Hello and welcome back to another GCSE revision lesson.  When I put up a poll asking what aspects of the English language paper one exam that you guys wanted me to look at, lots of you, over a thousand of you basically said, please Barbara, miss, please, please, please, could you go over how to answer question number three? This is the structure question where you have to look at the whole source and you are asked how the writer uses structure to interest you as a reader. Now, when it comes to question number three, I would argue that once you are clear on what structure means and what structural devices to look for, actually, it's really, really easy to rack up some really, really good marks in this part of the exam. Remember that question number three? You spend a max of 10 minutes on this question as it's worth eight marks. Try to aim to write two pill paragraph, or maybe one massive chunky paragraph where you just say what's happening at the beginning versus the end before you move on to the other parts of the exam. Now, in terms of what structure means and what examiners are seeking in this question, remember that this question tests your AO2. This is your awareness of relevant subjects terminology when it comes to structure. What does that mean? Structure means beginning, middle, and end. If you simply say the writer begins like this, this is what happens in the middle, and this is what happens in the end, you're talking about structure. Structure can also mean if it starts and ends in a similar way, so it's circular, that's a really powerful structural technique. Structure can also include, for example, if there's, you're focused in one area, so for example, let's say the protagonist or a setting at the beginning, and then there's a change of focus either in the middle or the end, that structure. If the author zooms in on one particular thing, that structure, but also structure includes things like sentence types, repetition, listing, things in really grade nine repetition techniques such as anaphora, but also if, for example, the subject is maybe withheld, right? So maybe if they start off by mentioning a subject, but we don't really know very much about them, and then later on in the text, we learn how they sound, how they look like, et cetera, that's the opposite of anaphora where something is gradually revealed, and we call this cataphoric reference, okay? That's a grade nine structural technique. Now, of course, if you're not entirely clear on what structure means, I have literally created a five minute video outlining all the language techniques and all structure techniques you can find in the language paper one exam, so please make sure you watch that video just to refresh your memory, okay? Now, when it comes to this question, what I'm going to be doing is going over how to write a model response to the structure question in the 2019 exam. So this is the question that came up in the 2019 exam, but when it comes to actually looking at my model response, don't be fixated on the actual paper. Look more at how I lay out my paragraphs. Look at how I begin. Look at how I also constantly refer to the fact that we are always entertained as readers. By the way, guys, when you read in these extracts and answering question number three, how this structure interests your readers, examiners don't actually care about your personal opinion. Even if you read the extract and you're bored to tears and you find it extremely boring, do not say, oh, me as a reader, I'm not interested. I'm really bored actually. Examiners don't care. You're always interested and you're just simply finding structural techniques that justify why you're interested, okay? So that being said, I'm going to dive into how to write a model response for this question, but make sure you think about it when I'm going over the response and how in terms of how you can apply it to other questions, okay? I use the pill paragraph structure. So I'm going to walk you guys through how to answer this question. So let's look at how to answer question number three. Now, the great thing about this question is you always know exactly how it's worded. Now, as you can see here, obviously, I have pre-prepared this question. However, what you should anticipate for the question number three is you're always going to be asked how the writer has structured the text to interest you as a reader. And remember, you are always interested as a reader. Do not say, oh, actually, I found this text really boring. You know, it set me to sleep. No, examiners don't actually care about your personal opinion. You simply just say you're interested as a reader and you find structural points and structural points are even the exam board even hints quite strongly at what structural techniques they are looking for. This first bullet point tells you what the writer focuses on at the beginning. Therefore, they've already told you, please make sure you mention beginning because it's structure. The second bullet point to ask you how the writer changes focus again, how it shifts from one point to another. You can do so by talking about what happens in the beginning versus what happens at the end. That's change of focus. Other structural features can include, as I mentioned, does it start and end in the same way? So is it circular? Do they zoom in on one particular character? That's also structure. Is there any kind of constant repetition or anaphora used focusing on one key character, that structure, but also things like repetition, listing, and so on. Okay. So with this question, unlike question number two, you're not given the source in front of you. Therefore, of course, you need to make sure you make reference back to the insert and the extract itself. This is the 2019 November paper. I'm not going to read through it. You can literally, if you haven't read it, download it from AQA's website. This paper simply just describes two people, married couple, Zoe and Jake. It starts off in silence. You've got Zoe who's at the top of the mountain. She's feeling really calm, composed. She's also really enjoying the view before her. Then as it develops, the silence suddenly gets interrupted by this snow shifting. She ignores what's going on. She still kind of tries to go skiing, but then this shift turns into a whisper than a rumble. Zoe still ignores it and then it takes her husband, Jake, coming in and telling her, look, we're in danger. Get to the side, to the side. This is when she now moves into action to try and escape this avalanche. However, by the time she does so, it's too late. And of course, they both get swept up in this avalanche and the ending ends in silence. Okay. So it starts off by talking about silence, but the silence at the beginning has the sense of promise. There's this sense of promise and everything just seems really nice and filled with silence. But by the end, this silence when Zoe and her husband are swept under, it takes on a more scary and ominous tone. So how could I approach this structure question? Of course, the first obvious thing that would occur to me is the fact that it starts with silence and ends with silence. That makes it a circular structure. So I'm definitely going to mention that. Of course, I'm also going to ensure that I literally take on the examiner's strong hint to mention and to talk about what is our attention focused in on in the beginning of the extract and how does that shift. So I'm going to juxtapose either beginning or end or beginning versus middle. So of course, when I'm juxtaposing beginning versus end or beginning versus middle, my first paragraph is going to be quite lengthy. For this question, you want to aim to write at least two pill paragraphs peel pill meaning point evidence explanation link in your explanation. This is where you're now going into why we are interested as readers before you link it back to the question. So here's my first pill paragraph. It's going to be a little bit longer because I'm going to juxtapose what goes on in the opening versus how the extract ends. So this is how you can write your first pill paragraph. Okay. So starting with my opening point. Firstly, the author successfully interests us as readers. I'm referring back to the key words in the question because they use the calm beginning to put us at ease some explicitly referring back to this bullet point.  So here I am referring to this rumbling, the roaring. I'm basically saying it's gone from being really, really silent, nice and quiet to now being very violent and tumultuous. Tumultuous means unpredictable, scary, and so on. Okay. So opening point. Firstly, the author successfully illustrates interest us as readers because they use the calm beginning to put us at ease.  Opening point. Here's my evidence. I'm going to juxtapose something from the start versus something from the end. At first, it was snowing, yet towards the end, there was a roaring of the avalanche. That's my evidence from the beginning versus end. I'm talking about beginning versus shift of focus. Here's my explanation. Joyce creates a stark contrast between the tranquil, which means calm and peaceful opening as opposed to the noisy ending of the extract. I'm already now juxtaposing the two. This is especially gripping for us as readers because the sudden turn of events is unexpected. So here I'm basically saying while we're interested, we are shocked that this paradise has turned into a death trap for Zoe and Jake. So here I've talked about structure beginning versus end of juxtapose the two, but then I've also made sure I tie it into why is this intriguing for us as readers? We are intrigued because we're left in a sense of shock.  That's my analysis and that's where the bulk of your marks, your A02, as well as your interpretation go. So here's my link back to the question, how are we therefore interested as readers? Therefore, the writer begins the extract in a captivating way, interesting way, and the dramatic turn of events keeps us interested. The sudden shift from calmness to violence makes us terrified as we read the passage. That's my first full mark paragraph where I talk about beginning versus ending, and that's a really powerful way of describing structure. Here's my second peel paragraph where I'm going to talk about another structural feature. So again, I'm going to start off with my point evidence explanation and link. Moreover, the writer uses the silence. Now here I'm going to talk about silence at the beginning versus silence at the end as a dramatic device to keep us intrigued and interested in the extract. When you read in the extract that you're presented with in your exam, think about is there anything that's repeated throughout the extract? If it's repeated, you want to mention how this is a dramatic device that's deliberately on purpose used by the author in order to maintain your interest. Indeed, the passage begins and ends with quietness and this circular structure, powerful structure keeps us entertained. I've linked it back to while we're interested. That's my opening point. Here's my evidence. The writer repeated refers to silence. I'm talking about repetition. Joyce, and that's my evidence, right? So here I've literally used the one word evidence. Now here's my explanation. Joyce initially uses silence to depict a calm and tranquil environment. Silence in the opening of the extract has positive connotations. It has positive meanings. And we can see that this silence gives Zoe much joy. Yet this silence takes on deadly connotations by the end of the extract. Again, when you're thinking about how maybe one word is used, you can mention things like what does it connote? What meanings are attached to it? Why is that interesting for us as readers? As Zoe is overpowered by the snow, the silence suddenly becomes ominous, which means threatening. And we are frightened about her safety. Again, that is the bulk of my marks. That's my analysis. And I'm also mentioning structural technique, talking about the repetitive reference to silence and how it's at the beginning and at the end. Here's my link. Hence the writer uses this circular structure structure to keep us captivated as readers. This sudden change in atmosphere makes us keen to discover if Zoe and Jake survived. Try not to only answer with a very obvious predictable, oh, this just makes us want to read on. Say why it makes us want to read on. Okay, you can say stuff like, you know, it makes us captivated, want to know what's going to happen at the end, want to know if they survived and so on. Okay, so that's really how to approach this question. I would suggest the best way to approach question number three is if you feel like, oh, there's a bit too much to do two paragraphs, try to then do one chunky paragraph where you take something from the start, go into detail on that, talk about why it's really interesting and gripping and then something from the end, go into lots of detail and talk about why it's gripping. But if you can, try to aim to write at least two pill paragraphs in order to make sure you're securing those eight marks, but make sure you do this within 10 minutes. Thanks so much for listening.


