Papa Need Shorts by Walton Lee Richmond, recorded for LibriVox Coffee Break Collection, Volume 1. This is the LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org, recording by Patty Cunningham. Papa Need Shorts by Walton Lee Richmond. Given valid data, you can reach completely wrong conclusions, but given a wrong conclusion, you can still get a right answer. Little Oli had wandered into forbidden territory again, Big Brother Sven's Ham Shack. The glowing bottles here were an irresistible lure, and he liked to pretend that he knew all there was to know about the mysteries in this room. Of course, Sven said that not even he knew all of the mysteries, though he admitted he was one of the best ham operators extant, with QSOs from eighteen countries and thirty-eight states to his credit. At the moment, Sven was busily probing into an open chassis with a hot soldering iron. Short said, here some place, he muttered, What makes short, Sven? Oli wasn't so knowledgeable but what he would ask an occasional question. Sven turned and glared down. What are you doing in here? You know it's a federal offence for anybody to come into this room without I say so. Mama and Hilda come in all the time and you don't say so. Oli stood firm on what he figured were legal grounds. What makes shorts? Sven relented a little. This brother had been something of a surprise to him, coming along when Sven was a full ten years old. But he reflected after a few years, maybe I should get used to the idea. Actually, he sort of liked the youngster. Shorts, he said, speaking from the superior eminence of his fourteen years to the four-year-old, is when electricity finds a way to get back where it came from without doing a lot of hard work getting there. But you see, electricity like to work, so even when it has an easy way, it just works harder and uses itself up. This confused explanation of shorts was, of course, taken verbatim, despite the fact that Oli couldn't define half the words and probably couldn't even pronounce them. I don't like shorts. I don't like these pink shorts Mama put on me this morning. Is they electrics, Sven? Sven glanced around at the accidentally dyed-in-the-laundry, formerly white shorts. Hmm. Yeah, you could call him electric. With this, Oli let out a whoop and dashed out of the room, trailing a small voice behind him. Mama, Mama! Sven says my shorts is electric! All shorts, Sven's electrics for him. If he makes fun of your shorts, Oli heard his mother's comforting reply. In the adult world, days passed before Oli's accidentally acquired pattern of nubulous information on the subject of shorts was enlarged. It was only days in the adult world, but in Oli's world each day was a mountainous fraction of an entire lifetime, into which came tumbling and jumbling, or were pulled, bits, pieces, oddments, landslides, and acquisitions of information on every subject that he ran into or that ran into him. Nobody had told Oli that acquiring information was his job at the moment. The acquisition was partly accidental, mostly instinctive, and spurred by an intense curiosity and an even more intense determination to master the world as he saw it. There was the taste of the sick green flowers that Mama kept in the window-box. And just for a side-course, a little bit of the dirt, too. There were the patterns of the rain on the window, and the reactions of a cat to having its tail pulled.  Things like that. And other things.  The jumble of assorted and unassorted information that is the heritage of every growing, young, inquiring brain. In terms of time, it was only a couple of weeks, if you were looking at it as an adult, until the next short incident. Oli was sitting peacefully at the breakfast table, doing his level best to control the manipulation of the huge knife, fork, and spoon, plate, bowl, and glass from which he was expected to eat a meal. Things smelled good. Mama was cooking toast, and that to Oli smelled best of all. The doaster ticked quietly to itself, then gave a loud pop, and up came two golden-brown slices of toast. Dosts? Oli wasn't sure. But he hadn't really begun paying too much attention to whether one toast was the same as two-dosts or what, though he could quite proudly tell you the difference between one and two. Out it came, and fresh butter was spread on it, and in went two shiny white beds for some more toast. Little Oli watched in fascination, and now he reached for the tremendous glass sitting on the table in front of him, but his fingers didn't quite make it. Somehow the glass was heavy and slippery, and it eluded him, rolled over on its side, and spilled the bright purple juicy contents out across the table in a huge swish. Oli wasn't dismayed, but watched with a researcher's interest as the bright purple juice swept across the table toward the busily ticking doaster. Mama, of course, wasn't here, or she would have been gruff about it. She'd just gone into the other room. The juice spread rapidly at first, and then more and more slowly, making a huge, circuitous river spreading across the table, first towards the doaster, and then away from it towards the frayed power cord lying on the table. It touched and began to run along the cord. Not a very eventful recording so far, but Oli watched charmed. As he watched, a few bubbles began to appear near the frayed spot, a few wisps of steam, and then suddenly there was a loud snarling splat, and Mama screamed from the doorway. That juice is making a short. The information, of course, was duly recorded. Juice makes shorts. It was a minor item of information mixed into a jumble of others, and nothing else was added to this particular file for nearly another week. Oli was playing happily on the living room floor that night. Here there was much to explore, though an adult might not have thought twice about it.  Bigger on one end than the other, but not really very big anywhere. The sewing machine needle proved fascinating. As a first experiment, Oli determined that it worked like a tooth by biting himself with it. After that he went around the room biting other things with it. Information, of course, is information, and to be obtained any way one can. The brown snakey lamp cord was the end of this experiment. Oli bit it viciously with his new tooth, and had only barely observed that it had penetrated completely through when there was a loud splat, and all the lights in the room went out. In the darkness and confusion, of course, Oli moved away, seeking other new experiences. So the cause of the short that Mama and Papa yacked so loudly about was never attributed to Oli's actions, but only to, How could a needle have gotten from your sewing machine into this lamp cord, Alice? But the sum of information had increased. Needles, stuck into lamp cords, had something to do with shorts. More time passed, and this time the file on shorts was stimulated by Papa. The big, rough, booming voice had always scared Oli a bit when it sounded mad, like now. Alice, I've just got to have some more shorts. Papa was rummaging in a drawer far above Oli's head, so he couldn't see the object under discussion. But all he already knew about shorts. The information passed in review before him. Shorts are useful. They help electrics to work harder. Shorts you wear, and they are electrics. Wires are electrics. Shorts can be made by juice. Shorts can be made by needles, that bite like teeth. Papa needs more shorts. But Oli wasn't motivated to act at the moment, just sorting out information and connecting it with other information files in the necessarily haphazard manner that might eventually result in something called intelligence, although he didn't know that yet. It was a week later in the kitchen, when Mama dropped a giant version of the needle on the floor, that his information file in this area increased again. Is that a needle? Oli asked. His mother laughed quietly and looked fondly at her son, as she put the ice-pick back on the table. I guess you could call it a needle, Oli, she told him. An ice-needle. Oli instinctively waited until Mama's back was turned before taking the nice needle to try its biting powers, and instinctively took it out of the kitchen before starting his experiments. As he passed the cellar door, he heard a soft gurgling, and promptly changed course. Pulling open the door with difficulty, he seated himself on the cellar stairs to watch a delightful new spectacle, frothing gurgling water making its way across the floor towards the stairs. It looked wonderfully dirty and brown, and to Oli it was an absorbing phenomenon. It never occurred to him to tell Mama. Suddenly above him the cellar door slammed open, and Papa came charging down the stairs, narrowly missing the small figure, straight into the rising waters. Intent, though Oli couldn't know it, on reaching the drain pipe in the far corner of the cellar, to plug it before water from the spring rains could back up farther and really flood the cellar out. Halfway across the cellar, Papa reached up and grasped the dangling overhead light to turn it on, in order to see his way to the drain, and suddenly came to a frozen, rigid, gasping stop as his hand clamped firmly over the socket. Little Oli watched. There was juice in the cellar. Papa had hold of an electric. Was Papa trying to make the shorts he needed? Oli wasn't sure. He thought it probable, and from the superior knowledge of his four years, Oli already knew a better way to make shorts. Needles make good shorts. Juice don't do so well. Suddenly Oli decided to prove his point. Nice needles probably made even better shorts than other needles. And there was a big electric running up the side of the stairs.  Maybe lots of shorts. Raising his nice needle, Oli took careful aim and plunged it through the 220 volt stove feeder cable. Oli woke up. The strange pretty lady in white was a new experience. Somebody he hadn't seen before. And there seemed to be something wrong with his hand, but Oli hadn't noticed it very much yet. Well my little heroes awake! And how are you this morning? Your Mama and Papa will be in to see you in just a minute. The pretty lady in white went away, and Oli gazed around the white room with its funny shape, happily recorded the experience, and dozed off again. Then suddenly he was awakened again. Mama was there. And Papa. And Sven. But they all seemed different somehow this morning. Mama had been crying, even though she was smiling bravely now, and Papa seemed to have a new softness that he'd seldom seen before. Sven was looking puzzled. I still say Pop that he's a genius. He must have known what he was doing. Oli, Papa's voice was husky, gruff but kinder and softer than usual. I want you to answer me carefully, but understand that it's all right either way. I just want you to tell me. Why did you put the ice pick through the stove cable?  Little Oli grinned. His world was peaceful and wonderful now, and all the big adults were bending and leaning down and talking to him. Nice needle, he said. Big electric. Papa needed shorts. End of Papa Needs Shorts, recording by Patty Cunningham. A rash assumption from Punch December the 9th, 1914, recorded for LibriVox Coffee Break Collection Volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org, recording by Ruth Golding. A rash assumption, also unknown. On the morning of November the 27th I woke to find my chest covered with a pretty pink pattern. It blended so well with the colour of my pajama jacket that for some minutes I was lost in admiration of the pleasing effect. Then it occurred to me that coming diseases cast their rashes before them, and I sprang from the bed in an agony of apprehension. I rushed to the mirror and opened my mouth to look at my tongue. There it was. I took some of it out. It looked quite healthy, so I put it back again. Then I gazed long and earnestly down my throat. It was quite hollow as usual. Next I got the clinical thermometer and sucked it for quite a long time. When I removed it I saw my temperature was about 86. Then I found I was reading it upside down and that I was only normal. I felt disappointed. After that I tried my pulse. It took me some time to locate it, but it hadn't run down. It was still going quite regularly, and dante manon troppo, two beats in the bar. I whistled tipperary to it and it kept perfect time. But still the rash remained. It would neither get out nor get under. I felt perfectly well and yet I knew I must be ill. I could not understand the complete absence of other symptoms. At last a bright idea struck me. It was just possible that I might refuse food. I knew that would be a symptom. At any rate I would go down to breakfast and see. I dressed rapidly. I simply tore my clothes on to me. I shaved hastily. I literally tore the whiskers out of me. Then I tore down the stairs. On the table was an egg. I removed the lid and looked inside.  