you will break the cycle. The cycle of poverty, the cycle of rejection, the cycle of abuse, the cycle of trauma. And that's why some of you say, why is this so hard? It's because you're not just trying to break through. You're trying to disconnect yourself from the benefits Satan has been deriving by torturing your family tree. You are trying to break the cycle of lying, cheating, infidelity, sin, and immorality. And that's why you're gonna have to come against the hellish forces of demonic spirits. But you are not alone. The God of victory is on your side. The God of all victory is on your side.  You will break the cycle over your family. You will begin to have a breakthrough in your finances. You will have breakthrough in your family. You will have breakthrough in your marriage. And you will have breakthrough in your ministry.


Did you time that just for me when you said, oh no, all right, good afternoon everyone. Just a few things to pass along and then I'll be happy to take your questions. The Department of Defense continues to remain actively engaged on the situation in the Middle East and is focused on three primary objectives, supporting Israel's right to defend itself from terrorist attacks, deterring a broader conflict in the region, and ensuring force protection for our troops and allow me to just briefly address each of these. Since Hamas' cruel terrorist attacks on Israel on October 7th, the United States has rushed security assistance to enable Israel Defense Forces to restore security and protect the Israeli people. And as we've highlighted, this includes capabilities requested by Israel to include precision guided munitions, small diameter bombs, artillery ammunition, iron dome interceptors, and other critical equipment, continue to stay in close contact with our Israeli partners on their defense needs, and remain committed to the security of Israel. We also continue to underscore the importance of safeguarding innocent civilians in this conflict, both Palestinian and Israeli, and ensuring the delivery of humanitarian aid to those in need. Since that Hamas' terrorist attack, we've also been crystal clear that we do not want to see the situation in Israel widen, or widen rather, into a broader regional conflict. And as you've heard President Biden, Secretary Austin, and other senior U.S. leaders say, our message to any country or group thinking about trying to take advantage of this situation to widen the conflict is don't. We've already deployed a significant number of additional U.S. military capabilities into the region to bolster our regional deterrence efforts, strengthen our capabilities there, and enhance our ability to respond to a range of contingencies. In addition to the capabilities that we've already announced, I can also confirm that the New Jersey Air National Guard's 119th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron arrived within U.S. Central Command's area of responsibility today with additional F-16 Fighting Falcon Squadron bolstering U.S. posture to deter further aggression in the region. Again, it is our aim to avoid any regional expansion of Israel's conflict with Hamas, but we stand ready and prepared to protect and defend our partners and our interests, and will act to do so. Finally, in terms of force protection, the message is simple. As Secretary Austin has consistently made clear, we will take all necessary measures to defend our troops and our interests overseas. And with that, happy to take your questions and we'll go to Associated Press, Lita Baldor first. Hi, thank you. A couple of things just for some quick clarifications. Can you give a better sense of what the total number of attacks against U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria has been? Was there an additional one today or not? Can you can you just kind of sketch us out? Because there's been a lot of kind of haphazard reporting on the numbers and how many people were injured in addition to the contractor that we know died from the cardiac arrest. And then I have one other thing. Thanks, Lita. So in terms of those numbers and statistics, we are working with the U.S. Central Command to get you a comprehensive list for the public record. And so we'll endeavor to get that to you all as soon as possible. What I can tell you right now, and again, we're still continuing to ensure that this accounts for everything, but between October 17 and the 24th, U.S. and coalition forces have been attacked at least 10 separate times in Iraq and three separate times in Syria via a mix of one-way attack drones and rockets. So again, those are the initial numbers. We're continuing to work to Sankom to ensure we get you the facts on these. And so, again, we'll get that to you as soon as possible. And I'm sorry, you said you had a follow-up. Yes. Can you say whether any of the prepared to deploy forces have actually been activated at this point? And can you give us a better sense of what Lieutenant General Glenn and this team is doing in Israel? Did that sort of double the number of advisors there? Or just give us a little bit more clarity on what they're doing. Sure. In terms of the prepare to deploy, the forces that have been notified under prepare to deploy orders, to my knowledge, those forces have not been tasked to deploy at this point in time. I will say that separately, the deployment of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense Battery and the additional Patriot Battalions that we announced this weekend, their deployment is underway. I'm not going to be able to go into numbers. I'm not going to be able to go into locations other than to say to an undisclosed location in the Middle East. Again, those forces are aimed at enhancing force protection for U.S. forces in the region. What I can tell you is that the THAAD battery is coming from Fort Bliss, Texas, and the Patriot Battalions and batteries are coming from across Fort Liberty in North Carolina and Fort Sill in Oklahoma. As it relates to General Glenn, we have asked a few officials with relevant experience simply to help Israeli officials think through the kinds of questions that they need to consider as they conduct their planning, including advice on mitigating civilian casualties. As I'm sure you've seen reported, these officials to include General Glenn have deep experience when it comes to urban combat. And so again, they're there temporarily with their military expertise to just go through and discuss some of the hard questions that the IDF should consider as they plan various scenarios. I will be very clear here, though. The IDF will and always will make its own decisions. They're not there to direct, again, simply to provide advice. Thank you. Let me go back into the room here, Matt. Thank you, Pat. Can you say what if any efforts the U.S. is making to prevent future attacks on U.S. forces by these Iran-backed militias in the region? Have there been any counter strikes so far, any kind of efforts to thwart future attacks? And if not, why not? Yeah, thanks, Matt. Well, again, as we announced this weekend, we are posturing additional forces in the region for two reasons. One, again, to bolster our broader regional deterrence efforts. And two, to send a clear message that we will protect our forces. We will always maintain the inherent right of self-defense. And if there is a response, should we choose to have one, we would do that at a time and place of our choosing. Thank you. Megan. A group of senators sent a letter to OSD yesterday about a new over-the-counter birth control pill requesting that tri-care cover it. His OSD received it, and does OSD plan to respond by the end of the month as the senator's requested. Yeah, thanks, Megan. So I don't have anything to provide on that. I'll take that question. As always, we will respond to Congress appropriately, but I'll take that question for you. Thank you. Rio. Thank you very much. Please let me ask you about China. The Chinese Defense Minister Lee Shanfu was officially removed today. So does the Pentagon believe the defense top defense leaders' engagement between the US and China is more likely to happen? Because China argues that sanctions on Mr. Lee was a major obstacle for the meeting. Yeah, thank you for that. I've seen the press reports. As I'm sure you can appreciate, I'm not going to comment on Chinese military personnel, policy, or moves. I will say that we still believe that it is very important for the senior leaders of our two nations to continue to engage, to include, between our two militaries. And so we will continue to seek opportunities to keep those lines of communication open to prevent potential miscalculation. Thank you very much, sir. Has the department been preparing or stepped up preparations for mass evacuations if the conflict spreads beyond where it is right now? Yeah, so I don't have anything to announce in that regard.  