, right? Let me introduce you from history. First one was this one. That's Android TV box. This is still a very powerful GPU, even more powerful than Intel. That's the people, that's the rock chip right here. And the second one is this one. This one is more like a mini PC plus a TV box. How popular was this so far? It's very popular, especially after we launched the dual system. Do you have a dual port? Dual system was helping a lot for the sales. Sales people are crazy. People want to have Windows and Android? Yes. And that's also a bigger advantage to buy from people. Like an 8-brand ASUS, whenever they don't do dual system, because Windows and Google, they don't support. Okay, so this is very well, but this is not screen. This is the second one. The second version, we make additional screen. And this is the X8? X8. And it's already selling a lot? It's selling a lot. But you just launched very recently, right? Yeah, yeah. So you are producing big quantity, selling many? Yeah. And for this long, this is like a PC. For example, you can use like a TV box, if you connect to the TV. Secondly, you can use like in the office, you can use like a mini PC. There is also some customer, they use different way. For example, they put this in the meeting room with HDMI. So this could be the present for the presentation. You just need this one, very low cost. For the presentation, secondly, you can also use this, connect to a printer. This could be the, with the internet, this can become the server of your printer in the office. Very low cost and not take big space. And there is also, I heard a very funny story from my customer in China. My dealer told me, many of the customer, they buy this. They just print, connect the USB to a photo print and they just, they can print. They make a photo print service on the street. For example, if you have a phone, you just give a photo to him. He can print the photo to you immediately. And that's very low cost. And sell for 10 RMB or something? Yeah, something like that. Making some money? Yeah. This really interesting story. It's really cool. I think people can also do the same thing. So this is a nice touchscreen and is it stable? Yeah, very stable. Very stable? That's really nice. What did Microsoft say about this? They already see and they say, cool? Cool, cool. They say good job. They say it's very cool. And in the future, not only this, that's where the IoT control center. This can connect to all of your home device. For example, to the camera, the camera or the light, for your air condition, however. In the future, we'll make more, function more apps to connect to work like a smart phone. So you don't need to connect to another screen? You can just use this screen? Yes. And control the IoT? Yes. And this is a newer version. Newest version is like an Intel code that is a compute stick. Yeah? So it's all-in-one and it's just a small size. The function is sent us this. This Intel on a stick? Yeah. And which is the name of the CPU here? Patriot 3735. And is this ready for shipping soon? I think we still need like one month to finalize the location. A month later? All right. So which market is going crazy over this one? Where are you selling mostly those two? Mostly, I think China, we start from China market. China already very well known. But overseas, I think if they know this product, people will buy. There's many reviews already. Yes. Many websites do test about this. Yes. So all the big websites have test about this. Also this? Yes. And what did they say? What does the article say? They say good? Yesterday, I just received one customer from Italy. A professor, he told me he liked this very much. And that's a good job. He told me. And he said thank you. Thanks for me. So you have the whole distribution channels working through Europe, the USA or where? People are able to buy this online now? Yeah. And shipping from Europe or shipping from China? You can buy from China, from eBay, from Emerald. I think all you can buy. All right. And what's the price right now? What's the latest price that people can buy? Retail price for those? In China, we are selling this at like $100 retail. $100 US dollar? Yes. And this one is less? That would be something similar. Similar? Yeah. So $100, you get how many GB RAM? GB RAM and 32 GB storage. All right. But in Europe, there's import, duty fee, customs, something like that, right? Yeah. Extra.


