CHAPTER I I call on thee, my God, my Mercy, who madeest me, and didst not forget me, though I was forgetful of thee. I call thee into my soul, which thou didst prepare for thy reception, by the desire which thou inspired in it.  For thou, O Lord, hast blotted out all my evil deserts, not punishing me for whatever my hands have done, and thou hast anticipated all my good deserts, so as to recompense me for what thy hands have done, the hands which made me. For I was, thou wasst, and I was not anything at all that thou shouldst grant me being. Yet see how I exist by reason of thy goodness, which made provision for all that thou madest me to be, and all that thou madest me from. For thou didst not stand in need of me, nor am I the kind of good entity, which could be a help to thee, my Lord and my God. It is not that I may serve thee, as if thou wert fatigued in working, or as if thy power would be the less, if it lacked my assistance. Nor is the service I pay thee, like the cultivation of a field, so that thou wouldst go untended, if I did not tend thee. Instead, it is that I may serve and worship thee, to the end, that I may have my well-being from thee, from whom comes my capacity for well-being. CHAPTER 2 Indeed it is from the fullness of thy goodness that thy creation exists at all, to the end that the created good might not fail to be, even though it can profit thee nothing, and is nothing of thee nor equal to thee, since its created existence comes from thee. From what did the heaven and earth, which thou didst make in the beginning, ever deserve from thee? Let them declare these spiritual and corporeal entities, which thou madest in thy wisdom. Let them declare what they merited at thy hands, so that the inchoate and the formless, whether spiritual or corporeal, would deserve to be held in being in spite of the fact that they tend toward disorder and extreme unlikeness to thee. An unformed spiritual entity is more excellent than a formed corporeal entity, and the corporeal, even when unformed, is more excellent than if it were simply nothing at all. Still, these formless entities are held in their state of being by thee, until they are recalled to thy unity, and receive form and being from thee, the one sovereign good. What have they deserved of thee, since they would not even be unformed entities except from thee? What has corporeal matter deserved of thee, even in its invisible and unformed state, since it would not exist, even in this state, if thou hadst not made it? And if it did not exist, it could not merit its existence from thee? Or what has that formless spiritual creation deserved of thee, that it should flow lightlessly like the abyss, since it is so unlike thee, and would not exist at all, if it had not been turned by the word which made it that same word, and, illumined by that word, had been made light, although not as thy equal, but only as an image of that form of light, which is equal to thee? For, in the case of a body, its being is not the same thing as its being beautiful. Else, it could not then be a deformed body. Likewise, in the case of a created spirit, living is not the same state as living wisely, else it could then be immutably wise. But the true good of every created thing is always to cleave fast to thee, lest in turning away from thee, it lose the light it had received in being turned by thee, and so relapse into a life like that of the dark abyss. As for ourselves, who are a spiritual creation by virtue of our souls, when we turned away from thee, O light, we were in that former life of darkness, and we toil amid the shadows of our darkness until, through thy only sun, we become thy righteousness, like the mountains of God, for we, like the great abyss, have been the objects of thy judgments. CHAPTER III Now what thou saidst in the beginning of the creation, Let there be light, and there was light? I interpret not unfitly as referring to the spiritual creation, because it already had a kind of life which thou couldst illuminate. But since it had not merited from thee that it should be a life capable of enlightenment, so neither, when it already began to exist, did it merit from thee that it should be enlightened. For neither could its formlessness please thee until it became light, and it became light not from the bare fact of existing, but by the act of turning its face to the light which enlightened it, and by cleaving to it. Thus it owed the fact that it lived, and lived happily, to nothing whatsoever but thy grace, since it had been turned by a change for the better toward that which cannot be changed for either better or worse. Thou alone art, because thou alone art without complication. For thee it is not one thing to live, and another thing to live in blessedness. For thou art thyself thy own blessedness. CHAPTER IV What therefore would there have been lacking in thy good, which thou thyself art, even if these things had never been made, or had remained unformed? Thou didst not create them out of any lack, but out of the plenitude of thy goodness, ordering them and turning them toward form, but not because thy joy had to be perfected by them, for thou art perfect, and their imperfection is displeasing. Therefore were they perfected by thee, and became pleasing to thee, but not as if thou were't before that imperfect, and had to be perfected in their perfection. For thy good spirit, which moved over the face of the waters, was not borne up by them as if he rested on them. For those in whom thy good spirit is said to rest, he actually causes to rest in himself. But thy incorruptible and immutable will, in itself all sufficient for itself, moved over that life which thou hadst made, in which living is not at all the same thing as living happily. Hence that life still lives, even as it flows in its own darkness. But it remains to be turned to him by whom it was made, and to live more and more like the fountain of life, and in his light to see light, and to be perfected, and enlightened, and made blessed. CHAPTER V See now how the trinity appears to me in an enigma. And thou art the trinity, O my God, since thou, O Father, in the beginning of our wisdom that is, in thy wisdom born of thee, equal and co-eternal with thee, that is, thy Son, created the heaven and earth. Many things we have said about the heaven of heavens, and about the earth invisible and unformed, and about the shadowy abyss, speaking of the aimless flux of its being spiritually deformed, unless it is turned to him from whom it has its life, such as it is. And by his light comes to be a life suffused with beauty. Thus it would be a lower heaven of that higher heaven, which afterward was made between water and water. But now I came to recognize, in the name of God, the Father who made all these things, and in the term the beginning to recognize the Son, through whom he made all these things. And since I did believe that my God was the trinity, I sought still further in his holy word, and behold, thy spirit moved over the waters. Thus see the trinity, O my God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, the Creator of all creation. CHAPTER VI But why, O truth-speaking light, To thee I lift up my heart, let it not teach me vain notions. Disperse its shadows, and tell me, I beseech thee, by that love which is our mother. Tell me, I beseech thee, the reason why. Under the reference to heaven, and to the invisible and unformed earth, and darkness over the abyss, why thy scripture should then at long last refer to thy spirit? Was it because it was appropriate that he should first be shown to us as moving over? And this could not have been said unless something had already been mentioned over which thy spirit could be understood as moving. For he did not move over the Father and the Son, and he could not properly be said to be moving over if he were moving over nothing. Thus what it was he was moving over had to be mentioned first, and he whom it was not proper to mention otherwise than as moving over could then be mentioned. But why was it not fitting that he should have been introduced in some other way than in this context of moving over? CHAPTER VII Now let him who was able to follow thy apostle with his understanding when he says, Thy love is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Spirit who was given to us, and who teacheth us about spiritual gifts, and showeth us a more excellent way of love, and who bows his knee unto thee for us, that we may come to the surpassing knowledge of the love of Christ. Thus from the beginning he who is above all was moving over the waters. To whom shall I tell this? How can I speak of the weight of concupiscence which drags us downward into the deep abyss, and of the love which lifts us up by thy spirit who moved over the waters? To whom shall I tell this? How shall I tell it? For concupiscence and love are not certain places into which we are plunged and out of which we are lifted again. What could be more like and yet more unlike? They are both feelings, they are both loves. The uncleanness of our own spirit flows downward with the love of worldly care, and the sanctity of thy spirit raises us upward by the love of release from anxiety, that we may lift our hearts to thee where thy spirit is moving over the waters. Thus we shall have come to that supreme rest where our souls shall have passed through the waters which give no standing ground. CHAPTER VIII. The angels fell, and the soul of man fell. Thus they indicate to us the deep darkness of the abyss which would have still contained the whole spiritual creation if thou hadst not said in the beginning, let there be light, and there was light. And if every obedient mind in thy heavenly city had not adhered to thee, and had not reposed in thy spirit, which moved immutable over all things mutable. Otherwise even the heaven of heavens itself would have been a dark shadow instead of being, as it is now, light in the Lord. For even in the restless misery of the fallen spirits who exhibit their own darkness when they are stripped of the garments of thy light, thou showest clearly how noble thou didst make the rational creation, for whose rest and beatitude nothing suffices save thee thyself. And certainly it is not itself sufficient for its beatitude. For it is thou, O our God, who will enlighten our darkness, from thee shall come our garments of light, and then our darkness shall be as the noonday. Give thyself to me, O my God, restore thyself to me. See I love thee, and if it be too little let me love thee still more strongly. I cannot measure my love so that I may come to know how much there is still lacking in me, before my life can run to thy embrace, and not be turned away until it is hidden in the covert of thy presence. Only this I know, that my existence is my woe except in thee, not only in my outward life, but also within my inmost self, and all abundance I have, which is not my God, is poverty. But was neither the Father nor the Son moving over the waters? If we understand this as a motion in space, as a body moves, then not even the Holy Spirit moved. But if we understand the changeless supereminence of the Divine Being above every changeable thing, then Father, Son, and Holy Spirit moved over the waters. Why then is this said of thy spirit alone? Why is it said of him only, as if he had been in a place that is not a place, about whom alone it is written he is thy gift? It is in thy gift that we rest. It is there that we enjoy thee. Our rest is our place. Love lifts us up toward that place, and thy good spirit lifts our lowliness from the gates of death. Our peace rests in the goodness of will. The body tends toward its own place by its own gravity. A weight does not tend downward only, but moves to its own place. Fire tends upward. A stone tends downward. They are propelled by their own mass. They seek their own places. Oil poured under the water rises above the water. Water poured on oil