Gratisem, ki je Philip in E.C.B. za to, da imaš tvoja oportunitva. Protočaj, da površajte površanje več veči, da je v objezku, in da se prišli, da se prišli, da se prišli, da se prišli, da se prišli. moments Games trail and Commission will speak up. For europe en for the aspirations that Europe represents 2018 my generation was born when the and countries that share the belief in Europe. We should now speak to the generation of our children who aspire to live in a sustainable society that allows all of us to reap the benefits of new opportunities. Over 200 million EU citizens voted in this year's European elections and asked us to lead on the major challenges of our times, the transition to the healthy planet, harnessing a new digital world, upgrading our social market economy, promoting democracy and the rule of rule. As commissioner for economy, ensuring inclusive and sustainable growth is my main task. Because a society that stands by inclusion and solidarity is a community that brings people and nation together. And because solidarity makes economic sense. As president von der Leyen put it, we need to embark together on a transformation which will touch every part of our society and of our economy. In embarking on that journey, we need to embrace a vision that reconciles the social and the economy in today's Europe. The scale of the political project ahead of us is large and some may say daunting. It is important therefore to recall other great achievements deemed for long as illusionary, but which through visions and determination nevertheless took shape. What better example to keep in mind than the Euro and the economic and monetary union today being a natural part of our daily life. We celebrated this year the 20th anniversary of the Euro. The Euro, our common currency, is more than the coins and the notes in our pockets. It is a symbol of our shared identity and Europe's promise of prosperity and protection. EMU has had its fair share of bumps during its teenage years. One expects that from a youngster. But together we overcame the deepest economic and financial crisis experienced by our generation and saved the integrity of the Euro, which has come out stronger and more mature. Jobs, growth and investments are now back to or beyond the pre-crisis levels. Public finances continue to improve. Our banking system is more robust and the foundations of our economic and monetary union are stronger. That said, we still have a collective responsibility for supporting EMU in its adulthood. It is very reassuring that public support for the Euro is currently at its highest level since 2002, 76%. It is less reassuring that the legitimacy of the Euro and the institutions mandated to underpin it seems to be under some fire. Also in member states that have undoubtedly been among the first beneficiaries. How do you say in the language of this town? Prügel knabe, I think. We should redouble our efforts, not to artificially talk up the Euro, but to strive for an economic and monetary union that lives up to the expectation of our citizens, for an economy that works for people. Several key elements of the banking union have been achieved. The Euro area has been equipped with a single supervisor and with common crisis management and crisis resolution mechanisms. The macroeconomic and fiscal surveillance of member states has been significantly strengthened. The independent and active policy that the ECB has conducted has been instrumental. Without it, I doubt that I would stand here today on the back of 26 quarters of uninterrupted economic growth. Ladies and gentlemen, with clouds forming on the horizon, some link to trade tensions and other to slower global growth, we must keep up. We need a more attractive investment environment and growth, which creates quality jobs, especially for young people. Many citizens pay the height all to the crisis. We have not forgotten them, not at all. And our endeavors for a deeper, stronger EMU are guided by the well-being of all citizens. Europe faces a combination of short-term and longer-term challenges, which are already knocking on our door. Subdued economic performance will be the major one for the years to come, against the background of an aging population increasing inequalities among our citizens and climate change. Growth in the longer term is held back as productivity growth remains low and challenges related to aging are becoming visible. Europe has seen several years of recovery, yes, but rather less progress in social and environmental sustainability. And we now face headwinds. And the long-term challenge of making our economies more productive, more sustainable and more inclusive is starker than before. Euroarea growth is said to remain relatively weak at around 1% of the forecast horizon, down from around 2% in what we use to consider trend growth. Unless something changes, the underlying factors point to a low for longer growth scenario. In spite of all effort made, core inflation remains in the 1.5% range. Inequality is on the rise with the richest 1% of the population accumulating more and more wealth. We have for some time lived with unusually challenging macroeconomics conditions in the Euroarea. A low growth and low inflation rate environment constrains monetary policy to a policy of low interest rates, operating close to, or indeed at, the effective lower bound. If conditions were to deteriorate, the risk of monetary policy being constrained could materialize. This is clearly not the macroeconomic environment that the signatories of the Maastricht Treaty could have envisaged when they agreed on the instruments for fiscal policy. Ineočenči, monetari policy and automatic stabilizer are enough to stabilize the economy. At the same time, the needed policy answers are made more difficult by the breakdown of multilateralism at the global level. Multilateralism has been put into question by emerging trade conflicts. This year and next, the contribution from trade, from net export to growth is expected to be zero or negative. Given the EU's position as a highly open economy with large export dependent sectors, the evolution of trade disputes has the potential to touch the foundations of our growth model. A coherent strategy beyond monetary policy is therefore needed to avert the perspective of a 1% economy. To steer the economy towards sustainable growth and jobs, our political will and the full set of policy tools available in the euro area needs to be deployed. From my point of view, in four priorities. One, meeting the demand for the EU to play a more assertive global role. Two, a true financial union as the key element in kompleting EMU. Three, a fiscal policy and the fiscal governance appropriate to the new environment. And four, efficient decision making, reviving the community method. The first point, the global role. In the current environment, which is challenging the multilateral system, as we have come to know, there is both space and international demand for the EU to play a more assertive global role. President von der Leyen has claimed a geopolitical role for the commission. This encompasses foreign and defense policy, obviously, and commercial policy. But also enhancing the role of the euro internationally. This would make the global financial system less vulnerable to shocks, strengthen the monetary sovereignty of the euro area, and improve the liquidity of and preference for euro assets. The new commission is equally committed to a more strategic use of economic and environmental diplomacy, with EU bodies and institutions, leading by example, and encouraging the use of the euro in their operation, like debt issuance and international payments. A strong euro externally need, obviously, a strengthened architecture of the economic and monetary union internally. Say differently, it will be very difficult to have a stronger global role for the euro without delivering on the domestic agenda. Banking union, the capital markets union in the medium term, and the more balanced policy mix in the short term, are conditioned sine qua non for Europe to count more in global governance. My second point, completing EMU. Many of the objectives the von der Leyen commission has set for its mandate require decisive progress in completing EMU. This is an overarching priority for the euro area to become the engine of growth, prosperity, and stability for the whole union. We have now reached a critical point. While there have been important first steps, the agreement in principle on the reform of the ESM, the budgetary instrument of convergence and competitiveness, the overall progress toward completing the EMU has been so far unsatisfactory and below par of what is truly needed. We need to be able to go further. We collectively need to cross those red lines that have generated a stalemate in completing the EMU. We need to take action now to have EMU completed by the end of this mandate. In the short term, taking concrete steps toward completing EMU, which requires increased political determination, would reduce uncertainty and thus be positive for investor confidence and economic growth. It is clear that the level of ambition we have seen so far is not sufficient. Completing the financial union is a prerequisite for ensuring its stability and spurring private investment on the scale needed to address the medium term challenges, including the green transition. Member states will not be able to generate sufficient funds on their own. The banking and capital markets union are also necessary to address the remaining pockets of instability and the fragmentation of banking and capital markets. These are still a source of concern for investors, especially global ones, and a key obstacle to investment. Europe has shown that we can act as catalysts with the Junker Plan and its European Fund for Strategic Investments. The new tools that we could devise for addressing climate change could also have a positive side effect for stabilizing our economy. For instance, if we were to give our banks access to common green assets in the future, one of the instruments that could make our currency union more resilient is a euro area safe asset. Let me refer here to a recent speech given by Benoak Re, who considered the introduction of a safe asset as instrumental to break the sovereign bank nexus, to support transmission of monetary policy, to strengthen the international role of the euro and finally to integrate our capital markets. My third point, fiscal policy. I believe that we need to reconsider the role of fiscal policy given the current macroeconomic environment. Some economists have argued that fiscal rules should incorporate and knock out close when monetary policies reaches the zero lower bound. This would allow fiscal and monetary authorities to cooperate to implement the fiscal expansion. I will not go so far. We should not knock out our fiscal rules. Let us not forget the experience of the euro area sovereign debt crisis. Having a sustainable debt in those member states with high public debt remains a key objective for fiscal policy. An important discussion needs to happen, however, on the role of coordination between the monetary and fiscal authorities. I fully agree with Mario Draghi's point that monetary policy can still achieve its objective, but it can do so faster and with fewer side effects if fiscal