In this video, I want to explore calculating some limits of various functions. We're going to put a lot of emphasis on piecewise functions in this video because piecewise functions can actually produce some pretty interesting questions about limits. Now, when you look at the graph, if I were to pick something like this right here, let's think of this right here. If I take my a value to be one, if I start getting closer and closer to one, either from the left or the right, the graph is going to start approaching, approaching, approaching, approaching. You get this point right here, which seems to be a little bit above y equals one. It turns out the function right here is behaving the way you would expect it. What I mean by that is that the function evaluation, this function called an H, this function H of one is actually equal to its limit as X approaches one of H of X here. This is something we'll talk about a little bit later on in chapter two about continuity. The function is that the function evaluation behaves the same way as the expectation that is F of one equals the limit as X approaches one. And when you think of most points in the domain of this function, that's exactly what you would expect. Like if I come in equal to X equals two as well, we see that the graph is so to speak continuous right here, that as you get closer and closer to X equals two, the behavior of the graph is that what you would expect it to be. When you get closer to X equals two, the Y coordinate is going to be closer and closer to two. All right. What I want to talk about is sort of what happens when you don't get what you expect, right? Because again, we could go day after day talking about the expectation here, right? If I were to take the limit here as X approaches zero of H of X here, we can see that as you approach zero from the right, it's gonna get you Y equals one. As you approach zero from the left, you're gonna get Y equals one. And therefore we would expect the limit to the function we expect to be one and the limit is the expectation. So the limit's gonna equal one because that's how the function is behaving. What happens if we come over to negative two, right? This is sort of an interesting creature right here. If we come over to negative two, you'll notice the following. If I approach negative two from the left, you're gonna end up at this point up here at the Y coordinate of four. And so what this tells us is that the limit as X approaches negative two from the left of H of X here, we would expect the function to be four. And when I say expect, I mean we can see nothing. We see nothing to the right of negative two. We can't see anything. If we can only see what's happening from the left, then it's like, hey, it should be four, all right? But it goes the other way around. Whoops, let me put that back on the screen. I'll just erase this. If we go the other way around, if we wanna figure out what is the limit as X approaches negative two from the right of H of X, you see in this situation, again, totally ignoring what happens up here. Like if we can't see it, if we can only see the things that are to the right of X equals negative two, we're gonna get closer and closer and closer to this point right here, which looks like Y equals two, right? Clean that up a little bit. The limit from the right is gonna be two. The limit from the left is gonna be one. And so what we then have to say in conclusion is that because the left limit is four and the right limit is two, the limit itself is actually undefined, right? The limit as X approaches negative two of H of X right here, it does not exist, right? The thing is, imagine we're like a judge, right? We have to decide a jury, right? We have to decide the outcome of some incident that happened, some crime, like did this person do it or not? Well, we have one evidence that's like four is guilty and then the other one's like two is guilty. It's like, well, which one is it, right? Is it four or two? The evidence is conflicting. Therefore, the limit turns out to not exist, right? So because of this, you see this actually type of jump on it, like the function or this case, it's a drop. Because the function has a huge drop on it, the left limit and the right limit don't agree with each other, which says the limit doesn't exist here. Another limit I want to consider is what if we take the limit as X approaches three of H of X, okay? So what would happen in this situation if we focus on X equals three for a moment, as we get closer and closer and closer to X equals three from the left, we're gonna get closer and closer and closer to this value right here. And so that's something we can definitely say. It's like, okay, the limit as X approaches three from the left of H of X, the function seems to be suggesting we get this value right here, which I drew that line poorly, but that's like, that's a three, right? We'll say that's close enough. So the limit as X approaches three from the left of H of X is gonna be three. But what happens when we approach it from the right? Well, when you approach it from the right, you don't see anything. There's nothing here to approach from, right? The closest you can is if you're over here, you're like, hey, what's happening over there? I can't see you too far away. You can't get close to it. And so what happens this time, what happens this time is as you approach three from the right, there is no such approach. So we actually can't describe the approach from the right. But this actually turns out to mean that the limit as X approaches three is also gonna equal three right here because there's no conflicting report. There's no conflicting evidence witnesses here. This, what we have right here is one witness says, if you approach three, you're gonna get three. The other witness didn't show up to trial. Therefore, it's like, well, okay, all the evidence says that H is gonna become three, okay? Jury, make your vote. The verdict says the limit's three. If there is no right-hand side to approach from, that means the limit will just be the left-handed limit. Similar statements can be said over here about this point. You'll notice that you can approach X equals five from the right. And so definitely the limit as X approaches five from the right here of H of X, this is gonna be zero. But there is no approach from the left. Therefore, because there's no conflicting opinions, then this tells us that the limit as X approaches five of H of X, this is also gonna be zero. So this happens when you have these end points. You only have to approach it from one side because there's only one side because it's on the end of the domain there. But you can also get some interesting things here like this jump we saw, that the left limit and the right limit disagreed with each other. Therefore, the limit didn't exist. Let's look at another example. When you look at this graph, this is the graph of the function, the absolute value of X over X, which I want you to think about that function for a second, the absolute value of X over X. If we treat this as a piecewise function, right? If X is greater than one, excuse me, greater than zero, if it's a positive number, in that situation, if you're positive, you're gonna get X over X, which actually simplifies to be one. And so the function is just gonna equal one. On the other hand, if you take X to be less than zero, well, if you have a negative, the absolute value will make it positive. So you actually, you're gonna get negative X on top, which is the opposite sign. And then you get X on bottom, it simplifies to be negative one. So you get this function, it's kind of a fun little function. This is the function that's one when you're positive, it's negative when you're negative. It's negative one when you're negative, right? So you see that right here. So it looks like a flat line y equals one when you're positive. And it looks like a flat line y equals negative one when you're negative. Notice that it is undefined at zero, right? If you plug in X equals zero, you get division by zero. And so this function, we'd be interested in what's the limit as X approaches zero. Well, notice that if we approach zero from the left, if you take the limit as X approaches zero from the left, the absolute value of X over X, you end up with negative one. The function predicts negative one if you get really, really close to zero from the left. On the other side, if you get closer and closer and closer to zero from the right, then you're gonna get the limit as zero approaches, as X approaches zero from the right, absolute value of X over X. In this case, they expect the outcome to be one, right? It looks like, it's like, hey, if you're asked someone over here, it's like, oh, I see a one.  If they look at it like, oh, I see a negative one. They disagree with each other. And because of the conflicting evidence here, we then have to say that, oh, the limit doesn't exist. So we would then say that the limit as X approaches zero here does not exist. Because the left limit and the right limit don't agree with each other. They have to agree with each other in order to have the limit exist. And of course, if one of them didn't exist like we saw in the previous example, because there's nothing there to approach from, there's no disagreement there. There's no argument. Consider this graph right here. Take the limit as X approaches two of G of X, where G of X equals X squared plus four over X minus two. If we approach X equals two from the right, we're gonna be going up over here, over here, over here. We're gonna end up with the limit as X approaches two from the right of G of X right here. Well, this one, as you get closer and closer to the so-called vertical asymptote here, this would just keep on going, going, going, going, going, going, going, going. It wants to go to infinity and beyond. Actually, no, it just wants to go to infinity. Unlike Buzz Lightyear, it's not as ambitious. It just gets to infinity and we stop there. As X approaches two from the right, G will approach infinity, okay? We sometimes might abbreviate this as like, as X approaches two from the right, we would get that G of X approaches infinity, although this notation's a little bit more clear on what's going on there. What about the other side, okay? If I start approaching two from the left, I'm not going off towards infinity. I'm going off towards negative infinity. So as X approaches two from the left of G of X here, we end up with negative infinity. And the functions don't agree with each other then, for which then one of them's like, oh, I'm going towards infinity. The other one says, I'm going towards negative infinity. And so what is the function to a, what should we assume about the function? It's like, well, you're going to infinity. You're going to negative infinity. So what's G actually doing? Well, the limit as X approaches two of G of X, this does not exist because it can't be both positive and negative infinity. Those are two different quantities. Here's another example with a vertical acetote, although the, I think the ending is a lot more happy if you want the limit to be well-defined here. So in this situation, if we ask, what's the limit as X approaches zero of one over X squared? Well, if you approach from the left over here, the limit as X approaches zero from the left, one over X squared. This says, oh, we're going to approach infinity. But if you approach from the right, you'll bigger, bigger, bigger, bigger, bigger, bigger, you're going to get the limit as X approaches zero from the right of one over X squared. This likewise is going to be infinity. And so there's no disagreement. There's no discord right now. The left wants to be infinity. The right wants to be infinity. And if I dare make a political joke right here, it's like, oh, this is a bipartisan thing. The left and the right agree with each other. And therefore we can then say the limit as X approaches zero of one over X squared would equal infinity as well.