I refused it. Then I knew for certain I was ill. I tore back to my bedroom and tore off my clothes. I unshaved. I tumbled into bed and tried hard to shiver. I tried so hard that I perspired. As I was really ill I knew that I had to get hot and cold alternately ever so many times. I did my best to live up to all the symptoms I had ever heard of. I tried to get delirious and talk nonsense, but I failed ignominiously. How I cursed my public school education. In my extremity I even endeavoured to imagine that I saw things which were not there. And then I saw something which really was there. It was my pincushion. It looked unusually crowded, even for a pincushion, and I got out of bed to investigate the matter closer. I counted forty-five, yes, forty-five little flags. And then memory came back to me. The previous day I had bought forty-five miniature Belgian flags at one time and another during the day. Each charming but inexperienced vendor had insisted on pinning my purchase wherever there happened to be an unoccupied space on my manly, thanks to my tailor, Boussin. I remembered being conscious of a prickly sensation on each occasion, but I attributed it to rapturous thrills running about the region of my heart. To make sure that my explanation was correct I went once again to the mirror and hastily counted my rash. There were forty-five of it. End of a rash assumption. Reginald in Russia by Saki. Recorded for LibriVox Coffee Break Collection, Volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Today's reading by Tom Hackett, djhackett.newgrounds.com. Reginald in Russia by Saki. Reginald sat in the corner of the Princesses' Salon and tried to forgive the furniture, which started out with an obvious intention of being Louis Kahn, but relapsed at frequent intervals until Wilheim II. He classified the Princess with that distinct type of woman that looks as if it habitually went out to feed hens in the rain. Her name was Olga. She kept what she hoped and believed to be a fox terrier and professed what she thought were socialist opinions. It is not necessary to be called Olga if you are a Russian princess. In fact, Reginald knew quite a number who were called Vera, but the fox terrier and the socialism are essential. The Countess Lumtian keeps a bulldog, said the Princess suddenly. In England, is it more chic to have a bulldog than a fox terrier? Reginald threw his mind back over the canine fashions of the last ten years and gave an evasive answer. Do you think I handsome, the Countess Lumtian? asked the Princess. Reginald thought the Countess's complexion suggested an exclusive diet of macarons and pale sherry. He said so. But that cannot be possible, said the Princess triumphantly. I've seen her eating fish soup at Donald's. The Princess always defended a friend's complexion if it was really bad. With her, as with a great many of her sex, charity began at homeliness and not generally progressed much farther. Reginald withdrew his macaroon and sherry theory and became interested in a case of miniatures. That, said the Princess, that is the old Princess Lorikov. She lived in Mileniana Street, nearly winter palace, and was one of the court ladies of the old Russian school. Her knowledge of people and events was extremely limited, but she used to patronize everyone who came in contact with her. There was a story that when she died and not the milleniaia for heaven, she addressed Saint Peter in her former staccato fridge. Je suis la Princesse Lorikov. Il me donna un grand placier affaire à votre reconnaissance. Je vous en prie mes procents à la bonne doue. Saint Peter made a desired introduction, and the Princess address la bonne doue. Je suis la Princesse Lorikov. Il me donna un grand placier affaire à votre reconnaissance. Je suis la Princesse Lorikov. Il me donna un grand placier affaire à votre reconnaissance. I work with a start and asked her whether shall I play to Diamond's partner? It didn't improve matters when the senior chaplain remarked dreamily, but with painful distinctness, double diamonds. Everyone looked at the preacher, half expecting him to redouble, but he contented himself with scoring what points he could under the circumstances. You English are always so frivolous, said the Princess. In Russia we have too many troubles to permit of our being like-hearted. Reginald gave a delicate shiver, such as an Italian greyhound might give in contemplating the approach of an Ice Age of which he personally disapproved and resigned himself to the inevitable political discussion. Nothing that you hear about us in England is true, was the Princess's hopeful beginning. I always refused to learn Russian geography at school, observed Reginald. I was certain some of the names must be wrong. Everything is wrong with our system of government, continued the Prince's placidly. The bureaucrats think only of their pockets, and the people are exploited and plundered in every direction, and everything is mismanaged. With us, said Reginald, a cabinet usually gets the credit of being depraved and worthless beyond the bounds of human conception by the time it has been in office for about four years. But if it is a bad government, you can turn it out at the elections, argued the Princess. As far as I remember, we generally do, said Reginald. But here it is dreadful, everyone goes to such extremes, and England, you never go to extremes. We go to the Albert Hall, explained Reginald. There is always a sea solace between repression and violence, continued the Princess. And the pity of it is the people are really not in the least inclined to be anything but peaceable. Nowhere will you find people more good-natured or family circles whether there is more affection. There, I agree with you, said Reginald. I know a boy who lives somewhere on the French Quay, who is a case in point. His hair curls naturally, especially on Sundays, and he plays bridgewell, even for a Russian, which he is saying much. I don't think he has any other accomplishments, but his family affection is really of a very high order. When his maternal grandmother died, he didn't go as far as to give up bridge altogether, but he declared on nothing but black suits for the next three months. That, I think, was really beautiful. The Princess was not impressed. I think you must be very self-indulgent and live only for amusement, she said. A life of pleasure-seeking and cod-playing and dissipation brings only dissatisfaction. You will find that out someday. Oh, hi now, it turns out that way sometimes, assented Reginald. A bit in fizz is often the sweetest, but the remark was wasted on the Princess, who preferred champagne that had at least a suggestion of dissolved barley sugar. I hope you will come and see me again," she said, in a tone that prevented the hope from becoming too infectious, adding as a happy afterthought, you must come to stay with us in the country. Her particular part of the country was a few hundred-verse the other side of Tambot, with some fifteen miles of agrarian disturbance between her and the nearest neighbor. Reginald felt that there is some privacy which should be sacred from intrusion. End of Reginald in Russia by Saki. Narrated by Tom Hackett for LibriVox Coffee Break Collection No. 1. The Steam Roller Man's Story by Harry J. Rowland and George Hay, 1914. First performed by Bransby-Williams. Good morning, obliged with the match, sir? Thanks, one for take a few more. It's always a bit of a job, sir. To get this year back at the draw. I can tell by the smell of your pipe, sir, as you know it's the right sort of smoke. Thanks, sir. I should smoke this myself, sir, if I wasn't so horrible broke. Engineering jobs ain't what they was, sir, in the days. But I ain't going to brag. When in front of me roller, I'd always a match. I ain't going to brag. When in front of me roller, I'd always a man, sir, to carry a flag. One day the task was entrusted to a flagman, the name of Jeff. Careless bloke, sir, but hard-working. And all right, except that he was deaf. One day he was working, as usual, when I heard, sir, a sort of a grunt. I wanted to be tonight. Look, sir, but I couldn't see old Jeff in front. Then I thought of his being deaf, sir, and I trembled, just like a leaf. For I guessed, sir, he'd been extra careless. And somehow I'd got underneath. He lay in the road. I thought dead, sir. But he moved. I was thankful for that. But bless you, sir, I was staggered when I see as I'd rolled him out flat. Yes, sir, flattened him out like a pancake.  At first, sir, he seemed a bit stunned-like, and he laid in the road there and grinned. So I helped him up, then started home, sir, though I did have a job with the wind. But the breeze kept catching him broadside and taking him up like a kite. So I had to hold on like grim death, sir, to stop him from taking flight. His family at home, they was not, sir, and you should have heard his wife.  But they took him, sir, into the parlour and propped him against the wall. And they wanted to put him to bed, sir, but they couldn't think out of at all. Then I thought of folding him up, sir. I had to think everything out. And the next morning we got a lot of iron, sir, and ironed his creases out. And we watched him get in there for months, sir. As he chafed in around him we sat. You see, sir, he lived on flat fish, sir, and even his vise was flat. But I worried myself what to do, sir, but it wasn't no good to talk. At last, sir, and I, there, it struck me. And next day I texted Jeff for a walk. And we walked down the road to the yard, sir. And the roller had always stood. And Jeff props himself up on his thin end, sir, and stays like it as well as he could. We knew it was kill or curse, sir, so I shakes hand, sir, and says goodbye. And as I climbed onto the engine, I wiped, sir, a tear from my eye. Then I start, sir, right over Jeff, sir. And the very next thing I see was the roller that had rolled out, Jeff, sir, to the shape as he used to be. Pleased, I should just think he was, sir, though some of our blokes was annoyed. Jeff, sir, he's carrying a flag, sir, along with the unemployed. He got the sack when they stopped our flags. But he's as well as he's ever been. You can take my word that it's true, sir. The word, sir, of truthful Jim. End of The Steamroller Man's Story. The Two Doves by Lida B. McMurray. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. The Two Doves by Lida B. McMurray. Two Doves, White Coat and Blue Feather, lived in a dove cot. They were brothers and were very fond of each other. White Coat was a great homebody, but Blue Feather liked to travel. One day, Blue Feather set to White Coat. I wanted to see the world. These places were tame. I have lived here all my life. He was only six months old and have seen all there is to see. I want to visit other countries. Don't go, Blue Feather, said White Coat. We have all we want to eat here. Everyone is kind. And we have a good home. I have heard that in other places men set traps for birds or shoot them and that sometimes large hawks swoop down and carry them off. You might be caught out in a storm and find no shelter. Besides, it would almost kill me to be separated from you long. You might be able to bury it, but not I. Surely it is best to stay at home. Just then a crowd called. Do you hear that crowd, brother? Asked White Coat. It seems to say you will be sorry if you go. Do not go. Take his warning. See too, it is raining. If you must go, do put it over until a better time. White Coat. Why do you make such a fuss about nothing? I shall not be gone more than three days. Then you shall hear of all the wonderful things I saw. I shall tell what happened to me from the beginning of my journey until it is close. It will be almost as good as going yourself. I do not care about the world, said White Coat. How can I let you go? You will find me watching for you at whatever time of day or night you reach home. I cannot eat, I cannot sleep with you away. At this, they said a sad goodbye to each other and the blue feather flew away. A dark cloud covered the sky. Blue feather looked about for shelter. He flew to the only tree near, but its leaves could not keep off the driving rain, so his coat was wet through and through. When the sky was clear again, blue feather left the tree and dried his plumage as he flew. On the borders of the wood, he spied some scattered grains of wheat. He was hungry and saw no reason why he should not pick them up. As he flew down, a snare was joined about him. The wheat had been put there to tempt pigeons so that they might get caught. It was well for blue feather that the snare had been in the news a long time and was rotten. By using his beak and twings, he got loose, but he lost a few feathers out of his pretty coat. A hawk saw him as heroes. Blue feather was dragging a piece of the string which he could not loosen from his leg. The hawk was about to seize him. It seemed as if there was no help for him, but just at that moment an eagle called the hawk and carried him off. Blue feather flew as far as he could to a high fence where he stopped to rest. He thought his dangers were over. He was very homesick. While blue feather was sitting on the fence, a boy saw him. He nearly killed the poor bird with a shot from his sling. Blue feather was just able to fly. His leg was lame and one wing was hurt, but he steered straight for home. Late night he arrived at his own dove coat, tired and hungry, but happy to be safe at home again. He found white coat waiting for him. White coat smoothed his poor brother's feathers, nestled close to him and soothed him with his ku, ku, ku. End of the Tudas by Lida B. McMurray Vaudeville Verses the Legitimate by Will M. Cressy A few years ago a handsome, immaculate young man came over to me as I was sitting in the office of the Adams House in Boston and said, Mr. Cressy, my name is so-and-so. I am an actor, a good actor too, and I have always been very proud of my profession. My mother is one of the most popular actresses in America today, but last summer I had an experience that sent me to thinking a little. As you were mixed up in it, I am going to tell it to you. Last season I was out with a company that made one of those artistic successes, but which did not seem to interest the public very much. As a result, when the merry springtime came around, I had a trunk full of good clothes, good press notices, high OUs from the manager, but not a dollar and money. But I was fortunate enough to receive an invitation from a luckier actor friend to spend a month at his summer home on the shores of Lake Sonopee, New Hampshire. Did I went? I did went, quick. He had a beautiful home, and I was certainly some class. I had linens, flannels, yachting clothes, tennis clothes, evening clothes. In fact, I had everything but money. One night we were sitting down on his little wharf, enjoying our, no, his, cigars, and a very pretty little lunch passed by. Whose lunch is that? I asked. Oh, it belongs to some vaudeville player by the name of Matthews, I believe. They live over on the other side of the lake. I don't know them. Pretty soon another little lunch came into the bay, cruised around the shore, and went. Whose boat is that? I inquired. That belongs to a vaudeville fellow by the name of Merritt. I don't know him. A little while after a big cabin launch came into the bay and cruised slowly around. On the deck was a party of young folks. Two of the girls were playing mandolins, and they were all singing. By Jove, I exclaimed, that's a beauty. Whose is it? Oh, that is Will Cressy's boat, replied my friend, impatiently. He is another of those vaudeville people. There are a number of them over across the lake there, but we don't know them at all. I sat for a while, thanking. Here I was, a recognized Broadway player of legitimate roles, a man who could play any juvenile Shakespearean role without a rehearsal, a member of the lambs and the players' clubs. And here I was, sitting out on the end of a wharf, because I didn't have money enough to hire even a bum-robot. And the three first launches that had passed by were all owned by vaudeville players, whom my legitimate friend did not know at all. I thought it all out, and then I turned to my friend and said, All right, Tom, but you want to make all you can out of this visit of mine, for the next time I come up here you won't be speaking to me. Why won't I? he asked in surprise.  I am going to have some money in my pocket, and I am going to have a boat, and I am going to sail by here every evening and make faces at you. Logits. End of Vaudeville vs. the Legitimate. When Papa Swore in Hindustani by P. G. Woodhouse recorded for Librebox Coffee Break Collection, Vol. 1 This is a Librebox recording. All Librebox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Librebox.org. Reading by Bologna Times. When Papa Swore in Hindustani by P. G. Woodhouse Soviet. Yes, Papa. That infernal dog of yours. Oh, Papa. Yes, that infernal dog of yours has been at my carnations again. Colonel Reynolds, V.C., glared sternly across the table at Miss Soviet Reynolds, and Miss Soviet Reynolds looked in a deprecatory manner back at Colonel Reynolds, V.C., while the dog in question, a foppish pug, happening to meet the Colonel's eye in transit, crawled unostentatiously under the sideboard and began to wrestle with a bad conscience. Oh, naughty Tommy, said Miss Reynolds mildly, in the direction of the sideboard. Yes, my dear, assented the Colonel, and if you could convey to him the information that if he does it once more, yes, just once more, I shall shoot him on the spot. You would be doing him a kindness. And the Colonel bit a large crescent out of his toast with all the energy and conviction of a man who has thoroughly made up his mind. At six o'clock this morning, continued he, in a voice of gentle melancholy, I happened to look out of my bedroom window and saw him. He had then destroyed two of my best plants, and was commencing on a third, with every appearance of self-satisfaction. I threw two large brushes and a boot at him. Oh, Papa, they didn't hit him. No, my dear, they did not. The brushes missed him by several yards. And the boot smashed a fourth carnation. However, I was so fortunate as to attract his attention, and he left off. I can't think what makes him do it. I suppose it's bones. He's got bones buried all over the garden. Well, if he does it again, you'll find that there will be a few more bones buried in the garden, said the Colonel grimly, and he subsided into his paper. Sylvia loved the dog partly for its own sake, but principally for that of the giver, one Reginald Dallas, who it had struck at an early period of their acquaintance that he and Miss Sylvia Reynolds were made for one another. On communicating this discovery to Sylvia herself he had found that her views upon the subject were identical with his own, and all would have gone well had it not been for a melancholy accident. One day, while out-shooting with the Colonel, with whom he was doing his best to ingratiate himself, with a view of obtaining his consent to the match, he had allowed his sporting instincts to carry him away to such a degree that, in sporting parlance, he wiped his eye badly. Now the Colonel prided himself with justice on his powers as a shot, but on this particular day he had a touch of liver, which resulted in his shooting over the birds, and under the birds, and on each side of the birds, but very rarely at the birds. Dallas being an especially good form, it was found, when the bag came to be counted that while he had shot seventy brace the Colonel had only managed to secure five-and-a-half. His bad marksmanship destroyed the last remnant of his temper. He swore for half an hour in Hindustani, and for another half-hour in English. After that he felt better, and when, at the end of dinner, Sylvia came to him with the absurd request that she might marry Mr. Reginald Dallas, he did not have a fit, but merely signified in fairly moderate terms his entire and absolute refusal to think of such a thing. This had happened a month before, and the pug, which had changed hands in the earlier days of the friendship, still remained at the imminent risk of its life to soothe Sylvia and madden her father. It was generally felt that the way to find favor in the eyes of Sylvia, which were a charming blue, and well worth finding favor in, was to show an intelligent and affectionate interest in her dog. This was so up to a certain point. But no farther, for the mournful recollection of Mr. Dallas prevented her from meeting their advances in quite the spirit they could have wished. However they persevered, and scarcely a week went by in which Thomas was not rescued from an artfully arranged, horrible fate by somebody.  The love-sick swans, however, could not be expected to know of this, and the rescuing of Tommy proceeded briskly, now one, now another, playing the role of hero. The very day after the conversation above recorded had taken place a terrible tragedy occurred. The colonel, returning from a poor day's shooting, observed through the mist that was beginning to rise a small form busily engaged and excavating in the precious carnation bed. Slipping in a cartridge he fired, and the skill which had deserted him during the day came back to him. There was a yelp, then silence, and Sylvia, rushing out from the house, found luckless Thomas, breathing his last on a heap of uprooted carnations. The news was not long in spreading. The cook told the postman, and the postman thoughtfully handed it on to the servants at the rest of the houses on his round. By noon it was public property, and in the afternoon, after various times from two to five, nineteen young men were struck, quite independently of one another, with a brilliant idea. The results of this idea were apparent on the following day. Is this all, asked the colonel of the servant, as she brought in a couple of letters at breakfast time? There's a hamper for Miss Sylvia, sir. A hamper is there. Well, bring it in. If you please, sir, there's several of them. Several? How many are there? Nineteen, sir, said Mary, restraining with some difficulty in inclination to giggle. What? Nineteen? Nonsense! Where are they? We've put them in the coach house for the presence, sir, and if you please, sir, Cook says she thinks there's something alive in them. Something alive? Yes, sir, and John says he thinks it's dogs, sir. The colonel uttered a sound that was almost a bark, and followed by Sylvia rushed to the coach house. There, sure enough, as far as the eye could reach, were the hampers, and as they looked, a sound proceeded from one of them that was unmistakably the plaintive note of a dog that had been shut up and is getting tired of it. Instantly the other eighteen hampers joined in until the whole coach house rang with a noise. The colonel subsided against a wall and began to express himself softly in Hindustani. Poor tears, said Sylvia, how stuffy they must be feeling. She ran to the house and returned with a basin of water. Dears, she said again, you'll soon have something to drink. She knelt down by the nearest hamper and cut the cord that fastened it. A pug jumped out like a jack in the box and rushed to the water. Sylvia continued her work of mercy, and by the time the colonel had recovered sufficiently to be able to express his views in English, eighteen more pugs had joined their companion.  