sinks under the oil. They are moved by their own mass. They seek their own places. If they are out of order they are restless. When their order is restored they are at rest. My weight is my love. Buy it I am carried wherever I am carried. By thy gift we are incandled and are carried upward. We burn inwardly and move forward. We ascend thy ladder, which is in our heart, and we sing a canticle of degrees. We glow inwardly with thy fire, with thy good fire, and we go forward because we go up to the peace of Jerusalem. For I was glad when they said to me, Let us go into the house of the Lord. There thy good pleasure will settle us, so that we will desire nothing more than to dwell there for ever. CHAPTER 10 We would be that creature who, though it was in itself other than thou, still had known no other state than this from the time it was made, so that it was never without thy gift which moves over everything mutable, who had been born up by the call in which thou saidst, Let there be light, and there was light. For in us there is a distinction between the time when we were darkness and the time when we were made light. We are not told what would have been the case with that creature if the light had not been made. It is spoken of as though there had been something of flux and darkness in it beforehand, so that the cause by which it was made to be otherwise might be evident. That is to say, by being turned to the unfailing light it might become light. Let him who is able understand this, and let him who is not ask of thee. Why trouble me, as if I could enlighten every man that comes into the world. END OF BOOK 13 CHAPTERS 11 THROUGH 20 OF CONFESSIONS This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Jeanie Confessions by St. Augustine Translated by Albert C. Outler Book 13 CHAPTERS 11 THROUGH 20 CHAPTER 11 Who can understand the omnipotent Trinity? And yet who does not speak about it, if indeed it is of it that he speaks? Rare is the soul who, when he speaks of it, also knows of what he speaks. And men contend and strive, but no man sees the vision of it without peace. I could wish that men would consider three things which are within themselves. These three things are quite different from the Trinity, but I mention them in order that men may exercise their minds and test themselves and come to realize how different from it they are. The three things I speak of are to be, to know, and to will. For I am, and I know, and I will. I am a knowing and a willing being. I know that I am, and that I will. And I will to be, and to know. In these three functions, therefore, let him who can see how integral a life is. For there is one life, one mind, one essence. Finally, the distinction does not separate the things, and yet it is a distinction. Surely a man has this distinction before his mind. Let him look into himself, and see, and tell me. But when he discovers, and can say anything about any one of these, let him not think that he has thereby discovered what is immutable above them all, which is immutably, and knows immutably, and wills immutably. But whether there is a Trinity there, because these three functions exist in the one God, or whether all three are in each person so that they are each threefold, or whether both these notions are true, and in some mysterious manner the infinite is in itself its own self-same object, at once one and many, so that by itself it is, and knows itself, and suffices to itself without change, so that the self-same is the abundant magnitude of its unity. Who can readily conceive? Who can in any fashion express it plainly? Who can in any way rashly make a pronouncement about it? CHAPTER XII Go forward in your confession, O my faith. Say to the Lord your God, Holy, Holy, Holy, O Lord my God, in thy name we have been baptized, in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. In thy name we baptize, in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. For among us also God in his Christ made heaven and earth, namely the spiritual and carnal members of his church. And true it is that before it received the form of doctrine, our earth was invisible and unformed, and we were covered with the darkness of our ignorance. For thou dost correct man for his iniquity, and thy judgments are a great abyss. But because thy spirit was moving over these waters, thy mercy did not forsake our wretchedness. And thou saidst, Let there be light, repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. Repent and let there be light. Because our soul was troubled within us, we remembered thee, O Lord, from the land of Jordan, and from the mountain. And as we became displeased with our darkness, we turned to thee, and there was light. And behold, we were here to fore in darkness, but now we are in light, in the Lord. CHAPTER XIII But even so we still live by faith and not by sight, for we are saved by hope, but hope that is seen is not hope. Thus far deep calls unto deep, but now in the noise of thy waterfalls. And thus far he who said, I could not speak to you as if you were spiritual ones, but only as if you were carnal. Thus far even he does not count himself to have apprehended, but forgetting the things that are behind, and reaching forth to the things that are before, he presses on to those things that are ahead. And he groans under his burden, and his soul thirsts after the living God, as the stag pants for the water-brooks, and says, When shall I come? Desiring to be further clothed by his house, which is from heaven. And he called to this lower deep, saying Be not conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. And be not children in understanding, although in malice be children, in order that in understanding you may become perfect. O foolish Galateans, who has bewitched you? But this is not now only in his own voice, but in thy voice, who sent thy spirit from above through him, who both ascended up on high, and opened up the floodgates of his gifts, that the force of his streams might make glad the city of God. For that city, and for him, sighs the bridegroom's friend, who has now the first fruits of the spirit laid up with him, but who is still groaning within himself, and waiting for adoption, that is, the redemption of his body. To him he sighs, for he is a member of the bride. For him he is jealous, not for himself, but because not in his own voice, but in the voice of thy waterfalls, he calls on that other deep, of which he is jealous and fear. For he fears lest as the serpent seduced Eve by his subtlety, his mind should be corrupted from the purity which is in our bridegroom, thy only son. But a light of beauty that will be when we shall see him as he is, and when these tears shall pass away which have been my meat night and day, while they continually say unto me, Where is your God? CHAPTER XIV And I myself say, O God, where art thou? See now, where art thou? In thee I take my breath for a little while, when I pour out my soul beyond myself in the voice of joy and praise, in the voice of him that keeps holy day. And still it is cast down, because it relapses and becomes an abyss. Or rather it feels that it still is an abyss. My faith speaks to my soul, the faith that thou dost kindle to light my path in the night. Why are you cast down, O my soul, and why are you disquieted in me? Hope in God. For his word is a lamp to your feet. Hope and persevere until the night passes, that mother of the wicked, until the Lord's wrath subsides, that wrath whose children once we were, of whom we were beforehand in darkness, whose residue we still bear about us in our bodies, dead because of sin. Hope and endure until the day breaks and the shadows flee away. Hope in the Lord. In the morning I shall stand in his presence and keep watch. I shall forever give praise to him. In the morning I shall stand and shall see my God, who is the health of my countenance, who also will quicken our mortal bodies by the spirit that dwells in us. Because in mercy he was moving over our lightless and restless inner deep. From this we have received an earnest, even now in this pilgrimage, that we are now in the light, since already we are saved by hope, and our children of the light, and children of the day, not children of the night nor of the darkness which we have been hitherto. In those children of the night and ourselves, in this still uncertain state of human knowledge, only thou canst rightly distinguish. Thou who dost test the heart, and who dost call the light day and the darkness night. For who can see us clearly but thee? What do we have that we have not received from thee, who made us from the same lump some vessels to noble, and others to ignoble use? Chapter 15 Now who but thee, our God, didst make for us that firmament of the authority of thy divine scripture to be over us? For the heaven shall be folded up like a scroll, but now it is stretched over us like a skin. Thy divine scripture is of more sublime authority, now that these mortal men, through whom thou didst dispense it to us, have departed this life. And thou knowest, O Lord, thou knowest how thou didst clothe men with skins when they became mortal because of sin. In something of the same way thou hast stretched out the firmament of thy book as a skin, that is to say, thou hast spread thy harmonious words over us through the ministry of mortal men. By their very death that solid firmament of authority in thy sayings, spoken forth by them, stretches high over all that now drift under it, whereas while they lived on earth their authority was not so widely extended. Then thou hadst not yet spread out the heaven like a skin. Thou hadst not yet spread abroad everywhere the fame of their death. Let us see, O Lord, the heavens, the work of thy fingers, and clear away from our eyes the fog with which thou hast covered them. In them is that testimony of thine which gives wisdom even to the little ones. O my God, out of the mouth of babes and sucklings perfect thy praise. For we know no other books that so destroy man's pride, that so break down the adversary and the self-defender who resists thy reconciliation by an effort to justify his own sins. I do not know, O Lord, I do not know any other such pure words that so persuade me to confession and make my neck submissive to thy yoke, and invite me to serve thee for nothing else than thy own sake. Let me understand these things, O good Father, grant this to me since I am placed under them, for thou hast established these things for those placed under them. There are other waters that are above this firmament, and I believe that they are immortal and removed from earthly corruption. Let them praise thy name, this super-celestial society, thy angels who have no need to look up at this firmament or to gain a knowledge of thy word by reading it. Let them praise thee. For they always behold thy face and read therein, without any syllables in time what thy eternal will intends. They read, they choose, they love. They are always reading, and what they read never passes away. For by choosing and by loving they read the very immutability of thy counsel. Their book is never closed, nor is the scroll folded up, because thou thyself art this to them, and art this to them eternally. Because thou didst range them above this firmament, which thou madeest firm over the infirmities of the people below the heavens, where they might look up and learn thy mercy, which proclaims in time thee who madeest all times. And thy mercy, O Lord, is in the heavens, and thy faithfulness reaches to the clouds. The clouds pass away, but the heavens remain. The preachers of thy word pass away from this life into another, but thy scripture is spread abroad over the people, even to the end of the world. Indeed, both heaven and earth shall pass away, but thy words shall never pass away. The scroll shall be rolled together, and the grass over which it was spread shall with all its goodliness pass away, but thy word remains