Mariah better not respond. Mariah just said well, I mean you're pretty cute. Hello, baby. What you mean? I'm about to get heated guys. This is cheating. She said we're in Illinois. You based that maybe we can meet up We're gone.  This is actually messed up because I'm literally about to go off Hey, baby. I'm off I will I love you All right, you stay safe too. Don't be letting anyone in that you shouldn't You try not to what is good mom's car welcome back to our channel Sorry, I was just jamming out in here for a little bit because as you know by the title guys I am literally coming back with the prank today. I'm gonna be pranking my girlfriend Mariah. She's clearly in our apartment I'm very far away actually not really our apartment buildings right there. She thinks I'm on my way home We live about 45 50 minutes away from our house where we used to live and she thinks I'm going there to spend The day with my mom and my dad and just you know relax there, but I'm not guys I'm gonna be pranking her and it's gonna get crazy now I don't know how I titled this video guys If you clicked in the video and it said something like I try cat fishing my girlfriend to see how she reacts or something Like that then that means she didn't fall for it.  She has been getting me with some good ones But guys don't worry you already know when you see the team bill pranks come in You know that it's gonna be a banger video So what better way to start off this by creating the account? I'm trying to think I feel like I look like a Trevor. I don't know. Maybe it'll maybe like a Chad Oh Chad my boy Chad is coming in guys. All right. We're gonna make the account right now Okay, Marvel Squad. I was not expecting it to pull out this camera But I got an unexpected DM from this Chad guy and let me just say I don't know if it's just me Thinking that it's bill or what or thinking that bill is pranking me right now But I just have a weird feeling because the way this guy is typing and the way bill types is kind of the same and like I did see this the video on Sam and Jess's page. I don't know Marvel Squad I just feel like this is bill and even if it's not I have it on video footage of me thinking that it's bill So something would happen. This guy wants to like expose me or something. I Don't know Marvel Squad, but what bill is doing this team Araya has to come back strong and I just have this weird gut feeling and I have really good senses And I just have this really weird gut feeling that bill is trying to prank me and try to catfish me If you guys don't remember I actually did this on him a while ago So he really thinks he can fool me come on team Araya is a lit team and you guys already know we pull bill in traps We backfired on him.  Oh my god. This is about to be crazy I'm like hoping that it's bill low-key because it'd be super embarrassing if it's not guys She literally just hearted it and she's typing now and literally just popped up since seen and I'm freaking out guys I cannot believe it was that quick. It really hasn't been like five minutes. That's crazy Hopefully she just thinks it's like a fan being nice and like wanting to meet her But I did put that like emoji face where it looks like hmm So can't believe you responded or you liked This she said hey, thank you once this pandemic is over me and Bill will of all she thinks is a fan right now I like to go through my DMs I have been trying to go through my DM several times a day recently and so I saw this guy was being supportive I kind of just slipped past like him saying I'm out of Illinois and time you want to chill I said hey, thank you once a pandemic is over me and Bill will of course do it meet and greet She doesn't think that I'm hitting on her. So let's see. I'm gonna say oh my god I can't believe responded. That's awesome, but I low-key met just you and me boom Oh my god, I can't believe responded, but I low-key met just you and me like come on or you're me oops I meant you let's see how fast she responds again.  I'm excited to see what she says guys This is gonna be the breaking point this next message is gonna be the breaking point whether she actually says no Thank you or doesn't respond or says like oh Lol well, you're kind of cute. You know what I'm saying kind of go looking Chad Chad the man come on answer Oh, she said he said oh my gosh can't believe responding and I love all that's awesome But I low-key meant just you and me we love showing love back to our supporters. So of course I'm sorry, but I don't think I can do that. We love showing back to our supporters of course I'm sorry, but I don't think I could do that wait. Why did she even say I don't think I can do that Hello, baby. What I'm gonna say well, I'm not a supporter. I'm more of a lover The Chad guy goes Ella. Who cares? I'm not really a supporter.  You really think that I'm gonna believe someone with seven followers and one like and posted 21 minutes ago Oh god, I'm really hoping this is bill But um hashtag team or I have to come through with this. So let's start flirting with him back guys guys Mariah Any time good for me to hop over? Oh, I'm also gonna say I just started a new Instagram. I just started We're about to flirt hard back with this kid this Chad Chad the man for oh This is so funny guys, and I like I said I'm really hoping this is bill because it'd be super embarrassing on my end have to tell this Supporter that I thought it was bill and he's probably not gonna believe you try try to expose me or something But I don't know all right guys. Let's start texting back. I'm gonna say well. I mean you are pretty cute But I don't think we could hang alone. I'm sorry just try to like keep like keep being a loyal girlfriend Just in case you know I don't want to throw it right at him because I don't want Bill to know that I'm on something like I'm figuring it out. So I'm just gonna be floating with this kid hard right now You just seen it.  I can't let team bill try to prank me There's no way this is not bill just the way that he's typing and the way that his words are in messages Like there's no freaking way. This is not him. I don't know. We're gonna see what he says Before I could send another message Mariah just said well, I mean you're pretty cute What but I don't think we can hang alone. I'm sorry. Hold up. Hold on. Hold on. This is not happening I'm just gonna send the message that I had What do you mean? Well, I'm I mean you're pretty cute. So you don't care about your BF I'm about to get heated guys. That's not even funny. Like if she's actually serious I like this is supposed to be funny. This is supposed to be something like I'm not about a catfish my own girlfriend Answer you think I'm cute and you know, she would never show me this Hold up, I'm actually uncomfortable now see if she responds to this All right guys. So the Chad guy messes back and said I just sort of my answer That's why I don't really have followers, but yeah, I love to do so you don't care about your boyfriend I'm gonna be like I mean I do care about him But things have been rocky and I want to maybe try and Explore my options and see how I'm feeling and make a decision Then where in Illinois? Are you based at maybe we can meet up? This is actually Bill I feel like he's pooping his pants right now if I was getting his EMS from him or back from me And that was from him like I would be crapping myself like oh god guys team right I have to come back strong if it's bill. I have to keep it strong guys He's not even typing cuz I think he's bills probably so mad right now team right yeah team right. Yeah All right guys now. We just wait for him to reply. He's taking forever to reply So this Chad the man is probably getting a little nervous She said I mean I do care about him, but things have been rocky And I want to maybe explore my She's talking to a random-ass guy like that hold on hold on guys. This is what? I'm literally about not crying. I don't want to film this video anymore. She said where in Illinois you based at maybe we can meet up This is not serious. I don't I'm gonna say one more thing and then I'm gonna go back in if she's actually being for real This is this is messed up. She doesn't there's no way. She knows I'm filming Hold on okay, okay. I'm just gonna say Okay, okay, okay. Sorry. I said I could come over today. I'm about 30 minutes away from you. I think is your Bf gone And my squad can I just say something this looks like I'm not making fun of the whoever this is It's not me making fun of him But I feel like bill would make a face like this like I feel like he would make a face like this in a photo It's next day at the beach. I don't know. I just have a weird feeling. This is bill because I mean Oh, he's typing. He's typing. Oh god. I am so nervous I'm like really hoping this is built to be super embarrassing on my end But at least I have footage showing that I thought it was bill so I could come over today I'm about 30 minutes away from you. I think can I just say something? This just proves right here that this is bill because how does he know he's 30 minutes away from you? I have never it's I've never told anybody where our apartment complex is So there is something spit a suspicious bill is not playing like a random dude Like he is totally blowing his like whole thing guys.  I don't even want to film this video anymore I'm only do it. Just I'm gonna expose it up right now. It sounds bad, but I would never do this if anyone if any girl DM me I would never do this to anyone. I don't know what she's typing right now She's seen it. It's your boyfriend going over today. I'm about to 30 minutes away from you. I think yes Bill is actually not going to be home till late tonight I'm confused because bill also says he's at his mom his parents house I don't I don't know. I don't know. Yes bills actually not going to be home till late tonight So I can cook us dinner and we can get to know each other.  Your body is And I'm gonna do a bunch of hard eyes So mad guys I cannot wait just because I know he's probably the driving home or he never actually left I cannot wait for him to walk through the store and have him realize that team Mariah got him so freaking good This just shows right here. We are a lit lit lit team lit lit lit Mama squad if you guys haven't already gives video a big thumbs up you guys already know if this video does go up I want you guys to comment down below team Mariah in the comments to him team Mariah backfired So I said you could come over now if you'd like he just left 30 minutes ago So perfect and he's not in the DM. So I'm not sure if Bill is still active So so I'll be back once Bill responds or let me just say Chad. Yes Bill is actually not gonna be home till later She said you're so cute. You're about okay. Hold on.  This is actually messed up She's still typing get out of the chat Chad does not exist Okay, I'm gonna I'm literally about a bus through this door. No, I'm just gonna keep it cool I'm just gonna keep it cool come back and I'm gonna say hey babe. I'm not going to my parents tonight I'm gonna see if she actually says that someone was damning her or she'll just play it off Like no one's there because I'm literally about to go off. All right. I'm in the stairwell right next to my room I'm just gonna go in there and low key film like down. See what she does Hi, I'm back Okay, why? No, is there anything you want to tell me? I'm up.  Don't even touch me babe How are you feeling in that moment?    