Sylvia, put them back again this minute. You had no business to let them out. Put them back. But I can't, Papa. I can't catch them. She looked helplessly from him to the seething mass of dogs and back again. Where's my gun? began the colonel. Papa, don't. You couldn't be so cruel. They aren't doing any harm. Poor things. If I knew who sent them, perhaps there's something to show. Yes, here's a visiting card in this hamper. Whose is it? bellowed the colonel through the den. Jay Darcy Henderson, the furs, read Sylvia at the top of her voice. Young black-eyed bawled the colonel. I expect there's one in each of the hampers. Yes, here's another. W. K. Ross, the Elms. The colonel came across and began to examine the hampers with his own hand. Each hamper contained a visiting card and each card bore the name of a neighbor. The colonel returned to the breakfast room and laid the nineteen cards out in a row on the table. Hmm! he said at last. Mr. Reginald Dallas does not seem to be represented. Sylvia said nothing. No! he seems not to be represented. I did not give him credit for so much sense. Then he dropped the subject and breakfast proceeded in silence. A young gentleman met the colonel on his walk that morning. Morning, colonel! said he. Good morning! said the colonel grimly. Er, colonel, I suppose Miss Reynolds got that dog all right. To which dog do you refer? It was a pug, you know. It ought to have arrived by this time. Yes, I am inclined to think it has. Had it any special characteristics? No, I don't think so. Just an ordinary pug. Well, young man, if you will go to my coach-house you will find nineteen ordinary pugs, and if you would kindly select your beast and shoot it I should be much obliged. Nineteen, said the other, an astonishment.  This was too much for the colonel. He exploded. Old age confound your impudence, dog fancier. No, sir, I have not become a dog fancier and what you are pleased to call my old age. But while there is no law to prevent a lot of dashed young puppies like yourself, sir, like yourself, sending your confounded pug-dogs to my daughter, who ought to have known better than to let them out of their dashed hampers, I have no defense. Dog fancier, gad! Unless those dogs are removed by this time tomorrow, sir, they will go straight to the Battersea home, where I devoutly trust they will poison them. Here are the cards of the other gentlemen, who were kind enough to think that I might wish to set up for a dog fancier in my old age. Perhaps you will kindly return them to their owners and tell them what I have just said. And he strode off, leaving the young man in a species of trance. Sylvia! said the colonel, on arriving home. Yes, papa? Do you still want to marry that Dallas fellow? Now, for heaven's sake, don't start crying. Goodness knows I've been worried enough this morning without that. Please answer a plain question in a fairly sane manner. Do you or do you not? Of course I do, papa. Then you may.  I'll write to him now. Dear Dallas, wrote the colonel, I find on consideration that you are the only sensible person in the neighborhood. I hope you will come to lunch today, and if you still want to marry my daughter you may. To which Dallas replied, by return of messenger, Thanks for both invitations. I will. An hour later he arrived in person.


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You are former Minister of Justice in France and now you're the president of the National Assembly's Foreign Affairs Committee. Foreign Affairs Committee. And my condolences first of all for the tragedy in Paris last, just a few days ago. But how do you change the jihadist narrative? Well, I don't think it's for government to do that. I think it's for civil society to be responsible for that. What the governments have to do is to give the tools and help, material help, financial help to the civil society's NGOs so that they can express themselves on the Internet mainly because radicalization is mainly done through Internet now, much more than through some extremist mosques. And that's the main thing. And I think that, of course, WPC is part of the civil society. And the civil society's very large gathering goes from very humble NGOs up to the most prestigious think tanks like the World Policy Conference and so I think it's absolutely crucial that we do that because unless we succeed in promoting a counter narrative, then we will not... Is there also a place for military action, so President Francois Hollande talked of war? Is that contradictory to the idea of changing the narrative or complementary? Well, I think it's complementary because it's true that we were first president Hollande wanted to warn the French that we had an unprecedented attack, of course, and we are very removed by all the expressions of solidarity with France that came from abroad. But he wanted to warn that this is not finished, that we might very well and it's probable that there will be other terrorist attacks and therefore that the whole country has to mobilize itself. And what is the most encouraging, I think, in this tragedy is that the whole French people said, although they are frightened, of course, they said we will not remain ourselves, we will not change our way of life, we will continue to go to football contests, we will continue to go to concerts, we will continue to go in cafes and that's very important. And for the first time and much more than in the January attack, I have seen, I have had thousands of testimonies that our Muslim compatriots were totally behind the whole of our national community, behind our security forces and that they wanted more than they have ever done to express that they were French, that they share the same values and that I think is, well, in all this tragedy is something very important. It's a very positive thing. It is with Higu, thank you so much. Thank you.


So we're very happy to have this is our third short intro workshop series, this time presented by Professor Frederick de Glese. So he did his PhD in 2002, the University of Paris under Fabien Morel is currently directed at the CNRS in Colneau-Miles Superior in Lyon, who's also director of the mathematics department there. So I offer my condolences. And so he's an expert in motivic categories, there are foundations and applications. His work with Denny Charles Suzuki, triangulated categories of mixed motives, is a standard source and reference for all researchers in the field. And besides that, he has numerous publications and preprints in these foundational aspects of motivic categories. So we're very happy to have him to give this introductory series on Boyovatsky's Motivic Complexes. Thanks, thanks for that Mark Fang, thanks for the invitation. So I'll give an introduction to the notes, a survey of the notes, which are also a survey of Boyovatsky's theory. So it's a huge theory. So I guess we'll try to see the overall aspects, but of course you're welcome to ask questions for certain points if you don't understand or if you don't know some techniques. Okay, so for today, I just want to start, so I'll start with an historical introduction. So let me start with one simple formula that everyone should know from, it's called the earlier product formula. So it's like that. So if you go here, this is equal to the product of a prime, 1 minus PS. So I said historical introduction, so it's earlier product formula, it's 1734. So for me, it's one start for all this Motivic stuff and this series. So maybe now I'll draw pictures. So I like this stuff, but the software, the only problem is that I have to, I cannot put in a continuous one, so I have to start new pages each time. Okay, anyway, so let me start to draw my picture. So everything is centered around the notion of L function. So on the previous page you had the zeta function. So L functions are more or less a variant of zeta functions where you vary the one that you have seen on the left hand side. So we have two directions. So the first direction, let's say, is the function field case. And it starts by the form of the field conjectures. So L function, I don't put dates because it's, but I should, I should indicate RT and ACI, of course. So it's around the 20s. Date conjecture, I can put some dates, it's 49, okay. And so it led to two well-known developments. First one is the etala. So eladic shift theory, maybe I put shift in, she use. And so it's got a leak and it's collaborator. So I let me put SGA4 and this is 64, 63 published, maybe 66 or 8. Okay. But there was also another notion which has not appeared in, maybe in the Linus-Ajuan paper, but it's the notion of weight. So it's, you can find this in letters from Grotendik to say, okay. And so etala eladic shifts have answered the veil conjecture because of the work of the Linus. But before the last proof of the Linus, Grotendik introduced the notion of pure motives. So never published anything on this, but this is around the 69 or 70s when there were climber and several papers on this. Okay. So this is already points and, of course, weights are also a motivation for pure motives. Now let's turn to the other aspect of L functions, which is the number field case fields. So here I should put, maybe I should have put that before, the so-called class number formula, which is also a UG story called Motivation from Derrick Clay. There were several versions, but in the series time, 19th century. Okay. So there were several work on special values, but on L functions and after L class number formula. Which the thing I want to say is that it was this important work by Liechtenbaum, 73 on special values of L functions, which is, okay, and here I enter into play another actor in this thing, so it's Kefiris. So Liechtenbaum used first etalcology to formulate some conjectures and then Kefiris. So there are many people here, many works here that contributes to this, contribute to this, but I don't put everything. So of course there is Borrell and so on, but okay. And also last thing that I should add here is the theory of perversives. This is Bernstein and the line and 82 asterisks, okay. And here maybe I should put another important notion out of this structure. Okay. Now I finish my drawing because all I know I forgot something before the notion of pure motives. There was a thesis of the line. So it's a notion of mixed structure, it was before just before the pure motives. So it derives from the notion of weights, it's in characteristic zero. So all these perversives come from etalaladic sheaves, okay, and all these notions have given my last item, which is the Bernstein conjectures, Liechtenbaum also gave some conjectures like that afterwards. So this is around the 84, 86 maybe it's in high pairing. So Bernstein conjecture, the existence of a new category that we will describe actually now, I mean, what exactly, which come, which, which enlarge motives and incorporate all these aspects here, okay, maybe last, last items of what what today and what's about the, what the summer school is about is pervers keys from auto P theory and maybe for today just multi complexes, which are supposed to answer the Bainson conjecture and they are quite successful. So first, first work of the rescue was PhD physics in Princeton and it's 94. Okay. And last thing, maybe I want to advert the, it's, it's a kind of extra, I want to advert the, the talk of, of, of, of Matthew, so there is some development here. So maybe I should add, so it's, it's aside, it's today, it will not be about this. So there is a notion of pediatric health function, which are roughly health functions, but we will coefficient in ZP or rings like that. And here it apparently gives some development about a notion of p-addict motives or I don't know if it's a good name for that, but this, this will probably be so this, this is a question working. Okay. No questions so far. So we have all the, the, the aspects that I want to, to, to stay here. So the, the model for the rescue theory is the theory of et al, et al sheevs or et al torsion sheevs. Okay. And, okay. So there are, maybe I should, I should give the plan. So my first, I will first give reference for the notion of sheevs with transfers of overseas, which are, maybe I should add homotopy, which is the analog of, which is modeled on a theory of et al, et al sheevs, et al torsion sheevs. Then I will go into the case of perfect field case and main theorem, perfect field and main theorem of the theory. And lastly, we will go into the definition of multi-complexes. Okay. So my convention for today's is that so I also wanted to, to tell you about the notion of, of six transform isam. So I will work over some base scheme. So we'll fix, we'll fix S a regular notarian, maybe finite dimension or cool dimension scheme. Okay. So either you can take a smooth scheme over a field