Coming up on DTNS Samsung shuts down its China phone plant people are getting faster at typing on mobile except for me and Microsoft got back into phones This is the Daily Tech news for Wednesday October 2nd 2019 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt in Salt Lake City hitting my f8 key I'm Scott Johnson and I'm Roger Chang the show's producer Saros out, but she will be back tomorrow. Do not fret just now on good day internet We were talking nutrition a lot of life scientific studies are out We were kicking those around talking about nutritional advice If that sounds like something you would be interested in you can go listen to that episode by becoming a patron at patreon.com slash DTNS. All right, let's start with a few tech things you should know Samsung has shut down its last phone factory in China It's citing domestic competition from Chinese brands Rising labor costs and a slowing worldwide phone market as reasons for pulling out of China Samsung expanded its smartphone production to countries like India and Vietnam, so it's still making its phones Let's just making them somewhere else Sony also recently announced its closing its Beijing smartphone plant and will only make Sony phones in Thailand Interesting that is a real shift Google announced action blocks To let you create shortcuts of a multi-step task you might have you got a bunch of stuff You got to get done use action blocks using Google Assistant is how you'll do it Google is promoting action blocks as an accessibility feature for people with cognitive disabilities like advanced dementia autism or Down syndrome To get action blocks. You need to be part of Google's trusted tester program Intel announced a refresh to its high-end Skylake i9 processors the Cascade Lake processors are the name of that refreshed line And they're cheaper Coming in November as an example the Skylake $1,979 9980 XE will be replaced by the Cascade Lake 10 980 XE for 979 dollars so quite a quite a discount there And you even get an increased turbo mode from 4.5 to 4.8 gigahertz the core i9 10 900 X is even cheaper Increasing base clock speed from 3.5 to 3.7 gigahertz and dropping the price from 989 dollars to 590 died dollars Quoted prices from Intel of course are for thousand unit orders not your single chip retail So you'll probably end up paying a little bit more if you build your own machine But it will bring down the price of machines that are made with these processors as well Well the Wall Street Journal has sources who say the companies that make up the Libra Association will meet in Washington, DC on Thursday that would be tomorrow the journals sources say Visa and Mastercard are reconsidering involvement Bloomberg source Says that PayPal and Stripe are also undecided Facebook's David Marcus said on Twitter He was not aware of any company's plans to not step up was his quote. All right Well, I see what leaks out of that meeting Instagram is rolling out its restrict tool to all users to restrict a user instead of blocking them You swipe left on a comment or go to a user's profile page or you can go into the privacy tab in Instagram settings Restricted users comments remain visible to them. That's the difference with blocking But will not show up for anyone else who use who views your post unless you approve them Dms from restricted users will also go to your message request inbox and you won't get a notification And the sender won't know if you've read it or not. Wow That's a super interesting thing actually I kind of hope more people do that It's like muting and you'll never know and you're not just muting you him. You're muting you're being muted from the world Apple also announced to update iOS later this year to let third-party messaging apps work with Siri by default. It's a big change right now Only iOS own messaging apps work by default meaning users have to specify apps Like what's app if they want to send a message that way the update will default to send messages to the app Used most frequently. I hope there's a setting in there Let's me choose a default app as well. That's unclear at this point But I do like the feature of if I don't want to choose just saying like well, we know you always use what's up So we'll just default to that one. Yeah, it seems nice. All right Let's talk a little bit about what Google's doing for cybersecurity month Well a couple things going on Google added a password checkup feature to its password manager in Chrome and Android The feature was previously available as an extension and it checks passwords against known breaches and alerts users If it finds a match as well as encouraging users against reusing passwords or using weak passwords Data is encrypted and cannot be seen by Google and the warnings it generates are local to your machine So only you're gonna see this. Yeah, and they encrypt and hash the passwords when they do the comparison So so they're trying to do all the things to reassure you that you know They're not just letting your passwords out into the world when they check them, which is important This is no different than have I been pwned where you can you can look and find out like hey Is this is my username is our password associate that's been out on a breach But it's a little more automatic and it's built into Chrome and Android So it seems like if you are going to use Chrome and Android In this way, then this is a great idea whether you should use Chrome and Android to store your passwords or log into things That's a whole separate conversation. But if you are it's good good feature, right? Yeah, I totally agree Well, they're not done because Google also launched incognito mode for maps