forever. Thy word which now appears to us in the dark image of the clouds and through the glass of heaven, and not as it really is. And even if we are the well-beloved of thy Son, it has not yet appeared what we shall be. He hath seen us through the entanglement of our flesh, and he is fair speaking, and he hath incindled us, and we run after his fragrance. But when he shall appear, then we shall be like him, for we shall see him as he is. As he is, O Lord, we shall see him, although that time is not yet. CHAPTER 16 For just as thou art the utterly real, thou alone dost fully know, since thou art immutably, and thou knowest immutably, and thou willest immutably. And thy essence knows and wills immutably. Thy knowledge is and wills immutably. Thy will is and knows immutably. And it does not seem right to thee that the immutable light should be known by the enlightened, but mutable creature, in the same way as it knows itself. To thee my soul is as a land where no water is. For just as it cannot enlighten itself by itself, so it cannot satisfy itself by itself. Thus the fountain of life is with thee, and in thy light shall we see light. CHAPTER 17 Who has gathered the embittered ones into a single society? For they all have the same end, which is temporal and earthly happiness. This is their motive for doing everything, although they may fluctuate within an innumerable diversity of concerns. Who but thee, O Lord, gathered them together? Thou who saidst, Let the waters be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear, a thirst for thee. For the sea also is thine, and thou madest it, and thy hands formed the dry land. For it is not the bitterness of men's wills, but the gathering together of the waters, which is called the sea. Yet thou dost curb the wicked lusts of men's souls, and fix their bounds, how far they are allowed to advance, and where their waves will be broken against each other. And thus thou makest it a sea, by the providence of thy governance of all things. But as for the souls that thirst after thee, and who appear before thee, separated from the society of the bitter sea, by reason of their different ends, thou waterest them by a secret and sweet spring, so that the earth may bring forth her fruit, and, thou, O Lord, commanding it, our souls may bud forth in works of mercy after their kind. Thus we shall love our neighbour in ministering to his bodily needs, for in this way the soul has seed in itself after its kind, when in our own infirmity our compassion reaches out to the relief of the needy, helping them even as we would desire to be helped ourselves if we were in similar need. Thus we help not only in easy problems, as is signified by the herb yielding its seed, but also in the offering of our best strength in affording them the aid of protection, such as the tree bearing its fruit. This is to say, we seek to rescue him who is suffering injury from the hands of the powerful, furnishing him with the sheltering protection which comes from the strong arm of a righteous judgment. CHAPTER 18 Thus O Lord, thus I beseech thee, let it happen as thou hast prepared it, as thou givest joy and the capacity for joy. Let truth spring up out of the earth, and let righteousness look down from heaven, and let there be lights in the firmament.  See from the fruits which spring forth from the earth how good it is. Thus let our temporal light break forth, and let us from even this lower level of fruitful action come to the joy of contemplation, and hold on high the word of life, and let us at length appear like lights in the world, cleaving to the firmament of thy scripture. For in it thou makest it plain to us how we may distinguish between things intelligible and things tangible, as if between the day and the night, and to distinguish between souls who give themselves to things of the mind, and others absorbed in things of the sense. Thus it is that now thou art not alone in the secret of thy judgment, as thou wasst before the firmament was made, and before thou didst divide between the light and the darkness. But now also thy spiritual children, placed and ranked in this same firmament, thy grace being thus manifest throughout the world, may shed light upon the earth, and may divide between the day and the night, and may be for the signs of the times, because old things have passed away, and lo, all things are become new. And because our salvation is nearer than when we believed, and because the night is far spent, and the day is at hand, and because thou crownest the year with blessing, sending the labourers into thy harvest, in which others have laboured in the sowing, and sending labourers also to make new sowings, whose harvest shall not be until the end of time. Thus thou dost grant the prayers of him who seeks, and thou dost bless the years of the righteous man. But thou art always the self-same, and in thy years which fail not, thou preparest a granary for our transient years, for by an eternal design thou spreadest the heavenly blessings on the earth in their proper seasons. For to one there is given by the spirit the word of wisdom, which resembles the greater light, which is for those whose delight is in the clear light of truth, as the light which is given for the ruling of the day. But to another the word of knowledge is given by the same spirit, as it were the lesser light. To another faith, to another the gift of healing, to another the power of working miracles, to another the gift of prophecy, to another the discerning of spirits, to another other kinds of tongues, and all these gifts may be compared to the stars. For in them all the one and self-same spirit is at work, dividing to every man his own portion as he wills, and making stars to appear in their bright splendour for the prophet of souls. But the word of knowledge she ain't here, in which is contained all the mysteries which can change in their seasons like the moon, and all the other promises of gifts which, when counted, are like the stars. All of these fall short of that splendour of wisdom in which the day rejoices and are only for the ruling of the night. Yet they are necessary for those to whom the most prudent servant could not speak as to the spiritually mature, but only as if to carnal men, even though he could speak wisdom among the perfect. Still the natural man, as a babe in Christ, and a drinker of milk, until he is strong enough for solid meat, and his eye is able to look into the sun, do not leave him in a lightless night. Instead, let him be satisfied with the light of the moon and the stars. In thy book thou dost discuss these things with us wisely, our God. In thy book which is thy firmament. In order that we may be able to view all things in admiring contemplation, although thus far we must do so through signs and seasons, and in days and years. CHAPTER 19 But first wash yourselves and make you clean. Put away iniquity from your souls and from before my eyes, so that the dry land may appear. Learn to do well, judge the fatherless, plead for the widow, that the earth may bring forth the green herb for food and fruit-bearing trees. And come, let us reason together, sayeth the Lord, that there may be lights in the firmament of heaven, and that they may shine upon the earth. There was that rich man who asked of the good teacher what he should do to attain eternal life. Let the good teacher whom the rich man thought a man and nothing more give him an answer. He is good, for he is God. Let him answer him that if he would enter into life he must keep the commandments. Let him put away from himself the bitterness of malice and wickedness. Let him not kill, nor commit adultery, nor steal, nor bear false witness, that the dry land may appear and bring forth the honouring of fathers and mothers, and the love of neighbour. All these, he replied, I have kept. Where do so many thorns come from if the earth is really fruitful? Uproot the briar patch of avarice, sell what you have and be filled with fruit by giving to the poor, and you shall have treasure in heaven, and follow the Lord if you would be perfect, and joined with those in whose midst he speaketh wisdom, who know how to give rightly to the day and to the night. And you will also understand, so that for you also there may be lights in the firmament of heaven, which will not be there, however, unless your heart is there also. And your heart will not be there unless your treasure is there, as you have heard from the good teacher. But the barren earth was grieved, and the briars choked the word. But you, O elect people, set in the firmament of the world, who have forsaken all that you may follow the Lord, follow him now and confound the mighty. Follow him, O beautiful feet, and shine in the firmament, that the heavens may declare his glory, dividing the light of the perfect ones, though not yet so perfect as the angels, from the darkness of the little ones, who are nevertheless not utterly despised. Shine over all the earth, and let the day be lighted by the sun. Utter the word of wisdom to the day, day unto day utter speech, and let the night, lighted by the moon, display the word of knowledge to the night. The moon and the stars give light for the night. The night does not put them out, and they illumine in its proper mode. For lo, it is as if God were saying, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven. And suddenly there came a sound from heaven, as if it were a rushing, mighty wind. And there appeared cloven tongues of fire, and they sat on each of them. And then they were made to be lights in the firmament of heaven, having the word of life. Run to and fro everywhere, you holy fires, you lovely fires, for you are the light of the world, and you are not to be hid under a peck measure. He to whom you cleave is raised on high, and he hath raised you on high. Run to and fro, make yourselves known among all the nations. CHAPTER XX So let the sea conceive and bring forth your works, and let the waters bear the moving creatures that have life. For by separating the precious from the vile, you are made the mouth of God, by whom he said, Let the waters bring forth. This does not refer to the living creatures which the earth brings forth, but to the creeping creatures that have life, and the fowls that fly over the earth. For by the ministry of the holy ones, the mysteries have made their way amid the buffeting billows of the world, to instruct the nations in thy name, in thy baptism. And among these things many great and marvellous works have been wrought, which are analogous to the huge wales. The words of thy messengers have gone flying over the earth, high in the firmament of thy book, which has spread over them as the authority beneath which they are to fly, wheresoever they go. For there is no speech nor language where their voice is not heard, because their sound has gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. And this, because thou, O Lord, hast multiplied these things by thy blessing. Am I speaking falsely? Am I mingling and confounding and not rightly distinguishing between the knowledge of these things and the firmament of heaven and those corporeal works in the swelling sea and beneath the firmament of heaven? For there are those things, the knowledge of which is solid and defined. It does not increase from generation to generation, and thus they stand as it were, as lights of wisdom and knowledge. But there are many and varied physical processes that manifest these self-same principles. And thus one thing growing from another is multiplied by thy blessing, O God, who dost so refresh our easily weary mortal senses, that in our mental cognition a single thing may be figured and signified in many different ways by different bodily motions. The waters have brought forth these mysteries, but only at thy word. The needs of the people who were alien to the eternity of thy truth have called them forth, but only in thy gospel, since