Yeah, well thank you for inviting me. It's a pleasure to be here. It's a pleasure to talk about my favorite topic. They always say that the best salesman is one who believes in his product and I hope I hope I hope my enthusiasm will come across. Okay, so here we have our first slide we see a little sketch of me on orbit with the large area telescope purchased on top of it and a sketch of gamma rays. And so here's one I'm going to talk about first of course, a quick review of pulsars. They're essentials for those of you who don't think about these every day. And then I'm going to tell sort of the history of gamma ray pulsars starting in the early 90s, personal history, and then just telling the story of how things went for us with Fermilat. So I'll be talking about me. Okay, and then, and then the main point is, is that detecting gamma ray pulsations is really, really easy. Once you've put all the tools in place. And the tools are simply that your clock times have to be good. You have to have an accurate model of the spin down evolution of your neutron star. And you need to make sure that all your code is good. And at that point, in addition to all the various cuts you're used to to bring out your gammas relative to some sort of broad background. You have this timing signature which gives you an extra boost of sensitivity, and a very ambiguous signature so it's very gratifying when you see it, because it's just crystal clear you know that you're seeing what you think you're seeing and not something Then I'll be giving friendly advice to CTA and I'm going to be drawing the contrast between what was our situation before launch and what's your situation before you come up to full full power. Alright, so first statement, I have to make it is a pulsar is a rotating neutron star. We'll talk about more of this in a moment, but to cut these beams, and when the beam sweeps your line of sight you see a flash like for lighthouse, like for the light on top of the police car. That's, that's most of what you need to know about all stars. So neutron stars are very cool. It's the insist that normal matter. It's any, any more gravitational pressure, and it will collapse into a black hole, and they only exist in a fairly narrow range of masses they go from a little under 1.4 solar masses to getting towards three solar masses. It's an open question how, how heavy are the heaviest stars. They spin incredibly fast. They have a huge moment of inertia and so their rotation is incredibly stable. And they've inherited a magnetic field from the massive star from which they were born. The magnetic field is now concentrating to a very small volume and so is ridiculously strong. Small volume says 13 kilometer radius so it's smaller than a large city. And we all know that if you have something magnetic that spinning, we call it a dynamo makes electricity and electricity accelerates particles, and then these particles in the presence of a magnetic field or other matter will radiate. So there you've got it. They're the endpoint of solar evolution, stellar evolution, excuse me. So in this drawing I have here maybe you can see my mouse moving clouds of best collapse to make stars. And then whether it's a star of a few solar masses or less, or several solar masses or more, everything is different.  The lower branch is a little sexier it's a lot more fun. More gravitational compression hotter denser access to more thermal nuclear reactions. So burns more burns faster burns hotter and the lifetimes are not billions of years but are millions of years. And then when it's over, it runs out of gas, and explodes in a violent supernova. The core of the star, depending on this mass will leave you a neutron star or black hole. Everybody here knows the crab scene with naked eye, even in daytime in July of 1554. Probably everybody here sort of ecological likes recycling and so you'll like the fact that all this stardust gets blown out into the interstellar medium, then contributes to the next generation of stars, and all these heavy elements that you've made in the lifetime of heavy stars accumulates and contributes to the world as we know it so. Very cool stuff. And then how many poll stars are there in the Milky Way how many poll stars are there in the universe how many, how many neutron stars are there well just a rule of thumb is that if you have one supernova per century. And your galaxy's been around for 10 of the 10 years, but that gives you a border 10 to the eight neutron stars. And the stars have been predicted in the 1930s, and then mostly forgotten. Coincidence or is this volume fellow in the 60s who did some theoretical calculations of what I said, rotating, rotating magnet making a dynamo making beams of stuff. And at the same time they were radio astronomers who were looking for transient transient radio signals they were looking for interstellar scintillation in order to discover quasars. And this is really important because when you have noisy electronics, what you do is you integrate in time. And what that means is you get a big resistance times capacitance RC, so that you can wash things out. But if you want to see quicker signals then you need to beat down the noise in your system. And then you can shrink your RC time constants, and they did this. And in addition to the simulation and discovering lots of quasars. I brought just one bell picture on the left. She saw something she called scruff weird little signals on the on this trip chart recorders that she couldn't couldn't really identify and so she pursued it and talk to her boss and they're doing a zoom and when they did the zoom, you got the kind of thing like you see there which was individual pulses. Very exciting. And here we are. We today know about 333400 poll stars. And it's very convenient to represent them on what we call the PP background. P is the x axis, it's a spin period P dot is the rate of change of the spin period. And it's on a log log scale, and you clearly see two populations poll stars, what we call normal poll stars are younger middle aged, and then off to the left here recycled and millisecond poll stars. This green dot up here at top left is the crab, born about 1000 years ago. And you can see that it's right on this blue dashed line that we call the characteristic age, and this will make sense to you. If you see something that's spinning. And you measure its rate of spin down where you can extrapolate backwards and figure out when it started more and it's an approximation but it works okay. So poll stars are born up here at top left. They have their moment of inertia times their spin rate times the rate at which they're losing rotational energy, we call the spin down power. And down here E dot is equal to four pi squared times I times the been frequency times the first derivative spin frequency or p dot over p cube. And we see that it ranges from 10 to the 38 down to 10 to the 30 ergs per per second. So they spin, they radiate, they lose power. Since they lose power they spin less quickly. And since they spin less quickly, they radiate less. So it's a sort of vicious circle, the more they slow down, the less they radiate, but they're still radiating so they slow down more and so forth and so on. And so in the course of a poll stars lifetime, it will evolve across the field, and eventually get to this black line, which is an approximation called the radio death line. At this point, it's spinning so slowly, we're at periods of a few to several seconds here. And with a magnetic field that perhaps is weakened so that the dynamo is not working well enough anymore to make radio emission. We call that the radio death line I said that. And, and so these 100 million neutron stars in the galaxy, well a lot of them are here beyond the death line. But they don't pulse, they don't radiate we don't see them. They're dead. We call that the graveyard cemetery. Now I drew some lines here with different. I got one scurvy and I got one's going straight they have different slopes. And that's because we don't know exactly what the breaking mechanism is to slow down the start. If it's purely dipole radiation, then there's something called the breaking index I'll talk about that in a minute, which is three, and you get a diagonal more or less like the one I did there. But what if the magnetic field decreases little curve, what if the magnetic field increases little curve the other way. The other thing we see is that in order the, I didn't say it, but all the colored dots are pulsars we've seen in gamma rays. The green ones are ones that we found the way that CTA will find pulsars.  The blue ones is something that's been very successful for me lap. We find a static DC gamma ray source on the sky and wonder, maybe it's a pulsar, and then we do a pulsation search. We will all be extremely pleasantly surprised if CTA can do this someday, and I won't talk about it for today. And then over here the red ones, middle second pulsars. So what you notice, and then the black ones, the black ones are ones where we infer me we have a rotation of emerus. We've folded the data to look for pulsations, and we haven't seen any. And I'll go into this in more detail. And then the gray dots, the gray dots are known pulsars where we don't have a rotation of emerus, and so we never have folded it. My personal ambition is to fold all pulsars someday so I'm trying to track down rotation of femurities for the gray ones about halfway there, about halfway there. So let's look at the left hand side of the slide. And there's a little sketch that says what I said a minute ago. The spin frequency rate decreases as the years go by. And the rate of decrease decreases. As the rate decreases. Let me say that again. Okay, so I said down here the slow down p dot slows down, we call that P double dot. Now, if you have a perfect magnetic dipole and no timing noise, you get a parabola. Even if it's not a magnetic dipole if it's some other mechanism slowing down your neutron star, you'll get a parabola with a different curvature. In real life, we measure the parabola for a dozen or so pulsars, maybe 20. It's difficult to measure the second derivative. Because of something called spin down jitter or timing noise. And that is I said that this this neutron star with this huge inertia and this huge amount of rotational energy. It spins down mostly very regularly but things are going on, especially in the young pulsars you've got a pulsar wind carrying away energy, and it's turbulent, and there's feedback with the star that applies torques in a sporadic chaotic way. You can have micro star quakes that the crust of the neutron star settling in and cooling off and, and that too can lead to turbulent chaotic micro changes in the moment of inertia. And all this means that instead of following the black line and having nice move regular evolution. You can have some some chaotic movement. There are pulsars for which that timing noise is very, very small. And once you've measured how the slowdown evolves, you can make very accurate predictions for years to come about just when pulses will arrive. This is what we call the good timers, the fantastic natural clocks millisecond pulsars that people use to search for gravity waves. And I'll only mention in passing, ask me questions about it later if you like. Right. And off we go. So this is just about reincarnation life after death.   And that's how you get the millisecond pulsars before for me. There were some predictions of gamma rays from millisecond pulsars there was even a detection of one one of them with data from EGRIT on the Compton Gamma Observatory. But most people thought it would be anecdotal marginal not much. And one of the big surprises with Fermi is that it's turned out to be half. Half of our primary pulsars roughly are our millisecond pulsars and everything I'm going to tell you today about getting the timing right accurate timing is it's all more so for millisecond pulsars everything has to be that much more careful and precise. So pulsars are mainly a radio phenomenon. 90% of the pulsars that we know about are only known in radio, but the power in radio is peanuts. It's like wisps of smoke. And that's what you see on this block here you have the power as a function of the electromagnetic power and radio way over here is a factor of a million million down from the power radiated in gamma rays, which is 1000 times more than the power radiated in X rays. So the gamma ray pulsars, the available power from the spin down. So gamma ray is carried away by the electron wind, but a substantial fraction of it which can be a tenth of a percent to 50, 60, 70% of the power goes off in gamma rays. And so gamma rays are good diagnostic tools for understanding pulsar emission. Another thing is very hard spectrum increasing and at some point just runs out of the mechanisms that generate the gamma rays just can't go any farther, you're not going to get any higher energy electrons magnetic field is only as strong as it is. And so you get gamma rays up to a few GV and then the flux goes way down and CTA your your vocation is to study the details of this cut off and also look for additional components. And this is almost my last year. That's about my last. Probably most of you when you think of a pulsar beam, you think of the radio beam which is here in pink. It's sort of a conical thing.  