Yeah, so welcome you all to the school and dynamics geometry and integral systems I'm the head of the math section at ICTP and my name is Fernando Rodrigo Villegas I started as a head this January and been here only a couple years Not quite two yet So I thought I'll just say a few words about ICTP for those who are Never been here or maybe those who've been here as well The stuff in the section mathematics at the moment, this is only four of us that we could You see here and So my main point in this Introduction is a plea for your help As you may know ICTP was founded 1964 by Abdul Salam So this year it marks the 50th anniversary Which will celebrate in October with a big big party It's a tripartite is run at the moment by a tripartite agreement between the government of Italy UNESCO and the International Agency Atomic energy 85% of the budget for ICTP comes from the Italian government So the help we need is really To to continue doing what we do in the best way we can In 50 years the ICTP has been associated to a lot of people some of you have been here they've been coming often for a long time and well we We do many different things to help science in the developing world and Often what I find is the most difficult thing is to actually reach the people that could most benefit for From the things that we do and that's where You can come in So let me just quickly run through a few of the things that ICTP does in particular Associated to the To the mathematics section so starting from From the Bottom so to speak the Lowest level that we are directly involved with in in scientific level is the program of the diploma program Which you can find here postgraduate program and this Brings in ten about ten students every year In mathematics and in ten in other sections of physics So it's about a total of 40 every year and they come from the From developing countries and the stood in a fairly strict sense So it gives the opportunity for people who don't have it in their own home countries to Reach a level Ideally that after a year they're prepared to start a PhD program and in in a good research program And so people come from many different parts of the world and here it is Crucial that this program is known in and in a swipe Way as possible and for this We we would be grateful if you Could help us identify people that can come so it roughly works as a first year Graduate student graduate school in a PhD program so the courses are very intense at the level of roughly the last year of undergraduate or graduate school say in the United States and There's a very rigorous program Which the students Go through I mean they they work very hard and many of them indeed go on to do a PhD from here somewhere else I Be happy to talk more about this any of these things with any of you individually as we go up We have a program of postdocs and I can come back and as well as visitors in The in visitors to the math section in particular you can see here our Current postdocs as well as some long-term visitors and short-term visitors visitors typically will come for up to say three months and Work here with either someone in the section or perhaps a group of visitors could come together Various combinations I should say that Forgot to mention that starting from two or three years ago two of those who come for the diploma program have the option to We take two of those who would like to stay on and do a PhD here in Tresde they could either do a So it's a joint program with CISA the other mathematical Institute here in in Tresde and They could either work with someone at ICTP Or work with someone in CISA But this is a joint program So they actually get a PhD degree from CISA ICTP Given the nature of this institution cannot grant a degree but CISA of course can is a Teaching institution as well as a research one so Next up another very important Program that ICTP runs is the program of associates which At the moment is also partially funded by the Simons Foundation And this is possibly is one of the oldest programs and possibly one of the most useful for people in the developing world Gives them the chance to come Visit ICTP in mostly get away from their duties back home and have a Quiet time to do the work. So either they can work on their own It's a fairly free Program or they can come at the time where there is a school like this one and take advantage of Coming and attending something happening here or possibly collaborating with somebody here And there's a junior and senior and regular and so on. There's a various flavors of this And this again is something that is I think important to reach everybody that would benefit for such a program and made them aware of the existence of this and Encourage them to apply I find that this is Extremely useful for people that may live far away from from strong research Centers and this keeps them is a way to keep in touch and Also a way to focus on your research exclusively Salam it was a Pakistani researcher who Felt very strongly that he had a hard time going back to Pakistan and continue his his his work once he graduated And one of his his vision was to a program of this sort of associates that allowed people to continue to be in touch with with research internationally and so this is a program that that we value very much at ICTP within that I Don't know how much of this legalese will Will you you'll care about but there is within that a system where actually individual institutions can have an agreement that ICTP this call this federation scheme that also goes back to Salam and It's a sort of a shared scheme where the local institution pays for example the the travel and ICTP pays the lodging and So that's another thing that if you think your institution could benefit from army such an agreement You can try to talk to the head of the Institute and suggest a possible scheme of this sort Basically, there are many many different aspects of how ICTP does what it does and One thing that I found most remarkable about coming here is the flexibility Once the the goal has been set up that the goal of ICTPs to help science is the developing world basically anything goes And so if you actually have ideas of something completely different that is here please feel free to talk to any one of us and I'm sure we can find a way to to Implement it or it may just be that it's in somewhere in this website, but you haven't found it Because there's just way too many things for example There is a there's a step program for doing a joints PhD For those that are in experimental science is the trail program that ICTP pays to to have People work at Italian laboratories and so on. This is way Many different sorts of ways that I should be does Try to fulfill its goal and finally the last thing is of course the activities like the one you're currently sitting on These activities are planned way in advance We just finished the a month ago the selection for 2015 The deadline for application activities is February of the year before so That's something you may want to also consider for 2016 17 If you think of an activity that you would like to host You have to have here. This is something you can consider applying for it It would be a matter of sort of setting Your goals contacting some of us to perhaps help with the formulating the Given it shape and then I go through the application process So this is more or less all I had to say I'm sorry that the the weather gods In Italy seem to be somewhat distracted with the World Cup Last week it was in the 30s and everybody was on the beach from here to Trieste, but not today Maybe better for mathematics. Okay. Thank you. Thank you very much It is a Good morning everybody It is my great pleasure to address you on behalf of the directors of organizers of This event. This is a fifth Meeting of geometry then dynamics and integrable systems. We call this a GDIS GDIS 2014 is the first time that we have together school and international conference going after that So first I would like to thank our hosts the ICTP The Mathematics section of ICTP professor Villegas the head of the section who addressed you just now the members of The section professor Lothar Goche who is a local organizer professor Luzato who also took Part in the organization and he will also deliver a lecture later So let me say a few few words about About this this conference is we started this about seven years ago as a modest attempt of our group Doing integrable systems geometry integral systems in Mathematical Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and then with a Big support of our colleagues and friends from Steklov Mathematical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences We started this in 2008 the first conference held in Belgrade then the second one 2010 again in Serbia then the third one When to to Lisbon has been organized by Mathematical Physics group of University of Lisbon the fourth one was Organized in Russia and now we especially pleased that we have such an honor to be hosted by such a prestigious international institution like ICTP is Personally, I'm always glad to be back in Trieste. I spent some lovely years as a former researcher of CISA and I also Participated in this he mentioned by Professor Villegas. I was a Associate of ICTP and I must admit that it was really Very nice opportunity to have this peaceful time for getting some things At this home institution and can focus here on science and so it's really something worth to to be involved in so Let me say if you few to few technical few technical words as you have already seen the program We are especially thankful to two distinguished lectures. We have Professor Marcelo Viana from Impa Rio de Janeiro Brazil and professor Sergei Tabaschenko from Penn State University Both of these places, you know are very famous for also not only for mathematics I mean Rio de Janeiro and Penn State, but also for football or different kinds of football Now of course this European version of football is is more popular and I must say that I Have to to bring to you the message from one of the organizers mrs. Kutumobilo who said that since we have this Destruction from from from the sea and from World Cup She will do her special efforts to check the presence especially in the afternoon So I have to ask all participants to take this into account So finally let me Let me Send you my Send the best regards from other organizers who are not present at the moment Professor Kozlov and Borisov from Russia who will who will come and Be active in the second week and professor Dubrovina who has been very active in selecting participants, but due to some Some commitments with his major project in Russia He's unable to take more active part in this in this event. Finally, I have to mention that with the pleasure that Of course, ICTP is the main sponsor of this event But there is another major sponsor This is National Sounds Foundation from the United States and we are of course very grateful to all To all sponsors and all people who helped in organization of this event. Finally, I must say I was really pleased to to pass through this list of participants and There is a 107 participants coming from 43 countries from all six Continents and I can read the country's Bulgaria Senegal Turkey Benin Macedonia Madagascar Afghanistan Indonesia Sweden Slovenia Pakistan Peru China Cameroon Vietnam Tunisia Austria Korea Georgia Armenia Island Poland Mexico Ukraine Sudan Guinea India Morocco Uzbekistan Argentina Iran Romania Togo Jordan Italy Portugal Australia France Brazil United States Germany and the organizers mostly come from Russia and Serbia so this impressive list of countries is impressive list of of People coming from North South East where this is something which became possible thanks to our host to ICTP and it's really a very important Mission for the development of science. So let's thank our hosts and let's greet our lecturers. Thank you very much as Final moment of this first first introduction. Let me say that today we have a special privilege and pleasure that at 430 there will be a special Lecture delivered by by professor Wierkowski. So instead of it's a So it's 430 in this room. We will have this special special lecture. There are some tutorials also announced and it depends on the Assessment of the lectures if they think they need these tutorials they will use them Otherwise, there is more time for discussions and individual work. So thank you very much


I'm Tom Wellock, the historian at the NRC. The role of the historian at the NRC is to communicate with the public about the history of nuclear regulation through articles, books, and video presentations. My motivation for writing this book stems from the fact that before I was an historian, I was an engineer. 23 years ago I left the nuclear industry and became an historian. I was away for a long time teaching history and when I came back to the NRC what struck me was how much people talked about risk. Risk-informed regulation, probabilistic risk assessment. It was really a change from the industry that I knew in the 1980s and I was curious about that topic. How the history of probabilistic risk assessment, understanding, and quantifying risk was important to regulation of nuclear power. The most challenging aspect of writing this book was the sources. The NRC has no end of historical evidence that I could go through. It took me about eight years to research and write the book. The best part about writing this book was how far back in time people have tried to quantify the risk of a nuclear reactor accident. It used to be that this story started with what was known as the Reactor Safety Study which was published in 1975, but my story reached all the way back to the late 1940s. How hard engineers tried to quantify risk and the ways in which they tried to do it. They looked at everything from basic technology to the way human beings interact and might make mistakes. It was interesting just how much effort and resources were poured into quantifying risk. I think readers will be most surprised to learn about the way risk assessment in the nuclear industry influenced other agencies and issues outside the United States. I look at risk assessment at NASA, the Environmental Protection Agency, and also the way they tried to ensure that reactors in the post-Soviet world were safe in Central and Eastern Europe as well as the former Soviet Union. I hope readers learn from this book just how difficult these topics were for engineers, for policy makers, and for the public to come to terms with. And I hope what they also learn is about this is a very controversial topic and I hope they develop a certain amount of empathy and understanding for positions that they might not agree with, whether it's in the nuclear industry among critics of nuclear power or the regulators who tried to come up with a solution to the question how safe is safe enough.