it was these waters which cast them up. The waters whose stagnant bitterness was the reason why they came forth through thy word. Now all the things that thou hast made are fair, and yet, lo, thou who didst make all things are inexpressibly fairer. But if Adam had not fallen away from thee, that brackish sea, the human race, so deeply prying, so boisterously swelling, so restlessly moving, would never have flowed forth from his belly. Thus there would have been no need for thy ministers to use corporeal and tangible signs in the midst of many waters, in order to show forth their mystical deeds and words. For this is the way I interpret the phrases, creeping creatures, and flying fowl. Still, men who have been instructed and initiated, and made dependent on thy corporeal mysteries, would not be able to profit from them, if it were not that their soul had a higher life, and unless, after the word of its admission, it did not look beyond, toward its perfection. CHAPTERS XIII. CHAPTER XXI. And thus, in thy word, it was not the depth of the sea, but the earth, separated from the brackishness of the water, that brought forth not the creeping and the flying creature that has life, but the living soul itself. And now this soul no longer has need of baptism, as the heathen had, or as it did when it was covered with the waters. And there can be no other entrance into the kingdom of heaven, since thou hast appointed that baptism should be the entrance. Nor does it seek great miraculous works by which to buttress faith, for such a soul does not refuse to believe unless it sees signs and marvels, now that the faithful earth is separated from the waters of the sea, which have been made bitter by infidelity. Thus for them tongues are for a sign, not to those who believe, but to those who do not believe. And the earth, which thou hast founded above the waters, does not stand in need of those flying creatures which the waters brought forth at thy word. Send forth thy word into it by the agency of thy messengers. For we only tell of their works, but it is thou who dost the works in them, so that they may bring forth a living soul in the earth. The earth brings forth the living soul because the earth is the cause of such things being done by thy messengers, just as the sea was the cause of the production of the creeping creatures, having life, and the flying fowl under the firmament of heaven. The earth no longer needs them, although it feeds on the fish, which was taken out of the deep, set out on that table which thou preparest in the presence of those who believe. To this end he was raised from the deep, that he might feed the dry land. And the fowl, even though they were bred in the sea, will yet be multiplied on the earth. The preaching of the first evangelists was called forth by reason of man's infidelity, but the faithful also are exhorted and blessed by them in manifold ways, day by day. The living soul has its origin from the earth, because only to the faithful is there any prophet in restraining themselves from the love of this world, so that their soul may live to thee. This soul was dead while it was living in pleasures, in pleasures that bear death in them. Whereas thou, O Lord, art the living delight of the pure heart. Now therefore let thy ministers do their work on the earth, not as they did formerly in the waters of infidelity, when they had to preach and speak by miracles and mysteries and mystical expressions, in which ignorance, the mother of wonder, gives them an attentive ear because of its fear of occult and strange things. For this is the entry into faith for the sons of Adam who are forgetful of thee, who hide themselves from thy face, and who have become a darkened abyss. And let thy ministers work, even as on the dry land, safe from the whirlpools of the abyss. Let them be an example unto the faithful by living, before them, and stirring them up to imitation. For in such a setting men will heed, not with the mere intent to hear, but also to act. Seek the Lord, and your soul shall live, and the earth may bring forth the living soul. Be not conformed to this world, separate yourselves from it. The soul lives by avoiding those things which bring death if they are loved. Restrain yourselves from the unbridled wildness of pride, from the indolent passions of luxury, and from what is falsely called knowledge. Thus may the wild beast be tamed, the cattle subdued, and the serpent made harmless. For in allegory these figures are the motions of our mind, that is to say the haughtiness of pride, the delight of lust, and the poison of curiosity are motions of the dead soul. Not so dead that it has lost all motion, but dead because it has deserted the fountain of life, and so has been taken up by this transitory world and conformed to it. But thy word, O God, is a fountain of life eternal, and it does not pass away. Therefore this desertion is restrained by thy word when it says to us, Be not conformed to this world, to the end that the earth may bring forth a living soul in the fountain of life, a soul disciplined by thy word, by thy evangelists, by the following of the followers of thy Christ. For this is the meaning of after his kind. A man tends to follow the example of his friend. Thus he, Paul, says, Become as I am, because I have become as you are. Thus in this living soul there shall be good beasts acting meekly. For thou hast commanded this, saying, Do your work in meekness, and you shall be loved by all men. And the cattle will be good, for if they eat much they shall not suffer from satiety, and if they do not eat at all they will suffer no lack. And the serpents will be good, not poisonous to do harm, but only cunning in their watchfulness, exploring only as much of this temporal nature as is necessary in order that the eternal nature may be clearly seen, understood through the things that have been made. For all these animals will obey reason when, having been restrained from their death-dealing ways, they live and become good. CHAPTER XXII Thus, O Lord, our God, our Creator, when our affections have been turned from the love of the world in which we died by living ill, and when we began to be a living soul by living well, and when the word be not conformed to this world which thou didst speak through thy apostle has been fulfilled in us. Then will follow what thou didst immediately add when thou saidst, But be transformed by the renewing of your mind. This will not now be after their kind as if we were following the neighbor who went before us, or as if we were living after the example of a better man. For thou didst not say, Let man be made after his own kind, but rather let us make man in our own image and our own likeness. So that then we may be able to prove what thy will is. This is why thy minister be getting children by the gospel so that he might not always have them babes whom he would still have to feed with milk and nurse as children. This is why he said, Be transformed by the renewing of your minds, that you may prove what is the good and acceptable and perfect will of God. Therefore thou didst not say, Let man be made, but rather let us make man. And thou didst not say, After his kind, but After our image and likeness. Indeed it is only when man has been renewed in his mind and comes to behold and apprehend thy truth that he does not need another man as his director to show him how to imitate human examples. Instead, by thy guidance, he proves what is thy good and acceptable and perfect will. And thou dost teach him, now that he is able to understand, to see the trinity of the unity and the unity of the trinity. This is why the statement in the plural, Let us make man, is also connected with the statement in the singular, and God made man. Thus it is said in the plural, After our likeness, and then in the singular, After the image of God. Man is thus transformed in the knowledge of God, according to the image of him who created him. And now, having been made spiritual, he judges all things, that is, all things that are appropriate to be judged, and he himself is judged of no man. CHAPTER XXIII Now this phrase, he judges all things, means that man has dominion over the fish of the sea and over the fowl of the air, and over all cattle and wild beasts, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. And he does this by the power of reason in his mind, by which he perceives the things of the Spirit of God. But when man was put in this high office, he did not understand what was involved, and thus was reduced to the level of the brute beasts, and made like them. Therefore in thy church, O our God, by the grace thou hast given us, since we are thy workmanship, created in good works, not only those who are in spiritual authority, but also those who are spiritually subject to them, thou maidest man, male, and female. Here all are equal in thy spiritual grace, where, as far as sex is concerned, there is neither male nor female, just as there is neither Jew nor Greek, nor bond, nor free. Spiritual men, therefore, whether those who are in authority or those who are subject to authority, judge spiritually. They do not judge by the light of that spiritual knowledge which shines in the firmament, for it is inappropriate for them to judge by so sublime an authority. Nor does it behoove them to judge concerning thy book itself, although there are some things in it which are not clear. Instead, we submit our understanding to it and believe with certainty that what is hidden from our sight is still rightly and truly spoken. In this way, even though a man is now spiritual and renewed by the knowledge of God according to the image of him who created him, he must be a doer of the law rather than its judge. Neither does the spiritual man judge concerning that division between spiritual and carnal men, which is known to thy eyes, O God, and which may not as yet be made manifest to us by their external works, so that we may know them by their fruits. Yet thou, O God, knowest them already, and thou hast divided and called them secretly before the firmament was made. Nor does a man, even though he is spiritual, judge the disordered state of society in this world. For what business of his is it to judge those who are without, since he cannot know which of them may later on come into the sweetness of thy grace, and which of them may continue in the perpetual bitterness of their impiety? Man, then, even if he was made after thy own image, did not receive the power of dominion over the lights of heaven, nor over the secret heaven, nor over the day and the night which thou callest forth before the creation of the heaven, nor over the gathering together of the water which is the sea. Instead, he received dominion over the fish of the sea, and the fowls of the air, and over all cattle, and all the earth, and over all creeping things which creep on the earth. Indeed he judges and approves what he finds right, and disapproves what he finds amiss, whether in the celebration of those mysteries by which are initiated those whom thy mercy hast sought out in the midst of many waters, or in that sacrament in which is exhibited the fish itself, which, being raised from the depths the pious earth feeds upon, or in the signs and symbols of words which are subject to the authority of thy book. Such signs as burst forth, and sound from the mouth as if it were flying under the firmament, interpreting, expounding, discoursing, disputing, blessing, invoking thee, so that the people may answer, amen. The reason that all these words have to be pronounced vocally is because of the abyss of this world, and the blindness of our flesh in which thoughts cannot be seen directly, but have to be spoken aloud in our ears. Thus, although the flying fowl are multiplied on the earth, they still take their origins from the waters. The spiritual man also judges by approving what is right, and reproving what he finds amiss in the works and