Well, Gamma Ray beams aren't like that. Gamma Ray beams look more like the dorsal fin on this fish here. They're very, very narrow in longitude. They're very sharp longitude. They're very, very extended in latitude. It goes from the North Magnetic Pole here on the fishes forehead, all the way to the South Magnetic Pole down towards the fishes bottom. And, and then it's curved, it's curved because all of these magnetic field lines are rotating at speeds near the speed of light and, and so the lags effects of relativistic aberrations are consequent, and therefore you get this this bent stuff. So this is this is just something to help you think about it as fish, but down here lower left from Ellis Harding you have a model where you see that indeed. The most intense emission is around the equator. There is a mission all the way up to high latitudes Finland, Canada, Fuego, but it's much, much less. And then two beams, going along with a with a half rotation, a little less than a half rotation between the two beams. And then this banana here. Well, the region in the magnetosphere, where the electrons are getting accelerated to high energy, and then forced to follow these incredibly intense magnetic field lines to then radiate by curvature that whole region is more or less banana shape. And depending on the speed of rotation, the back and the inclination of the magnetic field relative to the rotation access.  But the reason I insist on this is that many of you today are in rooms where there's lighting from light bulbs which are spherical and there's a lot of light coming on tubes and the geometry of the radiated beam is different. And the geometry of the beams from neutron stars, they come from this banana shaped region, it all is tangential to the curves of the banana. And that's what gives you these incredibly narrow pulses and longitude, which can however be quite extended in latitude. But before the challenge for CTA is to detail as well as possible, what's happening, the highest energies rated by a pole star, and in particular to look for other components components that we don't see very well with Fermi, such as inverse and the consequences are important because, well, just as an example, you all know that people have been looking for signatures and park matter, neutrality and annihilation in the diffuse radiation all these years and they thought maybe they saw it and well, it's not at all clear because there is a population of gamma rays and a population of gamma ray pulsars. And so the pulsars even if you don't care that much about pulsars, you do need to understand their contribution to overall radiation fields for understanding galactic ecology. Here we go. Last, not least of the overview. These are the four pulsars seen from the ground that Francesco mentioned. Thank you very much, Rache. Rache and I work together a lot on Fermi and Hess pulsars and he's my main resource for knowing what's going on in your field. And so here's the PP diagram. He dot he. No TV cameras, most of the pulsars yet. And then up here you have crab, Vela, cominga, and another eager pulsar. All seen rather well in a range of energies. And, and how many should CT expect to see well that's been studied by Rache and his colleague in the doorway. And in some slides they sent me it looks like it's of order a dozen, but it doesn't as I understand it spread between North and South CTA South CC in North. And then also spread sort of evenly and right ascension which means you'll see some in the winter, some in the summer. So at any given time, any given telescope will not have more than a small handful of pulsars that are observable. That's it for the overview. And now let's see and I've used to have my time. There's my time. Um, so I used to be a sharing cup person. I worked for 10 years on atmospheric sharing of telescopes first in La Palma, and then in the Pyrenees. And that was the time at which I got familiar with eager at their catalog and and pulsars in particular. And when we were working on cat and Celeste in the Pyrenees. Celeste's goal was to get as low an energy as any sharing coffee telescope could at a time we were the lowest, we were quite proud of that. And we had a very messy detection of the crab, which we wrote up in a thesis but never published in a journal. I kind of think we really saw it. Okay, who cares never mind. We published it as a number limit. And I think you all know this plot here left this is a compilation after after Veritas finally did see it in a convincing way at high energy. So here's our upper limit from Celeste. And what's really, really important when you're looking for a faint signal. And, and you're right at the borderline of threshold is you've got to be 100% sure that your analysis works. And so you need to validate everything as well as possible. And you're looking for your actual money plot. And, and so what we did here and what I encourage you to do is to use your instrument to detect the crab optical pulsar. And we did this and we saw the optical phase I granted us a lot of fun and let us understand a lot of stuff. I'll go back to that a few minutes. All right. So, um, after 10 years of Celeste and Sharon cough I decided I was tired of full moons and rainy weather and I wanted to go into orbit. And I had the opportunity to invest and I went up to Stanford for a year and we were testing the perimeter with atmospheric nuance. And in the meantime, I was studying, you know, what do I want to do with science do I want to do with class. And I learned that poll stars. We're going to be just a bonanza with Jeremy. And that there was a person who was supposed to be in charge, and that person had gone off to do other things other other career opportunities and the topic was an orphan. And I went to the IU and Prague and I organized a splinter session about pulsar timing. They all came. Some people were sort of angry. What took you so long, what took you so long, but we got organized and we wrote up a paper and we formed something called the whole start timing consortium. And we resolved that based on what we'd seen from eager it. We were going to try to gamma phase fold, all of the high dot pulsars, which was 240 at the time. Today it's 440. I went into at that time GMO there Lucas chemo was my student, and he's now a radio astrometer astronomer in say he started the methodical task of testing, testing, testing, all of the code. And he wrote something called the Fermi template to plug in at that time. I'll talk more about that later. And what I want you to take away from this slide is just that we've got Columbia, whoops, mouse. We've got Columbia we've got our CBO we've got Green Bank we've got parks we've got, we've got a few key people from the key media telescopes on the planet, who are signing up to help us get this right. So the formal agreement was that they would use the high E dot ones, but in fact, goodwill and informally they ended up also giving us another 800 with all the dots ones that they just happened to have. And that enabled us to test not only our idea that only high E dot ones admit but also look for the other ones. And then here in the abstract we talked about verifying the software and and testing the accuracy of our whole chain. So, beautiful radio telescopes. And a memo of understanding. So I visited the beginning people a little bit of play, and they wanted things written black and white and now who, who does what who shares what if I share what people share with me. But that didn't last very long. And once we got to work and results are coming in. People trust each other and, and the MOU expired after a year or two. And today we just keep working as if, you know, here we are 14 years later. We just keep going. And in addition to the pulsar timing consortium there's something called the pulsar search consortium, which is to a large extent the same people same instruments, but a different goal. The goal is to search for unknown radio pulsars in pulsar like an identified gamma resources. You can ask me about that later. The other thing I learned when I was at Stanford is that, you know, I went around I said so you know how do we, you know, I've worked on Celeste I've worked on cat. We had a VM, we had data acquisition we had GPS. I knew about all that stuff and I would just you know I'd say well hey you know. What does that do its timing. And it was really scary, because everyone would say gee that's really important question. I'm too busy. I don't know, go ask so and so. And so and so would say the same thing. And I quickly realized that the whole issue of making sure that the times are right was an orphan. And this was scary. And at the same time. It's really important. I learned that every single space mission before glass had had a timing goof. And never the same one twice. So I started to get scared. So I thought, and as I said before you know I spent my working hours watching me on sailing through the lap. And I said well gee you know we got to do all we got to do all we got to do is take a pair of simulators, put them next to the lap. In the, in the on the ground before we launch, and you look at an atmospheric muon go through the lap, and it'll generate a timestamp through the flight software and the really complicated electronics and everything. So these are simple acquisition system I took the VME GPS module from from Celeste, which previously had been on cat, and you know it's just easiest pie. And so what put all that in a suitcase and checked my bags and went to Arizona and, and there we are we're in the factory of the future journal dynamics. And we put our little simulators right next to the thing and you can see here I'm showing you the little rectangles there that's a, that's an antenna for GPS receiver. And it's plugged into a little box like this, and there's two of them on board. Everything is redundant in redundancy of the redundant spacecraft. And that's why you also have two on each side in case one breaks you use the other, and then data on the other side you have them on both sides, so that you can see the whole sky. And this is the test and my surprise. There was a major problem. Look here at lower right. This is the difference between my simple GPS and the spacecraft GPS. It has an amplitude of one millisecond, a period of 290 seconds, and it just oscillates, and this is a disaster. With the young pulsars, you screw up your times by millisecond you barely see it. Right, you'd still see sharp crab pulses, you know, well, crab maybe not crab is 33 milliseconds but we've got lots of pulsars with 200 300 500 600 millisecond periods. Who cares, what's a millisecond between friends. And we didn't really believe in the millisecond pulsars at the time. Well it turns out that it's half of our sample it's a large amount of our science, and if the bug had still been there, we would have only seen a few consistent with expectations, and we would have seen broad sinusoidal peaks, like people see for x-ray millisecond pulsars. So, there's a good chance that everyone has said, Okay, that's just what Mother Nature gave us. We fixed it, look a few months and the bug, I understood right away but there's mess of your accuracy. Okay, so I need to speed up a little bit. The point of this slide is that the references are here. If you want to read a documentation on our ground time tests. Here they are. And here it read says that we trust our timestamps to about 300 mic nanoseconds. So my friendly advice for CTA is make a procedure for your northern telescope. See the crab optical pulsar with the least perturbation to your standard data acquisition. I mean you'll have to change something probably as much as possible have standard data files, standard pipeline standard processing and and have your optical pulsar come out with the right phase at the end. Now in the south. Well, the crab is unique. The next brightest pulsars 1000 times 1000 times fainter. So it's a real challenge. But if there's an ambitious smart grad student postdoc listening today. Do the calculation figure out if if if a huge CTA mirror and the light full small pixels and exquisite fast electronics can let you do it. And I guarantee that if you succeed. Pulsar people will notice some people will notice. And otherwise I read it on the slide. Dream something up. Okay, so we launched 14 years ago. So next month, everything worked right out of the box. We've got the cover of science. And here's an advertisement for a paper that we just published in science in April, where it turns out that our timing is so good that we can