So, today we will look at capacitance voltage characteristics of MOS capacitors. First we will consider an ideal MOS capacitor and hence we will first consider ideal CV characteristics and then we will consider a whole range of non idealities that one may encounter in capacitance voltage characteristic of MOS capacitors. So, in ideal CV characteristics we will look at two kinds of capacitance voltage curves one what we call high frequency CV and then low frequency CV. So, the device that we are considering here is as usual p type substrate silicon with a gate oxide Si O 2 of certain thickness T ox and a gate electrode of certain area. So, this is where you are applying your gate voltage and you know the substrate is at ground potential right this is a simple structure that we are considering and we are also making an assumption when I say ideal CV all it means is that I am making an assumption this capacitor has a flat band voltage of 0 volt ok which essentially means that I have a fictitious gate electrode whose work function is exactly aligned with the work function of silicon. Silicon being p type material you know its work function will be the electron affinity which is the distance between vacuum to the conduction band then half the band gap of silicon because permeable in p type silicon is below the mid gap and whatever that bulk potential is right. So, that is your work function on silicon I have chosen a metal which has exactly identical work function let us assume that and hence and also oxide is also ideal and hence V f B is 0 that is what I mean by ideal MOS capacitor CV characteristics. So, when I am measuring the CV characteristics essentially what I am really interested in is you see I am actually interested in variation of the capacitance with applied gate voltage. In other words if you have to think of a measurement setup what you really have is something like this ok this gate electrode is being excited by a DC voltage V DC plus an AC voltage and hence your V G is equal to V DC plus V AC. Now, when we say high frequency and low frequency capacitance all it means is that the capacitance is an AC quantity the frequency of measurement here you see can be very low or it can be very high what is low and what is high we will see in a few minutes little later right. So, what we are doing here then in order to do this kind of a measurement is that we will apply different DC gate voltages and at each DC gate voltage we will apply a very small signal AC. So, in other words if you were to look at your gate voltage V G as a function of time what you will see is that let us say I start from 0 and go towards positive right I mean we will typically start from negative and go towards positive right just for the illustration. So, at 0 this is a DC voltage and I have a very small AC and I do the measurement of the capacitance take a next step and apply again an AC and do the capacitance measurement and go to the next step and so on and so forth you see and hence at different DC values which is different gate voltage value on this MOS capacitor I am measuring the capacitance. So, this frequency of the measurement can be either low or high and that in turn gives you two different capacitance voltage curve which is H F and L F C V characteristics. Now, let us start from the very basic that if I have a V G applied on this structure as we have seen in one of the earlier lectures what you will essentially have in this structure it is can be treated as oxide in series with silicon right. So, the applied gate voltage has to draw across these two elements part of that will drop across the oxide that is what we call V ox and the rest of the gate applied gate voltage will drop across the silicon which is what we call psi s or the band bending that we have in silicon when we have flat band condition psi s is equal to 0 then whether you are applying positive gate voltage or negative gate voltage the bands will either bend down or bend up accordingly your psi s will becoming become non-zero becomes positive or negative. So, this can be further written as what is V ox you see V ox can be written simply as Q G divided by C ox plus psi s. Now, remember that this is a capacitor whenever I put a charge Q G on the gate that charge will be balanced perfectly by an equivalent charge in the semiconductor. So, we can also write Q G is equal to minus Q S where Q S is the charge in silicon because it is a capacitance right positive charge is balanced by the negative charge and this negative charge is in the silicon for positive applied gate voltage. Similarly, if you apply negative gate voltage you have negative charge in the gate that will have to be balanced by an equivalent opposite charge in the silicon. It is know sometimes you see in the books this notation either as Q S or as Q silicon one and the same right. So, I can now rewrite this as minus Q silicon divided by C ox plus psi s. So, let me just do a very simple mathematical operation on this equation what I am going to do is that differentiate this equation with respect to Q S. So, that is d V G over d Q S right is differentiate this right hand side with respect to Q S you know because Q S is again Q silicon right I mean I am using doing them interchangeably. So, this is Q silicon by C ox differentiate this what you get essentially get minus 1 over C ox first term correct because differential of Q silicon with respect to Q silicon is 1 right and plus d psi s by d Q silicon. Now, this is interesting now. So, what we are defining now see this C ox is a insulator capacitance. Now, these two quantities are really the total gate capacitance and the total silicon capacitance. In other words what we are saying here is that we define C silicon as minus d Q silicon by d psi s and similarly, we define the total gate capacitance which is being measured in the external world as minus d Q silicon by d V G right. So, I am defining this as minus in reality the capacitances are being defined as plus d Q G by d psi s that is silicon capacitance I am my excitation as a gate I am looking at how the gate charge is changing with respect to change in gate voltage because Q G is equal to minus Q psi I am making that substitution here directly right. So, what this is telling you really is that when you know you are changing the gate voltage there is a corresponding change in the gate charge and that delta Q G divided by delta V G is my total capacitance that is on the left hand side and that consists of these two quantities. In other words you know if you now make use of these definition what you have really got is 1 over C minus 1 over C G because of this negative sign that I have is minus 1 over C ox minus 1 over C silicon in other words all this has told you is that you know C G is equal to 1 over C ox plus 1 over C silicon ok. So, what this is telling you is that the total gate capacitance that you would measure in the process at different gate steps by applying that small signal ac is going to be modeled as a series combination of two capacitances. One is C ox which is a insulator capacitance we can define C ox as epsilon ox by T ox ok. We are now presently dealing with per unit area capacitance eventually you are really interested in total capacitance when you do the measurement just multiply with that area that you have in the device then you get a total capacitance right. You know if you are using per unit area on the left hand side you be consistent and use per unit area on the right hand side ok. So, I am just defining all these values in my equation as per unit area capacitance to just keep it simple. So, area is a scaling factor for me now this is really you know when I say epsilon ox permittivity of the oxide in other words this really is epsilon r of oxide which is relative permittivity of the oxide terms epsilon naught divided by T ox. So, what is this telling you epsilon naught is constant epsilon r ox is constant T ox once you make a device is constant and hence oxide capacitance does not change this is a fixed quantity. However, C silicon which is defined as d q silicon by d psi s is not constant for a unit change in surface potential how much is the change in charge varies depending on whether that capacitance is an inversion region whether it is in depletion region or whether it is in accumulation region. So, hence what we essentially say is that you know this is a variable capacitance and my equivalent model now is C ox in series with C silicon and this is a voltage dependent capacitance and the total capacitance that you see is C g you are applying V g here and this is at the ground potential this C s i is a function of V g and as I said you know you can sort of say that the C silicon depending on the region of operation you know it is different as I mentioned this can also be shown as something like this one of this branch is active that is why I have drawn this as a dotted line depending on if it is in depletion region we call this a depletion capacitance and if it is an inversion region that capacitance will be different if it is in accumulation region that capacitance will also be different and this of course remains constant and more specifically right it turns out if you recall our discussion earlier that we had in depletion the charge in semiconductor is essentially depletion charge you see because all mobile charge electron and whole charge can be neglected right. So, in other words the change in charge is essentially be governed by how the depletion charge changes. So, what is the depletion charge in particular if you look at the C d the C d is really I will call it as you know C d will come from the depletion charge and this depletion charge is essentially right you have p type semiconductor and hence acceptor impurities which form this depletion layer that is number per centimeter cube and hence you multiply with the charge and multiply with the depletion width and hence you get coulomb per centimeter square correct because this is number per centimeter cube coulomb per centimeter cube I multiply with centimeter and hence I get coulomb per centimeter square right dimensionally consistent. So, as I said I am using all quantities as per centimeter square and it is negative because acceptor charge is negative. So, now what is W? W d I also had mentioned that you can make a depletion approximation right and then it becomes a one sided junction right in we have discussed this in the earlier class. In other words for in one sided junction your W d is essentially given as 2 epsilon silicon times psi s which is psi s is a voltage across the depletion region you see right because psi s is a voltage across silicon and why is the voltage across silicon present because as a depletion region and hence psi s is effectively voltage across the depletion region by q and a right. So, you know now you substitute this here and you get q d as a function of psi s right and you differentiate that you get depletion capacitance. Notice that q d is only a square root function of psi s in depletion region this needs to be contrasted little later for the condition inversion and accumulation and we will indeed see that the charge in inversion and accumulation will be an exponential function of psi s not a square root function of psi s. So, in other words what I am telling you is that in inversion or in accumulation the charge is not coming because of the acceptor impurities. The charge is more the acceptor impurity charge if any in inversion region is more than I mean sort of over shadowed by the large number of inversion electrons and in accumulation region anyway there is no acceptor charge because I have no depletion region anyway. So, in both cases we sort of ignore the depletion charge right and the charge is either due to excess electrons or due to excess holes. What do I mean by excess my initial concentration of the charge right electron and hole charge is n p naught and p p naught which essentially means that this is a p type semiconductor as I have already told you. The p type semiconductor to begin with may have a doping concentration of 10 power 15 let us say n a is 10 power 15 per centimeter cube it means that the equilibrium thermal equilibrium hole concentration which we call p p naught hole concentration in p type material at 0 meaning thermal equilibrium is 10 power 15 whereas, n p naught electrons are minority carriers and electron concentration in p type material under thermal equilibrium will be n i square by n a which will be about 10 power 5 or so. So, your if you look here your p p naught will be 10 power 15 per cm cube and your n p naught will be 10 power 5 per cm cube correct and as you know when I am going in accumulation the hole concentration continues to increase from 10 power 15 further up and when I am going towards inversion this 10 power 5 would have gone up to 10 power 15 and beyond that is why I am ignoring the n a completely. So, when I am only looking at the free carrier charge as you know the carrier concentration here