So, as I said I wanted to have a small interactive session where I thought I will just share with you some of the larger issues which confront all of us and which you will be facing in about one year or two years time as you pass out of the respective colleges and go out in the field. But in general is the direction you want to take after you pass out as you decided. Because there are multiple choices you can either take up a job and either you want to continue to remain a techie or you want to become a manager. Some of you might want to start some enterprise of your own. Some of you would like to do research. How many of you have a clear dream to be achieved in the next 20 years to very few? Even I dream at my age so you should be dreaming for more. I would suggest you start dreaming, start thinking about long term future. One of the problems that afflicts our society is almost all our thought processes are short term. We think of immediate requirements like for example you have a semester going on. So your focus will be on the exams at the end of the semester. Earlier focus will be a quiz tomorrow or an assignment to be submitted after tomorrow whatever. These are priorities naturally. These are called tactical requirements. They must of course be satisfactorily answered. But because of these tactical requirements which govern your day to day life you should not discontinue long term thinking that usually happens.  What happens then is you are all smart people so you will definitely achieve things in life but almost all those achievements will happen incidentally. Not because you desire not because you plan, you are letting the environment force the pace of your life the direction of your life and I don't think that is good. I don't think that is good for you, I don't think that is good for this society because you represent the leading edge of this society. Have you ever wondered about the demography of the nation? How many people are there of your age and younger? Do you have any clue? You read about the statistics of the population of the country. 370 million Indians are less than 20 years old. 370 million, that's 37 crore people. That's larger than the population of entire United States of America. That's larger than the population of the whole country. I said you are the leading edge because you are the ones who are towards the upper end of that large body and you are the ones who are getting into the professional activities earlier than most of it. So just go back and think of when you were young. 5 years old, 6 years old, 7 years old. What did you do? You didn't understand anything so your parents took you to some school and you started studying. Today a much larger number of parents are trying to get their children to start studying. Imagine if you had not got an opportunity to study well in your first, second, third, fourth, fifth standard. You would have missed something in life. Imagine you did not have a good middle school or a good high school education. You would have missed something. How many of our children today continue their college education after finishing school? Any idea of the percentage? No idea. You are all studying in colleges. Most of your friends are studying in colleges, right? If not in the college, you are in the college, some other in the college. If not in the college, science, commerce, right? Most of your friends. Are you sure all of your friends are studying in colleges? Just go back and reflect on the class of 12th standard that you passed. How many students do you have in your class? About 50, 60, 100, maybe. Are you sure all 100 are studying in college? Do you have a clue on how many roughly are studying in college? That ratio is called enrolment ratio. An enrolment ratio for any nation tells the world what percentage of people are getting educated better. It does not necessarily follow that everybody goes into college gets education better. Because education and going to college are not necessarily the same thing unfortunately. But assuming that something substantial happens in the life of a person once he goes to college, that ratio is important. The ratio in most developed countries in the world is of the order of 50 to 60 percent. The ratio in India is less than 14 percent. Out of 100 students who pass out their 12th standard, 14 only continue their college education. This is the enrolment ratio. So, a whole lot of students in this country drop out of educational system at or below 12th. In fact, there is another horrible statistic which says that number of students who drop out after 10th standard itself are also very many. Now, do you think we can construct a nation where all our dreams will be fulfilled if a large percentage of population is not getting educated? Let us look at your own education. Out of the 14 percent that I said join colleges, what percentage of students join professional colleges? Do you have any idea? Like you, some Indian colleges you are there. So, let us take Indian as a professional college, not medical, law, pharmacy. They are also a professional college. Any idea? What percentage? No idea. Hardly 3 to 4 percent. The majority of them go to other cities. This percentage has been increasing over the last few years, but when the percentage increases, there is always a dilemma of quality loss because you may have bright students wanting to study, but you must have an appropriate academic structure to support those studies. Traditionally, the academic structures were, you know, IITs, some two or three good colleges instead. Are you aware that till about 1980, there were only 80 or 90 Indian colleges in the country and even at that time we had a sizable population. Understanding that the government will not be able to arrange for professional education for so many people, the government of that day, both at the center and states, permitted private institutions to be set up. Several good private institutions have been set up, but several other private institutions do not have education as their primary focus because you see, they are not getting any government grant. They have to run on their own, so they have to collect fees and the fees is unfortunately controlled by courts and committees and so on. So, this is not the free market economy model. In the United States where there is a free education like this, a college decides what the fees is and you take it or leave it. Unfortunately, we have adopted a semi-open economy model and therefore we have these fees. Of course, it does not mean that if you permitted large amount of fees to be charged by Indian colleges and if they did charge and people did pay, it does not necessarily mean that those colleges will necessarily utilize that money for betterment of education. That's another problem. Someday hopefully this country will resolve this problem. But let me come back to the main theme. You know, many of you would have some dreams even if you are not articulated. But I can send some common dreams which, for example, I had when I was a student like you have when they are in this case and they are about to pass out. So, let me iterate some of the common dreams on which there should be no casualties, perhaps no descent. The first dream, after passing out, I should be able to get a good job. Any problems with that? Most of you would wish to have a good job. You would like to have a successful professional career. You would like to live a happy life. Anybody who by design wishes to live an unhappy life? So, these are common sense dreams. Your successful career, you would define tentatively in two aspects. Material success and professional success. Material success, you would like to get good money return for the work that you do. You will see that most of the placement efforts all across the country in all colleges, not only in new colleges, in all colleges. You know, companies come offering jobs, students fly for that. And you can do a relative ranking of what is the first choice of students, what is the second choice of students, what is the third choice of students, etc. 99% of the time, the choices get invariably related to the pay package that the company offers. It is not necessarily related to the professional work environment of those companies. Does it mean that people don't care for professional environment? No, they do. But the priorities are very clear. My priority is I would like to earn good amount of money. And incidentally, I would also like to have a good professional environment. So, this being the priority, generating wealth, obviously, is very high on your dreams, whether you articulate it or you don't articulate it. And how do you generate wealth? Mostly by doing a job. Sometimes, by becoming an entrepreneur, without becoming an entrepreneur, you cannot generate wealth non-linearly. A job generates wealth linearly. As many months as you work, that much of salary you get.  That's a different world. Most of us are satisfied with a job. But the comparison is what drives you even there. So, you would like to get a job which will pay you, let's say, Rs. 50,000 a month. You get a job only for Rs. 30,000 a month.  Imagine now that if everybody else in your class gets jobs of Rs. 70,000, Rs. 75,000 and you are the only joker getting Rs. 30,000 a month. What do you think? Bad? You agree with this? Now reflect whether this is correct. I come from Madhya Pradesh. I study these Hindi. I don't know if you can understand Hindi, but we have a very interesting khabar. People are not as sad as people are happy. People are hurt more not because of their own pain, but because of the satisfaction that they see in others. This is a human trait and I would like you to guard against this trait because that is no way to move to greater achievement. Comparison eventually stinks. Unfortunately, you have spent all your life time in getting compared. Imagine when you pass your fifth standard exam. Most of you would have done well in your school, so your parents would say, wow, sabash beti, sabash beti, whatever, top marks.  Fifth standard, eighth standard, tenth standard. You got 90% marks? Wow, brilliant. I got 40% marks.  So first my teachers will tell me, tera kya hoga pata main? My colleagues start looking at me very critically. Par de, par beta, par beta, par iksha re, whatever. My parents will give me up.  You know what will happen to me? I will become defeated and eventually I will become despondent. I will start believing that I am no good. And I will actually become no good. Yesterday there was a discussion briefly where I talked about self-confidence. That self-confidence and self-esteem has to be preserved. It is unfortunately extremely difficult to be preserved when I am getting constantly confused. Marks in the examination has been the only major of your success so far. Am I wrong in saying that? Everywhere, admission to this college, admission to that place, this competitive exam, whatever, whatever. Good marks, good person. Bad marks, bad person. So basically you have so far participated successfully in rat races. And here is my humble submission. Every rat race will produce a few winners and a large number of losers. The winner rats acquire over confidence. And sometimes that borders on arrogance. For last 40 years I am seeing such arrogance in the minds of a few people who come to BB Tech for a year here. They have to bash their heads for 6 months to tell them, look, there are enough smart people all around you. So don't put any air to your head. Because in absolute terms it may not mean much.    And they develop, as I said, diffidence bordering on disformance. And now let me state one product theory you may call it.  So for example, I appear for joint entrance examination. I just miss getting computer science, which I decided to do. I get computer science in summer institute. Now I would have won the rat race because I got admission computer science in a good college. But I lost the rat race because I did not get into IS. And this would happen with each one of us at some point or the other. So as we grow, we carry a very curious emotional mix in our hearts. We are simultaneously leaning on overconfidence in some spheres because we have done better than others. And also equally, we are also different on some other aspect. Maybe I am good, better than him, but not as good as him. This comparison. And as I said, comparison's thing. So here is the final part of my theory.   Since you have participated in rat race, you have to be very, very careful. You know what comparison you can legitimately make? A good comparison. Every time you do something, whether it is a competitive exam or a task or something like that, could I have done it better? I have thought myself to ask this question again and again and again on everything that I do. And believe me, the only answer I always got is yes, I could have done it better. Now, when there is huge scope for doing something better and which I understand, why the hell do I need to compare myself with anybody else? I don't need to. I have my answer. What is the answer? I am not good enough in my discharge of my activity. Am I not good enough capability-wise? That is the answer. Here is another story which I often relate to prove how nonsensical it is. How do you evaluate intelligence in people? IQ test, right? How many of you routinely give IQ tests and how many of you have seen the rest of the world actually using IQ tests? None. The rest of the world evaluates your marks. Are marks related to your native intelligence? Are marks related to your preparation? How many times you have faced the exam?  