Hello everyone, my name is Jerry Zhao and I'm from Panasonic Corporation Automotive R&D Center. Today, on behalf of AGL Virtualization Expert Group, I would like to talk about VertiO, a common and standard device virtualization framework which we believe to be a key technology to achieve software-defined vehicle. First, let me give a brief introduction about Virtualization Expert Group under the Automotive Grid Linux. This EEG started activities from 2017 and mainly in charge of design and implement virtualization solutions for AGL. We have a bi-vickly call and members from different fields are joining. Our expert group has a wide range of interest points around virtualization of automotive and nowadays our EEG is focusing on applying and extending VertiO for diverse AGL use cases. In our today's presentation, I will talk about the following three topics, why device virtualization is important for software defined vehicle, how VertiO can be served as a common device virtualization framework, and what current progress and future activities of AGL device virtualization are. First, let's talk about some background. As shown in this picture, it is an era of change in the automotive industry that cockpit is transforming toward fully digitalized. Cockpit instruments are going to be filled with various digital instruments will be in controlled by fewer ECUs, probably by only one single ECU. This concept is called ECU consolidation. In such consolidated ECUs, the virtualization with hypervisor technology is one of the mainstream approaches to realize the partitioning between various applications diverse in function safety and security. Now let's have a look at the overall history of virtualization. In the historical trend of general computing architecture, it has been going back and forth between centralized and distributed architecture driven by the fluctuation of constant performance of processing, memory, and communication. This means there is no constant optimal answer. This slide shows a similar concept with the previous page, but focusing more on the processor hardware and software. As you may find, physical architecture also keeps changing and physical system scale stays diversified even in the same architecture. In such variable situation, virtualization has been constantly the key technology to preserve our most expensive asset, that is, of course, software. This is exactly the one of the primary mission of software defined vehicle. The virtualization technology include both CPU and device virtualization as shown in the bottom picture. I would like to stress that for preserving software assets, device virtualization is critically important, possibly more than CPU virtualization. In the automotive computing architecture, there are some specific necessities or needs for device virtualization in addition to the general ones which I mentioned in the previous slides. The first necessity is simple, depending on car grade or car model, equipped devices may vary. For example, even for the same car OEM, there are a variety of displays for different car grades or car models. Number, size, or aspect ratio of displays can be different. Thus, we need common abstraction for such diverse devices to preserve software asset. The second necessity is rather complex. Automotive computing architecture is currently a pretty much distributed one, consists of a lot of ECUs. In this environment, education policy of a particular application software to a specific ECU and education policy of a particular device to a specific ECU are different. Optimal location of application could be decided by cohesion of functionalities or information or by load characteristics of application such as vector heavy or neural network heavy and so on. On the other hand, optimal location of devices could be decided by physical distance to ECU or by specific peripheral interface channel of ECU and so on. So, application software and relevant devices do not necessarily located on the same ECU. Furthermore, it varies among car model or vehicle generations. Even in such environment, we need to preserve our software asset. So, from application point of view, location transparency is another critical issue. Thus, we need device virtualization technology that satisfies these two necessities. But someone might think the necessity could be mitigated when the centralized architecture is deployed. However, the same necessity is still there because a single centralized system still consists of multiple virtual machines and, as shown in this figure, logical architectures stay similar. This example depicts the general notion of device virtualization from application point of view, which I have explained so far. In this example, virtual display and virtual storage are defined. The application software can treat them as if it is on dedicated devices. Those virtual devices are physical location agnostic and highly abstracted. For instance, a part of this virtual display is mapped to a specific part of a specific display connected to a specific ECU in the distributed case. Or a specific virtual machine in the centralized case. The mapping can be changed by some management program. Application software is not involved to the specific details of physical world. Application just needs to treat virtual display model, and the virtual display is mapped to physical world by the device virtualization software behind the scene. Thus, application software asset is preserved among various physical configurations, and this makes a software-defined vehicle a reality. In the previous session, I have explained the necessity of device virtualization for software-defined vehicle. Luckily, we can take advantage of standard and popular word.io as this kind of common device virtualization framework for automotive. Let's look at the previous situation around agl virtualization first. Para virtual device driver layer and even part of the application platform layer, such as agl, depended on both hypervisor and SOC. This was because most of previous hypervisor solutions had proprietary para virtual device implementation and thus had incompatible para virtual device interfaces for upper layer software. It was undesirable fragmentation so that OEM and Tier 1 would not have enough freedom of choice in virtualization solutions. It was unhealthy from ecosystem point of view. Agl virtual eG solved these pain points by introducing virtual as the standard framework for device virtualization into agl. Virtual is an open source implementation of para virtual device framework and has been utilized extensively in cloud servers in a region. By introducing virtual, there will be a common interface and implementation for para virtualization devices. Thus, enhanced freedom is guaranteed to choose optimal hypervisor and SOC for automotive needs without modifying upper layer software significantly. When we talk about virtualization in agl, this is critically important. Moreover, virtual can be applied beyond virtualized agl. Virtual can be utilized as a well-defined device hardware abstraction layer even for non-vert agl, which may further help reduce fragmentation across the SOCs and encourage agl-ready BSP. On the other hand, when we're thinking about cloud native development, which means developing and testing in cloud and then deploying in the real hardware, using virtual as common interface with cloud-based agl will further enhance interchangeability between cloud agl and native agl. Hence, recognizing virtual as a common device interface will maximize the commonality of agl software among SOCs, virtual environment and non-virtual environment, and even cloud and non-cloud environment. That's not all for virtual, not only limited to single issue architecture with the well-defined front-back architecture of virtual. It can also be applied to multi-use case to realize a virtualized device across different ECUs, and from the application point of view, it just utilize the virtual device without needs to care about detailed location and logic of physical devices. In general, device virtualization with virtual benefits in establishing a complete and healthy ecosystem for agl to enhance interchangeability and interoperability in various scenarios, no matter it is hypervisor environment, non-hypervisor environment, cloud environment, or even multi ECU environment. Next, after introducing all these concepts of device virtualization, I would like to explain about the current progress and future activities of agl device virtualization led by VertEG. First, regarding the virtual work for hypervisor environment, starting from agl Coquicoid, VertEO was officially supported as a common agl device framework for virtualized agl with basic device support like block, input, display control, and extra. During this year, VertEG then extended the virtual support to more multimedia devices to enhance the automotive use cases, such as sound, SCMI, video decoder and encoder, and camera. Next year, we will start discussion and development for more advanced multimedia features such as camera control, Vulkan support GPU, Bluetooth, and extra. Our EG member company, Linero and Open Synergy will give two demos related to VertEO from different angles. In Linero's demo, they will use the same agl image to port across different platforms with the help of standard device interface VertEO and standard firmware interface UEFI. Their demo highlights portability, which is essential for the software defined vehicle. On the other hand, in Open Synergy's demo, they will show the latest agl version lucky lamprey with latest VertEO multimedia features like sound, SCMI, video, and camera on the top of agl reference hardware. Their demo highlights easy software updateability and feature extensibility brought by VertEO, which is another important perspective for software defined vehicle. Now, let's watch Linero's demo first. Hi, my name is François Faderi Kozog and I work for Linero. Linero is a non-profit organization that orchestrates collaborative engineering for ARM silicon providers and software providers. We now have five minutes to explain platform virtualization and make a demo. To become a full cloud native solution, agl needs device virtualization and platform virtualization. Let's dive into platform virtualization and start with VertEO IOMMU. After verifying that SMMU emulation in a VM was not the best approach, VertEO IOMMU was implemented to allow device assignment to VMs in a secure manner. It also presents an abstract interface that makes it available across processor architectures. The same