It's what we do. And so again, we're going to do due diligence to ensure that we're planning for a variety of contingencies. But as it relates to the situation in the Middle East and US citizens and our embassies there, I'd refer you to State Department. And are there any discussions through intermediaries between the US and Iran? So again, on the diplomatic side, I'd refer you to State. Certainly from a DOD standpoint, our focus is on communicating with our partners in the region. You've seen us read out several calls to include one today with the Secretary. I think it was today. It may have been tomorrow at all borders together, or yesterday rather, with Secretary Austin and his Iraqi counterpart. So again, that continues to be our focus. Karla. Thanks. Following up the latest question, do you believe that these at least 13 attacks on US forces in Iraq and Syria, do you believe that Iran is responsible for these? Were these all conducted by Iranian-backed proxies? Well, I think we've been pretty clear on this. And my colleagues at the White House yesterday talked about this as well. We know that the groups conducting these attacks are supported by the IRGC and the Iranian regime. What we are seeing is the prospect for more significant escalation against US forces and personnel across the region in the very near term coming from Iranian proxy forces and ultimately from Iran. So by virtue of our announcement over the weekend, we are preparing for this escalation, both in terms of defending our forces and responding decisively. And I just want to emphasize the point that I made earlier, which is that we always reserve the right to defend ourselves, and we will never hesitate to take action when needed to protect our forces and our interests overseas. At this point, can you confirm which Iranian-backed militias are responsible for these attacks? Again, I'm not going to go into specifics here from the podium other than to say that we know that these groups are Iranian proxy groups. And lastly, can we get a breakdown of the injuries that have occurred based on these attacks? And have there been any TBIs that have occurred as a result of these attacks as well? Yeah, again, we'll come back to you on that. Thank you. Jeff. When were the most recent attacks? You've mentioned 10 in Iraq, 3 in Syria. When were the most recent of these attacks? And separately, can you confirm that the Carney used its 5-inch gun to shoot down some of the drones launched by the Houthis? Yeah, so in terms of the Carney, Jeff, I'm just not going to go into specifics on its defensive systems. And as far as the attacks go, I can confirm. And I think I talked about this yesterday. We had the attempted attack at Antamph, Garrison in Syria, no casualties or damage to infrastructure. I am aware that there are data minor alerts out there talking about another potential attack today. So we're looking into that. I just don't have any information to provide. But again, it is our intent to be able to confirm the details of these attacks since they've begun and make that available to the press and to the public. So two reasons, one, you asked the question. And two, we're very sensitive to the fact that there's a lot of misinformation out there right now about whether attacks have occurred or not. And so we'd like to have something in the public record so that we can have a basis for truth as we go forward on this. Thank you.  Thanks, Pat. Couple questions. Just to follow up on the attacks, did any of the attacks in Syria come from inside Iraq? Chris, right now I just don't have that level of detail to provide. OK, and then second question. You've highlighted there is a very near-term threat, but it will take some time for these additional forces, the carrier, to arrive. So what steps are you taking right now in near-term deterrence to prevent attacks? Yeah, so to be clear, we have significant capabilities in the theater right now. I mean, you've got the FORD that's in the Eastern Mediterranean. You've got an expanded number of fighter aircraft throughout the region, in addition to the naval assets that are already in the Central Command AOR. So there should be no confusion whether or not we have the ability to respond to any potential threats right now. The announcement over the weekend, as it highlighted, is intended to enhance those capabilities and sustain those capabilities for as long as we may need in order to continue to both deter and protect our troops. One final quick question. Do you have an update on the number of C-17 flights that have gone into Israel? I do not. I do not. I can tell you that we are conducting regular, near-daily missions to provide them with support, but I can take that question and we'll see what we're able to provide on that. Let me go to Joe, and then I need to come back to the phone here. Thank you. Quick question. Could you say on the record, if the Houthis have mid-range missiles that can reach Israel? Yeah, thanks, Joe. So I'm not really able to get into specific intelligence. I can tell you that it's our assessment that the range of those missiles was likely in excess of 200 kilometers. Yeah, 200 kilometers. Yeah. OK, let me go to the phone here. Look, I studied advertising at the University of Florida. OK, please do not make me do math up here. All right, let me go to Jared from all monitor. Hi, sir. Thanks for doing this. There have been some news reports, including in my outlet, that citing Israeli officials is saying that essentially, while they greatly appreciate the US military support and coordination, that they feel that in order to maintain deterrence Israel as a state in the Middle East neighborhood that they have really no choice but to go ahead with the Gaza campaign ground incursion. Does the department share that? Well, look, I'm not going to speak for Israel. I think it's important to remember how we got here. So first of all, we have had a very longstanding relationship with Israel and have worked together for many years to ensure our mutual security in the region. As I highlighted earlier, on October 7th, Israel was attacked by Hamas in a brutal and cruel attack. And so since that day, we have worked hard to ensure that we are working closely with Israel to understand what their defense needs are to restore security and protect their people. And so that continues to be our focus. Let me go to James, the messenger. Appreciate the opportunity. The question was answered. Thank you. Thank you. Come back to the room. Yes, ma'am. How involved was OSD in Google's decision to disable live traffic conditions in Israel and the Gaza Strip after a quest of the IDF ahead of a potential ground invasion? Yes, I'm not tracking any involvement from DOD on that. So thank you. Separately, is the Defense Department providing Israel with Phoenix Ghost or other loitering munitions? And in that light, is the Department supplying new or emerging tech weapons that have not been deployed by U.S. forces in conflicts yet? Yeah, I mean, you've heard me talk about the kinds of capabilities that we're providing, so I don't have anything additional to announce at this point in time. As we've said, we continue to remain in close contact with Israel. For example, Secretary Austin talking on a near daily basis with the Minister of Defense there to understand what their needs are. And so as we have new capabilities that they request that we're able to announce, we certainly will do that. Thank you, buddy. Two questions. So yesterday, there was one report quoting U.S. official that Israel is delaying its incursion into Gaza to give the U.S. more time to prepare for the wide escalation on conflict in the region. Do you have a comment on that report? Yeah, I saw those press reports. So I'll be clear. Again, it's Israel's decision as to when and how they conduct their operations. The relationship between the United States and Israel right now is focused on, again, understanding what their defense needs are and making sure that we're able to support them in that regard. But we're also communicating with them as I highlighted earlier in terms of providing those kinds of thoughtful questions and things to consider based on our lessons in urban combat. And so, and then also emphasizing the importance of mitigating civilian casualties in light of the situation in Gaza. And so that continues to be our focus. And in terms of, you talked about deterrence, you talked about what was announced in the weekend, although it could be looked at it as more like defensive assets, not offensive assets in terms of that and Patriot. But as you highlighted between October 17 and October 24, there's been 13 attacks on US forces in Iraq and Syria. I don't know what your view is on deterrence and how deterrence works and whether this is a case of failed deterrence. But my question to you is, do you assess at this moment how big are the chances that this conflict could be widened based on the reaction from groups that are attacking the US? Yeah, so a couple of things there. And let me just kind of break it down. So first of all, to your point, our focus, there's a couple of different things at play here. And I think it's important to separate them into their parts. There's the situation with Israel and Hamas and their efforts to defend themselves against Hamas. And so, as I mentioned at the top, we're focused on supporting their defensive needs in order to protect their people. When, as we put these additional assets into the region, it again is meant to deter a wider conflict and to message those who might seek to make it a regional conflict that that would be a very bad idea, okay? Those capabilities give us options. They give us a wide range of capabilities to respond to a multitude of potential contingencies.  