actually contribute to the searches for gravitational waves, and we're just to go think about that. I told you that the pulse art to Simon timing consortium has lived over 10 years beyond its normal expiration date, and this paper from 2019. We face full of 1000 gamma ray pulse arts that's these black dots, and the color dots for once we see a new ones we discovered the main thing in this paper is that we demonstrated that the five sigma threshold we've been using early in the mission is too conservative. Four Sigma is fine with four Sigma you are comfortably at the edge of your noise floor. And therefore you can lower your threshold before Sigma, if you are very careful about the number of trials. You can execute when you look for pulsations. And in this paper, we apply six trials, three for waiting parameter to throw the choice of all of our data, or just when the ephemeris is formally valid. And in this way, you know what's going on. And that's why we're running because trials are can what can make your life miserable. You know when you're starting out with your analysis you're not quite sure what's the best. This cat that that cat you know we know that reconstruction of Schoenckhoff imagers and stereo managers is complicated and there's different recipes and you can be tempted to try recipe a recipe D k k. So if you start to see a three single signal in one of your samples and not in the others, your critics will correctly say, Well, did you correct this for the 17 trials you made. So you need to understand the trials ahead of time. And so a lot of people come to me and say Dave you fuss so much about your ephemerides. Why don't you just download them from ATF. It's because they don't work. And the time is running slight so it's all here on the slide. My slides will be online for you. So we're marching on the rate of new pulsars seen in Fermilab is quickly approaching 300. We've detected 233. We have a number 40 or so that we're pretty darn sure will become memory poll stars in the next year to ask me about it later if you care. Yeah, the curve is starting to roll over a little bit. We're still marching forward. All right. Let's talk about CTA. Let's talk about that first. So, as I said, Fermilab scans the whole sky, eight times a day during the seminar, we're getting more data on everything. And so we potentially can see hundreds and hundreds of pulsars. Even once you don't expect. And so we wanted, we needed hundreds of radio ephemerides, but it's worse than that. But that is small.  So for our famous pulsars. We're not even getting one photon per month. And to see a signal above background, you integrate for years and years and years. And so we need our rotation ephemerides are folding to be valid. And the radio community they said they said it couldn't be done, but we do it anyway. Well, actually they said it had never been done. And it would be hard. The contrast is with CTA where as we said, you're going to have small numbers of pulsars. But better than that, better than that.  Springtime. Here's this bullspark. Autumn. Here's that bullspark. You'll look at it for three months. You'll look at it for five months. You're never going to need a 10 year ephemeris. Especially if you followed my advice and you're extremely careful and rigorous about the absolute alignment of your CTA pulses with respect to whatever instrument is providing your reference. Because then you can look at it in spring of one year, spring of the next year. Oops, rain and repairs the year after three years later, more pulses. And if you're sure that every epic, you have the same alignment, then you can some year after year and watch your signal grow. I hope and believe that Fermilat will fly forever. It's working great. And the funding committees are convinced that we should keep it working, but it could get hit by an asteroid or something. It could die. And so your plan B is to have timing from radio astronomers. And if you, if you'd like, we, we, we in lat who are doing this. A lot of us are radio astronomers and we're in good relations with them so we can, we can help hook you up if you want to talk to them. Wow. It's now a quarter to 45, they asked me to say everything 45 minutes. 45 minutes and then 15 minutes for questions. You have still as yes five to 10 minutes. Yeah, but we want time for questions. Okay, well, I'll get to the point. What's the rotation of embers. Well, we already talked about this parabola here. But it turns out this F2 term, the thing that makes it bend, the quadratic term, it's really small. And if you're looking at short epics, it's a straight line to our first approximation. The, I wanted to find phase. So you have a model for the frequency as a function of time, you integrate your model and you get the number of rotations as a function of time. Phase phase is the remainder, the integer remainder at a given time T. Don't confuse T zero, which is the reference epic for the spin down with T zero MJD which is one of three parameters in the ephemeral parameter files that help you get your absolute phase right. This is a convention and you understand the convention and respect it very centering. I'll be quick. You measure the time at your instrument that your instrument is on the surface of spinning earth, which is going around the sun. And so you need to translate all those times to the solar system very center. And once we use, I use tempo to talk about later, they all do this. And I'm not going to explain you about Jupiter and planetary family days because I'm running out of time. If do is what gives you the breaking rate next. It's really interesting topic. We can talk about it some other day. But I do want to show you what a road patient ephemeral looks like in the real working world. And so I picked one of the easiest ones we can get. This is a radio quiet pulsar found in a blind search by Colin Clark. And therefore it's camera bright. And since it's camera bright. gamma timing is easy. And it's a middle age pulsar. And so it's turbulence youthful turbulence and trauma and all that is all gone away. And you see this ephemeris F zero F one. This is what you see here this beautiful straight line in this is phase as a function of the years going by is straight as an arrow with nothing but position spin and spin down rate. And it starts when our first data this is August 4, 2008 when our data became available. And this is 11.3 years later. So, when there's no noise. Ephemerides are very simple. I highly recommend anyone interested in pulsars to get in the habit of making this vertical plot. Okay, so here I'm preaching about alignment again. Here I'm insisting on the fact that there's a validity for an ephemeris we'll talk about that in a minute. And now let's move on to the more complicated cases. Well, I bet a lot of you every time I say timing noise you're thinking oh he must be talking about glitches. No glitches and timing noise are related. And maybe there's a continuum connecting the two, but basically glitches are huge massive events, where everything changes for a while, whereas glitches is just jitter all the time. And glitches are just not that hard to deal with you but a few parameters into your parameter file, and we deal with it, where you block out that time. So glitches aren't a problem. Binary is not a problem either. For most of your systems, the binary orbit is extremely stable. It's described with five lines in a parameter file, and then it works for years. This is what the use for gravitational waves. And for me discovered large numbers of spiders. These are very tight systems where the companion stars pooping all over the neutron star and wind and it's just a mess.  Okay, so what I want to insist on here is this is a polynomial and everybody listening today has fit noisy data to a polynomial. And we all know that as you increase the number of terms in your polynomial you can get a better and better fit. But the more terms you have the more a more extrapolation is possible and be at some point even interpolation starts to be problematic. So we do use very high order polynomials. The physical meaning of F zero F one F two that I talked about disappears. It's now just the coefficients of a Taylor expansion.  When you start getting these very complicated noisy systems over long durations rather than using a stupid polynomial. There are more clever things like harmonics of sinusoidals and a spline approach and the third pulsar catalog with our noisy pulsars, we have some horrific affirmaries. But you people in CPA don't need to worry about that, at least not at first. Simple if I'm reading these are nice because you can probably chase us a few lines of code. It's very attractive. And here I was just going to talk about how. So, um, how do you actually do it. Well, some words on software tools, but they do, as I said, I used to put to the way you make it a femoris is you get a hold of radio to a radio times of arrival, or extra times of arrival, friends of yours can send them to your or you make them from the lab data, which is easy to do there's good software. And then you put them into this tool graphic interface and you click and you choose and it works very nicely. It's if you're going to do it, I recommend that you get help from someone who's done it. And then over here. What precision do we need on the femorities that's a very important question, and we decided before launch that probably 20 mil periods, a 50th of a revolution would work well. And on this plot, you can see, plus 20 minus 20 thousands of a rotation. And this is typical what we find is that if you get to 20 mil periods, it works. And there's no real point in trying to get better. And it's substantially worse than that. You should probably figure out what's going on. Um, once you have an ephemeris to actually fold with the lab data, it's incredibly easy.  I use something from the science tools called GT select to pick the ones within two degrees of the pulsar position. And then I run the tempo to Fermi plug in written by my grad student a long time ago. It calls a Fermi data file, and the F2 file which gives you when where exactly is the satellite in its orbit, and a parameter file, and it calculates the pulse phases and adds into the F2 one file, and then you can make beautiful plots. And here's an example of a non detection. You see the pulse significance going up weighted age test, he gets to 15, which apparently is a little under three sigma. And from the other slide I showed you three Sigma is a typical large fluctuation, and is no reason to think that it's gamma pulsations here furthermore, a sort of a sinusoidal profile, the first harmonic. Yeah. To make to ways from that data. You extract peaks from short stretches of data and find the time using code in a package called geo time of arrival.  And it just runs, it's very nice, beware, you have to very centered the time first, and I do that using a science tool. It works great. It's written up in the app J. And in Fermilat, we have the FSC Fermi Science Support Center, and there's a whole page full of wonderful software tools. This is where you need to do a nicely written up. You need to use weights for that data, and misty written up. I feed well, there's the link. And what you get in this ad weights is it's a 10 line Python script that you call from your code and it's just, it's just easy. Okay, this is my last slide. I'm an old fart. So I like to put do you youngsters, and I use the science tools I don't like them but it's just what I use for me pie for young people for me pie for beginners and pint pint is the future. And so then I asked Paul Ray and Matthew Curr I said, can I tell these people at CTA that that this tool does what I said does, and pint says yeah yeah it's definitely good for building your ephemera is from the two ways. It's definitely good for folding for me data. And it's definitely good for folding TV data. You've got, they're all in there. He says, it doesn't make to ways yet, but if there's enough. He uses something from nicer, which is also available, but he says, if the CTA people want it, we can add it to pint. And Matthew chipped in his two bits about how he uses five. Okay, last slide. conclusions. Y'all are going to do beautiful stuff I'm looking forward to it. You don't have the radical needs for timing radio timing that we did. You can just use what we have done to get what you need with some radio input here and there. You can just overlay a radio profile from time to time you wanted to get today you want to do a sanity check. But so you will need some radio input but you won't need a massive campaign with an MOU with 50 people, 20 people and 10 observatories. And then I'm saying this to young people postdocs grad students once again. Use your imagination to think about what can go wrong. Use your imagination to invent tests to check if it works, because anything that hasn't been tested well, probably doesn't work. Thank you very much.