So, really, Charles Darwin is quite a famous young fella who pretty much came up with an explanation for how evolution can happen, how allele frequencies can change. What is a mechanism by which this can take place? Now, there was a lot of evidence at this point in history. There was a lot of evidence that indicated that there was stuff going on. And in fact, there were definitely conversations happening about, dude, why is it that there are fossils that we find buried in the dirt that are of critters that aren't here anymore? Where did they go? What happened to them? Why is it that we see these various forms of critters that are kind of familiar but a little bit different? There was a lot of evidence and a lot of conversation that there were evolutionary processes at work, but people really didn't have an idea for how it happened. So, oh boy, Darwin, he did all sorts of great adventures. And if you are interested in the process of science, like following his path to figuring out what he figured out, it's really pretty interesting. But let's talk about the observations that he made in his travels that ultimately led him to drawing the conclusions that we will talk about. So, he had several observations. And the first observation that he had is that populations of critters exhibit great variation. And this is probably something that is really intuitive to you. You're probably thinking, well, of course, they show great variation because, yeah, we see it all over the place. This is one population of ladybugs. They're all the same species, but look at these guys. I mean, we've got multiple spots. We've got dark, reddish. We've got no spots. We've got light. I mean, there's just a great deal of variation in this population, and they all can make babies with each other. And you can imagine that, you know, why and are there possibly advantages of this? Here's a population of froggies. Again, this is all the same species of frog collected from, I don't know where, probably they're all dead now. But they, like, look at that variation. Lots of different colors. That's the first thing that Darwin came up with. That was his first observation. Wow, these populations of critters have a lot of differences amongst them. Now take a second. Where do the differences come from? Why? Why are they different? Well, hopefully, from your previous experience in this course, hopefully you know, you can speculate on some sources of variation. Number one, meiosis dog pounds, sexual reproduction dog pounds, and then, ultimately, mutation dog pounds, mutating DNA, an oops, oh, gee, there was supposed to be a C there instead of a G in that sequence of DNA, and now I've coded for a different protein or no protein at all, and now I have a different phenotype than I started with. And random mutations absolutely happen, and lots of mutations don't matter. Like, who cares? There's no variation that results from them, but sometimes there is variation, and other times there's death. Like, there are some mutations, as we well know, where you aren't even going to make it past the zygote stage if you've got that problem going on like you're done. And that's fine, but all these different crazy cool colors, awesome. Critters have lots of variation. Okay, let's take a look at his second observation. His second observation was holy overpopulation. What? He observed it all over the place. More babies were born than could even remotely possibly survive. Look, what is that you might wonder? This is the glory night of sponge life, because this is the night where how does it happen? But the moon is right, the stars are right, the temperature is right, and all the sponges in the ocean are like, hmm, it's a good night tonight to squirt out all our sperm and eggs and out go all the sperm and eggs. And seriously, like, that is a sperm and egg cloud. All of the sponges are doing this. Now, one sponge throws out like bajillion, funnillion, gazillion, bazillion sperm or eggs. One. And then all the other sponges that are surviving in the ocean are doing the same thing. If all of them survived, what's going to be a sad story? Here's some more. Like, this looks like actually some kind of a, maybe that's a clam squirting out its stuff into the ocean, hoping that the eggs find their sperms and make happy little zygotes that become little larva and grow up into grown-ups. But all those are babies.  I think I might have one more. Yeah, holy cloud of mad gametes, it happens. And then all the fish are like, dude, this is the smorgasbord of ever. And they come and they try to yumptialize all the baby zygotes that are floating around in the ocean on this glorious night. Wow, overpopulation. Thank you, Darwin. We do believe you. Critters overpopulate. Here's his third observation. They're all different. Way too many of them are made. And you know what? There are limited resources. Limited resources. Because think about it. 8 billion baby sponges and how many, like, is there enough room on the ocean floor for 8 billion new sponges? Nope, not enough room. There's not enough food for 8 billion new sponges for every one sponge that exists. If 8 billion really did, like, survive, that's going to be a sad, like, crazy scene. So, whoa, we've got some weird stuff going on here. They're all different. There's bajillions of them. And there is absolutely no way they're going to all survive. So, how do we decide who's going to live? Go ahead and just think on that. I'll come back and I'll tell you all about it.


