It's called Otsal, food is super delicious. Can we have a cup of water together? Why not? Yeah, why not? My name is Sonali Adavan. Again, we are making a video with KKM. And in the last video, we talked about this restaurant.  I'm so excited. And I hope KKM you like this food. This is Otsal Indome Shake. Hello guys. I meet Sonali today to eat Indian food. And I'm so excited. She told me this place is the rear Indian food restaurant. So let's go. Let's go. This music, yeah, I think this music is Indian music. Value the style music. Oh, elephant. Yeah, Otsal. Authentic Indian restaurant. Cool. Okay, let's go. Oh, Halal food. I love Halal food. Oh, there's huge menu here. Wow. Oh, this is the entrance, right? Taj Mahal. Oh, your house. Okay, let's go. Oh, there are so many cute stuffs. Indian stuffs. Oh, so cute. Oh, smells really good. Let's see. Let's go. Oh, so there is a vegetarian menu. Oh, that's interesting. This is menu for you. Okay, this is my menu. Okay, everything. What is this? Papar. Yeah, it's like side. Banchan. Banchan, side dish. Yeah. Ah, I get it. Otsal Kos. What is this food? This is like cheese. Milk cheese. Milk cheese. Indian milk cheese. Papad. This is papad. Papad. Yeah, papad. It's like a nacho. And samosa. Alabonda. Laita. I think I should try tandoori chicken. This one. Otsal special curry with chicken. And you choose. Plain naan, buttern naan, garlic naan. What do you want? Buttern naan. Butter? Okay, butter. Here is tandoori chicken. And Otsal special curry. Give me this. Buttern naan 2 pieces. Yeah, buttern naan 2 pieces. Okay. Yes, that's right. Thank you. Thank you. Oh, I'm so excited. Wow. I'm hungry, too. This is the naan. No, no, this is naan. What is this? This is papad. Papad. How are you? Excuse me. Thank you. Are you from India? Yes. What is this? Chili paneer. Chili paneer. It's yours, maybe. Yeah. Smells very, very good. Yeah. Wow. Thank you. So we have buttern naan, fried chicken, rice, papad, tandoori chicken. This is bread, right? Naan. Naan. Hello. Hi. Songs. Yeah, there are Indian songs. And the animal spirit, and the food, smells like India. Yeah. You've never been to India. How can you tell? Yes. Yeah, I really want to go. I want to go Taj Mahal. Yeah, you live in Taj Mahal. So can I go inside? Yeah, why not? Yeah. So you're the owner? No. So how to eat this? With hands. Yeah. Clean your hands. I think I should clean my hands first. Yeah. Just hand. Yeah. Yeah. Really? Oh, so I don't need this. Just use your hand. Okay. Okay, Indian style. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. Did you brush your hand already? Yeah, already. That's really interesting culture. Like Korean only use spoon or pork or chopsticks. Korea is more like western inspired culture. Yeah, that's true. Yeah. I think this is more comfortable with hands. Yeah. I'm so excited. Go for it. This first? Yeah. Try it. Hand? Yeah, hand. Oh. Handuri chicken. Handuri chicken. Yeah. Wow. How is it? Is it like KFC? No, it's different. It's more soft. Yeah, I'm a little bit spicy, but a lot more taste than just fried chicken. No. And private sauce. Wow. We have three different sauces. What is this? This is tomato sauce. Tomato? This is, I think, mayonnaise. And this is mint one. Try with everything. Okay. And see, yeah. Mint first. Yeah. Mmm. Yeah. Mmm. More sour. Yeah. It's really good. Yellow sauce. Yeah. Mmm. This mustard. Mustard? Oh, mustard. Mustard with mayonnaise. Mmm, it's mustard. Tomato. Mmm, I think this is best. Yeah, tomato one is best. Mmm. Ah, I'm hungry too. Why you don't try? Okay. Can I? Sure. Mmm. So, I'm hungry too. Yeah, let's try. Tandoori chicken. It's really good. Mmm. This is chili paneer. Mmm. Paneer is like Indian cheese. Mmm. Paneer. Like you have tofu, we have paneer. Ah, it's like tofu. Tofu is like from... Protein. Bean, soybean. Yeah, right. And we have... this is from... Oh. So... Can I try it with hands? No, with none. Ah, this is with none. Yeah. Oh. So, in chili paneer, we have onions. Onion. Capsicum. Mmm. And tomato. Oh. Smells very good. Yeah. This is Indian smell. Yeah, Indian smell. Oh. You are smelling India. Oh, it's so good. It's already... I just smell it. It's already delicious. Yeah. Wow, with lemon, right? Yeah. And try it now. Just... just tear it? Yeah. Oh. You have to make like a scoop. Like... you have to like take... Ah, grab. Yeah, grab. With grab. Yeah. Oh. Okay. Let's try. Yeah. Cheers. Cheers. Mmm. How is it? It's good. Do you really like it or just... It's really good. No. I've never tried it. It's the first time I've tried it. I've never tried it. Yeah. This is... When you eat bread, it's a perfect combination. Yeah. They mix this panini and bread. It's really perfect. Nice one.  Chicken? Kadai? With cheese. This is chicken cheese. With cheese, wow. Wow, awesome. Let me show you. You should show... your subscribers. Cheese. Cheese. Wow, awesome. So I can eat this with bread? Yeah, yeah, yeah. You can also eat tandoori chicken with your naan too. Oh. We don't have any rules. Oh, okay, okay. I will try this. Oh, curry, chicken. What's it called? Yeah. Cheese. Wow. Cheese, cheese. How does it taste? There is curry in Korea too. But it's totally different. Korean curry is more... Japanese style. Yeah, more sweet. We have only one curry that we call that curry. We don't call everything curry. So this is fried chicken? Yeah. Try to put like... make a combination. Try to put your food in this and then this. Together. It's really good. It tastes more grilled. Grilled chicken. In Korea, instead of KFC, it's like Korean fried chicken. Grilled. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Not fried. It's so good. And I like this bread too. Naan with panin. I think this is the best. And there are like so many vegetarian dishes. That's why I'm a vegetarian. We have like so many options for vegetarians. I really didn't expect it. The vegetarian food is delicious. Really delicious. Super delicious. I think I can be a vegetarian too. No. No. I love this. Can I eat this more? Yeah, why not? Can I steal yours? Yeah. Oh, thank you. Oh, no. I steal your whole food. No, it's okay. No, it's okay. Side. Wow. Eat with it. It's delicious. It's like a crunch. Last time, people were waiting outside in line. I think that's worth it. I can wait to eat this. I can't wait. It's so good. The chicken is good too. I love chicken. I love curry. Chili panin. Yeah. Pancake. Butter. This is butter. Oh, I got it. It tastes like butter. The chicken. In the chicken. Every people are foreigners. I think they are Indians. Yeah, they are Indians. They are really good chefs. Yeah. It's so good. It's a good idea to add cheese here. Is it better? Yeah. So this is Indian style. Something material with bread and eat together. It's a Korean style. They are also vegetables and grab the meat. Oh, that's right. That's similar. Thank you. Thank you. This is softer. It smells like fire. It tastes like fire. It tastes like fire in Korean. Fire. Fire taste. More grilled. I should come here alone next time. So how was your Oppa trip? Oppa. Oppa. I don't want to do this again. Oppa. Oppa? I didn't call him oppa. Did you call? No, it's so cringy for me. No. Oppa. I will not call anyone oppa. Good idea. If foreigners say oppa, that sounds... So cringy. Yeah. Even if I meet anyone older than me, I will not call him oppa. Yeah. That's a good idea. Just say his name. That's the best. Korean girls have so much aegyo. I'm going to Gwangju. Why? For BTS concert. Super concert. You will go to BTS concert? Like SBS's Inkigayo. I want to go. When? 28th Sunday. Shall we go? I love the new song. It's so good. Voice within. Voice in love. I love that song. Yeah. Oh my my my. Oh my my my. Suga was so awesome in the music video. That voice. Oh my god. Yeah. That blue hair. Blue? Yeah. Taeyong had blue hair. Yeah. Obviously. Taeyong. His answer. He looks so like good. But Jimin lose his weight so much this time. Yeah. So I feel bad. Yeah. Oh, he's too skinny. Yeah.  Yeah. I like Jimin's hairstyle. Yeah. So cute. His voice and everything. His part set voice is so good. They are so much popular now. Yeah. Korea was popular with Kim Jong-un and Nuclear. Oversight. And your company. Samsung. Yeah. But it's changed with BTS now. Yeah. BTS changed like everything. Everything. You should be like really proud. Yeah. Kind of music. I love it with hands. It was so awkward but it's really convenient and it tastes better with hands. It's more controlled. Yeah. Oh, it's easier to film. Okay. Thank you. Do you like American? Oh, he's good. He's a good actor. What's his movie? Joe Geeta, why is he so kind? This movie is so good. It's like American old movies are also super good. I think he appeared in every Indian movie. Aman Khan, Amer Khan, Akshay Kumar. They are really good music. Even old movies, new movies, all are super good. Oh, that's true. It tastes like tofu. It's not tofu. No? It's like milk. Milk? Milk? Oh, really? Yeah. Like a cheese? Yeah. Oh, really? For YouTube, you have to make like really unique videos. Then your only... How about this? I pretend to be foreigner and call them and... I'll order or just you go on behalf of me. Oppa with Oppa. I'm Sonar. Hello. Namaste. Oh, you are handsome Oppa. Did you see the comments on last videos? When you say about Nepal, some Nepalians comment... Got offended. Yeah, yeah, okay. Yeah. But you know, I didn't say... Yeah, he was now offended, I know. And I don't know in that video why I did so many times like this. I never do this. You did this so many times. Yeah, I never like do this in my real life like this. But in that video, I was like, I'm so sorry about this. And also about Nepalis, I really want to go to Nepal. And I know their food is already like really popular. And really tasty, similar like India. But they have like different type of food. But I didn't say to like offend anyone. They already have popular food. But I feel bad when I go like in restaurant like... Oh, this is Indian. So when I say, oh, it's Nepali food. Nepali food is little bit different.  Like really spicy Indian food. But yeah. Yeah, see, she love Nepal. Yeah, I will visit Nepal soon. Yeah. You should too. Nepal is really beautiful. Yeah, Nepal. Already know they have Everest. Oh, mountain. Everest mountain. Yeah, yeah. I don't want to visit Mount Everest. I mean there. Katsuga? Mount Everest. South Asians are so lovely. Even guys. I met Pakistani guys. Oh, yeah, yeah. He was so lovely. I saw them with you. Yeah, he was like really cute. Yeah, really cute. He can speak Korean really well. Thank you. Ah, bebuloya.  92. Oh, that's also like 92. What month? July. February. April. Oh, my birthday. 6th April. Oh, it's last weekend. Yeah. Happy birthday. Oh, I went with him like on my birthday. Ah, really? It's a special day. Not any special day. So we got Indian chai. It's really tasty. They make really good chai. Cheers. Cheers. Why are you hiding? Ah, it's a habit. It's so sweet. Chai? We call chai. It's tea, chai. Yeah. Korean same, chai. Yeah. Very sweet. Yeah. Like milk tea. Yeah. Hey guys. Hey guys. So we tried Indian food and it was so much good and it was so impressive. Thank you for introducing this really, really good Indian restaurant. I order Chili Panees. He liked that Chili Panees too. Now I understand how vegetarian can handle that. We have so much variety. I will try Indian food again. And I really want to go to India. I want to try the rear Indian food too. Yeah. Thank you for watching my video and see you next time. Bye bye. Have fun. Like this video. Yeah. Thank you. Subscribe. You already have so many subscribers. Bye bye. It's okay. Bye.


duration of infectious SARS-CoV-2 shedding is an important measure for improved disease control. Here, the authors use virus cultures of respiratory tract samples from COVID-19 patients and observe a median shedding duration of 8 days and a drop below 5% after 15-2 days post onset of symptoms. This article was authored by Yerun Javan Kampen, David A. M. C. Van De Viva, Peter L. A. Fryage, and others.