Here we are in our example, Form 1040, populating it with LASERC tax software. You don't need tax software to follow along, but if you have access to it, it's a great tool to run scenarios with. You can also get access to the Form 1040 related forms and schedules at the IRS website, irs.gov, irs.gov. Starting point, the standard starting point, single filer, Mr. Anderson. We've got no dependence up top, 100,000 in the W2 income. We've got the 12,900 standard deduction getting us to the 87,050 of the taxable income, mirroring that over here on our tax worksheet. So we have the mirror in our tax formula page two then, giving us the tax calculation, the 14774, which we're gonna plug in here. And then we had a 15,000 withholding we are imagining getting us to the tax refund of the 226 mirrored in our formula. Okay, so now let's imagine that there's gonna be income from the pension and annuity, which was gonna be down here on line 5A. So typically the form that would be received would be a form from a financial institution, which might not look exactly like this, but it will have the relevant boxes for it. And it should say somewhere 1099R distributions from pension annuities and so on and so forth. We're typically focused on box one and two, gross distributions, and then the taxable amount of them. And then oftentimes we're focused on box seven, of course, which will tell us if it's a normal distribution or if there's some other code related to it, if you don't know what that code means, then you can check your software will often help, or you can go to the instructions that are actually on the form if you don't have it in your documentation that you're looking at. You can go on the IRS website and look up this form and look at the number of codings on the right. So typically we would expect if someone is in the area of retirement, a normal distribution, and if meaning they're old enough to be able to pull out the distribution without like a penalty, or if they are not in that timeframe, then you might have an early distribution and then another common code would be the rollover type of code because it's going into, because you're rolling over from one pension to another. So that would be the ones we want to kind of test out here. So let's bring it on back on over. Let's, I'm going to imagine now that Mr. Anderson is in the retirement years. That's when we would most expect to be receiving money from these 1099 Rs. If you're dealing with someone that is past their working years and then we'll run some scenarios where they are before the working years and have some penalties applied. Okay, so just note that I'm in the same data input screen as we were with the IRA. So the only difference really here is going to be from an IRA to a pension and annuity. It's going to have this box checked off or not. So I'm not going to check it off this time. And then we're going to say that the distribution code, let's start off with a normal distribution, which would be a seven in our code here. And that would be represented right there in the distribution codes. And then I'm going to say that the gross distribution was a thousand, let's say, a thousand and the taxable amount is a thousand. Meaning we had a thousand in box one and generally box two. And that would be what we would typically expect because it is going to be taxable. The fact that it's a normal distribution should mean that we don't get hit with the penalty on top of the tax. We're going to be paying. All right, jumping back on over. Now I'm in the tax form. 1040 SR because they're in the retirement years, but I like to still kind of look at the 1040 sometimes just so we can see the same format. So I'm going to look at the 1040, it says we're single. Now we've got Mr. Anderson. And here it says born before January 2nd, 1958. And then I still got the 100,000 that I kept in the W-2 income for now. And then I put a 10,000 down here. I'm going to put 1,000. Let's change that to 1,000. 1,000 and pulling that on over. So now it's all going to be a taxable. So it's in line 5B. That increases the taxable, the total income. And so then we have the standard deduction has been increased because their past retirement aged at the 147. Let's mirror that over here. So I'm going to say, all right, we've got the 100,000. And then on the second page, we have the IRA distributions. Let's add some more rows here. I'm going to say insert and say this is, now sometimes you could put the IRA distributions and the pension in the same data input area if you want to, or you might want to break it out. If you break it out, it's kind of nice because you can see it in the two separate lines on the form 1040. But sometimes if you put them together, that's how it's showing on the data input field. So sometimes that makes it easier that way as well. But I'm going to break them out here. And I'm going to say this is going to be then the pension and annuities. Let's say pension and annuities. There's no way I spelled that right. There's no way. I did maybe. I don't know. It's not giving me a whatever. Font, I'm going to say this is going to be black and white. Now we could have a few of these 1099. So I'm going to just leave some space, make some blue areas down below, dropping it down blue. I'm going to go, if you don't have that color, you can go to the more colors standard and hit that's the blue I'm going for here. You don't have to use that blue. You can use other colors. You can use green if you're comfortable with the standard spreadsheet green. And then the total pension and annuities is on down below. So this is going to be 1099, 1099, R1, right? The first form, R10, R10, R2, D2. This is going to be then 1000. The total I'm going to sum up down below equals the sum of these. And that should then be included in my total down here. So I'm just going to drag that on down, boom. And there's the 101 pulling into line, one of the 1040s. So that matches out. My 12,009 has to be increased now by the fact that it's going to be another 1,750 because they're over 65, I believe. And then we're going to say we've got the 86,386,3 matching right there. So that looks movie B to the N, movie BN. My BN. Page two, 14609, 14609. Let's put that here, 14609. And then we still have the 15,000 on the withholding, bringing us down to the 391. OK, so there is that one. That's the first scenario. Let's change it up and imagine that all of their income is coming from a pension and or annuity. Instead of having the 100,000 up top. And I'll also break it out so we can see the distributions from an IRA versus a pension now this time. So if I go to the first tab, I'm going to say no more W2 income past the working years. So they don't have W2 income anymore. That's what we would expect from older taxpayers, right? And then I'm going to say new tab. Let's make this one just 100,000, 100,000, 100,000, 15,000 on the withholdings now. So remember, if someone's in their retirement years, then you have to deal with their withholdings because some of their items might be taxable because they're coming out of retirement plans, which they got a tax benefit when they put the money in. So then we have to try to get the withholdings correct for the money that they take out and or make estimated tax payments so they don't get hit with penalties and interest.


Yeah, this is the set up for the first lesson. The first thing we did was, because we knew what we were going to do, we were going to go for that shot, and why I felt like I had to do something almost to be done, and we slightly did that a little bit more. This is where we needed to do it, but we don't want to just take a shot. Take a little bit of this later. Yeah. We're going to take a shot, change this to a lot of organic, we have organic with Sylvette, we're going to start with another one. It was very good, it was awesome, but after a while, we're going to take the shot back very far. I think we can get ready to have a power from there, but it's a one-sided shot, because if we get a lot better, we're going to have a six-hack. We're going to take the other four, and that's how we're going to do it, we're going to do it. That's how we're going to do it. We're going to do it.  For a scoozer lesson, with today's guest, we're going to have a shot in the industry to create a maintenance-free gutter system. We are going to use this solution to get our protection. We're going to protect the world by getting it right the first time for a lifetime. We're going to make a factory installation. We're going to do an entire process for the start and the middle. We're going to invest in your company, company and food for trust. We're going to call 888-60. We're going to get it free. For a free as a witness, say $20,000. We're going to cost $500 after your purchase. Do you want to buy your own home? No. We're going to sell it here. We're going to sell it here. It's free. For a free as a witness, say $20,000. You're going to get it free. It's free. We're going to get it free. We're going to sell it here. We're going to get it free. The next round is theests. Yeah, let's get that. I'm going to try to get this out of the asparagus. That's the right way to think about it. If we're hitting that left pin over here, and the water's also on the side of the hook, we might get the thing out, but we're going to get it so far, and it's going to be an error, sometimes, sometimes, right? It's not like we're going to start a game. We're going to have to hit a point. I see. I know what's going on with this. Let's go ahead and get that. All right, welcome, everybody. Thanks, everyone, for joining the live stream on YouTube. Appreciate you. Now, tonight is the last day for our football break credit promo. All we got to do is three more breaks. The Mosaic 4, the high-end football mixer, the Big Hit Express, plus all of their related fillers. And then, we are in Brakesville. Not only are we in Brakesville, we can give away money, as well. We're in Moniesville, Brake Creditsville, which is pretty nice, a good place to be in the city of Brakesville. Just go to the Brake Credit Saloon. Cash out. Cash out. Cash out. There you go. The Mosaic with two in the score pack, which is the filler for the high-end mixer and gets a full spot in the high-end mixer, as well. Chasing after that delicious break credit. There's Tim with four spots in that filler. The filler is part of the promo. So, give that a go. Trying to chase after high-end mixer spots, as well. Tristan gets something else. There's Tristan with the Mosaic filler. Nice. That's hobby pack. 2022 Mosaic football hobby pack number one. Number 21, that is. We've got 15 teams being given away in 2023. So, 2022 Mosaic unlocks 2023 Mosaic. And that's part of the promo. And Lee picks up a spot in the score pack. That's the filler for the high-end mixer. And Nancy about 15 minutes ago grabs two spots there. Excellent. Now, not a lot of orders. Nothing's sold out at the moment. But my primary, I know there's other stuff on the site that's getting pretty close. But my primary focus, ladies and gentlemen, is going to be trying to put break credit in your pocket. So, hopefully, you will follow suit. Now, we had sort of a slow start yesterday as well. And then we kind of heated up towards the end. But hopefully, we can do the opposite of that. We can have a fast start and give away the break credit early. And so, I can send the break credit to you and we can make all that happen. So, basically, we just have to fill these six breaks. We did three yesterday, which was awesome. Now, we've got to do another three today. Deadline is tonight. 1030 Pacific. 130 Eastern. That's a hard deadline. Top five when 500 bucks each. So, basically, there's the mosaic pack, you know, the fillers, the break itself, the luminance. We did the number blocks are included from flawless, blah, blah, blah, blah, right? I'm keeping track of all these names. If we get all these done, whenever we get all these done, we can even do it sooner rather than later if you'd like. I'm going to gather all of the names, put them into one big randomizer on random.org and randomize those names top five, 500 bucks each. Pretty much for doing, I think, pretty much for doing what you would normally do anyway, which is joining football breaks on jasminecasebreaks.com. Let's get all of my other lists and spreadsheets and stuff set up. But, basically, it's just football. There's the last filler for mosaic. So, that's the last 2023 mosaic football filler. That sells out that part of the promo. We got five full spots left in the football mixer, and then we've got a filler that's down to 10. We've got to do two of those fillers, three of those fillers. So, we've got a little ways to go on that, but that's almost done. So, I mean, I consider that pretty much done. So, two more fillers. That's it. And some full spots and we're in breaksville. This is a pretty... Think about how great this break is. It's a one-brief case from 2022 Flawless Football, fresh case, one-brief case, and five box of 2022 Hit Parade Football VIP Edition, pretty high-level stuff, and all RPAs. So, that's five big hits, right? Five RPAs right there, guaranteed, because they're RPAs. Five RPAs guaranteed, and whatever pops out of a one-box break of Flawless. I feel like that's worth that price point by itself. But I get that it's still a high price point. If you want to try to get into it for a fraction of the price, you can try to win your way in. $45 could get you a $350 spot. And then we got to work on Big Hit Express. Now, the Big Hit Express, I'm shocked that people aren't taking more advantage of this deal. We're only selling 15 spots, excuse me, 15 spots outright. We're giving away eight spots. Do the math. Over half, 53% to be precise, 53% of you who buy full spots, most likely will get an extra spot. Give it a shot. And then we got some fillers