pattern can be applied to SCMI, which deals with frequency scaling and access to sensors. Rather than emulating an SCP, let's create an abstract virtual device that has the potential to be used in different architectures and shield VMs from the evolution of the SCMI interface in the ARM world. For trusted execution environments, we can apply a similar pattern. A mediator in the hypervisor plays the role of a VertEO backend for the TE. The most robust cloud-native environments rely on secure boot, kernel-addressed space randomization, or even uncoring signatures checking in the VM to the hardware root of trust. For the boot part, the simplest way to implement this is to adopt system-release standard. System-ready fully decouples OS from the firmware implementation by adopting the UV interface. So in this context, the boot functionality and behavior is the same regardless if the HGL kernel is booted through your boot or EDK2 with device tree or SCPI description on real hardware or in a VM. To implement system-ready in a virtual platform, a number of VertEO devices are necessary. VertEO IOMMU to perform device assignment and projects against DMA attacks. VertEO TPM for measured boot implementation. VertEO R&D to address randomization. VertEO Watchdog to protect against non-booting kernel. VertEO RPMB to write UV secure variables and trusted application secrets, for example the Netflix DRM. Or VertEO SCMI for frequency scaling. I guess it's now time for the demo. We will be booting the same kernel on a Raspberry Pi with Uboot plus UV and in a VM with EDK2 plus UV. Raspberry Pi has been powered on, video buyers brings in Uboot and Uboot starts HGL according to the UV standard. Now the system has booted successfully and we can see the HGL demo running. Let's check the SD card characteristics. This is a 128 gigabyte card in three partitions, mountainous MMC. We'll try to check that when we will be booting the server side. So let's power down and move the SD card to the SATA adapter. We will boot the social server in Ubuntu 20.04. Now that's operating. Let's check the SD card. It is mounted as a SDA. You can see the 128 gigabyte, the three partitions. This is going to be mapped directly into a virtual disk. So we can see a SDA in the drive definition. Let's launch the VM. So we can see this is also booting UV. The HGL kernel reports the EFI stub. And now the HGL demo is successfully running in the VM. This concludes the demo where we saw that system ready effectively allows abstraction of the boot process. There are still a few missing virtual devices for full platform virtualization, but they are in the works at Linaro. Thank you very much. Then it comes to Open Synergies demo. Hello, I'm Marcel, Marketing Manager from Open Synergy and today I'm going to tell you about Open Synergy setup with two automotive grade Linuxes running on top of the Cocoa Cybervisor SDK, which is running on top of the automotive grade Linux reference platform based on the Renzas ARCA H3. So you can see we have an instrument cluster on the left running an automotive grade Linux, and we have an infotainment or IVI system on the right also running an automotive grade Linux. The automotive grade Linux on the left is also serving up the word.io devices to the infotainment automotive grade Linux. Here you can see the software architecture with two VMs at the top, the IC and the IVI, all the word.io devices, which are part of the setup, the hypervisor, and of course the HL reference hardware. So what's new about this demo? The first thing is that we are using the latest version of automotive grade Linux. It's called LL or Lucky Lamp Ray. And we have of course some other new word.io features that I'm going to show you one is for example word.io sound, which allows you to use audio being served up by the Linux over here. So it can start the navigation, click destination, and you can hear that you have audio guidance. Let's have a look at some other features. One is word.io video. So this allows the IVI system to use the video decoder and encoder on the hardware again using word.io video. For example I can stop and play a video and you can see it's quite smooth. So again the system uses the video decoder from the hardware. Another feature we have is sensor supporting using word.io SCMI. So we have virtualized the sensors on the platform. So if I click this application, then you can see that the board, if I shake the board, you can see X and Y movement on the top and the vertical movement at the bottom. So that means we have given the IVI system access to one of the sensors namely the accelerator. The last feature I'm going to show you today is camera input. So now the IVI system has access to camera, which you can see, click here and we have the camera connected to the HMI port. So I can swipe my hands here. Thank you for joining me today for the description of the newest cockpit controller demonstrator using the latest version of automotive grade linux lucky lamprey. See, as these two demonstrations from our expert group members have proved, with word.io as a common device framework in agile, we have achieved a virtual agile, which is supportable across different platforms and easily upgradable and extensible across different generations, which are critical to software defined vehicle. As you might know, agile has already had the reference hardware for the omen purpose. The agile reference hardware has quite modular structure as shown in the bottom picture where the sock modules and various peripheral modules can be easily replaced using this agile reference hardware together with word.io already in the agile unified code base. We can establish a healthy ecosystem around both software and hardware where we can choose various hypervisors socks and peripherals. In other words, we can obtain the freedom to choose the most competitive virtualization solutions. For more details about agile reference hardware, please refer to panasonic's ALS session getting close to real automotive product with agile reference hardware today. In the previous session, we have explained a lot about our eGIS work on word.io for hypervisor environment. Now let's see our word.io work beyond hypervisor environment. Our eGIS has already done some concept level design to use either the upper part of word.io or the complete word.io front and back end framework to serve as a hardware abstraction layer to satisfy different devices and use cases. We are planning to start the detailed design reference implementation and performance evaluation from beginning of next year. We will start to work from the high ranked device for example input device which was decided by the agile architecture team by voting. During the activities, we will also take the production ready IVI requirements proposed by agile IVI eG such as sensitivity settings for touch panels into account to have a more close to product implementation. Furthermore, we think developing and testing agile in cloud and deploying native may greatly boost the future automotive development cycle and cloud native is a critical path to achieve software-defined vehicle. However, there are still some challenges around device virtualization for cloud native. For example, a streamlined cloud native development needs standard device interface to absorb BSV differences. Also, cloud native development for non-hypervisor environment needs device interface standardization. We believe virtual is the best solution to handle with these challenges. Virtual was originated from cloud but extended quite a lot in the automotive world, especially for multimedia devices and automotive specific devices. And now, these devices needs in turn porting back to the server and the cloud world. agile vert eG will lead further discussion and collaboration across different agile eGs to handle with these challenges around device virtualization in order to enable a smooth transition to cloud native development for IVI PR, IC, and other agile profiles. We also definitely appreciate more cooperation and contribution from anyone interested in this topic. As introduced in the previous session, vert iO is also applicable to multi-issue environment. For example, a unified virtual display based on vert iO GPU, which is a unified HMI technology proposed by Panasonic, can be established to have integrated control of multiple displays no matter of system architecture. From application point of view, one unique single virtual display device will be used based on this technology. This technology will be open sourced by Panasonic in GitHub next spring, and then we will apply unified HMI to agile with QT and Flutter supported in next summer. We will then release a reference pork in next year agile AMM or ALS. The below diagram shows a detailed use case and software architecture of unified HMI technology. ECU-A is the main ECU where the UI application is running. The open GLES command generated for UI graphic processing will be translated to vert iO GPU commands, and these commands will be looped back to the user space and sent to ECU-B and C. Then the command receiver of the ECU-B and C will translate the vert iO GPU commands back to open GLES commands, and thus the GPUs on the ECU-B and C will be able to render the graphic from ECU-A to the display attached to ECU-B and C. The location, size and layer of graphics on different displays will be controlled by distributed Windows Manager. Hence, the application on ECU-A can have its graphics rendered remotely on ECU-B and C with a control of all the displays attached to the whole multi ECU system. If you are interested in this virtual display technology, feel free to join our EEG for further discussion. In summary, AGL-Vert IG has a steady progress in supporting word dial devices for hypervisor environment in AGL by completing most of basic and multimedia devices for common use cases. Regarding non-hypervisor environment, we have finished the concept design and plan to start actual development soon. In terms of future activities, we plan to start discussion across EEG for future work to apply vert iO to cloud native AGL. On the other hand, Unified HMI, which is an example of display virtualization based on word dial GPU across multiple ECUs, will be planned to be open soon and we will come further discussion and contribution. That's all for our expert groups of presentation. We hope anyone interested can join our EEG and work together with us. Together with our EEG members, we will be online today to answer your questions if you have any. Please feel free to tap in the chat box. Thank you.