Cascading style sheet is the name for a standardized instructional language for the presentation of HTML documents. The name is split into two parts. The first part, the character C, refers to the fact that a CSS instruction can trigger elements in an HTML structure depending on their place within the structure, that is, in a cascaded fashion. The second part, the two letters S stands for style sheet and it refers to the concept of applying layout and design principles to an HTML document. This e-lecture discusses the basic concept in cascading style sheet and its use and embedding into an HTML document. There are various ways ranging from inline to external use of style sheets and then of course we will look at the term cascading in more detail because this implies a very important concept as far as the hierarchy of using styles is concerned. To develop the central principles of cascading style sheets, we will use the HTML document that I used in my previous HTML e-lectures as a starting point. Well, here it is. As usual, to the left you will see the source code and on the right hand side you will see how the HTML document will be displayed within the browser. Let us now focus on some basic ideas associated with the use of cascading style sheets. The most important benefit of using CSS is a drastic simplification of web authoring and web maintenance. Let us illustrate this using our heading tag. Assume you want to have a very special heading displayed in blue, displayed in italics, 18 points in size with a yellow background and maybe a dash borderline around it. To achieve these effects, this is what we could do. We use the style attribute with a set of values within the h1 tag. For example, we could use the value color blue, font style italic, font size 18 points, background color light yellow, this is the hexadecimal code, border around it one pixel in size dashed and in a gray color. Well, since the style attribute and its values that I have just listed are directly integrated within the HTML code in the body of a document, this use of styles is referred to as inline style. As a result, the heading is now displayed in the predefined format. Theoretically, such style definitions could be added to any tag. Let us use more style definitions this time applied to the paragraph tag. Well, here again, we are using the style attribute inside the opening p tag with the value color is black and font size 14 points. And well, this is the result exactly as wanted. Now, the text between the paragraph tags is displayed in black and it is 14 points in size. But what would we do if we had many heading tags and many paragraph tags within the same document? Do we have to repeat our style definitions again and again? Theoretically, we could do that because there is no limit to the use of inline styles. However, there is a much more economical way to avoid that. Instead of repeating the style definitions as inline styles, we could define them once within the header of the document. And here, the style tag with the attribute type and the value text CSS defines the availability of a so-called embedded or internal style sheet. Of course, it is not a real sheet. Rather, it is a type of definition. And within the style tags, we can now list as many style definitions as required. Let us look at the details of how this is done. There is a special syntax for doing this. Now, these style definitions within the style tag must begin with a selector. The selector is the tag name to which a style definition refers. And within two curly brackets, you get a number of property value pairs where the property is separated from its value by means of a colon. The number of property value pairs within the curly bracket is not restricted. However, if you have several of them, they must be separated by a semicolon. Here is a simple style which would now apply to all h1 tags. The selector is the h1, the heading one tag. The property is color and its value is blue. This second example now applies to all paragraph tags within the same document. And now we have two property value pairs separated by a semicolon. The first has a property color, the value black, and the second property font size and the value 14 points. Now these style definitions can now be placed within the style tags. By the way, if you want to find out more about selectors, that is the various types of selectors and how they can be grouped, I strongly recommend to consult our e-lecture about CSS selectors. Having now defined some selectors with their property value pairs, we can apply them to our document. Okay, here we are. And now as you can see, we have the style tag within the header and inside the style tag, the two style definitions we've just defined in detail. The result over here is still the same. However, the advantage is that the two styles that are defined within the header, that is within the embedded stylesheet, now apply to all tags within the same document. And if you want to change a style, we only have to do it once in the embedded stylesheet and no longer in each tag. But what if we want to apply the same style to several HTML documents? Well, here is a solution. We would use so-called external stylesheets. Instead of defining the style in the header section of each HTML document where we need it, we define it once in an external file and load it together with those documents where it is used. To do this, we need a standalone link tag in the header section with the following central attributes. The first, the rel attribute is used to define the relationship between the linked stylesheet file and the HTML document. Rel equals stylesheet means that the stylesheet is persistent or a preferred style. And then, of course, we need the location of the stylesheet. And this is defined by means of the attribute hyperlink reference with the path of the stylesheet. Now, we used the stylesheet