What's going on everyone Sam here late in sports cards are up in two boxes of 21 22 panini select basketball for Jeffrey H. So good luck here Jeffrey. See what we got in here for you, man We're live over on YouTube and actually right as we speak. I'm going live on tiktok I'm going live on tiktok Once I can Jeffrey I'm just getting my tiktok streams set up here. All right. No problem. No problem. You got him in So two boxes select basketball. Let me just again double check though. That's the right one for Jeffrey Good luck here Jeffrey Jeffrey pulled and his last break literally pulled a keyed court side. I mean not not a court side of Kate Kate geez I can't talk Kate Cunningham zebra concourse I like throwing it in the microwave. I love like the memes that are like Broncos country Let's ride and it's like the ride and it's like a bus that crashed or something. Those are always funny Got to neo-gallonari on the throwback threads for the nuggets. There you go, Jeffrey Hawks legend in your galanari thunder legend in your galanari Nice one there. I've got white kawaii Leonard. That is 101 out of 149. There you go, Jeffrey Isaiah livers rookie Jalen Green rookie base Yeah, not top loading every single thing here Jeffrey. They will be sleeved in top loader your big rookies and such I say a Jackson That is Bradley Beale. Oh, I forgot he's on those on the Celtics and hurt himself forgot about that Zion Russ That's Kai Jones. I appreciate that there Derp Are you talking about like to buy like singles or buy like boxes Jason Tatum from your level? Oh Yeah, we were plenty MLB links in the bio everyone over on sick talk as well You guys would like a personal box rip today Click the link in our bio and select rip on YouTube Anthony Simon Silver and Trayman premier level rookie. I'm like tops. Chrome's always a good one That's always like a classic for Like that like baseball collectors Jimmy Butler on the tri color and Paul George These for cards to hold for your kids. Um, if you want to go something higher end I mean like definitive is always good These are not personally mine over on you on tick tock. These are for a customer Zair Williams That is rookie Jersey card silver for the Grizzlies Go Grizz Zair Williams silver and Damon Miller Yeah, that's a good one too. I would say to derp just just watch breaks man Like it's always whether it's us or another breaker Like it's just good to know kind of what every set looks like what are some possibilities of heads you're gonna get you know 75 years Gary Payton That is Jericho Sims on the blue 180 Q out of 299 Yeah chronicles looks pretty solid man for sure Anthony Davis premier level Yeah chronicles they make it for every sport too, which is cool Levine Davion Mitchell 75 years, there's a Scotty Barnes on the tricolor rookie and the tricolors are not numbered here Stop Travis That is Eric blood so Yeah, top scromes fun man. I like top scromes. That's like the classic. We got a zebra Jeffrey two for two and zebras Come on, baby big zebra. We've got Marcus smart on the zebra dude. That's sick Congrats on that one Jeffrey nice zebra dude That is awesome man. Congrats Jeffrey There you go tick-tock a little look at the the zebra design and from select very cool one And Jalen Suggs premier level rookie. I was gonna say if on's gotta be a big fan. Oh, we got a redemption We got a redemption it's quitting Grimes on the future insert and Chris Paul All right, let's slow roll this this redemption. Yeah, Mac is smart. There we go All right signatures Cart number 13 Charles Barkley nice one there. Congrats Jeffrey the round mound of rebound nice one there Congrats on that on the redemption of Chuck Nice one there. Congrats again Jeffrey on the Chuck. There's a Kade rookie base. You can see that Ray John Rhonda, we do not trade singles ball Duncan Robinson silver and court side Austin Reeves rookie So you're gonna take Russ's job as starter Austin Reeves question mark Austin reams Reeves great confirmed Santee Aldema There is a Phil silver anemia skates a rookie for the Kings and a Jason Tatum court side. He's in every box of the zebra Charles Barkley So wouldn't be surprised man I think I pulled the one like in one of the group breaks when we pulled the zebra I'm pretty sure it was Charles Barkley was the redemption It's like if you pull the if you pull the Chuck redemption first, you kind of know what's what you're getting at there empty box Drop you guys the personal boxes link got a pretty short queue as of right now Yeah, trap we were talking about that man. It's pretty awesome that they're giving him a shot Line green coming up. Come on baby big auto Derek Rose that's gonna be Gerald Wilkins 84 out of 99 for the Knicks on the in-flight signatures Gerald Wilkins For the Knicks next legend. I Did I didn't even come close be a Mac Donovan Mitchell. That's 39 out of 175 And Jalen Johnson. I started making fun of Caleb because I was like, oh, you just use you use like box for your stream That's what you do. I go. This is the Caleb. Try not to use like bots on your YouTube stream challenge impossible Usman Garuba There's Jonas Fallon Shunis. That's orange die cuts 57 out of 65 pelicans And a Chris thwarts at premiere level We are on YouTube and switch late in sports cards on YouTube and switch Kate Cunningham. We are not on what not yet Dallin O'Banton. There's a Jaren Jackson jr. There's Brent Devon Booker Paul George Colin Sexton. There's a coming up base rookie That is Brandon Ingram And Jalen Brown Again guys limited room for personals tonight Uh, if any we're doing 125 box mixer Jalen green base rookie. Isaiah Todd the silver brendingram And a kade premiere level base Oh, Caleb does such a great job on the gaming side That whole gaming team we have here is awesome. Brent, Nick, Caleb, Ben. They're fantastic, man Fantastic group of uh individuals we have over on the game inside Kevin Durant. It's Fred Van Vleet on your, uh, tricolor And Yusuf Nurkitsch He sort of follows everybody over on TikTok and the likes Chid and Springer, Deontay Murray Uh, got Mike Conley on the jersey card for the jazz Nice one there For the again the jazz. There's Alonzo ball rookie And a Al Horford. Yeah, I'll be throwing red zone on when I get home. So I do that right now After I go to after I take a nap book night Curry We've got Alan Iverson On the in plate signatures. Nice AI. Here you go, Jeffrey Very solid hit. We'll take that all day long Now we're talking about practice We're talking about practice not a game not the game not a game not a game. We're talking about practice practice, man John Moran Have you guys ever seen the interview of Alan Iverson at the Sixers game after you retired? He's like A little bit under the influence of something and they're just asking about the the Sixers and he's like They my little guys. I love them. They they my little dudes. So funny, man If you have not watched that look that up. There's a Bill Russell Mitchell Robinson scope Uh, Franz Wagner premier level base.  I love my dudes I love my dudes.  That is uh Luca on the scope nice one there. Remember barstool posted it with the caption Alan Iverson more lit up than a christmas tree And i'm like, yep true moses brown That is mavericks two packs to go here, Jeffrey Good luck, buddy Quentin Grimes gory kisper jordan clarkson What's up caverin silver is jaren jackson And steven adams courtside absolute legend day ron shark Empty there miles bridges on the silver and chris paul courtside That will do it for your break there. Jeffrey congrats on all the hitspeed, uh, buddy. We'll get them right out to you


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss data handling. Data is usually collected in the context of a situation that we want to study. The data that we collect is represented graphically in different ways like we can represent the data graphically using a pictograph. It is a pictorial representation of data using symbols. Like suppose this symbol represents 10 apples. Then according to this pictorial representation we have that this row represents 30 apples. Since we have 3 symbols and one symbol denotes 10 apples. So this would mean 30 apples and this row would mean 50 apples. Since there are 5 symbols in this and one symbol stands for 10 apples. Next we are representing the data graphically is using a bar graph. Basically a bar graph is a display of information using bars of uniform width. Their heights being proportional to the respective values. This is a bar graph which shows the usage of different modes of transport that is car versus auto cycle by students of a school. So according to this we have that the number of students using car as the mode of transport is 5, bus as the mode of transport are 10, auto as the mode of transport are 15, then cycle as the mode of transport are 5. Here as you can see that the bars are of equal width with equal gaps in between and the bar heights give the quantity for each category. Now the third way of representing the data graphically is using a double bar graph. It is a bar graph showing sets of data simultaneously and it is basically used for comparison of data. Consider this, this is a double bar graph. It is showing the usage of the mode of transport by the students of a school in two different years that is in the year 1995 and in the year 1996. The shaded bars represent the year 1996 and the bars which are not shaded represent the year 1995. So let's try reading this double bar graph. According to this we have that the number of students using car as the mode of transport in the year 1995 are 5 and in the year 1996 it's 10. Then in the year 1995 the number of students using bus as the mode of transport are 10 and in the year 1996 it's 15. Then for auto the number of students are 5 in the year 1995 and in the year 1996 it's 15. Then for cycle the number of students are 5 in the year 1995 and 10 in the year 1996. So this is the double bar graph. Next we discuss organizing data. Data mostly available to us in an unorganized form is called raw data. If we need to get some meaningful information from this data that we collect we need to organize the data systematically. Next we discuss the favorite routes from the group of students and this is the data that was collected from that survey. Let's arrange this data using tally marks. Now we have made this table to organize or you can say to represent this data in a systematic manner using tally marks. The number of students who prefer eating apple as you can see are 4. So we would put 4 tally marks and the frequency is 4. Then the number of students who prefer eating orange are 3. So there would be 3 tally marks and the frequency is 3. And the number of students prefer eating grapes are 3. So there would be 3 tally marks and the frequency is 3. The number of tallys