So the context, since the coronavirus lockdown, MPs have for the first time been able to intervene in debates and vote remotely from home. The system worked well. MPs didn't need to traverse the country potentially spreading the virus and MPs in vulnerable categories would be able to shield. But there was a problem. Boris Johnson didn't like standing up at PMQs without a jeering crowd behind him. When the room was silent, all of his personal inadequacies were far more on show. So in order to reintroduce the public school jeering that makes him feel so good, so comfortable, so big in himself, Rees Mogg has called for Parliament to be convened in person once again. That happened this week. And we saw some pretty ridiculous scenes as MPs were forced to queue at a two metre distance in a line which was over one kilometre long. Let's look at some of the images from that moment here. There was a 90 minute queue. These are people, these are quite well paid people. So their time is somewhat valuable. This is what the queue looked like. So it's kind of like an airport. They've turned that huge historic building into one big queue. It goes everywhere. We can see people queuing in the next image, I think. So that's it. That's it for the people. And that's them standing outside. They had to use every single part of the parliamentary estate. And unfortunately, it didn't seem like they were able to socially distance. Let's look here at the MPs, not quite managing to keep two metres apart.  It means that MPs have to traverse across the country. And obviously MPs have two homes, one in their constituents and one in London. If we don't want coronavirus to be spreading from low infection places to high infection places, it's probably better to avoid huge travels from across the whole nation. Also, you're going to get quite a lot of people, often older people, in a small space. Ridiculous. But it got even worse, in fact, when a local Sharma, the business secretary, stood up in parliament on Wednesday and showed a certain set of symptoms. We'll have retrospective effect, so as to provide as much relief to businesses as possible. And where this is the case, we have already announced dates from which the measures will start. So let me turn to corporate restructurings. This is the permanent corporate restructuring package of measures, which have previously been consulted on. As colleagues will know, these measures were consulted on back in 2016. The government advice is to self-isolate as soon as you get any kind of symptoms. So, a look at Sharma, the business secretary, he often leads the Downing Street Briefings, is standing there in the Commons Chamber with a bunch of MPs, often very old, all of them supposedly travelling to their constituencies on the weekend. And he's there wiping his brow, sweating. The guy looks really ill. And he looks really ill with a fever, which is what you're supposed to self-isolate for. So once that image went out, Alok Sharma had to go into self-isolation. The whole of Westminster completely freaked out. It turned out that Alok Sharma hadn't got coronavirus. He tested negative. Apparently he'd just eaten some dodgy salmon. But this shows how vulnerable they all are now, and how the central institution of our state is ready to collapse the moment someone gets a fever, because Jacob Rees-Mogg wanted some people cheering in the background when Boris Johnson has to face Keir Starma at PMQs. Aaron, you couldn't make it up.  That's also actually true, because obviously you need a commander in chief if one of them dies, well, if the president dies, the vice president's somewhere else, and there's an element of continuity with the running of the state. What basically Jacob Rees-Mogg has done here is voluntarily put the entire legislature in a particular area and subject them to potentially the equivalent of a low-grade biological weapon. People were worried 15 years ago about anthrax attacks and anthrax going through, justifiably, through people's letterbox and so on in the aftermath of 9-11. Honestly, this is no different. Like, an MP could die because of this. An MP could be hospitalised. I mean, statistically, it's quite likely that a staffer will be hospitalised as a result of this. And for what? And like you said, it's for a few cheers. That's what we know, isn't it? People say it will play well with the Daily Mail. No, if people start going to hospital, it won't. And I think here's a few things. Firstly, if you've got an MP and you've made a complaint or you're trying to get help from them, you've not heard from them, and you see them wasting their time for two, three hours doing nothing, you're thinking, wow, I mean, that is such a gift for Labour at the next general election on the doorstep. You have a Tory MP, because they care more about queuing and virtue signalling to the Daily Mail than to helping you out. That's the first thing. And secondly, we've often been saying, as has much the British media, well, Britain's GDP per capita per hour, because productivity hasn't moved for around 12 years. We've called this the productivity puzzle. Why can't Britain produce more working the same? Basically, the same amount of work has produced the same amount of output for about 12 years. That's not meant to happen normally with capitalism. It's not really happened for like 200 years.  Is it any surprise we've got flatlining productivity when the political imperative here is to make people stand in the heat doing nothing and be subject to the equivalent of a low-grade biological weapon? Just so you get maybe a good page three in the Daily Mail. That's the people around this country. That's why Britain increasingly, in many aspects, including coronavirus, resembles a developing country. I don't like to say it, but that's because that's explicable because people like Jacob Rees-Mogg have these political priorities. And you have to wonder how far will it go?  I mean, this isn't a wild thing to speculate about because the Prime Minister nearly died. He got coronavirus. He had to go to ICU. The guy nearly died. And now all of these people from the same demographic as him are being forced to go into really old building, you know, small corridors. I doubt it's particularly well ventilated just because Boris Johnson wants some people behind him to make some positive noises. Bizarre. And it is also, it's not just their health that is at risk. It is their constituents because you are having people who are coming into to London. They're travelling into the House of the Parliament. They're standing quite close to people in those queues, as you saw in that image. And then they're going to be going back to their constituencies. Maybe they're driving, maybe they're taking the train. We don't we don't know. But presumably for an MP to do their job, they're going to end up meeting quite a lot of people out and about. And I mean, the serious point here, because I do think this is partly about Boris Johnson wanting people in the background when he faces Keir Starmer. But it is also and probably more fundamentally that what the conservatives want to do is to force people back into their workplaces, even if it's unsafe. So the whole point of easing the lockdown, the way that Boris Johnson wanted to do it, the way he has done it, is he saying, look, even if you feel a bit unsafe going into work, even if you can't keep the two meter rule, even if it feels a bit dangerous, you should do it anyway. And also, even even if you think you might be able to work from home, even if it seems completely unreasonable for your boss to demand you come in potentially because he wants to oversee you working because he doesn't think that you're disciplined enough working from home. If your boss wants to do it, even if it's a crazy, ridiculous idea, you should still do it. So I mean, they are leading by example in a way because the example they want to set is even if it seems completely irrational and completely dangerous to go into work, you should do it anyway. That's the message they're sending out. And Boris Johnson, he's already immune. Matt Hancock, he's already immune. So they are willing to, they're safe. So what they're willing to do is risk the health of all the MPs in parliament and all their constituents purely to prove a point, which is that even if you don't want to go to work, feeling unsafe, you should do it. They want you to do that to help businesses begin to make profits again and so that they can reduce the cost of the furlough, et cetera, et cetera. But it's bad for public health. It's bad for MPs health. And the reason they're doing it is, I mean, disgraceful.