No, which is why I was so surprised when I saw that you were messing You should have been typing like a whole different you because I know the way you text and you text like that this And I just knew from the way you were typing and like this also gave it away. You said I'm 30 minutes away from you I'm like, how does he know he's 30 minutes away from me when we have never You were trying to pull something on me Chad. What about it was real. It wasn't me. What about it? It was actually real. Oh my god Chad the man for what it was actually So I had to put four because Chad was taking What was really funny was I went on the Instagram photo and I looked at the photo and I zoomed in on the face Pick the picture that represents you the buzz because you always make that like I just figured I pick a dude that was just you know muscular and you couldn't resist him Well, I'm sorry babe, but team or I came back on this team bill try to pull a little scheme on me I was so I was so pissed in the car. I'd like I literally That's what you get for trying to print I parked I parked across the street. Oh my god I should check your location even think about you did turn it off just so you wouldn't know Oh, I wouldn't even look at I didn't even think about looking at that Well, I that's what I thought just in case but I live across three and the drive from there to here I was so mad. I would I would not freak out You can't really see it in the video that I was filming, but I was so pissed like off camera I didn't want to film anymore. I wasn't even gonna post this I came back strong today, and that is just proof that you know That is such All right, I'm ending this video right here because I want this this humiliation to go on for any longer guys literally I don't even want to talk about this anymore, so I hope you Okay, but in the beginning you thought of some random dude I was in my DMs when you were messaging me It was like the I stood the top or all requests and you came up first.  I could totally pull off. Honestly.  I can see you being a zane. What's up guys? It's Zane and Mariah here Zane Mariah Chad here before we end this video. We have to give away a hundred dollars It's the first giveaway out of ten The winner all you have to do is watch our videos all the way through be subscribed like the video comment down below You're cash at no and make sure post notifications are out It's a big thing comment about your cash app and we're brought to announce the first person who won the whole hour Let's go the first hundred dollar giveaway when it went to case We just sent you a hundred dollars. Thank you so much for being a part of our mobless cry guys We just hit a million subscribers. This is the least we can do we can give away some money to you guys for being a part of You know our family like this is a family. We are so blessed you guys 2021 is about to be a crazy year To know by the end of 2021 But we can do it. We got it with nine hundred thousand away. We're already at almost We're a strong lit army. Let's do it. Let's do it. That's our biggest goal to mill. We'll get away even more Actually, we'll give away bigger. We'll give away a car Boat a house. Oh, I don't know You know, she's not loyal man anymore. She's only loyal to Chad For For Come on down Chad the man for if you made it this far in the video We want to see who washed our videos all the way to the end. So come down below Chad I know that I know that but I just I just had to be sure All right, mom. Let's go. We'll see you guys in the next video. But until then, he's love you guys


I'm sorry, this operation is in case anything happens to that, we can provide a They're going to give us a transcript Listen, you and all please give her my heartfelt thanks We'll see if you have any questions Some of the other and the other microphones there with the U.S. News and World Report I've just been telling them Dave Gergen now, if there are any really difficult questions, I'll let him answer them In my 20 minutes I thought I'd try to go back to certain fundamentals We were told in journalism school that one of the toughest questions to ask is why So I'm going to ask you a few why questions And if I may start on an old issue of taxation In the light of a $2.3 trillion debt and these recurring horrendous debt, why do you insist on no tax increase? Well, because the record shows, Jack, that all the tax increases ever done with regard to the Congress Is enabling them to keep on spending and spend additionally It's never used in any effort to reduce the debt We have been running a debt with only a couple of annual exceptions Running a deficit for almost 60 years And from all but about four of those years the Democrats have controlled both houses of the legislature Well, with the exception of the six here where I had one house and they had another And even if you go back to Kennedy, this tax program, a tax cut program Was very similar to the one that we instituted when we first came in here as part of our economic recovery plan Why did your tax cut program result in all of these deficits? It didn't. It is the spending I can give you a figure on that before I got here, what was going on and what was built It's structural You remember long about in the middle 60s, a man named Lyndon Johnson was organizing his war on poverty Well, from 1965 to 1980, in those 15 years the budget went up to just about five times what it had been in 1960 The deficit went up to 38 times what it had been in 1960 It is structural. It is built in I knew when I came here there was no way that you could balance the budget in one year But we had set out with the idea of doing it If they had given me the budget I asked for in 1982 The cumulative deficits between 82 and 86 would have been $207 billion less than they turned out to be The Kennedy when he was fighting for his tax cut, he was very eloquent to the end that Taxes that this cut in taxes was actually going to result in more revenue and it did This was also true in the tax cuts back in the roaring 20s They resulted in higher revenues and our tax cuts have resulted in more revenues at the lower rates than when the rates were high I believe that the biggest factor and now that we're in our 58th month of economic recovery That the biggest factor in all of that was our reduction of rates It offers an incentive I was a classic example Jack back in the picture business when they were giving us all that if money And I was freelancing and I was also a couple of pictures put me in the 90% bracket Well you know they could offer me going with the wind and there wasn't any way that I was going to work for 10 cents But why in light of what you say about the structural built-in effects Why then are you supporting a new entitlement program for catastrophic health insurance Well for one thing it is not the program that the Congress now is talking about They're talking about a program I could not accept This one is one that imposes an unnecessary tax on people Can you afford to pay it our elderly citizens We think that the program that we proposed First of all the catastrophic illness thing is one with what has happened today And prices and all that can literally wipe out a family We had a plan in California that involved the private insurance sector and they were willing And we couldn't get it passed But when I was governor we had a plan that would have ensured everybody against catastrophic illness And the total cost was only about $35 an individual Of course sometime ago Yes but the thing is where we didn't get any attention for it or paid to it I know was the fact that there were only about 10,000 such cases a year in California out of 20 odd million people Well wouldn't these plans whether it's Dr. Bowen's plan or the Senate proposal Wouldn't they positively invite enlargement expansion as the years go by Do we get to a national health insurance Well that was what we thought we were ensuring against That I know that the other possibility is there even now Because there are some people in the Congress who have never given up the goal of socialized medicine We could identify a few of them Yes we could Switch to something else Why have you picked so controversial a nominee for the Supreme Court as Bob Bork Well I don't think he should be controversial His record first of all the people who supported him for the next highest court in the land Circuit Court of Appeals here in Washington I would refer you to Biden's statement when he endorsed him for that position And went out of his way to castigate anyone who would suggest that they should vote against him Because of his political philosophy I don't know whether Mr. Biden remembers saying that or not but I do Do you have any idea why these members of the American Bar Association panel voted in effect against him Well it doesn't surprise me the difference of opinion in the bar association there But what does surprise me Jack is the way so much of the media is reporting those four individuals Is somehow kind of way out After all there were eleven on the other side One that took the middle position of no objection Which is their custom But then ten who gave them the highest recommendation that the bar association can give What eleven to four I think that's a pretty good score But you have not heard the reasons why these four Changed from the position that the bar took five years ago I can't say that I have I assume that it's the same thing that making other individuals sound off But look he has never in over a hundred cases that he has forwarded That he's made decisions on that were then forwarded to the Supreme Court He has never been reversed by the Supreme Court I wasn't sure that there were a hundred that went up I thought there were fewer than that but he had never been reversed No I was told that it reached a hundred or maybe a hundred plus What do you anticipate will happen to the confirmation Well I'm optimistic that we're going to get it I just can't believe that when you know I met in California with seventeen individuals Who were the heads of every law enforcement national group in the United States And unanimous they are supporting and they have come together Like the head of the police association and all of these things District attorneys and so forth They have all joined together in a single force to support the book nomination Let me leap to another subject here, foreign affairs now Why do you persist in supporting the contra cause in Nicaragua Which is an effort to overthrow a duly established government Well first Jack I have to challenge that it isn't a duly established government That the entire chronology of this has taken up The revolution against Samosa brought together diverse groups And many just individuals It is true the Sandinistas were probably the foremost organization Existing organization before the revolution They had been in a communist organization for many years When the at a certain point of the revolution when I'm going on for quite some time They the revolutionary leadership asked the organization of American states To intervene and see if they couldn't persuade Samosa to step down in order to stop the killing The organization of American states asked what are your revolutionary goals Whether they were the goals we'd all support They were the goals of a pluralistic society of free press, free speech Freedom of religion, labor unions, all of these things And this was delivered to the organization The organization then asked Samosa and Samosa said if it will stop the killing Yes and stepped down Then the Sandinistas taking advantage of their having an organization They went to work and started eliminating the other revolutionary leaders Their former partners Just disappeared And some exiled and a number of them are now a part of what are the contras And then, yes, they staged an election But if you look back at that election How any other candidates were denied access to the news media Radio or anything of that kind There is no question that it was a frame up And it ended up with a total as we know now It is a communist government They themselves that their inauguration announced that their revolution knew no borders And of course we saw Cuba step in We have seen the Soviet Union The Soviet Union has supported them And given them billions of dollars in aid and support And we feel that in view of this present peace program that has been advanced There are such loopholes in it That the pressure that is needed to bring them to the democratization that their neighbors are now demanding Is provided by the countries The $270 million that Secretary Schulz talked about yesterday That comes right in the middle of these peace proceedings Will it interrupt them, interfere with them? No, because it is destined for the same thing simply to keep We want to cease fire We want the Nicaragua, the Sandinista government to recognize They've got to also sit down at a table with their own people Who are represented in the contras And this they've refused to do We have asked for that for a long time The idea of a negotiated settlement is not just new We've wanted that, but we've known also The only chance you have to get it Is to have that threat, that pressure of the people taking over