I remind members that, if the amendment in the name of Donald Cameron is agreed to, the amendments in the name of Neil Bibby and Willie Rennie will fall. The question is that amendment 12004.2 in the name of Donald Cameron, which seeks to amend motion 12004 in the name of Angus Robertson on Scotland's place in the European Union, be agreed. Members should cast their votes now. The vote is closed. I call Neil Bibby for a point of order. My app didn't connect her. The vote didn't know. Thank you. Mr Bibby will ensure that's reported. I call Richard Leonard for a point of order. Thank you, Presiding Officer. My app didn't connect. I would have also voted no. Thank you. Mr Leonard will ensure that's reported. Can I just confirm, Ms Clark, that your vote was recorded? The result of the vote on amendment 12004.2 in the name of Donald Cameron is yes, 29, no, 85. There were no abstentions. The amendment is therefore not agreed. Therefore, the next question is that amendment 12004.1 in the name of Neil Bibby, which seeks to amend motion 12004 in the name of Angus Robertson on Scotland's place in the European Union, be agreed. Are we all agreed? The Parliament is not agreed. Therefore, we'll move to a vote and members should cast their votes now. The vote is closed. I call Bill Kidd for a point of order. Presiding Officer, my phone had a minor error and I would have voted no. Thank you, Mr Kidd. We'll ensure that's recorded. The result of the vote on amendment 12004.1 in the name of Neil Bibby is yes, 17, no, 97. There were no abstentions. The amendment is therefore not agreed. The next question is that amendment 12004.3 in the name of Willie Rennie, which seeks to amend motion 12004 in the name of Angus Robertson on Scotland's place in the European Union, be agreed. Are we all agreed? The Parliament is not agreed. Therefore, we'll move to a vote and members should cast their votes now. The vote is closed. The result of the vote on amendment 12004.3 in the name of Willie Rennie is yes, six, no, 109. There were no abstentions. The amendment is therefore not agreed. The final question is that motion 12004 in the name of Angus Robertson on Scotland's place in the European Union, be agreed. Are we all agreed? The Parliament is not agreed. Therefore, we'll move to a vote and members should cast their votes now. The vote is closed. The result of the vote on motion 12004 in the name of Angus Robertson is yes, 64, no, 49. There was one abstention. The motion is therefore agreed. That concludes decision time and we will now move on to members' business in the name of Richard Leonard.


Hello everyone. Happy Saturday. Thanks for taking time to come join us at bad camp and talk and listen About some some matters that are important to us and and I hope important to you, too We're here to talk a little bit about inclusivity but and about how to you know kind of think beyond standards and and and achieve outcomes and and mean and focus on meaning So let me give you a little sense of what we're going to talk about here if my slides will advance. There we go We'll do a little Definition make sure we're understanding the problem. We're we're trying to solve We'll introduce ourselves. We'll jump straight into a demo We won't wait till the end of the presentation to To bait you into the great reveal because I think it's important to really focus on the you know substance and and Look at some real-world scenarios. So after that, we'll have I think some interesting takeaways and Reflections will do a little bit of a fireside chat and explore some of these topical areas They're outlined here in the agenda looking at compliance how that compares to usability We'll talk about inclusive design practices how we can incorporate some strategies into Our approaches and ultimately how we can transform organizations to embrace Inclusion and build that into their their culture last we'll leave you with some resources that you can download and in access to Continue some some learnings or have access to tools and live a Q&A at the end Please Continue to use the chat If you have a question if you don't mind putting a cue before your questions So as we scroll back through chats, we can isolate the questions from the conversation that would be very helpful There are Just also some wayfinding here in the hop-in tool It kind of gives equal play to all of the presenters. So if you double-click on any of the windows you can see Aspects of the presentation larger. There's a little video demo We'll be playing later. So you might want to think ahead to click on that and make it larger once we we get to that point Thank you so much for being here. All right, so what are we here to talk about? Well, we're here to talk about Inclusion right we're here to talk about accessibility, but really at the core of it Isn't isn't inclusion in our team, but what what is that? What? What is inclusion? Well, Andrew, I'm glad you asked because I prepared in it a little in advance and pulled up this definition I found on the wind on the interwebs from global diversity practice calm And I thought it summed things up pretty nicely Inclusion is an organizational effort and practices in which different groups or individuals having different backgrounds are culturally and socially accepted and welcomed and equally treated and I think we want to really focus Because what this means essentially is that everyone regardless of race religion age orientation or ability is treated respectfully and equitably and Equity is really the key here first We have to recognize that not everyone is equal in terms of their abilities and then we can take steps to ensure that everyone is Accommodated appropriately so they can just contribute and participate and accomplish their goals to the best of their abilities and feel Like they matter as much as everyone else So an example in the physical world might be having a wheelchair ramp at the entrance to a building that is you know to get up some steps or An auditory indicator at a crossing So like so there's a signal that the light has turned green for those who may not be able to see the traffic lights So being inclusive means thinking about how we can accommodate everyone and giving that the attention and energy Required to ensure that people are treated equitably so that they feel included in society Very well said More specifically, you know, we we work online we have these notions of digital inclusion Can we get a little more? Precise around what this means William like can you can you help us think through what what digital inclusion means sure So a buzzword that goes around is is accessibility a lot and as Crispin mentioned You know we're talking about equality and and being equitable For people regardless of their ability and the other differences that to make us all unique So the world is increasingly digital the commerce is done online Conferences are done online. We you know, we're all aware of what impact that has but if you take that away from someone and prevent them from being able to participate in in digital spaces like we're doing now then That's the opposite of inclusion. That's that's being exclusive right so Accessibility is is going to be a theme that we talked about it's something we need to be talking about it's important And it's the important first step, but it's not the end goal for us Usability is is a nice little add-on on top of that accessibility being the minimum You know that achievement and then usability being kind of on top of the fact that I can technically access something How usable is it for me when I'm accessing it and then digital inclusion? Which is our ultimate goal is taking into consideration everyone that's using the product Do we have not the same experience for everyone else but an equitable experience with regards to efficiency and enjoyment of the platform that that's being used Thanks for that distinction Very important to wrap our heads around the problem. Well, just take a minute to introduce ourselves to the the audience So they can understand where where we're coming from what our particular vantage points are if you don't mind introducing yourselves and You know, you're where you are what you're from where you're from and And perhaps a little word about how you first got interested about accessibility and I'll I'll kick it off My name is Andrew Malus. I am CEO of Calamuna an agency That is based in Oakland and Toronto and we do a lot of work with nonprofits and mission-driven organizations I got really interested in accessibility Many years ago. I went to an accessibility focused conference just out of curiosity. It was at the University of Toronto They gave us a tour of a lab which was the base of Robarts library, which is the was just incredible They had all of the assistive technologies That were present and they showed us how to test Websites for all these amazing with all these amazing devices and it just really opened my mind to to so many possibilities and opportunities And really just been you know for the last 15 years or so fascinated with the topic William Hi, my name is William Rushall. I'm the director of client services and technical development with the American Foundation for the Blind and I've Been in this space for my entire career about 12 years ago I applied for an internship at a place called AFB Tech in college and at the time I hadn't I didn't know anything about accessibility didn't know about assistive technology or anything like that and so when I interviewed with a guy who was blind and He told me that he he really liked the writing sample I'd sent in I sent in a Word document and but he said that I misspelled a word and I checked later and I hadn't actually misspelled a word I used like one of those neighbor words where it didn't show up on spell check. It was very similarly spelled. It was incorrect word But he found that and I didn't and I had to figure out how he could do that So that was a really just fascinating intro into the world of how people interact with technology in ways that I didn't expect And I've been working with AFB ever since in the technology lab evaluating technology Moving towards some research-based Projects and then more recently moving into consulting working with clients and trying to make their products more accessible Usable and inclusive people with disabilities Thanks so much, Crispin Hi, my name is Crispin Bailey, and I'm the director of design and user experience at Kalimuna. I'm based in up near Toronto, Canada I'm responsible for Kalimuna's design and strategy practice which includes managing our design and content strategy team and supporting the team on discovery and design phases for our client projects I've been passionate about web accessibility for nearly 20 years starting with my introduction to the topic which happened a Long time ago when I read a book called Building Accessible Person named Joe Clark in 2002 and Shortly after that I read a book called designing with web standards by Jeffrey Zeldman That came out in I think 2003 and this was a really pivotal time in web design because as web designers we were finally able to Stop building websites with tables and transparent spacer gypses And we could use CSS to style and layout our pages and that was really eye-opening