And it's kind of what you think it is when you use Google Maps in incognito mode Your activity will not be saved to your Google account or used for personalization Google is also adding auto delete options to your YouTube history that can be set for delivery every three to 18 months I like that one a lot and Google Assistant will now respond to voice commands to quote delete the last thing I said to you and quote delete everything I said to you last week. Those are both pretty cool It's important to know we talked about earlier. So probably should pound this a little bit The incognito mode for maps hides it from Google and hides it from them using it It does not do anything to your ISP or how you're conveying that information So it's not like your mapping info is being encrypted and sent through Comcast and they have no idea It's just when it gets to Google and that's an important distinction. I think yeah It's not a VPN in other words, but it's a way for Google to say hey if you don't want us To count this location It's like it's like when you decide to use incognito mode to search because you don't want it to affect the ads you get It's like that for maps like I'm gonna go to this location But I don't want suddenly that to affect all the things that Google does in personalization I'm I'm sneakily going to a Yankees game, but I'm a Mets fan And I don't want to start giving me Yankee scores because it thought I went to a Yankees game I'm really glad you said that because I've had the hardest time in my head constructing a viable Scenario where this would really matter to somebody because I haven't really been able to figure it out Like why would anyone care or why would I care what Google thought about where I went and your baseball analysis actually really good? It's probably not the most legitimate one or common one, but but but it is I yeah I think it kind of gets the idea across probably more often if you're like visiting somewhere. They're like, yeah I'm never gonna go back there. I don't really want that Who knows maybe it's going to the hospital or something like that You just don't want that that health information into your profile Scientists from universities in Finland the UK and Switzerland combined to present a study Wednesday showing that people type about 70% as fast on mobile devices as they do on physical Quarty keyboards now you could look at that and say like man, that's what I thought slower on mobile But it's a lot less slower on mobile than people expected. This is a pretty extensive study They had 37,000 volunteers across 160 countries More female-weighted and also younger like people in their 20s But they you know statistically, you know averaged it out took typing tests to assess speed and accuracy Mobile typing averaged around 36 words per minute while physical typing ranged from 35 to 65 words per minute People who use two thumbs on mobile achieved the fastest mobile typing speeds and about three-quarter 74% of participants used two thumbs to type on mobile autocorrect Despite your frustrations with it increased typing speed But word prediction where it tells you what word of things you want to type next did not Because of the time it takes you to choose the word it might feel faster, but apparently it's not And another interesting note from the study users between the ages of 10 and 19 Typed an average of 10 words per minute faster on mobile than the olds in their 40s So Mavis speaking could not be reached for comment on This is super interesting because I've noticed that This I've noticed this in my own kids They're all really fast at this and I remember when you know Then just a little nine keypad thing was the way to do it on a crappy foot phone and they were really fast at doing that So my experience is with whatever my experience as a father was is that kids latch on to this stuff because it's all they've seen It's all they know and especially when it comes to Touchscreens that is the default interface that a whole generation is growing up with like straight up when Nick was seven years old He suddenly had touchscreens and it's been all that since now. He's 19 That represents a huge part of his life's experience and memories. So that's just gonna get faster they're gonna get better at it the olds are gonna get worse at it and This seems kind of normal to me, but it is fun to watch things like I watched a fortnight tournament where a kid on his phone Bested somebody who is equal skill in terms of you know How could they are at the game on a console and another person on a PC on the same game and he just rocked them on a cell phone? I've seen others do similar stuff on on tablets and iPads and that sort of thing They're just so much more used to that interface And that we all use in love too. I mean, it's not that it's just that they're gonna be naturally slower They're gonna have a you know an attunement to it that we're just not gonna have and I think it's pretty cool It's kind of impressive Yeah, I there's something to be said for growing up with something making making you better at it You know, there were things that we were better at as kids Then then our parents and grandparents because we were just faster at it, you know things like VCRs for instance Skills that are no longer necessary, but I don't think they didn't talk about in here You know the keyboards and the Android's got a lot of these you can now in the new version of iOS It's actually built in but the whole swipe I don't know if that played into this at all. No, it doesn't sound like it They just wanted people to do like straight on typing versus typing, but that would be interesting if the swipe I wish they would