policies are aligned to it. The stability and growth pact gives the power to enforce maximum thresholds for member states deficits and debt levels, but the EU has no power to compel member states to undertake a fiscal expansion. This limits our ability to achieve and appropriate fiscal stance for the euro area. It may not be a problem in a normal macroeconomic environment, but, as I have said, the conditions that we are living through are not normal, though they may persist. So they are not normal, but they may persist. Since budgetary policies are the responsibility of member states, the coordination of fiscal policy becomes essential. Fiscal responsibility in high debt countries should go hand in hand with more supportive policy action in low debt countries. Let me be clear in this. The need for coordinated fiscal policy action does not mean a more lenient fiscal discipline. Those member states that have high public debt must put it on safe downward path. We should not forget the original aim of our fiscal rules, namely to ensure the sustainability and safety of public debt. This is also a matter of responsible behavior vis-a-vis the future generations. This also means that the large public investment needs mentioned earlier must be met in a way that ensures debt sustainability and respect of our rules. We will therefore continue to make full use of the flexibility allowed within the stability and growth pact while promoting a growth friendly composition of public finances. A last word on fiscal policy, the journey will not be complete without building a central fiscal capacity for the euro area. This is key to provide the European Union with some powers over macroeconomic stabilization policy. In a few weeks, the commission will present its review of the six and two pact. This will provide us with a timely opportunity to start a thorough debate. It will last a few months, this debate with member states, the European Parliament, the stakeholders on the future of our fiscal framework. So the discussion today is also timing from this point of view. My fourth point, more efficient decision making, the institutions built under the extreme pressure of the crisis were based on the intergovernmental method in decision making, which has become now dominant. But this method is unsatisfactory, both in terms of efficiency and democratic accountability. Effective democratic checks and balances can be fully achieved when decisions affecting the euro area as a whole are taken by supranational institution, in my opinion. It is now the right time to reflect on the appropriate institutional structure for the long term. This could be discussed also. This could be discussed as part of the conference on the future of Europe, announced by the commission president. Ladies and gentlemen, we need to have a vision of what the economic and monetary union would be once it reaches its steady state. We need to be ambitious, but also cautious. We must tread carefully ahead to have support of member states and of citizens. Most of our interlocutors acknowledge the challenges of our institutional architecture. Steel views are very different on what is required to address them. The difference of views, however, mostly due to an underlying lack of trust. This brings me to my last point. The economic crisis has undermined trust among member states, with a sharp divide between debtor and creditor countries. To reform the MU and build strong and legitimate institution, we have to overcome the divide between creditors and debtors, risk reducers and risk sharers, and responsibility versus solidarity. We need to rebuild confidence. To do so, a diplomatic effort will not be enough. Confidence must be built up around the common vision and project. This is the opportunity offered to us by the challenge of the climate transition, which President von der Leyen has put at the heart of the Commission's action. We must heed the opportunities from the climate transition whilst reducing inequalities. Addressing inequality and climate change are the center of citizens' concerns, and the Commission will include them in the strategy of the new European semester that for the first time integrates the sustainable development goals. The economic impact of climate change is one of the biggest systemic risk facing the world economy, financial systems and societies today. The most vulnerable in our society will be the hardest hit from environmental degradation with large divergences in income already existing within and between member states. However, if tackled in the right way, environmental and inequality challenges could be an opportunity to revitalize the European economy, reorienting it towards sustainable development. That's why one of my key priorities for the coming year, as I explained earlier this week, will be to make a success of integrating the UN SDG goals into the European semester of economic policy coordination. It will be a process, not a snap decision, but I think it is very relevant. And that's why the Commission will present next month its sustainable Europe investment plan, because this extraordinary transformation of the European economy that we want to deliver will require an extraordinary plan for investments, accompanied by an appropriate regulatory framework, a review of the taxation on energy, and appropriate financial instruments, the Green Deal and the Digital Revolution can be formidable means of generating sustainable growth. But they must be underpinned by the new framework for investment, state aid rules, and taxation. We'll experience changes in economic sectors, ranging from transport to energy to housing, without president since the decades following the Second World War. It is a unique opportunity that we cannot allow ourselves to waste, and it is also a very heavy responsibility. Tudi, v EU je vsečen, izgledajnega agenda for the years to come. In vsečen za ekonomijke and monetary union to be successful, we need to continue work in a spirit of openness and solidarity. As Christine Lagarde said in her first speech as ECB president last month, the answer lies in converting the world's second largest economy into one that is open to the world but confident in itself, an economy that makes full use of Europe's potential to unleash higher rates of domestic demand and long-term growth. Achieving that goal calls for policies that go beyond the business as usual. Whether we rise to this challenge will decide the quality of life of the European citizen in the short term and in the long term. Thank you for your attention. There's no doubt, given the wide-ranging and integrated approach taken in that speech, that I'm sure there's gonna be no shortage of questions or comments. So let me immediately see who has a counter question and the first person I see is Olivier. So if the microphone can... Thank you for your speech. Jean-Tirol yesterday gave a long talk for the Benoît Corée event and it was about global warming and he made a passionate plea for the carbon tax. He said everything else basically will not work unless there is a carbon tax. Do you have a sense that... I have my phone, which is ringing at the same time. Do you have a sense that we may see it in our lifetime? Do you want to collect questions? Maybe two or three. So we'll collect a few questions before turning back to the commissioner. So please, just towards the back. Yeah, thank you. And maybe if you can just say who you are. Lukas Gutenberg from the Jacques de Lois Institute in Berlin. My question on the big, the way it was negotiated now in the member states doesn't have a lot to do anymore with the originality of a eurozone budget. It has no stabilization function in it. And in which condition would the commission still consider supporting that instrument and at what point would you say it's not worth it anymore? I feel obliged with that question to maybe augment it for you, which is what is true is something which does not have a cyclical sensitivity could be called not counter cyclical. But a lot of the public sectors is essentially acyklical. So maybe avoiding pro cyclicality is a big step forward, even if it's not explicitly counter cyclical. It's because we know that country, this is the old Jordi Galli result. A big public sector is very stabilizing because it doesn't swing with the cycle. So it's this distinction between... Thank you. But maybe you have a different view. So I saw someone else, please, here. So hello, Jean-Baptiste Michaud, we call it political technique. So you haven't referred to Japan, so you mentioned extensively about the need to better coordinate within the eurozone. I think few will disagree. But what about the prospect of being well coordinated and stagnating together, like Japan is stagnating, so... Okay, maybe, please. Linda? So you mentioned one of the priorities... More than four, I'm not able to... If you're being completing the EMU, does that include enlargement of the euro area? Yes. Discussing on having, as a target, our lifetime is always ambitious, but I think we should work... I'm answering to Olivier Blanchard. We should work to have this mechanism introduced in the lifetime of the commission, which is five years, and maybe even in a shorter time. I think that the process of what President von der Leyen presented, or the Green Deal, is a process to be looked at in general. It is difficult to take one thing without the others, because it will not work. So, I think that if we are serious in progressing with the targets that we gave to the union for this Green Deal, the carbon border, now we call it adjustment mechanism, will clearly become absolutely inevitable. Because without it, either we are not serious in the program. So, it is not true that we will modify taxation on energy. It is not true that we will change in some way also the rule of our public financing, et cetera, et cetera. But if this happens, and if it carries a transformation of the dimension that I was a little bit, perhaps exaggerating, mentioning the dimension of the transformation that we had in Western Europe after the Second World War, which means in some sector changing consumer goods and relevant things, if we will have this without a carbon border adjustment mechanism, we are only weakening our industries and our European economies. Will this be the commission, and specifically the tax-shoot direction that is working in this mechanism? The line to take is always, it has to be WTO compatible. Let's hope that WTO will continue to have a fundamental role in our multilateral. But my answer is not only in our lifetime, but in the new commission lifetime, we need to have these mechanisms if we are serious with the climate transition. I am grateful to Philip Lane because of his acyklical definition. For sure, the BICC is something that scaled down further proposals on stabilization functions. But I think that from the commission side, we have to support it because to simply kill it would be nothing of a progress. So we are working on it with total awareness that this is not the sufficient level of stabilization tool that we need. Yes, Japan is strongly coordinated. In fact, we don't have the proof of the contrary what would have happened for the Japanese economy if the reaction of their long-lasting low growth would have been a scattered reaction. So I think that reasonably to have