but it was really fundamentally eye-opening to me to understand that as It was just as important and in the case of accessibility even more important how a web page was built and structured than it was how it looked and That's been something I've carried with me throughout the rest of my entire web design career since that time spoken on the topic at camps and Champion the cause wherever I can in our own agency and open about Thanks so much It's a pleasure to be here with all of you so without Further due I'd like to pass it over to William and give us a little demo of You know what well, why don't you introduce it William? It's so well So this is just a quick demo of a couple of things that you can find when you go to a website and turn on a screen reader and if you've never seen this before it can be pretty interesting and There's also a bit at the end pair kind of the way that Automated test tools can identify issues and the difference between what an automated test tool finds and what a manual tester will find so I Think it's I think it speaks for itself And it'll set up some interesting conversations kind of harkening back to that your minimum standard of accessibility moving towards really understanding What users are experiencing so I will go ahead and click play on this video and just as a reminder I think you could double-click the video for a vaccine finder and that should maximize it So and Andrew give me a thumbs up if the sounds okay I'm at vaccine finder.org and I'm going to step through this interface in a couple of different ways So first we'll just go through the keyboard and mouse and we'll see that we've got a form here for selecting a vaccine And if I click on select the vaccine it opens up a modal and the modal has some filter radio buttons across the top for ages and a long list of checkboxes for the types of vaccines I might be interested in So I'll go ahead and select some of those click add for vaccines and we'll see that we're back at the original form We've got a location field that we fill in so I'm going to type in Florida for that And go ahead and select that and a search area for the number of miles away from the location. I selected click search for a vaccine And on the left we've got a list of results on the right We've got a map with pins on it as we would see pretty typically and if I select one of these stores from the list here I'm going to be taken into a details page with things like the location the contact information hours So very simple took me about you know, 30 seconds to do it with a mouse primarily and now let's try Doing the same thing with just a keyboard, which is something you should be able to do with any website So we'll go ahead and try the same thing and we'll tab we will use space arrow up and down You know pretty simple controls for activating and interacting with a page with a keyboard So at the top of this form we can see that there's a faint focus indicator for vaccines and if I keep tabbing through the interface It works as expected until all of a sudden after the near this location field We have nothing and if I tab again, I don't know where my focus has gone tab again And then finally it shows up at the end of the map So there seems to be some non-focusable elements in here, but I don't really know because my focus was gone So we'll go ahead and open select your vaccines and open that modal I can tab through the radio buttons pretty well For selecting an age and then once I get into this list of checkboxes my focus disappears again and I'm just gonna hit space and Okay, so focus was in this list, but I didn't know where it was So if I just keep tabbing through pressing space I can play guess and check with this To select my vaccines, but that's not advisable So we'll go and power through it with add four vaccines takes us back to the original form now We need to add our location with this location fields I'm just gonna start typing Florida and then tab a couple of times here and then it just closed So I did not press anything I didn't press space or enter to confirm the location that I wanted from this autocomplete list But it closed anyway I'll try that again because I really want to get to that fourth Element there and I tabbed through it and this time it was kind and let me do it So it's pretty unexpected. It seems to be based on the timing that I use that time. It it collapsed again. So Okay, no, it's not great, but we'll keep moving the problem here with this search area combo box or drop down select control thing and I can make an assumption that my focus is on it And I will try it and then I was correct I've got the list of options here and I would expect to be able to arrow up and down through these and change the option And it doesn't seem to be happening as I open down here But I'll go ahead and press space and see what happens selected 50 miles. Great. Okay, so Again, I can make some guesses here as to what's going on It might be difficult to select exactly what I want, but at least I can make this thing work if I play around with it Some but I can't really do it accurately. So we'll go ahead and search for vaccine and On the left side, we're gonna get a list of the results as we saw before on the right side We're gonna get this map so we will tab through the interface again, we're at the top of the page and Then I want to go into this list here. So I'm gonna tab. Oh, my focus has disappeared Tab, yeah, now we're at the end of the map So it looks like this entire list has been skipped and it's not in the focus orders I actually wanted to click on one of these results one of these providers to get hours or other kind of information Like we saw on the details page. I can't do that with a keyboard. So it's a pretty simple example It's not hard to test for keyboard accessibility like this And it's really important to make sure all the controls are functional because The next use case I have is the screen reader user And if you've never heard or used the screen reader before it might be a little bit overwhelming a little bit verbose But the mechanisms are essentially the same I'm just navigating the web page with the keyboard, but the screen reader is going to tell me things as I land on them So each element needs to have useful information about it. So we'll go ahead and turn that on I'm gonna use non-visual desktop access, which is a Windows screen reader. It's free and open source and there are Built-in screen readers for all of the main operating systems So that tone lets me know that NVIDIA is now running and now I'm on the page and NVIDIA is gonna try to start talking. So as I tab through it It's gonna read and we can hear things that it's better landmark list clickable find vaccine visited link Clickable list find back to the FAQ link clickable FAQ link. So that's pretty expected It's gonna tell me what the name of it is what the role is and the value that's selected select your vaccines button So we'll go in here. We see that select your vaccines button is labeled Effectively and then I'll have again and I just have this element that just says button So that's not great because I don't know what that button means Let's go ahead and open the vaccine modal here Cancel button all ages button zero three moes button four mo six yrs So as I tab through the interface here, uh, it seems to to make Pretty good sense and I will go ahead and go into the list of checkboxes Except 1960 dt checkbox not checked dtopi checkbox not checked hepatitis a 18 plus checkbox not checked space checked So I can tab through these I get the label and it tells me if it's checked or not checked So everything is working pretty well actually better with a screen reader running than if I was just using the keyboard alone Because at least I know what these checkboxes are Have also like to see of them habit space checked If we can reach add three vaccines button And then I'll go ahead and go down to the button and add three vaccines space hepatitis a 18 So it takes me back to the original form here button So I'll tap to the interface and then I'll know button button I hear a button button Button I have no idea what these things are button And even worse it's different from what I saw before The screen reader experience is pretty similar to the keyboard experience throughout this entire Interface so let's go ahead and take a look and see what an automated scan is going to tell us When I hadn't refreshed the page and we're going to open up the select vaccines modal again So that we have something interesting to scan and if you remember we had all of the problems with finding those checkboxes And then we should also have everything behind This element is well open So let's go to the axe tool and to be clear. I think the axe accessibility checker is great Because it finds real problems and problems that should be fixed and doesn't have a lot of or any false positives But we'll see what it actually tells us about this experience, which I hope I've demonstrated is not optimal So we have 54 issues 49 of the issues are related directly to elements must have sufficient color contrast Which possibly is true, but looking through this and doing some of the some testing beforehand What we actually saw an experience doesn't does not have any significant color contrast problems So the accessibility checker struggles with that if it's complex css or if there's background images or hidden elements that just need to be cleaned up So it's worth checking into but I don't think that it impacted our actual experience any we have Aria hidden equals true must not be present on the document body documents must have one main landmark Zooming and scaling must not be disabled page must contain one Level one heading and aria element must not contain focusable elements All of those are true and good suggestions that should be fixed on the page But none of them had anything to do with unlabeled buttons had anything to do with the keyboard control not working on that autocomplete field and the weirdness that we experienced with the search area drop down as well so the types of issues that this automated checker are finding are not issues that as a user just now I actually experienced any impact at all trying to accomplish selecting a vaccine and moving through the process to find details about a pharmacy so There we have it If you've never seen that before it's probably a ton of information to get uh to to Parse all at once But I think that we can you know go into a little bit of detail about what it means When we're talking about finding these issues So I'll go ahead and kick it back over to you andrew Thanks. Well, I mean let's take a minute to think about what what just happened here. Um, you know, what Are the What's the impact on on the user? right We essentially had pretty decent accessibility from a Compliance standpoint a few suggestions as you pointed out um, but the net outcome was The user couldn't really achieve the goals the organization wanted them to and that they were there to um Uh to try and achieve right so, um, really interesting to think about that All right, let's um, let's get into it a little bit. Uh, let's talk about Um, this matter of compliance, you know versus usability as as the demonstration has um has