Cool. Hey, welcome everyone. I'm Arvid. I'm not John. In case you haven't seen that, we swapped the talks. So I'm the CTO of SuperScale Networks. That's an IoT company doing Wi-Fi routers. And I'm also the founder of CoreHAL. CoreHAL is an open source project, a completely open source. This is why I talk about it here today. It's dedicated to liberating the internet of things. So I'm gonna introduce two of our projects today two for things that I can demonstrate. Which I just got working last week, so the demos are broken here with me. Yeah, let's get started on that. So I'll talk about IoT today. And there's probably lots of talks about IoT here. So I just want to get something out of the way what I mean by IoT. So we have a common understanding of that. It's, when you talk about unique challenges of IoT, it's important to get the perspective of what everyone means about IoT or whatever things of IoT. It's certainly interesting to get like deployment and this kind of stuff with Kubernetes and all the things that we've seen working on like small computers, like something like Raspberry Pis. But that's not what I'm gonna talk about today. I'm gonna talk about edge gateways and constraint devices. These are much, much lower end where you barely can run Linux on it. And still not system D and still not Docker. So these are my part of where I'm interested in when we're run companies doing them. Let's go grab my water, sorry. So if you've seen, if you work with these embedded devices, you know that some of these even don't have any MMU. So you can't run Linux on them ever. And this is really what's really interesting for me because there's barely any open source in that direction. Or if we do have open source, it's usually constrained to being kind of having a hook from the vendor who offers you that like something like embed where you're supposed to use their cloud service which isn't open source. So I'm really interested in this spectrum and I'm gonna talk about that. So let's do a test in a room. There's not a lot of people here. So let's see how that works out. Raise your hands if you know that WPA2, the Wi-Fi encryption is broken. All right, that's only half the room. I think the other half of the room, especially if I'm looking over there, it just didn't raise their hands because they're looking on their phone. So I'm gonna assume everyone knows that WPA2 is broken. If you didn't know that, do update your Wi-Fi devices because we now have an encryption problem there. Now, let's do it something harder.  Absolutely no one. And that's, I've been doing this talk for all week and this is standard. No one updates their stuff. And one of the reasons for that is that updates are just terrible. It's a vendor issue. It's not a user issue. It's something that we have in the whole industry. Basically, we have an IoT update problem. And the problem is so large that if you think of 2016 and the Mirai worm, that thing crashed a million telecom routers and almost took down GitHub. These runs on IP cameras where you don't get any updates anymore. So we pretty much have a problem there. And I'm not even gonna talk about critical infrastructure like nuclear power plants and that kind of stuff because there's a saying in Germany, I'm tired of these antwoord with the Bevölkerung vor unsichern. So we're not gonna talk about that. At all systems go, we talk a lot about orchestration. Specifically because Linux is very well positioned there because Linux is like the de facto standard operating system for service. And it makes a lot of sense to talk in that context about orchestration. What I believe is one of the possible solutions for an IoT update problem is orchestration all the way. Which means that not just on servers but also on edge gateways and down to very constrained devices. This is gonna happen anyway. In servers we already don't talk anymore about SSHing into a machine and updating packages. And that's a good thing that we're moving away from that but we also need to move away from that in IoT. Because in IoT we still do these things if you have SSH. Now let me try to explain what a specific solution, one of the specific things that I do with CoreHal Core is like a larger project. But specifically what I'm doing that there is essentially a solution to like what I've been seeing the last 15 years working with internet connected devices.  Our tool chains are just terrible. If you do web development, if you do web service development you know that we have fancy stuff like Docker. We have orchestration and deployment tools like Kubernetes which is really, really good.  Things are looking good but in embedded we're still stuck with printf and screwdrivers and stuff like that. It's not that great. Now that is all really frustrating but there's something new coming up that everyone should know about. It's the Rust programming language by Mozilla because they're building a language and an ecosystem that actually works on embedded. It ports to all of these devices we see is usually the main driver right now but with much better tool sets. So what I do with CoreHal is kind of contribute to the ecosystem of Rust and trade to build our tool chains for IoT in a much smarter and better way. I'm only going to talk about two things because of time constraint. I'm only going to talk about Arcana and Bolter. There's a couple of other stuff that we do. One of them is a crypto incentivized edge network. Not going to talk about that today. So if you came for that, sorry. Arcana and Bolter are use cases that are very similar to Docker. This is why I think they're very interesting. Also they really work like everything else we're doing so far. Not in production yet because I do run a company that has 10,000 devices out there but we don't run a production yet because I just got to work in last week so we're not that crazy. So Arcana is specifically very similar to Docker or to something like CAsync. The only difference to, or similar to Docker but the only difference with words as Docker is it doesn't use layers. Kind of like, you know, CAsync maybe works very similar. It uses a content addressable storage instead of using layers, like what Docker does. But layers are, I mean, content addressable storage are very inefficient for IoT and I'm going to talk about that in a sec. I'm just going to quickly lose a word on what content addressable storage is just in case you don't know. I hope everyone knows by now because look at CAsync, it's actually really cool for cloud services, much better than what Docker does. So let me just quickly explain what a content addressable storage is. As the name implies, it stores and indexes content not by its name. So like a file name or something like that but by the content of the actual file. So imagine something like Docker, sorry, something like, what's its name? I would have written down here especially because I keep forgetting it. Sorry, Dropbox. Something like Dropbox or a similar service where you upload files and you can't share it without other people or downloaded. Now let's imagine that we both have like a music collection in Dropbox, like right is mine, left is yours, doesn't matter which one. We both have a file called Heavy MP3. Now what you think is heavy and what I think is heavy might be very different. So those files are not identical although they have the same name. Why we can both agree that Taylor Swift is kind of cool so we both store the same MP3. And what Dropbox or similar service can do is they just hash the content of that file. And instead of marking down that I have a file called Taylor Swift MP3, they're marking down that I have a file called this hash. And everyone who has that file gets a reference to the same data. So they only have to store the data once. I mean, hopefully they do more time for redundancy but in theory they only have to store three files here while there's four files on the slides. This is what content-resistant storage does. It's very efficient for things like when you have multiple system images, multiple operating system images and they contain sort of the same data, almost the same data, which is very common because most GNU Linux operating systems are actually very similar with some minor differences and you only want to store the difference, not really the whole thing over and over again. However, this doesn't really work out so well in IoT where we don't store file system trees. We also don't even store file names because we don't have space for that. I mean, these are just a couple of bits but we need those bits so we don't do that. Leading me to update safety. Update safety on embedded really means, it really means this one thing for me at least.  This might sound fine for when you have to return a fridge, but if you have to turn a million of a fridge, a million of a fridge is your bankrupt. So if you think of something like the diesel gate, it would have been a lot less costly if Volkswagen would be just like Tesla and they had system updates but then they would be kind of cool in the first place. So no. One typical thing that people do when with embedded systems and update safety is to just store two of the same systems. This is something that you might not be familiar with if you don't know, if you haven't worked with embedded systems is what I'm saying. What we typically do there is we store system version one and we mean the whole system version, not just like a specific state of a package tree or something like that, but the whole image. In one region of memory, and then we store a second version, like the new one we wanna have in a different memory region. And if one of them fails, we just boot the other one. A boot loader is usually the very tiny thing on a bed. It's not like a complex thing, like we do on x86 bios and everything. It's very tiny and usually only does things like if one of the version fails, boot the other one. It doesn't really do much more than that.  