have had that inherent is swiping actually make it faster. Maybe like word prediction. It doesn't Well, folks, if you want to get all that tech headlines each day in about five minutes Be sure to subscribe to daily tech headlines comm Let's talk about Microsoft They had a big announcement today in New York City They had a lot of things that have been leaked this week earlier by Evan Blass So a lot of it was not a surprise, but one thing was Microsoft announced it is getting back into the phone market. The Surface Duo is a dual screen foldable Android phone Not with a screen that folds like the Galaxy Fold but with two five point six inch displays So clamshell device it arrives by the holidays next year 2020 Microsoft didn't really announce a whole lot more details about this They also right before they made the bombshell announcement of putting out a phone Announced the Surface NEO the Surface NEO is a dual screen tablet with two nine inch screens. That one runs Windows 10 X So not as revolutionary as Microsoft putting out an Android phone But Windows 10 X is a new version of Windows optimized for dual screen devices It runs just native Windows apps so 64-bit, although you can run when 32 apps in a container Each side is five point six millimeters thick can rotate 360 degrees on the hinge So you can flap it all the way open for two two screens on each side Features a custom Intel Lake field processor referred to as a hybrid processor With an 11th gen graphics engine to control both screens The cool part depending on if you didn't look too close at the woman's hands Because they seem to be kind of in a painful position Was a Bluetooth keyboard attachment that sits on top of one screen part way Leaving the rest of that screen to be used as a trackpad. So it just kind of clacks on Oh, I probably magnetically and then it connects by Bluetooth and the Windows 10 X knows that that's happened And then turns the rest of the screen into the trackpad Windows 10 X launches an app in the screen in which it's invoked it can span apps across two screens Well, most of the two-screen functionality of Windows 10 X was stuff that we've seen in things from kiosk era and other other dual screen devices in the past Uh, we'll also work with the new surface pen that can attach to the back Surface neo will be available for the holidays next year along with the surface duo for 2020 Uh, this is this is very interesting to me. This is uh You can make any Phone a microsoft phone. You could install office and outlook microsoft's launcher Uh and connect it to one drive any android phone. Anyway, uh, samsung has microsoft's your phone built in at the system level So I I think a lot of people just thought well, that's microsoft's approach to phones is just kind of take it over at that level Um, this Is a whole different Opportunity it makes more sense than galaxy fold Uh, it certainly makes Google's support of dual screen devices make more sense when they were talking about dual screen and and we all thought well Is that because of the galaxy fold? I guess google must be coming out with their own thing Now it makes more sense. Oh, they were developing this with microsoft as well, which they were And it really underlines sacha nadella's plans for microsoft In fact, he out now told wires lower and good. The operating system is no longer the most important layer for us So, yeah, this is uh, this is Definitely a whole new world. Yeah microsoft. I keep making this joke over the last day and a half about how How would steve bulmer Feel about this and you were quick to point out He's too worried about his basketball team to worry about any of this and I think you're right But um, it is such a difference from that microsoft where Platform anonymity mattered where they didn't want to have their stuff everywhere. There was no there was no push toward any of that And in fact, they were still pushing windows phones So they hear that they're finally back to a phone and that it doesn't have anything to do with nokia And that it has a lot to do with android Is kind of nuts if you're looking at this thing on a macro level But I think it's actually perfectly in line with microsoft's recent moves over the last few years This is definitely a new kind of microsoft and they are definitely more about Getting their name their stuff their services everywhere and less about controlling the platform it's on and I still think that's really good for them. I mean I just from a pure pr standpoint I I like microsoft more now than I ever have And I think it's just because I these kind of moves just seem like nice open smart moves good products Customer friendly All that stuff like that's that is not what I felt about them 10 years ago And yet here we are it's kind of it's kind of crazy how that's going I I think you know, it's not a surprise. Sachin Adele has been saying for two plus years I guess five years. It's it's been five years since he took over That that this was the direction of microsoft is is services and software And not the operating system level, but it's also hardware It's also saying like we're going to make best in class prototype hardware that somehow has not angered its partners, right? I mean, I would be tempted to say like, oh, this is going to get samsung upset But it won't Any more than coming out with these laptops and tablets have made hp or or come Come back. Why do I always say hp cover? But may hp or dell upset? What microsoft is doing is saying look, uh, yeah, we'll let google make the operating system for our phone Because that's a dead end You you only can grow so much and if we tried to combat Google's dominance in operating systems right