that you can win your way in. Those free spots are only for people who buy full spots, but if that doesn't entice you, then maybe $36 could help you win a $135 spot. That's the last and only filler we got to do. So 53% of you will win an extra spot. That's incredible odds, best odds on the site, I would think. And then the last filler for Big Hit Express. So give it a go, ladies and gentlemen. Nothing sold out at the moment, but a lot of stuff closed. That promo is closed. You're going to hear me harp about this, talk about this, discuss this, you know, try to sell you on this, ABC always be closed and try to sell you on this all night tonight, right up until the deadline. Because I want to put money, break credit into your pockets, ladies and gentlemen. Basically just got to do mosaic pick your team for the high end football mixer and the Big Hit Express. I think we can do it. I know we can do it. We just need some people to just start getting spots now to build the momentum, to create the momentum to get as to where we need to be. We'll put the appeal out, put the word out on Twitter, or X as they call it now. We're going to unlock money through the football breaks. Big Hit Express, Jaspies. So maybe that'll get some extra eyeballs on there, maybe convince some people to get some spots. It's football season, ladies and gentlemen. Great time to join football breaks and a great time to collect football. Great time to win some break credit. Alright, so that's my pitch for today, ladies and gentlemen. To start things off. So I know some people are probably just slowly gradually joining the stream, the live stream action and all that, but hey, listen, get in on it and let's get this break credit promo across the finish line. Thanks, everyone. Just three breaks away from the break credit promo. Let's get after it. Nice. Your attitude was great. It was kind of a melancholy year, really. Thank you. My attitude was always great. Alright, anyone out there today? Is my microphone not working? Can I get a mic check? From anyone who's listening? I've been streaming for a little bit. I have not heard a peep from anybody today. Want to see any games going on with playoff implications? Yes. And the Marlins are down. Mentally, the Marlins 9-2. Marlins are still fighting for a wild card spot. Reds' Guardians, no implications there. I think are the Reds kind of out of it at this point? I guess the Reds are still a game and a half back. Actually, that could still happen. They're down to the Guardians 1-0, though, bottom of the second. Ray's Red Sox. Ray's actually have a shot at winning the division, but they're two and a half back. Ray's got to win. They've got to count on the Orioles to lose. There's only, what, four or five games left in the season? So Orioles are hosting the Nationals. Orioles at Tigers, no implications there. Pirates at Phillies? There's wild card implications for the Phillies. No, they are leading comfortably in that wild card race. So nothing happening there. Yankees Blue Jays. Blue Jays are a game and a half ahead of the Astros. So they just can't slip up. Cubs are at Braves. Cubs are half game ahead of the Marlins. It might be a game ahead of the Marlins by the time the Marlins game is over unless they come back. Or if they lose, they might be tied for the third. It's going to be a tight finish, folks. A's at Twins, nothing doing there. Twins, have they clinched their... Have they clinched their division yet? I think they have. So Divisions clinched for them. They don't have to worry about anything. Cardinals, Brewers, I don't think anything really happening. Nothing really brewing there. Brewers have already clinched the division. Dodgers at Rockies? I think Dodgers have clinched like the second seed or something like that. Rangers, Angels, no real implications there. Corey Seger got hurt. And I guess the Rangers are looking to lock up the division. They're two and a half of the division. The Rangers are looking to lock up the division. They're two and a half ahead of the Astros. Here's a big game, though. Actually, Diamondbacks win today was kind of big, too. They beat the White Sox 3-0. That's what put them a game and a half ahead of the Cubs. Cubs can still get into the second seed. Still a battle for the third... Battle for all three wild card spots, really. Diamondbacks, Cubs, Marlins, and Reds are all in it. The big one, though, Astros at Mariners. That's the big one. Astros could still try to clinch, try to chase after the division. But there's only a half a game separating the Astros and the Mariners for that final wild card spot. Everybody else is eliminated. So it's Blue Jays, Astros, Mariners, those three team fighting for two wild card spots. In the NL, we've got Diamondbacks, Cubs, Marlins, Reds, four teams battling for two wild card spots. So it's going to come right down to the wire, ladies and gentlemen, so there'll be a lot of games to keep an eye out on in the baseball world. Now, I know I'm promoting the football because I want to give away that money, but we do have some flawless that's pretty close to getting knocked out. We got, or at least the filler. So we've got ten full spots remaining and we're planning on doing two fillers. First of which is down to five. So baseball fans, if you want to try to win your way into flawless baseball, five left in that 2021 Bowman HTA break. That's a nice break, too. Three autos, friendly price point, and a chance to win. And almost a third of you are going to win your way into that flawless baseball break, which would be pretty awesome. Bowman Chrome Hobby is halfway there. Allen and Ginter is almost halfway there. You can pre-order some basketball. Not too much quantity on the site, but a lot of quality on the site, especially all these football breaks where we're hoping to give away a bunch of break credits if we get all of those done tonight. So place your orders, get things going, and let's try to make something happen maybe by the top of the hour. I would appreciate that. Would love to give away the break credit sooner rather than later. It would be disappointing if we got to the end of the night on one break short. And that might get us thinking, boy, if only we did that one extra break a little bit earlier, that would have been awesome. Still no mic check. If you're registered to the site, I'll give you $5 of break credit for the first person to say hello and confirm that my microphone is working. Maybe it's not working. Although someone would have been like, hey, you're on mute. Thank you. No one's here, I guess. All right, well, we started slow yesterday, we finished strong, so maybe today is the same deal. But remember, ladies and gentlemen, football section right here, we can give away that break credit. Promo deadline is tonight. We're halfway through. We have to do six football breaks. We're down to the final three football breaks and then give away that money. Let's make it happen, folks. We don't even have to wait until the deadline. We can get that done sooner rather than later. I can give away the break credit early. Okay. I'm really happy that you can do this. So we all know that we are proud to do what you do here today. We just want to get all the things that we have to do. And we just want to get it to happen. We just want to get it to happen. We want to have different reasons. We want to help special people who are coming to be part of our group. We want to help special people who are coming to be part of our group. We do everything we can every morning. We always do it. This is the first day of the group. We are chapters of the strength, the accountability in the performance of uh just 200 thousand people in person, with eight employees, and in six practical classes that can assist a lot of people. In fact, each one here has a general knowledge and a special ability to respond to what you are doing. It's 100 times as much as the contributions of the people around It was the one that made the challenge a little bit more difficult than one in one. I don't know how they can take that much. I guess you can prepare a whole bunch of people. I think you need to follow up. There's the same two because it didn't feel all the way to the front. If you can handle it, you can go to another turn to see if you can get a second thing. Well, that's what I was wondering about. That's right. One set for his appearance in the 2018 Ryder Cup, Ricky Pallow casting the WFVS Open. The touch has changed since then. It's time to tell a 20 player at the end of 2018-20 with a season plan. That would be the one that would give you a good chance. That's right. That's right. That's right. That's right. That's right. That's right. That's right. That's right. That's right. That's right. That's right. I've been here for years now, and it's been this for their highest level, and it's been securing, it was a major problem, but it's been on the rise of people not working, so they're going to have to take a few simple years to compress people, and they just do some awesome work. It's been securing, it's also what they talk about, there's tens of millions of people across the U.S. dealing with it, and it's something you take for granted, and I've been working on some of these wheels for a long time, so it's been so great to be here today. It gives you a little bit more of a purpose. We play a lot, and we love to play, and we know a lot of the game, but it kind of changes your mentality, changes your mindset. It makes you look at all the different perspectives where things start to be from the little bit bigger than just you going out there shooting a sport. You can really make an impact on a personal level in all these communities. It just gives you an effect, it's one of the big differences that it makes for me. It's a matter of getting out there. Arm stand has more business than an advantage. Power of the edge technology will work together to help down your path to success. By stepping outside of our industry and immersed in our stand we develop unique insights and tools. What is special about an arm stand is the ability to pose. We made out there with your family, your friends, so many different chances of getting to know each other and talking to each other and sharing stories. There's always some festivals such as there's this closest to their home and I wanted to be there. There's the Indian state where you can get to know each other better. There's a lot of things that you can do to get to know each other better. This is NGP, the Foundation for Nutrition and Disorder. The one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. Alright, a little quiet in the chat but we got some action in the orders. Dennis picks up four in that HTA box. Adam gets three in the Mosaic football filler. I like the progress here and Tristan gets a spot in the HTA. Alright, so football-wise that Mosaic filler is down to 25. That's part of the promo. So 25 left there and we got some baseball action here. That is now sold out. Am I missing a spot? I'm missing a spot here. I'll find it. I shall find it. I'm sure I just missed someone who got two spots instead of this one. Brian got one. Kevin got one. Michael has two. Czech, Tony has one. Andy has one. Brian Kay has one. Jared has one. Ron has two. Gansby has one. Simon has one. Paul has one. Zach has one. Chad has one. Anthony has one. Peterang has one. Aha, there it is. Brian Crouch had two, not one. There it is. That's usually where I make that mistake. Now, good news. I can now post our last filler for that break. All right, and there's the last filler. We still have to move 10 spots, although I can turn that into a filler too. So that could be fake last filler. If that fills up first and those 10 spots are still remaining, then I'll create a real last filler. But hopefully we can just move those 10 spots, move that filler, breaksville. And now in the meantime, let's get this set up here. So this today is Wednesday, 27th, 23. No new release on this one today. Which may account for some of the quietness. Usually there's a Wednesday release to look forward to, but not today. There is a Friday release. That basketball drops on Friday, so you should see a little more action then. Now, do I have a box of that 2021 in my cabinet here? Oh, I do. I do have a box here. I think I brought one from last night. Good luck, everybody. Hi, everyone. Joe for Jaspy's Case Breaks.com coming at you with 2021 Bowman Chrome Baseball HTA Edition, one box random team break number three, giving away nine flawless baseball random team spots. Big thanks to this group for making it happen. Appreciate you. And there are the teams right there. Let's roll it. Let's randomize names and teams three and a two, five times each. And then a different dice roll for the giveaway part. One, two, it's just for the break. Three, four, and five. And then three and a two, five times for the teams. One, two, three, four, and fifth in final time. Got the Rockies down to the Giants after five. All right. So there's the first half of the list right there and the second half of the list right over here. No trade windows. Now it's alphabetized by team. And let's just print and rip. Good luck, everybody. Let me just change the camera settings on here. Here's the final printout. Hot off the presses. Thanks everybody for getting in. Appreciate you, as always. Let's see what we got. Good luck, everybody. 2021 edition, a little blast from the past. Brian Hayes, Austin Martin on the covers. This is back when they just put them in packs and got slider boxes. And we can actually use this blank card right here. We can slow play the hits a little bit. We've got a Tyler Keenan. Bowman first autograph for the Mariners. That's for Paul. Slated for a 2021 pro debut. Where is Tyler Keenan today? Tyler Keenan is... I don't know what Tyler Keenan is doing here. According to his MLB pay...