What they do is not fat the file system. It's fat in terms of really big and really complex. What they do is they put the capability of updating your device inside the boot loader. So they're putting the updater in the region that you don't update. It gets really complicated from that point on because Android can update its boot loader, but it's kind of a retrofit. It's not really like a well thought of system. And there's also the complexity of dealing with that. Plus, you still have user interaction because once your main system fails, you will not be able to interact with the user in the same way that you would with your UI or whatever you have on your device. Kind of like on Android, you have this fail-safe mode, which people can use, but it's usually used by service engineers, not by actual consumers because it's still complex. What I'm proposing to do on IoTs, actually, it's not that new, but if you fit together everything I just said about control-design storage, what we can do is we can store both of those systems, but only the parts that are actually different. So what we can, it's more network efficient, obviously, but there's one specific key element that's new, which is you can also store three system images and do things like A-B testing and these kind of things. Now, why this is possible is because most of the system image between Word and is actually shared is the same code. The only reason we don't restore it and we don't de-duplicate it is because our tools are so terrible, unembedded. We do know how to share application code between two applications. It's pretty simple, that's what busybox does. If you've heard of it, it just has multiple executables in one executables and then the shared part is shared. It's pretty easy, but you can't do it retrofit when you already have something deployed and you wanna update just one part of busybox, for example, it's not possible. We also know how to do control-design storage. It's a fairly common thing. If you wanna look at something new, there's IPFS and system DCA sync. That's pretty great. These are new things in that space, but they don't work for binaries because the reason they don't work for binaries really is that binary executable code is not like a story. It's not like a linear list of things and if you insert a piece of code in the middle, then you will just amend the story. That's not how it works. It's more like binary executable code is a list of addresses and these addresses change, the whole of the addresses change if you just change a tiny part of it. So doing something like content versus storage with it is gonna be currently pretty much impossible because content versus storage relies on sharing blocks rather than sharing executable streams. And these blocks are gonna be different. Every time you link something, every time you just swap two lines from a printf to printf something else, I'm gonna show you in a demo, it changes. This is why we have Bolter. So I talked about Archon before. Archon is basically just like, if you're in desktop operating systems, it's not that interesting because we've got the CA sync now. It's pretty much the same thing just for embedded. Now I'm gonna talk quickly, you lose a word on Bolter because Bolter solves the problem of executables being not a linear stream. Instead of linking it the way that GNULD does which is GNULD links by priority or by how you, depending on the order of the input files that you give it, it will change its linking output. And what Bolter does, it guarantees that two binaries are the same no matter where and who links it, at which point in time with which order of input. It will always put the same, let's say libz printfo in the same region and it will not touch it. It will not relocate it so that you can later share those between two different applications. And they're also linked in a global space. That means that even if you have two different application codes, both of them are, both of the printf.o are gonna be addressable the same way. This is very similar to dynamic binaries to dynamic linking. The only difference really is that dynamic linking doesn't link by content, it links by name.  So the user might upgrade that library but then your application is also gonna get dynamically linked against that new library, which you never tested. So it might just not work. With Bolterby, avoid that because the linking is done by content and the content is still inside the binary. So if two binaries are getting updated on one of them, Rekhaj Nualipsi, it's just not gonna get de-duplicated and both of them will get the libc that we're originally linked with or the parts that we're originally linked with and that's important, not the full libc. Just the part that's different between those two lipsies will not be de-duplicated. All right, one more time. I hope I can make this work. Oh, I forgot to change my terminal font size. That's gonna look terrible. I'm gonna need a second to change that. Very smart of me. Does that work here? I'm doing it by screen because I can't look up there. So what I'm gonna show you as soon as I get it working, there we go. Can you see this? Can you probably read it? Is the font size big enough? Okay, cool. What I'm gonna show you is Bolter with two test binaries. So as I said before, in C and you all know C, this is just print of Hello World. It's not that fancy. But if we change that to something more like, we just change a tiny part of it, which is we're just gonna print the name of the upbringing system. These two files are very similar and you would expect that the resulting binary will be similar because they share most of the Lipsy. Like the binary is gonna be mostly Lipsy if we statically link. I only did that. We'll just redo it. So now we do what I did there. Is I linked it, I linked that application statically with Lipsy, with MUSL Lipsy. One time with GNU LD, this is the dash LLD binaries or with LLD from LLVM, doesn't matter, same thing. And one of them is linked with Bolter. Now you can see that the Bolter binary is already slightly bigger, but I'm gonna tell you why that is the case in a second. Now, if we have Hello One, I showed you the code for that. And we just stored in a contract visible, dammit, in a contract visible storage. Sorry for that, badly prepared. Oh no, I used that before. If you just stored in a contract visible storage, we get, like if the contract visible storage is not prepared for this specific use case, it'll just try to split it into blocks depending on the content. In this case, we've got, oh, I just stored the BLD, I wanted to sort of show you the LLD. Okay, that broke in screen. Good to know. Okay, so we've seen that it's storing 70 kilobytes and the plus sign means that it did store these blocks as new, so this is what it's actually gonna write the disk. So it's writing 70.43 kilobytes. If we do the other binary, which is hello2.LLD linked with GNU LD, just get a different name. You can see that it's almost storing the identical content. They're both the same size, so both have 17 kilobytes, as you can see up there in the broken progress bar, but it's storing 15 kilobytes, so it can only share a tiny part of it because all the addresses have changed. Now, if we store a binary linked with Bolter, there we go, we're linking, oh yeah, I already, okay. I did already accidentally store the hello1, so here's the demo effect on hello2, which is the one where it just changed hello world to hello you name. We only have to store five kilobytes, and those five kilobytes are mostly relocation addresses and the elf header. This is significantly more efficient than anything we've ever done before. It's also significantly more efficient than compression, any compression algorithm, because no compression algorithm will be able to identify the addresses and re-relocate the addresses in a way that makes them compressible. So this allows us to do something that I'm really excited about, which is it'll allow us to do safe updates in a very, very efficient way on IoT devices. Just gonna switch back to, yeah, 20 minutes, great. We're not gonna talk about that. So I just wanna, so after the demo, just wanna work, lose a quick work on REST because I've written everything in REST and I'm really inspired by it. I think really that everyone should look at it at least, even if you're not gonna use it in production. Just because I believe it's the first language since C, or the first popular language since C, that really tries to get down to the very, very low level and tries to compete with C on devices that we currently don't have anything else for. Golang is really not an alternative on very small devices because Golang doesn't even work