Equally well, how many times you have studied only 50-60% of the syllabus but the questions that you got in that particular exam are so good that you scored 90% marks. Hasn't it happened with all of you? The marks are clearly not reflective of either your knowledge or your capability. What defines that capability? The capability is fundamentally so different that a 90% or should be treated as an extraordinary genius and a 40% or like me should be treated as an easier. So here is my challenge. Take any difficult logical problem to be solved. One problem which I don't know whether you have attempted it is learning a foreign language. How many of you have tried to learn French, German, Arabic, something? So how do you go about it? You attend some course. I will tell you about how people learn German language to people. If they do a first course in elementary German, then they do a one-year course in advanced German. I have seen some people in Mumbai going to Pune to attend the Max Müller Bawal interchange program for six months. At the end of it they are able to speak German reasonably well. Not very fluently or rapidly but reasonably well. They can read German, translate it into English. We call them very intelligent people. Not all of us are capable of solving that problem. If that defines adequate intelligence to solve hard logical problems in life, then why do we forget that each one of us learned a foreign language at the age of three years to five years? Which was later on called the mother tongue.  Did you attend a class? Did somebody tell you you got 90% then I got 40%? I am not saying all human beings are equal in intellectual capability. But I am saying that fundamentally God has given each one of us adequate brains to solve very complex problems in life. Each one of us. There may be slight differences. Some of us are very articulate at the age of six years. Some of us are not that articulate. But in so far as the ability to convey my emotions and thoughts are concerned to anybody, I have that capability at the age of six years. In so far as understanding what is being conveyed by others to me, I have that capability at the age of six years. You got 90% marks, you have that capability, I got 40% marks, I also had that same capability. What is it then which made life different for me and you over the next 15 years, 12 years? What made the difference was that I lost some of my characteristics which I had preserved, which I had. So again a God's donation. So let me list some of these characteristics. These are the child's characteristics. The first and most important. I am curious about everything that the child sees. You would have forgotten your childhood but you would see nephews, nieces, cousins, young cousins, children. Have you ever seen a three or four year old child which is not curious about everything that it sees? Everything. What is this? And the child is bold. The child is asking questions. What is this? What is that? What is that?  The child says that. So we encourage the children. There are two fundamental traits by the way which are crucial in any learning endeavor that you do. Curiosity and boldness to ask questions.  Some teacher like me in the fifth standard tells you don't disturb the class.   And you know, you must realise one thing. When a child asks a question, the question might be addressed to the father, sister, brother or friend. But actually the child is asking a question to itself. What is this? It is a question that arises in the child's mind. So the child is asking the question itself. It is only articulating it. When you stop asking questions, you are stopping being curious. Lack of your boldness forces your curiosity to laugh. Tell me how best learning can occur. You can never learn at the same pace and with the same intensity that you could when you were a child because the laws of these two correct. And there is a third equally important characteristic that all of us had asked to do. Perseverance. Perseverance. Ability not to give up. Have you ever seen a child who decides to do something? Something particularly naughty. And then child gives up on it. I have not seen one child there. You know breaking glass and throwing glasses is the most favourite pastime of children. Unfortunately the glass is hanging on a table which is rather tall. What will a child do? It will come around, try to climb up from this side, that side, reach the glass. It will fail three times, four times. Once it will fall, it will cry.  So mother will make the child stand in a corner for five minutes. The child will cry, will stand for five minutes. After five minutes it will look again here, there. Come back to the table. Finally the tenth attempt, eleventh attempt, it will pull this chair, climb up on this chair, climb up on the table and throw that glass and break it. And when the child achieves that, the child will dance with joy on this table. When did you last dance with such joy? I am not suggesting you break glasses by climbing on table. But I am suggesting that why have you all forgotten this fundamental capability that God has given to all of you to perceive here and not to give up. Translate it into problem solving. When you are in first year, probably you are trying to solve problems given at the end of the textbook. I remember when I was in first year, physics attracted me. So me and a friend of mine used to solve all problems at the end of a chapter. And there were some hard problems, typically they become harder. So we attempt them, attempt them and then two problems which we could not solve. We went to a teacher, not our teacher, but his associate, that young person and we asked him how to solve that problem. Unfortunately the person did not have time at that stage. So instead of asking us to come again or instead of telling us something encouraging, he suggested that these questions are not important from the examination point of view. And we immediately agreed and came back. Since then we don't remember having even looked at more difficult problems. But we remember having seen the examination question paper pattern very carefully of the university. And we studied that and we said we may limit our studies only to this. Other things are not important. It's only when I came to IIT to do my M.Tech I realized that it doesn't make sense. It doesn't work that. Why is IIT system different? Why are some courses taught in some of the NITs and some of the better colleges are different is because there the environment says you must attempt harder problems. There is very, very important reason for you to do so. You all play some sports or some games. Everybody knows how to play badminton. You may be playing, some of you may be playing. Imagine you have a three game match with me. You don't know how I play, right? So the first game you start playing your natural game. You'll discover in about two or three minutes that this fellow is not moving at all. See my role model is Ganapati. Like Lord Ganesha I stay at one place. If this shuttle comes my way I will return it. Otherwise I will just forget. You don't know it. So first few minutes you play hard. And then you realize you will lose. So some shuttle I return, some short I return. Any time you hit a shot I lose whatever. And of course you beat me at love. Now you play the second game, best of three match. Second game also you will be in hands down. Because I am not changing my strategy. But imagine how will you play the second game? In your second game will you not relax automatically? This is not going to happen. Maybe in the second game I will at least have a few service changes. Maybe in the second game I will score some points. I will still lose. At the end of these two games the best of three match you have won. And you will go back home illiterate, you know. IIT professor's words are fantastic. You know. It is an enormous pleasure. Consider another situation. You are playing not with me. But you are playing with a world champion. Of course some of you may be a really good player. But I am sure none of you is convinced that you will be able to beat the world champion in back. What will happen? The world champion does not know how you play. Would you not think that the roles would be reversed? You will play your natural style. But you will lose while you are at love game. Now imagine how will you play the second game? Will you not run a bit faster? Will you not attempt to concentrate a bit harder? Will you not get a few shots even at that world champion? You will. What it means is by the way when you lose both the game and you go back home you will be actually shattered emotionally. What will happen? That is what you said. But think about what has happened to your game. In the first match your game deteriorates in the second time. In the second match the game improves in the second time. Why? Because you are attempting the more difficult problems. If you agree with the fundamentals of this example, although this is an artificial example then you must agree with another theorem of Fata. He says that solving 10 simple problems will give you immense pleasure but no additional knowledge. Attempting 10 difficult problems but not getting a single one successful. Not getting a single one successful. Will give you huge frustration but far more knowledge. It appears common sense now. But do you attempt it? When you have the occasion do you attempt it? Do you seek hard problems? You don't because that rat races, the rules of the rat races don't permit you to spend time on hard talk. Remember when you participate in a rat race you are running an optimization battle. You are 21 hours a day.  So you look at the rules of the rat race, the university exam system says this is the pattern of the question paper. Solve any 6 out of 10 questions. This was the pattern in my university when I passed from Indore in 1969. I don't know how it is now. Back here I studied very hard as I told you. Second year onwards I used to study 70-80% of the syllabus. It was adequate to give me 85-90% marks. Optimized. What did I lose? You lot of learning. I had to learn many of those things back here because here the syllabus was what the teacher was teaching and he said solve that problem and I would say if you are not studying today or if you have one night to study tomorrow this is very hard problem. You are fortunate because most of you come from colleges which have a good educational environment. But you are unfortunate because neither you nor your colleges insist on exposing you to hard problems as a fundamental requirement. Am I right? Please do something about it. You can. During this happening I had taken one year sabbatical leave in 2002 because I was worried about the quality of Indian education in the country. So I took that sabbatical leave and went around the country visiting colleges. I went to about 67 colleges in that year. I opened up. I would generally interact with students for half a day. Typically finally a project student and I would interact with the teachers for half a day trying to find out what their problems were. I will tell you when the students presented their final year project they were not polished people. They could not probably articulate themselves very well in English but the amount of effort that they had taken, the amount of learning that they showed indicated to me that at every college at least one or two groups stood out from the others and not the entire group because in these colleges when final year students do the project typically four or five students do it together three students, four students and unfortunately some of those group members are what I call sleeping members. You can immediately find out who is the sleeping member in this kind of interaction but those who have applied their mind they are as good as anyone else like you or like the students I have no difference. So what it means is that this nation has talent all across the country and I deliberately chosen smaller places. So I did visit some of the NITs and so on but not with this strategy. 67 colleges that I mention are actually smaller colleges in it. So for example when I went to Karnataka I did go to Suratkal because NIT Suratkal has been close to us but I went to a college in Manipal, I went to a college in Nithya, a small place there. Likewise I went around. This is where I learned that that is when I started my eklavya project saying that there are too many eklavyas in this country is waiting to be mentored and equally well I found at least one or two teachers in every college who are treating education not as their job but as their dharma because that is what it has to be. For a teacher it has to be a religion it cannot be anything else just as for a student learning has to be a religion. So what these students do? You know one teacher in Orissa small college electronic teacher she would conduct a Sunday lab in a semester at the beginning they would define a problem of designing a circuit. Every Sunday two hours students will come they will discuss the problem and analyze the circuit, design it, fabricate it and make it work. I was excited I said oh do all schools come? He said no sir only about 10 or 15 schools come. 15 out of how many? About 70 students. But I said but that is not bad because these 50 students will make a difference to themselves and to everyone else because they are willing to work on a hardware problem which is not part of the syllabus. They are truly interested in solving problems that you are doing a great job. Unfortunately he said sir you are the first one telling me you are doing a great job. My colleague Laughat Singh Pagalai syllabus chode ke baar ka parata. So you see our environment is so officiated it has no provision to excite students to solve a hard problem. No provision. Now we are trying to correct that situation this national mission is about engaging teachers. So while we empower them in the respective subject whether it is basic electronics or thermodynamics or computer programming or whatever one of the things which we are trying to tell them is the message that there is no difference between your students and