community specifically um your amendments tonight in this document um honestly no one knows uh the challenges of our unhoused population and what we could do to support them as council members as much as you do so thank you so much and i know that we've met a couple times over this but never i don't think it will take me 30 years to be able to know what you do so i appreciate your comments and somehow we're going to retain you in this area and arina have already set my mind to it but just a couple things that i did want to um call out tonight specifically around looking at measure o and how those funds are disseminated i do want us to make sure that we are at the table when those discussions are happening to make sure that we are getting our fair share i think santa rosa ends up taking the lion's share of um of challenging situations for folks and so i want to make sure that when that money is um disseminated it's appropriate and it's done by jurisdictions who are taking that on and then also i really want to make sure that and i don't know that it's part of this strategy in this plan but anything that we can do to work with the state and federal funding i know senator padilla had the housing act for all which really addressed homelessness and in some of the areas that council members should help address tonight around um rental assistance making sure that landlords are being included in some of those funds and so as that legislation moves forward which federal legislation is much slower than state legislation but i think it's important that we keep our eye on those potential resources that we can maybe get as far as a city um municipality goes so i i do want to just say thank you so much for the thorough presentation tonight for the comments from the community members that have taken time to read through these documents and give suggestions and i'm glad that city manager has an opportunity to adjust this so that we're part of continuum of care and and that we can make these adjustments and it's a living document to be able to move us into the right direction so just thank you to everyone great job tonight kelly thank you so much you always make us so proud thank you all um are there any further no further questions perfect uh with that said uh let's go ahead and councilman fleming are you still with us by any chance i am i'm so with you i'm glad to hear that i'm glad to hear that if you could i present this i would greatly appreciate it right to be clear um i heard somebody um i think it was council member mcdonald's reference amendments made by council member schwedholm are there amendments to the resolution go ahead sir at this point i'm comfortable with the conversations we have with the city manager and kelly to incorporate some of that language because again a lot of my questions deal with the specificity who's doing what by when it sounds like that'll be a document that's going to be produced after staff has heard all these comments so i have no friendly amendments to what's being proposed right now okay well that makes it easier for me and um with tremendous gratitude for your work and for the work of miss kike and all and her staff as well as focus strategy it is my pleasure to introduce a resolution of the council of the city of san aroda approving the homeless solution strategic plan for the five-year period 2023 through 2027 and authorizing the city manager to make minor or non-substantive modifications to amend the strategic plan to ensure alignment with the sinoma county continuum of care regional plan and waive further reading of the second perfect we have a motion on the floor by council member fleming and a second by council member mcdonald uh madam city clerk if you can call the vote thank you council member schwedholm i council member soyer i council member rogers i council member mcdonald i council member fleming i vice mayor alvarez i mayor rogers okay that motion passes with six eyes and mayor rogers is being absent yes sir um i'm very appreciative of this past unanimously and there's more opportunities if you want to continue with the discussion this friday the continuum of care will be doing this exact same process through its strategic plan we set aside three hours for it so the public is invited starting at nine o'clock and then in november 30th at our next continuum of care board meeting the hope is that that board will adopt the plan that we worked on on the 18th and then if you're really excited on december 15th we'll have the election a new board for the continuum of care members so there are we voting on new people who can actually vote for who's going to be on the board but those are three exciting opportunities to continue to participate in all of these efforts on a regional basis thank you and council member will these three meetings be via zoom yes very well thank you sir with that being said we are we have no written communication and we will go to item number 17 public comments on non-agenda matters let's go ahead and open up a public comment and see if we have anybody in the chambers who wishes to speak on on things that are of the city but not on the agenda seeing no one in chambers do we have anyone who's made a prerecorded message or participating via zoom i'm seeing no hands raised via zoom and we have no prerecorded messages perfect we'll move on to item 18 and first i do want to wish our mayor safe travels on his way back from egypt back to san rosa and on a more somber note i would like to close in the memory of larry marie who passed at the age of 70 he served our san rosa police apartment our community for 30 years in fact one of his final assignments was being the first school resource officer at both elsie and cook junior high go mustangs after retirement he continued to remain at elsie as its athletic director coaching both varsity and junior varsity at uh full ball his brother is a retired senator as a police officer and his nephew is is actually helps form uh our senator as a police department so with that this meeting is adjourned


Can I be there to sign that? Can I be there to sign that? Okay. Okay. I'm going to clean. I'm going to clean. I'm going to hand the bin. Come on. I'll take it off. Yeah. That looks good. Yeah, it's over with you. Yeah, probably. Two of them anyway. Right here, yeah? Big smile. Yeah, that's fine. That's how it's happened.  Probably do some against the white ball. Okay. Yeah. A bit more to the side just so I can do the shirt a little bit more like it. Smiling when you're doing it. Then the other way. Probably change to here. Yes. Guys, Jack Wilshire here. So happy to be back. I can't wait to get back on the pitch and help you guys get back in the Premier League. Thank you very much. Cheers. Hey mate. Can we just get this to the top of your top? Just grab that hole. Just jump in there, mate. Just come inside.


This went to a coffee shop called Not Your Average Joe's Coffee, which one of its main purposes is actually to hire and employ special needs people. So what seems like a great non-profit found itself in the cultural crossfire and receiving comments and complaints. How could you take this money? And potentially people didn't know the whole story because the video is particularly shocking. But I think even the fact that there was this uproar, the video went viral and the state superintendent has to comment on it, tells you something about the current state of education in America.