without a floating point unit. So that's not an option, but REST really tries to get there and we'll hope that one day we might actually have an environment with that ecosystem that's usable and that's as good as what we have in cloud deployment. Yeah, that just means that Arkon is currently built for these embedded devices. We've got things like, in startups, what we usually see, I advise startups, what I usually see is people have used things like Android for deployment. So to get a device and there's Android on it, it's just some device from China and they try to use that as a system, which is pretty bad, but Arkon will allow them to run a real Linux distribution on that and have a deployment story for it because it runs there. So yeah, I think I'm not gonna talk about the other thing because of time constraints, so I'm pretty much through with that. I will, I will do that. Just wanna tell you where I'm going with Korhal at the last slide. So I'm trying to break IoT down into engineering problems rather than problems, rather than political problems because there are political problems, things like not having updates, not having enforced updates for things that are deprecated, this is a political problem, but what I'm really trying to do is break it down engineering problems and solve it from the perspective of, okay, what if we could solve problems like end of life, end of life clouds and problems with the update crisis that we have, the service disruption problems we have. I mean, recently there was a company that did smart knocks and their cloud failed or their update failed or something like that and people got locked out of their home.  That's really my plan of where I wanna get with this. And if you're into embedded devices, if you're into especially distributed embedded devices and you wanna solve the IoT update problem, then please start me on GitHub, come to me after the talk, talk to me about your approach to it and how we can proceed with that because I'm building an open source project, this is not a startup and I'm really looking for any help in that fixing IoT, cool, that's it, thank you. Yeah, can you microphone? Awesome. Thank you. So two questions, the first one on the storage on the node itself, you're trying to kind of like optimizing instead of having two partitions and switching between them like splitting in chunks, but it looks like in the worst case, you still need the full space for two partitions. So it's like, if you need to update every single chunk because it changed for some reason, it looks like in the worst case, you're still in the same case as I need two partition and exactly double the space for storing them. Yes, but it's very unlikely because it's very unlikely that you're deploying a system that is completely different from the other one. Yeah, but your system should be still designed with that worst case in mind, so it's like you still need two times the full space.  So you can just stop the deployment and think about your bad choices in life before you do that. The other question was related to the linker. How does it play with address space randomization? That's a great question. So that actually came up multiple times during the talk, multiple times I had the talk address space randomization just in case someone doesn't know that what it does is it loads the executable binary at a random position in memory rather than at a fixed address. The reason for that is that it's a security thing. If you find a loophole or a buffer overflow in one of the, in your code, you won't be able to jump at a known address and execute code there. So it makes attacks less reliable. And it does not conflict with that. The reason for that is that specifically on X86 there's a trick we can use. You can lay out the address space relative. All of it can be, so what the linker can do because it's a static linker, there is no dynamic libraries loaded here. All of the addresses inside the entire binary can be relative. And what we do on non-X86 on platforms that don't have PC relative addressing, what we do there's a small bootstrap section in the beginning of the executable which relocates the binary onto the correct address. How precisely do you mark in your linked binaries where the cuts shall be placed? Like do you have a header in front or do you have some special marker that can be recognized or? I tried sections, I tried elf sections but they're really, really large. So what I do instead is I emit an elf, an additional elf section which is an extension. It's an extension type. And that elf section contains a list of exact binary positions where you just split. And what's the size of your block sizes? That's depending on the input. I'm just wondering like, I mean, if we can agree on something, how suggested to cut marks are marked. I think it's fairly non-intrusive to do this into a binary because it's really just a section with positions in it. It's not that fancy. Like it's just probably like 10 lines of code in C to read those. Yeah, well, I mean, I'm wondering like, you know, see, I think we don't actually ever parse what we're processing there. But it might be nice to be able to take advantage of manually placed markers for our cuts. And then it would be kind of cool if we could teach CACing somehow to identify the markers that your linker placed there. I think that would be amazing. I'm just thinking of a way to, I think we're gonna have to think about that because the markers are currently written inside the binary, so we'd have to parse it. But maybe there's a way to... Well, I mean, one way to do it would be just place some weird identifier in there that is recognizable. Yeah, something like at the end of the file or something like that. I mean, just actually add the cuts to something, right? Like as a comment or something, maybe that works. I don't know, just an idea. Let's think about that. I think that would be a really good idea. I mean, it doesn't have to be reliable, right? Like, I mean, if there are some false positives, it doesn't really matter. Yeah, so what we can't do is we can't put content inside the linked section, like specific markers or something like that, because that's executable code. So it would be... Well, you could jump over it, right? Like, I mean, that way. Yeah, yeah. But you have, like, the same overhead as elf sections, so... You'd be really, really careful and really space efficient here. But it's actually a good idea. Maybe it's more space efficient than elf sections. Yeah, I mean, what I'm thinking really is not just executables, it's about everything, right? People could, whatever kind of resource they have, also place these markers and give us a hint where a good cut would be. And then your tool and my job would both take benefit of that. And people just have to make sure that they place these things. Let me think about doing it that way, because I think that's probably the best case for you. It would be great. Everyone asleep? Okay, you can also ask questions after the talk, if you're not. We're all in talks all the whole time, that's okay. One more question is, do you do anything else than just make the blocks better placed? Like, for example, the Corset thing from Google, have you ever looked into that? They do binary deltas and they try to deal with the offsetting stuff. And to be honest, I find it really horrible because it's so much bound to, I mean, what they ultimately do basically is they disassemble the, they try, like under the assumption that what they're processing there is assembly, like this is actual machine code, they disassemble everything and then generate the delta on the disassembled stuff instead of the original stuff. And if it compresses better or if the delta is smaller, then the binary delta would be, they use that. I personally find this, this is so transcending all the layers of the stack, I don't want to do anything like that in CSync, but what they found out what was really important was dealing with the offsets and being smarter about them, right? Like, so they basically try to take into consideration that modifying or replying some kind of filter on top of the actual data makes the data more like and they try to figure out how that works. There's two answers to that. One of them is, I still think that ZSED, the standard compression thing by Facebook is still more efficient than what they're doing because ZSED is able to build a lot of what's it called, a content thingy. Like basically, it can learn from that binary a lot better than whatever you're trying to do with compressing it based on the assembly. And the second thing is I can't do that because this has to be architecture independent. I have to guarantee that there's the same compression on any architecture. The third thing is it's actually more efficient already than GnWildy, although it's not optimized. And the main reason for that is that we don't have to do dynamic linking, which means that you can assume that your entire binary is one linear stream. And linking is a lot more efficient if you can do that because you don't have to do things like PLT, like jump tables and stuff like that, which actually makes it more efficient than GnWildy already. I guess you're all looking forward to the next talk. So if you have any more questions, come after the talk to me. Cool, thanks.