styles CSS. In fact, you can choose the name freely. And our stylesheet is located one level above our current document. And finally, the optional type attribute is used to specify a media text CSS type for a cascading stylesheet. From this external stylesheet, which is basically just a plain text file, all style definitions that are defined there can now be applied to a document as long as the HTML document has the link to the stylesheet in its header. The result is still the same. By the way, in an additional screencast, my senior research assistant, Nathalie Kiesler, explains how external stylesheets are created and how they can be applied, among others, to divisions within the HTML document. The advantages of using external stylesheets should be clear by now. Design decisions can change. Whenever designers decide to improve the design of a website, this can have a large impact on every page within a website. In a large site, such as the Virtual Linguistics Campus with several hundreds of thousands of HTML documents, this would have to result in a change of every page. For example, if the specifications for a typeface or a color are written into the HTML documents itself, this is virtually impossible. So the benefit of external cascading stylesheets is that one can change a color in a stylesheet file common to all pages in a website. And this, of course, improves website maintenance. It leads to a high degree of design consistency and, very importantly, it separates content from design. Despite these main advantages, there are also some problems with the use of CSS, especially in terms of browser support. Browsers are sometimes faulty as far as their interpretation of stylesheets is concerned, especially when more complicated rules are applied. Finally, we need to define the term cascading. Essentially, it means that there is a hierarchy, a cascade of styles. The lowest stylesheet in this hierarchy is the browser itself. That is, those styles that the browser will use by default, a certain font size, a certain color, and so on and so forth. The second in this hierarchy is the external stylesheet, and it includes, of course, the browser style. Number three is the embedded stylesheet, and the highest priority is given to inline styles. And the implication of this, well, rules can be overwritten depending on their place in the cascade hierarchy. When there is more than one style specified for an HTML document, all the styles will cascade into a new virtual stylesheet, according to the order from highest to lowest priority. To put it in a nutshell, inline styles override embedded styles, embedded styles override external styles, and so on. So if you want to apply any special effects and you have an external stylesheet, this is not a problem at all. Inline styles always override other styles, so use an inline style in your particular case. This e-lecture concludes our introduction to HTML and CSS. Having attended our e-lectures, HTML fundamentals, HTML text part one, and HTML text part two, which includes the discussion of lists and tables, the e-lecture about images and hyperlinks, and now this one about the use of cascading stylesheets, you should feel confident using HTML not only in its basic form, but even beyond. Of course, there are more tags and attributes and principles. For example, the new multimedia tags in HTML5 and the numerous properties with which texts can be formatted. We will introduce these principles and special effects when necessary, but for the moment this foundation should suffice as a basis. So thank you very much for attending this set of e-lectures.


For us, for Tregruis, we've got so many customers in Scotland that we've had for a long, long, long time. And because of the distance and the effort that needs to go into planning a journey like that to get up and visit everyone. This has been a really good experience, especially with the funding that we've had from the Welsh... ...so all the support we've had from BIC Innovation from the Welsh Government to do this sort of thing. It's made it a much easier thing to do. We've been able to visit. We came up a couple of days earlier. We visited some of our customers on the day before. And in Glasgow, in Edinburgh, old sailors, small independent customers. And that's just an extra bit that we've been able to tag on to the show. And then that's also enabled us to actually do a customer-facing event... ...which we never have been able to do previously in Scotland. So it's been really useful so far. And also selling a bit on the side as well is always happy days. It's always a bit of a surprise, I guess. They're expecting Scottish brands to be here. So when they see a Welsh brand, it's like we've gotten lost or something. But no, I think we've got a lot of fans. Because the business has been going for so long, we've got fans. You can find out products on the Isle of Mo, you know, at a farm shop there... ...or at a farm shop in Aberdeen, Edinburgh. And so actually seeing them as in person in the flesh has been quite a surprise. And it's been a way for them to make face that we've never been able to do before. So it's been positive, really positive. Trigroes products, obviously, they've tried it. You always tell people, most people don't know you're supposed to put their waffle on top of a cup of coffee... ...that store a cup of tea to warm it up. And so, as soon as they realise that, they like the product when they first tasted it... ...but then when they realise that there's that extra bit of theatre, food theatre to it... ...it's even more enjoyment out of it. So it's always good to get that education about the product across too. So that's another thing that's been fun. And especially the chocolates aren't as widely available as everything else. And the milk chocolate cup of waffle is always everybody's favourite once they try that. It's the showstopper. So yeah.