our students and between you and us because all of us I do not say that openly but all of us learn our first foreign language between age of 3 years and 6 years. No difference. The difference is only level of confidence and the difference is in the type of problem that you tackle. This difficult problem the ethos is so different I tell you I have attempted to tell you one more example which happened in my institute itself. Late K. C. Mukherjee my senior colleague in electrical engineering department used to teach fields. I had just become a teacher and when I was a student there was another student who used to be in the institute testing so I became a coach when I became a teacher and this student who was in 30 years electrical then came to me one day they met some paper question paper and he says how do you solve some question number 3 or something I do not remember some question. I read that question I had no clue on how to solve it but instead of telling him I cannot solve it I am now a computer science professor. He says no but your basic degree is electrical engineering so we looked at it again we could not solve it then we decided we will go to professor K. C. Mukherjee himself we took that paper to professor K. C. Mukherjee and the moment he saw for that walking in with another of his students with a paper in hand he started smiling and he said question 3 I said yes sir he did not say anything so this other student asked himself how do you solve it you know what he said I do not know and he was aghast then professor Mukherjee explained he said for that this is this question is a part of unsolved research problem pending for last 10 years but you know this batch is so smart I thought somebody will solve it what would have happened in most of the colleges if such a situation had prevailed in my college I can tell you in 60 years what would have happened the students would have gone on a strike they would have gher out a vice chancellor the story ends with an activity that happened that evening which tells you the difference in the atroast hostel 4 I think is there that could not have a large number of students from that batch belong that evening they threw a milkshake party in the hostel a milkshake party in those days is thrown in a hostel only when something of great consequence happens in the hostel it has won an inter hostel hockey tournament or somebody has won the debating sheet something extraordinary then a milkshake party is thrown and poor students for them a milkshake party is a great thing when they were having a milkshake party if general secretary was in fourth year he came and said what has happened I do not know what has happened in my hostel so why you celebrate oh you do not know the great professor Mukherjee thinks that our batch can solve unsolved research problem we are celebrating this is the difference this is the difference that somebody is saying that I believe you are capable of solving difficult problems is a cause for joy not cause for despair I would like you to take this approach back and within your friends within some teachers whom you know whom you can talk to and discuss try to suggest to introduce some mechanism even in this dilapidated syllabus and that way which will encourage people to think about solving hard problems look at the problem you are solving this intention did you know the solution was it in the syllabus did you all solve it completely successfully no but now you know what more has to be done on that problem and you are going back with a greater confidence of having not just attempted but solved significant portions of that problem so why to fear unknown try to think about it try to reflect on it I would believe that this is what will carry you forward not only in your academics but even later because in real life when you join real life there is no syllabus ask your parent who would have studied education long time ago ask them what part of the education is directly useful to them in solving the problem that they solved today they will tell you hardly anything but what they may not be able to tell you is that the ability to apply your mind to solve problem that you learn during your education is what is coming to help them and that is what you have to carry with so this is what I wanted to share with you just a couple of other things this is important from a perspective of being a good and responsible citizen and a happy person because everybody said you would like to be happy you know when you earn your wealth when you earn your profession of fame you believe you will be really happy but if that fame and that wealth is not earned legally and ethically believe me you will not be happy legality and ethics are not natural traits to human people when we are children imagine we are actually the exact opposite we are possessive we want everything that the other fellow has and we don't care about the meals ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok sense that is what you call upbringing, Samska upbringing is what bring that, but there are temptations on the way which may tempt you to look away from some of these values. In your educational system now what is it called use of unfair means a very broad term. So, this includes for example, keeping into the neighbor's answer book. Everybody would be tempted sometime or the other. Copying an assignment, I mean I don't know that you have drawing as a course. Routinely one person would draw a drawing and other people will what we used to call glass dope, I don't know what it is called now. There were exactly two students in my class who did not copy any drawing, they drew each drawing themselves. One of them was the gold medalist, he was in PIFR as a great scientist, now my colleague here, never copied it, he did not have it, but he learned drawing better than others and his teachers even today said he would have been a better mechanical engineer than an electrical engineer if he did. This is a value to it, but there is a time that is to be spent. What is copying? Copying what are you trying to say? Actually you are trying to save your time, the time which you did not spend in studying or that time which you did not spend in understanding. So, you cannot recall the answer, you look at that answer. How many of you play bridge, card game? You know how to play bridge, right? There are four players who are playing bridge, forget about any game of cards, four players are playing. You know there is a bridge etiquette, he says that if my neighbour is not holding his cards properly and I can see those cards, I am supposed to immediately look the other way round and tell him to hold his cards properly. That is called good etiquette in this. Should that not be aborted in every exam that we give? If I can see my neighbour's answer book, I should tell my neighbour, hey, bhajurat. Do we do that? We are not even tempted to do that because it is not considered as a great value. I am trying to suggest please invite these as the greatest of values because what are marks to you right now for which you might be tempted to follow and unfair me would be money to you in your career for which you may be tempted to follow and unfair me. The principle is no different. Somebody cheating in an examination and copying a paper or copying an assignment and somebody asking for one lakh rupee bribe for doing something let me tell you mentally and emotionally they are no different. I am using unfair means to enrich myself either by marks or by money and this is hard problem. This is in fact the hardest problem in this and yet I have seen examples upon examples of ethical behavior. Examples upon examples. Someday I will write my memoir and the ethical behavior comes from the most unexpected people. I will quote one incident which happened in my class in my CS101 class about two years ago. After the mid-semester I had announced the list of top performers. So some 8 or 10 students I had a test out of 45 months. So somebody had 43 and a half, 44, 43 and a half or 43 and a half, 43, 42. Put that list. At the end of that class one of the students who was sitting there was a very large class I taught for the first time in Convocation hall 850 students and it was unmanageable so now we have split it into two parts. But anyway one student sitting in the front row told me after the class sir there is a friend of mine who will also be there in that thing. I said why what he said you see when we return the mid-sem papers there are always some possible errors. Some question is not corrected properly, some total is not correct. So such answer was we asked the students to write their whatever they feel is not being done and return the papers to our TAs. Our TAs will correct them and then send that. So he said that fellows he has got 41 and a half and he is one question has not been corrected. It is a two mark question. So he will be 43 and a half and he will be in your list. So I just told him ok ask him to send me an email and I will be glad to put up his name in the next lecture. The next lecture was next week or the weekend I get a mail from this chap, Nithan Paidya was in. He says sir my friend told me to inform you whenever I get my paper return. So I got my paper return and I have been awarded two marks for the question which was not corrected. However before sending this email I re-looked at my question paper and found out that the original totaling by TA was wrong. It should not have been 41 and a half it should have been 39 and a half. So my correct total is 41 and a half only which you please record. Please understand the significance of this action. Our records now show 43 and a half. Papers have been written. There is no way anybody can ever say that the 43 and a half is not corrected. Look at what he is doing. He is geopolitizing his possible grade. AA grade which is given to only 15 or 20 top students out of 850. It will be given only to the top performer. He actually missed his A grade by half mark. But he did not care. Next class in the next week class I actually put up a slide saying extended honors list. I put up his roll number and name. I did not put up his marks. I just put up his name. And then narrated this incident. And then I said I hope you agree with me that this person deserves to be in the honors list. Everybody said yes sir, very loudly. Then I asked this fellow to stand up in the class. He stood up very sheepishly which I personally. There was the loudest clapping for him. Louder than the clapping earlier for the actual top performers. Each of whom I had asked to get up and this one. This convinced me that all of us respect ethical behavior. Independent of whether we succumb to temptation once in a while or not, we respect ethical behavior. It is not a large effort to convert that respect into actual imbibing of that effort. Everything that happens. I will tell you simple thing that happened is temptation plagiarism. You would have seen you know there are people unfortunately teachers who publish papers and include large paragraph from somebody else's research work not even citing the repress. Claiming that it is their own work. Is this not corrupting? If Kalmadi or Raja taking lot of money is high and corruption. This is not lower. This is higher. Avoid that. This is what I wanted to share with you. One is believe in yourself and keep asking yourself the question could I have done it better and work hard on it. There is no substitute for hard work. I have not found substitute for hard work and I am a clever person. So I am as good as optimizer as you are. But there is no shortcut. And second thing is values that you invite them. They will be with you. Remember I will tell you and by the way you will not miss much. You will not miss much on either earning wealth or you will not miss much on earning professional wealth. But you will earn something else which you will not advise you. You will earn an extraordinary reputation where people will say ah that person. No nonsense. No nothing wrong can happen. And you will be able to do one more thing in life. Two more things. One you will have a very nice and sound sleep. Your conscience will never bother you. Never.  And second then you will look into the mirror you will be able to see in the eyes of that mirror. You will not be able to see into your own eyes if there is some problem in your attitude. If you value these things I think you should value them because they are the roots of all happiness. So continue with your professional activities. Learn wealth. Learn to solve hard and no matter what happens no matter what failure never ever lose confidence in yourself and don't let yourself be compared with others. Compare yourself with yourself and do well in life. I told you about realizing dreams for the nation. Believe me in the coming decade it is the professionals of this country who will contribute to maximum wealth generation. People like you and you are very few and you are fortunate. Not because only because you have done well but because your parents have taken care of you to nurture your talent to put you into a play and then you are taking your own efforts to do that. But you constitute three percent of the fourteen percent of the large population and you have therefore greater responsibility. Because just like you got facilities and opportunities to study when you are young you now have to give facilities and opportunities for the younger people out of the three seventy million. That is what will make this nation worth it. And believe me at the rate at which the national economy is going we are destined to do well provided the leaders in the provisioning of these facilities take their past seriously. You are the leader not just the leading edge of my demo. Each one of you can do exceptional things only if you decide that I will do something exceptional. Do it all the best. Thank you.