now, we would never catch up It's better to become the software layer on top of android. That's how we win Because android eventually becomes commodified And and and we know what that's like having done windows Like they know what it's like when your operating system becomes commodified and the real Change in market is done on top of it and they're like, yeah, fine. Let android have that no problem We we will be making more progress by selling you office and azure and things like that on top of it Yeah, in a weird way they figured out how to have their cake and eat it too They've they figured out that all these other brands who are not mad at them for making cool hardware and new stuff Can still do the thing they're going to do and they will still benefit from having their operating system everywhere And still benefit from that old relationship And yet here's this new branch. I think it's really smart of them And it was kind of maybe the only way they could go and i'm glad they Glad they figured it out a little weird to be announcing these things more than a year Before they come out, uh, they did announce some stuff that is going to come out Let's get to that. Uh, these have actual prices on them the surface laptop 3 And this is going to be a refrain has a usbc port Uh, it keeps the 3 2 aspect ratio the 1.3 millimeter keyboard travel They made the trackpad 20 larger 13.5 inch model has a quad core 10th gen intel core processor And there's now a 15 inch version of laptop 3 that adds an option to have intel or AMD Ryzen surface edition which they say is the fastest AMD laptop processor made Both models have options for a machined aluminum finish now You can still get the alcantara fabric if you want and both have removable hard drives surface laptop 3 starts at $999 for the 13.5 inch 1199 for the 15 inch you can pre-order them now shipping october 22nd Microsoft also announced a new surface pro the surface pro 7 It's still a 12.3 inch convertible with a kickstand and that detachable keyboard cover has a stylus Now builds in a microphone array to optimize capturing your voice comes with usbc Big improvement is in the internals core i3 i5 and i7 options up to 16 gigabytes of lpddr 4x ram and up to a terabyte ssd That also means the battery life dropped on it from 13.5 hours to 10.5 hours surface pro 7 starts at $749 pre-ordering now shipping october 22nd Other than you know usbc finally showing up nothing terribly stunning about these but they're nice improvements Yeah, it seems it seems decent and if you're if you're already sort of in line to get new surface pro and you've been following that line for a while These are nice improvements other than the loss of battery life that price is still good um, i'm still very Worried about how the pen performance goes with that device uh the surface 2 is still Amazing, but it was a project they worked with Waycom on Now we're in new territory. They haven't been really great since so I'll have my eye on that pro 7 just to see you know how they're how they're doing with that sort of thing, but That's funny that usbc is like Finally coming to these devices. I mean my I feel like my whole life has converted to that I got one or two things with like lightning and a couple of mini usb's now, but I have so many chargers now that are usbc hanging around I I feel like we're finally cresting that hill. Oh, yeah No, we're about we're we're about to turn the corner to people complaining about their usba devices Yeah, you know, it's been a complain complain complain about usbc and dongles Uh, especially for apple users and now it's going to be like no, we have usbc Why aren't people still making usba? I still have these old usba devices I have to use a dongle to convert my usba device. I have to use a little thing Bobble bobble boss. So here we go. I'm gonna call it right now. It's the eternal spin It never ends get used to it and just get ready to buy new cables when it's time. It's fine Microsoft also announced a new surface pro an arm based surface pro the surface pro x With a custom chipset called the sq1 that was developed in a partnership between microsoft and qualcomm The sq1 chipset is based on qualcomm's existing snapdragon hcx laptop chip with lte advanced built-in It also has an integrated ai accelerator and two teraflops of graphics performance This runs windows 10 for arm, uh, which can run all windows apps But it does some of them with instruction set translation So there's a little bit of a performance hit, but it's generally Reviewed as decent the surface pro x comes with two usbc ports Uh, it's 5.3 millimeters weighs 774 grams That's about 1.69 pounds has a 13 inch pixel sense display with 2880 by 1920 resolution at 267 ppi The pro x available for pre-order at $999 shipping november 1st 5th and along with that Is the surface slim pen Which charges wirelessly when you slot it into the surface pro x's type cover keyboard This is sold separately, but the surface slim pen can do inline edits in word Including crossing out words to delete. Uh, you can also use inking to add comments in office documents You can even write over cells and excel to update numbers And adobe came out and did some nice inking with it as well And announced support for creative cloud apps to work with pen in the offing the slim pen ain't cheap It's sold separately for 144 99. Yeah, it's not it's not a cheap deal But I am very hopeful about that device Um, it's also a little bit confusing probably for for some hearing that oh, there's the surface pro x What's different between that and the seven and there's a lot tom obviously just explained specs wise, but uh, this seems to be I don't know kind of