Everyone, welcome to today's day trading recap. Today is Monday, the first day of February. Good way to start the week, good way to start the month, plus $1,256.50 on the morning. Let's take a look at what we did here. We did three mighty 90 trades, all three of which were winners, book 240 in Facebook, 300 in Vidya, 55 in Roku. We actually took a pairs trade this morning, unfortunately did not work out, minus 176. We were trying to go long Russell versus short MES and the Russell just got weak compared to the ES, so that one did not pan out. And then on the runners, we did five trades, four of which were runners.  So let's check these out, I'll show you what I did here, starting with the mighty 90 in Facebook. So let's start with Facebook. Take a look here, I'll expand this so you can see it a little bit better. So we had this initial flush lower. I had a little pop in volume here, so we started getting short right in this area and then we added to it down here in this area. Caught that nice bounce and booked a $240 winner. Nvidia did a pretty similar thing in Nvidia about the same time a little bit later. I spread these entries out a little bit, but we got long here in Nvidia about right here, pushed against us a little bit. I was looking to potentially add, added to Facebook instead. We've got a nice little bounce, two bar bounce and we're out for 300 in Nvidia. Roku, so in Roku we had a couple trades, one was a mighty 90 and then the other was a runner.  And then our runner was the big, our biggest winner of the day was our runner in Roku. When it came down to this pivot, our friend Dale in the community called this out, had a little higher volume, pushing down to this pivot after making a strong move. So we got long right here and caught this move all the way. I think it closed out my last piece like right here. Obviously there's a little bit more on there, but I was kind of wrapping up the morning, wanted to be done. So closed that out, booked a nice winner of $705 on that runner. Other runners, we had one in AMD.  Had this big spike on the way down. So we were looking for a bounce to get short. We got short right here, caught a nice flush. We're trying to get filled to close half of it down here. Didn't quite get there. I actually had where I had an order to get filled for half about right here. And then it bounced a little bit. So I moved my order up and it just ran away from me. So I never did get filled. So when it pushed up back above this level, we just closed it out, took small loss of $180. And then in beyond, booked $194. This was on a runner as well. And so on this one, on this big push up, couple big high volume bars, waited for a little pullback, got long right here, got out of most of it here. No, we got out of half right here. Held the rest through this chop. And when it made another push up, we just bailed on the rest. We were kind of wrapping up for the day. So plus $194 there. DKNG, small winner for $89. Caught a runner, tried to catch a runner here, caught a little piece of it. But this isn't really one of the traditional runners like we teach, but had this big flush down, had this bounce up into positive territory, not quite up towards the high, but above a key level. It was kind of chopping around, chopping around. When it made this big flush and then bounced right back up and positive, this is where we got long and just caught a little piece of this, got out of most of it right here. We're out of three quarters of a position. And then when it started pulling back, again, we're just kind of wrapping up for the morning. So just ended up closing it out. Obviously that little piece would have taken off, but just kind of done. This goes back to the self-awareness piece that I talk about all the time. This was a time when I just, I started getting a little bit fidgety, kind of wanting to get out of my positions, losing focus. And so, while I could have stayed in and watched the screens, I just didn't. And you've got to be self-aware because a lot of times when I start feeling like that, I start making poor decisions. So even though I left some money on the table, I'm okay with it because I know myself and I know that getting out when I start feeling like that is the best decision long-term. Netflix, kind of the same thing. And Netflix, this is one where I, so I had closed everything out, I was kind of done and then I saw this move in Netflix and I thought, well, I'll take one more trade. And so we had this big push-up and it pulled back to the pivot. I missed this entry here. I didn't see it and it had already bounced. I was like, ah, I missed it. I'm just gonna forget about it. And then it came back down. So I ended up getting long right here, pushed against me, chopped around a little bit. And then finally when it popped up, I closed it out right here because the rest of the market through all this chop, the rest of the market and the NASDAQ were doing this just straight up. And Netflix was not participating in that. So I didn't like the looks of that. So when it had this little bounce and I got to a positive P&L, I just closed it out. Obviously in hindsight, held holding would have performed better but using those market awareness things will help you out in the long run. So anyway, just booked a scratch plus 30 on that one and already showed you Roku. So those are all of our trades. If you guys have any questions, let me know, we'll be back streaming live again tomorrow. Cheers.