will essentially be given by the surface potential. In other words your n carrier concentration will be given as n p naught e to the q psi s by k t when psi s is equal to 0 flat band condition this exponent term is 0 anyway and n is equal to n p naught and similarly your p is p p naught e to the minus q psi s by k t again when equilibrium psi s is equal to 0 v f b is 0 is what we have assumed p is equal to p p naught and these numbers. So, once we start applying voltages what is accumulation? Accumulation is when the bands are bending up it is becoming more and more p type you started with certain condition p type doping concentration right the Fermi level is already below the mid gap, but at the surface it becomes more and more p type the bands start approaching at the surface become come closer to Fermi level right and based on our convention bands bending up is psi s is negative when bands bend down psi s is positive. So, in other words when I am in accumulation this can be completely ignored because psi s is negative if anything this is going down whereas here psi s is negative p starts increasing how does p increase with respect to psi s exponential function. Similarly, when I am bending the bands downwards to convert this p region into n region once I reach inversion subsequent to that there is further band bending you see and psi s is now positive as you know that is why n is increasing and what is the functional relationship of n in turn your inversion charge. You see inversion charge is what related to n inversion charge is a exponential function of these two what does it mean a very small change in psi s results in a very large change in q s is it not that is what we mean by exponential function as opposed to a square root function that we had in depletion. In other words we say that the silicon capacitance is almost infinite it is not quite infinite right all we are saying is that silicon capacitance is very large compared to the insulator capacitance that we have. So, in inversion and accumulation condition because q silicon varies exponentially with psi s your d q silicon by d psi s you see this is differentiation of this is an exponential function is very large very large meaning sometimes in text book you see that it is treated as infinite you know it is treated as an infinite all that means is that c silicon is significantly large compared to c ox that is the meaning right compared to c ox my c silicon is huge and hence I say infinite. So, that you know when you have a series combination of two capacitors you have c ox in series with c silicon what happens to the equivalent capacitance. Remember the parallel combination that we had 1 over c g is 1 over c ox plus once I mean this is essentially given by this when c silicon goes to infinity your total capacitance is simply oxide capacitance right. So, what this is telling you is that in inversion and in accumulation if the semiconductor charge is an exponential function of the surface potential psi s then silicon capacitance is so large that equivalent capacitance goes to c ox. So, all it means is that if I now were to look at the capacitance voltage curve this is telling me this is a p type v f b is 0 flat band condition at 0 gate voltage and that will have some capacitance in fact it turns out we call it c f b flat band capacitance will come to the definition of flat band capacitance in a minute for negative gate voltages on a p type substrate we are accumulating more and more hole right negative gate voltage can attract more holes to the surface right meaning accumulation condition in accumulation condition c silicon is so large right and hence my capacitance should be constant right when I go to large negative voltage and what is this value this value is c ox that is the maximum capacitance I can have measured capacitance I can have in a you know m o s capacitor and of course, when I start approaching this right it is not quite that accumulated right I mean this little bit accumulation, but not quite exponential function if you see when x is very low exponential function can be approximated as a linear function right e power x is x when x is very small you see and hence when I have just started bending bands up or down up that is I have started going towards accumulation right and still the change in charge is not very huge compared to change in surface potential and hence I cannot make this assumption right and hence there is a finite capacitance which comes in series with oxide capacitance that will pull down the total capacitance and that is why the total capacitance starts coming down and this capacitance c f b is essentially defined as epsilon silicon by what is called lambda d and lambda d is called Debye length and Debye length is in turn defined as you know epsilon silicon k t over q which is thermal voltage rather than psi s we have thermal voltage here because psi s is 0 at flat band remember that we are trying to define a capacitance at flat band condition divided by q n a. So, this is essentially your flat band capacitance and the Debye length is also sort of referred to as the screening capability of semiconductor meaning if you apply an electric field what is the distance over which that electric field can be screened if you have a large doping concentration it can be electric it is like metal you know metal can screen the electric field you know electric field cannot penetrate inside the metal you see. So, high doping concentration results in low Debye length and low doping concentration results in large Debye length and accordingly flat band capacitance is epsilon silicon by lambda d of course this is flat band capacitance in silicon that again is in series with c ox and again you compute the equivalent capacitance. So, let me define this as c f b silicon understand. So, what it means is that when I have a flat band condition this is a silicon capacitance now this silicon capacitance as usual you see as I have shown here in this picture this is c silicon is in series with c ox. So, any time once you know the silicon capacitance you should put that in series with c ox and compute the equivalent capacitance because that is what you measure in the external world. So, this is defined with respect to silicon only you put this in series with c ox compute this you get a capacitance equivalent value which is lower than c ox right because this is not infinite this is finite beyond this I am going in depletion region in depletion region what is happening the charge is not of course changing as fast as it was in accumulation and even in flat band condition the charge changes only as a square root function of psi s. So, which means this silicon capacitance continues to go down in depletion region further and further and hence you would obviously expect this to continue to go down. So, this is what we call a depletion region right and this is really the accumulation region. So, in depletion region what is your capacitance again silicon capacitance as we have already seen c depletion in silicon is epsilon silicon divided by w d where w d is the depletion width this will be even lower than c f b silicon put that in series with c ox you compute the total capacitance and that is what is plotting here and eventually you reach inversion. Let us say this is my inversion voltage somewhere here what am I expecting inversion in inversion charge should again increase exponentially right and hence I would expect this capacitance again to go to c ox this is c ox. So, and somewhere here you make this transition. So, what this is telling you is that I have started in depletion depletion capacitance continues to decrease as you continue to you know have increased depletion width, but eventually depletion width gets pinned when I reach inversion and then the inversion capacitance is little more than depletion capacitance and that is why this starts going up right. So, you essentially you know reach the inversion condition somewhere out here and when you really are in deep inversion very heavy inversion you again have gone back to your maximum capacitance and what is that maximum capacitance you have c ox as a maximum capacitance right this is what you would expect and now very interestingly this happens only if the measurement frequency here is low frequency and we will come to that why that is the case. What is low if it is a silicon capacitance that you are looking at a very high quality silicon capacitance in order to get this kind of behavior your frequency should be less than a hertz it could be 0.1 hertz or something like that depending on how good is the quality of silicon. So, this is really really low frequency let me just sketch that again to avoid the clutter right. So, what I am telling you right now is that you have this v g and you have this curve here. So, here see what you get here is only under which we call c l f only under low frequency and the frequency could be less than a hertz very very low frequency for very good silicon high quality silicon high quality silicon high quality what I mean by high quality silicon it has no defects it is a very pure silicon crystal no defects in that kind of silicon you really have to go to very low frequency. If we do this measurement at 100 kilo hertz 10 kilo hertz these are called high frequencies what happens is that I do not see this instead I see a curve which looks like this and this is what we call high frequency c v in other words as I go deeper and deeper inversion typically you know somewhere here we say we have reached weak inversion weak inversion meaning the surface has become n like it used to be p like earlier because the bands have been so much electron concentration is more than hole concentration when electron concentration becomes equal to hole concentration that is what we call a weak inversion. And strong inversion is when I am sorry electron concentration and hole concentration become equal to each other what is that intrinsic concentration right and that is weak inversion right remember my electron concentration to begin with was 10 power 5 hole concentration to begin with was 10 power 15 as you know this starts increasing this starts decreasing somewhere in between the meet what is that that is a intrinsic condition beyond that my electrons are more than holes. So, that is the point which is called weak inversion from that point onwards until my electron concentration goes to 10 power 15 which is now is equal to the hole concentration that I began with and that is what is called strong inversion. So, the weak inversion is when n is equal to p is equal to n i till n is less than n a n a is your acceptor impurity concentration your strong inversion n is greater than n a that is your strong inversion. So, when I reach strong inversion that is when I reach maximum depletion bit that is what is called w d max that happens when my band bending is 2 times phi b right phi b is the initial bulk potential that I had to begin with. So, here this is really the strong inversion point this point here where capacitance reaches a minimum and continues to stay constant this is where your psi s is equal to 2 phi b phi b is your initial potential the bands have bent so much that p region has been completely converted into an n region at the surface and somewhere here you know you will also reach a condition where psi s is equal to phi b you see here psi s is equal to 0 that is why we call it a flat band condition no band bending psi s is 0 here bands are bent such that the fermi level and intrinsic level are coinciding at the surface and that is the weak inversion from here to here I have a weak inversion condition from here onwards I have a strong inversion condition. So, why is it that I get a different capacitance at high frequency let us think about it I mentioned that when I am computing silicon capacitance silicon capacitance is d q silicon divided by d psi s of course, this is a negative psi this is how I define silicon when I change the surface potential a little bit what is the charge that is coming in and I did mention that in inversion the charge is dominated by the electrons majority I mean the now they have become majority because they are more than n a and hence they change exponentially with respect to psi s and hence capacitance is very large because I made that assumption capacitance is very large the series combination went to C ox, but now we have to ask the question what are the prerequisite for that capacitance to be very large the prerequisite is that you need to have enough electrons, electrons remember are minority carriers. So, what am I doing I am just to sort of remind you the wave voltage waveforms that I had earlier I have at any point a d c and I have a wiggling ac waveform here. So, whenever I go from previous step to next step I always reach first a steady state condition I reach a steady state condition only under steady state condition right. If you have produced where are these minority carriers coming from you see minority