Scientists have long wondered whether liquid water could exist on Mars and today a new study published in the journal Science is causing quite a buzz. We discovered water on Mars. Scientists today reported a remarkable discovery on Mars. A huge lake of salty water has been detected deep beneath the surface of the red planet and where there is water there could be life. A stunning discovery is what they're calling it one that could help scientists know for sure whether life ever formed on Mars or even exists today. First ice and now water. Humans may be one step closer to finding life on Mars. Proof that life could really exist on Mars. This is a huge result so the red planet is a desert. One of our closest neighbours completely devoid of water we thought until this incredible discovery by the orbiting satellite Mars Express. For the first time researchers say they have found conclusive evidence of water on Mars. NASA have now announced that there is in fact water on Mars but it is not just a small body of water that they are telling us about here it just makes you wonder what the hell is going on on Mars. If there is water there is a chance that there is life. Could a civilization exist on the red planet you have to wonder. Mars is barren as we know on the surface anyway but what if there is a huge underground system where a civilization is hiding within an arc awaiting the day the planet becomes non-toxic enough that they can begin to rebuild. It was only a hundred years ago after all that Nikola Tesla announced that he had intercepted radio signals from Mars perhaps this was a distress signal sent when something cataclysmic stripped Mars of its life giving properties. When you consider all the evidence in the form of statues that we have seen with our own eyes from the surface then you must at least consider that at some point in history planet Mars was home to an advanced civilization and could some of that civilization have survived underground to this day. You never know guys anyway water on Mars wait till you hear this just a mile or so beneath the surface near the south pole of Mars there is a reservoir of briny water sloshing and churning below layers of ice and rock. This subglacial lake discovered by a ground penetrating radar on the Mars Express spacecraft is about 12.4 miles wide and perhaps no more than a meter deep its discovery is the latest piece of evidence that suggests water was not only present on Mars in the past but is still flowing in some capacity today the findings if confirmed by future observations would be the most significant discovery of liquid water on Mars to date scientists already had little doubt that there was at one point liquid water on Mars thanks to tiny spherical deposits discovered by the Opportunity rover in 2004 and the comprehensive mineralogy studies conducted by the Curiosity rover the evidence suggests that vast lakes and rivers dominated the surface of Mars billions of years ago what's more tantalizing clues have continued to imply the existence of liquid water on Mars today condensation was measured on the Phoenix lander in 2009 and dark streaks spotted on Martian dunes may be evidence of briny water although more recent examination suggests they could be avalanches of dry sand the new discovery of a subterranean water deposit outlined in a new paper in science suggests water is indeed underneath the red sands of Mars perhaps the red planet even has entire subsurface lake systems like those beneath Antarctica today the most obvious signs that Mars was once a wet world are the ancient waterways that sculpted the planet's surface many millions of years ago in 2015 NASA announced that it had spotted water seeping down slopes and gullies on the planet the temperatures that they think are present here are far below zero so given the spoon-fed information we get it is hard to imagine life here but microbes could have adapted or something on this place when we finally go to Mars perhaps we will find massive ruins and a remnants of a lost civilization perhaps many so that being said it makes one wonder about the possibility of life or even the frozen evidence that life once thrived on the fourth world from the sun what do you guys think of this recent announcement is it worth commenting on if so let us know below as always thank you for watching


Hey, my name is Danny Burlett and I'm the instructor for media 469, which is from meteorology to mitigation understanding global warming. And they'll be teaching that course in the spring 2021 semester. I am a research scientist in the Department of meteorology and atmospheric science at Penn State. And I work in Mike man's research group on a range of climate topics. About me personally I live in a state college and I enjoy the hiking and bicycling and other outdoor opportunities around here and also have fun growing a vegetable garden plot. During the warmer months. As for two truths and a lie. I'll list them out. I have never been to Disney World. I have run a marathon. And I've never been to a Penn State football game. Guess which one is a lie. Thank you for watching.


So hello everybody, we will now be showing you Jeremy Edder's talk, which is on managing OpenShift as a service, the Red Hat Wave. And I will be sharing the talk on a separate hop-in window. You could also use the prerecorded YouTube link, which is available in the chat in case there are technical difficulties in the live streaming. And please also keep your hop-in window open in another tab for any live Q&A. And Jeremy is a part of the call to answer any of your questions. I'm hanging in there. I sure wish we were able to be together in Boston or Brno for that matter to see each other in person, but I guess this will just have to do. Welcome to this talk, managing OpenShift as a service, the Red Hat Wave. My name is Jeremy Edder, and I work on the service delivery team at Red Hat, which is the team responsible for building and operating Red Hat's managed services products. Red Hat sells OpenShift as a service in a variety of ways. We sell it and operate it on Azure in the form of Azure Red Hat OpenShift, on AWS and GCP in the form of OpenShift dedicated, on IBM Cloud in the form of Red Hat OpenShift on IBM Cloud, and of course you can manage, self-manage OpenShift. This talk is going to cover three main topics. How we provision clusters, how we manage OpenShift at scale, and how we run production applications on top of one of these managed clusters. So let's talk about how we provision clusters first. This is a diagram of what we call a service delivery management plane. This is the system by which we generate OpenShift clusters via API. It starts at the front door, which is a microservice known as the cluster service. And that guy is built and operated by us. And when coupled by the next component hive, we can provision and lifecycle clusters. So the cluster services job is to lifecycle OpenShift clusters. It does that by telling hive what to do. Any crud operation against a managed OpenShift cluster starts and ends with the cluster service. Cluster service has a friend called the account management service. And that's where we keep our business logic subscription management feature gates, terms and conditions, the clusters change log are all implemented in AMS. The last major component of the management control plane is hive. And hive has one responsibility to actuate crud operations on one or more clusters. Hive is where the OpenShift install itself runs. When you create a managed cluster, it's also responsible for adding nodes, adding an identity provider, deprovisioning, and so forth. Incidentally, hive also has that same role in Red Hat's advanced cluster manager product or ACM. The service delivery team has also built an SDK and CLI utilities to manage your OpenShift dedicated or some upcoming managed products. And I'll show you that now. Let's see if I hopefully you can see my terminal.  So the command line utility for for managing OpenShift dedicated clusters, which is where we'll start today, is called OCM. I'm already logged in to OCM. I went to cloud.redat.com. I created an account. I got a token for that account. I have the token in my home directory. And I use that to log in to log into API.OpenShift.com, which is where I'm calling it OCM. So yeah, hopefully you can see that text output. It's pretty familiar, hopefully pretty familiar to anyone who's used the command line. Any of every card operation is available here or the majority of them. And let's try and look at creating a cluster. So first I would go OCM cluster create. And let's see some of the options that are there for us. And so we can set an expiration, which would mean the cluster would be tied off at a certain time, deleted at a certain time. Use that for testing. And we can do things like choose AWS or GCP. We can choose which region to run it in, whether it's spread across multiple availability zones, which would be a recommendation for any production system in that scenario. And I'll go through a diagram in a second. But in that scenario, master nodes and compute nodes are split across three availability zones or regions, depending on which provider vernacular you're using. So in this case, let's try and create an OpenShift dedicated cluster on GCP. So they call their regions, US East 1 would be fine. And I am going to do provider GCP. And let's call it, I don't know, devconf.jgitter. So let's fire that up. And that is the attributes of the cluster as they are initially created. So I've got my name of the cluster. There's a randomly generated subdomain. So you get a unique URL. We also, and I'll go through this in a little more detail in a second, but there will be a let's encrypt certificate that ties back to that domain we generate in life cycle, that certificate for every cluster. In this case, the default topology of this cluster is going to be three masters, three infra nodes and four compute nodes. And you can obviously change the number of computes. So another option I skipped there is you could choose the instance type. For example, if you wanted larger instances and depending on what your workload is, and obviously you can change the quantity of them. Some of these other options aren't too important for this demo, but there it says multi az is false. So yeah, because I didn't select that option when I was creating the cluster. So if I do ocm now describe cluster type devconf.jgitter. You'll see a similar output and this will update as the cluster begins installing. What's happening now, and I'll bring up, bring up that diagram again. What's happening now is my command line client talked to cluster service, which is, which is a microservice behind api.openshift.com. And it cluster service took my options and turned them into an install config for OpenShift. From there, cluster service generates a CR. So Hive has a CRD called cluster deployment. The install config gets put into that cluster deployment CR as a CR and it gets sent to Hive. So that's what's happened so far. Hive watches those CRs and begins, you