like the surface pro seven in that line is your For a bad apple comparison. We'll say that's just ipad Um, good ipads right keep to keep updating them nice new ipad this year This is like then going fully pro At least potentially with both power and capability. The real question is will that pen Work for a lot of the artist types that I know myself included and that that needs some hands on to see But that demo that adobe gave looked really promising more promising than that that pen or their pen tech has worked with microsoft products for a while so I am personally very excited to get hands on on this thing and see How that thing goes integration directly with creative cloud is a huge deal there And um, I think it'd be worth it for creative professionals if it does if it can perform the way that they're showing They really did focus a lot though on like well, you're using office, right? Here's a way to mark up your stuff in word and that's great and maybe the primary Aim of this is you know business users and that sort of thing Um, but where I'm where I'm really curious is that You know the creative apps and how they're going to run and so we'll see I guess and that price is I mean while expensive Not that expensive. It's all right. You know if this is truly a a big jump for them in that pen tech 144 is okay I could see that and And I and I know the presentation definitely made it seem like the surface pro 7 is the old and the surface pro x is the new But it's really just a chip difference. It's it's arm versus intel So they were doing a lot to make the pro x sound powerful because it has arm in it And I I think the pro 7's probably still more powerful I mean certainly that inking demonstration that they did with the pro 7 They they didn't have to go and wow look it can even do this It was just showing you what it could do where I was with the pro x There was a lot of like it's got an arm processor, but it can still do this So I'm very curious what the benchmarks of this will end up being Once people put it through its paces, but but you're right It's it's a lovely laptop a little bit of a higher price point than the pro 7 But they're throwing a lot of bells and whistles into it And and like you say that surface slim pen sure sounds good. Hey, it's pricey Well, and everything comes down to latency in the in the in the category that I'm talking about And I bring this up a lot when we have stuff on the show about this sector, but Like for example the ipad pros that have been pretty strong for artists So is the pencil they just had a free os update taking the thing from out of ios and forking it into ipad os And for whatever reason and they announced it on stage, but for whatever reason The latency went way down and it's so it's already faster and it was already kind of top in class for latency So they have a lot to live up to in that regard If they can win on that level they've already got like full creative cloud support They'll that they'll also have all of the other windows apps that are already well established as competitors in the art space like generally I think this is a real shot over the bow of that particular market. I just don't know how big that market is I don't know how much microsoft wants it the their studio desktop model didn't do that great sales wise Also didn't perform very well This could be the one And maybe by pushing it as a more general use device like the ipad is You'll get more out of it. I don't know this is going to be fun to watch I can't wait yeah that graphics performance pays off like they're saying if that ai accelerator works like they're saying This is going to be a compelling machine Finally, we must acknowledge the surface earbuds The the wireless earbuds announced to design to work with microsoft office office You can do powerpoint slide forwarding voice transcription and live translation in 60 languages right from your earbuds They offer one click pairing with microsoft devices And even work with spotify on android for quick music playback So you don't have to press play you just launch spotify it knows the earbuds are on and starts playing I promise 24 hours of battery life Uh, and they're coming later this year for 249 dollars. They also are not going to blend into your ears They're huge I mean a lot of people made fun of airpods and I think it's a fair thing But these things are just gnarly in fact, I would say this if you were always tempted to get eargages You know cutting out your your lobe and really that's right This will at least look like you've done it They could go right into your eargages I actually think these look like they'll be lost less the fallout less like there's some benefits to the size the battery life's probably the biggest but Um, I don't know man. They're big old discs in your head and I'm not sure that's going to work for me But you know, somebody's got 250 out there. Give it as Roger pointed out in our pre show. You won't lose them That is easily Thanks to everybody who participates in our subreddit You can submit stories and vote on them at daily tech news show dot reddit dot com and facebook dot com slash groups Slash daily tech news show checking out the mail bag. Uh, we actually got a voicemail Yesterday, I posited that apple wasn't worried about not getting tariff exemptions for its mac pro parts for some of them Anyway, because they could source them from outside china and they likely knew the parts wouldn't get exemptions Well, james thatcher aka big jim called us from his car on the way to present at a conference To give us his expertise on the topic With regard to yesterday's show and apple not getting some exemptions but getting