suggested Um, what what's important to think about here? Um, william like when um organizations are are approaching Um approaching making their sites accessible usable um, how How does this change in in focus that we're advocating for? effect Effect there, how can it affect their there? How should they be thinking about these questions of usability versus compliance? Yeah, so well the first thing I want to say is that you know that the automated testing and the automated scanning None of them complain or none of them report to find all of the conformance issues that are out there um And that's at least good that they're they're honest and and automated testing can be an effective tool that can be implemented into a A development workflow, but it it's not necessarily like like we said, um Telling us what users are actually experiencing And so we have this set of conformance issues that the people that sites will have and we have a set of Usability problems that and goals that users have and I think we actually have a have a slide here um That that kind of shows the the two and the the interlap the overlap between the two so But we're what we're suggesting is that an accessibility conformance issue a wick hag Compliance issue or whatever should should be resolved that should be a goal, but in a world of limited resources and limited timescales, um, there is We would prefer that more effort be placed on understanding what the user experience actually is And using that as a priority or to prioritize the way that Issues are fixed. So, you know, we'll we'll go into a lot of details about what we think an ideal process would look like as far as integrating this Integrating inclusion into design and development and in policies and all of that But I think the the important takeaway to start considering is let's figure out what matters most. Let's take an agile approach to Like we take with everything else in finding and identifying problems that really matter And that that then can alleviate some of the barriers to even attempting to start that people will have like for example When you receive an automated scan that says you have 150,000 problems on your site That you might as well have A billion problems on your site. Where do you start with that? Right? There's no way for you to approach that in any meaningful way to start at resolving those problems but if we look at how People are actually using our site. What do we want people to be Accomplishing what are those user goals and then start testing those Then we'll find a much smaller Set of problems to be resolved and then as we move forward and mature We can look at the rest of those conformance issues as well Let's let's dig into that a little more Think about how How we can apply this thinking, you know at the earliest stages of Of our processes we've talked a little bit about You know remediation about conformance about usability and about fixing things But there are opportunities To avoid some of these problems, you know in the first place and Let's Investigate that a little bit. Crispin. Can you can you walk us through some opportunities in In the type of work that we do building building websites building platforms And and where where we can apply our Our thinking sure Well, you know as william was alluding to it's really important that the you know the philosophical approach Is not just about checking off the boxes and Meeting some compliance guidelines so that I just wanted to call that out because Ultimately, there are a lot of ways people can achieve that compliance And some of them are terrible from a user from a ease of use standpoint standpoint There's even just recently very topical this week. I heard about a case being brought against A company that's used an overlay For to provide accessibility to their website But it doesn't provide an equal experience For those users with assistive technology. So what we advocate for is thinking about and and that's really Those overlays that are being basically tacked on top of a website that has problems Is supposed to be you know a shortcut to fix a problem that never should have been there in the first place And it wouldn't have been there in the first place if they had designed from the ground up With accessibility and inclusivity in their design and development process So, you know this this diagram that we're sharing here is uh, you know, very broad life cycle kind of illustration But we what we want to do is incorporate the accessibility considerations At the very beginning of the project and of course this is going to work best for new projects like a site redesign It's always easier to start from the ground up and start from scratch in that respect But some of the still some of the issues still apply even if you're just trying to make tweaks to an existing site So like I said, ideally even before you start getting into a redesign project even before like an rfp goes out It should be top of mind But at this point it's a good idea at the beginning of the project to define what the requirements are And it's also really important that everyone on the team whether they're content producers or designers or developers I'll have a basic knowledge of accessibility and some of the concerns Because a lot of this stuff is really easy if you just do it right and if you know what you're doing So during discovery we define our user types and their goals and this sets the stage for the entire project And it's really critical to incorporate user goals that identify accessibility concerns For example, we might have a user type or types that represent people with disabilities And this gets both the design and the dev team and the client on the same page about ensuring adequate accommodations That will be considered later in the project And sometimes the client already has a mandate But if they don't this is an opportunity to educate them on the importance of ensuring that their site is successful And reassuring them that it doesn't mean that they can't still have a beautiful highly engaging and interactive website During the design phase, which often includes content production This is when we begin to incorporate some of those considerations that we've previously defined So for example, the content needs to be structured semantically while it's still in word or gather content or google docs Right like specify what the h1 is what the h2s are the h3 is make sure that they're nested properly And then when we're wireframing, you know, let's take into account things like And wayfinding and any important elements with interactivity And then obviously once we get into the visual design We want to look at color contrast ui elements like inline links and how those are treated Active states or focus states like william was showing us in the walkthrough And then things like you know, where do we want to apply progressive enhancement for animations or transitions? But still make sure that fundamentally underneath we have a a usable website by anybody with any technology And then, you know, we might prototype components. That's another opportunity to test our designs Again, doing this all along the way is just so much easier. We can just catch these things and and fix them quickly So whether it's a low fidelity clickable wireframe or a fully responsive html or css prototype We can test with users to flag any potential issues before building them into the cms like drupal Now while we can address most concerns without any additional cost or impact on the project timeline or budget That's not to say there won't be challenges and during implementation Sometimes we need to include third party widgets or plugins or some modules that we didn't we didn't write and those may not be accessible So then it becomes a conversation, of course with the client potentially or with your boss about you know potential options And you know, hopefully there's another tool that can be used to accomplish the same goal But sometimes we may want to contact the maintainer about about the issue And hopefully they'll fix it Or maybe we'll have to build something from scratch or maybe we can fix that module ourselves and contribute that fix back to the community So, you know the the message here is you know, if you're Thinking about these concerns from the beginning and all the way through the project It doesn't have to be an a big extra lift or a big extra cost And hopefully you haven't left it till the end of the project Because that's when it's going to be a lot more work and that means more time and more money To fix any issues Thanks so much chrispen So let's let's talk a little bit about how How we can define a strategic approach to solving these to solving this problem to to Addressing user testing in particular, you know how How do we where do we start like how does how does this take shape? William can you give us a little bit of insight into into how one goes about you know incorporating This kind of user testing Into a practice demystify it a little bit for us. I think the demo was useful But if you could help build some for just to the for the audience that would be that would be very appreciated Yeah, sure so The key is to just start doing it. I think there is nothing particularly Difficult about using assistive technology it is Accessible on all the different platforms that we're developing on So I think it is a responsibility that we all have to understand how people are using Technology at least at a baseline level. We can never As a sighted person myself, I can never say how a user experience is going to be I have a team and I have colleagues who have Who are authentic user testers? with with disabilities who perform the testing as part of our practice and That is I think the ideal situation to be able to actually find people in the community that are using your products to be able to find that That feedback but the key is to start There's there's A lot you can do just by Not touching your mouse and trying to you know sign up for your website or something like that So just use the keyboard and attempt to fill out a form And that will show you a lot of deficiencies or maybe not. Maybe you've got a perfect website But that will uncover a lot of problems that that people may be encountering Just because you try to use it in a slightly different way than was expected You can also try your browser zoom in On your web page make sure that when you zoom in using Using the the browser tools that your content reflows, you know responsive design is an expectation now But is it responsive up to 200 300 magnification, which is what somebody with low vision would be using there's also like Crispin was mentioning design considerations regarding you know contrast and those sorts of Those things that that can be done and there are lots of checklist Lots of resources will provide one at the end of this presentation where you can learn more about the ways that that can be done So I think you know turning on a screen you're downloading nvda as a developer or a designer It doesn't take long for you to really get an understanding of of why you're doing what you're doing And I think that really is that's that's really important to start Um, ideally we're able to start building empathy as as designers and