or the spectrum of a regular scheme. So otherwise it means that all the local ring are regular. So it's supposed to incorporate what you get when you have a curve over a number of field and then you can, you lift it, say over specksy. And usually you can find a model which is regular, not, not smooth for specksy, but regular. Okay. Okay. So now we, we start with a notion of sheevs with transfer. So there are three differences, three differences with respect to et al sheevs of STF4. So the first one is that sheevs admit transfers and so here I will use the notion of algebraic cycles and finite correspondences to see in a minute. So of course it's, it's this, this notion of transfers is very linked with a notion of motive. So I will not review a fear of two motives, but it's based on the notion of algebraic cycles and correspondences. Okay. The second difference is that we, we will use a big, smooth, Nisnevich site for my sheevs. So I'll give, I will give definitions. And the third difference is that it's very long. I think now is that we use the A1 homotopy relation and this allows to incorporate algebraic topology techniques into this, this fear, but you will, you will also see in a, a question. Okay. So let me start with a notion of, of a finite correspondences. So the idea goes back at least to Italian geometries. So they remarked that the notion of morphism of algebraic varieties is a bit too restrictive and so if, if, if they wanted to get some more, more flexibility and so they started to use algebraic correspondences. So that's what Bojewski has done. So all this theory of course is due to Bojewski, the theory that I represent. So let me give a definition. So now X and Y are smooth schemes and that's smooth schemes, separated or finite type, separated or finite type over my regular scheme S. Okay. And a correspondent, the finite correspondent is alpha, finite correspondent is correspondence from X to Y is an algebraic cycle, some, so this is a sum, a finite sum, one, two, and say, of a formal sum of a reducible scheme. So whereas the I inside X cross SY is closed integral as a scheme and the projection of the I to X is finite and subjective over some connected component. Yeah. So S is regular. So an X is smooth over S, so X is also regular and the regular scheme is a disjoint unit of its irreducible components, which are all connected components, okay. So it's an algebraic cycle inside X cross SY and that with a restriction that, so we also say that the support of alpha over X is finite and equidimensional. So the good point with this notion of finite correspondence is that you can, you can turn to turn them into morphisms. So this means that you can compose position, sorry, maybe I should add a notation. So we say you denote C, S, X, Y, the set of finite correspondences, which is actually an obedient group of finite correspondences from X to Y over S, okay. So now suppose we have correspondences from X to Y and beta from Y to Z. So we want to compose them, then we can, let me, I write X, Y for X cross SY, maybe I should have put so on. So if you have never seen that, this is classical in the theory of algebraic cycles. So what we do is that we consider the product of all three smoothest scheme like this and we have three projection, one from X, Y, X, C and Y, C, P, Q, R, like this, okay. So P, Q and R are smooth morphisms and we can always define the pullback of alpha, P, A star, alpha and Q, A star, beta are well-defined cycles, algebraic cycles in the product. Z for, it's easy, you just take, so if I assume that alpha is a sum of Zi, you just take this product, X, Y, Z. So the pullback is easy to define because my schemes are smooth, okay. And then it happens that the cycles, these two cycles intersects properly in X, Y, Z. So it means that using SearStore formula, but there is also you could use Samuel formula if you want, but that's not, this is correct way to do it. You can intersect them and obtain some cycle. This is another algebraic cycle in the product, okay. And now, so maybe I should picture this, we add something like this. And in fact, the intersection of, considered here is something like the fiber product. So if alpha and beta were the class of some irreducible close-up scheme, it will just be a fiber product here. So it means that what you deduce from this, let's call this gamma, you deduce from this that the support of gamma, because it's a projection here is finite and equidimensional, okay. And now also, if you take this equal t, so it means that you can, if you look at the projection r restricted to t, it induce a map from r, from t to r of t, which is well defined and which is finite, h. And then you can define the push forward of cycle, h star gamma, which is well defined also. Okay. And now, this is what we call beta composite alpha. Okay. Okay. So, sorry, I've missed some questions, but obviously, okay. So the good point is that you can, you can check associativity and also there is a neutral element. So let me give examples so I should have done that before our final correspondence. If you have a morphism of smooth scheme, x from y, you can look at its graph of f. So it's obtained. So you take, sorry, y cross s, no. So you always have a diagonal map. So because y is separated over s, this is a closed emotion. Here you can look at x cross s, y, you look at the map, f cross identity, and the graph is just pullback. Then the graph is a closed sub-steam in x cross s, y, and you can check easily that graph of this. You can associate a cycle, just take the sum of the connected components, x, and it's actually a finite correspondence. You can see because actually the projection from gamma f to x is an isomorphism. So this I will just denote it f like that. So the neutral element is just the correspondence identity of x. Okay. But I have another example of an interesting example of finite correspondence. If now you assume that f is finite and say equidimensional, so it means that every any connected component of x dominates a connected component of y, it's not much equidimensional here. Then if you look at the graph of f inside x cross s, y, you can decide, you can switch the, you can switch the factors of this scheme here. And then let me write epsilon star gamma f for a cycle in y cross sx. Then the projection from gamma f to y is just the morphism f itself. So it's also finite equidimensional. And this gives you a finite correspondence, but this time from y to x. And this I denote t of f and it's called the transpose of f. Okay. So what you can check out of all of this, but you have defined a composition product on finite correspondences with a good neutral elements and you have all this. So maybe I should give a definition here. So you have actually defined a category, a category of smooth correspondences over s whose objects are smooth s schemes and morphisms are finite s correspondences. Okay, maybe for, I should denote this gamma f. And what you can check also, so there are things to check here. What you can check also is that the graph functor defines the graph that I defined in the previous example defines a functor, which is the identity on objects. And maps morphism to this graph. Okay. So, so we have actually and not, and of course this map gamma is faithful, not full. And so we have a larger category of smooth scheme. So we have added morphisms. Okay. Thanks, thanks for sorry. Before going further, we can see that there are further operations on these categories of smooth correspondences. So let me take f from t to s any morphism of scheme of regular schemes. So I can define a pullback from some quality. So when I have a smooth scheme over s. I just take its pullback here. And when I have a finite correspondence. So I have a map so let me write x, y, it will be up obtained by pullback. So then I can define this star alpha because it will just be an exile product of cycle. Okay, so it's a base change. And you can check this is x t. Okay. But also if you have, if now you take p from t to s a smooth morphism. So when I say smooth it will always mean smooth separate of finite type. So I can define, so this is the f of a star, I can define another photo, which in some sense, forget the base. So if I have a smooth scheme, so maybe I should write this y t. I can just see why as a smooth scheme over s, just by composing with f here. So if I have some correspondence, maybe in city by prime. Now if I do that, what I have is that by cross s by prime is closed. So it's the other way. So I can associate to beta just via the direct image and you can check that this finds a correspondence form. Okay, so I have a photo which I will do not be sharp on which forget the base to define sorry maybe. To define this f of a star alpha you need to, to use the intersection theory sorry, but it works because we are dealing with finite correspondence. Okay, so we have base change for forget the base and there is another. And over, there is a monoidal structure. Same core s. So if you have on objects, if you have x, s and y or s, you just put, it's just cartesian product because it's a smooth scheme and if you have finite correspondence alpha x, x prime say and beta y to y prime. Now this time you consider the exterior product and gives you a correspondence from x, x prime. So you can check that you have in this way. So this is a monoidal structure on SM core s. So this category is good. There are some funtals and it's additive, but it's not. It's not enough to do. Well, you can do some, some homological algebra but we won't do it today. Instead, we will now go to the notion of sheaves and transfers. So this category is just additive. It's, it's not good a priority to do homological algebra. So we just, we will just enlarge it. As usual, you should be familiar with this procedure. So we consider pre sheaves on this category. So pre sheaf with transfers is just a contrarian funtals on core s. So I put up to say contrarian, which goes to the category of Abelian groups. And we add the property that it's additive, with respect to the additive structure on SM core s. Okay, so it's just the standard, the standard way to enlarge a category. And we will get a notion of natural transformation. This becomes a category and this category here has the advantage to be Abelian. And actually, even its growth and decalbillion complete and complete. Meaning it admits limits, co limits and growth and decalbillion. It implies that it admits injective resolution, for example. So it's good to do homological algebra and we still have a Yoneda embedding, which here is the following. So we get a canonical funtals, which to a smooth scheme here you associate just the pre sheaf represented by X, pre sheaf with transfers. This is denoted the str of X. Okay, but before, now the thing is that we have good example of sheaves with transfers. Example. So we have all of the representable pre sheaves also, but first one is if you take the shift GM. So restricted to smooth scheme so it's a smooth. And then associate just set the invertible global function on X, then GM is a pre sheaf with transfers. So I let that for maybe exercises or I gave references in my, in my notes. So for example, which is even more interesting so I've restricted to feel here. I'm not sure it's it's necessary but if a is a nabillion variety. Okay, then. Sheaf which I will denote by a underline which X. Okay, maps to transfer morphism of schemes. Next to a is actually a pre sheaf with transfers. Actually, it works for any commutative group scheme even group schemes actually. And it work also for semi abelian variety just for those who knows semi abelian varieties are extension of tourists by abelian varieties. Okay. So these are important. Particular cases of precedence transfers.  