Looking down the road a few months What do you foresee in this Nicaraguan situation? Will the pressure work? Well, if it doesn't work We've got to be in a position that we have not in another words destroyed the opposition And then the Sandinistas do what there's every evidence they might do And that is the Sandinistas take advantage of those loopholes Make a pretense of democracy But look at the restrictions they themselves have put A pointing of a commission to sort of oversee the democratic processes Yes, they have Cardinal Obando there But all of this is going to be taking place in October And according to the schedule, the Cardinal is going to be in the Vatican And the Sandinista government has named his alternate to replace him while he's gone The vice president of their own government Let me jump because this coming week will be the Constitution week I know that you are generally in favor of repealing the constitutional amendment That limits the president to two terms Are there other changes you would like to see in the Constitution? Yeah, a balanced budget amendment I know you, I was going to ask you why you keep resisting in that Well, because 80% of the people according to the polls want it Every place in the United States standing in front of as many as 40,000 people When I have mentioned that, I am interrupted by applause In many times of standing ovation No more states of petition for a constitutional convention on the idea Yeah, but 32 of them have already Some of those were a long time ago too, were they not? And the thing is, I think there are many of us who would rather go the congressional way Because once you open that door to a constitutional convention No one knows where it'll stop It's open then to everything that you want to propose But any amendments that came out of such a convention would have to go back to the states for ratification, would they not? Yes, but they would have to under that But they, also the same thing, they have that opportunity with the Congress passing this And it would be so much quicker and more efficient And they designated that one subject All right, I won't argue with you, I will argue with you, but not right now Balance budget amendment and the two term limitation What other constitutional changes have occurred to you? Oh, I don't know that there are some will, there are some things that I have And the presidential election process, for example, would you see any changes there? No, but I have social things that I am very definitely on the side that God should not have been expelled from the classroom Would you like a prayer amendment in the constitution? I think that what's being done is a violation of the separation of church and state Everyone cites that Congress should make no provisions about having a state religion But it also says that it should not interfere with the practice of religion And I think it is very easy for many years, there was prayer in classrooms And it wasn't denominational or anything It was in keeping with what's engraved in the stone above the Supreme Court building And other places that in God we trust and we are a nation under God Then there is the matter of this I would look at further and has to do with the abortion amendment These are the very things that even Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932 When I cast my first vote, which was for him, his campaign was to return to the states and local communities Authorities and autonomy that had been unjustly seized by the federal government We're a federation of sovereign states And I think there's been a continuous, over recent years, there's been a continuous drive to centralize more and more And take from the states authorities that were vested in them by the constitution So I would like to look at more of those But definitely I think the amendment with regard to abortion That was just as murder is, that was in the hands of the state The state jurisdiction Under the constitution only a native born American can run for president Would you like to see that provision taken out? No, I don't think so I think traditionally that... Eric Lentz who came in ought not to have a chance to become president Well, I don't know, maybe that could be more closely looked at Let's say with maybe with an age provision If you really look at it, I would have to give some second thought to What happens to someone who came here as a very small child And then all their lives from then on were in this country I think the provision, we know what some of those were based on back in our beginnings But I think the provision recognized that we're probably the only country in the world that is open to everyone from every corner of the world In an interview with Carl Rowan Justice Thurgood Marshall has some very unkind things to say about you About your record and racial justice Why do you suppose Justice Marshall expressed those views? I don't know, but I'll tell you, I'm surprised that a Supreme Court justice Who is supposed to look at all sides of an issue before he makes a decision Has obviously made no effort to look at me with regard to Racism or discrimination Jack, I was raised in a household in which the greatest evil was prejudice and discrimination It was back in a time when there was a great deal of religious prejudice in this country My father was a rough, tough Irishman and a Catholic My mother was a Protestant I'm afraid my father gave up going to church for Lent So if my brother and I were to get any religion, it was by way of our mother But this whole thing about prejudice, I was raised that way I have a record, not only all my life as a sports announcer I was one of the little handful of broadcasting major league baseball Over the years who editorialized that baseball should be opened to the other race And then as a governor of California I discovered that the civil service regulations in California Definitely discriminated against the minorities There was only a small percentage of them in government employment And they were only at the lower levels of almost menial labor But as president, haven't you taken certain actions or positions That have militated against the blacks such as your desire to get rid of the small business administration Which has helped a good many black entrepreneurs The Civil Rights Commission has withered away under your administration Would these be some of the things that Justice Marshall had in mind? Well, I don't think the Civil Rights Commission has withered away I think there's been a great change, we've got to recognize what's been done Small business administration wasn't based on that Because then I would refer you to our programs with regard to government contracts Defense contracts and all And how we have energetically, without the small business, gone out To make sure that they were involved in government And I would also point to the figures on the number of cases I think we top any other administration that's ever preceded us With regard to the cases that we have initiated For restoration of rights, financial problems, salary problems and so forth Where there has been discrimination And Jack, as I say And in California I changed all those regulations And before we left office we had a Multiplied with several times the percentage of minorities employed But also employed all the way up through government And taken those restrictions away It's been observed that you've appointed, nominated very few blacks For minorities to the federal bench I haven't, you know, the truth of the matter was The, I had to say there weren't any left When I got here to appoint And also I think you, I think your appointments reflect Political or ideology I should say And well that's behind your nomination of Judge Bork, is it not? Do you like his political ideology? No, I like the fact that I've taken politics and I did in California Out of the appointment of judges But I think a philosophy I guess is what I'm talking about Not politics, a philosophy of that a judge In the Supreme Court should interpret the law I know that's a cliche now and not make it I have been very critical of the court in recent years Which I have thought had taken over making the laws Was it fair to say that you hope that with Judge Bork On the Supreme Court some of these decisions would be reversed Significantly modified? I haven't even given a thought as to whether that's up to the court I would never suggest something of that kind to them But would you hope that Miranda would be modified for example The exclusionary rule would be Yes I would, I come from the state that gave birth To the famous diaper case, do you know what that was? Diaper case, I thought I knew every significant Supreme Court case Which you've got me on that one Well in California two drug enforcement officers Oh yeah, that was the Fourth Amendment case They had a warrant, they searched the house Evidence had been given to believe there was heroin there In that home and they found none and they were on their way out When suddenly the one of them turned back to the crib And there was the baby and he removed the diaper And there was the heroin and it was thrown out of court On the basis that the baby had not given its permission to be searched Unlawful search and seizure All right Marlon has the fidgets over there So I think my time is just about up The last time we talked two or three years ago You were pumping a little iron, are you still? I'm temporarily removed from that right now With the ranch, I kind of strained a tendon in one arm With our chainsawing and handling of huge logs and so forth And I went into the gym when we came back to try And found out that there was a twinge definitely So I'm going to have to wait a while I was just teasing Howard about putting on a few pounds How's your weight doing? It's holding about even The thing is though that I found from pushing the iron Out of the sudden the scale was going up Instead of going down And then I found out something You have to start going by measurements instead of weight Because muscle weighs four times as much as flab And I reached a point where pretty soon The increase in muscle, I added two inches around my chest Howard, did you add around your waist? That went down Very fortunate I know we're Let me just take one little thing I've got to tell you an incident that makes me so frustrated With things like what Thurgood Marshall said And this whole idea involving me I played college football beside the right guard I played beside a center that was black We became the closest friends And I had great pleasure I ended up at Morris University as an athletic director When I came here as president I had him and his wife at the White House for dinner And thank God because a few months later He died of a heart attack But in college, one trip We overnighted in my hometown On our way to the game the next day And I took the coach into the manager of the hotel In that little town of Dixon, Illinois And the hotel manager said to the coach I can take everybody except your two color boys And our coach said, well then we'll go someplace And he said, well he won't do you any good There isn't any other hotel in town We'll take him out But this is in northern Illinois What year was this? This is back in 1932 And no, in 1931 as a matter of fact I graduated in 32 And as we started out the lobby I was just madder than him And he said, we'll sleep in the bus And I said, Mac, you can't do that They'll know why And he said, well what are we going to do then? And I said, well he had very definitely told me That I could not go and sleep in my own home I would stay with the team Well that was all right with me I could see the reason for that But now I said to Mac Why don't we go out and you tell them That there isn't enough room for everybody here And we're going to have to break up And then when you put me and Berkey and Joe in a cab And we'll go home And this man, who could be as mad as he was Turning to me and looked at me and he says You really want to do that? And I, knowing my family, said yes I'm going to do that We arrived at the house I pushed the button on the bell Nelly, my mother came to the door And I said, now there isn't enough room In the hotel for all of us Can you put us up? Not even a quiver she said come in And so forth And I never knew that I had gotten away with it Until I came here And a press man That had interviewed Berkey And his capacity down there Told me that Berkey told him That he and the other one frigged That this was why we were sleeping in our home His name was Burke? Burkhart Burkhart And we came to Berkey And before we got out of school We elected him captain of the football team Good story Always so good to see you Good to see you I better get rid of this microphone And again, thank you very much for it I think Nancy may enjoy Pain on some weekends Well, we keep fighting I think Nancy may enjoy the book Oh, yes Thank you And raise life as a book And start with your grandmother And your father and so on And I don't get on with it That's the way it is