carriers are not available there holes are already available in silicon because it is p type doped. So, minority carriers have to be generated in silicon it is a electron hole pair generation that should happen in silicon if you have generated electron hole pairs then electrons go toward the surface because the field is favorable for electrons to go to the surface and holes are of course collected in the bulk of the silicon. So, when I wiggle this gate voltage at high frequency you see there is a generation time just as there is some recombination time given any silicon material there is certain time it takes to generate carriers and again that generation time depends on how good is your silicon. If your silicon is not at all defective the generation time can be in seconds it takes a few seconds to generate these carriers. Unless you generate these carriers what have I done I have applied a DC voltage remember this let us say this voltage here corresponds to 5 volt and this point is 5 volt I am at 5 volt I have generated a steady state electron concentration which is required for inversion, but now instantaneously I am changing the gate voltage little bit higher, but in that could be of the order of microsecond or millisecond. If the generation time is 1 second or 10 seconds in microsecond you cannot generate those carriers electrons are not generated and hence whenever I am changing the gate charge the charge that is responding in silicon will not be minority carriers at the interface. In other words remember what has happened now this is the MOS capacitor that we have with certain area right and I have produced an inversion electrons here by applying 5 volt this 5 volt has put in some plus some q charge here and that plus q charge is more or less balanced by these electrons here you see. Now if I need extra electrons they need to be generated only when there is a charge compensation happens by these electrons the silicon capacitance is very large, but when I change this charge what is the meaning of more positive voltage instantaneously I have done more positive charge on the gate capacitance charge balance has to happen the charge is not coming from the electrons because electrons are not there so what happens? What happens is very simple what you really have in inversion condition is large number of electrons and large number of acceptors may not be as large there are acceptor impurities. So, if this instantaneous positive charge at very high frequency has to be balanced by an equal negative charge that can happen only by uncovering more acceptor impurities at the edge of the depletion region. So, meaning that the holes here which are out here holes go away and extend this depletion region a little more and positive charge is balanced by this extra negative charge. The extra negative charge is not coming due to electrons the extra negative charge is coming due to the edge of the depletion region responding. So, edge of the depletion region starts moving up and down because electrons are not able to respond instantaneously because there is a generation time and electrons have to get generated in depletion region only then more electrons will come here. If I take the next step because I am waiting for a long time again I reach for the next measurement let us say it is a 5.5 volt when I have a 5.5 volt steady state again I have a situation where in the depletion width looks exactly same as this depletion width there is no change in the depletion width because I have waited long enough. So, all that has happened when I went from d c 5 volt to you know d c 5.5 volt I had dumped that extra positive charge, but I gave enough time and hence large number of electrons got generated here and I have reached again a new steady state where in the depletion width is still same and now I apply a small signal. So, what happens this small signal I cannot generate electrons. So, edge of the depletion region moves back and forth right because the w d max has reached here and w d max has reached here in inversion the capacitance does not change and also the capacitance does not go to c ox because electrons are not responding it is only the edge of the depletion region the holes are uncovering and covering the charge. And hence you get a capacitance which is a capacitance constant capacitance first of all a constant value which is not the same as the oxide capacitance value which is much lower than the oxide capacitance value. What is this value? This value is essentially you know your c ox again in series with c silicon minimum when do you reach c silicon minimum when depletion width reaches maximum. In other words c silicon minimum is epsilon silicon divided by w d maximum. So, whenever I am in a steady state inversion I always reach a maximum depletion width and hence the maximum depletion width remember is dependent on doping concentration. So, if you have different doping concentration your c minimum will vary and then put that c minimum again in series with c ox and then you get your equivalent total measured capacitance. So, then the key here is that if I do measurement at any frequency which is let me get this here at frequency such as you know 10 kilo hertz even 1 kilo hertz could be reasonably high, but there could be a transition here you know less than 1 hertz is really low. So, that I am at the other extreme I am generating enough carriers enough electrons are generated. So, your charge in change in charge on the gate is balanced by electron charge which is changing and at other extreme electrons are not at all responding because it is very small compared to generation time, but when the generation life time and your frequency of probing are comparable you will have a transition region. In fact, you may see curves which would maybe let me just sketch it again. So, that you know there is no confusion here as I mentioned this is really high frequency and this is really low frequency and as I said you know this could be less than 1 hertz and this could be let us say greater than 1 kilo hertz for example, if the generation time is of the order of second for example, then as I go to let us say 500 hertz you know your CV may look like this why you have some electrons responding not as many as you would have desired it right when you go to 100 hertz you know you may get something like this you know 10 hertz may be something like this and eventually when the probing frequencies and hence the inverse of frequency is the time span that you are giving is much you know larger than the generation time then obviously you are in this region because now you know just to contrast this here again what is low frequency the low frequency is that it is varying. So, slowly you know I am still at the same step you see I have not changed the step because I have still not completed my measurement my frequency is very low and since going from this voltage to this voltage typically the AC signal is of the order of 20 millivolt you know 30 millivolt of that time that range because this this voltage is changing so slowly I am giving enough time at any given voltage for these electrons to respond right and hence you know you are at this extreme. So, this is very important point that you know often times I see students miss out completely why there is a change and how the transition happens right and why is it that at high frequency I continue to get the same minimum value why not different value because in steady state remember I go to a new value of voltage I am stabilizing everything and hence I am operating at the WD max I have saturated that depletion that is not changing and because of that change in frequency only the edge of the depletion region is responding and hence the capacitance flattens out. However, often times you may have also seen you will also see this in some text books right that if you are doing this CV measurement if you are not doing this steady state meaning if you do not give enough time then what could happen is that you see your high frequency should look like this it should you expect this to reach a minimum value and that minimum value is exactly governed by this WD max this WD max is exactly governed by a band bending of 2 phi b 2 phi b is a band bending so that you have generated enough carriers right. But if you are doing a very fast ramp right then remember there is a AC and there is a DC change that is the step the step or ramp whatever you want to call if you do the step and instantaneously apply the voltage right meaning your effective ramp rate is too fast to reach a new steady state then what you could see is that you see sometimes that your capacitance goes into what is called deep depletion and this is called deep depletion at high frequency. I should have got the flat capacitance once I reach inversion but what is happening is that when I go from 5 volt to 5.5 volt a picture that I showed you I am not waiting enough time for 5.5 volt so what has happened because of that when I was trying to do the measurement of the capacitance I actually had a depletion width which was deeper than what WD max would have predicted and that is why it is called deep depletion. Why is that because the positive charge has to be balanced by total negative charge total negative charge comes due to acceptor impurities and electrons you will get sufficient electrons only if you wait for sufficient time because you are not yet waited sufficient time instantaneously when I change from 5 volt to 5.5 volt in fact what happens is you would really have something like this when I go from 5 to 5.5 volt at time t equal to 0 when that step happens because I am not yet start generating the electrons once I start generating the electrons this depletion width starts collapsing because there are more and more electrons coming because of the generation and eventually if I wait long enough it will go and settle down to this value you see and that is what I call a steady state going to 5.5 give enough time you generate enough electrons so that depletion width is still WD max. But now you have gone to 5.5 you did not wait for enough time you instantaneously wanted to measure capacitance. So, when you are trying to measure that capacitance the depletion width was here. So, now this depletion width again will adjust itself to this high frequency because this depletion width is more than WD max the fundamentals are still same what is your total capacitance in silicon epsilon silicon divided by WD C silicon which will come in series with C ox but WD is more than WD max because you did not wait enough you wanted to do the measurement immediately. So, if you do that you know you may get an erroneous C minimum value C minimum value which will not correspond to the steady state WD max value and that is the phenomenon which is called deep depletion as I have indicated here. So, the message again is that when you are doing CV measurement you are step size when you take a step size from one voltage to the other voltage give enough time before you start applying that AC voltage. In other words have a very low ramp rate if you have a very low ramp rate then you have a low ramp rate. So, you have a steady state from one voltage to the next voltage and then you are doing the capacitance measurement. Now maybe at this time it is also important to mention when you do CV measurement you should do it in a properly covered dark probe station because you do not want any light to come in why remember the discussion that we were having so far in inversion especially you will have huge errors in capacitances in depletion and inversion region if you have an ambient light why because ambient light can also generate electron and hole pairs. So, your electron hole pair generation is accelerated by the light. So, if you do a CV measurement even if it is high frequency CV measurement if you do it with full blast light on the device you may actually see a curve which would look like this. If this you do a H F CV with light because by shining light you have reduced the generation lifetime. It is like photovoltaics and you have a light you generate electron hole pairs when you did not have any light that is a thermal equilibrium you know given the room whatever ambient temperature of the measurement that temperature has thermal generation. The generation is only due to the ambient temperature but if you have light you will again get erroneous capacitance and it is important to do a high frequency measurement and get the right minimum capacitance because subsequently when you build devices and you want to analyze a device this minimum capacitance has very important role in analysis because from this minimum capacitance we can actually extract the doping concentration. Although wafer manufacturer will specify 1 to 10 ohm centimeter resistivity 1 to 10 ohm is a large variation in doping concentration a particular wafer that you are using right did it have 10 power 15 or 5 into 10 power 15 doping concentration. That information you can