a more coordinated fiscal policy in such a scenario of low for long growth is obviously necessary. Then you can discuss how, but the necessity, I think, should be honestly clear. Enlargement is in our treaties, in our mission. The currency should be the currency of the union. We know that there are countries that probably will never accept this. Well, never say never in politics, but at the moment they will never accept this. We know that the bigger of these unfortunately is leaving the union. And this will create a little bit of different equilibrium. But we have to avoid that this create a asymmetry, penalizing, putting difficulties to member states not in the single currency. So from one side there is the strategic message which is the single currency is the single currency of the union, full stop. And this is the horizon. The non-EU members, non-Euro members will be in some way not important as they were because of Brexit, but for the union they will remain important as they were before. And as you know, there are a couple of countries that are on the process of very not easy and not short of joining the currency. Thank you. So if you have time, maybe we'll go for another round. So please, let's see if there are other questions. Please. Thank you. Rebecca Siegel from DJI. And my question is, you mentioned the conference on the future of Europe in terms of the democratic accountability side. But do you foresee in terms of substance EMU being high on the agenda? And what would you like in terms of substance to be discussed as part of this conference if you can have a say? OK, so let's take that question. Well, the conference on the future of Europe is still a not clearly defined object. What is clear is that there is a strong political will from the parliament on this conference that the commission and member states are on board. But the agenda of the conference has to be defined. What is the risk? Well, the opportunity is that in any case, to have a public discussion is relevant. But public discussions, if they have not a clear agenda, are not always the right thing to do. So providing that having the public discussion, it in any case positive from a democratic point of view. We have to make an effort to define the agenda as far as we can go. From my point of view, as Paolo Gentiloni and also as commissioner for economy, I think that one of the issues that could be on the agenda is exactly what I was mentioning before. I mean, the institutional dimension of economic governance. Because the fact is that the years of the crisis probably inevitably brought the focus of action in the hands of member states. And this was probably inevitable. But at the same time, we have to be very cautious on deciding that this is the future of the union. Because I am not totally convinced of this. Then there is the legal constraint that this kind of discussion can produce some result. But if we want result involving the change of treaties, this would completely change the scope and the dimension of the conference. So we need to put the agenda on the right direction and from my point of view, the institutional governance of economic processes. And also the role of the parliament in this. Just one example to finish, Philip, is I was surprised, I am a newcomer in the Brussels mechanism of the enormous importance for the parliament of all the taxation matter, which is in my portfolio, by the way. And where we have the rule of the unanimity with this passerell clause, which is a sort of catch-22, because you can skip the unanimity if there is a unanimous decision to skip the unanimity, which is not perfect. I understand the reason, obviously. So the parliament wants to play a role on this. Are we sure that this is not only something coming from the parliament, but also from our citizens? I think that it is coming also from our citizens. The demand for a stronger European attitude, we were talking before of carbon border, but we could talk about the digital tax, about the fight against tax avoidance. These are things where the parliament wants to have a stronger role. Are we with this or against this? So I think the institutional dimension of economic governance could be a good point on the agenda of this conference of the future of Europe. Thank you. So I'm sure we can be unanimous in expressing our gratitude for both the very interesting and, literally, agenda-setting speech and your approach to taking, in a thoughtful way, the questions that you received. So again, let me express my gratitude for your participation. And of course, in the panel that immediately follows, many of these topics will come up again. But thank you.


Does having create mining monopolies by forcing smaller operations into unprofitability? If having cuts rewards, then smaller miners will no longer be able to generate a profit. Doesn't this mean that eventually mining will be monopolized? I don't think that's entirely accurate, James. So let's break down that sentence and see how this applies to mining. Having cuts to block subsidy rewards, that is true, cuts them in half, so we go from 12.5 bitcoin per block to 6.25 bitcoin per block, and that will occur sometime in May 2020 by current calculations. Then your next statement is that small miners will no longer be able to generate a profit. Well, here's the thing. The amount of profit you generate doesn't depend on the size of the mining facility. The smoothness of your profitability does, which is why people join mining pools. But if you have an efficient enough hashing system, then your profit will depend primarily on the difference between your input costs, which are the operating costs in terms of electricity, and the amount of bitcoin you generate vis-à-vis the price. So if everybody's running the exact same ASIC and buying electricity at exactly the same price, then when the block subsidy has, everybody's profitability drops by half. But it doesn't drop differently for smaller versus larger operators. The economies of scale come primarily from the ability to purchase lots of ASIC mining equipment at a reduced price and also to purchase large blocks of electricity and situate facilities near inexpensive electricity sources. From that perspective, larger miners may be and are sometimes more profitable than smaller miners. However, with larger miners, you have other problems, such as, for example, having to make massive upgrades of operating infrastructure when a new, more efficient ASIC miner comes out, concentrated risk where, for example, a fire in a warehouse or floods in a warehouse can take out an enormous amount of ASICs, etc., etc. So profitability, especially over the long term, depends on a very large number of factors. And the economies of scale are not as dramatic as the block subsidy reduction. So what happens when the having happens is the least efficient miners become unprofitable. And that's because their ASIC equipment or their input price of electricity makes them unprofitable, or less profitable than the miners who have more advanced, more modern ASICs, or have better electricity prices negotiated. It may be then that at the having, their profitability drops just below the break-even point, where a miner who has more efficient ASICs and the lower price of electricity remains just above profitability, and that forces them, if they believe that this is a long-term problem and they're not going to be able to recover, or that the difficulty is going to remain the same or get worse, it may force them to turn off their ASIC equipment so as to stop using electricity. And again, what will happen then is the difficulty will go down, and that will make everybody more profitable, including some of the miners that were previously unprofitable. It doesn't necessarily mean concentration of mining. The factors that lead to concentration of mining have a lot more to do with the geographic availability of ASIC chips and the geographic availability of cheap electricity, and let's say comfortable regulatory domains or domains where regulation either doesn't exist or can be evaded easily. Those things affect concentration of mining primarily by geography much more so than the amounts in the block subsidy. So, having will increase competition in mining, and depending on all of the other factors, that competition may lead to a bit more centralization or a bit less centralization depending on how effective and efficient different mining concerns are. Jay Smith asks, what impact is the Bitcoin having likely to have on the Bitcoin price? Thank you. Now, I've said this before, I don't answer questions about price, and I don't speculate on price. And the reason I don't is because we actually don't know, and I think it's mostly irresponsible to make predictions about the price. It's the same as astrology and reading tea leaves. These are chaotic systems that respond to sentiment as much as they respond to fundamentals. And in these chaotic systems, saying things like the flag head and shoulders pattern that is declining through the 200-day moving average indicates that blah, blah, blah, is in my mind pretty much equivalent to saying, the price will do this because Mercury is an ascendant in the constellation of Virgo. It's basically guessing. And you can do a lot of expose factor rationalization about why you missed the guess and why only the predictions that you highlight are the ones that are correct and the ones that you don't talk about are the incorrect ones. But the bottom line is, there is a lot of cognitive bias that enters these kinds of conversations. And I don't think that anyone has any idea what's going to happen. If you look at it from a practical perspective, there is a possibility that after the having, the price goes down because people are spooked by the having because they don't understand what will happen. There is a possibility that the hash power declines for a short period of time, and that will result in a slowdown of the network as blocks are found less often until the difficulty retargets. Keep in mind we have so much hash power increase over the last couple of years that even if 50% of the hash power was gone, we still end up somewhere where we were in 2018. And the network will recover in four weeks or three and a half weeks from that. The bottom line is that, in my opinion, what is most likely to happen with the having, at least in the short to medium term, is nothing much. And the only reason I would say that is because that's exactly what happened in the previous two haveings that I experienced. A lot of concern and panic and speculation proceeding in the months before the having, then the having happens, one block rolls into another, the having happens as predicted, and nothing much changes in the network. You have some short-term volatility, because everybody is very excited or very panicked depending on how you look at it, and then everything returns to normal. The essence of Bitcoin is dynamically adjusted stability that reverts to mean to produce 10-minute blocks for 10 years, not missing a beat, and still being there the day after everybody announces it's dead. So, I don't think much at all is going to happen with the having, and I can't tell you what the price is going to do before, during, after, in the medium or in the long term. I don't believe that any such speculation really tells us much.