And so we're gonna continue to not only ensure that we have those capabilities in the region, but continue to communicate clearly with our partners and our allies throughout the region directly. And then also via messaging of these capabilities to potential adversaries or bad actors in the region. Separately, we have forces in Iraq and Syria that are there for one purpose only. Our forces in Iraq are there at the invitation of the government of Iraq to assist them in the campaign to defeat ISIS, ensure the lasting defeat of ISIS. Our forces in Syria are there as part of the campaign to ensure the enduring defeat of ISIS. So as you see these Iranian proxy groups, and it's not the first time that they've done this, attempt to destabilize, attempt to divert attention. What I'm saying is that we are going to take appropriate measures to protect our people so that they can stay focused on the mission. So right now, this conflict in Israel is contained to Israel and Israel fighting Hamas, and that will continue to be a focus of ours. But we're also not going to hesitate to protect our people when they're in harm's way doing important national security missions like the defeat ISIS mission. Thank you, Laura. Thanks, Pat. Just to clarify on the missile that was launched from the Houthis, you said it ranges in excess of 2,000 kilometers. Is that correct? Correct. So you assess that the Houthis do have missiles that can reach Israel? Correct. And again, I think to highlight what I said earlier, and I think it was this week, I don't remember the time all blurs, but when we talked earlier about this, we still cannot say for certain what those missiles and drones were targeting, but those missiles were within range of that ship, the Carney, and so the Carney made the decision to take those missiles down. Have you seen any other such incidents involving those types of missiles since now? Not at this time, Mike. The munitions requirements for Israel and Ukraine are for the most part not in conflict with the exception of one by five millimeter howitzer rounds. What's the Pentagon Defense Department doing to ensure that their needs, as well as U.S. military zone and internal needs to have a supply of those rounds are on hand? Yeah, great question. So a couple of things. As you know, we have been working closely with industry, not only in the United States, but working with our allies and partners and their defense industrial base to look at ramping up production of one by five. In fact, just last week, the National Armaments Directors again, met as part of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group process to, again, look at how we can continue to increase that production. We are confident that we can meet both Israel's needs and Ukraine's needs going forward. I would also highlight, again, as you know, the White House provided a supplemental last week, a request to Congress for additional funding. And so, of course, those resources would be very welcome in terms of going forward to ensure that we're able to continue to provide the level of support that we need to both Ukraine and Israel. But we are confident that we have what we need to be able to support them at the same time, ensure that our military readiness stays at the threshold that it needs to. We will not sacrifice our own military readiness when it comes to defending the nation. Thank you. Let me go back to the phone here. JJ, WTOP. Yeah, thanks, General, for doing this. You said yesterday and you said again today that what we are seeing is the prospect for more significant escalation against U.S. forces and personnel across the region in the near term coming from Iranian proxy forces and ultimately from Iran. When you say that, do you mean Iranian forces making direct attacks on U.S. forces and are you seeing evidence that they're planning or preparing for that? Yeah, thanks, JJ. I'm not gonna get into hypotheticals at this point. I think my words speak for themselves in terms of we are continuing to see the prospect for increased escalation in light of the tensions throughout the region with these groups attempting to exploit that. And so, so far, we've seen these Iranian proxy groups in Iraq and Syria conducting these attacks and I'll just leave it at that. All right, let me go to John Ismail, New York Times. Yes, hi, I was wondering if you can tell me a little bit about what the Carney was doing before she took defensive actions and what she's been doing since. Yeah, thanks, John. So she was sailing, I'm just kidding. I don't have any specifics to provide in terms of beyond, obviously we have a variety of assets in the region as you know that are supporting our both national security interests and our regional security interests. In terms of the current disposition of the ship, I don't have anything to provide on that at the moment. Let me go to Phil Stewart, Reuters. Hey there, thank you. Just a quick clarification, I thought initially you said that the missile had an excess range of 200 and then I think you confirmed that you said it was over 2000. I'm not sure which one of those it was. And then secondly, last night or yesterday the senior defense official briefed all of us that Iran would be held accountable for these attacks. I'm just wondering if you could explain what that means, thank you. Yeah, thanks. So yes, 2000 and then in terms of accountability, again, look, I'm not gonna discuss particular actions we could or might take other than to say again, we will do everything necessary to protect and defend our forces. If and when we would decide to respond, we will do so at a time and place of our choosing. Thank you. All right, time for a few more. Yes, sir. Thanks, general. So when the Biden administration and the DOD say they're confident that Israel will follow the law of war, I'm wondering which law is being referred to here. Is it like the Geneva Convention, United Nations, ICC? Last week, we saw an Israeli strike hit the St. Porphyrios Greek Orthodox Church, which killed about 18, including some family members of former US Congressman, Justin Amash. So I'm just wondering if attacks like those are in line with the laws of war that the DOD is applying. Yeah, look, so I'll let Israel talk to its operations in our communications with the Israelis. Again, we continue to encourage them to abide by the laws of war. We are both democracies, we are both professional militaries, and we understand the importance of doing so. Again, I will also highlight the challenges here with urban warfare. I will highlight we've made very clear that the Palestinians are not Hamas, and that Hamas are not the Palestinians. And it is very, very unfortunate that we see a terrorist group who embeds themselves within a civilian population in order to protect and hide. But again, in our conversations with the Israelis, as we've made very clear, we're continuing to highlight the importance of mitigating civilian casualties and ensuring that, for example, things like safety corridors are thought through. Could you speak a little bit on which laws of war are being applied for those of us assessing the war? I'm not going to go into a doctrinal discussion about the laws of war. I think we all know what we're talking about, law of armed conflict. And yeah, thank you. Sir. Thanks, General. From the beginning, the US has been supporting Israel with military needs and equipments with munitions. And now you have expertise helping the Israeli IDF to conduct their operation, possible operation in Gaza. So this is adding your responsibility against the civilian casualties in the region more. So what are these experts are going to? What kind of role are they going to play in terms of minimizing civilian casualties? Or are they going to help the civilian casualties to decrease in a possible operation? Yeah, so let me just kind of push back on a little bit of what you said there. So to be clear, these subject matter experts are not there to help the Israelis conduct their operations. They're not in any way actively participating in operations. Again, they're there to advise. And I think it's also important to put into context that we have had, as you highlighted, a long, many-year relationship with the Israelis. We frequently share information with one another. And it really works both ways in terms of lessons learned. But again, given the expertise in conducting warfare in dense urban environments in places like Iraq, sharing those lessons learned to include the importance of doing everything you can to mitigate civilian casualties. And Secretary Austin, in fact, spoke about this when he was in Israel during his press conference talking about his own experiences in places like Mosul and ensuring that you have safety corridors and things like that. Because at the end of the day, what everyone's trying to do here is protect innocent civilian lives in terms of ensuring that terrorist groups like Hamas cannot continue to do what they have done in this situation. Thank you. All right, thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen. Appreciate your time today.


Hello Columbia and welcome to This Week in the City. Highlights brought to you from the public relations, media, and marketing department with the City of Columbia. I am your host, Lisha Yutzi. This week in the City, on Wednesday, February 23rd, the Office of Business Opportunities will host a virtual conference. On Wednesday, February 23rd, 2022, the City of Columbia's Minority Business Opportunity Conference will be held from 10 a.m. until 12.30 p.m. This virtual event is free and open to the public. Registration can be completed on Eventbrite. Contact Kalina Gignard at<PHONE_NUMBER> for more information or if you have questions. On Friday, February 25th, the City of Columbia will host a press conference for a new business opening in Five Points, clearly demonstrating that Columbia is open for business. The press conference will be held at 12 p.m. and the store is located at 736 Hardin Street. Mayor Daniel Rickerman, city council members, along with city officials, will join the owner of the new store Swift Brand in Five Points. Hey there, Columbia, are you wild about recycling? Well, join us on Saturday, February 26th. On Saturday, February 26th, at the Riverbank Zoo and Garden, the wild about recycling free drop-off will be held. This event is being sponsored by multiple partners, including the City of Columbia. The drop-off will be held from 8 a.m. until 12 p.m. Please use the Greystone Boulevard entrance. This drop-off is for both Richland and Lexington County residents. Materials generated from businesses will not be accepted. As we close out the month of February, please remember that we are still celebrating both American Heart Month as well as Black History Month here in the City of Columbia. Please continue to follow us on our social media platforms for highlights about both heart health tips as well as Black History moments and also various sites you can visit to engage in educational activities regarding our rich culture and heritage of African Americans. Facebook, Twitter and Instagram are waiting for you to follow us and get more information and of course you can find more details on our website at columbiasc.gov. Please remember that we are Columbia and we are here to serve you. If you have any questions about anything related to our program, please contact Public Relations Media and Marketing by calling us at<PHONE_NUMBER>. You can email us at pioatcolumbiasc.gov and of course you can always reach out to us through our social media platforms.