morals of the faithful, such as in their almsgiving, which is signified by the phrase, the earth bringing forth its fruit. And he judges of the living soul which is then made to live by the disciplining of her affections in chastity, in fasting, in holy meditation. And he also judges concerning all those things which are perceived by the bodily senses. For it can be said that he should judge in all matters about which he also has the power of correction. CHAPTER XXIV But what is this? What kind of mystery is this? Behold, O Lord, Thou dost bless men in order that they may be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth. In this art thou not making a sign to us that we may understand something allegorically? Why didst thou not also bless the light which thou callest the day, nor the firmament of heaven, nor the lights, nor the stars, nor the earth, nor the sea? I might reply, O our God, that thou in creating us after thy own image, I might reply that thou didst will to bestow this gift of blessing upon man alone. If thou hadst not similarly blessed the fishes and the whales, so that they too should be fruitful and multiply and replenish the waters of the sea, and also the fowls so that they should be multiplied on the earth. In like fashion I might say that this blessing properly belonged only to such creatures as are propagated from their own kind, if I could find it given also as a blessing to trees and plants and the beasts of the earth. But this increase and multiply was not said to plants or trees or beasts or serpents, although all of these, along with fishes and birds and men, do actually increase by propagation and so preserve their species. What then shall I say, O truth, O my life, that it was idly and vainly said? Surely not this, O father of piety, far be it from a servant of thy word to say anything like this. But if I do not understand what thou meanest by that phrase, let those who are better than I, that is, let those more intelligent than I, interpret it better, in the degree that thou hast given each of us the ability to understand. But let also my confession be pleasing in thy eyes, for I confess to thee that I believe, O Lord, that thou hast not spoken thus in vain. Nor will I be silent as to what my reading has suggested to me, for it is valid, and I do not see anything to prevent me from thus interpreting the figurative sayings in thy books. For I know that a thing that is understood in only one way in the mind may be expressed in many different ways by the body, and I know that a thing that has only one manner of expression through the body may be understood in the mind in many different ways. For consider this single example, the love of God and of our neighbor, by how many different mysteries and countless languages, and in each language by how many different ways of speaking this is signified corporeally. In similar fashion the young fish in the waters increase and multiply. On the other hand, whoever you are who reads this, observe and behold what Scripture declares and how the voice pronounces it in only one way. In the beginning God created heaven and earth. Is this not understood in many different ways by different kinds of true interpretations which do not involve the deceit of error? Thus the offspring of men are fruitful and do multiply. If then we consider the nature of things in their strict literal sense, and not allegorically, the phrase be fruitful and multiply applies to all things that are begotten by seed. But if we treat these words figuratively, as I judge that the Scripture intended them to be, since it cannot be for nothing that this blessing is attributed only to the offspring of marine life and man, then we discover that the characteristic of fecundity belongs also to the spiritual and physical creations which are signified by heaven and earth, and also in righteous and unrighteous souls which are signified by light and darkness, and in the sacred writers through whom the law is uttered, who are signified by the firmament established between the waters and the waters, and in the earthly commonwealth still steeped in their bitterness which is signified by the sea, and in the zeal of holy souls signified by the dry land, and the works of mercy done in this present life, signified by the seed-bearing herbs and fruit-bearing trees, and in spiritual gifts which shine out for our edification, signified by the lights of heaven, and to human affections ruled by temperance, signified by the living soul. In all these instances we meet with multiplicity and fertility and increase, but the particular way in which be fruitful and multiply can be exemplified differs widely. Thus a single category may include many things, and we cannot discover them except through their signs displayed corporeally and by the things being exogitated by the mind. We thus interpret the phrase the generation of the waters as referring to the corporeally expressed signs of fecundity since they are made necessary by the degree of our involvement in the flesh. But the power of human generation refers to the process of mental conception, this we see in the fruitfulness of reason. Therefore we believe that to both of these two kinds it has been said by thee, O Lord, be fruitful and multiply. In this blessing I recognize that thou hast granted us the faculty and power not only to express what we understand by a single idea in many different ways, but also to understand in many ways what we find expressed obscurely in a single statement. Thus the waters of the sea are replenished and their waves are symbols of diverse meanings, and thus also the earth is also replenished with human offspring. Its dryness is the symbol of its thirst for truth and of the fact that reason rules over it. Chapter 25 I also desire to say, O my Lord God, what the following scripture suggests to me. Indeed I will speak without fear, for I will speak the truth as thou inspired me to know what thou dost will that I should say concerning these words. For I do not believe I can speak the truth by any other inspiration than thine since thou art the truth and every man a liar. Hence he that speaks a lie speaks out of himself. Therefore if I am to speak the truth I must speak of thy truth. Behold, thou hast given us for our food every seed-bearing herb on the face of the earth, and all trees that bear in themselves seed of their own kind, and not to us only, but to all the fowls of the air and the beasts of the field and all creeping things. Still, thou hast not given these things to the fishes and great whales. We have said that by these fruits of the earth the works of mercy were signified and figured forth in an allegory. Thus from the fruitful earth things are provided for the necessities of life. Such an earth was the godly Onesiferous, to whose house thou gave us to mercy because he often refreshed Paul and was not ashamed of his bonds. This was also the way of the brethren from Macedonia who bore such fruit and supplied to him what he lacked. But notice how he grieves for certain trees which did not give him the fruit that was due, when he said, At my first answer no man stood with me, but all men forsook me. I pray God that it be not laid up to their charge. For we owe fruits to those who minister spiritual doctrine to us through their understanding of the divine mysteries. We owe these to them as men. We owe these fruits also to the living souls since they offer themselves as examples for us in their own continents. And finally we owe them likewise to the flying creatures because of their blessings which are multiplied on the earth for their sound has gone forth into all the earth. Chapter 26 Those who find their joy in it are fed by these fruits, but those whose God is their belly find no joy in them. For in those who offer these fruits it is not the fruit itself that matters but the spirit in which they give them. Therefore he who serves God and not his own belly may rejoice in them, and I plainly see why. I see it and I rejoice with him greatly. For he, Paul, had received from the Philippians the things they had sent by Epaphroditus. Yet I see why he rejoiced. He was fed by what he found his joy in. For speaking truly he says, I rejoice in the Lord greatly, that now at the last your care of me has flourished again, in which you were once so careful, but it had become a weariness to you. These Philippians, in their extended period of weariness in well-doing, had become weak and were so to say dried up. They were no longer bringing forth the fruits of good works. And now Paul rejoices in them, and not just for himself alone, because they were flourishing again in ministering to his needs. Therefore he adds, I do not speak in respect of my want, for I have learned in whatsoever state I am there with to be content. I know both how to be abased and how to abound. Everywhere and in all things I am instructed both to be full and to be hungry, both to abound and to suffer need. I can do all things through Christ who strengthened me. Where do you find joy in all things, O great Paul? What is the cause of your joy? On what do you feed, O man, renewed now in the knowledge of God after the image of him who created you, O living soul of such great continents? O tongue tied like a winged bird, speaking mysteries. What food is owed such creatures? What is it that feeds you? It is joy. For here what follows? Nevertheless you have done well in that you have shared with me in my affliction. This is what he finds his joy in. This is what he feeds on. They have done well not merely because his need has been relieved, for he says to them, you have opened my heart when I was in distress. But because he knew both how to abound and how to suffer need, in thee who didst strengthen him. And so he said, you Philippians, know also that in the beginning of the Gospel when I departed from Macedonia no church shared with me in regard to giving and receiving, except you only. For even in Thessalonica you sent time and time again according to my need. He now finds his joy in the fact that they have returned once again to these good works, and he is made glad that they are flourishing again as a fruitful field when it recovers its fertility. Was it on account of his own needs alone that he said, you have sent me gifts according to my needs? Does he find joy in that? Certainly not for that alone. But how do we know this? We know it because he himself adds, not because I desire a gift, but because I desire fruit. Now I have learned from thee, oh my God, how to distinguish between the terms gift and fruit. A gift is the thing itself, given by one who bestows life's necessities on another, such as money, food, drink, clothing, shelter, and aid. But the fruit is the good and right will of the giver. For the good teacher not only said, he that receives a profit, but he added, in the name of a prophet. And he did not say only, he who receives a righteous man, but added, in the name of a righteous man. Thus surely the former shall receive the reward of a prophet, the latter that of a righteous man. Nor did he say only, whoever shall give a cup of cold water to one of these little ones to drink, but added, in the name of a disciple, and concluded, truly I tell you he shall not lose his reward. The gift involves receiving a prophet, receiving a righteous man, handing a cup of cold water to a disciple. But the fruit is to do all this in the name of a prophet, in the name of a righteous man, in the name of a disciple. Elijah was fed by the widow with fruit, for she knew that she was feeding a man of God, and this is why she fed him. But he was fed by the raven with a gift. The inner man of Elijah was not fed by this gift, but only the outer man, which otherwise might have perished from the lack of such food. Therefore I will speak before thee, O Lord, what is true in order that the uninstructed and the infidels, who require the mysteries of initiation and great