before each fruit gets the number of students who like eating that fruit. Now we have that frequency gives the number of tines that a particular entry occurs. This column as you can see shows the frequency and this table that we have made is known as frequency distribution table. Next we discuss grouping data. The raw data that we get can be grouped and presented systematically using a grouped frequency distribution. Sometimes when we have to deal with a large data then we make groups of observations that is we group the data and we make distribution which is known as grouped frequency distribution. So let us see how we do this. These are the marks obtained by a group of students in English. Now we arrange this data or we make groups of this data that we have collected. So we have made 3 groups 0 to 10, 10 to 20 and 20 to 30. Now from this data let's see how many observations fall under each category of marks. So the number of students getting the marks between 0 to 10 are given by 4. So there would be 4 tally marks and the frequency is written as 4. Then the number of students getting the marks between 10 to 20 are given by 3. So there would be 3 tally marks and the frequency is 3. The number of students getting the marks between 20 to 30 are given by 3. So there would be 3 tally marks and the frequency is 3. So this is how we can group the data and this distribution that we obtain is known as grouped frequency distribution. Now each of these groups that is 0 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 30 are called class interval or you can simply say class. Each class interval has the upper limit and the lower limit like for the class interval 0 to 10 the 0 would be the lower limit and 10 is the upper limit. In the same way we can find the lower and upper limits for the other class intervals and the difference between the upper class limit and lower class limit is called the width or the size of the class interval. Like if you consider the interval 0 to 10 in this the difference of the upper limit and the lower limit that is 10 minus 0 is equal to 10 is the width of the class interval 0 to 10 or you can say size of the class interval 0 to 10. Next we have bars with a difference. Group data can be presented using a histogram. Let's see what is a histogram. It is a type of bar diagram where the class intervals are shown on the horizontal axis and the heights of the bar show the frequency of the class interval. Consider this group frequency distribution which showed the marks of the students in English subject. Now let's represent this data using histogram. So we have taken the marks on the X axis and the scale that we have taken on the X axis is 1 unit represents 10 marks and we have taken the number of students on the Y axis and the scale on the Y axis that we have taken is 1 unit represents 1 student. According to this table we have that the number of students getting the marks between 0 to 10 are 4 that is the frequency is 4. So for this interval 0 to 10 we will make a rectangle or a bar of length 4 in this way. So this rectangular bar shows that the number of students getting the marks between 0 to 10 are 4. In the same way we will make the rectangular bars for the other groups of marks. So as you can see we have drawn the other rectangular bars also. So we say that the number of students getting the marks between 0 to 10 are 4, number of students getting the marks between 10 to 20 are 3 and the number of students getting the marks between 20 to 30 are 3. So this is how we represent a group frequency distribution using a histogram. Now as you can see the bars are of equal width with no gaps in between and the height of the bar gives the number of data items in a particular group and is the frequency. Consider the histogram in this you can see this line. This is called the drag line. It is used along the horizontal line to indicate that we are not showing the numbers between 0 to 10. So this completes this session. Hope you have understood the graphical representation of data using a pictograph, bar graph and a double bar graph and how we organize the data, how we make the frequency distribution table and how we make a histogram.


Hi short mini lecture tonight. I need to talk about call by value and a little bit more about the math methods and The call by value. I'm going to go through the example. That's in the book. I'm changing it a little bit here So here I have a method called cube. It takes an integer number Multiplies it by itself three times and reassigns that value Doesn't return anything. It's void Here inside of main I'm going to set n to three and call a cube of n and then print out what n is now Remember that this is a copy this n gets copied into number That means the original n remains untouched even though number is going to be updated to 27 And in fact, let's put that in here so we can see that we see that that's the case And why don't we do a before and after? start n is So we should see at start n is three Then we're going to call cube of n and that's going to print out that the number inside the cube method is 27 because remember we reassigned the parameter and Then when we come back and will still be three why because number is a copy of n the original remains untouched and That's exactly what happens. In fact, let me change this to say That and n is there we go That would be it will sort of matches now what I'd like to do is I'd like to use that Java visualizer so that we can see this Happening step by step. So let's go here Pop that in there and let's visualize execution So in our main method, we're on line eight That's what this is and we have what's called a frame every time that you enter a method you get a new frame And we'll go forward So n becomes three and then we're going to print out That's start n is three which we expected and now we're going to say cube n cube gets its own frame and The number is three because that is the name of the parameter This three in n got copied into number Then we multiply number times number times number. It gets changed to 27 and we print it out When we hit the end of our method Its frame disappears and any variables that that method used also disappear along with it There's no return value here And now we return and we are back in our main frame and then we're at this statement And we print at end and is three because again in has never changed Now the thing that I also want to tell you is that people think these names are magic Names aren't magic. What if I change this to in? Now this variable in has the same name as this That's going to change everything, right? Nope, I'm sorry to tell you that won't change a thing Let's compile. Oh Well, I give it it gives me an error because I didn't change it everywhere compile and Let's run it and in fact, let's change it to make it look correct value of n in cube method is that and Becomes three inside of cube it's 27, but when we come back and is still what it used to be Just because these have the same name does not mean that call by value stops working There is no mystical connection between this integer name and and this integer name and because they happen to have the same name As I said before these are local variables n belongs to main the n on line 15 the n on line 9 Belongs to cube and they are totally different and let's prove that by looking at the job of visualizer Let's go back here And let's edit the code and let's pop in the one where we have n instead And let's visualize the execution of that and it's going to look up very much the same we start here in main and Becomes three we print out its value now we call cube with n as our argument and We are now inside of the cube method and n here is in a totally different frame. This is a different end It belongs to cubes frame It's different from this variable called n which is inside of mains frame Now we've changed n inside of cube to 27, but look in main hasn't changed why because n The parameter is a copy of the argument. It's not the same as the argument No matter what its name is but then There's no return value because we're void and when we come back to pick things up We're still back in the main frame and the only n available to us is the one that was declared here on line 8 and That's why we see The three So that's the big simis that I want to talk about here. That's the big deal today is that we have call by value Whatever you put in the argument gets copied into the parameter Whether they have the same name or the different name doesn't matter Changing the parameter will not change the original argument Now when we get on to things like arrays, which is later on in the course You're going to see something that looks like I'm lying to you, but I'm not and Well, I'll cross that bridge when I come to it Okay, the other thing that I want to talk about let me pause the recording for a second here The last thing I want to talk about is some of the other math methods. We already know about math dot square root And we know what I don't know if I talked about it, but there's math dot pow for example Let's say I want the cube root of 1728 I Say 1.0 divided by 3.0 and that's essentially 12 now questions Why is it 11.999998 instead of 12.0? And the answer is because Given the number of digits of accuracy that you have sometimes you cannot get an exact answer Now the next question is well, what about trigonometric functions like sine cosine and tangent and there's something important that you need to know Okay, we're all I don't know if we all remember it, but the sine of 30 degrees is 0.5 So if I say, okay, let's do the math dot sine of 30.0 Well, that is definitely not 0.5 what went wrong and what went wrong is that sine cosine and tangent take their argument in radians not degrees Now what's a radian the answer is to convert from degrees to radians you multiply By pi and divide by 180 So let's do this. Let's put a double degrees is 30.0 Now I can have my double radians and that's going to be degrees Times and it turns out that the math module also has a constant for pi divided by 180 Now if I say what's the sine of radians I get something that's very close again because of the accuracy of the machine to 0.5 So the moral of the story is when you have sine cosine and tangent you need to convert from degrees to radians Now you could do it by multiplying by pi and dividing by 180 You can also say here is I could say have said I could have said double radians becomes math dot Hope I get this name right I believe it's called two radians of 30.0 and that does a conversion to radians and then I can say math dot sine of radians And I get the same result So math dot two radians takes a number of degrees and it gives you back a number of radians which you can use as input to Sine cosine and