Hi, welcome. My name is Warren Bayek. I'm in the CTO office of Wind River member of the Starling X community and I want to talk today about enabling the intelligent edge of Starling X Craig Griffin is on your your syllabus. He may be able to pop in a little later, but he's not here right now obviously So I want to talk about the intelligent edge in the new machine economy and Starling's X Starling X's place in it And what do we mean by this? Well a new intelligent machine economy is the next wave of digital transformation So the first or pre the previous wave Was about that were we've been taking a part in the past ten years was all about creating this cloud computing infrastructure that met the needs of Integrated public and private clouds regardless of size by being simple to implement and massively scalable So open-stack provided software defined infrastructure needed to create the data centers for this environment Capable of deploying VMs at massive scale right so it infrastructure that was scalable and automated collecting data analyzing in a central location Creating improved customer options and experiences along with leveraging that data to create business and operational advantages Those were the keys to the previous generation It was really centered on The cell phone right connecting people to people and people to processes and systems data centers And using that data intelligently to enable us to have a better experience with each other and with With companies to be able to use that data to create products and services that satisfied our needs In terms of connectivity as I said the cell phone was really the primary way that This came to light so think about ten years ago and how different the world was than the world We live in today and things you do today without thinking ten years ago would have been science fiction Right a lot of things that happened in our daily lives would have been science fiction just ten years ago No one had any idea what impact the cell phone and other things other ways We interact with each other and interact with the internet and the data center world would be possible Ten years from now I want to say the world will be equally different Things we consider science fiction today. It's gonna be part of our everyday lives What those things are I don't know, but I do know they will be happening So that's what the next wave is about We've already entered this way that It's enabling the new machine economy So I said the first wave is really about connecting us people with each other and with information Well, the next wave is going to be more about connecting The the devices at this intelligent edge with each other having them interact communicate and do interesting and intelligent things As part of as Jeff Gowan if you listen to the keynote yesterday mentioned as part of sort of a rolling data centers One way we like to look at it So in the data center paradigm is shifting Many of the tasks performed today in those massive centralized data centers They're gonna be moving further and further out to this new machine economy edge Some of the requirements to make this happen are gonna be things like low latency ultra-connectivity highly available systems There's some statistics up there that show how important this is going to be Obviously, it's well underway, but even said you can see aerobatics 70% of GDP between now and 2030 70% of the growth is going to be in this area Every business is thinking about this So we're all on a path to the future where The data produced by these devices is expanding exponentially and the way they need to communicate with each other And the things the devices are going to need to be able to do at the device level as well as at the network Infrastructure level and the data center level are increasing exponentially as well So we need an infrastructure that can support this new intelligent edge economy according to Gartner This new world will be worth two trillion dollars in economic activity by 2030 two trillion dollars So What's happened so far you may have seen this picture if you've been to some of these talks before but Open stack and Starling X have taken this idea of software-defined infrastructure from the core To the infrastructure edge, which is where currently today in Virtual-rand environment Starling X is running in the Verizon network as Jeff mentioned yesterday With it with a 5g virtual ran deployment across North America So that's the second bullet in the infrastructure edge We call that but beyond that is the device that's where the intelligent machine economy is going to happen that's the Big growth pattern that I just you just saw in those previous statistics That's where all the new infrastructure that we're putting into place has to support that last mile intelligent edge You know think about what it is. It's really the way to think of it is as a place not a thing, right? It's it's the manufacturing floor a campus a city a car Airplanes underwater things Sports arenas battlefields all of these areas that is the last mile the device intelligent edge that we're talking about enabling with this new infrastructure That's happening now because at this edge As I said these devices are going to be able to need to perform AI as you AI Obviously in the last six months all of us have heard non-stop Stories about where AI is going that's going to play out in this intelligent edge So where those devices need to be able to use this infrastructure to communicate with each other and do AI things that they're Capable of doing within the device, but they also need to share that data at each of these levels so that each level can Process and do the correct thing based on the requirements of the device AI Implementations So how does Starling X play play into this? What is it first? I'm going to run through a quick overview of what Starling X is I'll be massively simplification simplify it here If you want to get into deeper depth of what Starling X is how you use it the the nuts and bolts kind of the sausage making if You will there's nine ish sessions coming over the next two days This is more intended to be more of a little bit high level so bear with me as I kind of blast through this But if you want to get into the deeper level meet with some of the engineers in the other sessions And they can they'll go through some really specific things and the others just if you search for Starling X in the program You'll see all the sessions that are coming up, but to massively over simplify it So Starling X was formed five years ago in response to thinking about the differences Required to support the kind of edge infrastructure that I talked about versus the open stack type data center infrastructure If you think about the biggest differences while the scalability and other things I'll talk through a few specifically are the same The differences they're geographically separated for take for instance your Nova compute instances Could be the controllers here the workers miles away very different paradigm than in a data center Same thing with Kubernetes your masters could be potentially tens or hundreds of miles separated from the worker nodes, right? That just won't work with the kind of connectivity and the availability of the networks between those systems So a new infrastructure had to be designed so five years ago Wind River co-founded Starling X along with Intel to manage some of those problems So as you it's an open-source project. It's part of the open infrastructure foundation confer It's a open infrastructure Confirmed project, so it's open source open design open development a very open community It's a full stack supplying a complete cloud and infrastructure solution It's distributed as I said geo distributed so that the workers that the sub-clouds we call them nodes can be Distributed geographically separate from the controllers and the optimized edge sub-cloud is really the part I want to focus on today So what do we mean by optimized? Well the scalability is critical Just like the current data center the scales has to go into the thousands Of course the difference is again this scalability happens geographically So that creates a new set of problems that had to be solved In terms of reliability unlike the data center where you're three and four nines Reliability some of the applications that live at those edge if you thought about what was happening out there We're talking about cars. We're talking about aeroplanes data telecom centers I'm a data telecom connections out there you expect five and six nines reliability very very different paradigm than the typical data center It requirements because lives could be at stake Small footprint is obviously critical as you scale to the thousands or tens of thousands of edge sites If you have a solution that takes two or three or four or five servers under the typical model with a controller workers storage servers Do the math on the equation as you get to the the cost equation becomes very different if you have a Hyperconferred solution like Starling X so we can bring all of that into one server and in the server itself is optimized And I'll touch on that a little bit later Ultra low latency as I mentioned when you're at the far edge We're talking latency at that out there is measured in microseconds So latency is not data center. It's not at the same scale as a data center And finally it's at security and life cycle management security is important everywhere at the edge It's a different it's again a different discussion because you don't have kind of a walled area where everything's in one place Everything can kind of be controlled. You're geographically separated. You have physical security problems You have an unsecured network connecting you to the back to the core so there are new security concerns that had to be addressed and in terms of the The life cycle management we do we knew from open stacks experience that the requirements to put life cycle management Into the product from the beginning natively was very important for those of you who Worked with open stack early on how difficult it was to upgrade and keep track of was Something we realized we had to get into Starling X from the beginning So that's a quick overview of where Starlet how Starling X came to be and where it's gone So what do we use this infrastructure for? Well today as I mentioned about two and a half years ago Verizon started rolling out the first virtual ran environment using Starling X at the as their VRan host hosted infrastructure Vodafone and KDDI are also following along. So what's happened is we've proven Scalability and reliability at massive scale now that question's been answered for Starling X But we're here to talk about additional use cases beyond Telco it's interesting to me that Starling X has become kind of the de facto virtual ran Telco solution because there's really nothing specific in Starling X to do with telco It just happens to be a great use case that is monetizable today in the first place that Customers were willing to give it a shot. So as Jeff said yesterday, this