precisely get if you do this measurement precisely if you get a precise minimum value of this capacitance this minimum value of the capacitance as we will see little later in CV analysis this minimum value H F CV C min value can give us information about doping concentration. Similarly it is important to get right oxide maximum value because this information either H F or L F it does not change accumulation capacitance will give us information about T ox because remember this is C ox C ox is epsilon ox over T ox whereas this is C ox in series with that silicon minimum capacitance because you know C ox you can take out the effect of C ox you can actually get minimum silicon capacitance. Once you get minimum silicon capacitance you also know that C silicon minimum is epsilon silicon divided by W d max and hence you get W d max correct. Once you get W d max you know W d max is related to doping concentration correct because we already said W d max is essentially given by 2 epsilon silicon psi s what is psi s psi s is 2 phi b because I have reached inversion 2 phi b by q n a this needs to be solved iteratively because I know W d max alright but phi b also has n a term phi b is k t over q l n n a over n i right that is your potential phi b right phi b k t over q l n n a over n i correct. So you have a n a term here n a term here and you know the total value right you need to solve it is not an explicit equation to solve but you can do an iteration technique and solve it. And hence if I have a precise estimate of minimum capacitance and precise estimate of oxide capacitance then I can get precise estimate of substrate doping right. And that is why when you do this measurement you have to be careful you make sure that you do not go into deep depletion you make sure that you do not have any other light interference and then do the measurement. And similarly you know if you are doing a measurement if the ambient I mean if you are for example you have a thermal check you heat the check right. If you increase the temperature you increase the thermal generation right again you would expect that as you start increase the temperature the HFCV may probably start going away from this point and maybe start going look like this because I am increasing the generation right. Anything that increases the electron hole pair generation rate will start increasing the minimum capacitance in high frequency and start it make it higher and higher. So, let us then summarize it for the day. So, we look at MOS capacitor which is an ideal MOS capacitor all it meant was I consider a capacitor which has fictitious metal electrode with the same work function as my substrate work function and oxide had no charges and hence VFP is 0. So, under that condition we looked at the high frequency response and the low frequency response the response is different simply because the charge in semiconductor comes either due to minority I mean the mobile charges could be minority or majority electrons are holds depending on whether your inversion or accumulation region and or depletion charge. So, when it comes due to depletion charge then you get a different capacitance and that is what happens in a high frequency because high frequency you do not give enough time for the charges to generate and that is only inversion you see not in accumulation because in accumulation I am looking at the response of holds in a p type semiconductor there are large number of holds there is no issue at all for holds to respond holds will instantaneously respond to any wiggle of gate voltage that you have on the gate right. Only in inversion your capacitances start deviating from each other only at low frequency you get the highest capacitance which is C arc similar to your accumulation, but at low high frequency you get a capacitance which is different which is determined by your maximum depletion region and that is true if you are doing this DC step under steady state. If you do not do that DC step under steady state you may reach this deep depletion condition and if you reach the deep depletion condition then your high frequency minimum capacitance will be much lower than what would the theory predict based on WD max right. And similarly any other aspects such as light or temperature which can influence the generation can also influence the minimum capacitance for the high frequency curve. So, let us stop here today and you know we will continue in the next class and we will start looking at all the non ideality such as fixed offset charge interface states and the slow called slow interface states and you know a whole range of non idealities how do they impact the capacitance voltage characteristics.


Welcome again everyone, my name is Josh Weiner and I'm a Vice President at Media Current. Our commitment is to improve the large enterprise for the good using advanced digital strategy and Drupal. I've been in the business about 20 years, dating myself there, but I remember being in conference rooms like this, trying to sell through why it was important even to have a website to begin with. Using language like 24, 7 access to content, cyberspace and things like that. So we've come a long way, born and raised right down the road in Pennsylvania, about 90 minutes from here. Graduated from Penn State University and now I reside in Atlanta with my wife and daughter, Brooke. My passion point really is trying to find the why behind large enterprise projects. They're typically $600,000 plus, so it's a big investment for the organization. It's important to know what measurable impact that has on the business. So the data that I'm presenting to you today is taken from approximately 30 large enterprise projects over the last two years. I'm also very active in attending panel discussions with IT, marketing and procurement professionals. So there's a lot of data I pulled from that and a lot of survey data that I'll be presenting to you as well. And what I love about Drupal.com really is it's all about the how. We come together during these few days to share best practices. And it's a really, really important time for all of us in the community. So you're already probably doing this, but please take the time to meet new people and share information about the projects you're working on. We have a booth on the trade floor. Midi Current has an after party tonight. I'll be here through Thursday if you want to take a deep dive on any of this. Happy to take you through it. So the reason the how is so important in the large enterprise is these projects are very, very, very complex. It takes an army just to get a large enterprise project off the ground. You could get a green light for a project in March and really not even be able to begin work until July based on a lot of the procurement measures in place. So we have some things to share for you there. And we talk a lot about the three C's of Drupal and leaning heavily on core and contrib and not doing a lot of custom code. But that said, all of our Drupal projects in the large enterprise are very custom in nature. And if we don't like that word, let's just call them targeted. But when it all comes down to it, the reason I've been in this business for so long, the reason I love attending Drupal Con, the reason I love the Drupal community in general, is we help shape the internet, all of us in this room. And not a lot of people can go to bed at night sharing that same sentiment. When people ask me what we do or what I do at cocktail parties, that's exactly what I say. I help shape the internet and then they say, well, how do you do that? Well, let me tell you about a little product called Drupal. And this seems to be a theme on the trade floor too. If you want to sit through a Pantheon demo, they have a t-shirt that says we make the internet. So clearly a lot of influence everyone has in this room regarding helping drive digital. We drive over 3,000 attendees to Drupal Con because of this statement. So very, very exciting time to be in the business. Because the internet's kind of an important thing. This is what happens in an internet minute in 2017. The folks that put this graph together went to the quarterly reports of all these companies, did the math down to 60 seconds and came up with this pie chart. So by the time I'm done with the talk today, there'll be about a billion text messages sent. There'll be 210 million Google searches and 3,000 Amazon Echoes sent just in the next hour alone. Email, 156 million email sent per minute. For fun, I ran the math on that and I don't even know what that is. I tried to Google that number and if anyone can help me figure that out, that would be good. Because it doesn't even look like math anymore, it begins to look like physics. So the internet is very much shaping the way we live, work, and play, and we're all part of it. So there's a tremendous, tremendous opportunity out there for all of us to improve as individuals and as companies and as organizations. And then there's this stat given to me by my co-worker Shelly Hutchins. Who's giving a chat on digital buzzphrases later this afternoon. When I look at this, I can go both ways. Who thinks this is really good news? Yeah, I mean I see a lot of good news in it too, but who thinks it's very bad news? Anyone want to volunteer why it is bad news? Yeah, yeah, I agree. I thought I was not contributing to the cause, but then I found myself texting my wife, you know, on another story of the house. I bought my daughter an iPhone 7, she's 7. So I hope the 15% over here is the relationship side of what we do. But it's just, it's information that we have to face head on. And in order for us to succeed, the takeaway today is we have to, especially with the large enterprise, be ready for the what's new next. And as a community, we need to constantly, constantly evolve. Because bad things happen when you don't. Kodak, global market leader, almost 200,000 employees, vast majority of the market share failed to course correct. And now they're out of business.  But they also didn't see the dark clouds rolling in and now they're not relevant anymore. And it's not always about the entire business failing. Sometimes it's just a major restructuring in the organization, reduction in force, or companies' hands being tied and not being able to innovate. And I can't tell you how many meetings I've been in over the last two years where high-level executives in corporations are saying, we're waiting for the market to turn, or we're hoping this goes our way. Waiting and hoping are not strategies, folks. If you find yourself using those words, please, please, please look to thinking more out of the box. And organizations that are finding a way to innovate and keep that front of mind. The NFL Draft is, in a couple days, I'm a big NFL fan. They're streaming games on Twitter now. Does anyone know why that is? Mentor, guess? Well, they're trying to dig into the early 20s, mid-20s market.  They're on their mobile devices. So, the NFL is going to where that new audience is. They are planning to remove advertisements during games. That, to me, feels like the Jerry McGuire letter where you're sitting up one night and you think it's great for the game, and great for you, and great for everybody. But that lands on the wrong C-level, C-suite desk, and you could be out of a job. But that very, very, very much is part of their business strategy. They're not taking revenue out. They're just making the property more valuable. I mean, there's not as much space there you can offer more for it. And if the audience that you're going after isn't engaged, then you're not counterproductive to what you're trying to do. I mean, I just don't think it would be too hard to sell Super Bowl ads. I mean, I would think there would be a rush of people coming into that space because of the limited real estate. So they're changing their revenue model to make the game a lot better for their target audiences. Same game I was watching. They're now pulling data on how long it takes for someone to sack a quarterback and they rank them by individuals in real time. So it got me thinking, what data out there are we sitting on top of that we're not currently using? How do we go about getting it and then where could it be a value outside of where it's currently being used? Anybody use Lyft or Uber? So Lyft is making grounds on Uber. And one reason is they're constantly innovating, constantly evolving. They now form a partnership with General Motors where if they do 75 rides or more a week, they get their car for free. And they can use that for personal use. So if Lyft is sitting back saying, let's get more drivers on the road, that's a good way to do it. Also, not everyone has a vehicle that's appropriate for Lyft. So they're stuck. This is a good way of solving those problems. And it basically opens up the market for more people to participate. Therefore, your ride gets there quicker and Lyft is all of a sudden moving ahead of the market from Uber. This mustache thing's pretty cool. If you're at a big venue or a concert and it's dark and you need to find your ride, that solves for that. It also shows your name when it pulls up. It says, Helodia. So you know which car is yours. So they're never sitting stagnant saying, all right, we got the platform built exactly the way we want it. They're always looking at where the next need is and where the next opportunity is. And that's really good timing for us in the triple space because it's now in the right quadrant for the large enterprise. The Gartner Magic Quadrant is where the large enterprise goes to pick their short list of what technologies they're going to use. It's where they trust good solutions are. And Acquia has been climbing that ladder as a platform. But all of us are responsible for the success of Drupal. Every project we touch is impacting an individual, is impacting an organization. So we share in this success. It's ranked with Acquia, but we share in the success. Acquia's partner network got a five out of five from Forrester. So all the industry insiders are looking to Drupal and the partner in the development community as the go to solution for web architecture. And that is so huge because the future for digital is so bright. We are sitting exactly where we need to be and we just need to make sure that we're pushing forward and we got some suggestions for that. Making good headway, more and more of the Fortune 500 organizations using Drupal. 