Say, for example, you take Betty Como G or et al Como G or the Ram Como G. Then, if you take S schemes. So it can be S or K can be smooth, or just regular if it's or just regular. If you use a electric et al Como G, G, L invertible on S. Okay, so we have concrete example given by this geometric example and also Como G theories. Okay, so we have concrete example given by this geometric example and also Como G theories. Okay, so what we have done here is we have enlarge the category of smooth schemes over S into this big abelian category but now we want to incorporate the other example the other ingredient which is the Niznevich topology. So we have seen that in the talk of Philip, but I will just recall. What's the Niznevich topology so Niznevich topology is topology on say SMS whose covers are given by morphism. In SMS such that for any points in X there exists a point wise in W such that P such that P of Y equal to X and the resident residue field extension X is trivial, meaning it's an isomorphism kappa of X is isomorphic to kappa of Y. So this was also called and also sorry such that P is et al. So first P is et al and so objective so this is an et al cover but we add this condition which is also called which was called completely composed by Niznevich and which means that which is which is a stronger condition and so the Niznevich topology will be different from the et al topology. Of course, a zaski cover will be a particular case of Niznevich cover, but you have you have more Niznevich cover and zaski cover. So, Niznevich is between et al and zaski. Okay, so maybe also I should say a word so about the condition of being a shift and for this I will introduce what Morale and so Niznevich distinguished square, Niznevich definition. So Niznevich distinguished square in say sm of s but it works in any for any scheme is a square over form u x w P such that j is an open immersion P is et al. And if you put x closed reduced sub scheme in x, which is a complement of you then P induces an isomorphism from P minus one. I'm not sure I will use this. Let's call this T I will use this, this notion but I, I like to use also the notion of close pair so we say XZ is a close pair. X is a smoothed scheme and this is just a close sub scheme. We say that the map P from T X to Z is an excessive morphism or close pairs. So that's it's useful to formulate some properties. Okay. So I'll let, I don't look at the question that you can interrupt me if you. We're having we're fine you just keep going. Good. Good. So the lemma due to moral and very risky is following so I will assume that you are familiar with the notion of she's so when you have covers, you have a cotton dictopogy and then you have a notion of associated she's. If you, you are not familiar, you can just use the lemma that I will state as a definition so let's take F from SMS to or actually, you can also take just sets, if you want. And F is a Niznevich if let's call this for any, for any Niznevich, I forgot this distinguished square, call it delta V image by F which is another square, either of a billion groups or sets is co Cartesian. So you can take this the second property as a definition of Niznevich. So this is also an exercise in so maybe I tried to go faster because otherwise I won't have time to finish. Okay, so that's for the recall on this news topology. Now, we want to incorporate this, this notion of topology into our, our pre shifts with transfer so we will say that if we take F a pre shift with transfer of S will say that F is a shift. I should say Niznevich but in all this talk, it will always be Niznevich approach is a Niznevich chief with transfers. If when you compose F with gamma so that's cool. Okay, so we just look only at the objects of pre shifts with transfers such that when you restrict the smooth schemes, you really have a shift. Now it's better for co mode equal reasons. So I should have said that before but why transfers, because if you take F from Y to X a finite equidimensional or subjective you can just morphism. Then you can, and you have F either pre shift or shift with transfers. F, then you can apply F the transpose of F. And this will give you a map in the wrong direction. You can do it by F low star and these are transfers. Or sometimes easy maps and so on. Besides these transfers have good properties but I won't say them. Okay, so maybe before going into next next step, I just want to add a remark about this notion of big site. So what, what, what, what can you, how can you interpret this notion of big site so of course, if X, let's take X smooth scheme over S, then you still have a small Niznevich site, like for et al topology. It's, it is made by just, you look at only the, it's a category of scheme which are V over X, which are just et al. X, okay. So, and then you endow it with the Niznevich topology. You have a notion of shift on X this. Now when you look at F, a shift with transfers, so over S it's in particular shift over SMS. So it means that you can look at the restriction of F to the category X Niz and call this FX. So, now, because you have a shift on the big site, so you automatically obtain maps. So for any morphism, Y to X in SMS, you automatically obtain maps so it goes from F up a star, F of X to F of Y, F of Y. This is a morphism, a natural transformation of sheaves on the small site, Y. Here you have, you have used this, this operation that I have not defined, which is a pullback for sheaves, but it's, it works like for size key sheaves, okay. And this map here to F is a structural map, so a shift on SMS corresponds to the data of sheaves for all SMS, which are on this small site. So this transition map to F, which are not isomorphisms. Actually, then you have, for example, you have an inclusion. You can look at sheaves on S-NIS for the Niz, and it's included in the category of sheaves on SMS plus Niz, and it goes to you associate to F just the sequence of sheaves which are obtained by pullback F star of F, smooth, okay. So all this is just for saying that sheaves on the big site, so we say big site because sheaves on this site are much bigger than sheaves on the small site. So they are given by collection of sheaves on the small site and transition map, which are not isomorphisms, okay. So this is completely linked so for those who knows to the notion of crystals, this holds. And so I'm just saying, okay, but anyway, we can, we can work with this, this notion of sheaves. So let me add another construction. So, of course, all these these notion of sheaves and so on comes from SGA4 and the very abstract topos fury. But there are, as you have said, there are several examples of advantage to work with pre-sheaves and sheaves. So we will see in a minute that sheaves with transfers is also a category of an IBM category, for example, but also you have more operation on this. So remember on this category SM4S, we add free operation, F up a star, base change, forget the base and some tensile structure maybe. Then all these operations can be extended to sheaves. So suppose, for example, let's take the first one, you have a map of regular schemes from T2S and you have a sheave with transfers over S. Then you can, you can just look at F composed with this pullback map F up a star. And then it goes to a billion. So X, as I said, we add X cross S T and then we just apply F. So this is usually called the direct image. Okay, and this you should, you shouldn't, if you have seen Zajski's sheave, this is a usual definition.  Just because niznevich covers are stable by pullback. Okay, and here we have another information, this, this direct image admits transfers also. So we have a full tour. I will write this in from, sorry, so F was a sheave with transfers over T. And F lower star map like that. And when you have such a full tour, you can check that formally it admits right a joint, left a joint, sorry. So you should, you should be used to these kinds of F upper star. And by the way, this F upper star is characterized by the foreign property. I happen to realize that I have forgotten example of sheaves with transfers. F upper star of C transfer S X equal to C transfer S of X cross S. So let me add an example that I should have done before of sheaves with transfers. So as I said, over S, if X over S is smooth, we add this pre-sheaf with transfer, which is just represented by X. And you can check it isn't an etal sheave. It is a niznevich sheave with transfers. Okay, when I restricted to smooth schemes. Actually, it's even an etal sheave. There are over example, all the one that I've given so GM and the line. So this is a sheave with transfers over S and this I restricted to fields where I is just an obedient varieties or even a semi-habitant variety. Okay. So actually, so as I said before, this F upper star is defined formally up here. It maps a sheaf. It's a best change for sheaves. So it takes a shift with transfers over S and it gives you a shift with transfers over T. And it's uniquely characterized by this, this property and the fact that as F upper star is a left drawing, sorry, I put it on the left. The F upper star is left to drain. So it commutes formally with code limits and then using formal stuff you can check this property. Okay, so I had my example of sheaves and now I had over example, if P from T2S is smooth, what you get is that you can, you can what you can check is that if F is a sheave with transfers over T, then when you compute P upper star of F defined in the previous blackboard, what you obtain is just a composition of F with this from top P sharp, which forget the base. Okay. And actually, so if you are followed what they do with the best change from tour. So we have this from tour P upper star which is obtained by composing with P sharp, and it admits a left adjoin P sharp such that P sharp is defined characterised by the property that maps this sheave with transfers to X, S, Y, T, S, various transfers and so on. Last thing is that so this was the second operation and then for you can define a tensor product with transfers on this category of sheaves with transfers such that the transfer X tensor is just given by X, X, Y, and this is truly this is a close symmetric model structure. So again, you have an adjoin from tour, which is the internal one. Okay, so just remark that's what we, we have defined exactly six from pause, which organising pair of adjoin from pause. Okay, so that was for the formal part of sheaf theory. So okay, I'm definitely late. So the last important property of that very risky introduces the so-called a1 invariance and for sheaves. So the definition is very easy. So you take a sheaf or it work also for pre sheaves with transfers. Just take a sheaf and you say that F is the a1 invariant. If for any smooth scheme X over S, the map induced by the projection of the affine line X to F over A1 X is an isomorphism. Okay, so very simple. So let me remark on something. So this means so this means actually that F depends only on a1 homotopic classes of final correspondence. So what do I mean by that? So if I have alpha beta final correspondences from X to Y, I can say that alpha is a1 homotopic to beta if there exists H, a final correspondence from a1 cross X to Y, such that as in topology, when you compose H with zero section of a1 of X, you obtain alpha and when you compose with a unit section, you obtain beta. Okay, so I'm cheating a little bit because this is not a transitive relation, but you can you can take the induced transitive relation. And then you get an equivalence relation and then a1 is an equivalence relation on morphisms of this category SM called S. It's compatible, you can check it's compatible with composition, this is formal, and then you get a homotopic category by SM called S whose morphisms are just the homotopic classes of correspondences from X to Y. Okay. And if F is a F is a1 invariant, it's more or less is equivalent to say that F factors through this homotopic category by SM called S. So as a funtore like this. Okay. So we will, this is how we will able to incorporate algebraic topology techniques to in this framework. So before going to the main theorem, I just give examples. So, but you can check by yourself GM is a1 invariant also underline is a1 invariant. Okay, where A is a semi-evident, not a group. Okay, so again, this is an exercise. So, maybe now I should, or the first theorem which, which allows the various key to, to make his to, to work with finite correspondences up to homotopy. So maybe I'll recall to you the relative pickup group. So, if XZ is a close pair, which means a scheme and a close up scheme. The relative pickup group of this pair is made by the couple, the pairs of L phi where L is an invertible sheath on X and phi from LZ to OZ is an isomorphism so