works of miracles, which we believe are signified by the phrase fishes and great whales, may be helped in being gained for the church when they endeavor to provide that thy servants are refreshed in body or otherwise aided in this present life. For they do not really know why this should be done, and to what end. Thus the former do not feed the latter, and the latter do not feed the former. For neither do the former offer their gifts through a holy and right intent, nor do the others rejoice in the gifts of those who do not as yet see the fruit. For it is on the fruit that the mind is fed, and by which it is gladdened. And therefore fishes and whales are not fed on such food as the earth alone brings forth, when they have been separated and divided from the bitterness of the waters of the sea. Chapter twenty-eight. And thou, O God, didst see everything that thou hadst made, and behold it was very good. We also see the whole creation, and behold it is all very good. In each separate kind of thy work, when thou didst say, let them be made, and they were made, thou didst see that it was good. I have counted seven times where it is written that thou didst see what thou hadst made was good. And there is the eighth time when thou didst see all things that thou hadst made, and behold they were not only good, but also very good. For they were now seen as a totality. Individually they were only good, but taken as a totality they were both good and very good. Beautiful bodies express this truth. For a body which consists of several parts, each of which is beautiful, is itself far more beautiful than any of its individual parts separately. By whose well-ordered union the whole is completed, even though these parts are separately beautiful? Chapter 29 And I looked attentively to find whether it was seven or eight times that thou didst see thy works were good when they were pleasing to thee. But I found that there was no time in thy seeing which would help me to understand in what sense thou hadst looked so many times at what thou hadst made. And I said, O Lord, is not this thy scripture true, since thou art true, and thy truth doth set it forth? Why then dost thou say to me that in thy seeing there are no times, while this scripture tells me that what thou madest each day thou didst see to be good? And when I counted them I found how many times. To these things thou didst reply to me, for thou art my God, and thou dost speak to thy servant with a strong voice in his inner ear, my deafness, and crying, O man, what my scripture says, I say. But it speaks in terms of time, whereas time does not affect my word, my word which exists co-eternally with myself. Thus the things you see through my spirit I see, just as what you say through my spirit I say. But while you see those things in time I do not see them in time. And when you speak those things in time I do not speak them in time. End of book 13 chapters 21 through 29 chapters 30 through 38 of confessions this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org recording by Jeanne confessions by Saint Augustine translated by Albert C. Outler book 13 chapters 30 through 38 chapter 30 and I heard this O Lord my God and drank up a drop of sweetness from thy truth and understood that there are some men to whom thy works are displeasing who say that many of them thou didst make under the compulsion of necessity such as the pattern of the heavens and the courses of the stars and that thou didst not make them out of what was thine but that they were already created elsewhere and from other sources it was thus they say that thou didst collect and fashion and weave them together as if from thy conquered enemies thou didst raise up the walls of the universe so that built into the ramparts of the building they might not be able a second time to rebel against thee and even of other things they say that thou didst neither make them nor arrange them for example all flesh and all the very small living creatures and all things fastened to the earth by their roots but they say a hostile mind and an alien nature not created by thee and in every way contrary to thee begot and framed all these things in the nether parts of the world they who speak thus are mad since they do not see thy works through thy spirit nor recognize thee in them chapter 31 but for those who see these things through thy spirit it is thou who seeest them in them when therefore they see that these things are good it is thou who seeest that they are good and whatsoever things are pleasing because of thee it is thou who dost give us pleasure in those things those things which please us through thy spirit are pleasing to thee in us for what man knows the things of a man except the spirit of a man which is in him even so no man knows the things of god but the spirit of god now we have not received the spirit of the world but the spirit of god that we might know the things that are freely given to us from god and i am admonished to say yes truly no man knows the things of god but the spirit of god but how then do we also know what things are given us by god the answer is given me because we know these things by his spirit for no one knows but the spirit of god but just as it is truly said to those who were to speak through the spirit of god it is not you who speak so it is also truly said to them who know through the spirit of god it is not you yourselves who know and just as rightly it may be said to those who perceive through the spirit of god that a thing is good it is not they who see but god who seeeth that it is good it is therefore one thing to think like the men who judge something to be bad when it is good as do those whom we have already mentioned it is quite another thing that a man should see as good what is good as is the case with many whom thy creation pleases because it is good yet what pleases them in it is not thee and so they would prefer to find their joy in thy creatures rather than to find their joy in thee it is still another thing that when a man sees a thing to be good god should see in him that it is good that truly he may be loved in what he hath made he who cannot be loved except through the holy spirit which he hath given us because the love of god is shed abroad in our hearts by the holy spirit who is given to us it is by him that we see whatever we see to be good in any degree since it is from him who doth not exist in any particular degree but who simply is what he is chapter 32 thanks be to thee oh lord we see the heaven and the earth either the corporeal part higher and lower or the spiritual and physical creation and we see the light made and divided from the darkness for the adornment of these parts from which the universal mass of the world or the universal creation is constituted we see the firmament of heaven either the original body of the world between the spiritual or higher waters and the corporeal or lower waters or the expansive air which is also called heaven through which the fowls of heaven wander between the waters which move in clouds above them and which drop down in dew on clear nights and those waters which are heavy and flow along the earth we see the waters gathered together in the vast plains of the sea and the dry land first bare and then formed so as to be visible and well ordered and the soil of herbs and trees we see the light shining from above the sun to serve the day the moon and the stars to give cheer in the night and we see by all these that the intervals of time are marked and noted we see on every side the watery elements fruitful with fishes beasts and birds and we notice that the density of the atmosphere which supports the flights of birds is increased by the evaporation of the waters we see the face of the earth replete with earthly creatures and man created in thy image and likeness in the very image and likeness of thee that is having the power of reason and understanding by virtue of which he has been set over all irrational creatures and just as there is in his soul one element which controls by its power of reflection and another which has been made subject so that it should obey so also physically the woman was made for the man for although she has a like nature of rational intelligence in the mind still in the sex of her body she should be similarly subject to the sex of her husband as the appetite of action is subjected to the deliberation of the mind in order to conceive the rules of right action these things we see and each of them is good and the whole is very good chapter 33 let thy works praise thee that we may love thee and let us love thee that thy works may praise thee those works which have a beginning and an end in time a rising and a setting a growth and a decay a form and a privation thus they have their successions of morning and evening partly hidden partly plain for they were made from nothing by thee and not from thyself and not from any matter that is not thine or that was created beforehand they were created from concreated matter that is matter that was created by thee at the same time that thou didst form its formlessness without any interval of time yet since the matter of heaven and earth is one thing and the form of heaven and earth is another thing thou didst create matter out of absolutely nothing but the form of the world thou didst form from formless matter but both were done at the same time so that form followed matter with no delaying interval chapter 34 we have also explored the question of what thou didst desire to figure forth both in the creation and in the description of things in this particular order and we have seen that things taken separately are good and all things taken together are very good both in heaven and earth and we have seen that this was wrought through thy word thy only son the head and the body of the church and it signifies thy predestination before all times without mourning and evening but when in time thou didst begin to unfold the things destined before time so that thou mightest make hidden things manifest and mightest reorder our disorders since our sins were over us and we had sunk into profound darkness away from thee and thy good spirit was moving over us to help us in due season thou didst justify the ungodly and also didst divide them from the wicked and thou madest the authority of thy book a firmament between those above who would be amenable to thee and those beneath who would be subject to them and thou didst gather the society of unbelievers into a conspiracy in order that the zeal of the faithful might become manifest and that they might bring forth works of mercy unto thee giving their earthly riches to the poor to obtain heavenly riches then thou didst kindle the lights in the firmament which are thy holy ones who have the word of life and who shine with an exalted authority warranted to them by their spiritual gifts and then for the instruction of the unbelieving nations thou didst out of physical matter produce the mysteries and the visible miracles and the sounds of words in harmony with the firmament of thy book through which the faithful should be blessed after this thou didst form the living soul of the faithful through the ordering of their passions by the strength of continents and then thou didst renew after thy image and likeness the mind which is faithful to thee alone which needs to imitate no human authority thus thou didst subordinate rational action to the higher excellence of intelligence as the woman is subordinate to the man finally in all thy ministries which were needed to perfect the faithful in this life thou didst will that these same faithful ones should themselves bring forth good things profitable for their temporal use and fruitful for the life to come we see all these things and they are very good because thou seeest them thus in us thou who has given us thy spirit by which we may see them so and love thee in them chapter 35 oh lord grant