43% increase in Drupal adoption over the last two years. The stat was provided by John and Nuke. John, are you in the audience? No? Okay. All this to say that we're heading in the right direction and we just need to keep pushing forward. So what does evolution mean? To me, it means looking at things differently. I showed this stat earlier. The evolution of the large enterprise in Drupal, it all just doesn't come down to the platform. There's evolution occurring in all of these areas in how people are putting together the business case to adopt Drupal. How people are demoing Drupal for the C-suite. How you build consensus in an organization. Why is IT and marketing still on two sides of the fence? Why can't they play nicely together in the same sandbox? There's some progress being made there. How to properly deliver a project through development methodologies. What was a really good development methodology two years ago, all of a sudden isn't as good with Agile and how we're progressing there. So change is happening all around us. It's affecting every single area of the project. It's important that we change our paradigm. And where that really struck me was I was at a conference in New York called the, sorry I went backwards there. The digital market event of the year, the Salesforce Connections Conference, it was in New York. If you've ever been a featured speaker for Salesforce, that's pretty incredible what they do.  And one of the things they do is they take you out to dinner at a nice restaurant. And we were sharing stories on where each other's businesses are moving forward. And I always looked at Salesforce pretty much as a sales guys tool. They log calls and emails and that's how they're tracking their pipeline for the business. But as I was talking to her at dinner that night, she said something that was really, really profound. She said what we're trying to solve for as a company is what happens when we get every single sales person on the planet using our software. Then where do we go? So going back to that list of Fortune 500 companies, what happens when all of those organizations get onto Drupal, or their .coms onto Drupal, where do we take the technology within their organization? So they went from just a tool for sales people to this. That's their product menu. And they're now serving up platforms across multiple, multiple verticals. So a good use case for how to move left and right. So I came back from that conference, stumbled upon this slide. And because we're in the website business, this was kind of scary. What happens when the .com is no longer the spot to go to for a large enterprise? What happens if a large enterprise isn't tracking the right KPIs for their website and they're just not willing to invest in it anymore? What does that happen to you working on the project? What does that happen to you as an agency who sold it in? What does that happen to you as an organization who did do its infrastructure? So the light bulb just kind of went off around, all right, we've got to start pushing Drupal deeper and past just the publicfacing.com website. We're making a lot of progress there. You'll learn a lot about some cool projects here at the con. But a few use cases, universities have 1500 plus URLs on campus. They've got 12 different systems. They're all disconnected. I think one of the reasons Drupal's been so popular in that space is because of the opportunity to centralize all that. Large enterprises have 300 plus digital assets that they're responsible for. They're creating a single point of entry. Why are we sending customers to a support portal? Why are we sending investors to an investor portal? Why aren't they all going to one spot? And, you know, Drupal in government on the trees note this morning, thought I heard him right saying that the city of San Francisco said every website that they build has to be in Drupal 8. What popped in my head was, do they know how to define website? Are they only thinking what the public can see? Are they thinking about it in terms of what infrastructure they're running? And with how government has adopted Drupal, there's just so much opportunity for where they can take that. I mean, the current who I work for, half of our projects last year for the large enterprise were not at all related to their primary.com. They were in other areas. So massive, massive market beyond just the .com web property. So how do we evolve? How do we move forward? The line I like to use is, you know, know where the puck is going and then skate to it. And the way you find that out is you ask questions. I mentioned earlier, you know, my passion point is making sure and uncovering the why around all these large enterprise projects. Well, we note that. And when you're writing that down over a period of two years, you can start seeing trends. And another way to do that is just ask, you know, do some surveys. And we ran one for 50 plus large enterprise executives across IT and marketing and put this survey out here. I'll give you a couple of minutes to digest that. And what we were asking them, it was, it was all over the board from, you know, hot topics around moving from one prime and cloud, you know, how to develop a proper way to support your platform, how to develop a product roadmap, the importance of web accessibility in our market, how you go about, you know, understanding the value of what an open source product looks like and then cybersecurity, which is top of mind. And then, of course, what the understanding of an ROI of an improved user experience would be. And the clear winner, wasn't even close, was understanding the ROI of an improved user experience.  And we've got to find where Drupal and UX cross paths. All of our current KPIs are commonly leaning in that direction anyway. I don't know about, you know, how you're measuring your projects, but mobile scores and conversion rates and session times, balance rate, all of these common KPIs are directly tied to user experience. So again, we have to find a way where that intersection point is with Drupal. 80% of the users that come to a website have a bad experience, they're not coming back. So you got one really good shot to make sure you achieve that objective. So as we look at where that intersection point is between Drupal and an improved UX, knowing that the industry is craving that, I took a look at kind of how far the technology came. And, you know, back in 1998, it was all HTML, paying $85 for an HTML page. All the navigation was at left. We had a term called flyouts. All the navigation at the top is called a dropdown.  Has anyone ever heard of archive.org? Yeah, cool website, still out there doing a good job. I mentioned sports earlier. This was ESPN.com in January 25th, 1999. There's that trustee left navigation menu. And here's ESPN.com today. But it's fascinating. You can spend hours on that tool, seeing the befores and afters. And you can use it in your own organization if you want to make a really strong business case on how far you've come. So the roadmap that Drupal has come across in the UX, to me, has been fascinating. And it's been driven by responding to the needs of the market and our fantastic contributed community. So 2007, 2008, you know, video is starting to come around. We're looking at more sophisticated account management, personalizations starting to happen a little bit, you know, precursor for mobile. 2014, responsive is in full bloom. That's typically tied and always tied to UX. Content marketing starts to happen. All right, what happens when we understand what the visitors' preferences are? How do we make sure we keep putting that back to them? So marketing automation sprung up. And then decoupled, an area where we spend a lot of our time, was an absolute game changer for the marketplace in keeping Drupal relevant in those UX conversations. Localization, critically important to UX, and Drupal's made fantastic strides there. So if we look at 2017, you know, web accessibility is front of mind. Personalization is in full bloom. Products like Lyft are starting to be used. And in the markets, we can understand the value of that. But a big one is change management and just the ability to, you know, build consensus within an organization to have them let go of what they used to do and move forward with what they need to do. So where does that take us next? Well, all the Angular, React, Frontend tools, there's more and more of those occurring on Drupal projects. That's really, really important because that UX is being done on sites that aren't running on Drupal, so we need to keep pace with them. And then we've got to think, you know, 2020, 2022, 2024, 2026, where are we going to go next? I think part of that is knowing the difference between user experience and design and then making sure we're all carrying that torch forward. So when I think of UX, I'm not just thinking about customers. You know, I'm thinking about employees. You know, what's their day to day like? What sort of systems are they working on that they are really pulling their hair out about? But for whatever reason aren't talking about? What about potential employees? The people you're trying to recruit, how easy is it for them to engage with your company, to learn about your company, to be employed with your company? The C-suite, I mentioned universities earlier. You know, a lot of the senior leadership there didn't come up in the same generation where all this digital new experience is happening. So when you mention things like CRM or UX or all the terms that we use, you know, it sounds Greek to them. We've got to find a way to put it in their terms. And that's very much a user experience for the C-suite. Maybe they need to see a demo. Maybe they need to see a mock-up. You just never know. And then, of course, on a global scale, we need to start looking at how we're localizing content and then how we're addressing our digital web accessibility both externally and internally. So here's some trends that I've been seeing over the last two years. Over-engineering is preventing the ability to move forward. So if you've got a big custom stack and you're really wed to it for one reason or another and you want to quickly respond to a new UX trend in the marketplace, I mean, it's just not easy to do. So Jiffy Lube, project last year, had a real big custom stack, but they liked the tools that they were using on the front end. They were very performant. So the recommendation there is not to come into the room and say, all right, everything you've done is terrible. We can't reuse any of it, so you have to adopt this new thing because that wouldn't have went over well. The solution was keeping what they have that was working, decoupling Drupal to take advantage of that. And that was a Drupal 8 PHP 7 project. And then using the API that we have available to integrate all of the different systems that we're plugging into that website. So that's real important. If you're trying to sell on a project, if we're trying to move the marketplace forward, we've got to be smart at the solutions that we're putting forth. This one kind of jumped off the page for me too. I hear a lot that global strategy's important. It's on everyone's product roadmap, but it still feels like a phase two. Let's get phase one done, and then phase two, let's try to translate it. But the lion's share of the global market is not in English. And 73% actually require that local UX. And as a result, if you're localizing your site, ROI is really going through the roof. But this still is seen as a nice to have, and it can no