In today's lecture, we are going to study the bearing of survey line and its classification. At the end of this lecture, the viewers will able to define the bearing of survey line. They can explain the different types of bearing and their uses and they can calculate the included angles of the given bearing system. The bearing of survey line is the horizontal angle made by the survey line with respect to any reference direction. Here if you observe this figure, the survey line OP is making the horizontal angle 48 degree with respect to the north direction. So the bearing of line is the horizontal angle with respect to any reference direction. In this figure, the reference direction is north direction. The bearing of lines is used to locate the direction of one line or one point with respect to the other point. These are the two types of bearings, true bearing and magnetic bearing. True bearing is the horizontal angle made by the true meridian. If you observe this figure here, the 67 degree is the bearing of line AB or you can say true bearing of line AB with respect to the true meridian. True meridian is the point of intersection of geographic north-south pole with reference to the surface of the earth. Magnetic bearing is the horizontal angle made by the survey line with respect to magnetic meridian. Magnetic meridian means it is the north and south pole direction on the prismatic compass. Prismatic compass will have the magnetic needle which will show the north and south. So the magnetic bearing is the angle measured with magnetic meridian. If you observe this figure, 67 degree is the true bearing and 102 degree is the magnetic bearing of survey line AB, forebearing and back bearing. Forebearing is the horizontal angle measured from station A to station B. If you observe the figure here, theta is the forebearing of line AB which will measure from station A to B and back bearing is the horizontal angle measured by the survey line with respect to north from station B to A. So if you see the figure in this, theta is the forebearing of line AB and beta is the back bearing of line AB. It means forebearing means it is station A to station B and back bearing means from station B to station A. The relation between forebearing and back bearing is the difference should be 180 degree. If the forebearing is less than 180 degree, the back bearing should be 180 degree plus forebearing and if the forebearing is greater than 180 degree, the back bearing should be 4 bearing minus 180 degree. So every time you should maintain or you should check the relation between forebearing and back bearing while solving the traversing or to calculating the bearings. Now included angle. Included angle means is the angle made by the two survey lines. If you see the figure number 5 here, angle A, B, C, D and E are the included angles means these are the angles if you observe angle A. This angle is made by two survey lines that is survey line AB and survey line AE. Here the included angles are less than 180 degree or greater than 180 degree. If you observe figure number 5, here all these interior angles which are nothing but included angles, these are less than 180 degree and if you observe figure number 6, here except angle D, all the included angles are less than 180 degree and the angle D is greater than 180 degree. So there may be the included angles less than 180 degree or greater than 180 degree. Now how to calculate the included angles? Here the bearing system is given it is the closed traverse system. First of all you have to draw the bearing of survey lines by using or you have to draw the traverse by using the bearings. Here the line PQ will have forebearing 41 degree 20 minute. So it is 41 degree 20 minute from north line QR 114 degree 30 minute. It is also with respect to the north direction. So by using the forebearing you have to draw the traverse. Then how to calculate the included angles? P, Q, R and S. Now to calculate the included angle P it is difference of back bearing of line SP and forebearing of line PQ. If you observe here back bearing of line SP means it is from station P to S it is 94 degree 30 minute and forebearing of line PQ is 41 degree 20 minute. So if you get the difference of these two you will get angle P. The next angle Q back bearing of line PQ is 221 degree 20 minute means it is from north direction 221 degree 20 minutes back bearing that is Q to P and forebearing of line QR is 114 degree 30 minute. If you get the difference of these two you will get angle Q. So here it is angle Q is equal to back bearing of line PQ minus forebearing of line QR same as you have to calculate angle R and angle S. Now you pause the video and try to calculate the included angles of given bearing system. These are the answers for the question. Whole circle bearing system. Whole circle bearing system is the angles are always measured from the north direction in clockwise. If you observe this bearing system here each bearing or each horizontal angle of respective survey line is measured from the north direction. So in whole circle bearing system the bearings of lines are measured with respect to north direction in clockwise only. So it can ranges 0 to 360 degree angles because we are measuring it from north direction so it will have 0 to 360 degree angles. Quadrant bearing system. It is also called as reduced bearing. Quadrant bearing it means the bearing of survey lines are measured with respect to nearest north and south pole. If you observe this bearing system here for station A the angle is shown with respect to north direction station B the angle is shown with respect to south direction. So in quadrant bearing system the angles are measured with respect to nearest north and south direction. Then conversion of whole circle bearing to reduced bearing. If you observe figure here the bearing of line is 132 degree from north. How to convert it? The north south pole will have 180 degree so if you subtract 132 degree from 180 degree you will get 42 degree. So you can represent it as 42 degree south east means south 42 degree east. It is the conversion of whole circle that is whole circle bearing is 132 degree. If you convert it into reduced bearing it will be south 42 degree east. Circle bearing. Here if you observe the figure number 13 the bearing of line is given as respect to south pole means it is south 42 degree east. If you convert it into whole circle bearing system you have to subtract from 180 degree means north and south pole will have 180 degree and if I subtract 42 degree from 180 we will get the angle 132 degree which is from north and south pole. So likewise you have to convert the reduced bearing to whole circle bearing system. These are the references used for the further study. Thank you.


All right, welcome everyone. Hope you're having a wonderful KubeCon so far.  So today, they're going to be two of us. I'm Deep from Apple and my co-speaker is Feng from Databricks and we'll be talking about, so what if I don't want my persistent storage to be yet another bind mount? So here's a quick introduction to our talk. First, we'll start off with describing how the current lifecycle and flow of events work for pods that mount persistent storage. We'll go over some of the key assumptions that are there in the KubeNet as well as container runtimes around how volume mounts are set up for pods that do mount persistent storage. Next, we are going to go over some of the typical bind mounts that take place as part of the user-facing persistent storage to pods today. After that, we are going to go over some of the alternatives to the standard flow for mounting persistent storage into pods. We'll look at this alternative mainly from the perspective of alternative runtimes to run C, such as micro VMs, specifically Kata. We'll also go over some of the challenges that arise when some of the base assumptions in KubeNet and the container runtime are no longer true. Finally, we'll be going over some of the enhancements that we have implemented in CSI plugins to basically surface this alternate flow, which we call the direct assignment model. We have initially prototyped it by adding a fair amount of awareness around Kubernetes and Kata runtime within the CSI plugin, and we'll go over a future direction where we're exploring a cap to make this support a lot more generic so that the CSI plugins do not need to be aware of the fact that they're operating within a Kubernetes framework or that the end runtime is actually Kata. And finally, we'll be concluding with some takeaways and how you can contribute to this overall effort. So let's start all the way at the beginning and look at how a pod comes to life from the perspective of the KubeNet. So typically, you either have a pod being submitted by KubeCuttle or a workload controller, such as stateful set. And once the pod gets submitted, it gets created in the API server. The Kube scheduler picks up the pod and picks the most ideal node in the cluster that the pod should get scheduled to. Once the node name is set by the scheduler, the KubeNet on that designated node picks up the pod and starts to process it and bring it to life. One of the first things that the KubeNet starts processing is the volume section of the pod. So there are two main categories of volumes that pods can mount in Kubernetes. The first kind are the inline volumes and they mainly present ephemeral data to the pods. And this include things like config map or secret, which are typically powered by a piece of code that's already within the KubeNet itself because they're so common and pervasive. However, ephemeral volumes may also be backed by specialized CSI plugin in case you have a very specific secret store. And in that case, the KubeNet works with the specific backend through a CSI plugin. The more common category and the focus of our talk here are volumes that are backed by persistent volumes, which are bound to objects called persistent volume claims, which are actually what is specified in the pod spec. Now, persistent volumes can be backed by a variety of different storage backends. So it could be say EBS in case of the AWS cloud or GCPD in case of the GCP environment or your own SAN environment in case of on-prem setup. Now, the KubeNet, it's impossible for it to know how exactly to discover these various storage backends and how to mount the volume from these backends. So for doing that, it depends on plugins associated with these backends that are shipped by individual vendors and install on specific nodes and these are called CSI node plugins. So by utilizing a CSI node plugin, the KubeNet is able to discover a storage, a piece of storage that's attached to a node and then instruct the node plugin to get the volume prepared so that it can be mounted in appropriate location from which point onwards, the KubeNet can start processing it. Now, once the file system on the volume has been mounted, the KubeNet executes a bunch of very important actions. Specifically, the first one involves looking at the FS group specification in the pod and applying it based on what is called the FS group change policy. Now, what is the FS group? FS group is essentially a supplemental group ID that a pod may specify so that different pods that run with different user IDs can share the data on the same persistent volume. In older versions of Kubernetes, the KubeNet would sort of blindly mount a volume, look at the FS group and do a recursive file system traversal through the entire volume to apply the group ownership. In more recent versions of Kubernetes, there's the new FS group change policy called on-route mismatch that allows this process to be a lot more optimized. And so in this mode, the KubeNet just looks at the top level directory, sees if it's owned by the right supplemental group ID that's specified as the FS group. And if so, it just doesn't, it skips the entire file system traversal. Next up, containers within a pod may wish to not mount the whole volume but only a part of the volume. So these are defined as subpads and the KubeNet needs to make sure that the subpath