The Senate has on Tuesday charged its Committee on Establishment in Public Service Matters Committee on Employment, Labor and Productivity and the Committee on Federal Character to carry out a holistic investigation on the legal employment of the Federal Service Commission officers. These resolutions were circled to emotion and the urgent need to ensure Federal Character Principle curb lopsidedness and emerging infractions in the recruitment and deployment of officers by the Federal Service Commission and related agencies sponsored by the Chairman's Senate Committee on Rules and Business, Senator Titus Zamm, A.P.C. Benway, N.W.S. was made to consider and ultimately eliminate incantations in the civil service in terms of human resource and payroll management. Human point of view, in its application seemed to be jeopardizing normal contenting of government. Regrets also that impurities of government are actualizing on insider abuse to undermine the efficiency of the RPP IS and to perpetrate unwholesome activities resulting in cases of salary disarmament. Supports in the motions and its own NEDA Immersion Express concern and how these actions have affected those who do not have connections to assist them with employment. Senator, therefore And so most of this motion was just to bring society to the process so that at least our citizens can feel a sense of belonging to the country of Nigeria again. Employment, so that at least this single population of Nigerians who are available and seeking for employment can be a problem. Senate therefore resolved that the committees move immediately for an investigation of illegal employment. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


It has been a long time coming, but we have finally made it to the end of one of the hardest old-school Dragon Ball Z games, Dragon Ball Z Infinite World. I don't know how long this is going to take me, but hopefully today is the day that I finish this game on Z difficulty with no items. We have made it all the way to the GT saga, and I only have very few matches left. Like, right now we're playing as Pan against Goku GT. This one's probably gonna be very easy. I'm not even worried about it, to be honest. Whoa! One of the last times I'm gonna play this mini-game.  Goku GT's just gonna throw hands with me immediately. I kind of forgot how to play. LB, nice. Okay, we throw in Keyblast. You like cheating. Wow! Little cheater. What if I hit you with the Maiden Burst? Nice pose, Pan. Nice uppercut. Damn, I got hands for real. Hands off the merchandise. Get off me. Damn! Damn! Keyblast cannon. That's like one of the coolest moves in the game. Oh, stop that. You are, you are not him. You are not him. Oh-hoo! Oh, I almost hit him with Giru. No, I almost hit him with the Giru ultimate, but he blocked it or something. Send the Keyblast my way. Actually don't even want to stun him. Nice grab. Damn! Why'd that grab you so much- Whoa, whoa, whoa. We don't even got to do all that combo stuff. He's just kicking it. Nothing.  Damn! Damn! Oh, somebody down his luck. Mink. Reliable friend. Yeah, whatever that, whatever Giru just said. Thanks Giru. Do what you got to do. Oh, too slow. Oh, oh. Got him looking goofy. Got him with the crossover move. Yeah, you're distracting, huh? You got to keep your eye on the prize. I'm doing this in man in like Future Gohan. 800 damage. That's all? That was nothing. I mean, that was like one of the lamest ultimates in the game. You missed. My guy just missed. Damn! I'm stunned. I'm stunned. No, no, no, no. Stop, stop, stop, stop. Stop. Stop. Stop. You play way too much. Stop. You play way too much. Stop. Damn. All right, boy. This is where I win. This is where I win. I know it looks bad. This is where I win. He's going to send the Keyblast. You've got to teleport that pin. Oh, my God. He hit me like a grown-ass man. That he hit me like a grown-ass man right there at the end.   This man hit me like a grown man. This guy is a kid for no reason. Pilov wasted a wish. All right, all right. I'm not losing twice. This is actually a pretty easy mission. Why, Goku? No! Oh, look at that dodge. That was a sweet back step. That was a sweet back step, back step of legends right there. Okay, kind of a waste of key. Nice block, Dopan. Made it in burst and I missed. I'm doing it again. Made in burst, nice. No! I keep missing. This move is not as good. In PDP, that move is actually pretty good. Damn it. Why is Goku going all out right now? Made in burst. And he perfect guarded it. And I'm just shielding. Damn, he hit me hard. All right, Goku clearly came to play this time. Goku clearly came to play this time. Oh, yeah? Oh, yeah, Goku, you want to play so bad? Let's play. Let's play then. What you got to talk about? Nice grab.  Take this. Yeah, take this. And I'm going to lose. Oh, I knocked him out cold. You know what? Before I reset, take a made in burst.  Mink, mink, pose. And I'm out of here. Retry mission. I'm not losing. Damn, damn!  That was his ultimate. He just conned with me with for like two extra damage. Oh, my sternum. Oh, my sternum part two. God damn, he hit every part of my sternum. For what? Oh, whoop, whoop, whoop. Damn. Ow. I won't lose. Oh, my sternum again. Hey, Goku kind of got a little combos. He got to hit me with the sternum. Oh, I'm out. He hit me with the sternum blaster and then the double uppercut. That was kind of clean. Oh, my God. I don't know what happened. Why is Goku playing right now? He plays too much. Stop, dude. Stop.  Oh, I got him looking goofy now. Nice. Eru, get this man. Deer him with the double crossover. Oh, you can hear the basketball shoes on the court right now. You could just hear it. Oh, just listen to them squeak. Erie, Erie. Oh, he's different. Oh, he's different. Squeak on him. Squeak on him, Eru. Oh, that's over. Oh, my God. He's different. I win these. I win these. Nobody doubt me. Comment in the comment right now. I want to know who's team doubters suits. That's like a live stream thing, but I just got to know. Maybe it's selfish, but I got it. Oh, I can't block that. Oh, he's sternum. Now it's my turn.  Now it's my turn. Oh, the ground pan. That was nuts. That was nuts, pan. That was actually nuts.  Relax. My man bust out the jail Goku. Don't bring out the nine. My God.  I'm not losing again though. I'll tell you that right now. I'll tell you that right now. I'm not losing again. That's just not me for real. That's not me. Oh, the sternum again. Oh, my God. The cancel combos into a grab.  This is path to power Goku right now. He is straight up just a different beast. Damn. Damn. What is that? Why? This was supposed to be an easy one. This was supposed to be like a multi fight video. Oh, damn. Oh, my God. With the grabs, Goku. What is with you GT characters and grabbing? Damn. Oh, my God. I can't block that. I mean, I can. It's my defense is so bad right now. Holy guacamole, dude. They got me saying all the whitest phrases. This is crazy.   I'm getting grabbed out. I'm getting grabbed out the wazoo. Holy guacamole. Let's skedaddle gang. What? Super armor. He's at like three foot five on his best day. What do you expect to be like a God? My God. If I didn't start super armor, I would have died like three times. Come on. What are you going to do, Goku?  Yeah. You ain't got no. Damn. No way. He just takes. Oh, no. Super. Damn. Woohoo. Jesus. Oh, my God. Jesus Christ.  Maiden burst.  I'm sorry. This guy is crazy. All because I did one comment. Me. Huh? I did one comment.  How about I shoot you with another one? Damn. I did one comment. I tanked it and he said this is what a real comment. I'm just retrying. I know I lost that one. That one was bad. This is path to power. Go is this going to be a one video? Why is Goku fighting so hard right now? Oh, my God. It's because I'm bad at the game. I get that. But like, please go. Damn.  