Our final speaker this morning is Karen Fang, who will be speaking on the topic of financing. Karen is a managing director and head of global sustainable finance at the Bank of America. The title of Karen's talk is financing considerations for carbon capture and storage. Over to you Karen. Thank you. Can you guys hear me okay. Okay. Thank you, Sarah and Mickey and the Stanford University for giving me this opportunity. We at Bank America Corporation has a long standing relationship with Stanford so I want to give a shout out to the entire team here for the excellent work that's been done over the years I know my colleague Rich Brown is on this call as well so as Sarah said I run global sustainable finance for Bank America. I've been with the bank for 11 years, running various structure financing and sales and trading businesses in the front line. And I was asked to run sustainable finance as of a year and a half ago financing the energy transition is a C sweet agenda pretty much at any large global company. So it is a topic that's very, very important. And I think the, the goal here is to talk about from the financing lens, I do realize I'm the, the black sheep here in terms of representing the financial services sector. Obviously everything does cost money. Everything does run on capital in terms of this very important climate transition so we have a very important role to play to connect the supply and demand of capital and carbon removal and carbon sequestration and storage is so important, but it's so nascent. It really requires a lot of the, the collective work between us to make sure we can scale this, and achieve the climate benefit that we all want to, we all want to see. So just want to give you a couple perspectives from our, our standpoint, in terms of when we think about this from a bank perspective and investor perspective. We see these opportunities, and what are the incentives such as the 45 queuing the tax code for carbon capture and other asset financing and project financing considerations that are necessary in order to scale this very, very important sector. This is a sustainable finance framework that I was talking about. So this is how we actually think about it, and any financing related to carbon capture and sequestration of storage obviously falls into the first pillar which is environmental transition, and inclusive development is very important obviously in terms of affordable housing healthcare education, racial and gender equality so how we think about these things is every project we do we also want to look for the intersection between the costs. So as we consider where we put our financing, where we put our investments. That is also an important consideration is this environmental justice or climate equity point so that's just a side point. So the mission is about mobilizing scaling right so very, very, you know, interesting experiments are are good to try but when you think about, you know, human capital and financial capital in terms of, you know how we want to focus and prioritize we definitely want to focus our capital and and and frankly human resources on in the area that you all collectively in academia believe is the most scalable technology going forward. So that is actually frankly a lot of the work we're doing and we're spending so much time in the academic arena to understand things that are just not in the marketplace today the soil carbon topic we talked about direct air capture and point source capture a lot of these, you know, engineering topics and solutions that you guys are studying and making incredible discoveries. How do we really make sure that those become commercialized in a scalable manner so that is effectively the work we're doing is to help incubate and scale capital deployment. I mentioned we have a net zero 20 by 2050 commitment at Bank of America, we're not alone 400 out of the 2000 largest companies in the world have made a net zero commitment. And obviously you know many many countries including China have a national commitment commitment as well. What that means to us simply is that the understanding of carbon emissions and carbon reduction strategies needs to be strengthened. And I think the learning curve is still is very steep. And I think a lot of the private sector investors and corporations. The reason it's a top of the house agenda is that the knowledge base is still very limited. And the solution set is very limited in terms exactly just exactly how you can achieve carbon neutrality and zero that need to really kind of speed up the learning and speed up the capital deployment is very much there. In order to support our net zero transition we also announced. This is one of the work that my team has driven with the top of the house and our eight lines of business and all of our colleagues at Bank America is we decided that we have to hold ourselves to a goal of monetary capital deployment. It's not just net zero as an ambition but it's also when we say we want to scale capital deployment we got to have, we got to lead by example. The goal of this year we announced that we will commit $1.5 trillion by 2030, and out of that one trillion is to focus on the environmental transition pillar that I spoke about, and, you know, 500 billion plus will be a will be deployed towards inclusive development which is a social side of the, the sustainable finance as we discussed. So that is a pretty big commitment, and pleased to report that we are joined by the five other large, you know, large US banks. So collectively we have a almost a $4 trillion commitment between now and 2030. And all of us are looking at the best technology for carbon removal and storage and sequestration to finance frankly, we believe without that you just the net zero accomplishment will be in question. So we are not starting from scratch the firm has been at this for a long time we're not doing this because you know this is fashionable. We are the top issuer of ESG bonds in globally, we are top underwriter ESG bonds all of those can contribute to the financing of these instruments. We have financed over, you know, underwritten almost $400 billion worth of green bonds and social bonds and sustainability bonds. We are top renewable energy investor and lender in the US. We intend to use that skill set for carbon removal. So we financed 17% of the US renewable generation, for example, in tax equity and in asset financing. So we believe that we have the know how in terms of, you know, structure the right financing to scale a particular technology or sector. So absolutely looking forward to using our skill set there to help in this space on the social side we're also very advanced we're one of the largest affordable housing developers and investors in the US. We are one of the largest CDFI lenders and investors in the US. And we do a lot of work right now with our corporate clients globally in helping them understand, you know, what does carbon neutrality and that zero mean and what are the, you know, tank fruits they can, they can implement today to reduce energy use to renew their source energy to wind and solar for example, and how do we really help finance and lease and and trade for our clients, such that they can actually have a very credible glide path towards net zero. So, with that next page please. So the tailwinds are here, right so the private sector is not moving alone obviously from the public sector perspective, you see that 191 parties ratified the Paris agreement I don't have to tell this audience today, you know that the US is very focused on this. And so my administration has really sped up a lot of the different, whether it's tax policy discussions whether it's different types of earth shots for clean hydrogen. There's a lot of momentum from the public sector. But if you look at regulation wise, the EU and the UK are ahead of the US, when you look at the EU on ESG disclosure or the sustainable finance taxonomy. And what in the UK the PR a the regulators doing all of this is pointing to convergence of ESG disclosure, carbon disclosure, and potentially a dictionary essentially to tell global capital markets and investors and banks. What is sustainable finance taxonomy compliant, and what is not, and the intended consequence there is that there will be a differentiation in cost of financing and cost of capital. In the most compliant projects, the financing will become cheaper and more scalable, and the sustainable finance taxonomy non compliant instruments will not be so will attract more expensive financing costs, for example. So all of that is basically to say that there is a lot of momentum from the public and private sector to finance the right technology and the right sectors that are doing the right thing to decarbonize as fast as possible. The cost of momentum is there 32 trillion out of our global asset management assets under management has declared net zero. That's 36% of the global AUM. As I mentioned, we are one of the 400 plus companies that have announced net zero commitments by 2050, and that's out of the 2000 largest companies in the world. How much does this cost. So we've seen different reports from BCG to the UN. And actually, the energy transition is expected to cost around 100 to 150 trillion dollars in the next 30 years. So that's roughly three to five trillion dollars a year. And as I mentioned, that's why we stepped up our commitment to say, we as one bank will commit $1 trillion into aiding this transition, and the top five banks actually, you know, have collectively pledged about $4 trillion. There are long ways to go, but we do believe that the momentum is there and the capital will be there. Very focused on the following four sectors in terms in the in the banking industry, clean energy and power clean transportation, carbon capture and sequestration and offsets credible offsets high quality offsets of course we understand the criticism. And then agriculture sustainable agriculture and water and waste to energy. These are all important sectors that we're putting a lot of capital and helping companies go public. Bring them debt and equity capital through you know IPOs and, and some specs, and as well as the capital markets and converts financing. We offer a variety of financing advisory and trading solutions to our clients you can see this at the bottom. Whether it's, you know what I won't go through all of it, whether it's all the, you know, ESG bonds and loans that we can offer securitizations, looking at different types of PPA solutions for corporates, looking at tax equity solutions in a variety of sectors when solar EV believe the tax equity solution might be coming in a very, very credible way for SAP as well. So the space is evolving fast. And I think the incentive scheme and the market participation structures are all evolving very fast. Our job is to apply what we have learned in wind and solar financing and EV and energy efficiency financing into more nascent technology space and that's why we're here is to learn. What is the most credible way to remove carbon from the atmosphere using both engineer solutions and nature based solutions. And then we all look forward to your guidance on what's the technology to bet on, because I believe, as I mentioned the capital is there, but we do need to prioritize and differentiate such that we're not you know spending money on 100 different experiments, and then hoping one of them sticks. It's really very much about, you know, being aided by knowledge and basically make sure we can commercialize the most credible technology, you know, in a very speedy manner. I do want to say the supply chain