it's a trivialization, a given trivialization of L OZ. And you look at this up to isomorphism. Okay. Okay, so the main theorem that I'll be using, which is, so maybe I should say it's true to susan invariant scheme is the following take S so I have to restrict to S and I find regular scheme. I have to take C or S curve, smooth curve, smooth, a fine curve, which admits so called good compactification such that so very exist C bar proper C is open in C bar and you also require that the complement C bar minus C, which is not by C infinity is not empty. Of course, C is a fine, of course, but it admits a fine open neighborhood in C bar. She's called a good compactification. And when you have that, you have that for all X of S move a fine, maybe I've put too much a fine scheme here, but it's not important. And then you can compute the morphism correspondences up to a motor P from X to C. It's isomorphic to a Pica group of X cross C bar relative to this closed. Okay, so the idea to prove this theorem is, if you look at the final correspondences from X to C, it's actually cartridge. It's a very divisor in X process C. It's called dimension one, because everything because C bar was normal you can see it as a divisor in X cross C bar. So this scheme is normal so it correspond to a line bundle. So, and you can see that there is a trivialization. And then you should prove that it's an isomorphism. Okay. What guess I should guess. So application of this, of this theorem. So I go to the second part. Certainly I should use my next, my next talk to finish this talk. In the second part I will restrict now to the case of this is the spectrum of K where K is a field. So I don't put perfect for now because it's not always use use but it's using the main theory. So the first PRM is the following. So because of the preceding theorem you get the following lemma, which is take any open immersion, you text in the category of systems over K, then there exists a Zarski cover. And a finite correspondence for here. So I tried with diagram commutes. Commutes. Commutes up to a motor piece. Okay, so this lemma set tells you that locally for the Zarski topology, open emotions, and it's splitting things. When you, when you have added these correspondences, and the immediate quarry is that if F is a shift with transfers over K, which is a one invariance. The map from X to FU is a split monomorphism. So this is very strange for shifts. But it already tells you that so I told you that shifts on the big side were big object. And you see that the virtue of the one invariance is to make them smaller because it adds this huge restriction here. So you can reformulate this, this, this statement like this so if X is a smooth scheme over K, and you can go from F of X to say, product, product or something of the generic point of F evaluated at function field. So, you have put F of X is just the limit of open neighborhood, F of U. Okay. And this is just a set of generic points points. And what we have obtained is that this is a monomorphism. Okay, so F of X injects in the product of F evaluated that this function fields here. So, this means so roughly space, roughly speaking, it means that fiber for dolls for the somatopoeia and I achieve with transfers. Function fields here. Okay, the function fields it means that he is function of any Z is your case move. And you define F of E by the formula. Above. So, sorry, just X. Then F is a conservative family of funtals. If you consider all functions fields. Is that clear. So because I'm lacking of time maybe I'm not so clear. Okay, so maybe now it's time to give a name definition. Okay. So, we have just seen that we have this huge restrictions open immersion must induces monomorphisms. What we can show more or less for it's not so easy is that H. H is a billion category.  So, this category is also a billion and you can show that there exists. So, this is a zero which turns you into homotope invariant shift with transfer. Okay. And as I said, maybe even more interesting thing that you have is that if you take a billion varieties of a K. There is a fully faithful embedding into this category of homotope invariant shares of transfers. So, maybe you could think with that that this category HIT of K is, is of Motivic origin because the billion varieties are the first example of motives. H zero is yes left to join to the inclusion. Okay, so. Maybe for tomorrow, for today, I will just go into the category of shifts with transverse homotope invariant shifts and so on and I reserve Motivic complex for tomorrow. Okay, so I have a second theorem for homotope shifts with transfers to state, and this uses a very, very famous construction of a minus one construction. So, it's very simple, the definition. If F is a homotope shift with transverse of K, you define F minus one of X, a kernel of a map induced from the evaluated at GM cross X. So we're going to F of X and what is this map is just look at the unit section of GM of X, and you take its inverse image. So this map S one is a monomorphism so this one is one upper star is an epimorphism and you can, you can check really that F minus one is actually homotope invariant shifts with transfers. So, I have not much time to mention that but what you can check is that F minus one is internal on computed in the category of shifts with transfers of GM. So for those room, it's, it's maybe for in fancy terms it means that it's GM look space of F. So, okay, maybe another example if you can do it by yourself, if you take GM and you apply the minus one construction. It just gives a constant shift, which is actually a constant, constant is never chief. Third example that you can also check by yourself is that if you take a nabillion a now a is a billion variety variety and a minus one is just so. Before stating the main theorem I just want to, to introduce this theorem which is not. It's a kind of devisage theorem, or it could be a lemma of Iversky so it's, it's actually a lemma for the main theorem. And it tells you, now K is a perfect field. Okay, maybe, maybe not necessary here. So, I just take Y from Z to X, close the immersion of a smooth divisor, of course, X over K is smooth. And I put you to be the complement and I look at the open immersion. And then, I always have this map that I have defined by I junction I get a map from F restricted to the Zarsky site. Remember, so this is F restricted to X, this is this new site sorry. And I can always go to jail or star F of you. So this is the map, which is a joint from the structural map of F seen as a she from the big site. We have seen by the lemma on and the fact that the chair the star is always a monomorphism or of she so we obtained that this map is a monomorphism. And actually, very risky compute the cocoon and it is why lost our F minus one, and then you restrict to see. So this is an exact sequence. Sheaves small site X. Okay. So I have no time to prove this theorem but again it really uses the existence of correspondence and the. I'm also seeing various here I've given you to be able and also you use excision to come back to a simple situation. Okay, maybe I give you a geometric interpretation of this or comical sorry interpretation in terms of comology with support. It means it implies with a notation of of preceding theorem but if you compute the co mode even isn't it co mode of X with support in Z with support. And it's actually equivalent to H zero of the F minus one. Okay, so this Davis HRM is a kind of purity here. Okay, so maybe now it's time to, to state the main theorem of a risky so I could feel that of course everything is due to risky here. So it says that now case really a perfect field. This isn't strictly necessary I think. Okay. Okay, then you can study it's cool moji and the assertion is that for all smooth scheme of okay, the co moji of F and each co moji is homotopy environment so in other words, and the co moji of X is an isomorphism. Okay, so as I said it's a main, main theorem of theory. It has also motivated several work in a one homotopy afterwards, notably by more and also when you consider different kind of transfers. I won't be able to give a proof now in except, except even because it's only five minutes I've only five minutes left. But maybe I just say that this theorem uses the davisage that I started which which allows you to to consider the case and equal on the case and equal one first then you use induction and the key step, key point is to prove that for any open immersion. J. Then our NJ. Zero. So the proof use induction and prove both property first co moji. First there is this isomorphism and co moji and you have also this vanishing. And when you have this vanishing it allows to generalize this, this purity property to higher degrees. Okay. So, as I said an important part of this theorem is the so called purity property. So now you take C. It's a x roof, but of co dimension. Take C. F as above. And in which co moji with support is isomorphic to and minus. Comoji of C but degree and minus C and with question in F minus. So if you have a proof of this query again, it's for C equal one. As I said, it's, it's a query of the proof and of the davisage theorem and then use induction on C to get the general case. Maybe I can reformulate this property as follows. So if you have a point x in x of co dimension now I take and then you can use the so called co moji local co moji F. So, this is back. Oh, X, X. So I'm just using that you can. So X localized that X is not smooth. It's not a finite type of okay but you can extend F and co moji to do this kind of schemes. So X itself is a is a close point of the scheme and as a byproduct of this query what you get that is that this is zero if N is different from C. And this is F minus. So I should just I different from. This is F minus N evaluated at the residue field so this is a function actually if I equal N. Okay, and so for those who know this, this, this property is is actually stronger than the property for the shift F seen as a shift for example XR to be co and McCollet. So, maybe I, I set another query which is almost a few rounds, it's called the Gersten resolution. So first way to say that for all X smooth. Okay, when you look at the shift X. F F at the shift F restricted to X X NIS or XR it is co and McCollet in the sense of our child residues and dualities. And then it implies that it admits a Gaussian resolution a cousin resolution so we have a cousin complex, which is C star X F, which has following form it's in degree N. So the sum of the point of co dimension and F minus N X like this, and this one sorry, and plus co dimension. Okay, so it's called the cousin complex of FX but it's also the Gersten complex of a full shift F. Frm is that the co emoji in his name each of X F is the same as the co emoji of this complex. And here you can actually put size key on his name. Maybe I use a few seconds. So just to pose an exercise so you can consider the case of GM right because in complex for GM. And maybe for Matthews talk I think so I had to to define the higher tropes so I won't do that but but at least I can I can state another theorem which is linked with all this. So, you can consider GM and the tensor product and time so let me write this. So this tensor product in H, I, R. So this tensor product is induced by the tensor product on shift with transfers. Okay, and the main theorem is that if you evaluate SNT at the function field. And it's actually isomorphic to K and the middle key theory. And what you get is that if you write the Gaston resolution again an exercise for this, this particular shift SNT, what you will get is that the co emoji in degree n is David of X with co efficient in this shift is isomorphic to. For those who know the child context in co dimension and in fact what you what we get is that's why I had new names sorry for this SNT is isomorphic to the so-called un-ramified middle or K theory. This formula is some version of blocks form. Okay, so I think I'll stop there and I'll continue either this evening or tomorrow for the category for the motive complex case. Thanks very much. Are there any questions, comments. Lively discussion the chat so I'm sure lots of people have a question. We answered all the questions in the chat. Thanks. Thanks.