As I see that my leg very clearly ends right there, I can still feel my toes, I could wiggle my toes. I have never not felt my foot still being there, even as I've gone through surgeries and used a prosthetic leg. Hello there, my beautiful, lovely internet friends. Welcome back to my channel. I am full of this show, I'm missing a foot. I can't show you right now because my puppy's in my lap and I'm not gonna move him. But I wanted to tell you everything today that you've ever wondered about phantom pain and sensation. This is something that fascinated me long before I became an amputee and I always wondered what it'd be like to actually feel that, actually go through that. So we're going to dive into that today and answer a lot of the questions that you guys asked over in my community tab.  Why would you still feel anything? So it's a crazy thing and I really enjoy talking about it in theory, but I really don't like actually experiencing it because I deal with phantom pain every single day and I've not found effective ways of dealing with it and I'll talk about that a little bit later in this video. But first a very quick word from our sponsor and then we're gonna dive into all of your questions which were submitted on the community page about phantom pain and sensation. Today's video is sponsored by Surfshark VPN. Surfshark is a virtual private network which essentially helps you protect your identity and your information as you are online. You know, we live in a world right now where I genuinely believe people are on the internet more than they ever have been. 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Click that link, check them out. Let me know what you think and let's move on to phantom pain. Let's get the basics out of the way. What is phantom pain? Essentially, it is your brain trying to communicate with a part of your body that isn't there. So when you're born, your brain has a map of where everything is, how it communicates to every part of your body. When you lose a body part, that map doesn't necessarily get updated. And so your brain is still trying to send signals and communicate with something that isn't there and a very unprofessional way of describing it is basically those signals get lost in translation and you feel all kinds of wacky things because of it. Gabriella asked, does the mirror trick actually work?  Doing different motions and kind of trying to mimic them on both sides can be very therapeutic for a lot of people also. When people are having phantom pain or phantom itching, sometimes doing this and itching the leg that still exists and looking at it in the mirror cause you can trick your mind into thinking that like that leg is being touched, it actually works. For me, I have not noticed that it provides a lot of immediate relief. I've tried that many times. Mirror therapy for me was something that helped over time lessen the severity of phantom pain but it's never been super effective for me when I am experiencing pain or sensation right in that moment. Lucy asked, how long does an episode of pain typically last? How long was the longest episode you ever had? As I got out of my amputation surgery, I didn't have phantom pain. I had surgical pain. I got home, still didn't have phantom pain but come a few more days after that it began and when it ramped up, oh my God, came with a passion. There were hours where I was sitting on the couch and tears feeling like I was losing my mind because I felt like a cattle prod was being pushed to the bottom of my foot every like three seconds. Brian, my husband can attest to this. I would just be like jumping and like crying and yelping sometimes every few minutes for hours and that was probably one of the only moments where I really questioned was this the worst decision I have ever made in my entire life because I can't deal with this and one of the difficult things about nerve pain which is what phantom pain is is that it's hard to treat. Normal medications like IV profan or acetaminophen or even Vicodin, Percocet, don't really touch it for most people, if anyone. So I was put on two different nerve pain medications and neither one really worked super well for me but I did start doing mirror therapy and that definitely helped. Now, three years after the fact, I'd say that the longest episodes of pain I have are never longer than minutes. Sometimes they'll last for like up to a half an hour where I'll just get these like zaps of pain every minute or every two minutes for half an hour. The average day though, I'd say, I feel it 10 to 20 times a day but it's spread throughout, it's usually very fast. Are there ever any positive phantom sensations like someone holding or rubbing you off? Do you feel as if you still have muscle memory and the rest of your leg in terms of like toes? Like could I crunch my toes or anything like that? So I don't think I've ever had a positive phantom sensation. I've definitely had neutral ones. From the moment that I woke up from my amputation I felt my toes like in this current moment as I see that my leg very clearly ends right there I can still feel my toes. I could wiggle my toes. Like I'm literally in my head. I even can like activate some of the muscles still. I have never not felt my foot still being there even as I've gone through surgeries and used a prosthetic leg. But aside from the neutral, I don't think that there are a lot of positive sensations that I've ever felt.  Aside from the first couple weeks of recovering from surgery and then like doing mirror therapy to work through it. I would say the worst phantom pain I've ever had was a couple days ago. I'm actually gonna play part of a video. I started this video because phantom pain was kind of starting up a little bit. I was like, okay, now would be a good time to do a video talking about like, hey, I'm in the midst of a phantom pain episode. Here's what I do to deal with it. But instead I just ended up filming some of the worst phantom pain I've had where it wouldn't stop. And when you see me making like these expressions or stopping mid-sentence, it was so painful, so painful.  It was awful and it lasted for I would say like 40 minutes. It is rare but there are some days when it gets really bad and I'd say ever since surgery that it was probably the worst one I've ever had. Koten Wagnerianer, I'm sure I did not say that correctly, asked how located can phantom pain be? Is it just like general area where your leg used to be or can it feel like your ankles, your foot or individual toes hurt? I am very excited that someone asked this question because one of the most fascinating things to me about phantom pain and sensation is how ridiculously specific it is. When I say I still feel my foot, my toes, my ankle, I feel them and I feel them individually. Remember, oh, I'm so glad this is like coming back this was a thing for a while. It hasn't happened a long time so fingers crossed but I used to feel like someone was paper cutting in between my like big toe and the toe right next to it like just slicing paper like makes me cringe to think about it now but I could tell you exactly where that was happening and as I felt like slicing or burning sensations like if my foot was there I could point to like it's exactly like two inches below that toe it is right there. The way that our bodies are able to remember sensations and translate things is crazy to me. Emily asked does phantom pain ever have a temperature trigger like does phantom pain get worse if it's cold or warm and can I fix it by using the opposite? I have never noticed a direct correlation to any kind of temperature but there are certain situations that do make it worse. If I'm in the water like warm water for a long time like if I'm sitting in a bath or a hot tub sometimes when I get out it's just zapping and zapping and zapping. Other days it's totally fine but that's definitely one trigger that I found but for me temperature in general really doesn't have that much of an effect. Rockeroo 987 when does this affect you? Most often it is in the evening it's usually when I'm just like chilling or relaxing occasionally I'll get it as I'm like walking throughout the day like with steps and kind of like pressure on the bottom of my residual limb will trigger some of that pain but usually it's like after 6 p.m. I don't know why. I asked was it worth it to have the phantom pain over the ankle pain you had before? This was a major factor in me trying to make the decision about amputation because phantom pain is serious. It's not a little thing. It's pretty severe for a lot of people and I didn't know if I was just gonna be trading my ankle pain for something that was the same or worse. That was a risk I took and it did pay off for me.  