financing is very important topic for our clients, because many clients realize just because they can, you know, become carbon neutral in scope one and two and in their own operations and in their own power usage. That's not enough in the whole climate solution space. They really need to affect their entire supply chain and value chain. You see what Apple is doing, you see what Amazon is doing. We are even looking at everything we source, and the $53 billion expense base that Bank America has is a powerful tool as well. In addition to our clients that we service. It's a very, very important tool for us to say where do we want to spend our expense, everything we're using the company, how do we really affect that decarbonization in the supply chain so I do think that's a very, very important topic, because my scope three is someone else's scope one and two, and we're all in this together. Next page please. I believe carbon removal is, you know, it's kind of one of the four, you know, main solutions that we see for decarbonization. And this is by the way one slide that we show our corporate clients, where we go through. So after you develop a plan, what are the core areas and principles of decarbonization that that you need to follow right, they're always the easy things first and the harder things later, but you got to reduce your energy usage right that's why we're looking at all these different solutions in terms of least certified construction of new buildings, you know, obviously looking at corporate travels, the corporate car fleets, how do we make them electric. How do we really just implement energy efficiency upgrades everywhere in existing buildings and the lighting and the heating and the cooling so it seems very basic to you all but this is not obvious to every CSR office at our corporate clients so we kind of go through this to say, you want to reduce then you want to renew your source energy to renewables, you want to realign your entire supply chain of value chain as I just discussed, and then last but not least put that last mile of unavoidable emissions right we absolutely advocate for very disciplined use of offsets. And that's really for those emissions that after you have done all of the three things on the left, that you can avoid that those inevitable final mile of emissions, you should use a, you know, very high quality offsets, right, to basically remove that last mile so you can become that zero. So that's the framework that we, we use with our clients. And how do you think about the compliance carbon market versus the voluntary carbon offset market. How do you think about, you know, using engineer solutions, whether it's DAC whether it's point source and other type of, you know, engineer solutions, waste of energy, for example, to achieve that offsets, or do you use the more conventional nature base, which I think there's a lot of debate around the green carbon on reforestation I fm for example, clearly soil carbon is a tremendous amount of potential, but it hasn't really come to the financial services industry as an asset class. And I think that asset class needs to be developed with urgency, because just because the amount of carbon absorption potential it has. Blue carbon has been talked a lot of talked about a lot as well. All of these coastal wetlands. And the preservation is very important to some of the climate vulnerable nations. So the work we're doing with United Nations and web there is also very focused on blue carbon because not only you have carbon benefits but you also have a tremendous amount of social benefits. And really, you know, when you think about those vulnerable island nations that the blue carbon is very much in need for those nations to receive the capital that need to revitalize their communities. So carbon offset is not carbon removal is not a standalone topic. We view them as an integral part of the decarbonization work that we do with our corporate clients. Next page please. So this is a slide I don't have to, you know, show this audience but again it's important to show our corporate clients and when we talk about this topic, which is, you know, for for those that believe carbon offsets are just not needed. For CC us obviously you know, again, everyone can be this chart but it's really around. Hey, how do you different path right if you actually have faster CO2 reduction. You may need less of CC us but if you have slower you definitely need to have a lot of carbon capture and and other nature based solutions. And by the way, even if we all collectively achieve net zero by 2050. You know, if you look at the science we still need to be carbon negative between 2050 and 2100 in order to continue to stay on this one and a half to two degree path. So the work is not done in 30 years, and the carbon sequestration and carbon, you know capture work, and the technology need is not done, you know, in 30 years we actually have to continue to capture carbon into many decades into the future. So this is kind of what we see the road ahead, and in terms of developing very robust scalable financing solutions for nature based carbon capture solutions, but also engineer solutions to make sure that we can contribute to this very important climate path. Next page please. So this is where you can see the climate announcement. The capital is there, as I mentioned so you can see that we have the highest sort of climate transition capital deployment goal, along with JP Morgan and some of some of the other us who are managing as well. And the, the, the energy and power majors play a very, very important role in terms of kind of focusing on. Okay, we got to develop a lot of renewable, you know, power I think this is public information to tell just reprinted themselves to tell energies, and just the amount of renewable installation they expect to do alongside BP and many, many other majors and you see here is tremendous but it's not just renewable power. It's also, you know, wind and solar, it's also clean hydrogen, but they're all investing heavily in carbon capture and sequestration and storage.  So all the typical work we do for these established companies. They can also tap capital markets, you know, look at the amount of issuance of green bonds and sustainability bonds. I think right now the ESG bond market is $3 trillion market cap. Last year doubled, you know, the level of 2019 and this year is going to potentially double again so the amount of capital that's aligned with this purpose is increasing by the day. There's a lot of M&A activities that's happening as well where, you know, oil and gas major acquiring a wind and solar company, you see what BP did with light source. It is my belief that a lot of oil and gas majors are going to acquire carbon capture type of companies and technologies and projects to basically scale this. So if you look at the project level, we are actually working on a couple of live transactions right now utilizing 45Q in the tax code to basically essentially reward the tax equity investor, you know, X dollars per ton of CO2 captured. So that's going to help, you know, if you look at the ITC and PTC market, they really helped wind and solar scale in the last decade. So our hope is that the 45Q will be a very important link to bridge the economics to make sure these carbon capture projects get financed. The startup companies on the emerging market side, you can see that it's more venture capital, early stage PE. The good news is that it's not just TPG rise, it's TPG climate, you know, it's breakthrough. There's a lot of capital and a lot of funds are being formed investing these carbon capture technology companies right now and project level companies right now. So I do believe that's actually going to put probably equity level financing to those less mature companies first, and then potentially then getting to the project level tax equity and debt considerations. So this is the last last slide. As I said, we're all in this together. So the intersection between financing and policy is very, very important. This is this is not our research. This is from the global CCS Institute. So many of you probably know this, but we agree completely in terms of the action points here. Kind of driving the learning curve so we can drive the drive down the cost curve increase the financing incentives 45Q is a good start, but I do believe that will be additional incentives could be capital liquidity incentives for banks. That could be very helpful liability protection for the developers. Carbon tax, probably politically we won't get there in this country, but it's good that you has, you know, serious considerations for that and Canada already has a carbon. Carbon tax for 40, 40 Canadian dollars, for example. So I do believe that will be hopefully that playing field would be leveled going forward. Regulatory disclosure that's very important and that convergence needs to happen. So with that sir I know this is 115 so I'll turn the floor back to you. Great. Thank you so much Karen. Okay, we do have a couple questions I'd like to ask. First, how does Citibank go about validating nature based solution projects to ensure that they're actually making greenhouse gas reduction impacts. Oh, I'm sorry. Bank of America. Oh, sorry. Thank you. We validated our interim so we actually work with a lot of external parties to validate where we are the baseline and basically kind of get that certified so we absolutely don't it's not just an internal report because the information goes into our annual report. And in TCFD. So we absolutely have third party verifying our emissions and emissions reduction path. And that's how we, we do this every year but we also, when we became carbon neutral in scope one and two in 2019, we did a pretty serious audit internal and external audit as well. Great, okay. And how much risk needs to be removed before you finance projects so you know are there a certain number of plants need up and running or you do need some demonstrations of the technology to take off agreements what how much of that needs to be reduced It sort of is that it really depends right so we're working on a biomass to to sing gas and with a carbon capture so it's a negative carbon sing gas project right now. And then when we're looking at it we're looking at the offtake of the LCFS credits. So that becomes part of the revenue stream part of the revenue stream is a 45 q tax credit. Then part of the revenue stream is a carbon offset offtake by corporates. So when you add up those three aspects of the revenues, we all of a sudden makes a very very early technology, somewhat financeable because you have corporates essentially taking on that technology risk. But if you have a project where you don't have these offtake contracts you don't have any 45 q application, then the revenue side becomes very lucid that becomes much harder to finance. Okay, and a related question how about. How do you value the CCS projects when there are very few markets, having a serious policy in place to pay for them. And there's no clear revenue path, how do you go about doing that. And that's exactly the question which is why you know we believe that in the absence of public policy or incentives, you know, like if 45 q didn't apply for some reason because you apply to industrial sites for example, then you have to really get the offtakers. So you leverage these net zero pledges, and you get companies that are therefore thinking, you know whether it's our company Bank America whether it's Microsoft whether it's others that are willing to lean in before these essential removal benefits get recognized as a sort of valid offsets that people can put into their sort of scope 123 offset officially. So it's a little bit of a leaning in a leap of faith, but without any kind of offtaker. You know on any part of the carbon benefit, it is very difficult to finance not going to lie. That's why I think a lot of those technologies require early stage seed or serious a or serious be financing and you can see that right and is still equity funded largely the debt becomes much harder, because when the debt tends to be lower risk low return. So the debt capital doesn't come in until you have some kind of, you know, certainty in cash flows on the revenue side. Awesome. Okay. Thank you so much. Thank you Karen for presenting today.