We would spray, and in small areas you're not flying high and fast, you're flying low and slow. The deployments would come into the helicopter, we'd be drenching the defoliant, all our gear, all our food and sea rations on the helicopters, our water canteens, our daily flight gear that we wore as we went out the flyer, all contaminated. My name is Charles Martian, I'm 69 years old. I served in Vietnam from 1967 through 68. I don't believe anybody, not anybody older ever knew that these contaminants were that poisonous. We never even talked about it, we just went out and did our job, came back. At first I thought it was Agent Orange, but when I looked at the photos with the blue stripes on the barrels I realized it was Agent Blue, that's how they can notice the difference. It was Agent Blue, Agent Orange, Agent Purple, Agent White, the whole rainbow of colors. Agent Blue was the only one that had cacodilic acid, which is arsenic in it. When I first found out that I had bladder cancer, I went to the VA and I wanted to put a claim in and he told me, don't even bother, it's not a presumptive list and they're not going to pay. So at that point I just let it go and ten years after I was first diagnosed the cancer came back and became invasive. They'd taken out my bladder, they'd taken out my prostate and after we're a pouch now. When I was here in the Army, the most honorable thing I ever did in my whole life was serving my country. God knows, I'm so proud of that. I am. Nobody could ever do more than that with their life.   And then you get this, I feel like the government's kind of letting me down with this thing. But I don't hold anything against my country. I can't do that.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with Leighton Sportsguards, ripping 23 Top's Chrome Baseball, Hobby and Jumbo, 8-Box Mixer, number 28, Random Team Style. So looking again at your random results. As always, you can find those on the website under the Results tab, as well as the link that's in chat. So good luck everybody. Let's do it. Start with Hobby, of course. Purple Mini Diamonds Auto, Michael Papierski, 2-2-9-9. Congrats, Tigers. Right off Rip, picking up a Auto. Yeah, so we ain't wasting any time in Hobby number one. First in yellow. So over, Oscar Gonzalez, Riley Greene, Goldschmidt, Fulder Schmeet, Luis Castillo, and more base. I can't believe Tito's in time after this year. Michael Massey, who? Tito. Josh Young, oh, Francona. Really? Yeah, he knows that. I don't know that. Like maybe I did know that. Blue Sonar, 225, Mookie Betts, Wing-O-Wing-O-Wing-O. Sherrod, Trism. That Mookie could be decent for the buyback if he wins MVP though. Yoshida, so congrats to Dodgers on that. Josh H, that's going to. Definitely something to hang on to. Correa Refractor, base and base. The Pink Mini Diamonds, Hunter Greene to 350 for the Reds, base and base. Marte and Joe Ryan, Tork and Gorman, John Gray Refractor, Prism Chuck Nasty for the Rockies, Asturi Ruiz Refractor Rookie, Prism of Yari, Oroz Arena and Tascantino, Rendon, Soto, base. Groshan, J-Ram Refractor, and base. Box, two of hubby. All right, Brandon with a spot and I'm active Divis, Joseph with a couple of Cosmic Spots and Don with a couple of Personals, down to two. Rendon is the best Angel you pulled. I know. Best I could do is a Tyler O'Neill Refractor. Trying to think he's like a weird Angel on this product. Rendon, the answer to that would be Rendon. Base Soto, Connor Capell, nice one for the A's. Congrats Oakland. Yeah, best I could do is Brandon Jiruri. There you go Cameron. Best I could do. I thought I was going to say Brandon Jiruri. I forgot if he was a Diamondback in this or not. Jirusha. Yeah, Spencer Steer, Ryan Beyo. So down to one to go in the first iMac Baseball Divisions. Robbie Ray to 2.99. Bass and Bass, Ryan McMahon and Trevor Story. One to go in iMac Baseball Divisions. Mookie Betts Prism. So that's going to be fun, man. I love me some iMac. It doesn't matter the sport I'm in. Count me in on any iMac product. Absolutely. They can make iMac curling. I will be there. I will be there and I'll be excited. There's Jeter Downs at 3.99. They really should, dude. Rizzo and Gallon. Ralph picking up the Red Sox in Finest. We're down to 10. Thank you, Ralph. 10 to go in Finest now. 10 to go there. Four to go in Spectra. We've got just one to go in the first iMac Divisions. Five to go in the second iMac Divisions and five to go in NT Divisions. NT Divisions from last night. That's why I was born. Really? Dude, I used to play. Did you actually? Alvin was teaching me and Donnie about Cricut last night. It's a Bryce Harper photo variation. Congrats, Phillies. I swung there. It is pretty cool. I took an international sports class in college and once a month we would play an international sport in our campuses like Rec Center, which is pretty sweet. So we played Cricut once, played Handball. We did not play Rugby. Alvarez did not play Rugby. Donnie, were you shocking? Shocking, Kyle. Manny Machado. It's very simple to play, but at the same time, it's like, yeah, it's very simple to play. I'd say that. I feel like the scoring's a little bit. I mean, at least from like an outsider point of view, there's Tim Anderson, you play wicketkeeper. I think just because like it's not big over here, that's why they don't make cards for it yet. Oh yeah, James Altman. What the biggest viewership of all time was cricket. Yeah. Yeah. True. Makes sense too. Yeah. About Gaelic football. Oh, cheese hill. I know cheese hill, dude. That's wild. Cheese hill is crazy, dude. I've seen videos of cheese hill. I would do that if I was in, where is that, Ireland? Alvin is a man full of information, for sure. No shortage of information without. The most interesting thing about that. Yeah. You literally just, they roll a ball of cheese down a hill. You just chase after it. You go flying and stuff. You start rolling down. It was six, six, thirty-four. Nice. Shane Beaver. Dude, I'm all in on cheese hill. We need LSC cheese hill. Oh, we got a hill. Reguero. James Altman, right. We can do it. We can do it. The wheel of cheese. Bryce Harper, ultraviolet all-stars. Nice one there. British Bulldog. I've not heard of that. No. Larry with the last iMac division. Let's go, Larry. Thank you, buddy. We are down to zero spots left in that. You're gonna have five to go still in the second break of iMac Divis. Thank you all. Cedric Mullins. Appreciate the thoughts of very much. That's awesome. Nelson Velasquez. Nice morning information session. Bail refractor rookie. Jury and a break. Bass auto. Miguel Vargas. Oh yeah. Greg with the Yanks. Thank you, Greg. Danny Y with a couple of spots down to nine to go in finest baseball now, everybody. Nine spots to go. Volpe. All I know is that we do a cheese hill race. I'm pushing Kyle. I'm like throwing Kyle down. It's for fun. Oh, I'll throw Kyle into you. That's what I'll do. Corbin Carroll. Mark Vientos. One where once you start running, you fall. So, Claremont. Nice. There we go, Mitchell.  Byron Buxton. Anything big in that order? No. Volpe Gallon. Raccoonia. Waldachock refractor rookie. Bass and bass. Thomas Corrie Seeger to $199 on the teal for the Rangers. Yoshida. Dermas Garcia refractor. Bass and bass. If I do the cheese column on IR, honestly. Gold wave, Cal Raleigh to $50. Nice one, Mariners. Second year Raleigh. I'll be some web. Cal Mitchell. Marquez and a bass. If we did a cheese run, that'd be the first and last cheese run we've ever done. Honestly. Half the staff in the hospital. Right. All bruised up and injured. Oh yeah. And then the guy with the cheese. Haven't pulled a mag card yet. Oh yeah. You'll get one eventually, Mitchell. Oh yeah. Absolutely. Right. Should never trade a Tyreek. We all knew that, but yeah. Chosen a soccer team. Yeah. We all chose kind of random soccer teams. There's Jordan Walker. Of course, did the fandom random every year. William Domis refractor for the Brewers. Cannon Smith and Jigba. JT Real Muto. Torque and Peña. Gorman rookie. Zach Wheeler. Purple. Caleb Killian rookie. Auto 250. Nice one there, Cubs. Tell who is breaking for the thumbnail. There you go. Greg with an IMAX spot. Thank you, Greg. Tomoya with the Mariners. Thank you, Tomoya. Greg with five random team IMAX spots. Thank you, buddy. As always, appreciate you, Greg. Thank you. Thank you. Prism Moreno. Casus rookie. Shay Langlears. Ryan Nelson refractor rookie. Gunner rookie. And base. Which team could pull off the sneaking week one upset? I think we already saw it. I think I was gonna say I think we saw that. I'd love that the Browns beat the Bangles. That'd be awesome. I'd be so in on that. Ask her, Hernandez, negative for the Mariners. Simeon Woods Richardson refractor rookie. Crescel refractor. Base. Oh yeah, Spencer is still riding the wave of the Lions from last night. 