developers and then Solving most of those problems that that that don't need to be solved by an expert, right? There are certainly agencies afb is one of them that that can provide that detailed Evaluation conformance and that expert level knowledge that maybe organization doesn't have but that's Not where we need to start because it's not a switch. We can flip it's a journey that we're all going to be starting to become more inclusive and It can start just with some simple testing And there are there are resources that we can provide to get started doing that Two two quick follow-ups here for you william One you mentioned nvda Which is is great if you're on windows If people aren't on windows, you know, do you have another suggestion for them as to where to start and then as well like why Why do we start with a screen reader? You know, there's so many other assistive technologies out there Should we be testing for all of these other technologies from eye gaze to other things can speak to to that and And why it's strategically important to to focus on these tools Yep, so if you're on a on a mac you can press command f5 and voiceover will start talking and you can press command f5 again to make it Stop talking, which is usually the follow-up to that statement Because otherwise you can get frustrated not understanding what it is but voiceover On the mac is is great and on ios The voiceover is in the accessibility menu. You can set up a Accessibility shortcut so you triple tap the home button and voiceover will start speaking so you can toggle it on and off Similarly in android. There's a screen reader called talk back And there are lots of other options on windows as well jaws narrator is built in so There are lots of different screen readers that are freely available and at no cost and built into the platforms that we're We're using so the reason why we start I would say we start with a keyboard And then we move to the screen reader case keyboard is something that you probably have in front of you right now And you can just start doing that without doing anything But the reason why the key the the screen reader use case is the more complex one is because all of the Content on the page has to be structured christen was was talking about semantics and and the metadata that is part of the html spec Similarly everything i'm saying about the web is also applicable to native ios and android. It's just slightly different apis But that that semantic structure and the requirement for having well defined And alternative text for images and things like that for someone who can't see the screen Is the most complex use case and so if you cover that and you've you've already covered the keyboard use case And then if you've covered the keyboard use case you've covered the switch access use case where somebody who has a mobility Mobility impairment might be using switches instead of a keyboard a typical keyboard Similarly with eye tracking. That's an emulation on a form mouse So it's great to be able to test with all of these things, but the way that apis and the html spec and the operating systems and platforms are Made to work is that it doesn't really matter what people are using but the screen reader use case is one that is going to cover most of the most of the different Scenarios that you may be able to avoid Doing if you're not testing with the screen reader for example, but the point is the apis when well When conformed to properly and You're using all the html and the aria spec correctly Any assistive technology you plug into it whether it's a braille display Or any of the other types of assistive technology should just work And that's the point of having assistive technology. It adapts to the user. It doesn't adapt to your interface Thanks so much. Um, well, we're almost out of time. Uh, just um wanted to come back and reflect on on on this question of um, of cultural change and, um, just thinking about, you know, uh There's a firstly. I mean, I'm I'm I'm elated that so many organizations are responding to the To the the challenge of making their technologies more accessible and more inclusive And that's great. You know as as agencies we're seeing more and more Requirements, you know come up for Um Accessibility conformance sometimes, you know, that can be at the detriment of usability. Um, you know as we've as we've noted And um, and so I I think, you know at the end of the day We've seen be really successful in in terms of transforming organizations is is more more than just saying, you know Hey, we're going to do something about this. We're going to put this requirement in our rfps that that's It's okay, but it really takes a bit of an institutional shift a bit of the internal champions to be able to take this mandate and continue to move it forward even beyond You know a redesign because uh accessibility inclusivity it it affects The whole life cycle of of the product and and that's something that the organization needs to assume, you know responsibility for it goes into Drafting accessibility policies it it goes into You know changing that that psychology, you know, there's some there's some kind of like psychology of conformance that that occurs right when you're trying to just Respond and you're being responsive and you're trying to adhere it divorces you from the potential to take on Leadership to find the gaps in those standards and help move them forward to contribute back in open source communities To make the changes that are going to have an impact on on user lives and that that affects, you know whole swath of user experience practices and how we design products and how we're building Themes, you know for for Drupal itself. I think it's it's it's a really great great example of how changing our Perspective can create a much better product instead of trying to tack on, you know accessibility at the end Um, so we're coming up on on time. Um, I'll scan through see if there's some other Questions that we can answer Happy to stick around a little bit before we go wanted to leave you with some some resources We have a little white pdf download that has links to some of the tools that we mentioned here and some other kinds of utilities as well as Standards and how how twos and FAQs and and a good place to sort of get started If you're looking for a compendium of resources and it's available at bit li 11 y which is dash tip s dash s So that's there for you to to use if you'd like to get in touch with us Can reach out to to kalimuna or the american foundation for the blind at afb.org and our kalimuna calm and let's see if we have some time for for questions here Apologies earlier for Yes, the the animation going on a little longer than we had intended got a little stuck And I think we've answered Richard's question already about Mac And we'll paste paste the bit li link into the chat. That's not a problem I'll do that any other thoughts And questions so far Got a little little extra time maybe Crispin what what have you what have you seen as far as You know the most kind of dastardly Integrations or or things that people want that may that may really impact Usability and inclusivity in the sort of earlier stages of the project The wants that we want this let's do it this way. This looks really cool What do we and how do we have those conversations around making sure that those solutions are inclusive? Well, yeah, there are a lot of egregious Um I guess Flagrin disregards for accessibility out there, but a lot of times it comes just from a lack of Knowledge or understanding and the worst offender is of course the auto playing background video that can't be paused And Even worse if it has audio that hasn't you know that can't be turned off these are very impactful and The the key is that it's it's not that it's going to affect everyone, but it can tremendously affect some people and so Sensitivity is a motion they can't focus on there's animation Happening in the background or on the screen and apologies for the animation earlier Because that was an example of what we don't want to do is just have something constantly moving So like an auto playing carousel is another example Just rotating through the slides so that all those marketing messages or whatever those announcements get seen But we know people don't like that They're not it's not going to Encourage them to click on things they're just just going to scroll to get that out of their faces because it's even for people Who don't have motion sensitivities. It's a distraction So those are some of the things I've seen and what I'd like to advocate for with our clients when we're having these conversations is If we want to do these things we can But we have to put the right mechanisms in place so that they can be accessible so that they can be turned off stopped whatever And I like to you know advocate for usability and that's something that's really needs to be emphasized Accessibility with with poor usability is not a good solution You need both because just you can make an accessible website by all like like wick egg 2.1 AAA and it can suck As a user experience for anyone or for everyone So you really need to focus on the usability and the accessibility William, how do we um, have you seen um organizations help transform their development culture and in particular to better better embrace and And apply these these principles for for internal teams Well, if you have the resources it's great to work with an external partner or develop an internal SME But that's not something everyone can do When we're working with with development teams our goal is with every engagement to provide more than just a list of issues but to provide the meaning and purpose behind why these issues need to be fixed and I think that that Is probably the most important thing is to build that empathy with developers because you can give a list of issues with no context and get those issues fixed once But that kind of curiosity as to why problem needs to be fixed is really what's critical to ensure that that That the culture moves forward in that development or design team so ensuring that we move with continuous improvement in mind and The knowledge transfer that we don't just fix something once and then forget why we fixed it That's that's super critical. So being intentional about absorbing that information is really important Very good Very very good. All right. Well, we're we're at crime really want to thank everyone for For being here for for thinking about these these matters posted an updated link to The the tips here in the in the chats will update our slides as well. I'm sorry. I guess our our bitly link must have gotten overrated and Yes, so there's there's the the link again if you if you need it apologies And we hope that you'll you know, you'll you'll head head forth with some renewed vigor around around usability as it as it pertains to Making your your products more inclusive and feel free to reach out have have some We'd love to chat some more about your your thoughts and and your experiences Thank thanks so much for the work that you do. These are important important topics want to make sure that the web is accessible for all and Thank you. Thank you all for for being here Thanks, Andrew. Thanks. Thanks everybody Thanks everyone. Okay