is safe and secure and the pod is not a malicious one trying to escape out of the pod sandbox by specifying relative paths with the string offset dot, dot, slashes. There have been some vulnerabilities associated with this and therefore it's quite important that the KubeNet probes the subpath, ensures it's safe and then locks it in a position so that it does not change between the evaluation time and when the containers actually are brought up. And then finally, if SELinux is enabled on the node in enforcing mode, the KubeNet needs to figure that out and make sure that if SELinux label has been explicitly specified, that label gets passed down to the container runtime and applied on the entire file system tree so the right SELinux labeling is provided to the files and directories so that containers within the pod can read the files and directories. If SELinux label is not specified, KubeNet still instructs the container runtime to go ahead with SELinux labeling but figure out the SELinux label at runtime dynamically allocated by the container runtime. So once the file system mounts are ready, the KubeNet moves on to the next phase which is invoking a CRI implementation typically container D or Creo and which in turn goes on to invoke a lower layer, a lower level container runtime such as RunC or Cata to create the pod sandbox environment which could be just a bunch of namespaces in case of RunC or a micro VM in case of Cata pull down the container images and create the individual containers specified within the pod. As part of the first step, one of the other things that CRI implementation would typically do is interact with the CNI plugin to also set up networking for the pod sandbox. Now, once the pod and the containers are up, it's not like the job around file system operations is not quite done. Throughout the pod's lifetime, there could be other volume management operations that need to be executed by the KubeNet. So specifically, there are Prometheus metrics around file system stats for the volumes that are mounted and the KubeNet needs to basically query the file system stats for all the volumes through the corresponding CSI node plugin to report these up. Also, the administrator may wish to expand persistent volume in which case the KubeNet again needs to work with the appropriate CSI node plugin to ensure the mounted file system is expanded and the right backing size is reflected on the file system mount. So here's kind of like a complete picture of how all of this fits in together. So again, just to recap at the very left, we have the KubeNet talking to a CSI node plugin to first discover the backing storage and then get it mounted with a specific file system onto what's called a global mount path. This typically happens as part of a CSI API called CSI node stage volume. Next, this global mount path gets bind mounted to a pod specific mount path as part of a CSI node publish volume API. And finally, the KubeNet works with the CRI container runtime and a lower level runtime handler like Run-C to prepare the pod sandbox environment and bind mount the pod path into the mount namespace of the pod sandbox. So the key thing to notice here is that there were a couple of bind mounts that were going on as part of the entire setup. First, there was the bind mount from the global path to the pod specific path and from the pod specific path to a path inside the container. And again, to recap, one of the things we saw is that all the KubeNet assumed that all the file systems for all the volumes are fully mounted before it went on to the container bring up stage. This is important because the KubeNet as well as the container runtime makes these assumptions because it needs to execute the following three actions on the file system mount. So that again is applying the FS group settings, making sure the subpads are sanitized and probed and finally applying the appropriate SLNX labels. Now, while the sequence is very standardized and it works across the board, can we have a different sequence? Specifically, how about a model where we decide to mount the volumes after the containers are brought up? And we want to do it without using the raw block mode that's available in Kubernetes today. We want to continue to use persistent volumes that specify a file system mode. And a specific use case of this is micro VM environments, specifically like Kata. And to describe this in a lot more details, I'll switch over to my co-speaker Feng. Thank you, Deep. Next, talk about how do we mount a PV in a micro VM based runtime? So micro VM based container runtime is a category of runtime that runs the container workload in a virtual machine. Typical examples include Kata containers and file cracker. Compound to traditional container runtime that's based on Linux namespace and C-group, such as Ron C. The Kata containers provides better workload isolation and much better security, which is really important for use cases, such as multi-tenant workload in one cluster. It's also more lightweight, compared to a full ground virtual machine. For example, Kata containers has made optimizations to improve the startup time and reduce the memory footprint. Kata containers is also fully compliant to the OSI container format and then the container D-cryo interface. So users don't need to change the application to migrate from a Ron C container to a Kata container. So a quick recap of the architecture of Kata containers. Kata containers integrate with CI container runtime, such as container D and cryo through the shim interface. So under the hood, Kata shim translates OCI spec to a set of VM spec and launch a virtual machine through the hypervisors, such as Kimu and Cloud Hypervisor. And inside the guest VM, there's also agent called the color agent. The color shim can interact with the color agent through a Vsocket using TTRPC protocol. The agent is responsible for managing the container lifecycle inside the guest VM. The color shim also translates connect the IO stream between the CI runtime, such as container D with the container inside the guest through the TTRPC protocol. So how do we mount the volume in Kata container? Traditional way is very similar to what Deep just described. The CSI will prepare the volume, will by mount the volume to the per part mount. And then the Kata shim will do the magic. It will actually by mount again the per part mount to a shell location. And then the shell directly is done to the guest through the shell file system called VIOFS. So this approach is very straightforward. It works out of a box, but it does come with a few trade-offs. First is the performance. VIOFS has a much worse performance compared to a power virtualized rock device such as VIOBLK and VIOSCSI. It also sacrificed the isolation because now you need to mount a file system on the host. There are also other gaps existing in VIOFS. It doesn't implement all the features that exist in a native file system such as open by handle at. So we actually did some micro benchmark using the FIO. As you can see, compiled the VIOBLK with SBDK as the data plan. The VIOFS has much worse performance in the random write and random read. The sequential write is similar. The sequential read is actually faster. So I think this is largely due to the caching and the prefetching. So because of this caveat, we explore alternative approach, which is to delegate the PV mount and preparation to the container runtime inside the guest. We call it direct assigned storage. So the main difference here is instead of relying on VIOFS, the color scheme will actually attach the block device to the guest through the VIOBLK. And then inside the guest, the agent will handle the mount and the file, the preparation. So here is a much more detailed view of the sequence. So to, when create the volume, the correct will call the node publish volume. And then the CSI Java plugin instead will invoke a new command line we implement in color runtime called the direct volume add and pass the mount information to the color runtime. The color runtime then persist the mount information on the disk. So when the color scheme is ready to start the pod sandbox, it will read this mount information from the file, then it will pass this information to the color agent. Before that, it actually first, we attach the VIOBLK device to the hypervisor first. And then the color agent will mount FS by mount to the volume to the container and finish the whole process. So the amount is actually simpler. When the pod is gone, all the mount will be destroyed inside the guest. So on the host, only thing left is basically the mount info file. So when the Kublat called the node unpublished, the CSI Java plugin will basically just invoke the direct volume remove CLI. The color runtime just removed the mount info file. So with this approach, we also implement the volume stats. So the CSI plugin can invoke direct volume stats, the color runtime then send a TDRPC request to the color agent, the color agent then collect returned volume stats back to the runtime and to the CSI Java plugin. Similarly, to resize the volume, the CSI plugin can invoke the direct volume resize, and then the cart runtime will first resize the block device through the hypervisor, assuming the hypervisor supporting this feature, and then send the TDRPC request to the color agent to resize the volume, which the color agent just refreshed the file system metadata. So next, I'll just do a quick demo, a live demo. So I already have a YAML file here. So this YAML file basically has a very, as a container, then it has two volumes. One is the CSI volume, which used direct assigned storage. The other is the VALIOFS volume. We also implement on the storage class and the PVC and we can skip loads. Apply this YAML file. Okay, let's wait a couple more seconds. Okay, it's already running. So we can exact into the part. So now we are inside the container in guest VM. We can do a mount, we can show all the mounts. You can see here there's the VALIOVLK volume, which is mount to slash dev slash VDC. That's the VALIOVLK device that's attached to the VM. And then the type is EXT4. That's what we designed a native file system. And then there's also this VALIOFS volume. So this is, has type VALIOFS. So this is showed from the host. So we can also log into the node to take a look at the mount info file. So the mount info file is stored in a color container directory under the run color container shell. So the name is basically the pass encoded with base 64. You can take a look at the mount info. So it's very simple. It only, right now it have the device, it have the FS type. There are also a few other options we support such as changing the user of the FS owners. So this is basically a V host user block device. So that's the demo. So the current approach requires specific CSI implementation. There's no change in Kublat, CI, OSI, or CSI specs. And most of the post-mount configuration works. But there are also a few drawbacks right now. For example, the sub-pass support is not supported right now. The CSI plugin also need to be customized and need to be aware of the runtime class. So next, we will talk about a future direction that can make this more generic. Great, thanks a lot, Feng, for the wonderful demo. So let's look at how the future of this would look like. So we are basically exploring Kubernetes enhancement proposal, specifically 2857 upstream with mainly six storage, with a little bit of signal involvement as well to address some of the limitations Feng just went over. So the idea there is, can we enhance the Kublat, the runtime class, and the CSI spec in a way that allows first of all the Kublat to pass down all the necessary parameters around post-mount configuration down to the CSI plugin. And basically not have the CSI plugin need to do a cube API server lookup. That'll help solve one of the negatives. The other is, one of the other feedbacks have been like, if the runtime class that's already there to specify the micro-VM runtime details, can that be enhanced to have fields that allows the runtime to basically