Altruism, the heart, collaboration, working with others is the three circles and personal growth, the plant that's sprouting up there. Put in the good stuff, the positive stuff, so you realize that most of the time you don't wait for that stuff, right? I'm optimistic that this COVID test little hiccup is going to be smoothed over in a minute and a couple of, you know, probably 20 hours, I'll be on my way back to Kosovo and taking all the tools that I gathered from this course to continue to better my future. You'll need teamwork and knowledge of the past four days classes to get out of here. Maybe I just left the key on the key hook, the locker, all right, COVID locker. What's that, where's that? See, look, remember, we're back, so we need that. We're dealing with stressful situations such as, you know, we have no COVID locker, so we're working together and, you know, trying to keep a calm mindset, you know. Good, okay, awesome, awesome, okay. There's five, but I'm wrong now, so cheat in and there's rules here. There's one, two, three, four, five. This is pointless, I want to check the difference. Well, it's a part of the activity. This is pointless. I have to pointless. Why are we writing this on a paper? Because this is a recap. We're still working in teams, but we split so we can try and progress a little further. So they were working on this clue and we had found another clue. But if you think that we go in different orders, we're not going to get what's the point of it? Some things are thrown in front of you as a distraction, so sometimes you have to move forward to see if that one could have been a distraction like this. What is the one the microwave said? Dreams occur in what stage? Is that stage four of sleep or stage five? I think it's like the second to last one. You think four? Yes. What is that? It's a very unsure guess. Try this change. Got it. What was it? Six. Six. Six, two, and what was the last number? I just always write all this down, I'm sorry. Six, two, five. Okay. What is the most productive communication style? Stress relief coping skills. A complete list will get you your next clue. Oh, these are the breaths, okay. Socializing. Socializing. Anybody? I had a bad date last year. I shouldn't try and date anymore because I'm a terrible dater who won't ever find love. What is that word? Tolerance? Answering correctly, it takes 30 seconds off. You have to sit down for 30 seconds. Right now we're doing the escape room and it's testing all their knowledge throughout what they learned the last five days. They get a clue and on that clue it'll tell them something about the program that they learn and they have to solve it to get to the next clue to escape out of this room. Okay, so the backstory of the negative Nancy, usually when you do escape rooms there's a certain theme and so I'm negative Nancy, he's negative Nevin and we are hanging out with the group of the team members. I went through the RRC just to see what it's like and so that way they can teach us things while they do the escape room. Well, I think I'm pretty much a visual. I think you're a visual and I joined our school in the second I've been with you. So, you know, that's a good thing. I guess that makes sense. So they're using all the content that they learned over the last five days so like the smart goals, I can't say anything else or it's going to give away the clues. So, over here in this program one of the main things that we do is we talk about effective communication. Sometimes how to de-escalate a person, how to have a meaningful conversation using the different type of conversation styles, the assertive, the compromising. We know to communicate with different persons. There's different type of communication personalities. We have a shark, it's a person that is just win, win, win. We have a fox which is compromising and you've got to understand what other person is in order to be able to communicate with that person. So, we try to throw in some curve balls, have a little bit of a stress and having them try to de-escalate the conversation and try to add different stressors to the escape room. Having them using all of the classes that we taught in here like effective communication of the basics and the listening skills. Of course with refreshing your lab useful information, we have a lot of tools to deal with stuff like anger and stress and anxiety and the guy in the education courses were helpful because sometimes when you're just laying there at night you're not able to do because you get all these negative thoughts in your head. They gave you a lot of resources and tools to help deal with those negative thoughts and replace the positive ones and to go on existing at least in the moment better. This is a lot of repetitive stuff and a lot of stuff to day-to-day activities that you know need to incorporate into your life. It's not a fixer. It's classes today. You fix your problems and you're better. It's tools to repair yourselves. It's a say before the issues get too bad. It's a preventive action. So for soldiers who are already far down the road, I win it because I feel like at that point a little more heavier hands needed but as I've already mentioned, it's a very useful tool. It gives you a lot of, first of all, it's a week of relaxation, dealing with your stuff and tools. It's not a sit-down or counselor for an hour and complain to them and they tell you to go walk over a walk. It's team building exercises and group discussions. It gives you a sense of you're not the only one with this because you're in class with a lot of people. So that aspect alone is very helpful. It's a very interactive course. It's not backed by PowerPoints. There's a class period of time and there's usually an activity followed by group discussions and the team here very much encourages us to speak personal and make it a little bit about us in all those little exercises which is a very way to make things stick. It's not a, you know, here's what you're going to do. Here's what you have been doing. Here's ways you can prove it and you think you can use these tools going forward. It's very interactive and, you know, it's a group thing. So the way that service members would get access to this program is they would contact their PCM, their chaplain or their behavioral health officer and those are the three avenues or the command team or first sergeant through the PCM, BHO or the chaplain and what they would do is they would fill out a referral and then they would send that to our battle inbox. We would review the information of the service member and then we would approve or accept the service member into our program. One unique feature of the RRC is what I really want to stress is that we're more preventative behavioral health so that means some service members that are referred to our program don't need to initially see behavioral health. They don't need to have a diagnosis. Mainly it's for people who have combat operational stress reactions or they have occupational relationship stressors early on. And so what we want to do is we want to take them to our program we want to teach them skills that address their social, occupational, psychological and physical functioning and then return them back to duty. So you don't necessarily have to see behavioral health. Like I said earlier, you can get a referral by your chaplain, your PCM and we're trying to address preventative measures early on. Basically what we do is in the RRC is we focus on the prevention side. So you're not diagnosed already. You don't have to be acute. This is just a program to work on skills and psychoeducation for behavioral health to return people back to the fight. So the response has been very positive. A lot of times the service members come through and they know about these skills. Some of the skills that we teach and the psychoeducation that we teach is mindfulness. We do mindfulness meditation such as yoga and progressive muscle relaxation. We work on healthy relationship skills. We work on effective communication, anger management. We work on a slew of things and the service member has definitely digested that and they have had positive responses in terms of what they learned here and the ability to have the confidence to carry out these skills moving away from the program. When they go back to their duty. We're not here to diagnose you. We're not here to throw some medications at you. We're just here to work on a couple different domains that might make you feel better and perform better when you get back to your job. So it's not necessarily we're going to give you a diagnosis, treatment, follow-up and all that. It's more skills building and practical exercises so that way you can function better within your unit and with your team.


Well, if you go to Any Suggestions... I was hoping to cheat off of your answer. Well, for me, life has been very good. I'm very happy with my family, and I just want the best for them. Help is needed. Get in there and do it.


Demonic presence at heart-safe levels. Lockdown, enter. Heart-safe levels. Lockdown, enter. Full responsibility for the horror for your hours, but you must understand.


ng that this tool is just going to be used to justify what many perceive to be inadequate staffing levels. It is important that, if that is to progress, we can replace that fear with hope. I hope that we will provide evidence-based engagement with the professionals to plan and implement the adequate proper staffing so that we can provide proper patient care across the entire health and social care network. Thank you very much. That is a very strong message to finish our session. I thank all the witnesses for answering such a range of questions so succinctly this morning and afternoon. We will now go into private session briefly. Thank you for your attention.