It's not constant most days. Most days it just like it exists for brief moments and those brief moments are very painful and uncomfortable but then I can carry about my day. My ankle pain was sustained a lot worse, prevented me from doing things. I think there have only been like one or two days ever where phantom pain has stopped me from like going to do something I had planned on doing. You guys ask such good questions. Jodi asked is there such a thing as phantom heat sensitivity? Like getting cold toes in winter that can't warm up because they're not there. Yes, this happens all the time. I get like a frozen foot. Usually it's when my body in general is cold. Like that foot will feel exponentially colder but sometimes just randomly. It'll feel like it's in an ice bath and I have found that warming the end of my leg whether that be through like a heating pad or something like that can provide some relief. It seems to kind of soothe the nerves or whatever is going on there but yeah, differences in heat for sure. I never get the hot one. Like I've never felt like it was too hot but I often feel like it is freezing freaking cold. Ooh, I love this question. Jordan asked is someone were to kick your prosthetic leg would your body act like it's your real leg and would it hurt? This blows my mind. The answer is I feel it for a second. There have been times when I like dropped something on my foot, right? And I saw it drop on my foot, my prosthetic foot and I literally felt the impact of it for half a second. Like I felt the pain. I felt, you know, pressure on my foot just because I could visually see it happening. It was like my nerves were predicting what I was gonna feel and so I was feeling it before it even happened. So a friend once gave me like a foot massage on my prosthetic foot and if I am watching it happen, I freaking feel some of it. Like I feel like someone's kind of touching my foot. It is so absolutely bizarre and weird. Ashley asked is there ever a time when it will stop being a thing an amputee has to deal with? You know, I don't know. I know some amputees who have never dealt with phantom pain. There is a surgery that can help with that that I have had. Unfortunately, I'm in like the 15% that it wasn't effective for but it's called a TMR surgery and it helps a lot of people alleviate that phantom pain and sensation. But in general, if you do have phantom pain, I don't actually know what the long-term outcomes are. I know that mine has not improved at all as time has gone on. It kind of just stabilized and has stayed at this level pretty permanently. Could it totally go away? I think it could. I don't know how likely that is. If you're an amputee and it has for you, I would love to hear from you in the comment section down below. This is interesting. MK the maniac. Is there anything an outsider can do to help? Like would distracting you by talking about something else help? Thank you for asking this question. I think it's fantastic when people are like, how do I help? You know, my friends or my family members when they're dealing with fill in the blank. For me, distraction doesn't really work. When phantom pain hits, it is all encompassing for the moments that I am feeling it. If it's especially prolonged, I do better if I just sort of remove myself from social situations because I have a hard time managing pain and also trying to like be a person. I imagine this probably varies for everyone. The most helpful thing that has been for me is just people being like, is that fan of pain?  And just like acknowledging that I'm experiencing it that feels validating and I feel less alone even though I'm the only person who's feeling it right. So I think just being with people as they're going through it can be really helpful because it's the type of pain that can feel really lonely if that makes any sense. So there are a couple things that I do that help phantom pain. For me, like just shaking my leg or like wiggling it, trying to like stimulate that area a lot can interrupt some of the nerve signals and sometimes helps it calm down quicker. Maybe that's in my head. I don't know, but it definitely does help. Like vibration, you know, just a lot of movement. Also sometimes massage, it just seems like general, you know, activity in this area can calm it down faster. You know what? Any more good questions on phantom pain that I wouldn't even think to answer that I'm actually gonna make this a two part video. So I'm gonna end this video here but be on the lookout for phantom pain part two video because I do think this is such an interesting topic. And I know for me, it was so mind boggling and I just, I want to share as much as I can and answer your wonderful questions. So a big thank you again to our sponsor. Check out their link down below. Huge thank you to my patrons over on Patreon. Thank you so much for everything that you do for me for supporting this channel and making it possible. And to you watching this right now, thank you for spending a few minutes out of your day here with me today. You could be anywhere else in the world doing anything else. And you chose to hang with me for a little while and I really appreciate that. I love you guys. I'm thinking about you and I will see you in the next video. Mwah, bye guys. And her from the sky.


I see how he's getting coiled and ready to move that hind quarters. Good. Sort of bringing myself back towards the center and maybe even as a bonus near that mounting block. That's pretty handy. I'm going to take our time here. He could get a little softer. He's kind of holding his neck tense. He's a little rigid. Good. I wouldn't mind him just sort of relaxing in here a little bit. So many times I'll tell people, you might have a goal. You might come to the barn and we all have goals and your goal might be today you want to jump the ditch, but you go get your horse. Your horse is more tense for whatever reason. Your horse is more tense that day and maybe it takes you longer to get that horse saddled that day. For me all plans are subject to change so if I need to I'll work on this and I'll get this really good so all of our experiences together are nice and calm. Maybe I don't get to the ditch that day but at least I had a good saddling session, mounting session and could we get these horses to where he's calmer when I'm with him in this ring right now than if he were on his own and I walked out. It seems like a little thing but for some people their horse is actually a way more tense when they're around. All right. So I'm going to reach under and bridle him with my arm under so you know there's sort of two approaches to this and I'll work on both. So I might go arm under, notice I tipped his nose to the side and then I'll bring that outside ear first and then the inside ear in second. Okay now I might just ask him to get soft with that.  He's a little braced and see those feet don't want to come back yet. He's working at it. There we go. When I take the bridle off or put the bridle on I want those reins right up by his ears, right up behind his jowl. Let's take this bridle off and show you this. So I'll still tip his nose to the side when I drop or sort of bring the bit out gently. All right now let's walk. I'm just going to walk away here because he liked that I took that bridle off that headstall off. All right well here is if I take my hand up and I just put a gentle pressure down. Now don't force it and the other thing is I'll think of sort of slightly bending and almost like I swing the head down. And if you're pushing hard that isn't not the idea. You're not doing it at the right time. So he's got to be relaxed but if I just gently sort of bring my hands left to right with just a little downward pressure I mean it's very subtle. There's many ways to get his head down but that's a great way to do it. So now his head's down here. Now I could take my right hand and be up between the ears. So I could take my right hand and I could be up here and I could grab the crown piece and he could take the bit from this position. He could have dropped his head lower but actually this isn't bad at all. Now that's probably not what he did on the track. I'm guessing on the track they reached under his head and lifted up. So that's your other method try to get that forelock out of there. He could, I could just remind him, hey can you get your head down there? Alright, see I took time on it. That's really important. Make our adjustment. So that's looking pretty nice. As I tighten up that girth I'm able to tip, tip his nose to me and I ride with, I ride with multiple, use this headstall on multiple horses here at the barn so it's making him smile a little bit. Let's drop it down here. Now on a gelting you want to watch the canine. It doesn't hit the canine. If you put your finger behind the mouthpiece that's the true gauge of how much it's pulling on the lip. Also if you notice the cheek pieces they should sort of come off the side and sort of snap, come back without snapping quickly. So some people leave a bit a little looser on a mare. You can get by with that on a gelting. You're going to bring it up a little bit. I'm content with where, where this bit is at on him. Alright, in the event that you might want to lunge or do a little round penning with your horse.  