tangent tangent What if I want to say that arc cosine the inverse cosine of 0.5 I'm sorry the inverse sine the inverse sine of 0.5 should be 30 degrees But it comes out in radians So I have to say take the math dot a sine of 0.5 Which is radians and I'm going to put that into math dot two degrees. I Can nest my method calls So the inner one becomes first it takes the arc sine of 0.5 Which will give some number that's in radians and then that will be passed to two degrees And that will give me the number of degrees in the arc sine of 0.5 which is 30 and I don't know if you're going to be using his sine cosine and tangent and arc sine arc cosine arc tangent a lot But in case you do remember They're all radians not degrees and that's why we have the two radians method and the two degrees method So we can do these conversions easily and That is about all that I think I want to talk about for tonight's Mini lecture not sure what I'm going to do for tomorrow's what I might do is I might do some of the examples in the book in the extra exercises book So, yeah, that might be well Here's what you might want to do if you want practice with methods do exercise 4.1 Yeah, this exercise in 4.1 and also do exercise 4.2. I think those will be really good ones for you to practice with Actions 4.3 happens to be the assignment for methods, so I'm not going to do that one for y'all And then if you want a real interesting challenge you can use exercise 4.4 to do the monthly payment on a loan this one don't write it don't just read the formula and Start hammering away on the keyboard not going to work read the whole thing carefully and then figure out Okay, what would I have to do to be able to solve this by hand? And you might need a calculator to do this calculation of one plus r to the negative n. Okay, but Using your calculator will count that as being by hand and then oh this is a whole bunch of good This is some interesting exercise here, so I might strongly suggest that you do some of these Exercises so that you can practice with writing methods See y'all tomorrow


Today, Yan and I will be giving an interactive dive of Kubernetes 6 storage. My name is Xin Yang. I work at VMware in the cloud native storage team. I'm also a co-chair of 6 storage. And I am Yan Shafranek. I'm from Red Hat. I work on OpenShift storage and I am tech lead of Kubernetes storage. So, what are we going to talk about? We will talk about what is 6 storage, what we did in a couple of past releases, what is being developed right now, and most importantly, how to get involved. In the end, we would like to have some time for question and answers. And so, what actually is special interest group-storage? It's a pretty loose group of people. We don't have any onboarding process or graduation. You just come and contribute and that's how you become part of 6 storage. We have two co-chairs, Sadali from Google and Xin Yang from VMware. And we have two tech leads, Michelle O from Google and me from Red Hat. We have quite some CSI channels on Kubernetes Slack. Here are some numbers from the biggest one. The main 6 storage channel has 5,000 people on it. But that doesn't mean that everybody contributes. Most people, they just come and ask or find something in the history and never say anything on the channel. And the group that actually does try to answer the questions of right, poor requests, fixed issues, work on new features. This is a pretty small group. We have a regular bi-weekly storage Zoom meeting. On average, we have 24, 25 attendees. But again, not everybody is speaking. I would say like 30% is active and the rest is just listening. And throughout the time, we accumulated 30 unique sick approvers from our sick in our different repositories and directories, some directories of different repositories. What we do, we have a charter for that. We basically maintain the storage APIs for users, like persistent volumes, persistent volume claims, snapshots, snapshot content, storage classes, volume attachments, storage capacities, and so on. So all the APIs exposed in Kubernetes related to storage, we maintain them. We also maintain the implementation of those APIs in Kubernetes. And on the bottom end, we maintain Kubernetes volume plugins that are in Kubernetes slash Kubernetes repository, like NFS, like SAP RBD, and so on.  They already have functionality for that. And we know how to mount volumes and present it to users, to pods. We also created and maintained the container storage interface, CSI, and we maintain the Kubernetes implementation, both in Kubernetes slash Kubernetes repository and in many of our CSI sidecars. But we don't maintain too many CSI drivers. We maintain the generic ones, like NFS, like Samba, but most of the better, well, they aren't better, but more important drivers are owned by cCloud provider, like CSI drivers for AWS, all the clouds, or other community. For example, Rook maintains the CSI driver for SAP RBD and SAP FS. And we also started container object storage interface, which is our attempt to provide object storage to pods, and object storage in this case means like S3 buckets and similar object storages. This is in alpha yet. So what we did in 126, SGA in 126, we allow CSI drivers to opt in for applying FS Group to volumes. FS Group is Kubernetes mechanism how to allow a random bot that runs as a random user, a random group to access data on a volume that again is owned by a random user, a random group. So with FS Group, Kubelet basically changed ownership of all files on a volume so the bot can read it, they can access it. This is slow, and some storage backends have better options how to do that. So if the storage backend has some better way how to apply FS Group to a volume, they can opt in. This is really dedicated only to special CSI drivers like Samba, where you can apply FS Group using mount option, for example. If your CSI driver doesn't have any such option, please use Kubernetes functionality because if we improve it or anybody improves it, then all CSI drivers will benefit from that, not only your CSI users. SGA we also are continuing with CSI migration and we have Azure file and vSphere, CSI migration, that means that users can still use the old Azure file and vSphere storage classes, persistent volumes, they don't need to change anything. However, when they upgrade to 126, all the storage work will be done by CSI driver and not by Kubelet. So again, from user perspective, nothing changes. From admin perspective, they need to install the driver, of course, but it should be seamless for users. As beta, we are improving how storage class is applied, how default storage class is applied to persistent volume claims. If you know something about default storage classes, it's just an annotation on a storage class and if there is no default storage class, at the point when user creates persistent volume claim asking for this default storage class, then this persistent volume claim will be never dynamically provisioned. It will stay pending forever basically. So we fix that when you create persistent volume claim. First, asking for default storage class and the default storage class. Later, we will retroactively change the persistent volume claim and it will get provisioned from the default storage class. Also, if you guys have two or more default storage classes for a short time, persistent volume claims will get some of them and they will not pretend error. And I would like to dive deeper into non-graceful node shutdown, which is a new feature in Kubernetes 126 as beta. First, what is graceful node shutdown? It is a Kubernetes feature in Kubelet and it handles a situation when user wants to turn off a node. So they SSH to node issue a command to power off the machine or they use some API to gracefully shut down to send a shutdown signal to the node and Kubelet will gracefully stop all the containers. It will unmount all the volumes and it will mark itself as not available. That's graceful node shutdown when you can SSH to machine and shut it down. The most graceful node shutdown is when you can't SSH to a node. For example, network is split. There is hardware failure somewhere on the way or even in the machine, in the node. You cannot panic. Kubelet gets stuck. Whatever happens in the node, you can't SSH to it. You can't shut it down. It's something like fencing. We are getting closer to fencing. We don't have fencing yet, but in 126 if you want to use the feature, the expected workflow is that of course you enable the feature gate node out of service volume detach feature gate. Then the cluster admin or some third party software detects that the node is unhealthy or the network is split or whatever. Again, cluster admin or third party software shuts down the node using either physically going to the machine and turning it off or using IPMI using iDRAC, using cloud APIs, whatever. That's still nothing new. You could do it even before. But if you do it in Kubernetes 125 without this feature then you need to wait six minutes for Kubelet for the control manager to see that the node is not available. After six minutes, we detach volumes from that node. Only after six minutes with this improvement in 126 if cluster admin or third party software applies a taint nodekubernetes.io out of service we will kill all the pods immediately or delete them because we can't kill them on the node because it's not available and we will detach all the volumes at once. So the replacement pods that need the volumes can start on different nodes quickly. You don't need to wait for this magic six minutes. And as alpha in 126 you can provision volumes across namespaces either from other volumes like cloning or from snapshots and tomorrow there will be a talk by Masaki and Takufami please go there if you are interested. I will not go into details. And in 127 that will be covered by Jing. Sorry. Thanks, Yang. So I will talk about what we did in 1.27 release. You can see that we moved a lot of features to beta in 1.27. We have a secure Linux relabeling feature that speeds up the container startup time by mounting volumes with the correct secure Linux label instead of changing each file on the volumes recursively. We also have robust volume manager reconstruction feature. This is a refactoring of the volume manager code. It allows Kubelet to provide more information about how existing volumes are mounted and this will help us to rebuild and clean up the volumes at the Kubelet restart time. And we also have node expand secret. This allows the CSI driver to pass the secret information to the storage system when the file system is expanded on the node during volume expansion. And we also have a feature that we co-owned with six apps where we provide an option to allow the PBCs created by the staple sets to be