know, taking action once it sees them. So in this case, it's a new cluster create using the attributes that I specified on the command line that are inside the cluster deployment. Hive then takes the installer of the version that I chose. In this case, I didn't specify a version. So it's whatever the default is and begins the install with that version using the install config that was generated by cluster service. So somewhere in the middle, the AMS I mentioned earlier, account management service was consulted for subscriptions, was consulted for the fact that I accepted terms and conditions. These are all, you know, just standard contractual stuff. Just verified that my account is valid, essentially, the account that I logged into OCM with. And yeah. And so now Hive owns this. Hive is now, like I said, spinning up an install. And it takes a couple of minutes to begin. But after that, the normal OpenShift install period. And I'll show you that in a minute once this cluster is up. I've also created some clusters in advance, as you can imagine, because we just don't have enough time. So we provide an SDK and CLI utilities to manage these clusters. You've seen that. Now, I mentioned we've got three masters, three infra, and four computes. So let's look at what one of these clusters actually is. Starting with the master nodes. In this case, this diagram represents a multi-AZ cluster. I did not create a multi-AZ cluster, but this is what a real production OpenShift dedicated cluster would be recommended to apology for. This is the default apology, incidentally. So you don't have to do anything to get all of this, all of this goodness. So zone one has the master zones, two and three. These are within the cloud provider are where each other master lives. So if there's an AZ failure, your master API for OpenShift itself would remain, would remain up. There's an ELB in front of that. So yeah, low balance between those three masters. The infer nodes, which host things like Prometheus and some other support operators, the registry, several other kind of infrastructure related components go there. And there's also three of those nodes, and those are also spread amongst the availability zones. The router, of course, probably the most important part of OpenShift. What's the point? There's no router. Also lives on those infer nodes in this case. So that's the control plane. Then the compute nodes, the worker pool, so to say, can be of any size up to several hundred nodes. And those are also spread equally amongst the availability zones that the cloud provider has provided. So there's several different ELBs, but one in front of the masters and then one in front of the infer nodes, which hosts the routers as well. Access to these clusters could be via public internet, which is the default. And another option I did not specify would be to make the cluster private, which means that it cannot be accessed over the internet. It can be accessed only by VPN. So you would set up a connection between your workstation or your data center, more likely, and or office and the cloud provider so that you could connect to these clusters of the other development clusters or just have some application that needs more security. Privacy is available to you. It's represented here by that VPN icon. So, yeah. Now, we've got this cluster spinning up. You've seen the topology of it. But Red Hat Service Delivery has over the last couple of years taken on significant amounts of of the OpenShift product infrastructure to run on top of OpenShift dedicated. And that's to keep ourselves, you know, as sharp as possible. We want the highest possible SLAs for our own stuff. We want to make sure we have the right operational experience with the most critical applications. It just makes sense to do this. Some of the applications that our teams run are something called Telemator. So every OpenShift cluster will transmit some telemetry data about its health, about its version, and so forth. That's all documented in the OpenShift docs. Back to Red Hat. And we make product decisions as well as bug severity kind of priority decisions based on data that we collect from the fleet at large. It's fantastic. From an engineering perspective, I prefer obviously strongly to be data driven. And that gives us the backing data to prioritize certain bugs over other ones. It also gives us the ability to see what's happening in pre-release versions of OpenShift in the field at large and to prevent the release of things if we see them before they're stable. So anyone testing in candidate channels or we offer nightly channels actually through OpenShift itself. Anyone testing those versions is still transmitting data back to us. And we use that data as one of the inputs to decide whether a particular release is ready to go. So that's Telemator. Fantastic. Love it. Quay. You may have heard of Quay as the registry for Internet of Container Registry. Massive amount of data transmit there. I think several petabytes a month, just a gargantuan amount of data. And they use the CDN to serve most of it because it's mostly reads obviously. But that Quay clusters also run on OpenShift dedicated. There are several of them. And they serve the container images for every installation of OpenShift for some of the operator downloads depending on whether it's part of OpenShift or not. And so it's critical to us being able to deliver OpenShift clusters regardless of whether they're managed by us or not. You end up hitting Quay at some point or another. Once the cluster is up and running, there's a service called the OpenShift Update Service. You may have heard a code name of Cincinnati. It's called OpenShift Update Service. I'll talk a little bit more about that guy towards the end of the presentation. But essentially every cluster also checks in for updates occasionally to check in whether or not new versions are available. And that service is where we would say, oh, you're running this version. You would tell us what version you're running or your cluster would tell us. And we would give you the set of acceptable upgrade paths for you based on the version that you're running. So that runs also on OpenShift dedicated. And I've got, again, some a little bit more deeper analysis on that one later. I mentioned AMS earlier and cluster service incidentally, an OCM in general, the red bar on this slide also runs on OpenShift dedicated. So you can see kind of a trend here in our entitlement services as well. So all of that stuff running on the same clusters that we sell, same topology, same SRE team in most of the cases, same SRE team. And yeah, so we take a lot of pride in being able to offer, being kind of the front line. So delivering OpenShift goes through OpenShift dedicated, kind of the point of the conversation. So pretty cool. And I would consider that the red hat way as well, that we put all of our eggs in our own software basket because we trust it. And that gives us the best possible signal, best possible feedback loop. So I've gone through the CLI overview and I've deployed a cluster on GCP. I highly doubt we've got many updates to talk about yet. Yeah, no updates to it just yet. It's installing. So let's keep moving. I wanted to show you, this product isn't released yet, but it's called Amazon Red Hat OpenShift. Red Hat OpenShift announced that back in May, I believe, it's a collaboration between Red Hat and AWS to my daughter. It's a collaboration between AWS and Red Hat to build a first party AWS service to deliver OpenShift through, excuse me, through AWS's console. Absolutely fantastic. Been a tremendous amount of effort to build and we're getting there. We're getting there for sure. So the service is working internally, working internally here. It's not GA, as I mentioned, but let's try and deploy one of those clusters. Where do we go? So that uses a slightly different command line utility incidentally, but it is still talking to OCM. OCTL, actually, let me show you some of the options here. They look very familiar because they are built on the same SDK in the back end, the same OCM SDK in the back end. There's some additional features that we've added to Moa CTL and we can stream those logs back to your CLI using that watch option.  This is all available on cloud.redat.com, so I'll show you the website of this in a minute or two, but let's do something a little bit different here. Let's create a cluster in interactive mode, so I'm going to pass the flag double dash interactive there. I'm going to give it, since I specified the name on the command line, I didn't have to. It's defaulting to that, so devconf mrow, which stands for Amazon Red Hat Open Chip, jeter, this is my cluster name. Multiple availability zones? Sure, let's do multiple azs in this one, and it is now validating my AWS credentials, which are inside, so I've got the AWS CLI installed and configured on my workstation, and the Moa CTL utility is using those credentials to authenticate against AWS's API so that it can create resources within that account, resources being the Open Chip cluster itself, nodes, ELBs, everything else. I get a choice of which region to do it. I prefer US-West 3, and I could choose a version. In this case, I don't know, 4.4.16, let's go with that one. I can choose which type of instances that I want. Probably leave this as the following, let's change it. Let's go with the R5X large instance type. Yeah, that should work, and you'll notice here the default number of compute nodes is 9, and the way that ends up is there are 3 in each availability zone, so it spreads them out, so that if there were an az failure, you have a certain amount of compute left over on all of the other azs. Okay, so we'll go with 9. I don't have a reason to customize the networking on this cluster, so I'm going to skip those 3, sorry, 4 options. I'm not going to make the cluster private because I can't peer into it from my house very easily, but you can also toggle this after installation, no problem. So you can go from public to private and from private back to public for both the API and the ingress, so the router itself. You can set those independently at any time during the cluster's life. So that's actually a major project for service delivery. It's something we add on top of OpenShift by popular demand from customers saying, look, we have to have private clusters. So wasn't a feature of OpenShift at the time when we were building the service, and again, because of the popular demand, our SRE team has implemented private clusters and exposed it through the UI as well. So I'm going to choose no here, which is the default, and now it is creating my Amazon Red Hat OpenShift cluster. Again, not a GA service, can't do this yourself today, but it's doing it. So I can now type moctl list clusters. In this case, you can see before I do that a bunch of output here, just a little bit of helper text, moctl list clusters is there, it asks you if you want to create an IDP, I will probably skip that step for this demo, but you can authenticate to the cluster via GitHub is probably the most