I'm Canine Deputy Peany. This is Canine Yogi. Join us today for a Tweet-A-Long. Alright, if you guys have any questions, you can interact with us on Twitter. Most questions will be answered on the Twitter account. So, stay tuned. Tweet-A-Long. Alright, in my free time, what I like to do for fun is work out.  Yogi's free time, he's just pretty much ready to go to work because that's his happy place. Or he's running around the house trying to tear up all his toys. Alright, so we're welcome to this medical facility where a subject was making suicide threats. We're going to see this other deputy as they contact him. Hey, it's Deputy Mason. We were called out here by one of the nurses to check on our patient. Alright, he's been making some suicidal statements lately. He's just been very impressed. I mean, he's worried about his own health.  In terms of karaoke songs, I'm not much of a singer because I can't sing. But I'd have to say Benny and the Jets. And songs that pump me up, I'd go with motivational speeches or videos on YouTube. Alright, so we have some off time. And during our off time, we like to do a little bit of training to keep up on his obedience and stuff like that. So come to an empty parking lot and we're going to do some obedience with the dog. The dog's going to say consistent no matter what shift he's on. More or less, you're just going to have certain obstacles like with day time, location, like with the sun or the heat, but as far as if the workload or work was, he's going to say consistent to do these. As far as the handler, when it comes to day shift to night shift, you're going to have your obstacles as far as getting on a good sleep schedule. And there are two different types of shifts because during the day time, there's a lot more traffic and a lot of different type of calls. Rather than the night shift where you have more hot calls, your burglars and stuff like that. There are two different types of all. One of the funniest moments with Kenan Yogi is we got a call to do a narcotics sniff at the jail and while he was sniffing in one of the jail cells, he stopped and proceeded to take a poop in the middle of a cell. It was cleaned up before the inmates came back, but it was just hilarious. Alright, so we're into a battery that just occurred. A male possible to grab the female by the neck seen by the caller. We don't know if they left the location yet. We're not in the vehicle, so we're going to go by and check. Alright, I'm referencing that last call where we're not heading to that, JK. And we're heading to a stalking in progress where an ex-wayfront is following his ex-girlfriend. And let him be stalking around. So the subject we just made contact with was telling us that his bondsman told him to follow his ex-girlfriend because he wanted to evoke the bond that he took out on her. It was pretty much the case in a nutshell. So we just got into a verbal argument and we split them up. He was going to call his bondsman to reveal the bond. My favorite excuses, most excuses people use are basic. Like this isn't my car or I didn't know or this isn't mine. So they're kind of basic. We run into that all the time. I'm part of the military, so when I got home from MPSM after an appointment, you know, I was transitioning out of the military. I wanted a job where I was going to be on my feet and doing something exciting. And law enforcement seemed like the only option to have that excitement. I didn't want to sit down at the desk and push paid for, so law enforcement was my first choice. That dude definitely seen her back here. And then did he go down there and didn't see her? He went down there because that's where I saw him. I supposedly ran into this pond behind the racetrack. There was some miscommunication after everything was said and done. She actually didn't run into here. She ran down behind the racetrack between the fence and the building. And most likely just took off south. But we worked this because that guy had actually went into the cattails and tried to find her and said that she was in there. So we were in there basically the whole time searching for her thinking maybe she had buried herself in the pond when really she probably just ran south from here. But that's what happens. Certain people had to stand back because they couldn't keep up. I will take a watermelon, right? Okay. The stuff that dreams are made of. Man, Jesus. Why'd you even know? You can't win. So if I couldn't be a Leo, it would become a ninja. Okay, so right now we're heading to a traffic stop where some units have a female detained for a warrant. They want to do a drug sniff on the vehicle. Hey, Yogi. Thanks for tuning in today for the Tweet Along. Make sure you tune in next week for next week's Tweet Along and lock your doors tonight for the 9 p.m. routine.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casewrakes.com coming at you with 2023 Panini National Treasures Collegiate football 4 box full case pick your team a number one a lot of great stuff here big. Thanks everybody for making this happen Let's flip over here big. Thanks specifically to this group for making it happen Thanks to the people who bought their team straight up and there's number random number block teams as well Thanks everybody. I think Steve got official last bond mojo. There it is The next case break is actually down to like six teams. I think so after this break I am going to be putting those teams into another random number block Just keep that in mind We made that a little bit darker, but here's the figure team number one random number block We did that video in a separate one So there's everybody there so big. Thanks everyone for that Oh also Brandon has the NIL spot so that spot we sold separately So all the players in this break ship will be associated with the protein But the college kids will go to that NIL spot and let me pull up a checklist as well I'm pretty sure if there's old-school guys We will go by the checklist otherwise will go by our no checklist rules, which is Any retired players in their collegiate gear will go to the team they played for the longest and The players that are in college Gear I guess we'll still go to the team. They're currently on which is which is standard Let's see if we have this checklist will give us teams on here. I don't think it gets just college teams So yeah, so for active players, obviously, they'll go to the team. They're currently on inactive players retired players I'll go to the team they They played for the longest we'll use a football pro football reference as the reference for that If they played for the same amount of teams for the same amount of seasons, then we'll use games as a Highbreaker that's still a tie. This is very rare, but if there's still a title go like games started as another tiebreaker There you go Actually, you know what you can help me do while we're doing this break is you're gonna write the proteins on here after I topple of them that way it'll be a little bit faster for the shipping team. So you'll get your stuff faster ladies and gentlemen We're always thinking we're all thinking of you All right, so good luck We're gonna use this blank card right here. We're gonna start with Let's start with Bryce young 30 out of 49 he's gonna have a new coach next year.  Oh, no. All right. Next is Jackson Smith and jigba 17 out of 25 That'll be for David B. You've got the got the Seahawks straight up nice Chris Rodriguez, Jr. rookie jersey and auto 47 out of 99 That's all I was like, hmm, maybe maybe Chris will Chris for all no You ready Sometimes there's all sorts of players.  All right Then we've got we've got a running back here 17 out 25 to Jay Spears To Jay Spears everyone know where he plays, right? hi, Jay Cuz I don't know okay Ty's a I want to say he is a jet but I could be wrong a jet maybe. Oh, he's it. No, he's a Titan So that'll go to Tennessee seven and that will be for Eric Big Tyree Wilson patch right here two out of ten Nice three colors for Troy and the Raiders.  We got go Bruins. We got Zach Charbonnet 25 out of 49 David B with Seattle Nice got the Seahawks straight up Shown some flashes And then the book is Rishi rice 24 out of 49 Went from a Mustang to a chief that's gonna go to the chief's random number block. That's 24 out of 49 So we go by that digit right there and Kansas City for is gonna be for William. There you go, William And he's playing football because Marcus Valdes can't find his hands Yeah, a lot of those receivers can't find those things All right box number one Done next box at an empty box there. We got the book in a different position. I think All right, so let's see what that means and still use that blank card to hide the hicks a little bit And we're gonna lead off with Doug Flutie 53 out of 75 Doug Flutie is one of those retired players So as long as tenure, I Know is tied with a number of teams. We're gonna use a tiebreaker on this one. Yeah, so go into pro football reference comm He has played four seasons with New England and four seasons with San Diego Chargers and he's made more he's appeared in more games with the Chargers 26 as opposed to 22 So this is gonna go to the Los Angeles Chargers, Francis with Flutie Flakes Next up. Oh, look at that a two out of five Lucas, Venice Looks like we got a what a hundredth anniversary patch on there in the college football patch. I think that's what it is And that'll be for the Packers he's a outside linebacker for the Packers that's gonna be for Jose Two out of five means All aboard the Big Head Express Then we've got a Jaden Wiedermeyer 52 out of 99 Putting the red ink on there And this guy up that is a tight end Who is a free agent According to Wikipedia, but let's see what team he was the most recently associated with Looks like he went Buffalo then he went to the Patriots and he was most recently with the Colts so this is gonna go to Colts random number block Colts 2 is gonna be for Matthew We got rookie silhouette signatures Jake Hainer for out of 99 That'll be for the Saints Saints random number block Saints number four Which is gonna be for William You just try the team names if that's easier So the full thing and a one-of-one TJ Watt tremendous treasures dealers very nice That's gonna be for Michael. That's his Steelers too.  