topic I have which is depth perception. I will go a little bit into that. This is covered in chapter 10 of the of the Mather book. Depth perceptions and it is a very important topic for a virtual reality right. So, we like to think that one of the biggest differences in looking at a screen compared to looking through a head mounted display is that we can provide to you depth perception through stereo, but not completely true that that is the most important distinguishing feature. We get depth information from many, many sources and I want to make sure that is very clear. So, depth perception. This is by the way a very general pattern in perceptual psychology is there is something perception. So, we have depth perception we will talk next about motion perception. There is some other things I will not have a lot of time to talk about but we could talk about scale perception we can talk about color perception right. So, this is just a template here if you like. So, if you want to study more of these things later it will follow the same mentality. So, we will be studying what are called depth cues and again in this pattern cues over and over and comes up again. So, if I if I am studying motion perception then I will talk about motion cues. So, cues are somehow pieces of information that trigger the brain to perceive whatever it is that we are trying to perceive right. What is what is the key information that we need? What are these features that are going to be used? It is going to be two different kinds of depth cues. One nice way to separate them is into what I will call metric and ordinal. In other words metric is going to be varying continuously with distance and ordinal is about ordering as the name suggests for example, near to far.  Another way to maybe name these number one could be maybe continuous if you like and number two could be combinatorial right. It could appeal to the computer scientist in you if you have that background. So, again the thing I want to emphasize is that there is a multiplicity of depth cues right. So, not just stereo. When you look at panoramic images for example, if you have had a chance to look at those in the lab they may look quite three dimensional even though the same image is being presented to both of your eyes. So, why is that right? So, we need to talk about that. All right. So, I will go through some examples one retinal image size.  Combined with your knowledge about what it is you are looking at right. So, assuming you are looking at something familiar. Let me give some pictures here. So, for example just based on the size of that hand as an image on your retina in the context of a person standing there behind you make some inferences about how close right. Does the woman have an enormous hand in the image on the left or is it just closer? You do not see an arm there really it is the same picture either way right. So, you are making some inference about depth and you are not using stereo. Again, what is the size of the image in the retina? So, we know maybe how large a tree should be and so, if we see two trees and one is further away. So, on the right there it shows that the smaller tree is perceived to be further away simply because it occupies a smaller region of the retina. Another thing we can look at is height in the visual field. So, let me write that height in visual field. So, we did not change the size of the person there we just changed their height in the visual field there is a horizon line and so, it appears that the the man at the top is further away. So, that kind of information we are also using. Here is another one where is the spear going to hit right. I guess there is also some size changing there as well actually combination of two of them I would say because there is height in the visual field, but there is also differences I do not think the elephant should be smaller than the animal in the front. Texture gradients and perspective, texture gradients and perspective is a part of this may not be a perfect texture. So, we have some examples of that you perceive depth right just from the from the the the street stones in this painting. It is a lot of perspective near the top there in fact, it looks a bit excessive, but but at least from the the tiles on the ground you can see you get some idea of depth you get ideas of depth from this right just an arrangement of lily pads. So, again depth from this kind of texture gradient again is a kind of texture here texture gradient. Another one is image blur. So, it looks in this one that the blurry parts are farther away right. So, further away just by the way we have drawn this image we perceive the pink flower to be closer. In this case we have blurring up in the front we perceive the garden gnome to be further away. This is a case before. Another one is atmospheric, atmospheric perspective. So, the hazy mountains in the distance right seem to be further away. So, it is some additional q. This one is great shadows let us see 6 shadows are shading. So, in the top picture I perceive the balls to be going further and further away right as we go from left to right, but in the bottom picture I prefer them I I perceive them to be at the same depth, but just different heights in the air right. And the only difference between the top and the bottom is how the shadows are rendered. So, clearly you are using some additional information from the shadows to help you reason about depth it is happening all the time for us. You can also look at these shadings to figure out whether it is a cylindrical shape just from the way the shading works here. So, in addition to just straight forward shadows there is a just shading across the object. It is the one on the left an inward cylinder or outward cylinder I am not sure we can tell there may be ambiguities there looks like the other two are a little bit clearer maybe not sure you know. So, maybe the last one looks clear that one looks outward right. So, be careful with those, but you do get some depth information. Another one is interposition right. So, I perceive the yellow disk to be closer than the red square which is closer than the green triangle. So, we get some kind of depth ordering that is an example of ordinal information and the same kind of thing is happening in this complex picture right. So, there is a lot of boats out there people in the front waving, but we get a lot of information just from the ordering and not necessarily using any of the other queues in this particular case there is not a lot of extra information there, but we start to infer about various sailboats and where they are located with respect to each other from this interposition. So, let me give a few more here goes on and on does not it 8 accommodation and this we talked about before right is this refocusing of your eye. So, just based on your brain's knowledge that your eye has had to refocus you perceive something as being closer. Now, if you mess that up with your head mounted display by making everything appear to be at infinity all the time you have lost this queue. What is the effect of that? I do not know someone should study it, people have studied it, but there is still a lot of unknowns. So, you are losing that queue many people would argue that is a very important queue to keep for depth maybe more important than stereo. Motion parallax motion parallax. So, if I move back and forth I guess I need to hold some kind of object stationary here, but if I hold the station I go back and forth then I see this object passing in front of you who are further away at a faster rate right. So, the objects at varying depths intermingle in a certain way where the closer objects are moving more quickly as I move back and forth right very important motion parallax that is important for visual sense it is important for your audio sense. So, it shows up in other places. So, it is important here as well. Now, if I have a head tracking algorithm that is running with sensors and such for a head mounted display if I can only rotate I get some motion parallax if I simulate the translation of my pupils still using rotation, but if I move like this I will not get motion parallax. So, if I look at a panoramic display and it was taken by a panoramic camera at some fixed location and then I start doing to do these parallax motions I will not get this beautiful arrangement of objects moving back and forth. So, you will lose that if you capture a panorama with a stationary camera right. So, you lose that bit of information. So, it is very important to have that, but that gets lost in that case and finally, number 10 I save this for the end the obvious one which is a stereo stereo cues. So, what are these there is the vergence angle right.  So, you have a signal for that you have what is called binocular disparity. So, how much how different are the images between the two eyes now there will not be because your eyes are rotating it will not be the same as if I just had two cameras facing forward and then I move them apart to get stereo. I am not rotating the cameras to face the object like I would my eyes actually rotate to face the object of interest. Your cameras would not right unless you put some special motors on them to rotate them. So, be a little bit careful. So, in doing stereo computer vision you get a very large displacement when you when we are talking about the human eyes they are rotating and converging to fixate on the object of interest, but there is still some disparity in the images right even though they cannot look identical because you are looking at them from two different perspectives. So, that is what I mean by this binocular disparity it is not as much as it is in the engineered case, but nevertheless your brain can detect that information. There is diplopia which I mentioned earlier if I fixate on some close object then there are multiple images in the periphery that is additional information. A couple of more things I will say about stereo you have to pay very close attention to what is called the inter pupillary distance or IPD.  If you do not get that right if you do not have adjustments for this do we have adjustments for those in the lab does not look like it. So, if your IPD is far from the average which you might not even know this what your IPD is most people do not know this. My IPD happens to be lower than most. So, I am I can remember maybe the 15th percentile or 10th percentile or something. So, my eyes are actually close together you know who would have thought I have no you know compared to the world average. So, so if you so that is one question is are you looking through the center of the lenses that is very important for the optical part of head mounted display. Another interesting question is in virtual reality now have I matched you know if you believe you are in a perfectly scaled world have I matched the inter pupillary distance perfectly or is it too small or too large.   If you make your IPD very small you might feel like you have become tiny right. So, there are some there are some applications people have written where you can make yourself feel like you are you are suddenly maybe 10 centimeters high right and so part of the way to achieve this is by decreasing the inter pupillary distance. So, that definitely has a lot to do with your perception of depth and your perception of scale. Let us see here this figure just shows what is called the horopter which is the region when you fixate it is the it is the stereo region that you get. So, a common stereo focal region when you consider the clear images projected onto the retina there is you know remember we did all these study of focal planes this is showing the stereo focal surface that is common for your two eyes. There is the calculated theoretical surface for that and then there is what has been determined empirically which does not seem to match exactly. I personally do not know why they do not match. So, I do not know what theories there are for that, but that is what we get and this may also provide some motivation for people advertising curve displays perhaps. If you sit exactly in the right place then it may give you a perfect perception, but you know who knows. Let us see are there any questions about anything I have gone over today. I will leave you with one final optical illusion just for final surprises, but see if you have enough background to explain why this might be occurring. Does that look strange to you? So, this is the it is called the cafe tile illusion. All of those lines are horizontal right back wing back and forth, but they seem to be bending don't they, but they are not. So, I will leave you with one optical illusion there to think about. So, that is it for today. Thanks.