popular one, but you can use Google or LDAP, anything that's supported by OpenShift actually. It tells me my AWS account number. It tells me the topology of the cluster. If you'll notice, there's nine compute nodes. And at state is pending. So right now, pending just means that the cluster service has transmitted the cluster deployment over to Hive, and we're either waiting on a slot on Hive or it's going to pick it up, usually picks it up within just a couple of minutes. So if I go to, oh, the last thing I'll say, and I'll run this in a second is, yeah, you can get the install logs, and I'll just show you that briefly. Moctl list clusters, I should see at least one. Yeah, I've got two because I tested this and delivered one cluster, which is already running, and I'll show you that in the UI in a minute. This one now says state is installing. So it went from pending to installing fairly quickly in that length of time. So now installing means there is a pod on the Hive cluster that is running the OpenShift install for the version that I chose, which was 4416 with the install configuration that I also passed. So it was the R5X large, it was multi-AZ, it was the number of compute nodes, and so forth. That was all passed through to Hive, and it is now running. It says it's installing. So that takes a bit. And if I wanted to know what it's doing, I can just simply copy this command and run Moctl logs install. So there's either install or uninstall, the name of the cluster, and then watch. And then I mentioned earlier that we're streaming the Hive or the install logs from the Hive cluster back through cluster service, and eventually to your command line client here. So we can watch the installation logs. And these are just regular OpenShift install logs. You can see right now, because it's an AWS cluster, it's creating a whole ton of AWS resources in here for us. And this will continue for a bit while the cluster is being installed. Okay, so while this cluster is installing, I can safely control C out of that. The install will still progress in the background. It should still be an installing state. I wanted to show you, I mentioned I stood up another cluster as part of this demo, I wanted to show you how you can edit this cluster, edit an existing cluster, the attributes of it after it's running. So let's try Moctl edit cluster. Oh boy. This is the one that's already been installed. And I will also edit this in interactive mode. You could just as easily pass whatever flags you wanted to to the edit function right now, but I'll do interactive mode. So the first thing it'll ask me in interactive mode is whether I want to flip the cluster to private mode. I mentioned I don't want to do that for myself. For myself, enable cluster admins. That's defaulted to yes, which means I can assign that role to any user that's in my IDP. For me, for example, my GitHub user could be cluster admin within this cluster. I'll leave that changing the number of compute nodes. By the way, this demo cluster that I created prior to this yesterday was not multi-AZ. So that's why it has five compute nodes on it now. Otherwise, it would be a minimum of nine. But in this case, let's make it, you know, six compute nodes, so we'll add one. And it's going to do that. So now let's see if I can bring up a web browser. And show you what it looks like there. Okay. So this is cloud.reddit.com. I mentioned OCM. And this is the list of clusters that I personally have installed in this environment. So I've got a couple that are already installed. The GCP one and the AMRA one are, you can currently see there, an installing mode in the locations or regions that I chose. So for example, EU West 3 translates to Paris. And US East 1 where I put the GCP cluster is Monks Corner, South Carolina US. So those are both installing. I've got my other clusters that are already installed. Let's pull up the cluster that I just scaled, which is Jeter AMRA 4510. And if I dig into this cluster, you'll see it's ready and that it has now the number six compute nodes. You can see this is desired nodes versus actual. So when you scale a cluster, it takes a couple of minutes to provision it and to join it to the OpenShift cluster, which is what's happening in the background here. And so actual nodes is still five. And then a couple of minutes from now, this will update itself and there'll be six nodes in that cluster. And you would see that represented in the number of VCPUs and the number, the amount of memory available. So this is what OCM, the web UI looks like. I mentioned earlier that the account management service had a change log for a cluster. We call it the service log internally. But you can see here that the history of this cluster. So for example, it was born on the 18th of September. And we changed the number of compute nodes. We added an identity provider. I did. I added my user to the cluster admin. So you can see here, this J, Jeremy Eater, that's my GitHub handle. And it's been added to cluster admin. So when I log in to OpenShift, which I'll do in just a sec, I will use, it will authenticate against GitHub. And I will have full administrative rights on this cluster. And then finally, adding more compute nodes. You can see here, this is the action that we just took, where the compute nodes have been updated to six. So I'll just quickly show you, it's not super important, but I will quickly show you how to log into the cluster. Incidentally, this isn't really an OCM demo, but there's a bunch of other features here. For example, connecting your VPC or making things public or private is really just as simple as ticking this box and clicking change. You could do that via the command line as well. If you remember earlier, there was a prompt for private cluster in the interactive mode of most ETL edit. It's the same thing as this website. So I'll talking back to the same APIs. So if I click, excuse me, so if I click Open Console, I will be presented with the normal OpenShift login screen. You'll notice that there was no SSL pop-up. That is because when we provision clusters, we go, as I mentioned earlier, we give you a DNS zone, a Route 53 DNS zone, or a Google DNS provider. And we go and request a certificate for you. And again, we life cycle that certificate so it won't expire, it's all automated. Here you see a list of the IDPs that are configured. In my case, I named it GitHub 1, so I'll click there. And I will log in. And I believe I will need my token. Sorry about this. Let's get the token going. You should all be running two-factor. Let's see, GitHub. Cool. We are in. And so, yeah, here's the OpenShift console. This is what every OpenShift cluster looks like. That's what an OpenShift dedicated cluster looks like. That's what a, in this case, this is an AMRO cluster. So just a default screen. And I'm in as cluster admin through that IDP integration. Cool. So here you could look at things like, if I looked at events just quickly, just to show you what's happening in the background, you can see that my cluster is adding that node. So it's all coming together. And I believe if I went to compute and then machine sets, you'll see I have six of six machines here. I don't know if you can feel a little bit tough to read, but it has finally added that node to the cluster. This is my point. We started with five, and now we've got six. So, cool. Let's move on. So back to the terminal. And let's get the slides going again. So how do we manage these clusters? Let's talk about that. So first of all, OpenShift itself, OpenShift 4 is a drastic change in operability from OpenShift 3. We, through the acquisition of CoreOS, have a much more automated self-driving self-healing platform than we had with OpenShift 3. Any users of OpenShift 3 should be able to vouch for that. For day two operations, such as I mentioned, life-cycling certificates, excuse me, monitoring and so forth are things that we add onto the platform. And of course, a deeper understanding of the cloud provider internals. The intersection of OpenShift and the cloud provider is of interest to any platform team. So some of the day two stuff that we add to to help build this service and to manage these clusters we have. So the left side of this chart is what we have running on our management plan clusters. So we have the Hive service obviously. We also have a pager duty operator. And so our SRE team uses pager duty for managing alerts and so forth. So we wrote an operator that that configures pager duty and then we'll lay that secret down inside the actual cluster. We also have a let's encrypt certificate service and the DNS integration that I mentioned earlier. So that runs in inside our management plane. What's running on the cluster is we lay down certain permissions that allow us to manage the cluster that allow different tiers of roles to be configured by the owner of the cluster. So I mentioned cluster admins earlier. There's also a mid tier called dedicated admins, can install operators, can do quite a bit, but not the full kind of cluster admin stuff. We also do obviously backups at CD for recovery of the cluster itself. Not the application data, but recovery of the cluster itself. And we have a set of alerts that we also add on top of what the OpenShift product adds. So just wanted to talk a little bit more deeply about monitoring. Observability is key for any SRE team. It's near and dear to my heart as well. But this is what the monitoring stack looks like on every OpenShift cluster, whether it's managed or not, looks like this. So the OpenShift team develops all of these components. And yeah, they're controlled by an operator called the cluster monitoring operator. All of this data, or I should say all of this data is available in cluster. Tremendous amounts of data are available in clusters and they're visualized in the web UI as well. And they also call back to our telemetry service that I mentioned earlier. So a subset of this data, just kind of the key performance indicators that we as a software vendor are interested in learning across our fleet, such as the health of the cluster or whether there's operators or malfunctioning, whether an upgrade succeeded, that kind of stuff. But this is what it looks like. So we run other components under that operator, like the Prometheus node exporter, Prometheus itself, obviously. Cube state metrics, we sketched us some additional data collection. Grafana is on each cluster and alert manager. So this product also configures alert manager with, that's where the pager duty integration lives. And yeah, I mentioned the telemetry client also, which is what's running on each cluster that transmits those key performance indicators of the cluster's health. So that's how the cluster monitoring operator works. And our team, yes, here's a snapshot of the telemetry data that comes back. I've redacted anything sensitive, obviously. But this cluster is running on AWS version 4.4. Its availability is currently 100% within the timeframe, obviously, of this snapshot. And there's 42 nodes in this cluster. So kind of a, and it's running