I'm Dora Thornton. I'm a curator at the British Museum and a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. I really wanted to show you an incredible object that's been in the Society of Antiquaries' collection since 1781. It's full of resonances for British history and identity, and it's something which deserves a really close look. So I hope you'll enjoy looking at this picture with me. So this is a really remarkable painting. It's painted on two panels, and you're intended to open the painting up like a book and read from left to right. So the front panel, inscribed all around the outside, explains how the painting came to be made and what it is. So it explains that it is commissioned by Henry Farley, who was a lay clerk, a legal clerk in London, and painted by John Gitkin, who's known to us as a painter of pageants and theatre flats in Shakespeare's London. And it's dated 1616, so that's remarkable enough to have this long inscription all the way around the frame. And the view is a highly edited and interesting view of London in 1616. So what you see is the King of England, James I, and his Queen, Anne of Denmark, and they're at the top left of the painting, entering St Paul's Churchyard, because it's really, the whole painting is part of a propaganda plea for the restoration of Old St Paul's Cathedral. And so you see the King and his Queen entering St Paul's Churchyard, and their procession has come over London Bridge, which is the only bridge over the Thames at this point, and their Royal Retinue has travelled from the notorious suburb of Bankside on the South Bank, which we still know as a lively entertainment centre, and those days it was the Red Light District. And he went there for the playhouses, the first commercial theatres of Shakespeare's generation, and for the brothels and the bear pits and the pubs and the prisons. But what's really, really interesting is just how edited this view of London is, because if you look at Bankside, which was famous for its theatres, all the theatres, all the playhouses have been turned into churches, which is, I think, part of Henry Farley who commissioned the picture. I think this is part of his plea to turn this notorious Red Light District into a place of piety, as part of his propaganda purpose for the restoration of St Paul's Cathedral. But it's particularly ironic because John Gitkin, the painter, is famous to us for his work in the theatre and the playhouse, so it must have been quite an amusing little turn for him as a painter to have to turn the playhouses into churches. But there are other really fascinating details. On the actual Thames, you see ships carrying stone for the rebuilding of the cathedral. That's all part of the propaganda purpose. And streaming from this fantastic sunburst in the sky are biblical inscriptions in English giving God's approval for the restoration of the cathedral. And in the foreground are really another really fascinating detail. You see ships flying a very early form of the Union flag. And that's fascinating because it's playing up to James I's imperial vision for Britain. When he came down as James VI of Scotland to be James I of England, he tried desperately for the first few years of his reign to meld his two peoples into one new nation, the British. Something which was met with very deep distrust on both sides of the border. But it got as far as something called the Unite coinage in which he tried to address his people as the British. And also these flags for maritime shipping. So that's a really wonderful detail for a British imperial future that you see in the painting. But perhaps the best thing of all for me is the detail on the upper right side, which is an imaginary cloud. And if you look in tremendous detail, you'll see lying on the top of the cloud. Henry Farley, the man who has this vision, who commissioned this painting. Lying with his black hat by his side on his elbow looking like a melancholy poet. Looking down on the scene. So he is the person who is having this vision of the restoration of the cathedral. So that's all on the outside. This is the outer panel, the cover of you like, of this book-like painting. That panel opens on a hinge. And inside you are presented with two views of St Paul's Cathedral. As it was in Henry Farley's time in 1616. Looking rather grim and decayed as a late medieval Gothic building. Really rather sinister with crows flying around the tower. And you'll see that it's missing its fire because that disappeared in a lightning strike in 1561. And then on the other side, the final panel, a gloriously restored almost at the Inigo-Jones tower. Surrounded by angels trumpeting messages of success and goodwill for this restored cathedral. And it's much brighter and lighter. It's got new lights in the windows. It's cleaned up in every respect. So that's what he was aiming for James I to do to restore this cathedral in light of the latest architectural designs and make it into the glorious public monument that it should be. But looking at this picture first, the one that you open, which is on the left-hand side, you open the first panel, it's a really fascinating vision of St Paul's Cathedral as it was in Shakespeare's London. This is 1616, so the year of Shakespeare's death, and it's a good year to be thinking about that on the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's death. And what you see is public preaching in this outside pulpit at St Paul's Cathedral, which of course was incredibly important as a royal propaganda tool. And this is also where the Gunpowder Plotters were executed after the Gunpowder Plotters 1605, 1606. So it's a very important public centre. And you see James I and his Queen sitting in a kind of royal box. And I love this detail. By the royal box, there are little choristers all around them. The famous choristers of St Paul's Cathedral, the boys. And they are singing and the words that they're singing are streaming out. And the words are really fun. View, O King, how my wall creepers have made me work for chimney creepers, which I think is a lovely detail. And again, you see all sorts of things going on. There's a young man with a dog in the foreground. The women are sitting, I think, slightly separately from the men, listening to this public sermon. It's a very lively scene, but it's a very edited scene. And it's just a reminder of the importance of public preaching and a reminder that preaching like this drew large crowds as for a play in the theatres of London. So it's an incredible painting that does many different things. It illustrates a poem. It illustrates one man's vision of the restoration of a great public monument. It's one of the earliest British paintings of a historic monument. But of course it's much, much more than that. As a representation of St Paul's, it's particularly poignant to us because this is the cathedral that was destroyed in the great fire of London in 1666. And what we see now, of course, is Christopher Wren's incredible vision, which has become almost an icon of Britishness, particularly since the Second World War, perhaps. So it's a poem that has many different resonances and meanings for British history and identity. And it's been in the society since 1781. It's been lent to several exhibitions, not least making history, an exhibition which was seen in England and then travelled in the US. And I showed it in an exhibition I created at the British Museum on Shakespeare because this is very much a document for Shakespeare's world. A very interesting reflection on the theatricality of London in the early 17th century and that edited role of the playhouse I think is particularly fascinating.


Welcome back to my channel. Today's video, as you can see from the title, it's going to be a girly sheath haul. Thank you so much girly sheath for sponsoring this video. This isn't my first haul with them. This is like my second or third and I got some very cute trendy pieces to show y'all. So I'm going to put me modeled in the clothes right here on this side and I'm going to talk about over here. So the first outfit, we're going to start off with a bang. Okay. This one is cute. This one has been going really, really viral. I've been seeing the girly's in this all over Instagram. Super cute. She is long. Like for my tall girls, this goes all the way down to your ankles. This one is super cute. The only thing that I will say that I have a problem with is the straps not really being adjustable. So like right here, there's no way that you can adjust it. Now you can like tie it up some type of way, but this is like all that you have. So on the side, since I'm not like as wide in the waist, this one, it kind of like flirts out a little bit. I am wearing a bra in the clip just because I'm not about to put boob tape on just for, you know, the sake of video. But with this, I would definitely wear no bra. I will use boob tape so you can have your complete back out. It's super cute. Love the cut. It fits really nice and this one isn't see through it all like this one is really, really good quality. I love the design. I love that it's so long. I am five three and this goes all the way down under my feet. So this one 10 out of 10 definitely recommend. The next one I have for you guys is a dress super cute, super short, super edgy. Okay, this is how it looks. It is basically sleeveless. It is a deep, deep, deep V cut girl. So in the clip, I am basically covering up most of my boob area because honey, if not, everyone's going to be flashed. I love it. It's super cute. It is a short, but other than that, I will give this about a seven out of 10 simply because I don't know if it's like really, really big boob girl friendly or not. I'm going to probably try with some boob tape. But even then I feel like that the V cut is so deep, but it's also very wide. So I don't know, I will probably have size up a little bit, but it's cute. I think I got this in a size small. All my sizing will be down in the description box below. But I'll give this one about a seven out of 10 simply because the cut of it just isn't my cup of tea. The next one that I have is a cute dupe. If you will love this is actually stitched pretty nice. And it's actually really, really good quality. Like it's not see through. Well, I can see a little bit, but on it doesn't look see through at all. I love the cuts. I love that it's very airy flowy. If you remember my last Jolly Sheeha actually did a shirt that is the same print. So yeah, the shirt was nice, but the dress is even better. I definitely give this one a 10 out of 10. It's super cute. I'll probably wear this next month when I go see my best friend in Maryland and in Washington. So yeah, this one's 10 out of 10. I absolutely love it. No complaints here. It's stitch really well in the fabric. It's really nice quality. The next outfit that I have is a two piece set. It's a two piece set mimicking the essentials brand. So along the leggings, it says essential cute little black leggings. These aren't see through really nice quality. It has a lot of stretch to them. I did size down in this. I'm normally size medium, but I got a size small since this has a lot of stretch. This is the top. It's a cute little tank top. I like this one because this one isn't really cropped to me. Like it goes past my belly button. So I love little bitty tank tops. That's like that. That's not really too cropped. And of course, it just have essentials on the shirt right here.  