us thy peace for thou has given us all things grant us the peace of quietness the peace of the Sabbath the peace without an evening all this most beautiful array of things all so very good will pass away when all their courses are finished for in them there is both morning and evening chapter 36 but the seventh day is without an evening and it has no setting for thou hast sanctified it with an everlasting duration after all thy works of creation which were very good thou didst rest on the seventh day although thou hadst created them all in unbroken rest and this so that the voice of thy book might speak to us with the prior assurance that after our works and they also are very good because thou hast given them to us we may find our rest in thee in the Sabbath of life eternal chapter 37 for then also thou shalt so rest in us as now thou workest in us and thus that will be thy rest through us as these are thy works through us but thou oh lord workest evermore and art always at rest thou seest not in time thou movest not in time thou restest not in time and yet thou makest all those things which are seen in time indeed the very times themselves and everything that proceeds in and from time chapter 38 we can see all those things which thou hast made because they are but they are because thou seest them and we see with our eyes that they are and we see with our minds that they are good but thou sorest them as made when thou sorest that they would be made and now in this present time we have been moved to do well now that our heart has been quickened by thy spirit but in the former time having forsaken thee we were moved to do evil but thou oh the one good god hast never ceased to do good and we have accomplished certain good works by thy good gifts and even though they are not eternal still we hope after these things here to find our rest in thy great sanctification but thou art the good and needest no rest and art always at rest because thou thyself art thy own rest what man will teach men to understand this and what angel will teach the angels or what angels will teach men we must ask it of thee we must seek it in thee we must knock for it at thy door only thus shall we receive only thus shall we find only thus shall thy door be opened end of book 13 chapters 30 through 38 and end of confessions by saint augustin


History of money, the history of money concerns the development of social systems that provide at least one of the functions of money. Such systems can be understood as means of trading wealth indirectly, not directly as with barter. Money is a mechanism that facilitates this process. Money may take a physical form as in coins and notes, or may exist as written or electronic account. It may have intrinsic value. Commodity money be legally exchangeable for something with intrinsic value. Good money are only have nominal value for at money.


Anyone who makes an account on the NRA forums just to start a flay more about homicide statistics is clearly a gun control So this week, I'm going to the New York Comic Con Thankfully, I don't have to worry about the Westboro Baptist Church showing up and protesting for some inexplicable reason because that's more of a San Diego thing But going to Comic Con does have me thinking a little bit about trolling in general and how it relates to geeks I'm going to define what I mean by trolling and if you're curious about what I mean by geeks I made a whole video about that so go ahead and click if you're curious the definition of trolling is Perhaps appropriately a topic that's frequently used for trolling What counts or doesn't count as a troll post is highly subjective But there are some aspects of those posts that are fairly universally recognized trolls are by almost all accounts Individuals who disrupt normal discourse with statements, which are by nature Inflammatory the success of a troll post is determined by the scale and vehemence of the response to those statements The more violent and disruptive the reaction the better Big air quotes around better colloquially There's been a growing usage of the term trolling to describe any action which results in an upset audience Including hate speech bullying death threats or pranks or even earnest criticism that just makes people angry now I very much believe in the flexibility of language and I think that a word's definition should match its usage But personally in order to call something trolling instead of just abuse or a prank Which we have words for already it must seem by all appearances to be innocuous and genuine While secretly being engineered to upset people so Rick rolling while it is engineered to be a prank not trolling Threatening someone harassing them or calling them names while it might make them upset and get a reaction is abuse Not trolling Innocently asking whether an airplane on a treadmill would take off on a high school physics forum trolling even with that rigid of a definition what counts is seemingly innocuous is still highly subjective But it certainly isn't what most people would call trolling trolling in the original sense of the word is more than anything else subtle capable of causing flame wars of incredible magnitude without any indication that anything is amiss Needless to say by almost any definition Most people don't like trolls because they lower the quality of discourse on the internet for their own amusement for that reason an Onus has been placed on reasonable posters everywhere not to respond to obviously inflammatory posts because Attention only makes the problem worse rule number 14 of the internet is don't feed the trolls But there's still the general attitude of smirking acceptance like what are you gonna do? There are even some who will go so far as to defend trolling as a form of poetic justice Saying that it's not just a pastime for board sadists, but a just punishment for weakness of character After all the highest priority troll targets are those who absolutely need everyone else to share their point of view People who are so enraged by any disagreement that they get to the point of unwarranted verbal abuse However, trolling doesn't stop those people from being annoying and it certainly doesn't teach them tolerance If anything, it's making them worse an impressive number of psychological studies on anger and catharsis links in the description All indicate that the more time that somebody spends in angry states of mind Whether they're punching a pillow or typing furiously at a troll on the internet The more prone they are to anger and acts of aggression like verbal abuse It's true that expressing anger and other intense emotions in Constructive ways has a definite psychological benefit But the more that someone is inspired to rant angrily on the internet The more likely it is that they'll become an even bigger jerk online and in real life That would suggest that trolling isn't just ruining a forum for a little while It's actually training people to be irate easily offended curmudgins It's making the world a less tolerant place than it already is So that's great. There's something in particular about the nature of trolling that really gets to me It necessarily targets people who really care a lot about something Like geeks. To get the sort of flame war that trolls are looking for They need to find a topic that is something that people disagree about sure But also something that people care deeply about so that if they succeed the troll can just chuckle to themselves about how Everybody's getting worked up about something that doesn't really matter But here's the thing that topic is clearly important to the trolled and that might be something to be admired or even protected In an era of cynicism and hipsters There's definitely a current of opinion that whatever that thing you're into is you probably shouldn't be so into it as we've discussed Meaning doesn't really exist outside of people's heads a person who doesn't really care about anything doesn't have to make any Assertions or build anything They can happily sit on the sidelines and make fun of the people who are actually playing the game And it is just a game. It's absurdly easy to say that somebody is stupid for caring about something that you don't It takes almost zero mental energy to say that their favorite anime is poorly written or that their favorite team sucks Or that their heroes are flawed and in so doing make them really upset But the only way to care about anything at all whether it's Sherlock or freedom of speech or space travel Or the future of discourse on the internet is to stand in opposition to that urge and say it might be done But it's still okay to care about it in that sense I think that trolls might represent the antithesis of what it is to be a geek a sort of smirking criticism of unironic enthusiasm about a fandom or anything a sort of Personification of the idea that you shouldn't care so much some geeks might be trolls But it seems to me that the act of trolling itself is fundamentally Anti-geek, which is pretty weird considering where the term trolling comes from I mean use net might have more people on it now than it did in the 80s But it's still pretty much for geeks. Do you think that the term trolling is overused? Do you think that trolling as I described it is inherently corrosive to geek them? Please Carefully leave a comment below and let me know what you think. Thank you very much for watching Don't forget to blah blah subscribe, blah share, and I'll see you next week


The Zimbabwe economy is an economy that faces a number of challenges but also has plenty of potential and opportunities. The simple fundamental issue is we are trying to get local Zimbabwe suppliers to also have access to supply to the supermarkets because they are a key player in the value chain. So if you then get local producers their capacity being improved and I think the supermarkets they better understand the consumer needs, consumer requirements which they can communicate to the local suppliers in terms of their requirements and also facilitate the producers to meet those requirements which then can enable the supermarkets to generate their profits as usual but it also facilitates growth of the local industries in Zimbabwe. There is that paradox where you have capacity in country to be able to supply the local products but these local products are not also having access to market because of the procurement systems that are adopted by the foreign supermarkets and I think that's an area that needs to be addressed. I think key messages for policy is also to facilitate help the supermarkets and also other partners not necessarily supermarkets even development partners to facilitate capacity development of local suppliers so that they can be able to meet the requirements and that will then facilitate and enhance local industrialization but it also facilitate industrialization within the region. There are areas where most of the companies in the country have suffered for a long time due to under investment. So these companies for them to meet the standards and quality there is need for retailing so there is need for fresh capital into the companies to try and ensure that they retail, they adopt appropriate technologies that can enable them to compete and also ensuring that the business operating environment is one that is viable that ensures competitiveness. We need government to be able to create an environment that's conducive for competition that conducive for development of these suppliers to produce competitively. So what needs to be done is to ensure that the business operating environment is viable and conducive. The end goal is then for the supermarkets to be able to procure at best advantage where they can procure from competitive suppliers who are supplying competitively priced commodities and quality commodities which will also then ensure that incomes are enhanced and the local industry also develops.