other exemptions tom, I think you're half right I think that apple most definitely is planning on sourcing those items from either somewhere in asia Or probably somewhere in uh, mexico and my only reason for that guess is Just because of the proximity to the border. Maybe it's easier to do it that way With regard to did they have some kind of conversation with the us tr I find it highly unlikely and here's why every company I have talked to Who has submitted trade exemption requests and there have been several None of them that I have talked to have had a conversation with the us tr Or their office If it was done, it was either done completely open and in public or it was put on the exemption request specifically But that's just my two cents For tech and trade and yes tech and trade is still around. We're still kicking. We're not dead yet Visit us at the trade nerd. That's the trade nerd calm I'm big jim That's great. So I guess my best guess knowing that now that I have big jim's expertise weighing in on this is Maybe they just knew that those parts might not get approval might not get exemptions I I I'm still holding to the idea that I don't think apple was shocked and is now suddenly upset I think they probably planned for that, but thank you. Thank you big jim. Yeah, that was awesome I wasn't part of that conversation. Obviously because I wasn't here but the um I was just stunned by the idea that hey, they're gonna build them in texas and I went Didn't they already do that the the one I have over here the old pro can They were building them in in austin and then they decided they were no longer going to build them in austin And then when the tariffs came along they changed their mind and now they're going to keep building them in austin All right. Well, good luck and I can't afford your new mac Yeah, I don't think it's bad for you really anymore weirdly not anymore. It's the old one. Yeah, I don't know those guys They got to figure that out Well a big shout out to patrons at our master and grand master levels including andrew bradley dustin cambell and paul boyer Thanks for your support of the show and thank you scott johnson for joining us What's going on to tell folks about oh There's a lot of things and I know I keep teasing this but uh if we're getting closer We're not sure we're using Kickstarter now because of some controversy a Kickstarter We may be using something else, but my board game slash card game is coming out. It's called rock runners It's available at least some details about it some pictures of it I have an actual test deck here that works and it's great All the artworks completed. You can find that over at frogpants.com slash rock runners It's a really fun game for quick five round games the friends up to four people And I love it and I can't wait to get this thing out there, but head on over there Bookmark it and soon you'll figure out how you can get them for everything else you're looking for frogpants.com And of course I am on twitter at scott johnson We have new patreon rewards You just heard one of them shout outs in the show Become a member of dts and you could get a peek at our show rundown as we develop it You could have been watching as I was fumbling around with all those microsoft announcements today Behind the scenes chats and more and on november 1st Everybody who is at the $2 level or above will get a pdf copy of the official dtsns Good day internet cookbook with recipes from the show hosts and even some listeners sign up now at patreon.com slash dts Our email addresses feedback at daily tech news show dot com we're live monday through friday 4 30 p.m Eastern 20 30 utc you can find out more about that at daily tech news show dot com slash live Back tomorrow with justin robert young and special guest tony stanley To give us some idea of what the trends in fintech are these days talk to you then This show is part of the frogpants network get more at frogpants.com I hope you have enjoyed this brover


Okay, so we've obtained this condition for chemical equilibrium. We know a chemical reaction is going to be in equilibrium if this condition holds. Stoichiometric coefficients multiplied by chemical potentials adds up to zero for all the components of the reaction. To see what that feels like for a real example system, let's go back to our example of H2 and Br2 reacting to form HBr, and see if we can learn something interesting about that particular equilibrium reaction. So this equilibrium condition tells us, if I just use the stoichiometric coefficients from this reaction, stoichiometric coefficient for H2 is negative one, so I've got negative chemical potential of H2, negative chemical potential of Br2, and positive twice the chemical potential of HBr have to add up to zero. That's my equilibrium condition. Another way of writing that same reaction, let's move reactants and products to opposite sides of this equal sign, so I can say chemical potential of H2 and Br2, if they're on the opposite side from the product, chemical potential of H2 and Br2 have to add up to twice the chemical potential of HBr. That looks essentially just like this chemical reaction written in terms of chemical potentials rather than chemical species. Now what can we do with this? We know a fair amount about chemical potentials, in particular for this reaction at room temperature anyway, H2, Br2, HBr, those are all gaseous species. The chemical potential of a gas, we know how to write down the chemical potential of a gas in particular, we know that chemical potential is going to depend on the pressure of the gas. As this reaction goes forward, I destroy some H2 and Br2, I generate some HBr, the amounts of