So I will give this one a 10 out of 10. The next outfit that I have is a another two piece set. This one was surprising. I thought it was going to be too small, but this is super cute. It's definitely different. Nothing that I would normally have picked out on a regular, but y'all know I'm trying to expand the way I dress in different styles and stuff like that. So yeah, these are really stretchy. I did get this in a, I want to say I got this in a small. Yes, I got it in a small. I could have went up to a medium. The small definitely fits me, but it's probably not going to fit me too long. Like the pants I could probably still wear in a few months, but this shirt, the medium definitely fits more like a small. So as you can see, it looks tiny with me just holding it up. So I would say size up, especially if you have bigger boobs. But yeah, it's a 10 out of 10 for me. It's cute. It's definitely nothing that I would have thought that I would actually really, really like. The next outfit that I got is actually one that I'm wearing right now. I'm going to put in a clip of it, but this is super cute. It's a two piece set. It comes with the shirt and the shorts. They're very stretchy. They feel good. This is what I'm going to be wearing like just like right now, lounging around in the house.  This is a little thrown and go type of situation. So super cute. Just a regular T shirt. So yeah, I like it. It's a 10 out of 10. The next outfit or the next item that I have are these Alexander Wang dupe pants. Super cute. It has Alexander Wang all over them and then in the back it says the name and it says New York. The stitching isn't too bad. Like I got a little bit of, you know, hang time going on right here. But other than that spot, they look pretty nice. I got these in a size small. I probably should have gotten a size medium because they fit just right. Like they're a little tight, but they not tight to the point of them being like uncomfortable.  I should have gotten a medium. So I would say stick with your normal size with this, but the pockets are real. The front pockets are real. The back pockets are real. Just cute. I can't wait to try to style this because this is super cute and I really need it more short. So I'm excited that these actually really do look nice on. So I would give these, I would give them a $10. They're not too bad. They're not too bad. The next and last item that I have to show you guys is this cute pair of pants gallery department dupe. Got these in a size medium thinking, okay, my regular size should be good enough. No, maybe I should have got these in a size large. Definitely size up. Honestly, I probably should have gotten an extra large because the size medium, it is so tight right here in this area. And then I feel like they kind of flood a little bit. Like the idea of them were definitely cute. Like I like the distress look. I like how they got kind of the paint going on situation on them. They're cute, but it's just they are so tight. So this one I'll give like a five out of 10 simply because they just they just don't fit right. So I definitely would need these to be like baggies to have that really baggy look. So I probably should have definitely gotten for sure a large, but maybe even an extra large to have that kind of oversized look. But they're cute. They just don't fit me. So I'll probably give these away. But yeah, unless they can see me a size large in these, that'd be nice. But yeah, those are my clothes that I had to show you guys. I absolutely loved every single piece that I got. Hope you guys enjoy. Comment down below what was your favorite piece or outfit. As always, don't forget to like this video, comment and subscribe. And if you are interested in liking the hair that I have in right now, this is here from my own hair company, a Jamie BD collection that will be down in the description box below. I am wearing 2628 and 30 inches of our natural raw wavy. So yeah, don't forget to like this video, comment and subscribe. Go on Instagram and tick tock so you can look at all the clothes and stuff like that and how I style them. So until my next video, I will see you lovely skin. Bye guys.


The creator economy has reached staggering figures in 2023. There are now more than 207 million content creators fueling an industry worth over $100 billion. These creators run over 51 million YouTube channels, uploading 500 hours of content every minute to the platform. Influencer marketing alone is now estimated at $16.4 billion, with brands putting more and more of their ad dollar on creator brand deals. There are also no signs of this boom stopping, and the creator economy is expected to double its value by 2027. So whether you're a multi-million dollar company or running your own personal brand, it's clear that you need to be present in this global market. But how can your brand stand out in the sea of content and what strategies should brands take in 2024 to stay ahead of the game? We're here to make sense of it all, taking you through four actionable trends from the latest Artlist trend report, gathering insights from over 7,000 creators and industry experts from Google, Amazon, Meta and more. 2024 is set to be a truly unique year. The technological advances we've seen in 2023 have triggered an entirely new generation of enthusiastic creators who are exploring new directions. Technical expertise is no longer a barrier to entry. Creativity can be unleashed by anyone from anywhere. It's going to be a wild ride. So let's take a look at the first big trend for 2024. Less technical work, more content. According to the report, 52% of creators are already using AI tools in their workflow with the number expected to rise next year. The most obvious implication is that the entry barriers for creativity have been largely removed. The easier it is to create content, the more people will do just that. Creativity is no longer the domain of a select few. With the tools and resources now available to everyone, anyone can create and share their ideas with the world. This democratization of creativity is leading to an explosion of new and innovative content from art and music to video and writing. Moving on to trend number two, push the boundaries of your brand. Having more and more content out there and technical barriers being broken thanks to new technologies means that to stand out you must experiment and take calculated risks with creative use of visuals, sounds, video and motion design. We recommend experimenting with eye candy content. Consumers love to see something different. Minimalism is out, while surrealist visuals have become the norm thanks to generative AI tools. At Artlist, we can see firsthand how much people love eye candy content that might not have obvious use cases but is beautiful and striking. Like this clip, this was one of our top three downloads in the past quarter. We expect this maximalist approach to also apply to design. Boundaries are going to break all over the place this year. With experimental typefaces, for example, we'll see letter contrast, endurance and consistency pushed to the limits by the display family typeface. Look for text styles that include whimsical lines, color schemes and letter shapes, like this template, which was one of our most popular downloads recently. Generally, we'll see more new, unconventional or unsettling designs. In addition, the rise in popularity of first-person view drones, in addition to other immersive video technologies such as the Apple Vision Pro or the Las Vegas Sphere, have shown us that consumers love awe-inspiring experiences that put them at the heart of the action. These new opportunities and exciting experiments also presents a challenge. Brands are approaching 2024 with two polarizing needs, the need to innovate and push boundaries with the need to balance their risk-taking and keep their brand safe and stable in the long run. How brands balance these two opposing trends will depend on the creators they collaborate with and the worlds those collaborations open up. Find and articulate your tone of voice. In an age where everyone has access to AI, you should be able to rise above the noise and make sure you bring something unique that reflects your personality and creation. The real challenge of 2024 is to use the tools to push what's possible. The future belongs to those who can unite their creative spark with the ability to explore and leverage technology. Moving on to trend number three, you and your brand should prioritize hiring creative fire. The more creators there are and the lower the technical barrier to entry, the more true creative talent will make the difference for brands. This is because creativity and strategic thinking matter more than ever. It's the magic that makes the difference between good, which everyone can do now, and exceptional. It's those creative people who can help you create a consistent and engaging brand identity, which is crucial to build your brand and stand out across multiple media channels in an ever-changing landscape. This is true both to your close creative team, but also to your brand's use of influencer marketing. Next up, trend number four, Creators have hacked an authentic, creative and empathetic way to connect with followers and are considered to be more reliable than the brand itself when engaging with branded content. 65% of people who follow creators state this opinion in a recent survey by Meta. So how can brands make sure they spend their influencer marketing dollar as smartly as possible? Expand your influencer marketing strategy. Think both big and small. Get the most relevant creators in your niche while also scouting for emerging talent. Value authenticity. Let the influencers you work with create content that's true to their style. It will resonate with their audience much more than strict briefs that require approval from everyone in the marketing team. To get even more insights and predictions for 2024, download the full Artlist trend report now with the link in the description. We made this resource completely free, so make sure to check it out.


The agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to natural disasters and climate change, which can lead to severe impacts on food security, economic stability, and rural livelihoods. Geospatial information and technology have been recognized as a valuable tool to help farmers reduce the adverse impacts of natural disasters on agriculture. Remote sensing and GIS are gaining traction as ways to improve agricultural disaster response due to recent advancements in spatial resolution, accessibility, and affordability. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the fair agricultural disaster services, including government and organization initiatives, remote sensing-based agricultural disaster monitoring, traditional, integrative, and machine learning-based methods, the role of spatial data infrastructure, and the grand challenges and emerging opportunities. This article was authored by Lei Hu, Chen Xiaoshan, Mingda Zhang, and others.