The group, while speaking through its national president, Mr. O'Callie Friday in Abuja says the coalition took the decision to warn the president of the wear of this faceless group and disregard their call out of utmost national importance. We firmly reject any claim made by this group, suggesting some government officials and agencies have been engaged in unethical and illegal activities. These accusations are unfounded, lacking any substantial evidence or credibility. These accusations are part of a grand plan to amplace President Bola Chinabu and disrupt government under his administration. Moreover, we find it essential to highlight that the allegations put forth by this group are nothing but a timely attempt to extort and blackmail government officials. Their actions demonstrate a complete disregard for the truth and a clear intention to damage the reputation of government officials in all progressive congress-led government of this day. Mr. O'Callie says the group convener, Boyega Adeoye, is a failed journalist who had shown lack of integrity through dissemination of lies and blackmail to hoodwing vulnerable public holders. Boyega Adeoye is a failed journalist, sat a few years ago for dragging the reputation of his former workplace to the mud. He has since set up a failed news website to continue his, quote, brought envelope-inspired yellow journalism and to continue defrauding unsuspecting victims. We are deeply concerned about this impact of such false accusation on this country. Adeoye and his fake organization have shown a lack of integrity by disseminating these lies. We urge them to reflect on this on the action and consider the potential harm they are causing to Nigeria and the President's tenured bullet administration.


Hello and welcome to the Paul Canobine show. I'm Joe Wamba joining Paul Canobine head coach of the Men's Lacrosse team. Coach, you guys had a while off, but let's talk about that Tufts game from last Tuesday. It seemed like every time you guys started to make a run back at it, they shut you down. Ultimately, you fall 16-13. What do you guys need to do to keep that coming back? I thought overall it was a really good game. Two teams getting after it feature like 106 shots, something like that, and two teams going up and down. And we just missed our opportunities. We had a lot of shots. I thought there were quality we could have made. We went over through some passes to some open guys that could have led to some goals. I thought we did a real, this sort of decision making in the middle of the field between their straying lines was a little off at times. It killed us in some of the clears where we had open guys and we threw the pass low or high or didn't quite make, or didn't see the open guy and kind of made a poor choice. So that's kind of where that game was won or lost a little. I thought they did a real good job between the lines but two good teams really getting after each other. So we're there, we're close. You know, we just got to start making more of the plays to help us win than more of the plays that don't help us win. I think we're really close to where we are.  Is he, you had five goals. Is he starting to get back into the groove after? Well, I think JT is finally starting to get in shape after missing last year. It was a long haul for him to get back into shape where he is now. So he's moving so much better. He's running so much better. And that really helps to shoot the ball when you're in shape, especially through a course of a game. And so he's playing better and he's doing what he needs to do. We have a lot of good players that are getting people open and JT seems to be on the end of the so-called gravy train a little bit for that. But he needs to continue to finishing the ball like he's doing. He's put a lot of work into his shot so far this year. And you touched on it earlier about the defensive effort. You guys, again, played well in stretches. What do you need to do to keep playing that 60-minute game? Well, overall, you know, I think they just got us a little bit too little runs. They got us in the start of the first and the start of the third. But I thought we played pretty good defense for the most part. Between those lying decisions a couple of times off the faceoff, we made a real poor sub and gave them some opportunities. It's tough to say we played good defense when we gave up 16 goals. But I thought it was a solid effort and that we probably gave up eight goals in broken situations that normally, I think we would cover pretty good, but we didn't do it in this case. And that's how these quarter goals, but they're a very talented team that shoots the ball well. And we'll learn from it. You know, moving on to Lebanon Valley in Arcadia. Yeah, I wanted to talk about the, you know, flipping over into the conference schedule. How important is it going to be to get going on the right foot and get a W against Lebanon Valley? Well, hopefully we just continue to play the way we are alive and improve on it. And that lower our level of our play. We played really good teams. We played six ranked teams in a row. And you know, we're really excited to keep going here. And hopefully we need to maintain our level, come out of a lot of excitement, not turn the ball over as much and really put our will to some of these teams. Hopefully early on, then it'll make it a little bit easier on us. But, you know, Lebanon Valley, six and one having a great year. And then Arcadia, you know, we'll go into them. They're doing much, playing much better. So two challenging games. Well coach, we wish you the best of luck this week. And hopefully coming out of it to a no record. Oh yeah, that's the plan. Thank you. He's Paul Canabine. I'm Joe Wamba and this has been the Paul Canabine Show.


And veteran visual artist Yusuf Grillo has been confirmed dead due to COVID-19 complications. His son, Boyega Grillo, confirmed the 86-year-old died in the early hours of yesterday. Grillo is considered one of Nigeria's outstanding and academically trained painters.


I was a high school teacher for a while in the state of Maryland, and that's always kind of been my focus since I got into teaching, and what I really wanted to do was figure out how I could be engaged in research so we can come up with better methods and better ways of teaching. All of my research and scholarship is on teaching and learning, and I think having the opportunities to expand upon that here is really exciting, and there's so many things that the university is doing. The award is a nice thing to kind of show that that emphasis on trying to improve undergraduate teaching and learning. It is an exciting thing, especially since it kind of comes from students, but it just kind of really shows the emphasis and importance that they place on teaching at Purdue, and all the opportunities to help give the students the best experience that they have here. We've got some great students, and they're really out there trying to do some things that make a difference, so I think letting them bring that into the classroom and learning from them, I really look to them for their inspiration, too. What I got out of the teaching experience is, you know, the biggest thing I always want the students to do is I don't want it to be treated like a class. I want it to be real, I want them to be involved in, you know, either their ideas or something that's happening in the community or doing outreach with other students, so I can see where they can start building what they want to do in their lives. I really love when they come back and tell me the stories and, you know, what they're doing now or when they go to grad school and do research now that they probably never thought that they were going to do. That's what I want to see. I want to give the opportunities to the students to be able to bring those stories back, and that's really where I see myself and what I do. So I'm here. I want to see where they go and, you know, see what they can do, and to see the opportunities that they can take from that and what we're trying to teach them. Really make it an authentic experience for them.


Terrible missile strikes await Russia, Ukraine develops domestic Himmars and Nassams. Ukraine is actively developing a domestic equivalent of US-made Himmars rocket artillery platform The Washington Post reported, citing unnamed Ukrainian officials. More than two years into the war, Ukraine desperately needs a wide range of military equipment, including advanced munitions such as long-range missile systems, fighter jets and bombers to continue defending against the Russian aggression. Air defense systems and high-precision missiles, similar to the US-made high-mobility artillery rocket system, are being developed. The report adds, The Washington Post notes that despite Ukraine's manufacturing capabilities and specific raw material resources, it has been quite challenging to establish arms production quickly. This is because after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the defense industry in Ukraine practically collapsed. Unfortunately, I can say that without the help of our Western partners, our friends, including from the United States, we will not be able to fully meet the needs of the armed forces of Ukraine, said Maxim Polyviani, deputy CEO of Ukrainian armor. Ukraine's minister of strategic industries, Oleksandr Kamyshin, also stated that Ukraine has deployed a locally produced missile with a flight range of over 640 kilometers. However, he did not provide details about these missiles. According to officials, Ukraine is also developing air defense systems with precision missiles similar to the advanced American and Norwegian Nassams systems. Nassams is a mobile anti-aircraft missile system capable of firing 72 missiles in 12 seconds. It is used to shoot down aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles within a radius of up to 40 kilometers. Volodymyr Zelensky previously stated that Ukraine must become strong and efficient enough for Russia to know that there will be a response to every attack. Strengthening domestic arms production is necessary to achieve this. Ukraine already produces its long range weapons. For example, specialists have developed a new version of the Neptune missile. It has also recently been announced that serial production of drones, which are analogs to Iranian Shahad drones, has begun.