deleted automatically when the staple set is deleted. In 1.27 we also have this rewrite once part persistent volume access mode. This is a new access mode that we added. So in CSI spec there are a few access modes. One is called single node writer. That means that the volume can reach a node as a rewrite only once at any given time. But it did not specify whether that means only one part or multiple parts can access the volume. So we introduced two new access modes. One is called single node single writer that restrict the access to that volume by just one part on that node. This is corresponding to this new rewrite once part PV access mode in the Kubernetes. And also there is another new mode, single node multi writer that allows multiple parts to access the volume on that node. So this is corresponding to rewrite once PV access mode in Kubernetes. If a CSI driver do not support this new modes then we use single node writer that's the existing behavior. In 1.27 we also have an option to prevent unauthorized water mode conversion. This also moved to beta. Without this feature we can create a PVC from a snapshot and convert the water mode from file system to Roblox or vice versa without any control. This could potentially introduce security problems. On the other hand, the ability to change water mode from file system to Roblox and retrieve change blocks is a valid use case for efficient backups. So we need to be able to support it. So we added this feature we introduced some API changes in the volume snapshot content. We added a new field for water mode. The snapshot controller will be populating this field from the water mode field in the original PVC and when user wants to create a PVC from a water snapshot the external provisioner will be checking this water mode field. If the PVC water mode is different from the source water mode in water snapshot content there is an annotation called allow water mode change under volume snapshot content and if that is such a true if it is true then you can proceed otherwise the request will be rejected. Since this feature is a beta in 1.27 we are planning to enable the feature flag prevent water mode conversion by default in the snapshot controller and CSI provisioner in the sidecar release for 1.28 so if your workflow requires water mode conversion please make a change accordingly otherwise it's going to fail. In 1.27 we introduced an alpha feature to support water group snapshot we already have a water snapshot API that is for individual snapshots however some applications will be able to create a crash consistent snapshot across multiple volumes this is a very useful feature if you have an application that uses multiple volumes for example one for the data one for the logs you want to be able to take a snapshot at the same point in time across all the volumes that are used by the application to ensure a right order consistency so in this feature we added a few new Kubernetes APIs we introduced a water group snapshot API this is a username space object it represents a user's request for a group snapshot and also a water group snapshot content this is a cluster scope it represents a group snapshot under SUADI system also a volume group snapshot class that defines how a group snapshot should be created this is defined by the admin in the cluster scope it includes information such as the CSI driver name and the deletion policy and so on and also there are CSI spec changes we introduced a new group controller service and for this new control service we have a new capability and three new GRPC interfaces create, delete and get water group snapshots so if a CSI driver wants to support this new feature it needs to implement this new group control service and the three new GRPC interfaces and we added new control logic and a snapshot controller and the CSI snapshot sidecar to support this new feature if you want to dynamically provision a water group snapshot then you need to specify a label selector in the water group snapshot spec so that the snapshot controller will find the pvcs with the matching label to snapshot them together so CSI migration is a feature that we have been working on for several releases in 1.25 the CSI migration core feature moved to GA and also OpenStack Cinder Azure Disk and File AWS EBS GCPD and vSphere all moved to GA and a few of the plugins entry plugins have already been removed and some of them are targeted for removal in later releases you can refer to this table for the status of the CSI migration and this table shows the entry driver removal the strivers do not go through CSI migration in 1.26 we removed the cluster FS entry driver there are also a few features that are in design prototyping change block tracking this is a feature that the data protection when group has been working on we want to design new APIs and common approach to be able to retrieve changing blocks of the data this is for efficient backups so if you are interested in this feature join the data protection when group meeting that happens bi-weekly on Wednesdays for this discussion and there is also a Kubernetes volume provisioned IO this feature is also being designed right now we are trying to design APIs to dynamically provision and modify IOPS and throughput of persistent volumes and also we have a round time assistant mounting of persistent volumes and warning expansion for safer sets those features are also designed in progress so if you are interested take a look of the cap so now let me talk about how to get involved we have a six storage community page this page has a lot of information to help you get started there is a contributing page there that has links from some previous presentations and we also have our bi-weekly meetings on Thursdays in that meeting we go over the features we are targeting for every release and making sure that they are on track and also we recently added a new meeting we have a weekly issue trial meeting on Wednesdays so if you are interested in contributing to six storage I strongly encourage you to join our meetings we also have mailing list and Slack channels and this Friday there is a secret meet and greet and Yang and I will be there so join us if you are around here are some additional resources for your reference that's all for our presentation today thank you all for coming are there any questions thank you I was wondering if you could elaborate a bit more on the functionality of the change block tracking functionality because for example we use vSphere as an underlying infrastructure where you already have it enabled on the hyper-virus level but what does it actually do at the Kubernetes container volume level at container level you could use the same APIs using VATP APIs you could use that same APIs but here we are just trying to have some common APIs in Kubernetes so allow you to retrieve those blocks let's say you have two snapshots you want to get the diffs so we provide the same snapshot handle and get that and make the backup more efficient the primary use case is backup so backup vendors will use this API to get the changes between two snapshots and backup just the bits they need to backup thank you any other question just as a bit of a follow on to the CVTs what's the timeline and what kind of things do you need to help with that? please come to our data production meeting tomorrow I'm hoping to join the session tomorrow as well oh okay yeah sure so the meetings of bi-weekly you say yeah tomorrow in the session yeah but I think but that session yeah sure you can join I won't be there because I have a complete sorry we actually have been discussing that for quite a while now there are some design details we have not finalized there are some concerns initially we were trying to use aggregated API server but API reviewers have some concerns on the performance impact on the API server too much data so we are trying a different approach so student in discussion if you want to know details please join we will finalize the design yeah sure that would be awesome so one question to the stuff you mentioned the first stuff you mentioned six minutes magic six minutes what did you mean by that initially in Kubernetes we added a six minute timeout so when a node gets unavailable and we don't know it yet in Kubernetes and somebody deletes a pod that uses a persistent volume we give kubelet on that node six minutes to unmount the volume and after those six minutes we force detach the volume if cluster API allows or cloud API allows or if we have API to detach the volume so the volume could get corrupted but in some cases it will help you to start the new pod on a different node with some data that was on the volume with the ungraceful node shutdown you can shutdown the node and detach the volumes faster does it answer your question yes I guess I'm just wondering what is about this ungraceful shutdown because usually if you have this situation that it does not work the node you can try to coordinate or plug off if you use a vSphere or something similar I'm not really sure what is the use case of that all the other if I can just remove the node I can use the existing functionality to have something you can but not in Kubernetes API if you delete a node in Kubernetes API nothing really happens the node is the virtual machine is still there it still has volumes attached yeah but assuming I have the access to the underlying architecture yeah then of course you can use the cloud API but people usually want to use just one API and see that's usually Kubernetes so I think actually without this feature you can manually achieve that you can actually just forcefully delete the pods that will also happen but this one just added a little bit making it more formal and also as a Kubernetes way you just apply that annotation there and then also as Yang was saying that you don't have to wait for that 6 minutes additional 6 minutes is what just happened automatically after that so making it more smoothly but right now still need a little bit of time to have to go apply that annotation so we are trying to next step is we are trying to see if we can make this more automatic which is completely automated but this is like one step further you can right now at least you can add something on top of this one you can just apply that annotation instead of you go forcefully use the command to delete the pods they are nice thank you another question somewhere here I want to ask are there also plans to create a compliant archive image what do you mean compliant compliant will say that it can never be changed for a certain period anymore perhaps you thought about that often image for instance we don't care about images in 6 storage we care about persistent volumes only volumes yeah we don't pull images and we are not responsible