longer be. Working towards centralizing on one platform for all digital assets, that's what people wanna do. But if you're a $6 billion company with 200,000 employees, how big of a project does that feel like? Huge, absolutely huge. Where probably it's paralysis by analysis. You just don't know where to start. And it's costing people by not moving in that direction. Here's an example of what centralizing on a platform for a university could look like. So say, and most universities have a big donation goal, and obviously they have donors that are recent grads buying the branded credit card, and they have ones that are over a million. Clearly they want to pull in the million dollar donors. They know that profile. They've been working really, really hard to figure out what that profile is. What if through the student application process, or through the student coursework, you could identify what those data points are that map to that one million dollar profile, and then start that conversation earlier. So if I'm a student at Penn State University, and I'm seeing where donations are helping me out while I'm there, it's a lot easier to get my support after I graduate. If I graduate, and I just paid you $40,000, and I'm working hard to pay that back, and the first email you send me is buy this credit card, or send me a $500 check for dues, you're just disengaging at that point. But if you can show value along the way, specifically to those students who fit that profile, that would be a very, very powerful thing. But a lot of systems and interoperability have to happen for this to go on. So maybe steps are important, proof of concepts are important, but the opportunity is all around us. So in many cases with these big projects, it's like herding cats. One way you can organize the large enterprise across IT, across marketing, is to use Troop-O-Aid as a proof of concept. I mean, it's not too hard to spin up a new web property just to show it working. Hey, user can log in, they're seeing this page. The new VM is making the local setup a lot easier to do, so it's not as painful on your development team. And we're seeing across the market, especially with the large enterprise, once they can see it, regardless if it's two pages or 20 pages, one piece of functionality or 100 pieces of functionality, they're far more likely to get behind it. Where if you're sitting in a room saying, yeah, we can make it do this, and we can make it do that, I mean, that's a little more difficult for someone to envision. We have a conversational interface pilot at our booth, that worked really, really well, didn't take long at all to spin up an Amazon Echo POC, that did a really good job getting the organization to adopt that latest and greatest technology. Some other examples on where to look for UX. You know, as an organization, there's a lot of corporate missions and culture objectives that are being put out there. It's important to look at how Drupal and technology supporting those. Constantly hearing about, look, budgets are tight, we're looking for ways to run lean. Well, how many systems do you currently manage content with? Do you have a different team posting to social and a different team posting to the website? I mean, how convoluted is that? How would you benefit from a centralized platform? Which one of these systems could you retire and find ROI in? Talked about the portals earlier. It's important to be able to do a cost analysis there. And then hiring, the millennial markets in demand, but they're not going to be too patient with an old clunky job application. So you want to look at how easy those things are from the inside out. So I have these little dollar signs there to remind me that there's ROI and investment opportunities across all of these different opportunities. But if you're not asking the questions, if you're not running the analysis, again, you can continue to be stuck in the mud. For example, a client called Curtis Wright. That's an organization that works with our defense department and is born from the Wright brothers. And their CEO wanted to be one Curtis Wright. They have 9,000 employees across the company. So their big objective in that year was to become more increased collaboration and become more of a one group. And they didn't have a central hub to do it. So that made an intranet a really good strong solution there and put that together for them. And now they're adding more and more to it and finding more and more efficiencies. So that came from, we've got a statement in our annual report to an intranet project over the period of about six months. So the third.com's not on Drupal yet. That wasn't their preference, it was their intranet. Other things I took out, I thought that you'd be interested in hearing about from the panel discussions and surveys. So creativity, efficiency and ROI are kind of what you want to have at the table when you're looking to start a new project and they're looking for a partner or an internal team to have. When picking creative, a large enterprise expects you to really know the industry and really know the vertical. So the more information you can bring around what other groups in the industry are going to better. When evaluating a large scope of work, maybe this is inherent for the large enterprise who are looking for a very big team. If it's something that's more niche, such as small cultural marketing, they look to more small agencies who have specific expertise. Okay, so what's new next? Data visualization is really coming online at the moment. This is a snapshot of a website that is working hard to uncover the profile of their visitor. Pretty user friendly, series of questions, basically a glorified quiz. And then they're taking in the information on the back end and it's in a flat file and they're using ad hoc systems to make sense of it. With Drupal and personalization technologies and new front end tools, we can use interoperability to solve all of that. We can grab the data that's in our existing databases, we can tie that to new data that we're learning from website traffic. If you're a salesperson and you're selling a complicated financial services product and you're trying to show someone how their policy looks, a long document is really hard to digest. I mean, when you get your insurance policy every six months, are you really reading through it? Wouldn't it be better to have something visual that you could look at that was personalized to you and showing you where you had the opportunities to increase your protection? This is where it's going. And I hate to pull out an old movie, but when you would have data around you and you can use 3D and other technologies to assemble it, I just think there's a huge opportunity there to help people visualize the data that they're capturing and understand it better. EV market, massive changes being made there. A lot of the local city governments are mandating police to start driving electronic vehicles. There's been a big push across the board for more eco-friendly operations like that. And this is gonna become more and more a part of our life. And currently there's charging stations, but you don't know a whole lot of data about them until you get there. There's a backnet triple module that ties into energy systems within buildings. One vision could be having a website where you could locate the charging stations and be able to see how much juice each one of those stations have, be able to see what else is there. Maybe it's gonna take two hours to charge the car and it's right by a movie theater and you can catch a movie at the time. Maybe it's by a grocery store and you can use that opportunity to do your shopping. So imagine if you could grab all the energy data that's sitting in this backnet protocol, which is a standard around how all new buildings are made and bring that forward using a triple seven and triple eight module. Another way to make sure we're heading in the right direction is to look hard at your team structure. How has it changed over the years? Is it moving in the hockey stick fashion here or is it staying stagnant? How much are you investing in new talent and additional talent to support your initiatives? First question out of a large enterprise, CIO is who's your chief security officer? If you don't have someone dedicated to that piece, you're really, really missing out. That is critically important. Quality assurance, sometimes something that we glean over, that is becoming more and more important. What type of talent is in demand today and then do you have it? And are you working on plans to go acquire it? Five years ago, SMAC was all the rage, social, mobile, analytic, cloud. Now we're talking more angular security, accessibility, project management is so, so critical. Making sure these projects stay on the rails. And then business and data analytics is really raining supreme. Training is a good way to evolve, showing tremendous ROI across the board when you invest in training. You can look inside and ask yourselves, what type of training opportunities are you having for your own self? What training opportunities are you supporting for your team? And that's a big, big opportunity. I'm seeing more training options in the Drupal community, which is good. So what does this all mean to you? As a large enterprise, if you're out there working for a large enterprise, the key question there is, now that I've adopted it, how far can we take it and what are the benefits? That's a really, really important question. Not everyone knows what Drupal is. I had a, second to the CIO, asked me what Drupal was just last week when they were talking about coming down onto one centralized platform. Are we leveraging our investments in Drupal effectively? What data are you looking at to know that your Drupal solution is working? And then RIT and marketing aligned. Those are three critical bullets. If you're a digital agency, ask yourself that same question that Salesforce did. What happens if we have 12 target accounts? We get them all and they're all running Drupal. And where do we go next? And then for everyone, I think a good question that we can ask ourselves is, how did we describe Drupal in 2004 and then how are we describing it in 2007? This is Gartner's definition. Are we happy with that? With all the information I've presented today in terms of how the technology is being used to grow the large enterprise, to shape the internet, I just think we're much bigger than a WCM at this point. So we have to change that conversation as a group. There's the Wikipedia definition. And we've really, really evolved past that point. But that hasn't changed on the website yet. So quick checklist for success with the large enterprise. Change management is top of mind. I think the marketplace knows where they wanna go. They just need help in getting there. I think as a community, we've gotta do a much better job with our case studies. I'm looking, I'm learning, and it's just not doing much other than saying, we were charged with this, we delivered that, not a lot of measurable results in there that hang our hats on, not as many demos in the marketplace that we should be looking at. So we all need to just write better case studies and showcase our work more. We need to learn how to translate Drupal's language into the business language. The couple is just gonna fly over the heads of many executives that are out there considering the Drupal platform. Bring it into language that they can understand like an improved user experience. Discovery process is something that is critical, making sure before you start a new project, you're learning all what the requirements are and evolving with that. A lot of people don't know what discovery is. They don't know why it's required with a technology like Drupal. More and more, we're managing projects in an agile way, which is important. That's delivering more frequently to the specific needs of the business, but you have to blend that with how companies are used to budgeting projects. They're used to working in a very waterfall fashion. Road mapping is important. Where's our products? Where's our platform gonna be six months from now? Where's it gonna be 12 months from now? Where's it gonna be two years from now? Those are important conversations. Conflicts a little bit with managing projects in an agile way because you're kind of going with what's hot at the moment, but it still should be something that you're using as a guiding light. And then partnering with procurement. For everyone in the room, they are not our enemies. They are our friends. They are controlling how business gets done in the large enterprise and too often they're brought in at the last minute. So making them aware of the projects we're working on and involving them early is absolutely critical. So I wanted to save about 10 minutes for questions or comments. Thank you very much for your attention today. I appreciate it. Any questions or comments? Okay, thank you very much. I appreciate it.