What are you doing? TJ must have been signing as he was passing through in half time or something. Yeah, maybe All right, Michael all aboard the big headaches rest whoo-hoo the book is Tank Bigsby one out of 75 nice dual relic and autograph tank Bigsby is I Know tank Dell But tank Bigsby is a running back for the Jacksonville Jaguars One out of 75 that'll go to Pat and the Jags nice Couple more here and then the next box a dual auto Wow, will Anderson jr. And Brian branch One of one dual auto now will Anderson jr. Is a Texan I believe Just double check that yeah, he is indeed a Texan and then Brian branch is with the Lions So we'll keep we'll do that randomizer at the end along with any other Randomizing potential here and we're gonna end with a nice Marvin Mims 53 out of 99. I think he's with Denver yeah He is Denver Broncos nice and that will be for Steve who's in the chat. Hi Steve Hope your holiday was good. All right two boxes down two more to go The next the next pick your team pick your team to is down to like six teams not too many left At the after this break. I'm gonna be popping those teams into a random number block filler So if you want to Yeah, I would get your teams now before it goes into that filler Seems like a little bit of a shallow box which sometimes means a redemption And it is a redemption down there. So what's that gonna be? Let's see We've got a six out of 49 light Camara action That'll be for the Saints Saints number six will be for out Derek Henry Piece of the jersey there 29 out of 75 That'll be for the Titans. That'll be for Titans 9 Be for Eric B So it's just teams want me to put names or anything like that for like these guys Because I don't know sorting shipping team will see Tennessee And then they'll look at that and they'll say it's number block Then they'll look at the number of the car got you that Chris Rodriguez, Jr. Six out of ten big college silhouette signatures patch and autograph we had before yes I have short-term memory loss Looking for him Therefore the slider boxes Regas is In Washington commander a commander. That's a not random number block team So that'll go to commanders six and that'll be for Alan We got TCU's Kendra Miller 47 out of 49. He sounds like a New York football giant to me What do you think Miller he sounds like a East Coast We need the answer fast Tampa Bay. He is a saint That'll be for Saints number block team. You are closer with the division. That'll be for a seven That'll be for Eric B. St. Seven You got this is a cool patch right here. Look at T-Law eight out of ten You got the Clemson Tiger paw there. That's gonna be for Pat picked up the Jaguar straight up And we've got Carson Wentz 40 out of 75 a Treasured moment whence leading North Dakota State to its fifth straight title Where is Carson Wentz now? Is he a ram right now? Yeah Active players they go to the team. They're currently on But then he'd be most recently on the Rams, so he would still go to the Rams. Yes So Rams that is Raymond got the Rams. These are better days for Carson Wentz And the redemption and one more card redemption And maybe we'll do the one more card first One second site. Yeah, I got the redemption it's Chris knows where this guy goes. Oh gosh college silhouette signatures purple Wow Nice one for the Dolphin Michael Brinton with Miami lucky Christopher is a big Dolphins fan and we got Caleb Williams. Oh 12 out of 39 Treasured moments shining brightest and run to 2022 Heisman Trophy Brandon with the NIL spot I love it two last amazing Nice one Brandon the box that just keeps on giving alright Final box coming up rexing Justin Jefferson being active. That's right. He is being activated from the injured list today And now the Vikings playoff odds are minus 115 just like that, but who's gonna throw to him rex? That's the problem. How are they gonna get the ball and Justin Jefferson's hands? It's not gonna do too much if there's not a quarterback who can throw it on him And what were the what were the Vikings odds before Justin Jefferson? I don't think it could have changed that much Receivers usually don't move the needle like that There's a redemption on the bottom Yeah, the Monday night game was was no good I felt like watching one of them typical Thursday night games There's Christian McCaffrey nice 11 out of 99. That will be for Steve with the Niners CMC another great one We got a triple relic. This is another randomized here Johan Dotson, Micah Parsons, and Joey Porter, Jr. They were all in the same college team at one point. That's pretty amazing So it would be Joey Porter with the Steelers. Dotson is Dotson is a commander Micah Parsons is Dallas, Joey Porter, Jr. drafted by Pittsburgh Steelers. That's team So that'll be another randomizer we'll do at the end We've got Cedric Tillman Jersey in autograph 25 out of 99 Cedric Tillman? Cedric Tillman. I don't know, guess Does Cedric Tillman sound like a Dallas cowboy? Let's find out. He's a Cleveland Brown Cleveland, this is for you Francis getting the Browns straight up We've got a Brian Ehrlacher 37 out of 75 treasured moments legendary Ehrlacher honored with Jersey retirement The only guy I know that went from playing corner to safety Has he always been a lifelong bear or did he play Eris elsewhere earlier? He was a lifelong bear Wow, I guess he was, yeah Lying back for 13 seasons and spent them all with Chicago Bears 2012 Great resume for him. That's going to go to Aaron with Chicago We've got another randomizer here. We've got Roshan Johnson, Bijan Robinson And uh, DeMarvin Overshown Okay, I know one of them is Atlanta No, they're two All right, so We had Roshan Johnson. I forgot what he was. He was a bear Chicago middle guy is Bijan. That's Atlanta and uh See we're an Overshown is Dallas So we've got three different randomizers on that. We'll do also do that at the end And we've got We've got CJ Stroud and Jackson Smith and Jigba another randomizer All right, that'll be four different randomizers we're gonna have to do And I got one more in redemption. We got Deuce Vaughn Two out of 39 Greg Olson's going to interview for the Panthers head coaching job Well, he sounds like a pretty decent analyst on Fox. I think that was never a high on him as a player Didn't really think that it Is that actually confirmed or are people just connecting dots? They're like, hey, maybe Greg Olson can do it Deuce Vaughn is a cowboy So that'll be for Dallas. That's going to go to Dennis with Dallas And the redemption the final hit of the break before all the randomizers is going to be a college material signatures purple card 48 Good luck, everybody. We've got B ij Bijon Robinson nice one Atlanta is a number block team. So that goes to Atlanta zero And that is for Chris. There you go, Chris next to that free spot Yeah, you won that spot in there that comes in handy Nice one for Atlanta. There you go gang fun little break I was reasoning is that he He is saying he's willing to oh, so he's throwing his hat into the ring He's throwing you throwing even though the owners might not be it's a little different I'm willing to interview for the Panthers job as well I feel like if you have someone like kellen moorstone the NFL anybody should be able to interview All right, so there's the dice for the 90 One two three four different lists one two three four We'll use one dice roll for all the lists. So the first one was the triple relic with washington dallas pittsburgh the other triple relic was Chicago Dallas The next one is gonna be houston. Yeah, sorry. That's distracting It's I can do that houston in seattle And then the final one is the one of one. I want to do that last That's houston in detroit Sorry if you're saying the team names out there jams me up a little bit All right, and let's roll it randomize it two to two For the hard way for all four of those lists. So let's start with this one first one two three And four team on top gets it. It's dallas after four actually you don't have to do that because i'm gonna just Do that Dallas that's gonna be for denis nice All right next one will be for that triple right there So once again the dice roll is two or two four times And we'll do these these three teams one two three and team on top after four is Dallas again There you go. And so that will be for denis and dallas Nice now we have the dual relic cj stroud and bijon that's or no not bijon, but jackson smith and jigba houston in seattle team on top after four one two three and four And that'll be for seattle. So sorry steven. You had the Texans if it's going to go to seattle, that's for david Now to the uh to the big one here Will Anderson jr Brian branch one of one dual autograph. This is one person really happy One person really sad So let's flip back here once again the dice roll is two and a two that's a four And there's houston in detroit Good luck one two three And fourth and final time Four it's going to go to houston. There you go steven carney. All right Nice missed that on that other randomizer, but Hey, I think it's a slightly nicer one here a one of one dual autograph Very nice even see all aboard The big hit express And everybody watching right now break number two for 2023 national treasures collegiate football It's up, but don't wait until joe turns them into fillers pick your teams now Yay clock is ticking and that was pick your team number one. We'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


Direktor of the UNU wider FinTARP distinguished experts and colleagues, ladies and gentlemen. It's a great honor to welcome you all to the UNU wider conference in Helsinki. In this conference we will be witnessing world leading experts providing views and results on the themes that UNU wider research has focused on for more than 30 years. I'm convinced these will be valuable days in many ways. For the last 10 years Professor FinTARP has worked as the director of UNU wider. This has been a period of very active and productive research. UNU wider has recently been ranked as one of the top most think-thanks and research institutions in the field of development. What happens? I did something wrong here. I don't touch that anymore. UNU wider has recently been ranked as one of the top most think-thanks and research institutions in the field of development in the whole world. This is a major achievement. Congratulations Fin for the inspiring and forward-looking leadership. This success is also an achievement of various networks of experts that are truly global. As we can see here today, when we look around, UNU wider has gathered the most distinguished and academically honored researchers on development in the same room. We are now harvesting, so to speak, the fruits of your work. Ladies and gentlemen, what is UNU wider? For more than 30 years, the institute has been associated with some of the most advanced thinking in development economics. Since the institute starts in 1985, UNU wider has undertaken research on all the principal themes of development economics. It has created a global network of thousands of researchers from all over the globe. Helsinki has become the hub of this network, producing knowledge of real value to policymakers and practitioners in the