for image store or nodes or how it gets stored on nodes we don't that's a sig node any other question sorry thanks first for working on the consistent volume snapshotting the volume groups question is about that if there is already some CSI driver that supports that they may do something on the niche but this feature is not a Kubernetes feature yet before we introduce this group snapshot API are you asking if there are already CSI drivers supporting it or are you asking about future I think we are planning to add support to our oh it's there so right now this is just we just introduced this feature to alpha so we will be waiting for storage vendors to implement this feature I'm just thinking ahead you can be the first any other question yes hi I just wonder why it's not possible to mount a PVC in the same pot twice on a different mount points I think it is is it now supported because in GKE it's not possible like in POSPEC it works on with different sub-process so you can only mount it once in the POSPEC you have generic volume section when you declare what volumes you use you have in each container you have volume mount section and you can mount each volume multiple times in different places as you want I'm pretty sure GKE supports that it's about something you said at the beginning about storage classes there could be a moment where there are two default storage classes and you said that Kubernetes would decide it will pick some, it's deterministic with newest creation timestamp which is not something you should depend on it's just some so we have something deterministic but if there are the problem is if you want to change the default storage class you can either delete the old default storage class and create new and then you have some meantime when there is no default we fix that or you can create two default storage classes and delete the old one when you have two default storage classes and we pick that one with newer creation timestamp but you should not depend on that behavior it's racy anyway I was thinking there is a very short time if someone is just deleting it depends on you they can leave cluster with two default storage classes for a long time if they want I don't know why would they do that we will consistently pick the one with newest creation timestamp and my point is to me it would be wiser to not spawn the pods until that is a mistake I forgot to remove I defined twice the default storage class that's what we did all the Kubernetes when you had two default storage classes and you create new pvc then you get 400 error that the pvc is not worried about the default storage classes and that's not user friendly because user needs to go to the cluster to fix that and go back so we choose some default storage class among these two or three or more how many you have if I am distracted the user I could then live with two default storage classes for a while before I realize that I am looking at the storage in the wrong place just you have an alert for two default storage classes here sorry it's related to that so if you accidentally delete one storage class and you have pvcs belonging to that storage class those pvcs get orphaned somehow and as far as I remember it's difficult to delete them if they are not belonging to an existing storage class is there anything in place to solve this kind of problems like ideally the storage class should be used only during dynamic provisioning and ideally all the information from the storage class should bubble up into the pvc so when you delete the storage class you don't need to delete the persistent volumes I know there are some cases some storage backends that they need the storage class during dynamic deletion but I would suggest to fix them to put all the information from the storage class to csi volume attributes or volume context and so it's there available for the deletion or resize or whatever they need so is there any way to patch the pvcs to a different storage class just to make them easier to delete them no way the storage class field is sticky once it's set it's not possible to change it thank you welcome hi so with a discussion about several default storage classes another kind of question idea let's say we have a stateful set which contains let it be elastic search it has three replicas and we want to have with pvcs provisioned by stateful set in different storage classes because storage class one is data center one and storage class two is data center two and storage class three is data center three are there any plans to actually implement like round robin so to say or random choice of default storage class and colleague of mine Andrew can maybe explain his idea of his implementation but not across storage classes you can have one storage class that can provision volumes in all data centers and then volume topology feature volume topology ever provisioning and note zone anti affinity in your pots will make your pots stateful set pots schedule in different zones and the volumes will be provisioned for them in different zones so you have one storage class but it can provision storage in different zones regions here so while talking about volume snapshot groups I think we said something for dynamically provisioning we have to apply labels can we briefly talk about that because if I am correct in case of volume snapshots we don't have to apply any labels obviously so how is it different why do we have to apply labels in case of volume snapshot groups this is because we just introduced this one volume group snapshot actually three but they are all about a volume group snapshot but we don't really have a api object that hold all the volumes so we need to have a way to say what volumes you want to be grouped together so this label is basically just to say here are all the volumes they are in the same application let's put them in the group snapshot the same group snapshot we initially actually in the earlier version of the design we actually have a volume group construct that was the initial design but it just getting very complicated and we will introduce six new api objects the original plans to have that support both group snapshot and also group replication but it just because of the complexity then we decided just to for the group snapshot we just to use this one set of constructs unfortunately they are out of time so thank you for the questions thank you


Four-year 53 million dollar deal holiday again from the corner. Oh an account. This is This is how you break out of a slump right here Tatum and Brown both with six to lead the way fade away Jay. Yes, sir Tatum against Irving in the post Hardaway shades over Tatum feels it steps through and scores plus the foul Quiet first-quarter offensively, but Tatum has been outstanding to the basket you back Jason Tatum with 13 in the first quarter keeping the Celtics hanging around All the ways got five tonight Tatum's the top scorer with 13 making 16 that is butter Eric Gordon won He did Always got a rain on the parade. Look at JB. He dropped a munch-ish Highlight rail stop from Jaylin Brown depending where you look to play to Duke. It took him a while to Get on track, but he was outstanding down the stretch of that season. They're quite it's the great Pay them back in the game against Williams great fine. Orford for three The Celtics started this quarter one for 10 10 percent.  Oh bad man. Just got God Celtics three-point defense has been sublime lately Holiday nice move catches out Timeout Jason kid the lead is 15. I'll cleave a switches on to Jason Tatum An outstanding night for him shoots from the elbow and kisses at home We goes by Cleeba steps past part away and Jason Tatum is smoking hot Cleeba from the corner that three won't go Celtics want to push Tatum one-on-one against part away 31 for JT Jason Tatum back on fire From your methods That qualifies, I don't know how that's rocks Some life some life from the fans here in Dallas down to John the step back. It's good Lucas got 31 JT versus Luca great ball movement ends up with a JV triple and a chance at a four-point play Seltz space it out for Brown against Donchich Walks him down to the free-throw line shoots it with the flick of the wrist He denied hardaway and now he'll slow it down Celtics highlights are presented by Metro by T-Mobile


In today's video, we're opening the brand new Battles of Legend, Chapter 1. What's up, guys? We're back with another video opening brand new Yu-Gi-Oh! sets, and this is one of those sets where it's just too big for me to show the entire thing on camera, unless I hold it up here and then it's super reflective. So it's, oh, that guy's not too bad, but pretty tough to actually show this thing off. This is a new set. It's a reprint set. It reprinted a lot of cards that we may or may not have needed, but let's open it up. So I will be opening this entire, whatever you call this thing, display. I think there's a bunch of those little mini boxes in there. They have like dice usually. I haven't looked a ton into this product because I have not been excited about this product at all, but I did see they reprinted absolute zero in Secret Rare, so I'm not completely against it. So let me crack this open. We'll get right into it. We do have a giveaway. I'll be giving away every card we pull in this video. So there's gonna be a lot of cards, a lot of dice, stuff like that. You can win everything. Just like the video, be subscribed to our notifications. Let me know down below. What do you think about Battles of Legend chapter one? Is it a good reprint set? Is it worthless or are there a few nice little pieces in there that make it not terrible? All right, I've gotten all the boxes out. They're very reflective. So I'm pushing them over to the side so there's not some crazy reflection going on. Honestly, this thing looks really awesome. And by the way, excuse my hair. I know it looks like I just woke up. Spoiler alert. I did just wake up, but we got to do this opening. Battles of Legend chapter one and I'm not okay. Here's the thing. I'm not. Oh, I told you already. I wasn't excited about this product. The packaging is pretty cool looking. I mean, it's complete waste of space like they always are when they do these like chapter one, season one kind of things. There's like two probably two packs and a promo and a die in there. So it doesn't need to be this big, but the box looks really cool. I mean, they're going to convince them to be able to buy this with the packaging, which they might regret it, but we'll have to see. We're going to open it up first, first edition. I don't understand how you reprint cards in like first. It's kind of kind of confusing. Okay, here we go. Battles of Legend. Let's just start it off. Enough of that. Let's see the thing I was really not happy