Oh, nice grab.  Oh, my God.   I'll fight Goku in one video. What? Hey, damn. Damn. He's actually kind of sick with it. I can't lie. He's kind of sick with it. I can't actually lie though. He's kind of nuts.  I can't even tell why he just I don't know why his combo hits look so aggressive to me. And I can't for the life of me find pans actual combo, by the way. I can't for the life of me find it. Like, where is the console? Where's the cancel?  And super armor and and super armor. Great. Hands off the merchandise. We ain't got no sale. We ain't got no four for four.  Look out of here. Nice. That's good damage. Hurry up and stop. Oh, my God. Pan with your waste of time. And I somehow slid behind him and he just he just turned around.  That's still hit me. I would like to point out the very delayed effect that what are you doing? Pan.  Who are you slapping up? And now I'm getting combat for it. Jesus. Oh, my God. Jesus Christ. I'm getting laid out. Oh, my God. I think it finished. Oh, my God. This is the worst. This is the worst. It's just me, right? The first try he wasn't fighting this hard.  I don't know how to comment on it. And he canceled it. God damn.   The grabs don't get me every time. I try to vanish. I forgot. Pan is the worst. I'm going to be honest. This is a sexist game. It has to be sexism at this point. At this point, it just has to be one. Videl can't vanish. Pan can't vanish. Oh, with these grabs, man. How did I miss? Damn, it's grabbed again. Oh, grab again. At least I was already knocked out. How did he dodge the giant AoE move? He dodged that. Hey, get off me. Made in burst. Yeah. Oh. All I'm saying is Dragon Ball Super Pan is not going to struggle with vanishing. There's no way. He's off the merchandise, kid. No, I'm not fighting you. Dodged that already. I already dodged it. And I'm stunned.  Why am I getting mad? I'm actually getting mad at Goku now. Like, I don't understand. This is by far not the hardest. Giru, get this guy. Giru, cross this guy. I would rather play as Dragon Ball Super Baby Pan. Baby Pan can probably vanish. See, how do you live in this world with super power people? If I saw Goku do that, I'd be like, wow, could you teach me how to do that? Ah, God, Goku. Damn, I just got back. Leave me alone. All right. Now I'm fucking, I ate. I'm in a good mood, dude. I wasn't even like Goku for real. That was crazy. You wouldn't even understand.  Come here. Damn. And we're back and we're back. Okay. I forgot what I forgot what I was sad about. I remember now that was quick. Really brought me back. Goku really brought me back. I'm sorry. Goku, I'm sorry. I'm sorry. Oh, God, I'm looking good. Oh, I didn't mean to go. I did not mean to go into that stance. We're on the same health bar now. We're on the same health bar at least. And that statement is no longer true, but I can, I can earn it back. Shit. Shit. Shit. He's, he's just too good with the grabs. He's too good with the grabs. I don't know what to do. And he did it again. And he did it again. Oh, no. You, what did I do wrong to deserve this? This is like the coolest ultimate in the game. What if I apologize really well? I'm talking like cards, flowers, dude. And he didn't even defend against it, broken super. And now I can play the game. And here we go. I know I'm reset. I'm resetting. I'm resetting. But I dodged it though. But I dodged that though. That's the thing. Goku. Oh, that was sick. Every time I missed that move, I want to die in the game. I just want Goku to immediately kill me for that mistake.  I've never seen Goku play this crazy. Like, I remember I even, I did this one, but like I was trying to decide if I wanted to do the GT finale because I was like, none of these missions are that cool. You know, like if there's no, there is no Omega fighter or anything. Dodged it and she ran into it. There is no like, oh, like Omega boss fight or anything.  If go, I stepped in front of Goku's fist and now I'm behind him again. Nope. I'm just tanking that. I'm done playing nice, dude.   Don't play with him. Don't play with that kid. I am I am just doing with the hidden leaf that the Naruto right now. It is crazy how far away I want pan from Goku. He's just swinging. He's just actually just swinging his fist and throwing a million Gajillion Key Blast. Oh my God. Okay. I can throw Key Blast, but I can't rapid fire them. The sexism go crazy in this game. Nice. That was cool. Nice is the run. This is the run. Why are you still dancing and deserves every bad thing that's happened to her?   Trying to hit me with the super comment now. Oh, boo. Let's go. That's huge. That's huge. Oh my God. I stuck him to a mountain.  A like flying back extra angry though. What's wrong? Goofball? What's wrong?  I'm sorry. Oh, I'm sorry. Oh, oh, oh. Oh, you thought I would apologize too. You thought she was sweet. You thought she was sweet. No, ain't nothing sweet about the beat down. Look at him goofy back there. Look at him frowning close. Ah-ha! Dang it! The Gloom! You would think I actually just killed Android 8 or something. Thank God. Hands stop dancing. Hands stop dancing. No way. This is the worst fight in the whole game, no. No, it's not. It's not even close, but... Shenron, Sin Shenron was still the worst. But this, this is getting bad. This is getting bad. I don't know why Goku is doing this to me right now. Just let me beat him. Just let me beat him. All I want to do is beat him. That's all I want in the whole world right now is to beat this guy. Please! I didn't do that much. That's what I gotta remind myself. Just hit him with a Maiden Burst. That's good stuff right there. Except for the fact I have to dance for the next eight minutes every time I do that. Okay, 400 damage seems a little... 254 damage seems a little, like, stringent to me. Like, that seems like a lot. I need a better start. I need a better start. I can't start bad. I dodged that! I'm not, I'm not. I want a perfect start. Oh, that's the one. This is the one. Oh, get my music play. Every sailor knows what this song means.  Yes! I saw the grab coming too. We're on the, we're almost on the same health bar. Get off me. What? What? No!  And I'm gonna tie it up. Giru! It's time. He's close to a stun, though. He is close to stunning me. Yes! Yes! Yes! This is not a drill. This is getting good, dude. Made it in burp! No shot. Oh, sides of the grab! Damn! Damn! Damn! No shots! Okay, that was depressing.  That one, that one got me a little bit. Okay. I just want this, this fight to end. Now, thank you. Ah! I dodged that! Ah! Oh, I got him looking extra goofy today. I got him looking a bit extra goofy today.  I don't know what about this run is. And I back dashed. Oh, cool. Woo!  What? That did not hit me.   I'm running. I'm straight up not playing anymore. I'm straight up just not playing the game with Goku anymore. Oh! Oh! The reach! Oh, there we go! Dribble him! Come on! Made it in Burst! Oh, he's down! Hurry, Pan! Hurry! Hurry! Not the Key Blast! Do the beam attack! It's like Goku's whole thing! And now we gotta take damage for that. Are you kidding me? Oh, clutch up in.  I'm getting grabbed. What's even the point? No! No! Yes! Oh my God, that was bad. There was a clutch dodge in there. I don't even want to think about it. I'm ending the video right there. Goku was a... What happened? It was not that hard. And then he just turned up the difficulty for no reason. I'm out of here. I'm gonna go record the next fight. Yeah, I know. For you guys at NC or for me, I have to go record the next fight. Awesome. But like, comment, subscribe, and stick around for the finale of Infinite World 2.