To Mr. Orget Geblevich, please. Dear Commissioner Lenarchić, Welcome on behalf of the EPP group and thank you for being with us today and for your special attention to all regional and local politicians across the EU that we have the privilege to represent in the COR. Let me start by expressing our deepest sympathy with European citizens personally affected by the COVID-19. Over the past months we have been local and regional authorities at the forefront to fight with the spread of pandemic, taking concrete actions on the ground and mobilizing all our resources to offer solutions to our citizens' needs. We need to pay special tribute to them and to all workers in healthcare, agriculture, retail, transport, education sectors providing for essential goods and services in these difficult times. We want to also prize the extraordinary sense of civic responsibility and solidarity of European citizens in the COVID-19 pandemic following the measures introduced by the authorities helping each other and safeguarding their local communities. Dear Commissioner, European citizens are facing today the most dramatic health, economic and social crisis in generations. They express through us the regional and local representatives their concerns and expectations for the highest level of protection and preparedness in the handling of health emergencies. They expect from us to urgently implement effective measures at all levels of governance which must be based on the right conclusions from the impact of the pandemic. The first and foremost we have to modernize our health systems and invest in the pharmaceutical sector to be better prepared to cope with the health emergencies. Second, the COVID-19 crisis revealed vulnerability of European value and supply chains. That's why we need to reduce our dependency on third countries and strengthen our European industrial base. Third, we have to step the economic recovery app in order to keep up business alive, maintain and create jobs as well as to deliver services to our citizens. It's crucial to mobilize all existing found, also EU founds and make them directly and easily accessible for regional and local authorities to address this crisis. In this regard, we have welcomed the commission's set of actions at the outbreak of the pandemic. Commissioner Lenarchic, over the last few months we have been debating how to tackle the devastating effects of this pandemic in medium and long term. As a response, end of May, the European Commission proposed recovery plan together with revised MFF. Both solutions reflected the request you are and of regional and local authorities for resilient, greener and digital EU closer to its citizens and more responsive towards local and regional leaders. We believe this can be benefit all local and regional communities across Europe, because both proposals are based on the three of EU fundamental values, solidarity, responsibility and subsidiarity. Of course, we need to still analyze in detail the commission's proposal from our regional and local angle. However, we can already say the recovery plan is ambitious and forward looking. We can also say the next generation plans will be success if discussed, agreed and delivered with the regions, cities, towns and villages. Regional and local authorities must be placed at the heart of the EU recovery. With the new health program, the reinforced European Civil Protection Mechanism and programs for research and innovations we would have more instruments to raise future crisis. Also programs supporting member states and regions to recover kickstarting the economy and helping private investments are very much welcomed. And last sentence, we hope that member states will avoid delays and researching a timely agreement on the commission's proposal. To protect people and restart economy. Thank you very much.


CNA, CMA, RT, EMT, RN, PT, OT, DC, Scribe, Paramedic, MD from a foreign country. What's the best patient care experience for PA school? This might be right, either you feel it or you don't might give it a try, yeah. Care experience and is it different from health care experience? Patient care experience is where you are directly responsible for patient care. This is hands-on experience and it's usually paid experience. Health care experience is anytime you're working in the health care field and you're getting any kind of knowledge and experience with patients, but you are not directly responsible for patient care. Both of these are good, but when PA schools say you need a minimum number of hours to apply, they're talking about patient care experience or PCE. Now this is very school specific, but some health care experience that's not patient care experience may be counted on a percentage basis. For instance, I had about 2,000 hours of research experience and the school that I'm currently attending gave me 50% for it, so my 2,000 hours of research experience counted as the equivalent of 1,000 hours of patient care experience. But again, very school specific, you'll have to research your specific schools that you're applying to to make sure something like this can apply to you. Patient care experience or PCE is either required or strongly recommended for every American PA program. Some schools, like Bay Path University, only require 500 hours of patient care experience, whereas other programs, like MedEx Northwest, require 2,000 hours of patient care experience. And if you look on their website, they say these are the minimums, but the most competitive applicants usually have much more than this. Schools also differ in whether they want this experience to be paid or unpaid, so for instance, Bay Path does not specify and MedEx says that they want their experience to be paid. So, since you need patient care experience in order to apply to PA school, what's the best PCE for you? Here are some things to help you decide. Some experiences take longer to get trained for and licensed for before you can even start getting hours. For example, here is a CNA course that only takes 31 days to complete and then you can start working as a CNA, but it takes about 3 months to be certified as an EMT and 2 years to be certified as a paramedic. So it really depends on what your timeline is, how quickly you want to start getting patient care experience hours, and how important it is to you, what kind of job you do to get those hours. Another thing to consider is that jobs are inherently different in the environments in which they work. So, if you're most comfortable and thrive in a fast-paced, exciting environment like the ER, then maybe scribing or working as an ER tech would be the best way for you to get your PCE. If you really love taking care of seniors, then CNA is a great way to get patient care experience, and you can get started pretty quickly and nursing homes are always hiring. Are you fascinated by surgery and do you thrive in an organized, systematic kind of environment? Maybe a surgical tech would be the best way for you to get your PCE. Every experience teaches you different skills. For instance, ER scribing allowed me to see patients from all walks of life and introduced me to a huge variety of disease state and also made me very comfortable with medical terminology. Then, as a medical assistant, I was able to apply that knowledge and actually get hands-on experience with patients and practice taking a history, taking vitals, talking to patients, which I think was extremely important for me to learn before actually going to PA school. One thing to keep in mind is that scribing is not exactly hands-on patient care experience. You're not directly interacting with patients. Even though you learn a lot and you see a lot, you're not hands-on with the patient. So some schools consider scribing to be patient care experience and some schools really like scribes. Some schools, however, do not count scribing to be patient care experience and they count it to be health care experience.  So what if you already have a medical career, like you're an RT, a respiratory therapist, or a PT, a physical therapist, and you're thinking about switching careers to go be a PA? Depending on how long you've been practicing, you probably have thousands and thousands of patient contact hours, which will definitely set you apart from a lot of the applicants. And your experience will be tremendously helpful to your classmates in PA school. For instance, in my class, we have a respiratory therapist and his experience was definitely very helpful when we were learning about ABGs and generally studying the respiratory system. So if you have one of these careers and you're thinking of making the switch to PA school, just get whatever pre-rex you need, take the GRE if you need it, and go ahead and apply to PA school. In my class, just about every kind of PCE is represented and no one experience is better than the others. We actually work as a team and draw from everyone's experience and knowledge to fill in our own knowledge gaps and to solve problems. So I know this was in the disclaimer at the beginning of the video, but I have to repeat that I am not a PA school admissions professional and everything I'm telling you is based on my experience as a PA student and a PA school applicant and my own personal research and conversations with admissions staff. So I have to remind you that every PA school is different and I urge you to do your own research. My goal is to help give you some ideas, not to make a comprehensive guide to getting PCE for every single school. With that being said, if you got any value out of this video, please like it, subscribe to my channel, share the video with anyone you think can get some value out of it, and if you'd like to get my help personally, just shoot me an email. And I'll see you in the next one.