about about this set is they're reprinting the astro utopia, though I did see the reprinted it in ultra. So it's not terrible then. It's like, okay, sure. They put in another rarity. They didn't reprint the actual high rarity. I don't think could be wrong about that, but I saw it was an ultra. So if it's just an ultra, that's that's not a big deal. I don't think I mean, sure. It was a unique rarity of Mitch made it cool. So it's still kind of weird, but at least it's not the same rarity. Okay. We have a dye first. Where is the there? It is cyber dragon. Okay. That's pretty awesome. Cyber dragon die looks really good. Okay. Sorry. It was so dark. I forgot to turn up some of my lights. Okay. Let's see what else is it? Wait, there's no promo in these. Oh, there is a promo. There it is. Okay. I was like, there's no promo. Nios Weisman. All right. So we have a secret rare Nios Weisman. That'll be part of the giveaway as well. I'm going to say that because I know a lot of times I say I'm giving away all the cards and they still message me about cards. So these are not for sale. These are all part of the giveaway, which speaking up, I am caught up on the giveaways. I'm so pumped right now, but you might not be caught up on the giveaway. So make sure you go to the community tab. See if you want anything. See if you want to give away and send me an email. RodneyRucks at 34 at gmail.com. All right. Enough yapping. I've been yapping entirely too long to start this game. Here we go. I'm going to get game. What am I talking about? I told you, I just woke up. Okay. Skogar. We got Grimajude eyes. Let's see if there's anything cool. Cyber Elton and that's cool. Oh, fusion destiny. First of all, I wrote a special that one. We have an emergency call. That one used to be really expensive. It's secret. Probably a good reprint. There's a comment after that. Is there only one foil in here? Wait. No, there's a, oh, the chaos and bird dragon. Okay. So this gets a reprint out of a battle's legend. Armageddon. So there's only a matter of time for the scout reprint. And the secret was really expensive. So not surprisingly reprinted that. And what a weird order. They have ultras just spaced throughout. It looks like they stopped doing the colored names, which is a great thing. Cause the colored names. I mean, whoever wanted a colored name card, not me. So sky striker after burners. We have white or a dolphin vision release. So is it three ultras per pack? Okay. Shining flare wingman. Okay. What did they do? Cause this looks like a silver name. So maybe it's silver name and golden name is the two options. Silver name ultra. That's just confusing. Okay. Now this is just weird. I don't even know what to do. Okay.  But still confusing. People are going to be like, is this a misprint?  I might be opening a misprint right now. I don't think it is minimum ray. We have cannon falcon have quick launch. There's a gold. So if this is silver after this, then we'll know. Visionary or buying a lot of cool hero stuff. TG drillfish. We have a extra hero wonder driver that is silver. Isn't it? Yeah.  So I did notice that exit on night did have some somewhat it was like 10 bucks or something. So makes sense that they reprinted that. All right. Next one. Here's the problem. We're one of the problems I have with these kind of sets, which it feels like they're kind of slowing down. I feel like this might be the last one they ever make because they're just not great. I don't love that. There's not really anything exciting to pull. You pull secret rare out of the promo, which is great. And the promos are awesome. The packs are super boring. Like before they had the weird color stuff. Now they have a secret name or gold, silver name, ultras, whatever you want to call them. That's kind of it. So it's like, you know, the reprints, they better have good reprints because there's nothing interesting to pull outside of that. It's like it better be a good reprint. Okay. We have a big eye secret. Didn't there, wasn't there already a big eye secret? Maybe not. I mean, there's a ulti. That was an ulti and a secret in the original print. Maybe there was. I don't know. 25th anniversary, balance of legend. So, I mean, not a very exciting 25th anniversary set.  I'm going to go sideways on these because I mean, what are we excited to pull really? We're just looking at reprints. We have Stratos alternate art reprints. So I think it's the first time since maximum gold. That's pretty nice. People don't like maximum gold. They like the alternate art. I really like the original art more, but I think it's a cool looking card anyway. We have witch raider, rudder, streaks, we have the Tusblah. Okay. Here's a nice one. Number 90. This is a card that I don't think had a reprint. I think it was just like 50 bucks or something. So that's one that needs to be reprinted. We have Stratos and Silver Name. Not going to lie. The Silver Name Ultra does look pretty good. It's just going to be really confusing for other people who were hopping in there and be like, I thought Silver Name meant secret. Nope. Doesn't mean that anymore. So we have a total of 16 packs of an A, which is not a lot, but I mean, opening all these packaging is going to really slow it down. Sage with the eyes of blue could use a reprint. It's like a $10 secret. We have a Cyber Dragon with Silver Name and a number 77 to 77. So we're just adding a new rarity for Cyber Dragon. The Alexia has Photon in common. That is so weird. And oh, Utopia of the Lightning in common. Okay. All right. Here we go. Let's see. What dye did we get this time? That's the only reason I'm doing these individually so we can reveal the dye and the promos and stuff without me seeing them first. Okay. So we have a promo of the Time Lord. Okay. And then two packs. And then we got... I feel like, did we even look at the last dye? We have a Salamangreat Elmerash. There we go. Yeah. Wait a second. Where's my dye? You're not guaranteed a dye. Oh, there it is. Almost threw it away. I found it. Another Elmerash. So not that crazy, but okay. Crisis Averted. Almost forgot one of the main staples in this product. Well, because it's not that exciting. I mean, the dyes are kind of cool, but okay. Pankratops is cool. We have a, okay. Borlgar Dragon. Is that a good card? I don't think it's that great. We have a dog ran the Madflame Kaiju in Silver Name Ultra. Flying Elephant. What card is this? Okay. Dumbo got a card. I didn't know that that existed. That's probably an old card that I didn't know about. Wow. Unusual for me to see cards. I've never seen. We have Dangerous. That was a fun card in Dual Links for a while. It was a little dangerous, you could say. Can we pull something awesome? We have Dark Spell Regenerator. Celestia. That's good for the lights. One stuff coming out. Decimator. Neosalias. Cactus Bouncer. Another Cyber Dragon. We have Vision Hero Witch Raider. Vision Fusion. We have Vision Hero Adoration. A lot of Vision Heroes. Sage Ride of the Blue. Eyes of the Blue. We're going to have a full place at Ubell. That needed a reprint big time. The Ultimate Nightmare. Very nice. Number 84 because all that Ubell supporting stuff. Phantom Night Fog Blade. Remember when that was a good card? I don't think it's so good anymore based on the price. So far, we've got some cool stuff. No absolute zero yet. I guess it's a promo because it's a secret rare. I hit my mic. Sorry about that. Hopefully we will get one of those. I mean, you guys will be getting it in somebody in the giveaway. So make sure you enter that because the giveaway. I'm caught up. I'm excited about it. Okay. We have a, oh, this is a new one. What is this? Oh, a BLS. That is amazing. Okay. BLS die. I don't know why it's, I guess blacklist or soldier, but I don't know. I always associate ritual colors. I guess just because it's a ritual. Okay. What is this? Niels Weisman. Not the card we're searching for. Okay. Chapter one. Niels Weisman though, I didn't say does need a reprint majorly because it was like a $20 ultra and legendary collection GX in unlimited.  Vision Hero Ubell. There we go. There's the Ubell reprints. That's how they're selling this product. People need Ubell reprints. They're going to buy it for that. Kassimburg Dragon's cool as well. Exton Knight. So it looks like they are simply like, Hey, look, oh, Sunrise is a common. And then Neosite like, Hey, you got Ubell stuff. Come buy it. That is legend. Chapter one, which why was it not in the set with Ubell on the cover? Don't know. Probably cause that was a core setting in under reprints. So, but still so painful. We have a Trinity. We have a flash. Our dragon exton Knight. We have TG drill fish. We've got a quick launch and a Borel sword dragon. Okay. We got Bambi after that. Not quite dead yet. Sorry, Bambi fans. Okay. We have number 39. All right. We're halfway through. Here we go. Four boxes, eight packs, four die, four promo. Can we get a absolute zero?  Right. Okay. Cyber dragon again. Can't complain about that. I like the purple. It looks really good. Okay. Gamma Seal. That's pretty decent. Nice Kaiju. They're getting some Kaiju upgrades here. Bows of legend chapter one. Let's go. Glorious numbers. We have Lumina. We have number 77 to the seven sin. That is a tongue twister preparation of rights. Cyber dragon again. That's three of those. Oh, and the alternate art. So legend here's the sad part for me. Legendary collection GX as well as raw yellow mega pack are getting decimated right now. Recently those a lot of those sets have been absolutely crushed by reprints, which they used to be super value. Not so much when they're reprinting all the alternate arts and stuff out of there. All right. Second pack, gold, moon, coin, hibernation dragon, multiply guy. We got Orgoth the relentless. These are out of a lights revenge. I think so a lot of revenge cards being reprinted. Vanity's fiend extra hero wonder driver. We have Minerva with the reprint. Okay. Pretty cool. Dustin Hero Dustopia and Steam Synchron. All right. We got three boxes left. I croaked there a little bit. Voice is feeling a little croaky because I just woke up. So don't worry guys. You know, in the first like couple hours after I wake up, my voice is just has a warm up. So I usually try to record after that, but sometimes you got to record early when there's a big, because you know, you guys are seeing this the day of it's like the day I get it. I think maybe it might be tomorrow. Not totally sure today or tomorrow. One of the two. All right. Orange die. I haven't seen this it by the way, blacklist or soldier reprint. That's cool. Okay. Big guy number 11. I think is what we saw it earlier. We have blacklist a soldier soldier of chaos, beautiful card reprinted that originally was in battles of legend. It was the green one. I