Jerry, of the circus. We have the circus. We can only make that field now. I think I'd better call to him and tell him. Well, Jerry, he's got his hands full enough as it is. You know, he told us not to talk. But what if he hasn't seen that field? Well, if we saw what he did, his eyes are trained for seeing those things. Boy, that gas here smells strong. Hey, look, Jerry, he's heading for it. We're going to make it. Raise yourself as much as you can and hold on tight. Okay, don't you worry about us. We'll be okay, Jim. Say, this is plenty exciting. We're certainly getting our money's worth. Hold on. Here we go. Gee, what's it? It's like a roller coaster. Boy, that's your item. You okay, Bobby? Well, I'm not sure. I'll know in a minute. Fellowes, that was a pretty narrow escape. You all right? Sure. I wouldn't have missed this for anything. What happened? The gas line broke. Didn't you smell the gasoline? I'll say we did. That's a dangerous thing to have happen, isn't it? I'll say. Why, I had to stop the engine. The spark had caught. We'd have exploded in midair. Lucky you found a place to land. Sure made a rough landing field. Say, how are we going to get back? That's what I'm wondering. I can fix up the gas line at Jiffy, but I'm not sure there's enough gas left to take us back. But we've got to meet that passenger plane that's coming in, don't we, Bob? Yeah, we'd like to, of course. But the main thing is to get back to the circus in time for the show tonight. Good night. You don't think there's any danger of bar getting stranded out here, do you? I hope not. I better take a look and see how much gas is left in the tank. Looks like we're in the middle of nowhere. There's not a house in sight or a highway. I wonder where we are, anyhow. Near Tiger Lake, if that helps any. Say, Jim, are there any roads near here? I'm afraid not. The main highway comes in on the other side of the lake. This part of the lake never has been built up. What about the gas, Jim? Enough to take us back? It's pretty low. Well, there ought to be enough to take us in, but it'd be a little risky to try it. Any idea how far we'd have to walk to get help? No, I haven't. We might wander around for a couple of hours before we could find anyone with a car or phone. Say, we just got to get back for the show tonight. I'm certainly sorry. Oh, we know it's not your fault. These things will happen, you know. The only thing is to figure some way to, uh, say, listen, if we were lucky enough to find a car or be able to send for one, how far is it back to town? At least 25 miles. I thought you said Tiger Lake was only 10 miles from the airport. Sure, as the crow flies, but that lake is three miles across over a bad dirt road that winds in and out for miles. Three miles? I got you there, bumps. You bet it was less than two miles across. Looks like I get your dessert at dinner tonight. That is if we get any dinner. Gee, you're right. I forgot for a minute. Looks like we're in a bad spot, Jim. Yes, I'm afraid so. Are you willing to try to make the airport that is if you can fix up the gas line all right? Oh, sure. If it's for the gas line, I can fix that in no time. Okay, you do that, Jim, and we'll go with you. You will? Sure. Well, I don't think there's any real danger, but I never like to take a risk when I'm carrying passengers. Listen, circus folks are used to taking risks. Well, if you two feel like that, I'll get right to work on this faulty gas line. Hey, can I help? No thanks. And I'll tell you what, I'm certain we can get back across Tiger Lake. If worse comes to worse, I'll find some place to land near the highway. So you'll be sure of getting back to the show by tonight anyway. Yeah, that's the ticket. I knew we'd get out of this somehow. Yeah, and we might get back in time for dinner and the extra dessert too. Luckily, this was a nice job. If the gas holds up, we'll get back in time to meet that passenger plane. I sure hope so. Hey, how much time we got yet, Blimey? Let's see. Oh, about 20 minutes. Jim, I mean, this is your excitement. It's lots more fun than just a safe 15 minutes ride to the lake and back. The more difficult it is, Jerry gets into the better he likes it. Sure. Even if it is kind of scary at the time, it's fun. Of course, if things come out right. Give you something to talk about for the rest of your life, huh, Jerry? Yeah, I guess so. Well, folks, that's that. You mean she's ready to go? Sure. So, does it only take a second? Show you both want to risk it? Oh, positive. Of course. And if it weren't that we're going to meet Spike, he's a friend of ours. I wouldn't mind much if we had to come down alongside the highway.  Well, you better hop in. All right. When we meet that plane, we better get started. Okay, we're ready. Now, I warn you. When we taxi off, it's going to be pretty rough going. So hold on tight. Can't be much worse than it was coming in. I hope not. All right. Ready? Okay. I'm ready. Here's he goes. We're off. Boy, that's better. That's one thing. The airways are always smooth. Indeed they're not. So, listen, Jerry, in bad weather, the airplanes knock around worst than ships in the storm and see it. Honest? Yeah, of course. But how? Well, the air is filled with all kinds of strange currents and energies. Oh, of course. Funny. I guess I never thought much about it. And then when a plane hits what they call an air pocket, well, those are the things that cause rough airplanes saving. Yep. Air is a very complex thing, all right. Look how it transmits wireless and radio messages here. Oh, you're right. I guess there's more of this air business than I realized. See, bump, seems like we're going pretty fast. Yeah, I hope you're right. It's almost time for that other plane to be too. I wonder about how far we say we're going to make it after all. Jim's certainly making good time. Can't even see Tiger Lake anymore, Jerry. And don't forget you lost the bet. I get you dessert tonight, bumps. Boy, I hope it's five. Oh, OK. You won fair enough. Certainly hard to judge the size of a thing way up here. Hey, look at that down. It looks just like a map, doesn't it? Yeah, yeah. Oh, and there comes the circus. You'd think the down was moving instead of us, wouldn't you? I wonder how the gas is holding out. Oh, must be OK. Jim would have stopped back there in the outskirts. Oh, here's the airport now. See, we're heading down. Hey, bumps, look. There's a plane landing now. Yeah, yeah. Big one, too. I guess that's the one we're interested in, Jerry. Michael, you'll be surprised to find we've been up in the air, too, won't you? Yeah, I didn't say we were going to meet Spike. Oh, you didn't ask you, I guess. Yeah, that's what you think. Well, here we go. We're landing. Boy, that's something. Not a bump. That was a swell landing. Well, folks, how'd you like the trip? Great. Well, enough.  We don't want to miss our friend. He should be on that plane that came in right ahead of us. Sure thing.  Bumps? He bumps. I don't see Spike. Well, there are all the people that get off. You see, they're just going through that gate now. Aw, bet he couldn't make it at the last minute. Yeah, just a minute. Just a minute, now, Jerry. Hey, see, see that man over there? The one that's looking around as if he's expecting to find someone? It isn't. Oh, Bump, it's Uncle Dan. Uncle Dan. Hey, Uncle Dan. Oh, so you were surprised after all. Hey, hey, Dan, here we are over here. Uncle Dan. Bumps. Well, so you did come down to meet me after all. Oh, Uncle Dan. Gee, I didn't know you were coming. Thought you could keep your uncle in a hospital all summer, eh? But I had no idea you were well enough yet. Ah, Gee, I'm sure glad to see you. Well, Dan, you're looking fine. And fit as a fiddle. I tell you, Bumps, it won't be long before I'll be my old self again and be ready to head for the jungles on another expedition. Jiminy Wilkers. And I was so sure I knew who was coming. I gotta hand it to you, Bumps, for keeping up to secret. Well, what do you think of me for a surprise?  Well, Dan, I guess we'd better be heading for the circus. Oh, you got your bags? Porter took them up ahead. Say, how come you folks were out here on the field? I was looking all over for you over here. Gee, we haven't had time to tell you. Bumps and I had been up on a plane. No. Well, now that's exciting. You haven't heard half of it yet. We had an accident. What? Yeah, didn't we, Bumps? Well, a lucky accident, if you could call it that. The gas line broke. And we had to make the force landing in the rockiest field you ever saw. We had a competent pilot. Yeah, and we weren't so sure whether there'd be enough gas to get back here on. But there was. Not so fast. I never saw anyone so excited. Say, who wouldn't be? What, with an airplane ride and an accident, and an uncle popping up all in one day? I'm pretty well keyed up myself, Dan. No, no, then what about you? That business will be in an hour later. What happened? Well, I can't be outdone. It's been an exciting day for us, too. You see, when we hit those mountains back there, there were some electrical storms. You mean thunder and lightning? Yes, siri. And I tell you, Jerry, you want to get right up into all that lightning to really appreciate it. Say, that must have been dangerous. Well, I suppose it was. But it was so beautiful, with all those black clouds flying around, and then those huge streaks of lightning, as if the whole world were cracking open. Was the thunder louder up there? The funny part of it was, we were a little above the storm, and most of it seemed to be around or below us. You mean the thunder was blow-to? Yes. You should have heard it reverberating those mountain passes. We're as mighty fine to have you here saved, Dan. And now then, should we take a cab and head back for the circus? We're already late. And we sure don't want to miss our dinner. I don't anyhow. I got an extra dessert coming, thanks to Bob's. It's certainly nice having you here with us again. I tell you, Mr. Randall, you have no idea how I feel about your generosity in letting me join the circus for the rest of the season. Oh, not at all.  Uh, listen, Mr. Randall, I want to make this one thing clear, once and for all, that we'll never bring it up again. Hey, hey, hey. You sound serious. It is, to me. I don't want this to be a charity proposition.  Of course it isn't. I've had lots of experience along these lines, and I expect a definite job. I want to keep myself respect by being of some real use to your outfit. Well, I'm sure you will be. Good. Then what are my duties? Well, let's see. Well, right now, I can't think of anything special. That's just what I was afraid of. Well, take it easy for a day or two, Dan. Something will turn up. Mr. Randall, I know that I'm one of the best organizers in the world. Anybody who was planned and carried out the kind of expeditions I've done for so many years has to be a good organizer. Well, I know that. Well, all right. Now, until you find some definite job for me, why don't you let me wander around this lot and try and check up on any loopholes? I might find some short cuts along the work line, or I might find a cheaper way of handling some of the business. Oh, sort of an efficiency expert, huh, Dan? You might call it that. Well, if you'd come to any other place for the circus with that offer, you'd probably have found plenty to suggest. Well, until you find me a better job, why don't you let me try? All right, Dan. Don't you know that circuses are the most highly efficient businesses in the world? Yes, but even in the circus, there must be some loopholes. Well, I'll tell you what, Dan. I'm so sure you won't be able to make any short cuts that I'm willing to wager you a new suit of clothes you won't find one way of making this circus more efficient than it is. You're on. A suit of clothes for every suggestion I turn in that you use, huh? Okay, Dan, but I'm afraid you're wasting your time. Oh, no. Mr. Randall, I'm afraid you're going to be out a lot of clothes. I'm in need of a wardrobe right now. And I'll tell you before we hit winter quarters, I'll bet I'll be the best, best man in America. Oh, yeah? Well, Dan, if you are, you'll certainly have earned everything you own.