What's up, players? What's going on, ladies and gentlemen? Today at Zendu Fitness, we're gonna chase an elephant around with bamboo sticks. Totally kidding. We're not doing that. Why would you do that? That makes no sense. Today, I'm gonna teach you how to do a double under, put on one leg, single leg double under. So a lot of people in the community, again, thank you YouTube community. We love you guys. A lot of you have been asking, well Dan, I see some of your tricks. I've been watching your channel. I've been doing some of your tricks. I've been crushing some of your tricks. Where are the more advanced ones at? We wanted to turn the heat up a little bit, so we're doing a double under, but we're doing it from the single leg stance. That means all of your weight, you're pushing all of that weight up with one leg and spinning the rope twice under it. If you like this video, go ahead and give it a big thumbs up below, followed by a subscribe. If you'd like the rope that we use in this video and that we use in every single video, guys, it's the cross rope, get one. It's amazing. The link is below, check them out. It's the best jump rope on the market. If you work out in the fast and state, like Bran and I always talk about, taking branched chain amino acids is an important part of that because you don't want to lose muscle or have them break down when you're in the fast and state. So if you'd like, check out our recommended BCAAs by our favorite nutrition company, Athletic Greens. That link is below. Don't get discouraged if you can't do some of these tricks. We have plenty of tutorials ranging from super beginner, like just how to jump rope regular bounce, up to side swipe, up to crossover, up to the regular double under. So be sure to check out the other tutorials on this channel so that you not only become lean, you become a jump rope ninja. What's up Zen Dude Nation, what's going on? So we're gonna start off with single leg hops for this. What I do in every video is break this down nice and easy, step by step. So guys, what we're trying to do here is really just build your leg strength on each leg. This is something that needs to be developed over time. So don't expect to have perfect leg strengths right away. But a way that you can practice this is by hopping on one foot, both small steps and then larger jumps, as you can see here. And all I'm really doing is practicing my balance as I hop from one foot to the other. But this is crucial because this is the most important movement when performing the single leg double under.  Check me out on my right foot here. One way to think about this or make this easier is think about your feet as a hand. And every time that you touch the ground, your feet, like all five toes and everything, if you have five toes, maybe some of you have six, I don't know, are grabbing the ground, kind of like grabbing the ground. That's how you wanna think about doing the single leg double under. Your foot should be in control of everything. Next up, guys, regular double under. So if you have not seen this tutorial, check it out. I linked it up. Double unders here, all we're doing is jumping. You see how I explode there? You'll see it in slow motion here. I just slightly explode a little bit higher than my other jumps and swing the rope twice underneath me. Again, if you haven't seen a tutorial on the double under, be sure to go watch that. But for those of you who already know how to do it, we're just gonna get right into the single leg double under. But again, just watch my explosion. It's not like I'm bending my knees that much. I'm just exploding off my feet maybe three to four more inches than I would if I'm just jumping regular bounce before I go into my double or before swinging the rope twice under my feet. All right, ladies and gentlemen, let's practice. So what I want you guys to do, especially if you're starting off, this move in general is definitely for those who are more advanced. So I should preface it with that. But as you notice here, I'm just doing the single leg hop and then every few skips I'm throwing in a double under. So what you wanna be thinking about here is when you go to push off that same exact time, that's when you wanna swing the rope really fast that first time so that the rope is swinging fast enough that it can get twice around your feet. Notice here, if I go, if you see me in slow motion here, I explode up and as I explode up with that one leg, my wrists also come forward, spinning the rope around twice. Like anything else, guys, this is just gonna require that you practice it over and over again. I didn't just wake up and start doing this. I was doing double unders for a very long time before I started doing single legs. So for those who are my more advanced jump ropers, practice this, nail it. For those who are more beginners, that's also totally fine. Check out the videos we have linked up and practice, yo. If you love these videos and you want more of them, then go ahead and hit that subscribe button below. Also hit like for this video, give it a little thumbs up. Zendu Nation on behalf of Brandon and myself, we wanna say a huge thank you to you guys.  That sounds pretty cool. You know what I mean? Some Jackie Chan with a jump rope. Jackie Chan, Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker mother. All right, Zendu Nation. I just wanna say thank you guys again for tuning in. We'll catch you on the next series of the Zendu Zend Hollywood.