think I can't remember. I think it was basically the blacklist or soldier was the big card. Six time stream, not six stream too many sixes in that other one. We have the flying elephant again raid raptor. We have the jizzakiru the star destroying kaiju destiny here. A malicious malicious getting reprint another hit on legendary collection GX and raw yellow mega pack, but good because that was an expensive card. All right. Next pack so far. I'm not super impressed. You know, I mean, we do look if you do like the set and you want to get some, I do have a link down below. You can get some of sassy auto cyber dragon. My voice is gravelling up right now. Don't do it number 77. We have miracle raptor. Just got to talk louder. That's how it works. Okay. Prism another big reprint. This was like an $8 common before and raw yellow mega pack and GX. All right. Next box. If you do want to grab some, I do have a link down below. I've got 5% off a sassy auto. You guys can grab it though. I'm not going to tell you that this is the best set ever or anything. If there's cards you senior that you want to potentially pull go for it. Overall doesn't seem like an awesome set. You know, kind of like these are the thing is I think these like 15 bucks per per box. I think could be 10, but I'm pretty sure it's 15 like on the on the retail side. I'm not totally sure we have. Okay. We have for no divisor. Okay. I think that's think heroes use that. Oh, oh, green, green, green, green. Is this a rare die? Oh, Stratos. That's the best one yet. I love green favorite color Stratos. Amazing. There's a lot of different cool ones in your cyber dragon black as a soldier Stratos. That's amazing. Okay. Yeah. So and yeah, as I was saying earlier, I don't really like this kind of set because there's not anything really interesting in terms of like pulling, you know, it's cool that you get the die. I love that. That's one of my favorite things about it. The promos are cool within the packs themselves are just lame.  Sure. That's kind of cool. But at the same time, it's kind of like, I don't know, it's just kind of lame, you know, because of the price card. So I don't know. It's not my favorite set ever. I don't, I don't really love these kind of sets though. I will say this set does have some good cards and some good reprints in it.  It's not like there's nothing worth pulling in here. So it's not as bad. Honestly, as I was expecting Galaxy soldiers pretty good as well. We have dog ran and gimmick puppet. So it's not like a complete no go. Like if you see it and you want some cards in here, it's not like, don't get it. You know, it's the worst thing I've ever seen though. It is not really like super value for your money. You're not. It's not like open and you might pull a $500 card. That's definitely not going to happen. Definitely nothing that expensive in here, but you might pull something that you actually really want.  So overall, honestly is exceeding what I expected, which I had the lowest possible expectations. I was expecting hidden arsenal, stuff like that.  So that's not that crazy. Last promo. Come on. Absolute zero cyber cyber slash RV lady. That's pretty good. Yeah.  I, it's honestly not the worst set ever. I probably better than, than the legendary dual sets. You know, like legendary dual list was the last one. Soul burning volcano, probably better than that. Probably better than duals from the deep. Probably better than sacred storm. I mean, that's not saying much, but it's probably better than those number 90. So that's a good reprint. Visionary Refusion, Twilight Ninja. Oh, Ruxen special. Heartbeat Perfumer. Last one was the lost start. I think I'm a nerve at the third, third one of those. We have not gotten a utopia yet. I don't know if that's short printed or what cyber emergencies, a good card as well. There's just a lot of decent cards in here, which is what you want to see from a reprint set though. We're getting a lot of reprints that's kind of why I'm like, we don't need these.  All that stuff. So that's kind of the negative against it. Hibernation dragon, a little boring to open stuff like that multiply guy nightmare galaxy soldier. We have radiant. A lot of the kaiju is getting upgrades. That's kind of cool actually because a lot of them are commons or rares. So that's awesome. Doc's getting hit our favorite set to mention a chaos. The rare is going to be worth less and then the emergency call. So overall, honestly, I can't hate on it as much as I really wanted to you guys enjoy the video. Don't forget to subscribe to channel for more content just like this. And if you are interested, we do have a link down below. It's not great, but it's not as bad as I thought. So hopefully we don't get more of these sets just because they're a little weird. Maybe we could figure out a way to put these die into the market in a different way. I don't know. So let me know what you think down below. Do you agree that it's with me and that's kind of met or do you think it's great? Do you think it's terrible? I want to hear in the comments. Shout out to the home photo show. Puffin Zidoo, Monesto, Deanna, America. Deutcher, another show. Ian Musa, Jr. Barting, Robert F. Thomas McLean, Changelang, and a Delso. Garcia, Jr. Thank you guys for supporting the channel. I'll see you guys next time. Peace.


How are you today? We are here for another video this week for my year 2017. This is the book review and the prompt to this month is gratitude and because it's holidays in the next couple months I'm just doing the one sort of tutorial setup video with this and then a book review. I may be online in the Facebook group for Q&A and chit chat but I think I'm only going to do the two videos it's just you know that's the holidays we're all like super busy so you guys have enough like if you're like me you have enough stuff to catch up on you don't need to add to the pile so the book I want to talk about this month is mixed media portraits with Pam Carricker and I love this book in fact it doesn't really ever get put away look at that she's a really fabulous artist and portrait artist I love the way she draws and paints I love her realistic but yet expressive style she goes over specifics about how to get your proportions right on your face you know how to make sure your your people don't have flathead syndrome and their foreheads aren't too short and the proportions on drawing lips and getting different expressions and different painting styles she's got a whole section just a mouth look of noses ears ears are so hard but if you get a tutorial from a good artist like her it's so much easier to figure out and less mystifying so I really do if you like to add people to your art you like to add a hint of realism to your people I really do recommend if you want want to be better at drawing people and doing expert this is a great book for that she does have another one called art at the speed of life and creating art at the speed of life and those are also really good books I would recommend any of them to any of you she does go through creating these portraits with different mediums too in the book it's a fabulous fabulous book filled with all kinds of really great information so you can get it at Amazon I will put a link in the description below Amazon most of their books also have a used book list so if you're on a budget and you want to get it that way you can I would recommend especially if you're on a budget check and see if your local library has a copy and if they don't maybe you can search their online card catalog and see if a local library has it they can send it to your library I know here in San Jose California we have that and they can search other libraries and then have the books sent over for me to look at for a week so I would definitely do that this is one though that has been in my stash as sort of a reference book for a long time and there's a reason for that this is one of those books that I won't be getting rid of just FYI so mixed media portraits with Pam Keraker and I would definitely recommend her I do want to say that she might teach online too because it seems to me I might have taken a class with her or classes she taught at yeah she's creative issue videos for Strathmore she's a designer at Stencil Girl she also works at Stampington and Company she has a design line with Dara Van and Matisse and you can find more about her at Pamkeraker.com I would definitely recommend looking her up she's really really talented so there you go this month our book review Pam Keraker mixed media portraits actually any of her books I think are great this particular one is really good though alright that's it for this month I hope you're all having a good time here in my year 2017 I hope you're having a great holiday spending time with family friends and loved ones and if you want to join us in my year 2017 and you haven't yet the group is still open to accept new members until December 31st and the link for it is in the description below we are starting a brand new group for 2018 and going forward that address blah blah blah that the link for that is also in the description below so you can join both of them they're free Facebook groups that's where you can download you know free illustrations from me or any of the other artists you can get you know a list of all the book reviews we've done to date you can get all the video links and getting started documents and all of that stuff and plus it's just a great fun sharing mixed media life exploration created creativity inspired community that's a big that's a lot of stuff but anyway alright so you guys all have a great holiday have a happy new year and I will hopefully see you and wonder both of the groups going forward and above all go out and have a great day be grateful this month and do something nice for yourself because you deserve it I'll see you later bye guys


He's asking due to genetic problems with marrying cousins, is it better to marry outside of the family or within the family? Well, you look in the life of the Ahlul Bayt Alaym As-Salam and you'll find, for example, Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa alayh, one of his marriages is with a cousin and that is Zaynab. Whereas another of his marriages, for example, is with someone like Seyda Khadija, who's not a first cousin. Imam Ali ibn al-Mital alayhi sallam marries his second cousin whereas Seyda Zaynab marries her first cousin. So it's not a rule that you have to marry your first cousin. If you find that there's going to be a medical issue in the family, if you are going to continue to marry cousins, your dad married a cousin, your uncle, your granddad married a cousin, if you could see there's going to be a medical issue then you should not. You should not. Insha'Allah.