Right. So data modeling is a really important step where, you know, phase and database design. And when we talk about data modeling, we refer to one of these three stages or phases and the development process. Okay, so it's consistent of a conceptual data modeling or conceptual design. And I have a logical design and then we have the actual physical data design. Okay, so I'll just put note in here saying that all relational database systems, okay, this is true for all database systems. Not may not be true for, you know, the no SQL databases, but this is the structure type of database system must have at least the following three things. So the table which in this case is the actual we call the table or a entity should be should be used or should be created in such a way that you will describe one and only one entity. Okay, so an entity will look at a little bit later the meaning of the entity is an actual record. So the table should be very unique, you should describe that particular per object, like a person right it's very unique, the only you only refer to about that person.  The table should be very specific. Okay, so think about an object or rent a program design as well you when you create a class for a pro in a program that class should be very specific to one thing that object that class of a car a class of a tree right very specific. And then the next one is that all the roles must be unique. Okay, meaning that in this case it refers to a key, we call the primary key and I'm sure you already kind of seen that already. When you do your homework assignments and we talked about that briefly in the past that every table has a unique key called the primary key or the pk key you see that in the notation. And then last but not least, the column and the role. The order should not be should not matter. Okay, so the order of the column it doesn't really matter it doesn't have to be in a certain order. I mean it's nice to have it in order so that it's easier for us to understand, but it's not going to cost any problem and the database table. It's usually the order of columns and the roles, you do sorting, you do that after the fact that after you pull the data out, you can rearrange the columns and anyway you want, order the roles and a record anyway you like so. So that is the query part of it, but data table itself. It's not a required study point. Okay, so so it can be in any order doesn't matter. Okay, so down here is look at the conceptual design is a high level design very high level, just concepts, and it's usually it's a map of concepts and relationships. And it also where you will list all your business requirements for your for the for the design, right, what is the need was required. So if you like the same idea as if you were to build a house. Right. So before you even start building a house you have to have this conceptual design of a house like what kind of house do you need to build. So is it a single story or is it a trial level. It doesn't have a basement right how big is it, how many rooms do you want so all these are just the requirements you need to put together, right before you even start the blueprinting design right so the concept design is very high level design so usually this is this is this this step is took place when you create a project or some sort and you have no it's like a brand new project, then you need to gather that that information so it involves in that case. If you were able to give in some data already somebody only has some data has the table created has some raw data already, then you may already kind of skip this part already you're going to go directly to the logical design. Okay. So here's an example of that using some notation here. We have a student has some kind of association or relationship with a course and vice versa right so what, what kind of relationship to they have and you. And based on this design, you can say Oh, a student will can take a class, and then a class can also have a student, or can a class have more than one student. Yeah, can a class has class at zero student. And I don't know depend right so that is a requirement. You have to specify that in your requirements. Okay, so can a student take a class. Typically, yes, can a student take more than one class right you have all those rules defined these are the business requirements right. And can a student be a student if the student doesn't take any class right all these things have to have to be defined before you even start into that process okay so that's a conceptual design the overall map of the program like you get like the roadmap. So I think we're going to look at the second phase which is the logical design. More. Okay, this is where you actually start building for writing for creating the diagrams for the database itself. And you saw this and the database design right you so I show you the table, and you go to the David database design and you show that you can see all these tables look similar to this one here as the lines connected to each other, and some might be independent.  Okay, so it gives you the physical layout of what these tables are like, and how they're related. So this is a blueprint design or template. And it consists of entities of entities here is sometimes is used to refer the actual object of that type, or sometimes it's also referred to the table because again, this table student really is the blueprint to create a student instance by a student record. The actual entity itself is the individual record of that student. So you will refer to that student by name or by the ID, right, it's the actual object. Okay, so that's the entity. And then here is an example of that logical design so notice here the logical design, we have more information than the conceptual it's very broad right just the type of entities. We're going a little bit deeper, we're adding the actual fields into each of these entities or tables. Okay, so each student has an unique ID and their information about them. And then we have a course over here course ID course name and then this is a not the table we will call this as the junction table, and has to do with the type of relationships will talk about that later as well. And you also need something like this to design your physical table, but you see that these two student and course table are joined by another table in between. So again, this is the junction table that connects the two. The reason why that happens is because this is a will look at level later is what's called a many to many relationship. Okay, so this symbol here, the little three, like cross feed here. This is what looks like three lines, just say for many to many. So they have that in that case is a business requirement, we assume that a student can take many classes. Okay, that's why we have a free cross foot here. And people say that a course can be taken or enrolled by many students. Right, so it's a main to many relationship and drawing we do something with something like this to be a little bit more specific and logical design. We add another table in between to make this work. Okay. So we cannot just like do like this and the physical design where you actually write the code, it won't work like this. You have to create additional table to make it work in the physical design we'll see that next week. Okay, so the logical design is the blueprint is a non system specific, meaning that you can create this, you know, work in any database system. It doesn't have to be SQL server, it would, it would work for Oracle, my SQL, my progress SQL SQL light doesn't matter. As long as it's a relational database systems, this will work. So you don't really care about what system you need. We create this design. And then after that we once we have the logical design created it's all good to go. Then we go ahead and start the actual physical design so the physical design here is the actual database and the entities in this case tables creation. This is not very specific to a certain system. Right. So this example here we are creating a table call position using SQL server. Right. So it's a very specific to that system. And because it's very specific, you know, the code here may not work for another system. Right. So, like, it may not work in Oracle. So you have to kind of, you know, make some modifications or changes if you want to port it into another system. Otherwise, you have to write in such a way so that everything can be portable over and then that's fine too. And it will take a little bit more work to do that. But again, that's part of the design. Right. The business requirement. What database system are we going to use. If you're going to use Oracle, then your physical design should be based on that. If you're going to make it so it's kind of cross platform across database servers, then you want to make sure your code is, you know, portable in that way. So, again, that's part of the business requirement early on in this stage. Okay, so we'll look at the example here is I showed you here what's called a all LTP and all LAP so two common types of databases system use in industry. Okay, so LTP is the online transactional processing system. These are the common most common ones used today in e-commerce anywhere you go. This is a live data.  You purchase something at the store. These data always changing. So it's constantly changing. So it's live. So more than likely probably 90 or 99% of the database you see online is an all LTP type. And the ones that we're creating is really all LTP type. The other type is all that all up here is online analytical processing database systems and these are used for like, you know, data mining data analytics, right?  So we focus mainly on the all LTP type. Okay, so again here just some definition of what those types are. You can read about them here. We're going to jump down here to the ERD. Okay, the ERD, the entity relationship diagram is a tool. It's a tool. Really, it's a mechanism or a way that helps database administrators create a database. Okay. And there are many different ways how to do that. So I showed you here the three different types of ERD news in the past, and maybe someone still use today, but these are like different ways so you can create databases using just some diagram to show you. Okay, so this is like a car, a car of particular customer and then each of these, each of these car using actual customer, right, or a person itself. Okay, like an object. This is a very, probably, you know, integrated and always, and it's old and we don't use that anymore, I guess. The other one is something like this you might see. Okay, so using a database here has a lot of a table here has a lot of objects inside. So each of these is an individual entity, right? It's another design. And here is another one we showed you earlier, it's just a box. Okay, so this is like the high concept conceptual design approach. So let's go back here. Some add some vocabularies we need to look at. Okay, the entity type, the type here refers to a category or the actual name or type of database tables. It refers to the table you want to create. So, for example, the employee table, the name of this employee type table, it's called employee. So we expect this table to represent employee. So it's an employee type, right? So it is just all it means. It's a technical term or really it's just the actual name of your table and usually you should name your tables in a very meaningful way. So if it's employee, then, you know, they should contain employees. You shouldn't have put like cars in here, right? But it doesn't make sense. Okay, so the type has to be meaningful as well and concise. So we have like employee, student, a class, all these are considered as the entity type. What type? And then we have the attributes. Okay, attributes. Oh, by the way, these terminologies here, the entity, the attributes and entities here, these are generally used when you are doing the logical design. So if you move over to the physical design, then we don't call, I mean, they have a different terms for these, right? And basically we call it tables and columns and rows. Okay, so these are the physical, the names or the vocabulary is used when you do a physical design.  