is really important We've used two and a half years to harden Starling X to the point where it's ready for any environment now So other use cases, we just threw a few up on here Software-defined vehicles Really important one. We know that's coming enabling has an information sharing autonomous driving enhanced safety A&D the aerospace and defensive part of the United States is already starting to define advanced battle management systems So they're creating a network environment that Starling X fits into perfectly smart electric grids not just smart devices where Starling X can help applications host applications that are Intelligent device management of energy, but also energy grids who can share information and manage the grid more efficiently Industrial manufacturing some obvious use cases there with low latency hyper available hyper secure environments Medical already we're already starting to see tele-surgery things happening Obviously, you need massively available and reliable systems there with incredibly low latency Robotics drone delivery the list goes on and on but really the important thing is I don't know the killer app neither do you But someone in here is gonna come up with ideas that can use this infrastructure and that's we're gonna talk about today I'm going to go through a couple use cases Because I know as I said earlier I know in ten years this world will be very different some of the people in this room And at this conference will play a part in that and we want them to think about Starling X being the infrastructure to host The applications that are going to change our world So I'm going to talk about a few examples today one. That's obvious Monetizable and is happening and the other that's quite exotic and really I'm just going to bring it up as an example of what could be Just to get your mind thinking a little bit out of the box The first is The software-defined vehicle we talk about this a lot One of the differences here with the existing telco infrastructure think about what the telco use cases Telco is near if you think about that drawing that I had with the as you work further to the left You were getting more to the device edge at the very far edge of that in the telco environment are the radio towers Starling X sits one Place in from that on the on the infrastructure of the telco So we host applications like VRN applications Mac applications that control things at the radio edge The autonomous vehicle is potentially a little different in that we actually could extend Starling X into the device So this device would essentially become a sub-cloud in our known in the Starling X nomenclature And that's happening today the these companies are beginning To create this environment GM has said They expect publicly in their reports to the walk to the street 20 to 25 billion dollars in annual revenue via software By 2030 I believe the date and today that's about two billion So you can see where GM expects to see a massive part of their growth over the next six or seven years Fords followed suit all the car companies are saying the same thing to their investors car companies are quickly becoming software companies Obviously Tesla is the the poster child in this right the software that the software in a Tesla is Essentially the car all car companies are going to be software companies 10 years from now And we believe with this type of an architecture the car is going to be it literally is going to be a rolling data center the difference with a car It has to be hyper connected If it's if we're going to innate if we're going to realize the v2x things that I've listed here vehicle a vehicle communication device Infrastructure some of these are happening already and they use well-defined protocols within the car Some need to communicate to devices street signs Some will need to communicate with each other for intelligent traffic control the use cases are Enormous and one of the interesting things that has to happen within a car Is there a mixed criticality services running some of those things your your infotainment system not so important, right? Your your ability to realize a kids running in front of the car critically important those have to live together and Starling X provides a way to separate and keep each Pod each container in its own box and let the critical systems have preference over the other systems There's some other things that could happen in a car too for instance Some of the applications or pods don't need to run when you're driving the car the things that unlock your door You know if that's a software system when you get near the car that has to be enabled But once you're in the car running you don't have to have some of the things running So Starling X gives you an easy way to manage applications within the car so you can use the resources more efficiently Unlike a data center the resources in a car are basically an elastic once you're in the car You have what you have so you have to have an intelligent way to use those resources and not have everything running all the time and Starling X gives you good ways to manage the applications and the resources within the car So in this world, this is this is where people like GM Ford and others are looking to figure out an infrastructure that will support this Starling X has the perfect answer for all the questions that are being asked about the infrastructure and all the demands being put on it And as I said, this is happening. It may be a few years away But this vision is is on route and we expect Starling X to play a major role in it Now I'm gonna take you down a little different path And this is just to get you thinking. I I actually just was listening to a podcast last week and came across this company I Don't know how it's pronounced Pidgey. Oh, maybe fast info. It's a Boston based company and they create basically robotic Sherpas to follow you without you requiring to be managing a joystick without you You know having to interact with it in any way It's an intelligent device that knows how to manage It's really built for kind of the 15 minute city that you've heard about and it allows people such as this woman Who's carrying baby? Typically she wouldn't be able to do things in that environment She couldn't go shopping because I have to take my kid and do those sorts of things Well, this gives you an option to have the Sherpa follow you along you can go to the market throw things in it And it will come take care to take care of everything and go home with you Well, it has to manage things like how do I get across the street? How do I wait for no it's time to stop here and I have to wait You notice she doesn't have a joystick in her hand or her cell phone out and watching it It's the machine itself is intelligent enough to know what she needs to have happened and make it happen It's pretty rudimentary right now But if you go to Seattle or Boston or London, you may see some of these wandering around the streets. It's kind of interesting Very exotic today, right who would ever Who would ever think this is going to take off? But again ten years from now things like this and I'm not saying this will be it But something like this will be part of your life And if you're in the development environment of this and you have some need in a network infrastructure Come talk to us at Starling X come by the booth and let's discuss it We can talk about ways we can make this happen for you in terms of that I just want to say one. I want to talk about one interesting successful collaboration like this. We've recently had Again, it's in the telco environment because that's where this market is already taking off for Starling X a few years ago Intel started a project for a new silicon for the fourth generation sapphire rapids So we talked with Intel about what we could do in the telco space to make that an attractive offering and Decided that we would try to minimize the footprint of Starling X to give Applications more room on these servers Just like the car which has an inelastic amount of resources once it's built Without obvious upgrades cell towers are the same right if you you see your cell tower at the bottom There's a building in that building is a server or two or three or whatever they put in once they're in there That's it. That's what you have so minimizing the footprint of things like infrastructure is critical So with Intel and in core it joined us. We're happy to have them join the Starling X group and When River we collaborate on the requirements We work through the Starling X community to get the things into place that needed to be done to enhance and optimize that use case And the most recent release has Starling X running on one core of the sapphire rapids silicon and I bring that up just to say it's a place where a Silicon vendor had a use case. They came to the community. We figured out what they needed within the infrastructure We made it happen and we delivered something to the market that is going to change the the shape of the Verizon network and Other for telco networks to come So again as you come up with use cases where you can use low latency high high availability You know all the things that I mentioned earlier all the benefits and advantages of Starling X Please come by the booth join the join the community. Let us talk about what we can do within the infrastructure together To enable your use case and bring it to market faster. So we have some Yeah, we kind of talk we have some resource resources at the end here Here's some ways to get to start the Starling X community We have a booth here as I said the rest of this the rest of these two days You're gonna have eight or nine or ten Starling X presentations that will get into detail of how we do things like upgrades How we did the Starling X project how we some of the new deployment models We're looking at but there's some engineers here who are gonna drill very deep and give you some really good examples So I encourage you to look through your your syllabus and see what Starling X opportunities make sense to you to go See and to come visit us at the booth if you need any help With your application your service your infrastructure decisions anything you need This kind of an infrastructure. Please come talk to us and we'll be happy to help any questions Well, that was a pretty specific instance and I I don't know if I can get into details But when River had you know, we're part of the Starling X community We knew that Going forward there would be Intel was interested because they obviously will sell more silicon, which is their business and core is interested because they're gonna go they're helping with the Starling X project and when River the we have a Engineering group obviously it already contributes to Starling X. We have a upstream first development model So everything we do goes into Starling X. So really all the companies had a End goal that I mean an end revenue model that made sense So we all contributed some of the money together to help each other get there. Does that help? Well, like so that the the nuts and bolts of the collaboration We literally had teams from each of those groups getting together regularly So everybody was kind of contributing manpower more than anything and we we had very close weekly if Mostly weekly meetings and made sure you know made sure from an engineering perspective the right things were being done in the community You know it was a long project Intel is an interesting partner to work with obviously and it was a year plus Effort to get there and we used the you that because that was a specific use case And I assume y'all would have the same kind of thing we went kind of the agile model We brought in the Verizon and we talked them through it as well to make sure that it was landing right and then had a market When we were finished and and again Wind River can help with that if you have you know customers We have a lot of reach being a 30-year company doing some a lot of you probably have heard of Wind River from the Vx Workstays so we have a lot of reach and a lot of customer output So we can help the Starling X community get into maybe some places and get conversations with customers that may be unreachable for some Any other questions? All right. Good. Thank you