75, Lattie Cabrera Jr., Bobby Whit, and Josh Young. All right. One second, everybody. Four boxes of Jumbo now. 250 Pidini points card. She's Kyle Stowers, Masatake Yoshida, Adley Rushman rookie. James Outman rookie. Refractor, Kyle Stevenson to 499. Nice one there. A's. Furhahn picking up the Tigers in Finest. Brandon Lau, Kodai Senga, and Kutch. Kutch knows. Yeah, it's not bad, honestly. He'll take points cards. Corbin Carroll, Prism, Sass, Azuki refractor rookie. Trishon Kossas, Gunnar Henderson rookie. Prism Reese Hoskins, Michael Massey refractor. Morrell Carlos Perez, rookie auto. Base for the White Sox, and Asturi Ruiz. Adley Rushman, Zach Wheeler refractor. Josh Young. Acunia, Prism, and J-Ram. Prism of us, Waldo Cabrera, Bryce Thurane refractor. What's up, Greg? How you doing, buddy? Good to see you, man. Riley Green, Goldie. Gabriel Moreno, base auto. Gerard Incarnacion for the Marlins, and John Greth. What do you mean, Mitchell, for breaking? We have a set schedule for everybody has their own days and shifts. Nolan Gorman, negative, J-Rod. Nice one there for the Mariners, Drach Peterson, Jordan Walker, rookie. That's a Nelson Velazquez, the 399 for the Cubs. Royce Lewis, and Gunnar refractor rookie. Nice one. There, Tyrell with a spot in random. That is going to be as well as Zach Rih, to the spot in Cosmic Random. So, I'm act number one sold out. Thank you all again. What are we looking at here? Finest is at two, three, four, five, six, seven to go. Seven to go on Finest, and then Spectra is at just four to go. Four to go on Spectra, all on sale. All right, on to the next. Here we go. Jay's dialed in on top loading over there. That's why it's so dialed on top loading. It is. It is. I have a top loader.  Damn right. Empty. Prism Jock, Corbin Burns, base auto, Connor Cappell. Ace, nice one there. His hair is fast. He could surf on that thing, dude. Bothy and Corbin Carroll. Honestly, dude. Kodai Senga, Nolan Gorman, Prism Kodai, and Kyle Storer's refractor rookie. Nice. Let's go plug. Grab the cubbies in Finest. Hell yeah, man. Let's do it, dude. Base auto, Christopher Morel. That's a sign right there, plug. That's a sign. And then there you go. Cub's gone. Thank you. Chris, appreciate you, buddy. And Vaughn Grissom. That might be a sign right there. We did pull an orange Morel last time we ripped the case of Finest, so hopefully we can do that again. Coach Prism. That's what I'm saying, dude. It is a sign. I might go here. A Prism Cal Stevenson, Maddolson refractor, Masataka Yoshida. Grissom Cal Raleigh, Alvarez refractor, and Osvaldo Cabrera refractor. That is Nick Prado. Nice one there. 199. Congrats on that. Nice one there. Royals and Shohei refractor for the potential MVP buyback. There's Rizota 299. Refractor of Vientas. What do you mean? Seager, I think would be the next one, most likely. Hunter Brown 2199, but selling a case by the day. Dude, Michael Grove. Danes be responsible. First off, if you can get him at 360 apc, all day long by that. All day long. But like you said, if he's selling him a case a day, that's like, I mean, what can you do at that point? Because those, I think we have him at like 420 now. And I know they're retailing pretty uniformly across the industry at about 440 right now, I believe is what they're doing. That's an Alvarez rookie as well I missed. Herrera Josh Young, True Blue is Danes B2150 for the Cubs. 20 cases in 14 days. That's what I'm saying, dude. When you have on a price like that, you're not going to be able to hold on to him. Yoshida, we got a True Gold coming up now. True Gold Auto everybody is Drew Waters. Nice one there for the Royals to 50. Well, Drew Waters action. Daniel Lee with some Cosmic Spots. Daniel Lee with some Chrome Spots. And Ernest with the Reds and Rays. Thank you, Ernest. Taylor Ward. More teams off the board now in Finest. Riley Greene. Oh, Frozen Fractor. Ronald Acunha Jr. Wow. Oh my god, man. Oh my god. Well, that'll do it right there. If you want to make money back, that's going to do it right there. That's going to do it right there. Good stuff. Hell yeah, man. Morrell Prism Rendon and Cabrine Hayes. Yeah, that's going to do it right there. That's going to big time do it right there. Salvador Perez, Miguel Vargas. Spencer Strider, Gold to 50 for the Braves. He has to pay tops for that buyback since it's negative. Jordan Walker. Prism, Carlos Correa, Jose Miranda. That was a Braves box right there. Back-to-back packs for the Braves for sure. Jordan Walker. Refractor, Derek Hall to 4.99. Nice one there. Congrats on that. Philly's. Spencer Steele Refractor, rookie. Yeah, 1-6-0-2 on the Frozen Fractors, which is pretty awesome. Dude, that's hot right there as a hot card. I'm very in on a Frozen Fractor of Acunia. James Altman. The only other one I pulled was Alexis Diaz, and I'm like, okay. There's Kate Cavali. I'm like, that's not as cool, dude. So Acunia will run it up. I will do it. I will do it. Gerar, Incarnacion, and Refractor Javier Asad. Costless rookie. Gunner Henderson. Justin Steele. Nice one there. Potential Sayang winner in the NL, which is awesome. Rookie season already Sayang? Yeah. Wilson Contreras. Sean with the Rangers in Finest. Thanks, Sean. Logan Ohapi. Prism J-Ram. Oh, Joe Musgrove. Yeah, Braves have done well across the board today for sure. There's Green, Wave, Lenin, Sosa to 99 for the White Sox. Marcus Simeon and Garrett Mitchell. Just left the local card shop. Just trying to get some logo Fractor. Well, C. Chang had the Braves in that one by the way. Thank you, C. Chang. Good stuff, my friend. A full case. I marked them down to 84. Usually they're 99. Adley Rushman. Depending on the time of day, sometimes they'll go down to like 89. Josh Young. Stanton, Manny Machado. Nice. There you go, Puka. That'll be fun, dude. Trishon Kossus. There's Michael Toglia on the auto. Matt H picking up the nuggets in Spectra. We're down to three. Three to go in Spectra. Joey Vada. Oh, I wish. Michael Harris. Soto and Varsha. Volpi Carroll. Brett Beatty. Trishon Kossus. Upside down. Cannon Smith and Jigba for no reason. Prism. Danesby and a Longo Refractor. Yeah, it's going to be awesome, Puka.  Caleb Killian. Nice one there for the Cubbies. Beis Otoa. Timmy Anderson. Down goes Anderson. Shay Langlears. Refractor Rookie. Prism Waldachuk and Refractor of Scherzer. Yoshida Rookie. That's Xander Bogarts and Simeon Woods Richardson to 150. And Lenin Sosa Refractor. James Altman Rookie. Riley Green. Matt Olson. Cannon Smith and Jigba. Taco Time. He's sick, dude. Yeah, Cubs have been hit since we talked about them. It's facts. Yeah, sorry, Eric, man. There's Michael Stafanik two at 350. Pink Mini Duns. And Trout Refractor. There's Mark Vientos two at 75. Nice one for the Mets. Austin Hayes and DJ Lemeku. Do a quick recap here, everybody. Solid break over. Overall, we had A. Cal Raleigh to 50. Brace Harper on the ultraviolet all-stars in the image variation. Caleb Killian, Michael Toglia, Justin Steele, Christopher Morrell, Connor Cappell, Gerardin Carnazio, and Carlos Perez. Miguel Vargas, Connor Cappell. Refractor of Derek Hall and Cal Stevenson to 250. Michael Papierski, or 299 to 250. Caleb Killian. Nick Prado to 199. Simeon Woods Richardson to 150. Gold Drew Waters to 50. And a frozen Fractor of Acuña to zero. Weird to say that. Thank you all again for the fill. Appreciate it. Coming up next is the mixer.