developing world across the UN and to the international community more broadly. The institute has undertaken cutting-edge research on topics such as poverty, inequality, economic transformation, development finance, climate change, gender and food security to mention just a few. However, I looked at UNU wider from a particular perspective. Top quality research is important, but even more important is that the research results are valuable for the development community. As a minister responsible for development policy and development cooperation, I want to see that results can be used for the benefit of the developing countries. I think that this vision has been very much shared by UNU wider. First research is more useful when the publications are available free of charge to experts in developing countries and developed countries alike. Institute publication policy has been very open, which is one reasons why they are so well read and cited. Second providing opportunities for young researchers to present their initial work in the same networks with very prominent researchers is a special accomplishment. It is noteworthy that UNU wider has been able to recruit many young female economists into its research teams. This is remarkable considering how much the field of development economics is dominated by men. Third research cooperation is useful when it creates databases like databases on inequality and on government revenues. These databases can be used by both researchers and administrators in the developing countries. Distinguished experts and colleagues, Finland has had the honor to host UNU wider for 30 years. We think that institute has grown during this period to a remarkable institution. It has also shown its relevance for the future. UNU wider is very well positioned to undertake policy relevant research on key themes of the sustainable development goals agenda. Finland has over the years supported UNU wider's thematic research, including the most pressing concerns of our time. Alongside like-minded donor countries such as Denmark, Sweden and United Kingdom. More recently, we have noticed the institute's engagements in the series of Finland's bilateral partner countries. To illustrate, UNU wider has become a key partner in Finland's engagement with Mozambique and Tanzania, where UNU wider works with the respective governments to implement policies focused on achieving series of the goals and targets of agenda 2030. Most recently, Finland and UNU wider have intensified the collaboration in the area of taxation and development, where we support the institute's research and capacity building activities on innovative tax systems in developing countries. In this way, Finland and UNU wider are working together to help convert the 2030 agenda's many goals and targets into operational priorities at country level. Ladies and gentlemen, let me conclude by providing a very warm welcome to the Professor Kunal Sen. As the beginning of next year, Professor Sen will be taking over as a new director of UNU wider. I'm very much looking forward to continuing our close cooperation with you and the whole institute. I wish all of you a fruitful conference and discussions, not forgetting the most valuable coffee prey. Thank you for your attention.


It's filling up. What is? There's about 40 people thus far, which makes me happy. I'm not showing up our hour we're going to today. That's good. That's about what we had, wasn't it? Yeah. It sucked up IMAX was only one day, though. I know. Really? Like, they literally just like, ah, you get one screen of them for one day of IMAX. I know. It really does suck. Because you know what they put in? The movie that's been out now for three or four weeks now. They put the Batman back in IMAX. It's like, they don't know yet. They don't know that people would go see it. But they're missing out on money because I guarantee they're going to get more tickets and butts for part of our hours. Currently. They screwed the pooch on that one. Those seats right here that we're going to go see this in, I'm sure half of them would have chosen IMAX. I would have. Yeah. But still, it'll be great. Yeah. Juice!  See you at some Corp. I'm Rick. I'm Rick. Instagram, click on. You should go on Twitter. Instagram, and take some paid trumps and post Trimble, click on. Bye! For the love song version of each other. Send us a Dasheed. Today we've got a Q&A session with Sachet Rai. Oh, cool. in 1978. That's fricking awesome. So he apparently went to like, I think a school or something, he went to a seminar with American Film Institute in AFI, right? In 1978. Have you done an AFI project yet? No, I auditioned for quite a few, but I've not gotten anything. I know you've done a couple, right? I've done a couple. I mean, it's great. But I thought it'd be really cool to actually sit and listen to him talk. Goodness, yes. So you would get a prediction. Is he going to have a cigarette? Not America, no. Oh, 1978. He's going to be smoking. He's going to be smoking. 1978, maybe, yeah. Different time. So he was here at AFI. I wonder who was there. Have the man himself? Well, in the 40s, I saw the American films I don't know, Renoir. The first one was the Southerner. And then eventually I saw Diary of a Chambermaid and a few other things. And then I had read about his French work and I was familiar with his father's paintings. And then Renoir, in 49, he came to Calcutta to look for locations for these films. He was probably there when the British were obviously. I was an advertising man at that time. And it so happened that the agency where I work was quite near the hotel where it was staying. So I just went and presented myself as a student of the cinema. And I got to know him quite well because he was comparatively free at that time in the evenings and I would often sort of drop in. And later in 1950, well, he went back to Hollywood and then came back again in the 50s to start shooting. But I'm afraid I was not in position to watch him work because I had my job. I went on a Sunday or maybe a couple of Sundays to watch him. And then I left for England. And it was in England that I first saw Renoir's French films, La Régime du Gère and Petit du Campain and all the rest of them. And even before I had seen them, I had seen them. I had discussed them with him. I had put questions to him about his various films, La Mette humaine. And so that was very, very important for me. The talks that I had with him, even before I had seen his French films, that was very, very important. There's one social comment that you make in all the films that I've seen that you've done. I'm wondering if it has any effect on the Indian people and what kind of effect it does. And that is the vision of the wife, a woman as servant. Is anything happening in India right now as far as that cultural tradition? Well, obviously a lot has happened. There's a tremendous lot of emancipation. And part of that is the theme of Mahanadeva, the big city, which is my middle sixties film. The film deals entirely with that aspect. A wife who would normally be just a housewife. Suddenly it's faced with a situation where she has to go out and find a job to support her husband's income because they are not earning. And they have to just make both ends meet. And she gets a job as a sales girl. The in-laws are terribly upset. The daughter-in-law should go out and do that. But she becomes a success in her work and begins to earn more than the husband. And there's this psychological conflict between the two, finding the house and losing a job, et cetera. It's that, I think, which is very much the kind of thing that you... Right. Do you think the big city was very instrumental in promoting this kind of change? I don't think a film does that, really. As a matter of fact, I must refer to a remark. Remark of Renoir was asked the same question. How much do you think, what kind of influence do you think has a film on society? And he mentioned the instance of La Grande de Leuchon, which was made one year before the Second World War started. It was an anti-war statement, very powerful. But it didn't prevent the war. Mr. Ray, how carefully do you pre-plan your film before you want to make it or your films? When you illustrate them very, very accurately? Yeah. I mean, that's been my practice right from the... Well, the first film had no proper script because the film was made while I still had my advertising job. And it was all in my head. It was shot on weekends, frankly speaking, over a period of two years. Two years because for long stretches, we had no money. That's why I just left Tarantino. In fact, it was shelved several times and everybody was told that, no, that's all. We can't... But later on, I had to be very economical. And if you want to be economical, you have to be disciplined. You have to pre-plan to a considerable extent. And so everything is very carefully planned in my films. My shooting ratio, incidentally, is four to one. It's been that all the way through. I rarely exceed it. And, well, there is room left for improvisation, particularly if you're shooting on location. You get ideas, a certain change of climate. You know, you have those wind rises or clouds come and you have to do new things, which are not in the script and you find new camera angles all the time. But shooting in the studio, confined within the three or four walls of the set, you have to be very, very careful. And in any case, we couldn't afford to be wasteful in the circumstances that we were. I operate my own camera now. I've been doing so for the last 15 years. Not that I have no trust in my cameraman's operational abilities, but I feel that ever since we've been using an air flex, that is the best position to judge the acting from is through the lens. And also, I noticed that working with non-professionals, they are happier if they don't see my face, whatever it is. Which is often like a ranger's off an air booth. I'm not so staring at them like that. Yeah, that's true. So they are happier. They feel more relaxed. And I enjoy operating, but I have a lighting cameraman. And of course, nothing, it's all done through discussions. And now I'm using a second cameraman. I started with one cameraman, Shabrota Mithra, who was a beginner at that time. He was 21 when he shot the first film. Never handled a movie camera in his life.  