version 4.4.16. So this is the kind of data that we get back. We're looking at the number of nodes in the cluster to see kind of where's the sweet spot for what most people are doing with these clusters. How often updates are performed, you can see this one had an upgrade that was done about a week ago. So that would be, it would be pretty close to the latest version. And then the number of SED objects, we also pulled that back because, if that goes sideways, that's a pretty, I should say easy to detect issue that you can prevent issues with your cluster if you're tracking that sort of thing. Cool. So moving on, I mentioned the PagerDuty integration earlier. So we've got that whole monitoring stack across every cluster that is under management. They all feed back to PagerDuty. And yeah, it's a 24 by seven SRE team, as you might imagine. So people all over the place, again, using PagerDuty to consolidate the alerts and take action upon them. Okay, cool. So let's finally talk about how a production application that we're running. I mentioned earlier the OpenShift update service. I called it Cincinnati and it's just a code name. I wanted to use that as the example today. Okay, by the time you're seeing this, you already missed, unfortunately, or maybe some didn't, a deep dive into the Cincinnati onboarding into our managed environment by Aditya Kanade and Vadim Rokowski. The recording will be available. It was a couple of hours ago, I think, but they did a deep dive into this and I'll cover it a little bit of a higher level, but this is an application that runs on our managed fleet. All of the stuff that I mentioned earlier is true and there's some really cool stuff that this team has done together with, so the development team has done along with the SRE team to improve the application's performance and improve the application's availability, improve their development processes to kind of suit what the ops teams, the SRE teams need. Just a tremendous example. I highly recommend watching their video. Okay, so anyway, the OpenShift Update Services job is simply to return the available, they call them edges, the available upgrade paths for the version that you're on right now. So I'm on 4.4.16. What is my path to 4.5? This service will calculate and just send that back to you. So stateless application, I should mention. It also ties back to, here's called Tullbooth. That's the codename for the account management service, but when you call in, we verify obviously entitlements and so forth at that time. So that is the overview of the OpenShift Update Service. Yeah, kind of went through most of this earlier. There's different channels. I don't know how much we need to get into here, but you can have a candidate channel, fast channel, stable channel. And these are all different levels of risk associated, which kind of came from CoroS's approach to intact tonic, where there's kind of different levels of risk for your cluster. So I think the intent is that folks will run some portion of their clusters on the fast channel, some portion of their clusters on even on candidate channel, if they have the flexibility to do that and use that to make sure that their applications are ready for the next version. It's all just like beta testing. So yeah, that's what Cincinnati does. So some of the stuff that this team came up with together is really just gold mining, bringing this application on. And I know a lot of users with Kubernetes struggle with these areas. So let's look at what the perfect deployment might be. It's a partnership. And you have to understand what Kubernetes is capable of, how it behaves, as well as how OpenShift applies updates to a cluster in order to make sure your application takes advantage of the right features and your application is designed in such a way to leverage those features in the most pragmatic way, quite honestly. So for example, in a stateless application, we don't have to worry about storage, so which is application is again in memory database. It's okay to run more than one replica and have that load balanced behind HA proxy, which is what OpenShift uses to load balance, sorry, applications. And our request and limit set, what is your upgrade strategy? So when you roll out a new version, does it drain connections and slowly roll out that change across your replica set? Live-ness and readiness probes are very important. So if a pod is malfunctioning, the router will eventually not send traffic to those pods. Pod disruption budgets also important so that the application stays up. If nodes are coming and going and so forth, it will maintain availability of the application. And that can actually interrupt or delay, I should say upgrades if there's only so many nodes on a cluster and dependent on how your disruption budget is configured. Anti-affinity just to make sure the pods are not running on the same node. So let's say you have 10 replicas. If six or seven of them end up on one node and that node runs into issues, then that capacity would be down that percent of capacity, which is maybe not what you want. So using pod anti-affinity, we'll spread them around. Hopefully self-explanatory. And then things like using deprecated APIs over the last couple of releases, the Kubernetes upstream has been rotating out beta APIs and alpha APIs that may actually be in use in your applications. Being able to know that those are used by an application is important as well. So that's the Kubernetes side. The application also has to make some changes or at least be designed in a way that can take advantage of them. So the application needs to export loads of metrics, hopefully based on SLIs and SLOs that have business agreement with them. And that the application has been tested to be able to sustain its own SLOs during a cluster upgrade. So for example, I mentioned you've got 10 replicas. If two or three of them go away because they're being rescheduled or a node fails, can you maintain those SLOs while the cluster is either under stress or while upgrades are occurring, for example? So how can we possibly make it easier to do all of that stuff? One of the SRE teams in service delivery has put together a prototype. We're just simply calling it deployment validation operator. Just in the last couple of weeks have put it in operator hub. And it is going to... So we have some internal projects that already do this, but our idea is to put that all out in the community and then become consumers of that community code. Just the red hat way, quite honestly. It's a good example of that. So we had some kind of early starts in this area. When we onboarded it, when we onboard new products into our managed services fleet, we want them to take advantage of all of these things so that their application has the highest possible availability and we're not receiving pages for application downtime when we could have easily avoided it by config. So we want a way to be able to tell development teams programmatically what their current state is and capabilities and continuously validate that on a cluster. So the deployment validation operator is an early start and I would encourage you to take a look at it. If you just go to operator hub and search for it, you'll find it an early start in this area. It's only got a handful of checks in it right now, but the teams are slowly moving the majority of those checks into the DVO operator. Yeah, so I hope the DVO gets some more eyeballs on it to kind of make it useful for more workloads and scenarios. So our clusters are ready. You can see them in the console here. They've gone from installing to ready. And if I were to look on the command line and my logs have ended with an install completed successfully message. So in this talk, we've covered how we provision clusters. We talked about the microservices behind our service delivery management plane. I've showed you how to provision clusters on GCP and talked about an upcoming Amazon Red Hat OpenShift product and talked about the monitoring and observability that we have built into OpenShift and the pager duty integration that our SRE team used that's how we manage the fleet at scale. And then finally, we talked about the OpenShift update service and how we've tried to help that team deliver the perfect deployment. So that's what I have for you today. Thanks for joining. I appreciate your time. And if you like what you've seen, consider subscribing and smash that like button. Happy DevConf.


We will now have an announcement from Petrifying Pumpkins. Please save your questions for after the announcement. My fellow Firewall Zero Hour players, I've called this emergency press conference to deal with the Firewall Zero Hour fourth anniversary, aka the big announcement. The day we've been waiting for, for over a month, there has been a development. At approximately midnight last night's Pacific time, the first contact entertainment YouTube channel began to broadcast a series of pre-recorded Firewall community streams and even as I speak, they're still streaming over seven hours later. The description of the video reads as following. Today marks four years of Firewall Zero Hour. We'd like to thank all the Firewall players for supporting us and helping us make a game we are truly proud of. It has been an amazing four years filled with stories that you all helped us to touch. We had hoped to share some exciting news with you all today, but due to circumstances beyond our control, we are not able to at this time. We anticipate only a short delay before we are able to let everyone know what we have been up to. That is all we know at present and I will now open the floor up to questions. Mr. Pumpkin's Brent Lee here from the Washington Post. What do you think is the reason behind the delay? That's a good question. First contact entertainment themselves mentioned that it was due to circumstances beyond their control, which indicates it to me that perhaps Sony PlayStation stepped in and for some reason postponed the reveal. I cannot think of any other outside third parity who might do that that would be outside of first contact entertainment's control. Next question. Yes, Mr. Pumpkin's. Jennifer Castillo here from NBC NBA, ABC 123. They say they anticipate only a short delay. How long do you think the delay will be? It's very difficult to say. It could be a day, it could be a week, it could be a month, it could be three months. All of these things could be relatively defined as a short delay. I would say that there have been rumors of a PlayStation event or a showcase coming up sometime in September. It is possible that perhaps Sony want them to show off whatever it is that they have ready to show off at this event, rather than to the next question. Yes, Mr. 777 here just from the streets. You said that if the big announcement was a disappointment, you delete your channel. Will you hold up your end of the bargain? The big announcement has been delayed. Therefore, we cannot, yes, no, if it is a disappointment. So, I will not be deleting my channel until such a time. No further questions. Thank you.