Some people have never learned that. It's just something you can do and then the reins are in a good, are in a good place. Well he was a little balled up with the, he was a little balled up with the girth. So we might work on that just a little bit here. I recommend that a horse that you're not, you know, as sure with, like this, like a horse like this, that you would walk trot canner both directions on the ground before you get on. The canter is a gate that's playful and the canter is a gate that horses are energetic. Their life comes way up. Their emotional thermometer is much higher than say standing in the barn or walking. So the canter is a gate that you might want to check out before you get on your horse. It's more, it gives you a pretty nice read to your horse's emotional levels.  I really am thinking canter, but I'm thinking about bringing his life up a little at a time. You might see his eyes and his ears open a little bit to redirect here, his eyes, his eyes opened up a lot there to bring him past a little more, a little more energy. I'd like him to find the canner. I realized the stirrup slipping down. He felt it, didn't he? He felt that. Good. I'll take that. It wasn't a long time at the canter, but it was fine. It was the idea.  He raced until he was eight from what I'm told. That's a long time for at least a horse like this. And you know, it's amazing to me that he still feels the girth and he's sensitive to that still. I'm going to bring his life up a little bit more. See if I can just send him off with a little more life at the canner. There, I might get a little length. Good, I'll take that. And then I'll step out of the center. If I turn towards him and get tall, it makes sense to halt. It's kind of like a traffic guard saying, stop, wait. It's the same thing. Come with me. Wait. Good. Very good. Very good. And you can see he's bringing his life down. So as much as we would bring the horse's life up, it's really important that we can also bring their life down.  See if we can get him to think about sending off, see how little I can do. Want to help him get the answer? Good. Good. He's thinking about me. Let's get one more canner in here. As I'm content with the canner, I'd come back to the center and I'm trying to show him that I like his canter so much that I'll step out of the center and you can come to me. He's understanding that quite well now. It's nice. Well, a discussion that I get into frequently with people is training versus life experiences. Where I think of experiential learning. Training sometimes can be on the side of a bit more mechanics repetition. People start getting into conditioned responses and all that stuff and that's all. That's all. You know, maybe that works and that's useful and I can't avoid training. I mean, of course, we're training. But there's more to it than that. If I want to get my horse to where I could trust him in any situation, like the unknown. Well, training is a small piece, but our life experiences together that accumulate over time, they add up to be the big picture, our relationship. So if he can always be calm with me when I'm in a situation where we're not sure he's not sure, he'll look to me. Rather than looking to training, it's more like look to me. We've been through a lot together. So I like to really get our life experiences together in such a way that they're calm if I can help it. It's looking really good. When people mount up, there's a couple points that I really want you to take away. And one is, both reins are short enough to where if he were to walk forward and shift his weight forward, you could just pick up on the rein and stop him. But I also like the inside rein a little shorter so I can see his inside eye. So I could tip him to me and his rump would swing away to the outside. So it's very important that as I mount up, his feet are square. So he's relatively square. So you can gently just push on the feet a little bit or you can have him step up a little bit. And you'll find that a horse will get their feet more square. So that's important. Inside rein a little shorter than the outside rein. And then as I step up, I want to sit down really soft, tip his nose towards me. Now he walked off a little right there, but I was able to pick up on that rein and ask him to halt. I still have his head bent around to my left. And I'm still sort of looking at him in that left. Now as I reach for my irons, he tends to think that that means go forward. And so that's just some old racehorse nervousness. But the point to that is that I'm able to balance him in such a way that I can get on. A concept that I like to teach people is to go forward.  And it seems like we all learned or many of us learned when we want to go squeeze your legs and go forward. Well, think of this. What if we save squeezing our legs for later with the horse? What if we squeeze our legs to get suspension and elevation, to get the horse soft or rounded? What if then we were able to slowly close our legs up? But to go forward, let's not necessarily squeeze our legs. Now you've heard inside leg to drive. So what if we did this? What if I sat tall, tuck my tailbone, tuck my seat under, and wiggle my inside leg? Let's try this.  Now I saw him. We could feel him increase tempo. That was nice. Show you one more time. I'll sit tall, wiggle my inside leg, and see what he come forward. He does come forward. And then when he does, I settle right back down again, and I just sort of bring him back. Easy does it. I could squeeze release the reins and my abdomen. I'm exaggerating, so you can see. But I could squeeze release my abdomen, my reins, and just see if he could slowly find a halt at the same time. He's feeling a little squeeze in the saddle, but just a little squeeze. Squeeze release. To go forward, I'll stand tall, tuck my seat, swing the leg. My leg will open a little. Ready? Sit tall, tuck seat, open leg. Now did you see that leg swing? So if I swing the leg, it could be the inside leg. It could be both legs on a young horse. But if I stand tall, when I go to swing the leg, he understands movement. And that makes a lot of sense for horses, because when I move my leg, they move their legs. Let's work out this technical difficulty here. He's looking at me on both sides. He's, it's good that it's good that he's looking at me out of his left side and his right side. And if I look over to my right and I bring, just bring my headlight over a little bit, would he look over there? Good. Very nice. To slow down, I might squeeze, release the rain, like water out of a sponge. And my abdomen, I might set, very slightly set my elbows in. To walk, I'll sit up, tuck the seat, open leg. That worked out really good. If your horses don't understand that, you might have to kick. It's easy to bump a little, because your leg is already off and swinging. So if I sit up, open leg and swing it, if he doesn't go, I could bump him. But it makes sense to the horse, because once again, my legs are moving, so his legs are moving. Now, to walk, I might think of exhaling, breathing and sort of melting down into the saddle. Remember, he's young and green, or green. And to halt, I'll squeeze, release the rain. Now, the mounting block, that's a handy place to have him stop every once in a while. But let's stop over here. So you can watch the aid there, the squeezing. I'm using my abdomen and my, all at the same time. Squeezing, releasing. Squeezing the rain, setting my elbow. Here we go. Squeeze, release, squeeze, release. And there it is. To go forward, sit up, open the leg. I could swing the leg and the leg could bump him. Well, I hope that made sense. I hope that you're able to get your horse to go forward without squeezing. I'm hoping that you're also able to slow your horse down by not necessarily pulling back, but setting your elbows, squeezing the rain, and giving, so that he finds that halt.


Well, I think one guide to what's exciting is what's in the popular press. If you read Science Times or Scientific American or Sky and Telescope or a lot of other things that are written for the general public, you'll see what's really exciting. And you could say, well, okay, they're working on genetic engineering over there or they're working on building a new telescope over there. I'd like to work on that. All you have to do is say, I'd like to work on it. And somebody will say, oh, okay, come work on it. So then you just have to find a path to get to the place where you want to be. One very famous public scientist is Neil Tyson in New York, and he read Scientific American and he looked to see where did all those people that wrote Scientific American articles go to school. Okay, I want to go to school there. That's what he said. So it worked for him. So it can work for anyone.