advertise to Kublat that, hey, I am capable of doing this file system mounting and delegation from a CSI plugin. So the Kublat will essentially be enhanced to lookup and match the capabilities of the runtime with that of the CSI plugin. And if all the capabilities of the pod spec match the capabilities of the plugin and the runtime around all kinds of mount and post-mount configuration, Kublat will basically automatically ask the CSI plugin to perform the delegation of the file system mount and the post-mount operations. And one of the final aspects of this enhancement will be that we want all post-mount configurations to be supported, including things such as sub-path handling. There are a couple of gotchas, though. One is, if you have scenarios where there are multiple pods that are associated with affinity relationship that get scheduled on the same node and try to mount the same volume, then there might be a problem. So the standard access mode of read-write once on PVCs may not be safe in such scenarios, especially if you're using a standard file system like XFS or EXE4. There will be file system corruption because the same file system will get mounted by multiple pods at the same time. To work against that, what we are recommending as part of the enhancement is to use a new CSI access mode that has been recently introduced called read-write once pod. Typically, in our experience, most pods do not have affinity relationship and they should just work out, but just wanted to call this out. The other interesting scenario to consider is that if the mounting of the volume requests a secret, then it's not recommended to use this approach because the mount info.json file that FANG was going over, that contains all the mount options that are necessary and we do not want a secret to be persisted in the OS disk. We also considered some other alternatives on how we can potentially get this going. So one question that came up is, how about enhancing CRI and OCI and basically all the CRI runtimes and OCI runtimes as well to plumb this storage support all the way through? The main limitation we ran into is that storage primitives are more or less absent in the runtime interfaces today. And there are no ways or no API primitives today through which mounted file systems, stats can be queried on a pod that is already running. It's also impossible to say, resize this volume that is mounted by a pod. However, this could be a much longer term effort once the runtime interfaces are made a little broader and some scenarios like this becomes part of the set of problems they are trying to address. So to quick recap of the takeaways, we mainly explored an alternative to the standard mount workflow for persistent storage. We mainly looked at it from a micro VM perspective, specifically Kata. We went over how exactly the delegation of mount, post-mount configuration and obtaining stats and resizing of file systems would work through a container runtime handler. We mainly looked at it from the perspective of block-based PVs. And the key thing we avoided is mounting the file system in the host and avoided all the associated bind mounts and file system projections through things like Vortio FS. We would love to get your involvement and feedback. So feel free to reach out either through the CAP process, which is CAP 2857. And you can reach us in the six-story Slack channel in Kubernetes as well as in the Kata community Slack. Thanks a lot. That was our presentation. Any questions? Awesome. Thanks for the demo. I have a question around the usage of block storage which is file storage. So in the demo, I'm assuming it was using a block device and that's how we were avoiding this cubelet interaction of bind mounting. But in the CAP, is that a proposal to allow for delegation? I just wanted to clarify that point. Or would users of this feature still have to use block devices? So in the CAP from the six-story community, there's a bit of hesitance to open it up to network file like NFS scenarios as well as block. Their recommendation is to start off at the alpha stage at least with just block and then move over to shared file systems. However, with the approach that Feng went over, there's nothing that prevents you from just, you know, applying the same mechanism to NFS or SMB as well. Essentially, the entire mount will take place within the micro-VM environment and cubelet will just be skipping both of the blocks. Got it, okay. So does that kind of limit the user's configuration then if they're unable to kind of pass through some of the other semantics of a file system in their storage class? And I guess it's kind of dependent on like having another way to pass information to your CSI driver? Exactly, yeah. It's mainly file system information from the CSI plugin to the container runtime handler. Okay. And the idea is like storage class parameters should already get passed down to the plugin through cubelet through existing means. Cool. Any other questions? Going once, twice. That's it. So before we wrap, you also want to recognize a lot of contributions into this effort from Ebo Zheng and Eric Ernst, both of who are here. So thanks a lot guys.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss the following question and the question says, A man sells 60-15 dollars shares of a company paying 12% dividend at 21 dollars each and invests the proceeds at 6 dollars shares of another company at 9 dollars each. Find the change in income if the second company pays a dividend of 8%. Let's start the solution now. First, we will calculate the income in the first case. So, in the first case, we are given that a man sells 60-15 dollars shares of a company paying 12% dividend. So, we can say that number of shares is equal to 60. Nominal value of one share is 15 dollars and rate of dividend is 12%. Therefore, income on one share is equal to rate of dividend is 12%. So, we have 12% of the nominal value which is 15 dollars. Now, this is equal to 12 upon 100 into 15 dollars. Now, 5 three times is 15 and 20 times is 100. Also, 4 three times is 12 and 5 times is 20. So, this is equal to 9 upon 5 dollars which is equal to 1.80 dollars. So, we have income on one share is 1.80 dollars. This implies total income is equal to total number of shares is 60. So, 60 into income from one share which is 1.80 dollars and this is equal to 108 dollars. Now, it is given that he sells the shares for 21 dollars each. So, we have he sells all the shares for 21 dollars each. Therefore, money obtained by selling 60 shares is equal to 60 into 21 dollars and this is equal to 1260 dollars. Now, we will see the income obtained in the second case. So, in the second case, we are given that he invests the proceeds at 6 dollar shares of another company at 9 dollars each. So, the money obtained by selling the 60 shares is invested in another company. So, some invested is equal to 1260 dollars. Nominal value of one share is equal to 6 dollars. Market value of one share is equal to 9 dollars. Also, we are given that the second company pays a dividend of 8 percent. So, rate of dividend is equal to 8 percent. Therefore, number of shares is equal to the sum invested which is 1260 upon market value of one share which is 9 and this is equal to 140. Now, the dividend on one share is equal to 8 percent of the nominal value that is 6 dollars. This is equal to 8 upon 100 into 6 dollars. Now, for 2 times is 8 and 25 times is 100. So, this is equal to 12 upon 25 dollars which is equal to 0.48 dollars. So, we have dividend on one share is 0.48 dollars. This implies total income is equal to total number of shares which is 140 into dividend on one share which is 0.48 dollars. And this is equal to 67.20 dollars. So, we have income in the second case is 67.20 dollars and income in the first case is 108 dollars. So, therefore, change in income is equal to 108 dollars minus 67.20 dollars and this is equal to 30.80 dollars. Hence, income is 40.80 dollars less and this is the final answer. With this, we end our session. Hope you enjoyed the session.


Russia unsuccessfully trying to regain de-occupied Makarovka village. In the Tavriya direction, Russians try to carry out offensive operations in the areas of the Mariinka and Avdiyevka, as well as regain de-occupied Makarovka village in Donetsk region. During June 12, the Russians lost almost four companies killed, wounded and captured. In Tavriya direction, the enemy continues to focus its main efforts on conducting offensive operations in the areas of Mariinka and Avdiyevka, and also holds active defence in Novo Pavlivka and Vramivka directions. Valery Shershen, spokesperson for the Joint Press Centre of the Defence Forces of Tavriya direction, posted on Facebook. According to him, the Russian invaders try to regain the de-occupied village of Makarovka, wiping it off the face of the earth with the use of aviation, artillery and use of the salt sepioch, heavy flamethrower system. Stabilisation operations carried out by the Marines of the 35th Rear Admiral Mikhailov Ostroradsky Separate Brigade are currently underway in this settlement.


Everyone, Sam with late in sports cards. We are ripping 21, 22. Nini Mosaic, basketball, hobby and fast break, four box makes our number two. Random team style, there's a look again at your random results. As always, you can find these on the website under the results tab, as well as the link that's in chat. So good luck everybody. And I think it is time for me to now give my two cents. The Hawks, my favorite basketball team, just fired Nate McMillan. And I think it's a good move. I really do. So basically, I'll give you the whole breakdown of the Hawks coaching staff. So they, when Trey got drafted, they had a coach, so they had Mike Budenholzer, was their original coach when I was a fan. And they, the Hawks went into full rebuild after being like a perennial contender for like three years, back in the mid 2010s. And Budenholzer then decided, hey, like I think we should part ways cause I want to coach a contender versus staying in during a rebuild. So the Hawks just, they kind of mutually parted ways. Then Budenholzer got hired by the Bucks, went on to obviously win a championship. Deontay Murray, pink for the Spurs, nice one there. 20 of 20, Deontrey. Are you salty about that? Not really, I understand it. Like I still love the guy. I mean, he gave us the most success in Atlanta for a while. Then Lloyd Pierce came in and was just a disaster. Like he, he was on the Sixers bench, like a Sixers bench guy, Santi Aldama, mosaic rookie, to the Grizzlies. Mobley, national pride, he was like a bench coach, kind of, just like one of their assistants. So he's like a JV coach. Kind of, kind of. Then he got hired full-time by the Hawks and just was not good, went like, Daveon Mitchell, purple color match, national pride, 30 out of 50 for the Kings, nice one there. Hey, what's up? Oh God, Piggly, oh God, Scotty Barnes. What's up, Piggly? He, so then Lloyd Pierce was there for a while and then they fired him because he was just not, he was just not a good coach. Jared Allen, there's a, I know, I'm the same way, Higley. 