Everybody forced here ripping four boxes for Braden Kay Braden Kay has a 2021 select football hobby a 2021 Chronicles football hobby 2021-22 prison basketball choice and an optic choice from that same year Here we go, Braden. Thanks for the order man. It's gonna be a fun one. We'll just go left to right. We'll go left to right here Chronicles hobby No, no bull bull jersey tonight. I forgot everything today, dude. Thank you, Corey. I forgot everything today Got my PC cards. I forgot my bull bull jersey. I got this comfy shirt on so it's pretty nice Jared Patterson nice clear vision coming up of Shreya Lance to 99 so our signatures is Gerald Riggs. You have a Jamar Chase prison black Rikki base Waddle into clear vision Carlisle's photo turtle Clyde Edwards deal air to 99 playing in the Superbowl One big parallel or big hit Or both prison black Rikki silver Ron Dale Moore and orange Ian Boat Flux 45 is 75 I got on Smith chase waddle there got a Guderius Tony On the rookie jumbo Jersey to 399 Lawrence base Nini base there Devante Smith Trevor Lawrence clear vision. There should be another auto here be a Jersey auto Shreya Lance Nice Thomas Treasurer is Shreya Lance patch auto 25 of 49 Good stuff. I mean any Chronicles box you hit a quarterback auto That's what's up, man Pretty good stuff there and a numbered Lance earlier to 399 is a Debo Samuel good stuff. Good stuff Let's do select now silver club level TJ. What? Travis at CN jr. Jersey card to 99 concourse silver miles Sanders And ask Ridge a concourse white David Johnson 2235 concourse blue rookie Derek Gore 182 of 199 premier level silver sake one Barkley every leaf Trey Lance sensations Dak Prescott silver concourse rookie Micah Parsons Waddle premiere level DK Mahomes club level blue Michael Stray hand Number 82 of 99 club level silver rookie Alex Leatherwood Silver rookie field level Nico Collins Daniel Jones 46 of 75 Jersey card Premier level rookie silver Devante Williams concourse red Tony Gonzalez Number 87 of 99 concourse silver Devante Adams Silver premier level rookie Trevor Lawrence nice. Those are Mondray Number QB come on Wilson try color Josh Allen Concourse 43 of 249 49 at 249 We got number QB. That's true. And a Kevin Byer to 299 in the Silver Auto Silver snapshots rich Ganon concourse silver rookie Michael Carter premier level blue Devante Parker 20 of 199 149 purple premier level Ricky Williams 15 of 75 and the silver Tom Brady Optic choice basketball and then prism choice basketball silver Ruby at Timora Maurice cheeks on the optographs red choice Red and green Nicola Vosevich Jalen Brunson a red choice 77 of 88 And a red-rated rookies. We've got Scotty Barnes and Joshua Primo. Let's finish with a bang prism choice for your Braden. Is that what they say illegal? I didn't know Silver rookie Kai Jones and silver Marcus Morris senior Louie yellow greens Duncan Robinson Tarian Prince Jonathan Kaminga rookie Kaminga Quentin Grimes sensational signatures red choice Solid Q6 Red for the Rockets Christian Wood number 4 of 88 and Blue is Eric Gordon 5 of 39 Well, Braden was definitely hoping for some bigger stuff out of those boxes for you appreciate the order We will get them out to you in a bit


Minä olen Ilma Rilaukas, ja olen Settember, jossa olen tullut TDF-yhteyden perustaminen. Olen tullut uudelleen jälkeen, jossa olen tullut uudelleen jälkeen, jossa olen tullut uudelleen jälkeen, jossa olen tullut uudelleen jälkeen, jossa olen tullut uudelleen, jne. Tänään lopulta esima aina mielenkiintoisemmin näkyy sen erittäin ymmärrä rapuтоista. TDF on lopulta tu каналеa muutaman valtiasta 2018. Se hallitamme, että olemme oppimme sekä inducta다ista. Eli me olemme osaamista kulttuurisuus, jotta kulttuurisuus on kokemme. Me olemme kulttuurisuus, jotta kulttuurisuus on kokemme. Ja myös ottaa kulttuurisuus- ja valintirjärjestelmät, ja ottaa kulttuurisuus- ja valintirjärjestelmät. Ja sitten tulee tuntumisesta. Meillä on kontaktia jäämme enää tehdä työntekijöitä. Seuraavaksi, että kun tuntumisesta on tuntumisesta, voimme tuntumisesta ongelmasta. Se on ollut yksi kokemme, että koko tämä kokemuksesta on tuntumisesta. Jos katsotaan statistiikkiä, me näemme yksi kertaa. Stats show 38 contacts for C++, 89 for Quality Assurance, 33 for User Experience Design, and 8 for Documentation. We also have opportunities for visual design and marketing, but there was no point in including them, because visual design only received two contacts and marketing has never received contacts at all. So only five persons in Quality Assurance and one person in documentation did any actual work get plenty of contacts, but very few of them moved to contribute. When responding to the contacts in the beginning, I was immediately fondling in the dark as I was lacking the experience. The experience and understanding built up quite slowly as I could not really draw conclusions on anything after several months. After witnessing contact, after contact drift away without ever starting to contribute, it became apparent that this platform was not some magical funnel of contributors. We would have to deal with this as a problem to solve rather than as an eternity solution. The burning question is what happens between the act of contacting us and the non-act of never doing any work. The frustrating lack of data from this area meant that we had to operate on theoretical assumptions when trying to improve our approach. Let's consider the background of the contacts for a moment. Most of the people have never used LibreOffice. The ones that have heard of it are a minority. Not everyone mentions their education and word background. There are many professionals and some students. This is different from the usual problem contributors. Personally, I had no experience in quality assurance before I started branding LibreOffice bug reports. So non-professional LibreOffice enthusiasts have the advantage of being familiar with the software and having a strong drive to improve it. On the other hand, professionals are expected to be able to understand any software from the perspective of their expertise. Professionals have the advantage of knowing the tools of their trade and should thus learn our workflows much faster than managers. There is a screenshot of our C++ development opportunity as it appears on the volunteer match website. In principle, anyone browsing our posted opportunities could start to contribute without sending us a message through volunteer match. The opportunity descriptions include the necessary information and links to technical documentation. In practice, there have been maybe one or two cases where someone appeared in the chat without reaching out to volunteer match. This is how I responded to people inquiring about bug testing in the very beginning. I'm happy to hear from you. Have you already created an account at our Godzilla and the link? Do you have experience in quality assurance? If you want, we can chat in real time and then chat information. I typically reply to the contact emails on the same day as I received them, but I think it's pretty important to be quick in this. So here is an evolution of the previous email after some months of tweaking. So it goes like this. Triasing, analyzing newly arrived bug reports is by far the most time consuming activity for us. We get anywhere from 600 to 800 reports per month. Here is our guide for getting started with triasing. It has a quick start guide I made that is a good fit for beginners. After you have tested a bunch of bugs, according to the beginner instructions, you might start studying a more complete guide to triasing and then mention about communication opportunity. Some people did schedule a chat or even a voice call with me. During this period, some designer contacts even joined a design team meeting. It was emotionally taxing to first get excited about the idea of what seemed to be a game-changing increase in contributors and then realize it was just an illusion. And here is the current incarnation of my response to basically any inquiries. This is the beginning of the email. So it goes, our dogs are pretty good and the work can be self-starring but I would still like to interview you. We can talk in text mode over IRC. When would be a good time for you? I am in Helsinki, Finland and available during blah blah blah. Please use this time zone converter to find the most convenient time for you and me. So the background for this is one day in September last year I was discussing the frustrations related to the situation with long time contributor Drew Jensen and the interaction with Drew was really beneficial as it gave me the idea for a better structured approach. I decided that instead of being optional, orienting interviews would be required. If a person never replied to my request for an interview, I would not need to speculate if there is something wrong with the information I provide. At first I offered IRC chat or GC audio calls as the platform for the interview. Over time it became apparent that people really preferred text chat over audio calls so I could simply stop mentioning GC. As most of the contacts live in the United States and I did in Finland scheduling the interviews became interesting. I settled on mentioning my available local assignment referring to an online time zone converter. So the interviewing is a good method to fill gaps in understanding basic concepts and they get used to a crucial tool that we use to chat and I'm able to make sure they know what to expect of the work. Of course convince them that it's a great idea to work with us. It should be obvious that tech documentation cannot replace human interaction. Meeting on location would be optimal but remote mentoring is the only sustainable solution because we cannot have a thousand mentors on standby spread across the major cities of the world. So typically the interview goes like this I'm getting guidance from our skilled experts I tell them about our user base, the contributor community and the events Directed via email or chat to ask for assistance or ask in public in the chat. Some questions they might ask me is how many hours should we expect them to work per week and if they can get a recommendation letter. So I just say the hours are entirely up to them. I promise to sign a recommendation letter but so far no letters have been signed. After starting about 50% of the contacts have agreed to be interviewed so that's kind of a big filter effect there. So it's very rare to get an explanation on how someone did not start working and here are a couple. So our quality assurance reply after an interview I don't think this will work. I thought I had the time and I doubt. A person replied and never interviewed. After reviewing all the info you provided I do not think I am the right fit for this position. So I think the first reason is much more common than would appear. It might explain much of what we see here with the amount of contacts because people are hopeful about their amount of free time. And for the second one I would have loved to get more details but unfortunately did not receive anything more. While preparing this presentation I ran into an article on the volunteer match website that reveals our experience is actually quite normal. This is a bit of a relief as it confirms the optimizing strategy has been the right approach. So they say we have found that many volunteers who use our service make connections with multiple opportunities and organizations. So they like going shopping for what's the best organization. And on average 25% of connections result in successful ongoing volunteer relationships. So what did we get out of this? Our mission contributor revealed two chapters of getting started guide. And three quality assurance contributors did meaningful work checking 30, 80 and 420 reports. So one of the quality assurance contributors has done significant work and wants to get into automation next. And some random interesting things. We got two inquiries from students who were in the USA on an F1 visa. They have completed their studies and needed to find some work. Even volunteer work to continue their stay in the country. Or they will be kicked out. This happens in the context of a thing called optional practical training. Unfortunately TDF does not have any branch office in the United States so we were not able to help them. Well I did try to help them anyway. So volunteer match is not the only game in town. There are other platforms, many of which do not operate internationally. And recently Judenek Sremanek has added Libra office to a check volunteer platform called Omsen Untam. I look forward to working with Judenek and helping with this effort. As recruiting continues to be such a challenge I have started wishing we have science to guide us. It turns out there is a genre of scientific literature about contributors in free and open source software and how to recruit them. The researchers are doing helpful stuff and I hope to somehow work with them in the future. One such researcher is Anne Markholm who is pursuing a PhD at LERA, the Irish Software Research Center at the University of Liberty. This year she released a paper called Why do episodic volunteers stay in free and Libra open source communities? It is based on a survey to test a proposed model of factors associated with keeping contributors in free software projects. So even though the paper was specifically about irregular contributors I found it useful that it considered different motivations in a fine, great way. The paper concludes that social norms, satisfaction and community commitment are all positively associated with an intention to remain. In the results of this particular survey contributor benefits were not related with intention to remain. What are these contributor benefits motives? They include that I want to be recognized for my contributions I want to receive a tangible acknowledgement of my contributions I volunteer to get a reputation in the free software scene I volunteer to improve my job opportunities to make money, to learn and develop new skills. Based on what I have observed it would appear that among the people coming to volunteer match contributor benefit motives are more strongly represented. In an event conversation Barcom said benefit motives might have more of an impact in recruitment as opposed to retention. Thanks.