First shoes, I'm going to wrap up here on the table. Yes, we're getting them shipped out. Thanks for your patience. We did the live giveaway last Wednesday. And shout out to Olive, you won a pair. And basically I wasn't monitoring the chat quite close enough and it turned out that we had a size 10 for Olive. So Olive, congrats, we're wrapping up yours first. Okay, got six shoes done. We're about halfway through. Because of the scooter situation, I don't think I can carry 12 pairs of running shoes into the post office at once. So I'm going to call it there, finish the other six tonight under the lights here in the studio, in the carport. But I feel good, six going out today, and then six more tomorrow. All right, the shoes are out the door. Oh, it's just a beautiful day out. It's finally feeling like summer in Denver. And yes, I'm just going to say it now. I think the first summer job or frankly year round job that the boys will have, my boys will be wrapping up these running shoes and being in charge of shipping them off around the world. Cause it does take time to wrap them up well, make sure the address is correct. And I'm going to come up with a better system for that as well at some point. But thanks for bearing with me if you are waiting for your shoes. And if they're internationally based, I think we sent some to Malaysia and Brazil today. It'll probably take at least a couple of weeks. So just keep that in mind. Today marks week number three of no fresh new running footage on this YouTube channel. But somehow we keep plugging along every single day. It's amazing. And so remember I asked, I don't know, two and a half weeks ago, I asked for your advice and ideas for ideas for this daily running vlog even when I'm injured. So today's the title of today's vlog, top three running vlogs of 2019. It's based on one fan out there who commented a couple of weeks ago. Thank you for this idea. I think it's a great idea. So that's going to be the focus of our time here in the studio. And yes, keyword is going to be the number three for the top three running vlogs thus far in 2019. And I think it's a great idea to do this because since January 1st, oh my goodness, have we doubled? I think we've over doubled the amount of subscribers.  There's a lot of running content to go dig through. And some of you are messaging me on Instagram saying I'm binging right now and I just appreciate you going back into the archive and watching it. So that's what we're going to do right now. Now YouTube is a funny thing like other social media platforms. It's all based on an algorithm. So how you found this YouTube channel is probably based on your interests and based on your past history on YouTube as far as what videos you are clicking on. And yes, the CTR, the click through rate, really the click through rate and the watch time on every single video really determines how well a video will do on YouTube, on a global platform. It's crazy. So I'm slowly figuring this out as we move along with this YouTube journey. And therefore, today's top three is going to be based on not on views, not on comments, not on likes, not on the click through rate but rather the watch time. And why is that important? Basically it means if the watch time is high on a YouTube video, it means that people are most likely watching the video for most of it, if not all the way to the end of the video. So from start to begin or start to end and the YouTube algorithm really, really loves that. They are tracking everything as you probably already know. So thank you for watching these videos throughout. Now listen, if you can't watch it all the way to the end, I totally understand but it does help give a little boost to the YouTube algorithm. With that said, let's dive into the top three vlogs of 2019 thus far. And yes, it's up a right hand corner. If you wanna go check it out, number three was a recent one actually. I'm not too surprised. The drum roll. London Marathon 2019. Elite results and analysis. That was what, two weeks ago. So that vlog is doing very well. It has 158,000 minutes of watch time. Pretty impressive, that's amazing. All right, moving on to number two. Oh yeah, and here's a little clip of number three. A drink, threw it down and boom. Geremu could not go with him. And I called it though. I did say that when there was four Ethiopians around Kipchoge, I said Geremu is going to go with Kipchoge and sure enough, he was the last one to survive and go with Kipchoge to the finish line. So here you go. Kipchoge, your 2019 London Marathon winner. And number two, thus far published, gosh, two and a half, maybe three months ago already, the Hoka Carbon Rocket versus the Nike Vaporfly 4%. Flying it, I compared those two shoes in that vlog, upper right-hand corner, go check it out. It came in at number two with 198,000 minutes of watch time. Pretty impressive comparison. You've got your flying it upper on the 4% and then an engineered mesh on the rocket. Guess what? I'm gonna give the upper hand to the rocket for overall comfort. I'm really, really enjoying the comfort and breathability of the upper on this rocket. On the 4%, you've got a 31-millimeter stack height in the heel and a 21-millimeter in the forefoot, which means a 10-millimeter drop. That's pretty tall. Over in the rocket, you've got 26-millimeter stack height in the heel, 25-millimeter in the forefoot, so a one-millimeter drop. Straight fire on the vlog with 198,000 minutes of watch time at number two. Pretty impressive. That was a fun vlog to film. And last but not least, the number one running vlog thus far in 2019 for total watch time on this YouTube channel. I'm not surprised because people wanna run faster. It's how to run faster. Threshold training is key. Blowing at number three and number two out of the water with 348,000 minutes of watch time. That's amazing. Here's a little sneak peek. Oh, cause then you start, you start flirting with long, slow distance days. And now how do you actually go about training your lactate threshold? The first step is you need to figure out your 5K PR. All right? So maybe let's just take 18 minutes as an example. If that is your 5K PR, you wanna subtract absolutely incredible. The comments on that vlog are amazing.  Like it's doing really, really well. And obviously it's a hot topic amongst the running community here on YouTube. People wanna run faster. And so that vlog really struck a chord. I hope if you haven't seen it and you're interested in running faster, I'd encourage you to go check it out up a right hand corner. And so once again, thank you so, so much for spreading the word about the channel to your running friends, for watching on a consistent basis, for sharing these videos on social media. It all helps so, so much. And again, the key number is the number three for the top three running vlogs thus far in 2019. And you better believe it, the question of the day. Name, if you wanna give three, go for it. But I'll just say, what is your number one favorite vlog so far from 2019? Cause it's January, February, March, April, May. Like we're almost talking almost a half a year, not quite, but almost a half a year of daily vlogging. So there's plenty to choose from. Let us know down in the comments. I'm actually fascinated to hear. And you might have to go back and dig a little bit in the archive to find the one that really jumped out at you. I'm not gonna sign off yet. Going back out to the carport, keep wrapping those presents. Those boys could not be eight, nine, 10 years old quick enough to help wrap these presents. Oh my goodness, it takes time. I'm realizing I gotta build this into the schedule whenever we do these running shoe giveaways. All right, back out to the carport. Wrap more presents, come on. But we're getting there. These are going out to Thomas in Texas. All right, Thomas, they are on their way. I'll get them out the door tomorrow. That is it for tonight. A great day. We'll be seeing you tomorrow. See beauty, work hard.


Good morning everybody. So, my name's Mark. I'm going to talk about design thinking this morning. You guys have probably, maybe many of you have already heard of this concept. It's been around for a long time. And it's a fun subject to talk about. There's a little process I'm going to go through to help anybody interested to focus on how to use design thinking in their lives. Just because I'm nervous I'm going to talk super fast. I'm put in a filler slide so you could find me later and ask questions and get ahold of me. I like to think about design because design is really about thinking. It's something that we do daily in our lives and we're not just about making things look pretty as designers but really thinking through solutions. So I thought about thoughtful design and began to design what others were expecting and thus thoughts of expected designs were thought through as users expected them to be. So I just, I love playing with words and so that might come through a little bit. But what it is, what it is. So design thinking is really another approach on problems, for solving problems that we come across with. It requires like questions, especially the question why. And it uses empathy. So we need to learn to be empathetic towards our users, towards others in life and I'll talk that through. So the question why though, why is a big one to ask. In fact so big that it's recommended to ask it five times when you're presented with a problem. It's called the Five Wise actually. And it's developed by a man named Sakichi Toyoda who founded Toyoda Industries and he used this process to get to the bottom of any manufacturing issues that he had. And so he would use this process of Five Wise and he implemented it and while back ago and it became a huge quality control process for Toyoda and that's one of the reasons Toyoda at the time became a very good vehicle because they really practiced this concept. And the point of