19 out of 85, Bradley Beale. I'm a Hawks fan too, so Higley knows the struggles on McMillan. So then they fired Lloyd Pierce halfway through the season in 2020, I wanna say. And he, they hired Nate McMillan as their interim cause he was on the, I think he was on like the Hawks G-League team coach or something, Al Horford. There's nice, Josh Giddy on the fast break mosaic auto. There you go, Kenneth H with the thunder. Congrats, buddy. He's not expecting that one, that is awesome. Nice Giddy. Yep. Giddy. Nice one there. Then they hired McMillan halfway through the year, like basically put the interim tag on him. And then he literally led the Hawks to the most like improbable run. Like they went like 20 and like five down the stretch or something. And then got to the Eastern Conference Finals and lost to the Bucks. They like beat them, they just killed the Knicks in the first round and they beat the Sixers in seven, which was huge or six. And the Sixers were like a legitimate contender that year. Right. So the Minga that they lost to the Bucks in either six or seven in the Eastern Conference Finals, Franz Wagner, Cam Thomas, and Scotty Barnes. And then like as soon as that was over, they immediately removed the interim tag from McMillan. And McMillan, the issue with McMillan, he's been a coach like four times in the NBA. So like I'm not the biggest fan in the world of hiring a guy after his second tenure. Okay, that makes sense. You know what I mean? Like in the NFL, like there's Lebron James, National Pride, Joe Harris, Jalen Green, Evan Mobley, and Io Desumu. Like in the NFL, like take like Frank Reich for instance. Like he went to the Colts and, you know, did well and then didn't do well. Now he's on the Panthers. Like there's no way Frank Reich should be hired for a third time if he gets fired as a head coach. You know what I mean? That makes sense, yeah. Because you can only do so much as a head coach before you get figured out. Dennis Schroeder, disco. Makes sense. So McMillan, McMillan is coached like four teams in his career, Josh Giddy and Kaminga. McMillan's coached a lot. So I was very like, very hesitant on being like Nate McMillan is gonna like save the Hawks franchise and then just has underperformed Anthony Edwards, Trey Murphy and Josh Christopher. Could be one of those things like since he had like the coach he got who wasn't in a room anymore maybe he just kind of got lazy. I don't even think so. I think he's just, I think it's, he was more of like an older school coach and I think it's 2022 NBA or 2023 Jalen Suggs. There's Jalen Suggs. Again, that is the variation for the magic in Grattor Lando. Two Suggs discos coming your way. Very nice. Keon Johnson and Greg Brown. So it was just kind of like he had like, he had passed his prime in terms of coaching in my opinion. Like it was kind of like, you know, we're ready to be done here. And then they literally today fired McMillan because the team like the roster that they gave him this year, they traded like four first round picks for Deontay Murray from the Spurs. He's like this really good young point guard. And like, I mean, the expectation where him and Trey Young were going to be like the best backcourt and all basketball. And they're one game under 500 right now. They're like the eight seed in the east, which outside of like the top three teams is not that great. Right. So it was just, it was, I think they just got tired of it. Now they're, I think they're, they said they're searching for a head coach now. And I think Quinn Snyder is on the top of their list. Rudy Gobert, Malik Beasley, who is, wasn't a sit, like he was the head coach of the jazz for a bunch of years. Really good there. At one point, I think was like the second longest tenured head coach in the league. And then like, I think mutually split with the, with them. There's a LeBron James disco national pride. So that's what I'm saying. Like if it was, if they had that record and they were in the team in the Western Conference, I'd understand it more because the West is so good. But if you're in the East and you have as good of a roster as we've given McMillan, like you got to compete a little bit more in my opinion. There's Chris Boucher on the disco for the Raptors. I feel like you have to, you have to be a little bit more competitive. There's Quinton Grimes, Kate Cunningham, variation. Nice one there for the Pistons. Congrats, the Troits that is going out to John Z. There you go, John. Jalen Johnson and Kate Cunningham national pride. So I mean, like theoretically, like with Trey and Deontay Murray, I mean that, I would say are two what, top 15 guards in the league. Paul George, that is blue to 85, 81 of 85. I would say that they are two top 15 guards in the league. I think that's a pretty good, like pretty decent take. And then you have one of the best rebounding centers in the league, still may be the best rebounding center in the league with Capella. You have John Collins, and then you have one of the best Premier defenders in Deandre Hunter, Franz Wagner. D-Wade, Janis-Antenta Kumpel. You have like an open comer with Anyaka Kongwu. Then you have a couple of good free agents too. I mean, you have Bogdanovich, you have a few other guys, like the team needs to be more competitive than it was. There's a purple Joe Harris, nice one there, that is 30 out of 50. Because I mean, there is Jalen Green. From top to bottom, that roster is better than the one that went to the Eastern Conference Finals. Losing Herger was big, I'm not happy that we traded Kevin Herger. But they do need, yeah, the Thunder knee rebounding, for sure. Suggs, Kaminga, and Leonard. So that's my little spiel about the Hawks firing. Oh yeah, Jalen Johnson, I love Jalen Johnson. There's Buddy Healt. I think he just got assigned to the G-League though. Fast break is Steve Francis. Stevie Franchise, going to the Rockets. Nice one there, Houston. That is Ty N, congrats Ty. Nice Stevie Franchise. Davion, there's a Cade rookie. Do the G-League players, is that like a paid league? Or is that just kind of like a... No, it's a paid league. Like most, I think pretty much every team, I don't know how it works if every team has one. Moses Moody, Dave Yew. I wasn't sure if that was just like a... Mowgli rookie. Like affiliated, like semi... Yeah, it's kind of like the MLB with everything. So the Hawks is like the College Park Hawks, that's who they are, so it's... Yeah, then you can get called up and sent down and all that kind of stuff. Quentin Grimes, Butler, Miles McBride. Like a lot of times, if someone gets injured, you'll call a guy up, and when that player comes back after, say, 10 days, you'll send them back down. So a lot of times it'll be injury, like reserve guys. It'll be on two-way contracts. Can basketball do that? That's what I'm saying. Oh, okay, I thought we done it. Christian Wood. Blue, Jordan Clarkson. That is 42 out of 85. For the Jazz, Ron and Moses Moody. That'll do it for a fast break. We're on to Hobby now. Don Russ mixer, another Don Russ and Spectra mixer. Getting very close to getting most of this stuff sold out, guys, so thank you again very much. Yeah, the first Don Russ impeccable mixer is down to two to go, and then the Illusion Spectra is down to three. Still have a good amount of room in the other two. Cortis and Hannah, you got it. Yeah, I got you, Joshua. Yeah, I'll just leave it there. It'll, like you said, it's got Cortis and Serena. Yeah, the Thunder are gonna be a very exciting team for the future. Lucanart, Moses. There's a red, Jay Crowder for the Suns. Donus, moments in time, Aaron Gordon. Yeah, I keep forgetting to take a picture of that card. Evan Mobley. Yeah, you're good, you're good. No worries, no worries, Joshua. Mosaic, Michael Porter Jr. Red, Emmanuel, quickly, second year. There's Rising Stars, Sadiq Bay. Higley, I have a Matt Ryan National Treasures base card to 75, I can just send it your way if you want. I, I'm either gonna, I'd either just, I'd rather give it to you, someone who's gonna appreciate it and sell it on eBay. I think he follows you on Instagram, right? Yeah. So, Silver is Trayman. Blue, Julius Randall, NBA, three of 99 for the Knicks. Swagger, John Morant. Moe Bomba. No, no, no, don't worry about it, man. No, I got you. I'll, I'll find you on Instagram. I know you follow Donnie, so I'll, I'll find you. Yonsei Murr. Red, Joshua Primo.  Who's gonna appreciate it more than I am. So yeah, no worries, man. Yeah, I was gonna say, Blue, nice color match with the Knicks Randall there. There's Jalen Suggs. Nice one there. We've got some good autos coming, man. Going through the magic. That's Robert C. There you go, buddy. Nice Jalen Suggs. Silver Time Lord. Rashana Holmes on the red. That's starting five for the Raptors. Base, base, and base. I literally like saw it yesterday or the day before. I'm like, oh, I'm gonna send Higley to that. Isaac Acura. Nice one there. There is Kelly Olenek. There is Donovan Mitchell Stairmasters. Any other team with pinstripes? You talking, what sports slap? Trying to think. I'm sure there is. At least there are alternates maybe. Frans Rookie. Cam Thomas Rookie. Clint Capella. Luca Garza Red. Introductions, Kate Cunningham. Yeah, Magic. I know Magic have pinstripes for sure on a couple of their alternates. I don't think anybody else on their, at least on their main ones do. Tremend. Bones Highland Red. There's Jason Tatum, Montage. Scotty Barnes Rookie. Josh Beauty Rookie. Jason Tatum Silver, nice one there. Red TJ McConnell. Silver Deer and Fox. Swypa. Red Danny Green. That's a trade piece Danny Green. Six. We may be sold out on that first Don Russ mixer. So thank you guys on that. Yeah Bulls have, yeah Hornets, you're right. The Hornets do for sure. The, what's their names do as well? The Bulls have them on like one or two of their alternates or their city edition. Hornets definitely do. I know Hornets on their alternate, I believe are. Pinstripe or used to be at least. Yup, first Don Russ, or Don Russ. First Don Russ impeccable mixer is sold out. So thank you guys. Charles Bassie. Otto Facundo Compasso. Going to the nuggets. There you go, Jason R. Congrats on that one, buddy. Silver, Peyton Prichard. Blue, Evan Fournier for the next two, 99. Swagger, Steph Curry, Mosaic. Pacers May on one of their throwbacks as well. Their city editions don't, I believe, but I think their throwback might. Sidique Bay, Joshua Primo Red. Starmasters, Lebron, Jamerant. Jeez, losing it over here Donnie. Frostside, Maldemar Zayac. Sorry, sir, I'm doing my best. Donnie, please don't yell at me. Donald O'Banton, Mosaic Rookie for the Raptors. Red, Luca, nice one there. Air Zion. Yeah, I don't love the Thunder uniforms. They're a little too, I think, I just feel like there's more you can do with that. Feel like they would benefit from a rebrand. Silver, Contabius Caldwell Pope. We've got Pink, Alex Caruscio, 11 out of 49. Four of the Bulls, nice one there. Chicago, Junzi.  Well, they're like home and away jerseys are kind of just super plain. Like they're not, they just literally say Oklahoma City and then they just, the other one just says Thunder. There's Evan Mobley. I'd change up the color scheme a little bit, I think. There's Santi Aldama. Red, Zach Levine. They need, yeah, exactly, exactly. Devin Booker for the Sun's montage. What if you had a storm flower, the lightning bolt? Something like that. If you could at least do that as like, I don't think I'd be a little too flashy to do as a primary. There's Jalen Green, but I think you could do something like that for an alternate or a city addition. Silver, Rudy Gobert. Red, Lebron, nice one there for the Lakers. Space. Silver, Keon Johnson for the Trail Blazers as well as a Red Covey White. Debut of Cade for the Pistons. Terence Mann, Red, Tatlain, Horton Tucker. There's a Rising Stars of Zion Williams. I kind of agree with that. First of all, what's up, Jeremiah? And second of all, I kind of do agree with that. On their, when they brought back the new one. Or their older one, I should say. Their old like throwback one. What is that? They have a name for it, right? There's Jonas Valenchunis, Joshua Primo, Red. Moments in time, Jamal Murray, Mosaic for the Nuggets. Oh, the throwback one with the hockey. Yeah, that one. That's their primary now. Oh, is it? They brought it back, yeah. Okay, yeah, I like that one. And then the other one they use is like their alternate, I want to say now. Or they have it on the sleeve or something. The Kachina, yeah, Scotty Barnes. Yeah, I like that one. The jerseys are so fire too, dude, with like that pattern that they have that goes down the middle. Silver Luca, Campaign Red. Starting five, Sixers, nice one there. I think he's not gonna like the- Do a quick recap, guys. Just their alternate being cool. Like that's pretty much like, pretty, like- That's Facundo Compaso Nuggets, Jalen Suggs Magic, Stevie Franchise for the Rockets, and a Josh Giddy for the Thunder. That'll do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the fill. Next up, 10, or no, we have Prismic Choice Team.