Hello people of the internet! My name is Johnny and welcome to Fritz Spy. I don't think I'm pronouncing that correctly, but if I am, then welcome to the game. This was made for the 5th anniversary of FNAF, and it was made by Games Production, who was the same person that made Scott in Space, both the original and the Halloween edition last year for the 4th anniversary, and they're back again with another game. So I really want to check this out. Choose your level, okay. I wanted to check this out on the anniversary, but of course, I was streaming the entire day, so I really couldn't. So I'm hoping to get this out tonight, on the night. If I can, that's great. If I can, it's fine. You guys are gonna see it anyway, so welcome to the game. We're gonna start off with Bonnie. Looks like we got Bonnie, Toy Freddy. Oh, it goes by... I thought it went by character. It actually goes by game. So we got FNAF 1, 2, 3, 4, sister location, and the pizza sim. Alright, we're just gonna start off with FNAF 1. I'm actually turned down my volume a bit. Okay, 500 Freddy's, 2014. Find all 10 hidden objects in the FNAF 1 office. Be aware of the 3 minute timer. Do not... Oh, shoot. Man, I'm bad at these. Okay, uh... Speaker. Okay, that wasn't a speaker. So you literally cannot click. You cannot misclick once. Alright, okay. I do have 3 minutes, so that's, um, that is fairly generous. But this is gonna be difficult. I am absolutely THE worst at iSpy stuff. I was so, so bad. Excuse me, at the games, at the books, everything. Alright, so I gotta find a toy phone. Ah, the thing is, I'm gonna be so bad, but everyone else in the Cowboy hat... Oh, that's Cowboy hat. Um, or there's a purple cap. Oh, God. Everyone's gonna be so... Everyone's gonna be yelling at me in the comments.  What about a purple cup? Alright, let me find the purple cup. Oh, my... God, there's... That's a blue cup. Okay, I... Oh, my God, I'm so, so bad at these. What is... Toy phone is a backpack and a microphone. Alright, there's the microphone. Uh, a backpack. Um, I don't... That's a guitar. Is it a guitar or something? No, there's a Golden Freddy Bobahead I got to find, though. Um, that looks like a regular Freddy Bobahead. Uh, ooh, that's the Golden Freddy Bobahead. Okay, uh, Bonnie Bobahead. That is up here? Yes. Okay, toy phone and a backpack. We're doing better than I thought. Is that the speaker? It is the speaker. Okay, a green watering can. Ah, come on, game. Green watering can. Okay, I've nailed it down to something green. Is that... What even is that? I don't know what that is. I don't think that's a watering can, though. An orange pill bottle. Let's see, that looks like a traffic cone. Um... Wait, what's that? I don't know. I'm so bad at these. Okay, a purple cap. Oh, no, purple cup.  Okay, um, purple cup. That's a flower cup. That's, like, all orange type of stuff. That, uh, what is that? I don't even freaking know. What's that? Oh, was that the cup? No, that was the pill bottle. Okay, purple cup. Okay, okay, okay. Ooh, wait. No, no, no, no, no. That was the pill bottle that I got. Uh... I... Green watering can backpack toy for... I have a minute left. I am freaking dead. Hopefully the items don't reset, because if so, I'm screwed. What's that? I don't know. That's a giant soccer ball. Um, I guess I should just try and find... I feel like I'm done good. As long as these things don't reset, I should be good. I just don't see anything which is bad. That's what I thought. I couldn't really tell. It's like, that's something green. I know that's something green. Okay, just don't... please, they better not reset. I swear to God, if they... if they reset, I am in... I am screwed. Okay, I'm going straight to the Golden Freddy thing. Please, please, game production. You're such a great person. I love you and your games. Please, please, please. Oh, thank God. Now I just got to remember everything. Okay, Bob, head up there. Uh... Uh, hat, speaker, microphone over here. Did I not hit the microphone? I swear I... Hmm... Game, I swear I hit that microphone and whatever. As long... really, as long as the things just stay where they are, I can do this. It's just going to take a lot of time. I'm going to have to cut out loads of time in the video, but that's fine. I'll be here for like two hours, but again, you know, that's fine. Okay, let me just get back to where I was. You sneaky... mmm, that is so hidden. God. Okay, so that was the toy phone. So now I've got to find a backpack, a green watering can, and a purple cup. Is this purple? And color blind. Awesome. Oh, that's a backpack? That's a backpack? Oh, man, that's a backpack! Okay, well, I found the backpack. I just got to find two more things. How did I not see that? I am so blind. I am so... it's literally right there! Ah, guys, I'm sorry. I know you guys have probably seen so many people play this game already, and you guys can just see things. Luckily, split. I am blind. Like I've said many times, I am so, so bad at iSpy games. Alright, I just got to find this watering can, and I'm good. Oh, is that the water? It's watering can! At first I thought, no, that's not a watering can, but now I've got my spidey sense of tingling. I've got my Peter tingle tingling. I'm going to have another look at that, because that's a very suspicious looking item. I thought that was a watering can. That's a watering can. Is that... is that not a watering can? Is that... I thought that was a, like, a lampshade. Is that... oh my god. I was doing that level for way too long. That should not have taken me that long. I honestly thought that was, you know, a lamp, how it's got the shade around it. I thought it was that. Alright, FNAF 2, let's go. Find all 10 hidden objects on the show stage. Okay, so it's the same thing, but it's on the FNAF 2 show stage. Looks like there's a box in front of Toy Freddy. Which is odd. Let's see it. Oh my god, that's a little Toy Freddy. Okay, Chica bobblehead. Let's see his hue. Oh god, this is going to be fun. Oh, well, behind Chica. Freddy bobblehead. Okay, let's see it. And a Freddy picture. Maybe you need to be more specific. Because I thought because it's the FNAF 2 location it counted Freddy as Toy Freddy. But maybe it's asking for FNAF 1 Freddy. Who knows? Well, I should probably know. Seeing as that's probably what it is. Because if it was Toy Freddy it probably would have said, you know, Toy Freddy picture. But I'll have a look for FNAF 1 Freddy. But first let me get the bobbleheads again. What's up bobbleheads? They are. Okay. Freddy picture. There's this. But I don't, oh wait. Okay, up there. Toy phone back there. A flower pot. Flower pot, flower pot, flower pot, flower pot. I don't see unless I'm blind. Okay, anyways, let's skip past that blue backpack. Okay, back there. There's a red cup I gotta find. A toilet. Well there's a toilet. A guitar. I'm surprised it's not in Toy Bonnie's hand. Red cup, some pizza as well. I need to find some pizza. I have feeling there's gonna be something down. Oh wait. Wow. Very, very sneaky game. Okay, red cup, pizza, and a guitar. Red cup, a pizza, and a guitar. That is not a red cup. Pizza and a guitar. How big is this guitar? Oh wait, is that? Very, very sneaky. Pizza, I thought it meant like an actual slice of pizza. And a red cup.  But I'll have a quick look around. I'm very tempted to just click on it. Unless this is a... Toy Freddy's must be so mad right now. That was the... That one wasn't so bad. Oh god, oh god. Oh no. This is gonna be a series. Well... Oh god, wait, so I've got the locations. And then I've got... Back Alley, Mike's House, Pirate Cove, Help Wanted, Sister Location Elevator, and then At Home. There's a lot of levels to this game. I was not expecting this much. I think I'll give FNAF 3 just one try. Alright, find all 10 hidden objects in the FNAF 3 office. Be aware of the time limit of 3 minutes. So, this is FNAF 3, the first game of 2015. And what do we have to look for? Let's have a look. A knife, a Golden Freddy bobblehead. Okay, um... I'm gonna look for the bobblehead. Not exactly sure why I chose... Oh wait. Okay. Nightmare Foxy picture. Alright, it's a little bit difficult to look at the pictures. Um... Oh wait, nope, that's Freddy. There it is. The Freddy bobblehead. That's there. Exotic Butters. Where is that lovely, lovely buttoot hiding at? Is that up... Do I need the bag? I don't think I do. Um, anyways... I did see the hot dog, so I'm happy to see that that's there. Uh, I see the buttoot. Okay. An Endo Head. Um, that one may be a bit... tricky. Not exactly sure where that's gonna be. But, uh, is that... I thought that was the toy fan. It is just a regular fan. Thing is, now I'm super... super dedicated to, um... Okay, that is a knife. I'm super dedicated to, um... to beat this now. Um, is that a pill bottle? Do I need a pill bottle? No, I don't think I do. I'm gonna try looking up at the ceiling. It doesn't look like there's anything up there, question mark. Um, I really do think that's the toy fan, but apparently it's not. Uh, what else do I need? A foxy drawing. That may be a bit easy. Um, is that... That's not it. Oh, is that it? Very, very, very sneaky. Okay, a toy fan to purple cup. Toy fan and a purple cup. Oh, wait, there's the endo head up there. I can see its eyes. I need a microphone as well. Oh, there it is. There's a microphone. Okay, toy fan and a purple cup. God. Toy fan, purple cup. I don't think that's the purple cup. That looks red. Oh, wait. No, never mind. I saw a cup, but it was not purple. Oh! Oh! Okay. I was taking another look at this and I saw the fan. All right. Uh, shoot. Now I forget what else I have to get. Oh, wait, my microphone, my microphone. Purple cup. That's all I need. That really does look red, so I'm not going to click that. But that really does look purple. Maybe I'm just colorblind again. Thank God. That took nearly as long as the first level. Oh my God. So, next up, Five Nights at Freddy's 4. I don't even want to try and give that a temp. We'll save that for the next video. This game is great. I honestly really, really, really love this game. It's something that I've never seen done before. A Scourge or a Hunt, Five Nights at Freddy's style. I'm sure there's some, like, mobile game or something, but this honestly is super, super well made. Game's production, I always loved his games. Scard and Space. Well, I was really, really bad at it because, you know, it's a Flappy Boat fan game. I did really, really enjoy it a lot. In the Halloween edition, I didn't get to play as much as I would have liked, but it still was a really, really well made game. And I feel like this is exactly, exactly the same way. Like, this was so, so well made. And honestly, it's just, I love it a lot. I really cannot wait to attone to it again.  You did very, very well. So thank you everyone so much for watching this video and I'll see you all on the flip side. I'm a little bit sick. I just realized that. Goodbye. Yeah.