it is don't stop when you find an initial answer. You want to keep asking why because that's going to lead you to something further. So here's an example. There aren't any new accounts created today. Why? Because the submit button isn't working. Why? Because a bug was introduced last night in the release. Why? Because there was no testing done. Why? Because we didn't have time. Why? Because management demands too much and doesn't give enough time to complete the tasks. You got it. So you got to the root of the problem. So the five steps are empathize, define the problem, ideate, build a prototype and test. So we're going to go over through these steps today. People like steps. Research has proven this. So it tells them how long the process is. Gives them an idea of where you are in the process and what to look forward to when the end is coming, like the end of my talk. So I empathize with you and you get five steps. Empathize. So to empathize is really to understand and share the feelings of another. It requires a lot of observation. You have to know the people you're working with, your users. And there's a method called ethnography. And this is taking people and sending them out into the field to really sit down with your users, people using your products, and see what they're doing in their own environment. It's an essential key point to this. You could create personas, become a user of your own stuff. But empathy. Empathy overall, I feel, is one of the greatest traits of humanity. If we can empathize with each other, then that's a huge building block for where we can go in the future. I often, I have three little kids, and so I like to read books to them at night before they go to sleep. And I find myself tearing up at like little cartoon books that I just get my empathy for these characters in the book is ridiculous. So I thought one day, I want to take an empathy test. I took an empathy test online. Out of 80 questions, I scored 48. I got 60%. That's kind of like a D on empathy. So surprisingly enough, and there was a little note there that said, if you scored above 30, then you're not likely to be autistic. So luckily, I'm not autistic, but empathy. So this man, Justin Keller, he posted something on his blog, on an open letter to the mayor and chief of police in San Francisco. And it was quite an upset in the interwebs when he did it. This was back in February, I think. But in it, he says, I shouldn't have to see the pain, struggle and despair of homeless people to and from my way to work every day. That is not empathy, just to be clear. So let's look at an example, real life example. This beautiful beast right here, the 1990 Ford Mustang. When they built this, they found that their driver, the people buying this car were not experiencing the horsepower that they expected from the predecessors. And so Ford sent out a crew of ethnographers. These are people who watched the users in their own environment. So they sat down and they drove these cars with them and they asked some questions and talked with them. And they found that the drivers experienced horsepower viscerally. It wasn't just a number on the sheet, on the buyer sheet. Even though this Ford Mustang had more horsepower than the predecessors, the drivers didn't realize it. So the ethnographers came back, they spoke with the company, and they decided, well, let's see, they decided that, okay, the drivers are not getting the power that they want. So what are we going to do to fix this? In 1994, they came out with the revised Ford Mustang. And this vehicle, when you revved the engine, it vibrated more. It sounded louder than the predecessor. And it was built to look faster. So when this came out, I know I had plenty of friends who bought this car, they loved it. Me not so much, especially nowadays, but it was a popular car at the time. Number two in the process is defining the problem. Albert Einstein was quoted as saying, if I were given one hour to save the planet, I would spend 59 minutes defining the problem in one minute solving it. That should show us how important it is, this process, this step in the process. Defining the problem is huge for us. And so this is where the five whys fits in, that concept. It's a difficult, probably the most difficult step here. Why? Because we often don't have all the information. Why? Because we don't provide enough resources and time and learning about our users. Can anyone guess what's next? Why? Because when challenged to solve an issue, the correct path is often backwards into a study about the problem itself. Managers don't like this. Why? Because they want to see forward momentum. Because that's the nature of the business. People want us as designers, as problem solvers, to create solutions right away. They present a problem or something that they think is the problem, and they want us to build the solution. Come up with an idea, start solving right away. But that's the problem, is we need to stop, we need to go back and discover, is that really the problem? We need to start asking those questions. So it's a lot of whys. Let's look at another example as Lego. In 1980, Lego started losing market share. And so they were concerned. There was a new breed of children coming out. These were called digital natives. So Lego thought, you know what, these new children, they don't have the time or the patience to build awesome things with Legos. So they really wanted to start exploring things. They branched out into theme parks, built larger Lego pieces, children's clothing line, you name it. They were trying to build this stuff up in any way they can. Turns out it was the wrong problem. They sent out ethnographers, and some of them went to these kids' homes. They asked this one boy, they said, what is the most prized possession in your room? And this boy pointed to a pair of worn out sneakers. That was his trophy. And they realized, why? Because those sneakers were a sign of his mastery in the skill of skateboarding. So they went back to the drawing board, and they realized that they redefined the problem, and they re-engineered smaller pieces, and more intricate building structures, and they branded Lego as a master skill. And you guys saw this in the Lego movie, right? What was the Lego movie about? The prophecy of the master builder. They are marketing this to the T right now. And so Lego became a mastery. And bam, they took on these themes, Star Wars, Lord of the Rings, whatever, and these kids loved it. And building these intricate, detailed Lego structures was huge for them. So ID8 is the next step. ID8, let's brainstorm, make lists, write stuff down. You want to generate ideas as much as possible, concepts. Don't worry about restraints, be creative, and question everything still. This is still just an evolving process right now. There's ways to do that. I have a notebook. This is my notebook. You don't have to know how to draw. You can draw shapes. This is primarily squares, arrows, and circles. And you just get these ideas out there on paper. I was at a meet-up with my team the other while back and we used post-its and we stuck them all over the windows and dry erase markers. But use these tools to get your ideas onto paper, onto something so that others can see it and you can talk about it. Building a prototype is the fourth step. You want to build something. Draw stuff, post-its, rapid prototype. The whole point of this is providing scenarios through which users can interact. You want people to start messing around with your ideas because they're going to tell you what's working, what's not working. They're going to give you feedback however it may be, whether it's through facial expressions or just looks of confusion. On the left side there, the vertical arrow is the visual fidelity against the functional fidelity at the bottom. Of course sketches are in the bottom, right? Or bottom left there. But the idea is to kind of improve upon these things. Build out wireframes. Go further and build out interactive wireframes, prototypes. Work your way up to a production-ready prototype until you're ready to go live. This is an example of paper prototypes right here.  There's things like Envision app that's out there. It's a great tool for your mock-ups. Throw them up there. Interact with them. Share them with others. And number five, you want to test. You want to test the thing. You want to get it into users' hands. Watch them use it. Watching them use it will tell you what they do. And talking to them will tell you why they did it. The thing, though, is not done yet. Number six. I said five signs. This is number six. I remember my empathy level is pretty low, so you guys get six. Reiterate, though. You want to cycle through all these steps. Reiterating is revising upon what you have until you nail down what you need. So when you go through empathy, defining the problem, IDA, building a prototype, testing, your reiteration cycle is going to be big at first. You might go all the way back up to the empathize phase. And then you might work through it again. And then next time around, you might reiterate and hit the define the problem phase because maybe you got the problem wrong. And then building the prototype. But this cycle will get smaller and smaller as you continue to reiterate until you nail down what exactly you're going for. This process is also called the double diamond model. You guys have probably seen this before. It's pretty popular. The point about this is start on the left-hand side and you want to find the problem, the right problem. And on the right side, you want to find the right solution. So you start out with empathy and then defining the problem. You start exploring everything, right? Or am I going this way? And then you narrow that down until you define the problem. And then from there, you branch out again. You start exploring ideas and solutions until you come back together with a solution that you can test or get out there. The five steps are empathize, define the problem, ideate, build a prototype, test. And because my empathy is low, reiterate. So this is design thinking. Design thinking equals a thoughtful designer. And that's what we're trying to be. Now there's many ways that design thinking can be packaged and shared. I chose the number two way to kind of explain it to everybody. I thought it worked for me, my understanding best. But these are other phrases that people use when explaining design thinking. Eric Erickson, he's a product designer at Facebook. He says, if you look at your product designer, someone that makes your solution look presentable, look again. Product designer helps you identify, investigate and validate the problem and ultimately craft design test and ship the solution. That's design thinking. A designer's job is not just to come in when everything's done and make it look good, but to be utilized at the beginning of the stages and to really help the process go through in every way possible. So it's not only about design as well. It can be applied to your life. So it could be relationships. We need to empathize by putting ourselves in the other shoes. We define any problems that might exist in our relationships by being aware, mindful, honest. We IDA and we examine ourselves. We explore ways in which we can improve things ourselves. Building a prototype is by implementing ways in which solutions can be achieved. And then test in real life. Be the change you want to see. We've heard that quote many times. Traffic, because I hit a lot of traffic on the way down. You want to empathize with drivers. You want to observe the frequency of traffic. IDA solutions such as working from home, working different hours outside of rush hour, implement communication practices that allow for this. And test in real life. And this design thinking is really applicable across the board in your life. And it's been around the block. It's been tried and tested and it works. In the past it was initially brought up in 1969 in the book Sciences of the Artificial by Herbert Simon. 