Hi, welcome to Nursing School Explained and this video on EKG interpretation of atrial rhythms that will specifically discuss supraventricular tachycardia or SVT. If you haven't already done so, I highly recommend also watching my other videos about basic electrophysiology as well as EKG interpretation basics, EKG paper reading as well as determination of heart rate, and then normal intervals and rules to memorize so that you are familiar with how to methodically go about interpreting every rhythm strip. Supraventricular tachycardia basically means that we have an irritable focus above the bifurcation of the bundle of his. If you need to go back and review the conduction system of the heart, this would be a perfect time to do that. And supra meaning above and ventricular the ventricles. So this irritable focus stems from somewhere above the ventricles. This can be the SA node atrial or junctional somewhere from the AB junction. And it always has a rapid ventricular response, which means that the heart rate is usually greater than 150. So here looking at the rules of EKG interpretation and the four steps that we usually go to in supraventricular tachycardia, the rate is usually quite high 150 to 250 beats per minute. In our example here, it's 200 beats per minute. And remember, we do this by counting the number of QRS complexes on a six second rhythm strip and then multiply on it by 10. So if we count here one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 multiplied by 10 gives us a high rate of 200. So quite fast. The rhythm is regular. We can see that with the naked eye that basically the distance between all these QRS complexes is really evenly. So it's a regular rhythm. The P wave, however, in SVT may or may not be seen and that will always depend on the ventricular rate. Remember that irritable focus sits somewhere above the ventricles supraventricular and therefore comes from somewhere in the atrium or that AB junction. Now the ventricle may or may not respond with a fast heart rate. So the faster the heart rate, the narrower these complexes will be and the harder it will be to see the P wave because it might be buried in a T wave here. So we might have a P wave somewhere, for example, here hidden in this T wave. But if we are able to see them, we can usually determine that we have one P wave for every QRS. And then the intervals, if the P waves are seen, the PRI is usually normal, which means 0.12 to 0.20. And the QRS is usually normal as well. So in this example, we can't really look at the PRI because we can't really determine if there is a clear cut P wave anywhere. But we can certainly look at our QRS's. And as usual, I like to start by looking at them when they start at a bigger line box here. So this would be here. So then one, two for the QRS, which makes the QRS 0.08 and is normal less than 0.12. And therefore, the QRS is normal. And we know that this is a, this rhythm that has to do with the atria above the ventricles in this case. Superventricular tachycardia is pretty common in young and healthy people, but can also occur in patients with coronary artery disease, hypertension, and CHF. Certain dietary supplements are known to induce superventricular tachycardia. So patients who are prone or have underlying cardiac issues should definitely talk to their provider before they take any kind of dietary supplements. Other substances or other causes for SVT are caffeine, alcohol, and illegal drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamines. Signs and symptoms always depend on the rate and duration. Certainly a patient who has a heart rate of 150 probably will have less symptoms than a patient who has a heart rate of 250. They might complain of feeling dizzy or lightheaded. They might have shortness of breath, anxiety. They might have a syncopal event, complaint of palpitations or chest pain or chest pressure. And this can be a very uncomfortable rhythm. And the patients will usually be quite anxious when they present with SVT. Interventions for SVT, we will always have to determine whether the patient is stable and asymptomatic or symptomatic and unstable. If the patient is stable, we can always ask them to perform the vagal maneuver, which means that we will ask the patient to bear down or maybe blow into a straw or if there's no straw available, they can always just kind of blow into their finger. And this maneuver increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity and stimulates the vagus nerve, which is in charge of the parasympathetic nervous system. And we know that the parasympathetic nervous system slows everything down. So sometimes the vagal maneuver works to reset the SA node and convert the patient back from SVT to a normal sinus rhythm. If that does not work, however, we need to go to medication treatment. And that can be adenosine, which is the most commonly used medication in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia, but it can be given a maximum number of three. So if that doesn't work, the provider might determine that different treatments have to be done or different medications have to be attempted. And they can be calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, the joxin, as well as anti-arrhythmics. If the patient, however, is unstable and symptomatic, meaning that they have a change in level of consciousness or a hypotensive with a systolic blood pressure of less than 90, that means that we have to treat the underlying cause and follow a CLS protocol. And adenosine is included in a CLS protocol. But if that is not working and the patient is now unstable, the patient might need to undergo a synchronized cardio version. If the patient has repeat episodes of SVT and they become unstable and they require frequent hospitalizations for this, the physician might suggest a cardiac ablation, which is basically a cardiac catheterization, where they try to determine where is that irritable focus located above the ventricles that causes this this rythmia frequently, and then they ablate it, they basically just kind of burn that focus away. And then hopefully it is the issue is resolved. Here are some credits and references. Please refer to any of these websites for more rhythm strips. And then here are some other videos from my EKG interpretation playlist. I highly recommend watching these other atrial rhythms, PACs, atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter so that you can compare them to SVT. Thanks for watching Nursing School Explained Peace. Please subscribe to my channel, leave some comments and share this with your friends, and we'll see you soon. Thanks for watching.