From Palo Alto, California, it's theCUBE, covering the conference board's sixth annual Innovation Masterclass. Hey, welcome back, everybody. Jeff Frick here with theCUBE. We're at the Innovation Master Club at Xerox Park. Put on by the conference board, a relatively small event, but a really, a lot of high caliber individuals giving really great presentations. And we're excited for our next guest.  We won't go for hours, we'll go about 10 minutes.  It's good to be with you, thanks. So you talked about so many things, so many things in your opening statement, and I have a ton of notes, but let's just jump into it. I think one of the big things is, the future happens faster than we expected. We as humans have a real hard time with exponential growth, we're just not built that way, but that's the way things move. And so, how do you, as a business person, kind of deal with that reality? Because that is, you're never gonna be ready for when it comes. Well, it's not just humans as individuals, but the institutions and processes we've built, if you look at the process of getting a college degree, it's really seriously misaligned as the timeframe of change by the time you're a senior, half of the subject matter in your field may be new since your freshman year. And conversely, four years after you've graduated, perhaps a third of what you were taught will no longer be considered to be current information. Someone at Motorola once said, a batch process, no matter how much you accelerate it, doesn't become a continuous flow process. You have to rethink what does a continuous flow look like? And that's a useful conversation to have getting back to your opening actual question. When we're talking with customers, we say, what are your assumptions, your unvoiced assumptions about the manner in which you have succession of technology, succession of product, and so on? Can we try to visualize what it would look like if that were a continuous process and not a project process? And many of our partners will tell us that their most difficult conversations with their customers are about getting away from a project mentality, a succession of big bang changes into a process in which transformation is a way of life and not a bold initiative that will take a big sigh of relief and congratulate yourself on having transformed. No, dude, you've gotten your running shoes tied, now you can begin to run, but now the hard part begins. And the sun comes up tomorrow and you start to run again.  A George Gilder's phrase. Errors are punctuated by a dramatic change from a scarcity to an abundance. So for example, horsepower or bandwidth or intelligence. So now we're coming into the era of massive big data. We are asymptotically approaching free compute, free storage, and free networking. So how do you get business leaders to kind of rethink in an era where they have basically infinite resources and it always goes back, so what would you build then? Because we're heading that way even if we're not there today. A Jedi mind trick that I often use with them is to say, let's not talk about the next couple of quarters. I want you to imagine the next winter Olympics when they light a torch four years from now. I want you to try to visualize the world. You're pretty sure you'll be living in four years from now and work backwards from that and say, well, you know, if we all agree that within four years that's gonna get done, well, there are some implications about things that we should be doing now and some things that we should stop doing now if we know that four years from now the world is gonna look like this and it helps free your mind from the pressures of incremental improvement and meeting next quarterly goals and instead saying, you know, that's not gonna be a thing in four years and we should stop getting better at doing something that's simply not going to be relevant in that short of a time. So hard though, right?  It's hard to face the music that that may not be so important down the path. The willingness to acknowledge that someone will disrupt you so it might as well be you. So you might as well disrupt yourself. The conversation was had with IBM back in the days of the IBM PC that they thought that that might be, you know, a quarter of a million machines that they would sell, but whatever you do don't touch the bread and butter of the 3270 terminal business, right? And they did not ultimately succeed in visualizing the impact of what they had done. Ironically, because they didn't think it was that important, they opened all the technology and so things like Microsoft becoming what it is and the fact that the BIOS was open and allowed the compatibles industry like Compaq to emerge was a side effect of IBM failing to realize how big of a door they were opening for the world. You can start off a spin-off operation at Salesforce. We have a product line called Essentials which is specifically tasked with create versions of Salesforce that are packaged and priced and supported in a way that's suitable to that small business and that way you can kind of uncouple from that Clayton Christensen innovators dilemma thing by acknowledging it's a separate piece of the business, it's going to be measured differently, rewarded differently and it's going to convey itself maybe even through a genuinely different brand. This is an example that was used once with Disney which when it decided it wanted to get away from family and children's entertainment and start making movies aimed at more adult audiences, fine, they created the Touchstone brand so that they could do that without getting in the way of or maybe even polluting a brand that they'd spent so much time building. So branding is important. A brand is a set of promises and if you want to make different promises to different people, well have a different brand. So different, I'm shifting gears because you touched on so many great things. A really popular thing that's going on now is the conversion of products to services and repackaging your product as a service. And you talked about the Don't Taze Me Bro story which has so many elements of fun and interesting but I thought the best part of it though was now they took it to the next step and we're only a stone store away from Tesla. A lot of innovation but I think one of the most kind of not reported on benefits of really these connected devices and a feedback loop back to the manufacturers to how people are actually using these things, checking in from home, being able to do these updates and you talked about how the Taser company now is doing all the services. It's not even a service. It's not a different product. There are three aspects to this, that's awesome. Taking a product and selling it at a subscription price does not turn it into a service even though some people will say, well see now we're moving to a services model. If you're still delivering a product in a lumpy change it every couple of years away you haven't really achieved that transformation. So you have to go back into more of a sense of look at the expectation people have of the apps on their smartphones. They just get better all the time that the update process is low burden, low complexity, low risk and you have to achieve that same fluidity of continuous improvements. So that's one of the differences. You can't just take the thing you sell, bill for it on a monthly subscription and think that you've achieved that transition. The thing that the folks who were once Taser and now are acts on, of which Taser is a sub-brand, they managed to elevate their view from the device in a police officer's hand to the process of which that device is a part, which is the incident that begins is concluded, results in a report, maybe results in a criminal prosecution and they broaden the scope of the acts on services package to the point that now it is selling the proposition of increased peace officer productivity rather than merely the piece of hardware that's part of that. So being able to zoom out and really see the environment in which your product is used. And this relates to you had another idea which is that people are saying you got to think outside your box. It doesn't help if you get outside your box but all of the people with whom you might wanna collaborate are all still inside their boxes. And so you may actually have to invest in the transformation and interface development of partners or maybe even competitors and isn't that a wild idea? Elon Musk at Tesla open sourced a lot of their technology with a specific goal of growing that whole ecosystem of charging stations and other things that Tesla could be a greater success. And the content that I once made is it doesn't help if you're a perfect drop of artisanal oil in a world of water. You have to make the world capable of interacting with you and supporting you if you really want to grow or else you're an oddity, you're Betamax which might have been technically superior but by failing to really build the ecosystem around it wound up losing big time to VHS for a while. I may have to explain to all of your viewers under the age of 30 what VHS and Betamax even made.  So I'm gonna shift gears again. You have to look at a big perspective and you have to be prepared to forget that your excellence is your product and start thinking of that as just the kernel of what needs to be your real proposition which is the need you meet, the pain you address, the process of which you become an inseparable part instead of a substitutable chunk of hardware. Well and I think too it's embracing the ongoing relationship as part of the process versus selling something to your distribution and off it goes, you have to check and you build another one. We've got whole industries where there's been a waterfall model, automobiles were a particular example where manufacturers wholesaled cars to distributors who gave them with a small markup to dealers who owned the buyer or customer and dealers would be very hostile to manufacturers trying to get involved in that relationship but now because of the connected vehicles the manufacturer may know things about the manner of use of the vehicle and about the preliminary engagement of the prospective buyer with the manufacturer's website and so improving that relationship from a feudal model or a waterfall model into a collaborative model is really necessary if all these great digital aspects are to have any value. Right, right and as a distribution of information that disaggregate level of knowledge is no longer the case, right? Well it's scary how easy it is to do it wrong. IDC just did a study about the use and retail banking of technology like apps and websites which that industry was congratulating itself on adopting in ways that reduce the costs of things like bank office hours and yet JD Power has found that the result is that customers no longer see differentiation among banks are less loyal, more easily seduced by $50 to open a new bank account with direct deposit and so innovation's a vector and if you aim it at cost reduction you'll get one set of results. If you aim it at customer satisfaction improvement you'll innovate differently and ultimately I think much more successfully. Right, right. So we're almost out of time, Peter. I want to go down one more path with you which I love. You talked a lot about visualization, you brought up some old maps and really talked about context, right? In the right context this particular visualization is a value and there's a lot of conversation about visualization especially with big data and something I've been looking for and maybe you've got an answer is is there a visualization of a billion data point data set that I can actually look at the visualization and see something and see the insight because most of the ones we see that are examples they're very beautiful and there's a lot of compound shapes going on but to actually pinpoint an actionable something out of that moray, oftentimes I don't see it. I wonder if you have any good examples that you've seen out there where you can actually use visualization to drive insight from a really, really big data set. Well, if a big data exercise produces a table of numbers then someone's going to have to apply an awful lot of understanding to know which numbers look odd but a billion points to use your initial question. Well, what is that? That's in a way that's 1000 by 1000 by 1000. We look at 1000 by 1002 dimensional screens all the time visualizing a three dimensional 1000 by 1000 cube is something we could do and if there is use of color, use of motion superposition of one over another with highlighting of what's changed what people need most is for their attention to be drawn to what's changing or what's out of a range. And so it's tremendously important that people who are presenting the output of a big data exercise go beyond the high resolution snapshot, if you will and construct at least some sense of AB back in the ancient days of astronomy they had a thing called a blank camera which would put two pictures side by side simply let you flip back and forth between the images and the human eye would turn out to be amazingly good there could be thousands of stars in that picture the one dot that's moving and represents some new object or some new or the one dot that suddenly appears the human brain is very good at doing that and there's a misperception that the human eye is just a camera the eye does a lot of pre-processing before it ever sends stuff to the brain and understanding what human vision does it impressed the heck out of me the first time I had a consultation on the big data program at a university where the faculty waiting to meet with me turned out to be from the schools of computer science mathematics business and visual arts and having people with a sense of visual understanding and human perception in the room is going to be that critical link between having data and having understanding of opportunity threat or change and that's really where it has to go and so if you just ask yourself how can I add an element of color or motion or something else that the human eye and brain have millennia of evolution to get good at detecting do that and you will produce something that changes behavior and doesn't just give people facts right right well Peter thank you for taking a few minutes we could go on and on and on happy to do chapters two, three and four anytime you like with the new tower and the new tower downtown any old time thanks so much thanks for stopping by my pleasure he's Peter I'm Jeff you're watching theCUBE we're at the master innovation class at Xerox Park put on by the conference board thanks for watching