So the actual table names are used or referenced in the physical design. But when you hear the terms entity attributes and things like that, these are usually referred to the logical design. Okay, so the attribute here is just basically the columns. And these are, if you think about an object and a class, you know, a scenario would be the name fields or the data fields of a class. Okay. And so, for example, like this employee ID, the address, the name, these are all like descriptions. So the adjectives that describe this entity type. So the entity type is a noun, right? The noun, the attributes, although they also know, but I usually, you guys, you can refer to them as the adjective that we describe this particular entity or noun. Okay. And then the actual entity itself is the actual values. In this case, the record itself, right? A single record is the actual entity of this type. So John, for example, is the actual object of a person or student type. Okay, so those terms are used. And when you talk about ERD relationships. Okay, so down here. When you design databases, you have two classical approaches. And this is also common and program design as well. You know, maybe not possible in like building design, but usually in programming and database design, you have these two approach. You have the top down and the bottom up approach. So which one do you use? It really depends where you're at and the development. Also depends on whether you have some data already given to you, or whether you have to start from the very beginning where no data are present, you have to collect data. Okay, so those two things will take into account. And if you do have some data already, then you can do a hybrid of those. I do both of them. Some top down, some bottom up. So the design here, if you look at this, you can see we have the conceptual model up here. So if you go into top down, top down is used when you don't have anything given to you. And so you created new project and new game, new app doesn't matter. And you need to come up with some database tables or database system to store data. So how do you start from there? You know, how many tables do you need? What kind of tables do you need? So if you were to design a video game, for example, you might need a table for the player, right? You might have a table for, you know, the world or the map, right? Each world, each level. You have a table for the weapons, you know, one for the enemies. So all those are different classes or different database tables, right? So conceptually, you design that and then from there on, you go down from that, right, really, really broad topic, you go down. Okay, so in the hero class, what do I need, right? So you have, you define, okay, I need a hero class, I need an enemy class, I need a weapon class or a table, right? From there on, okay, so in the enemy or the hero class or table, what attributes do you need? So you're going down to the very, very low level or very finite attributes, right? It has a name for the attribute. You might have a class, but the hero could be a mage or it could be a, I don't know, a wizard or something, right? So you have different classes, the names, you have the HPs and, you know, and so forth, right? And then, same thing for the other one. So as you can see, we're going down from the top to the bottom for something very conceptualized, very broad to something very, very granular, okay? And the bottom approach is just the opposite. You can think of it during the bottom of approach. Or you can say, like, okay, like back to the game, okay, you think directly to the things that a hero or a character has. Oh, a character has a name, you know, put the name down, okay, it has a, it can carry a certain type of weapon. It has, you know, maybe it has certain type of abilities. You put that, you list all those details and it has a class, it has a level of some sort, right? It has skills level and then you put all those together and say, well, this one, you belong to the hero class, I created a hero object or person. And some of this also related to the enemy class, right? So you go up that way and then all these belong to another table and so forth. So you go to the bottom up approach that way, okay? So either way, it's fine. Some people like to do it the top down because it's easier. If you already have an idea of what you want, then you can go from the bottom up. You can list the details and then make it broader, broader as you go forward. If you are still kind of like brainstorming what to do with it, you basically go the top down approach, right? I'm going to list all the objects I need first. And then I'm going to go into each object and list the details. So I would say that, you know, I don't know who would use more or the other, it depends on the project type, okay? So in terms of databases is the same idea, right? So if you were given no data built from scratch, then it's likely that you will stop, you will start from the, you may start from the top down approach. Or maybe even bottom up because you're like brainstorming, sometimes you do both. It's called a hybrid. You start somewhere in the middle and you go both directions. If you're already given a set of data, some really raw data that somebody have, you know, I have an Excel sheet of all the data are collected from an event or some sort and they give it to you and they want you to design the database for that. So in that way, you have some raw data already, and then you would then go in from there, which approach do you take? Okay, so again, it's dependent on the type of data you have. Okay, so just keep that in mind. So if you go into like, you know, SQL Server and you start creating code already, then usually in that way you're actually doing, you might be doing the bottom up approach. Right, so down here, the processes before you start creating the ERD or the logical design is you have to make sure that the following are already kind of defined like the business cases. Again, these are the requirements, and this is for the concept design, right? You have to have that in mind already. And then you would then define the entities, what type of theme, what type of database tables are these for? So if you create an app or a program for an organization, you know, maybe these tables are related to that organization. So you're going to have like employees, departments, the sales and, you know, HR are also related to that theme only. And if you focus more only on the, let's say the sales department or the R&D development team or department, then those have a different theme itself. So the way you name your tables will be more meaningful in that sense. Right, so if you have like a theme, for example, a college, right, your table will be related to the college. You have student classes, you know, books and faculty and things like that, but you're not going to have certainly a table of games, right? It's not a common theme. Unless you have like sports, then that would be a sports theme. Right, and the school general, you have something like that, right, very common.  And so every table should have a primary key. This is a key that is unique across the entire table. There's no duplicates. And it must represent a single instance, a single record of that particular entity. And then, like, there cannot be two Jeffrey, right, or Cam there, you know, maybe in a different world, different dimension. I don't know, like this movie you see, but there's only one Jeffrey, Jeffrey and the entire universe, right? So like that. And then foreign key will look at that later foreign key is another very important key that is used in generally to link two or more tables together. So it's not possible to link to tables without using foreign key if they are somehow if they are related. It doesn't mean that you are not able to query data from two tables that have no relationship. Of course you can. It doesn't matter, you can, but the data may not be meaningful, right? But if they are related, then usually these two keys are used to form a very strong bond or strong connection between the two. And sometimes we create something what's called a dependency or something of kind of a referential integrity between the two tables. So one cannot exist. It's like the foreign table or the child table cannot exist without a parent table. So he has a really strong bond between the two. Okay. So if you think about this like in person has like organs, right? Organs will be another a child table that has all types of organs, but the organs cannot exist without the person. And you can say true the other way too, right? But which one is more, which is stronger. Okay. The entity again is a thing is the now in the real world that we can actually refer to. It can exist independently by itself, or sometimes it needs to be dependent on other things like I mentioned about organ, right, like that. So they're classified under two major types, and there are many more, but these are the two most important or most common types. The tangible and the intangible types, right? And then there will be something you can see in the real world like your personal car or a house, as opposed to a tangible and tangible would be like something conceptual, or something in memory or in a program, like a bank account. You can't really see that in the real world, right? Or the address, right? It just a certain number you can look at. It can be like student grade. I'm a senior, I'm a freshman, right? You don't really, you can't really tell and see that in the real world. It's a some kind of indication only, right? So two types, at least in, but they're all actually nouns. So here next one is an example of an entity diagram. I'm going to show you different properties or components of entity. So when we draw entity diagrams, ERD, we usually refer to a diagram that looks like this. Now this is the most common type nowadays used to design databases. So you will see a diagram looks like this. It looks kind of similar to the UML diagram. If you have used that in software development programming where we have the class name on the top, very identical. Okay, so the name, the box on the top is the actual name of the entity. It's usually named using the camel case, okay? Apple case, the first letter of every word in there. And the same rules for creating classes in computer programs, right? That's why we mentioned that all the time we write programs, follow the convention. And then so, and then we have the next word now is the primary key. So this key here is the unique key that identifies every instance of this entity. The actual object itself, right? It has to be unique. Like I have my own social security number. You have your own. So that is a unique key that only one person, I guess, in America can have. It does not apply to even go