Traders, welcome back to the Scripts and Scanners video. So what we're going to do here real quick is look at the Thinkorswim platform and cover the Scripts and Scans. So Scans are pretty simple, you know, we covered some of this in the intro video. And you can basically create and mix and match all the parameters you want in these and you can then, like I said, save these as a watch list, right? You can also mess around with the filters and you can also save the scan query. Now what is the difference between a scan query and a watch list is that the watch list gets saved with these 47 results and that those are the 47 tickers that are going to be on that watch list regardless. Now with a scan query, things are different because with a scan query, you can actually save it as a watch list and it's dynamic. So if one of these tickers fails to miss one of these parameters or to comply with one of these parameters that you specified up here, then they will simply disappear from that list or they will come back if they ever do comply with it again.  And you can share both of these with other friends or the traders, but that is the difference between those two. So a very important feature, the scan queries that you can save as dynamic lists. So that is basically the scan tab and how scans work, right? And like I said, you can combine these with other things such as option parameters, fundamentals. You can look for evident earnings per share or dividend stocks in studies. You can add a particular study like, you know, if it complies with an ADX crossover or an RSI crossover, MACD crossover and patterns, you can actually as well activate it and it'll look for patterns automatically. Such in the same way, you can set up automatic pattern detection here in the charts and it actually finds those, in this case, channels, which is what I believe I have activated it to find here, select patterns, channel up. So whenever it finds a channel up, it automatically throws that on screen for you. Now that's cool because it's an automated feature and that is what we're going to be looking at with these scripts. So charts have the ability to have dynamic labels of information as well as studies that come pre-packaged with the platform, as well as scripts that you can throw on here. And there's different kinds of scripts and some of them are for indicators and patterns such as these. So you can share these, you can code them, but you don't have to learn how to code. But you can if you want to, of course, and everything is in the education tab, but you can also simply use, there's a newsletter and there's people that share their scripts with you. So we're going to learn how to import these. So in the Discord, we have the elite plus channel. So if you sign up for one of our X-Trade memberships, you can come over here to the elite plus channel, right? And you come over here to the pinned messages and you can see automatic Fibonacci retracements, automatic trend lines, and those things do exactly what they say they do. It's pretty simple. They have a small explanation for some. And then the case of the automatic Fibonacci retracement, what it does is it automatically places Fibonacci retracements on a chart for you. Normally what you get is a link. You click over here to copy that link or you select it and then right click and copy.  What that does is it's going to throw on this little pop-up window, you paste that in there, hit preview, get a preview sometimes, it's usually just a generic image. And then the important thing is here, I've already imported this item of course, so it is giving me the name that I already gave it. But you want to type in a name that is meaningful, otherwise the list of scripts grows and it kind of gets harder to find what it is that you want to find, right? So in this case I gave it the Xtrades ThinkScript TS Auto Fib Retracement, right? So it's already recognizing it as imported so I don't have to import it. Once you've imported an item, a shared item, you come over here and basically type in the name, Xtrades in this case, Automatic Fib Retracement, that's what we wanted. Double click on that, it'll throw it on there, hit apply and boom, it's ready. Now what this does is it gives you the fibs up here, right? It's giving you the 236, the 382, the 50, the 618 and of course you can edit all of that stuff if you come over here and click on the little gear icon for that particular indicator or study, it'll tell you which ones it is actually looking for, right? Okay, so what you can later do is, which is actually what you should have done before you threw this off, you want to practice with all of these things before you throw on an automated script, right? So the 236, I got 9.16, it has 8.9, the 382 is 10 spot 5, I've got 11 spot 6, so you can start adjusting those to whatever it is that you need. So let's go ahead and move on to the next script, which would be the automatic trend lines, again like I said, you click here, it selects it and then you come over to the setup gear icon, open the share item, throw it in there, preview and import. I'm not going to do that because I already have it, let's go ahead and look at what that one looks like. So in this case, it is the automatic trend line, this is going to draw trend lines for you automatically, Xtrades, auto trend, okay, throw it in here, hit apply and there it is. So you can see the trend lines coming off, right there, right here, down trend line, another down trend line up here, another up trend line here, another up trend line up here, another up trend line here, right and now you can practice with the trend lines that you drew yourself. So pretty useful tool, let's move on to the next one, which would be the cash flow labels. The cash flow labels, in this case what they give you is an idea of the amount of cash that flowed in and out on every candle. So let's go ahead and Xtrades cash flow, double click, apply, okay and you get the labels up here, okay so you can tell for this day, the current day, you can tell difference, the average per candle, as well as the total cash flow for this particular window of time that we're looking at, which is the daily of about 12 months. Okay, so that's for NEO. Now let's move on to the next one, which is the Ichimoku cloud and we have two versions of that, the Ichimoku cloud as well as the cloud labels. So we're going to come over, we've already imported this item, so let's go ahead and look for Ichimoku, there we go, that's the labels, see if you can find Ichi, I remember I mistyped the name, I wrote EC, so there it is cloud, so that's the Ichimoku cloud and we're going to go ahead and add it, not just find it, Ichimoku cloud, there it is, it's up here on the price area, hit apply and there are the clouds, right, bearish, bearish, bullish, bearish, same goes for the Ichimoku labels, Ichimoku labels, there it is, adds it to the price area, hit apply and probably there it is, the bearish Ichi, so that's all it's really telling us is for this time frame, it is bearish, now let's come over and look at the next one which is the volume overlay, the volume overlay is really cool because it gives you a better idea of what up and down trending volumes there were for a particular time frame, so let's come over here and zoom in, let's say to these few days right there and so you can see that out of this volume we actually have about half buy and half sell, so half bullish and half bearish volume right which is a lot more informative than just one bar where you don't really know what each volume was, alright now let's move on to the custom average moving average plots, this is really cool, just studies and remove our volume overlay and find the, goodness, the moving average, there it is, MA combo, hit apply, let me reset this time window here, so here it is, so what we're doing is three indicators which you can't really see because my indicators are in the way, you see how I have these 350, 100 and 200, well this is, you can combine one of them, the 5, the 8 and the 13, all into one indicator so you don't have to add three of these, so this gets a little bit bulkier when you add them more, so basically what it's doing is these are my original indicators, the 50, the 100 and the 200, these are the 8, the 5, the 8 and the 13 which you also get up here has nice cool little labels up on your chart but you can also get, and you can modify these of course, right, you can come over here to the flask and just hit the gear icon and modify each one of those if you want to BSMAs or EMAs or WMAs, right, if you want them to be whatever time frames you use, the 9, the 21, if you're day trading or stuff like that, so that is the moving average combo and now let's move over to the next three are Unremark and Run For Your Life and Heatmap which we will cover in a separate video, so I hope you enjoyed this video, I hope you found it useful, informative and if you have any comments or questions drop them in the comment section of the video, don't forget to like and subscribe, don't forget to turn on the alert notifications to get notified of any new material that we put out, I hope you have a great trading weekend, I will see you next time and get connected with a trading mentor today, completely free of charge


Hey Psych2goers, have you ever been manipulated by someone? Have you ever manipulated someone to get what you want? It's a very subjective concept, but it all boils down to someone changing information for their benefit. Now, the majority of us aren't out here deciding to manipulate everyone, but do you do anything manipulative without knowing it? Let's take a look at manipulative tendencies to see if you're being unintentionally manipulative. 1. I just tell it like it is, friend. A lot of the time, this common phrase means, I'm gonna say whatever I want and that's okay because I'm being honest. Are you frequently blunt and honest? Even if it's mean to the other people, this is a common manipulation tactic. Cruel humor and highlighting others' known weaknesses or insecurities are ways manipulators make someone feel bad about themselves. They may not do this intentionally, as they may believe they're just blunt and honest. Showing these types of actions can be a sign of manipulation. 2. You're always going to them. Any form of connection will only thrive as long as meaningful time is spent nurturing it. Whenever you hang out, who goes to who? Are they always coming to you? Are you always going to them? When one person is insistent on being in a familiar situation, it suggests that they want to be able to control the situation. If they were to come to your home, they would be in unfamiliar territory on many different levels. This same person may also be showing signs of social anxiety. Even though they may have a valid reason for not wanting to come over to meet at one of your spots, it is still manipulation to not outright discuss something. 3. You change to get along with different groups of people. Do you change your values or the way you act around different people? A good example of this is John Tucker in the movie John Tucker Must Die, where John Tucker is dating three different girls. When John is on a date with the tree hucker activist, he throws a fit at a restaurant that serves meat, claiming they torture animals. He takes another girl to the same restaurant on a different night and he orders a juicy steak. He changes his values and everything else about himself to align with what his date wants to see. Now this is definitely intentional in his case, but it may not be the same for everyone. Some may do and say they want to make good first impressions, or that they just want to fit in. Sometimes this is totally innocent, but it could be manipulation, if taken too far. 4. You put a spin on information that you pass on. A 2009 study found that people who receive information will embellish it to mislead those who need to hear this information. This can be to make the manipulator feel more important by withholding information or changing it. So, do you relate to any of these or think these apply to someone in your life? Manipulation is something that slips under the radar very easily. It can be so subtle we don't even know if we do it. Do you think we missed anything? Is there anything you want to work on? Let us know in the comments below. If you found this video helpful, like and share it with friends that might find insight in it too. Remember to subscribe to Psych2Go and hit the notification bell for more content. All the sources used are added in the description box below. Thanks so much for watching, until next time.


Everybody was just delighted to see all the fire trucks. We have a lot of toys, a lot of bells and whistles, so they were just delighted to see it. We were delighted to see them as well because it's always important to get that fire safe to mess up firsthand. Instead of going down Main Street, we brought a red to the community. I think it's very important to be up and close to the community. This is the way to have a more intimate reach out and just touch the community in a more positive way. Instead of just walking down Main Street, seeing them waving, now we're actually mingling with them at this point. Always be as far as safety conscious. Listen to your part of a picture when they tell you about safety and just learn. Learn from them. They have a lot to say.