1987 it found its expression design thinking in Peter Rose book Design Thinking. And then in 1991 David Kelly at IDA adopted the practice for business purposes. So it's been around. And yes, it's on par with this freaking scientific method. There are articles about this out there that they take the scientific method and design thinking and they utilize them hand in hand now. And it's helping to broaden solutions, come up with other ideas. The future. In theory there is no difference between theory and practice. In practice there is. So that means break the rules. I gave you five steps, but they don't have to be those five steps. Break the rules, okay? Be creative.  But explore these ideas. Find out what works for you. What is the proper solution to implement with your clients, with your users. And bonus. I'll be putting up these slides and probably tweet about it on my Twitter account. But I have some links and everything to some of the research that I did. And you can read the articles yourself and discover all the ideas out there and the ways in which design thinking is used. But that's it. Thank you very much. I think we have a few minutes for questions. And is there a mic or anything that people are walking up to? Okay, we can bring it. Anybody have questions? So I'll link to it from my Twitter account at MAPK. It's actually Mark, but spelled in Russian. If any of you know Russian. So MAPK on Twitter. Yes, yes. I am Russian, yes. Starova. Yeah, true. No, no, I'm here. I'm born here in America though. So, yeah. Any other questions? Anybody? Because I'm way too nervous. Thank you. Thank you very much. Yes, mic. So yeah, so we as designers, I'm speaking on the designer point of view. Oftentimes we get put in a room to come up with solutions and we love to just create solutions right away, right? We like to just start brainstorming ideas. And that can be, while that's great and good solutions are found, bad solutions come across too, which is awesome. But oftentimes when we get to that phase, we're already defined. We feel the problem's already been defined, so we're just going forward. I think in group settings, we need to sit back and explore if that's the right problem. If you're doing this by yourself, I mean it's just good to be cognant of this and try to work through those phases and bounce ideas off others. I think bringing in others in your processes is definitely a benefit, I would say. Yes, for sure. So, okay, yes, I'll repeat the question. The question was an example in my life where I've used this process. Right now, I'm on the Apollo team at Automatic. We're looking at the plugin directory, revising the plugin directory on .org. And in that, I had a great opportunity to sit down with some other designers and we went through to really figure out what the problems are on the current plugin directory. We started exploring ideas and we're still in this process right now. So, we're still kind of working through building prototypes now and coming up with this and getting feedback from users. We like to post a lot on .org and get everybody's comments on where we are in the process, what we're doing. I think I have some wireframes up there right now. But that would be like the most recent example. Yes, sir. So, the question is, it's great if you have the resources to send out ethnographers into the field that can do all this research, but when you're on your own, how do you do it? This is a basic question, right? So, you become the ethnographer. You become the person that does the research, in a sense.   You just do those things.  Buying coffee works great. People love it. Any other questions? Yes. For sure. The statement there was a lot of the plug-in, speaking of the plug-in directory, don't really give you the detailed information you need to kind of have it set up once you install it and activate it. Am I right? Correct, yeah. That's something we're definitely considering. We notice that as well, like the installation of these plug-ins and stuff. We're really trying to work around that. A lot of, if there's any plug-in authors, this question is really towards you because you're the one writing the content for those plug-ins. They're the ones creating the screenshots. It's good to hear this, that people are having trouble installing and activating these. You need to be more descriptive. Use screenshots. Show where these plug-ins are being installed and where to go to find them. But yeah, it's something that needs to be addressed for sure. Yeah. Videos to display how to install and activate the plug-in would be very helpful. I agree. How to use it. There you go. Okay, yeah. Perfect. How to use it is the actual question there or statement. There is, there's some plug-in things going on. Yes, sir. True, very true. The question is kind of how do you get this process implemented in a larger corporation or something big where they're not used to this sort of processes? I've been there. So, I said it empathizes one of the big things character traits. Well, you need to have patience. You need to have patience. And you need to create these processes in such a way that it's lean enough that people are willing to accept some of it, some of these changes. One area that I did is I kind of went rogue and actually did it on my own. Did a lot of user testing on my own at a company. And didn't really run it through management. I guess you could say. But talk to the managers. I mean, we've got to have that communication. Yes, sir. Recommendations for prototyping tools. I do in the resources area. I know I've flipped through those slides really quickly, but yes. Yes. I really kind of mean a couple other designers are kind of working through some style guides with .org right now. And in a sense, I don't know if we're really calling them style guides, but we're like getting our ideas and just putting them and trying to refine them to because I like style guides. I think it helps give us the patterns, the proper patterns that we could pull from to create new content and new pages and things like that. So, I personally think they're very beneficial. But 10 more minutes. Anybody else have any other questions? Or I could let you go 10 minutes early. Or I could beatbox. We could do stuff like this. Oh, good question. Okay. So the question is clients that really have strong opinions, but maybe not have a good sense of design. How do you work with them? Very good question. I would say empathy is great, but you need to be educated. You need to educate as well. I would definitely share ideas, share research that has been proven to work. I think with business people per se, that helps. They have an idea that when you show them research that's working in a particular way and that's kind of the direction you want to go. That's beneficial. Yes. So right now what we're trying is we went through and we thought we'd use a typographic modular scale. So we went to typography. Hugo, if you guys are familiar with him there in the back, he's a huge guy with typography. He knows a lot there. And I've been working with him and he's creating this modular scale on typography that really dictates a lot of the proportions on the website. So that's kind of where we started there. Then we allow that to kind of form the shape of our website basically. We start playing with things and layout designs. But then images and stuff that I think kind of comes later. But typography for the web is huge. So I believe so. That's probably how I would approach it. Yes. Typography up front, working your way back to photos and imagery and stuff later on. Yeah. So you look at character limits, on lines, right? And what sort of fonts are you using on the website? How's that going to look? Defining those proportions between your header text and your body text, things like that really, that you can just use mock text to get across the idea on how that all relates together. You know what? There's nothing that I specifically follow regarding color. I like to have a primary color that's the color of the brand or the company and then work off with complementary colors from there or something and try to figure out a good solution that fits their brand and the desired feeling that you want. I mean colors they they activate feelings in us. So what are the colors you're using? What's the feeling you want your users to have? That's a huge thing is people's emotions. How they feel about your product, your website. Definitely. I would say the question is do you bring developers into the design process? Yes. If possible, get them involved. Hear their opinions, their ideas and work with them. Especially with websites like to create something that's doing what it needs to do. Bring across the feeling you want it to bring and performing the functionality that the developers can add to that. Five minutes. Anybody else? Yes, sir? Definitely. So integrating that developer and that designer. As a designer we walk a fine line between business requirements and user expectations. So we need to navigate that. And that's probably one of the funnest parts of our jobs is really trying to get those two sides to meet somewhere and build something that's awesome. So I think that might be it on our time. Build something awesome. Be creative guys. Thank you.


Hugh Jackman's acting roles have taken many shapes and forms over the time. From the 2000s X-Men's Franchise as Wolverine to a struggling performer in 2017's Disney Classical, The Greatest Showman, now stepping into the shoes of Nick Bannister, Hugh Jackman is an obsessed lover falling head over heels for his greatest showman co-star, Rebecca Ferguson's, who plays May in this sci-fi thriller. Says in a diasporic era of Miami on the brink of collapse, the story focuses on protagonist Nick Bannister, a former war soldier and a pure rival of memories. People pay him to access memories for pleasure, closure, or investigative purposes. Nick Bannister is an overall good character. He gives free sessions to all bodies, sub criminals from being shot and avoids contact with naked women during his session. The story concept of reminence is appealing, the water and part land gives a great aesthetic as well.