The light keeps changing. The sun goes down a few parts, et cetera. So I had to have a new cameraman and we decided on certain basic things. Who doesn't know you can't do it that way? We were great admirers, both of us were great admirers of Côte d'Averson and we believed in available light. And we aimed at simulating available light in the studio by using bounce lights. And this is interesting because, well, this head didn't happen with the first film, but with the second film when we had to shoot interiors in the studio, supposedly houses in Benares where there was a central courtyard with no roof on top and the light all came from the sky and it was a kind of top, top lighting, shadowless that we started using bounce lighting with cloth stretched over the, over and the lights bounced back from those. And we had also had boards framed white pieces of white cloth, large enormous things and bounced back from that. Except for night scenes where there is a source of light established and you follow that source as much as possible. If it's candle, if it's lantern, if it's electric light, you follow the source. It simplifies things, you know. And later, well, I think about seven or eight years after that, I read an article in the American cinematographer written by Sven Nyquist saying, this was at the time of through a glass darkly, and I think that they had invented bounce lighting. I'm sorry, but we've been doing it since ever since, since 1953 or before. What a shock. So that's- America never takes a gun over something they didn't do. A camera man and myself, but I compose my images and I operate them. There's a focus puller, of course, and there's a lighting camera man. And everything is decided beforehand with a color film, all the color schemes, every piece of costume, I go out myself to buy the material. And my scripts are all individual forms. They're not sort of written documents which can be duplicated and handed out to the various members of the crew. They're just little sketches, frame sketches with directions down on the right-hand side and little notes on dialogue and camera movements. Because I don't think it's a literary medium anyway. Why waste words? Why try it? Because if it's only when the question of publication comes that you have to devise a kind of part novel, part drama. Great point. How has censorship affected your films? Not to any serious extent. There was, because I have more or has been oblique in my statements, even on human relationship, we can't afford to be too permissive, you know. In any case, we know. We cannot and I have, I'm not particularly anxious to be too permissive because I think that one, there has to be some room left for suggestion and obliqueness and, but there is, I believe, a strong political censorship. There is a censorship of violence. I mean, there's a lot of fighting in the new commercial cinema, but there's no blood shown. Apparently, you're free to show a lot of bashing about, but if you show ketchup, then you're in for it. What are some of the current favourites in India right now from American films, current type of history? Well, Godfather had a tremendous success. I'm sure Star Wars is going to be a tremendous success. Jaws will be a tremendous success. Exorcist is playing in Calcutta now for the last three months when I left. Wonder when this was released. Well, it's the same as, yeah. This is nice. Yeah, I know, I want to know. Robust time reaction. We'll talk about Jaws after. The censorship was not applied to those films. The present Board of Censors seems to be very lenient as far as forum films go. We've had one flu of the Cuckoo's Nest, which was shown with very few cuts. I saw it in somewhere abroad and then I saw it in Calcutta again. I noticed very, very few cuts. So the present to a group of... It always depends on the individuals who comprise the Board. And if they are sensible people with some understanding of film art, they will be lenient when they see an important work of art. No, I was just thinking I could listen to them for three hours and there it goes. It ends. It was only a little 11 minute clip, but it went by.  Yeah, I don't know. That was magic. Yeah, you could listen to great artists all the week to talk about it all the time. But especially to somebody who I never thought we'd actually be able to get an interview, especially in English. That's the clearest, longest anything I've ever seen of Satyajit Rai. And the most in-depth on the actual process. It's process in it. The reason I was saying what it was about Jaws is 78 was when it came out, I think it was either 77 or 78. Jaws? But I wonder if he saw it like early, pre-release before it became popular. Which I doubt because before Jaws came out, word on the street in the industry was this is an absolute disaster. Cause Spielberg had problems with his mechanical shark. He went over budget, dryfuss and Shaw were fighting all the time. And it was predictions were it was gonna be terrible. Well, and then it became one of the first blockbusters. So it's very interesting. I'd love to know when he saw it. And if you're not familiar with some of the terms, look them up. Some of them are outdated. Bounce lighting's not outdated. They still do bounce lighting all the time. And you have to, especially if you're doing, they do it all the time when you're doing an interior. And sometimes it isn't a direct bounce. Sometimes it's just a filter. But you have to create the outdoor light if you're doing a, for example, a house as an interior, which is very common, you need the light outside. And it's crazy sometimes when you're on a set. This is not natural light, by the way. It is weird if you're on set sometimes, like I was doing this thing where we were on a train all day and it was just green screen, but the lighting was natural light. So it felt like a really nice sunny day all day, but it was gray and stormy outside.  You're in the time that's created.  So, man, I could listen to him talk all day. Yeah, I wonder if there's a longer run. I didn't see it anywhere. It's the only one I saw. If there is, you can let us know. Cause yeah, I could listen to him talk all day. It's also so interesting. The time that this was put out. So obviously the audience is asking different questions. The public perception of film is different at that time than it obviously is now. And the advancements technologically obviously, but he's very much, he wouldn't surprise me if he liked the films of Orson Welles cause he's very much like Orson Welles. Orson Welles was asked about making movies and why he was so successful with his first few films. And he said, because I didn't know what I could fail at. And you don't, you just start. You just do it. I didn't know how to write a screenplay. I didn't know how to use a camera. I just wanted to do it. And his choice of a cinematographer who's gonna do something because all the other ones said, well, you can't do that. It's like, well, I'll go get somebody who'll do it because they don't know what they can't do. Great encouragement for me because one of the reasons I've tried to turn barbarian into a screenplay and formatting, it's insane. I need to go back into it and stop thinking format and just let it be. Because you really don't need, it's not a literary form. You don't need your screenplay to be in a particular format. It's not a published work. And he also seems like, and I think that's actually most directors, I feel like if you're a director who's not a control freak perfectionist, I feel like there's very few who aren't control freaks as directors. It just comes with the territory. And if you're not in control, you have someone you trust implicitly and you'll use them every time. Example, directors may not be so into it that they're gonna go literally choose the costume material, but I guarantee their costumer is gonna be somebody that they trust implicitly as if they were doing it themselves. Yeah, yeah. That's why you see a lot of directors do a bunch of different things. Vishal doing composing and directing and writing. And you see, we talk about this all the time. There's a reason people work with the same people over and over again. Send a photographer, yeah. They trust and know that they're gonna get what they want done. Most directors, obviously actors have stereotypes. Every position has stereotypes. Right. Directors, it's, they're very, I don't know, is it type A? That is just- Yeah, type A dictatorial type of thing. Like they're just, I have some of that in me. Very much so. I trust very few people to do anything, especially when it comes to, like if it's something I'm working on, I just- Yeah, because you have to have a clear vision and you have to be able to tell everybody this is what I want. And it's hard to express that. Yeah. And sometimes you've just gotta say like, cause that's what I want to have done. That's just, and you can't, if you don't have a clear vision and you're just there, but it's a strange monster because you also have to be collaborative. Yeah. It's a strange monster. It's not definitively type A and dictatorial. It's funny. When we did the million video, I didn't direct that. I had a- What a great team. A friend of mine who, it's not really, we've worked together a few times. And he did a great job. I loved him. And the whole team he brought on was fantastic. But it was also a struggle for me because he wanted to do stuff, especially when we got to the editing part of it, that I was like, I, no. And that's where the producer has final say, kids. Cause that's true in the industry as well. Because obviously- The producer can't tell the director no. Because obviously I had a specific vision of what I wanted the video to look like. And he, certain shots as a director, he liked more, but I saw it visually. I was like, that's not, that's not what we need. And which is why a lot of directors produce. Yeah. Because they want to have the final say cause the person who's paying the bills can say, no, no, no, no, this is my investment. I want to return on investment. So, yeah. It's a big collaborative effort. That's why the geniuses are so fun to- What a gift that is. Fun to listen to. If there's more of this video. Please let us know if there's more of this video. I'd love to watch it in its entirety. So please let us know. Down below. Oh, won't you be our next Satya Jint Rai film? We'll do for one. We are do. Last one was in, do we watch one in Classic Month? We did not watch one this past Classic Month, no. No, we did. No, we didn't. No, we didn't. What was it? We watched a Bengali film. We watched a Bengali film, it wasn't Satya Jint Rai. What was it? I feel like it was him. I don't believe it was. I feel like our last Satya Jint Rai was a big city. Sorry, I'm looking. So, Subdu was our last Bobb, you see Bengali. The Stranger, I told you. Yeah, it was The Stranger.  You're absolutely right. I think we did. Early, like the very first ones we watched that one. Yep, you're right. It's been a long year or something. Anyways, let us know what the next Satya Jint Rai film should be down below.