overseas, of course, but in America, for example. Okay, so that is listed here. And then again, the convention here follows the camel case, right? Lower case here and then the primary key here. Again, it's just a convention. It doesn't mean that you should, you have to do this one. You don't have to, okay? Sometimes you will see it's underlined here. The underlined, just the indication that this is a primary key. And it's also indicated on the left column here. It has a column on the left. Sometimes you see the line. Sometimes you may not see it. But again, this is a common one. You see it's a line on the left column. And if it's a key primary key, then you see the PK here for primary key. If it's a foreign key, then you see the acronym FK. Okay, sometimes you see the AK for the alternate key, meaning that it's a different key as well, but you see that as well. You might see that later in some locations. The underneath that you have the other attributes, right? The actual column or fields, like the, you know, the first name, last name, you know, age, address and so forth like those. So that is an entity. So all tables will look something like this we designed. Right? So types of entities, there are two major categories. One is called a strong type. Sometimes referred to as the domain. These are independent in a strong entity. That means that they can exist by themselves. Right? So if you think of a student in a car, they can exist. A student is probably debatable, but maybe a person is probably more right. A person can exist by themselves. A student, you can debate saying that, oh, you know, if I'm not enrolled in a class or in a school, I'm not a student. Right? So I can exist. Right? So it is, again, depends on the business logic that you have, the requirements. Then the weak ones are things that would depend on one of the other entities like the table. Like for example, enrollment, right? Enrollment cannot exist without students, right? So there's no enrollment. Therefore, if you don't have any students enroll. So that is a noun, but really it's weak. It can exist without students. So that is a weak type. Okay? So again, a race, right? A race cannot exist without cars or racing, right? Or a person, it doesn't matter what kind of race it is. So something like that is, it's a weak entity. Okay? So there are others as well, but these are the two common ones. And then we'll look at relationships. So tables are created because of the relationships. And the term relations here really refers to the actual tables for the entities. That's why these are called relational database systems. They are related somehow. Okay? And examples I do here again, back to that, just the entities, the table themselves. And then each table has a primary key. You must have a primary key. You don't have one. Usually the database system will have one already created for you. Otherwise, it could be a problem if you move data over to a different system. They might contradict all of that. So the primary key, we'll look at this later when we do the normalization and unit seven. So the key can be what's called a natural key or a surrogate key. Okay. And this is used to define what type of key you're using, what type of column you need. For example, if you think about in a person, like we have our social security number, this is something that we don't just make it up. Of course, somebody has to make it up in the government system, but by assuming that below that, right, it is applied, is given to you when you were born. Okay. So because of that, you always have that same SSN pretty much for the rest of your life, right? So it's a natural key. Same thing for the number of a car, right? When they built the car, the car become existing to existence, they created a new number for the car. It's given to that. It's naturally designed, assigned to the car. You cannot change it, right? Same thing with the ISP and for a book. Okay. So this is called natural keys. The surrogate key is something that you can make up as we go. The actors table. I can make up the actor ID and call what I want. Actor one, two, three, actor, you know, James Bond, zero, five, doesn't matter, right? This idea that you make up or username is also simply unique all the way, right?  It's something that is not very given to you naturally, okay? So these are common terms. Again, you will hear and database design. And primary keys are always unique. They must be unique and they cannot ever be known, right? You must have some data. Otherwise it's not a primary key, okay? So then databases have relationships, okay? Because, I mean, there are tables, I should say, have relationships. Unless you have only one table, then, you know, that's for itself, but usually an application, you will probably have more than at least two tables or more, okay? And we have those two tables or more, do they have some kind of relationship? And chances are, you know, they will, they do. So we use that. How do you define relationships between tables is by using some kind of special notation, okay? And you will see a little bit later that we use the arrowhead notation to draw the relationship between two tables in the flow of data, kind of like in data program design. And we use something very common. We call it the cross foot notation, okay? And so in database, there are three types of relationships. These are known here. The one-to-one. It's usually notated like using the one colon one here like that. It's one-to-one. This is the left table. This is the right table, okay? It's one-to-one. It has equal mapping. And then we have one-to-many, one-to-many, sometimes one-to-end. They might call, they might use n, or it doesn't really matter. It's just another letter because the m here could be an infinity, right? I don't know how long it can go, but it could be a different number. We don't know what the m is. And then we have the many-to-many. Again, the writing here, if one is on the left, then we're saying that the table on the left refer to the left and then it's on the right. Sometimes you see m calling one, right? Depending on which side of the table you're referring to. But they both still one-to-many or many-to-one, doesn't matter. And then we have the many-to-many. And then there's a reason why you don't use mm here. If you use mm like this, then you don't know which is which. And sometimes if you mm, then you're assuming that both have to be the same, right? Like one-to-one. And because they're not the same, because this table might have three, this might have five, right? For example, so they may not be equal. So that's why they have to use different letters to denote these are two different sizes. But indeed, they're many-to-many. Okay, so these are the only three types of relationship you see in database systems, right? And also in programming too, I'm sure. So here's look at the one-to-one relationship. The one-to-one is, I will put some examples here, right? It's a one-to-one direct mapping. So one table maps exactly one, one record from this table maps exactly one record at the other table. You cannot have two, right? Like a person has exactly one social security number, right? So the person class over here or table has all the people, they might have the same name, of course, but then they're mapping exactly one social security number. Okay, so this is the SSN table. Each number will map exactly to one individual on the other table. There is no duplicates in that. You're assuming a perfect system, right? So same thing with a student, right? You have one exactly one ID for, you've been studying at Gateway and that ID is assigned only to you, right? So these are one-to-one relationship. This notation here is very simple, but it's also referred to as the Buckman notation by a database scientist who actually came up with the design here. It's a simple design. So one-to-one. And then we have the one-to-many or many-to-one. It's represented using the cross-foot here, the three lines here to show the many. The nothing on this side here is shown is the one, okay? So one-to-many, or if you read the other direction, many-to-one. So some examples here again would be like a person can own many cars, right? But a car can be owned or registered but only a single person, although it's not entirely true, but usually like that, right? Okay? So that's the case. And then we have the many-to-many. So again, the cross-foot on both sides, so like a bar can sell many beers, right? So one type of beer can be sold in many bars, right? Okay? So that's what that means. A student can enroll in many classes. A class can have many students, okay? So that is what this means. Now, there's another term called cardinality. Okay, cardinality refers to the degree of relationship. Okay, this is the number of instances, a number of actual objects that one table can exist and another table. Okay, so kind of back to this one here. Many-to-many, okay? So the cardinality looks something like this. So here's another table I pulled from the video. Okay, so again, the notation has to do with the actual number itself. So these symbols here kind of give you the meaning of that here. So we say had exactly one, this diagram doesn't show you the detail, but so we say this book here has exactly one author, right? Although entirely not true, but again based on your business rules, we can rule out and say that requirement is a book can only be written by one author. Right, so it has one author and that is the cardinality. So it would be like M colon one. So the author can write, can have many books, okay? So it has more than one book or it has none also. Okay, another thing that you will run into is you have what's called repeating fields. Like these right here, the subject one, subject two, subject three, subject four, right? You don't want to do this in a database design. For example, like if it's a book, if it's a person, you know, I have like a phone type one. I can have another phone, home phone number, my cell phone, my landline phone, my business phone, my car phone, right? What else? But later on, if I add more phones in there, you have a problem because you have to go back and then modify your table in that way. You might have a problem because your table already has data. If you add, if you make changes to, if you make structural changes to your table, it might cause some problem. So you have to design that early on to make sure everything is correct. So we have a something like this. It's better off to move these out and create another table for that we'll call it phone or telephone. And then in that telephone, we can list the type and then the actual number. Then when you know, link that to a particular author or a person. Okay. So that way it's, it's not problematic. We can do that later when we do a normalization and unit seven. And then again, if you look at the names here, the name convention. So all the foreign keys and primary key, all the key should be all capitalized like this. And then the, the column names. As you can see all using the camel case in this example here. You can use camel case. You can use the underlying. All over case like this fine too. The entities, the tables are usually singular noun only. Okay, although you will see people use like, you know, scores and points and users like the convention is to use only singular because we're referring to a single instance of that table. Okay. The word itself is plural, but it's, you know, it's single, like series, right? It can be used in singular term as well.