teach you guys a little bit about what that is, how we use it, and what we do with it.  It has come from the earth in some way. So that's everything. Let's say that's plastics, that's going to be your glasses, that's going to be of course your food. These four things, one of the things to remember is some of these are non-biodegradable and some of them are biodegradable. So what biodegradable means is the fact that it can be broken back down into those smaller building blocks and be put back into the earth and basically be recycled. This is a form of recycling for the earth that we can do. So what happens is when we take these things that are biodegradable and can be broken down and you're sending them to the landfill, you're basically robbing these nutrients that you can recycle, you can reuse, and you can put back into your food chain. So let's talk a little bit more about moving those nutrients up the food chain and recycling them. So what does that mean? Well we're going to start with the basics, that's going to be your grass. So when you start with grass, then you're going to have something that's going to eat the grass and that's going to be your cows, your animals and things like that.  So what we're doing is we're taking nutrients that we put into our grass by feeding it with those good composting materials and we're moving it up into the food chain and we're making a better type of food source for us in the long run. Now so let's change this up a little bit.   Your chickens. And then we'll either eat the eggs or we're going to eat those chickens themselves. So when we put better food into this building blocks of our food chain, we eventually get better nutrients up the chain. So here I can see while I kind of teach you a little bit about composting. So with this guy, like beautiful sandwich layers of peanut butter and jelly in this compost bin, but those layers are very, very important. There are things you need for compost. You need to have browns, greens, air and water. Now let's talk about what are browns and greens. While your browns are going to be things like pine straw and clippings that are dried up and tripled and then leaf pieces. So that's going to be very, very rich in carbon. So you need that carbon to be going into your compost. Your greens are going to be very rich in nitrogen. This is going to be your clippings from your lawn. Your sweet potatoes, if you have some that you cut off the ends when you were cooking them. Your green stalks, things you're not going to eat. So these are going to be two things that we're going to layer in our compost. You'll notice that ours has vents on the front. That's so it can be properly aerated. It needs that air to continue the process of breaking down. This isn't food that is rotting. This is food that is basically breaking down. It's biodegrading. Then also what we'll need is we'll need water. So water is very important. You want your compost to be about as damp as a kitchen sponge. It needs to have a lot of moisture in it. That's going to help it break down. The other thing we do to help this is we're going to aerate it by turning it over with our handy-dandy pitchfork. We'll get out here, we'll turn it, reset that top layer with some more browns and then we'll continue feeding those greens on top to create those nice layers. So compost is interesting because it is almost like a living organism even though it's made of a lot of other living things. We talked about how it needs to breathe, it needs water, and it needs nutrients. But the other things that live in there are almost just as fascinating. So of course, in compost, you're going to have worms. Classic, you're going to see these guys breaking down that material. You're going to have, sometimes you're going to have ants. You're going to have slimy slimy slugs. And then you're also going to have pill bugs or sow bugs. So all of these guys are what we call mechanical biodegraders. They're going to break down that material by tearing it apart, tearing it into those pieces and making smaller parts. Now the other thing that's going to live in this compost is a little bit harder to see, but just as gross and disgusting. That's going to be your bacteria and your fungus. So these guys are actually going to live in your compost. They're going to be breaking down those materials in a chemical reaction and making them into something new, allowing them to turn into that composting material. So while you may not have a setup like this, you can do composting in a lot of different things. You can do it in a big bin. You could get it at a local department store. Another thing is you can do it in a bucket. Something as simple as this is a great way to recycle. So what we're going to do is we are going to start by layering in our browns in front. Some of our greens on top. Started a compost. You can let this sit in the sun, let it bake from the outside a little bit. That heat's going to start breaking things down. And every three days you can do a couple of different things. You can get in there with a trowel and stir it around. Or you can just give it a good shake. Now you can also add some sand, some loamy materials and a little bit of dirt to start this breakdown if you want. But usually the water and the greens starting to break down will be all you need to start to a compost at home. So a few things that we have to just finally end on to talk about compost. You'll notice that ours have these wire racks on toast. It's not nature's buffet.  They can get in there and eat it but we really don't want to be feeding those guys out in the wild. We want them off eating what they should be eating. They're a natural part of their diet. Not my leftover eggshells. The other thing with this is you'll notice there are some things we don't compost. So we don't compost meat or dairy. Those things are going to rot in a whole different way and attract things we don't want living in our compost. We don't do a lot of things like make sure you're getting off your fruit stickers. If you're composting bunches of greens make sure you're taking out those rubber bands. Anything that would be trash we don't want in there. No oils, greases or lards. Once again you're getting into a rotting situation. And also those oils will coat the outside of things and then the water and the sun will not be able to break them down like they should. You're not going to compost. This is going to be very, very gross. So please make sure that you post a video. You show me what you guys have been doing. Post me a picture in the comments. We want to see Friday at our wrap up with what you guys have been doing with composting. So with composting all this work why are we doing this for? That's for what's going to be waiting in the bottom of your compost bin after a year or so.  This is still has a little bit of pine straw material in it that you can see falling out is that beautiful black soil. Things we're going to be able to put in the bottom of our tomato plants. I've already taken some of this and put in my squash for the year and it will make your plants grow bigger and beautiful and produce more fruit. So it's something that we're very thankful here. We're feeding back in and we're feeding back into the ecosystem.


Energy doesn't lie, so what you're saying is one of my seven levels of authentic communication We don't want you to have great content and lousy energy those of us that listen to you I've helped so many people over the years who don't understand this because they are frustrated that their content was great But they had a disconnect with their listeners And when I watched them on video and gave them feedback, I was able to spot yet again that they were far more intentional About their content than they were about the energy energy trumps content all the time because energy speaks louder than Vocabulary and words and content and energy lasts longer than what you said in its abiding effect on our audience I'll see you in September America Washington DC and Alice I'm going to show you how to be just as intentional About your energy as a communicator as you are about your content