each one of those reactants and products are going to be changing, their pressures might be changing. If I recall that the chemical potential of a gas, in particular an ideal gas, at a particular pressure is equal to its standard state chemical potential plus RT natural log of its partial pressure relative to standard pressure, that's an expression I can use to write down the chemical potential of each of these gaseous species. So just substituting that expression in here, I can say chemical potential of H2, which is Mu0 plus RT log of hydrogen's partial pressure over P0, add that to the chemical potential of Br2, which is Mu0 for Br2 and RT natural log Br2 pressure relative to standard pressure and then on the right hand side of the equation I've got twice standard chemical potential for HBr and twice RT natural log pressure of HBr relative to standard pressure. So there's a nice long expression that tells me what this chemical equilibrium condition looks like for HBr, for this HBr reaction. We can clean that up a little bit by collecting, let's say, all of the chemical potential terms on one side. Put those on the right hand side, so I've got twice MuHBr0, if I pull these two over to the right hand side of the equation I've got subtracting chemical potential of H2 and chemical potential of Br2 under standard conditions. Then on the left side of the equation I'm going to keep all the RT log pressure terms. So I've got RT log pH2 over P0, RT log pressure of Br2 over P0, and I get a negative sign when I bring this minus 2 RT natural log pressure of HBr over P0. Now that I've got all these RT natural log terms together I can collect those into one. I've got natural log plus a natural log minus a natural log. So that's going to be a product, natural log of the product, pH2 over P0, PBr2 over P0. The negative sign here means this one's going to be upside down, pHBr underneath P0, and the 2 out front means I need to square it. So I've combined all those terms on the left side into one natural log term. On the right side I've got a difference in chemical potentials. I've got chemical potential of products, two chemical potentials of HBr minus chemical potential of reactants. So products minus reactants with stoichiometric coefficients, that sounds like the change in chemical potential when the reaction proceeds, so we could call it that. I'm actually going to call it change in molar free energy, just recalling the fact that the chemical potential is partial molar Gibbs free energy. So the free energy change of this reaction is the same as the difference of chemical potentials for products minus reactants with the right stoichiometric ratio. So let's see what we can do next. If I'm going to move the RT over to the right side. So I've just got a natural log. These P0s, P0s twice in the denominator, twice in the numerator, those are going to cancel. So all I'm left with is pressure of H2, pressure of Br2 over pressure of HBr squared. A word of caution here, that cancellation of the P0s, the two in the denominator and the two in the numerator happen to cancel in this case exactly only because of the coincidence that I've got two molecules on the reactant side and exactly two molecules on the product side. If this chemical reaction had ended up generating a net number of molecules of product or consuming some number of net molecules, then that cancellation wouldn't happen, that cancellation doesn't always happen. In fact, that's one source of complication that we'll run into when we start to deal with more complicated problems. And for the moment, those P0s all canceled. This ratio, pressure of H2, pressure of Br2 over pressure of HBr squared, that looks nice except I'd rather have it the other way around. I'd rather have products divided by reactants, right now I've got it upside down. So I'm going to write, if I rewrite it one more time, I can say if I flip it upside down, pressure of products HBr over pressures of reactants H2 and Br2, I've turned this side upside down. When I invert what's inside the log, I change the sign, so I'm going to move that sign over to the right side. Now I can undo this natural log by exponentiating both sides. So if I take e to the ln of this quantity, I'll just get this ratio of pressures, pressure of HBr squared over pressure of H2 and pressure of Br2. When I exponentiate the right hand side, I get e to the minus delta G over RT. So that should begin to look a little bit familiar if you've dealt with equilibrium constants before at the general chemistry level. This quantity e to the minus delta G over RT, that the delta G is the delta G for this particular reaction, this H2 and Br2 forming HBr, that reaction. That particular reaction has a Gibbs free energy associated with it. If I know that value and I calculate this quantity e to the minus delta G over RT at a particular temperature, I'm going to get a number. That number we call the equilibrium constant. So this expression that I have here, this is still the equilibrium condition. Remember we started with this expression saying this is the condition that must be satisfied if this reaction is at equilibrium. I've just manipulated that equation in a number of different ways to arrive at this result, which looks very different, but is still the equilibrium condition. If it happens to be true that the ratio of the pressures of these different components, HBr, H2 and Br2, that particular ratio of pressures happens to equal this particular constant, then we know the reactions at equilibrium. H2 and Br2 are in equilibrium with HBr. So this is just a different way of describing this same equilibrium condition. We've done it here with a fair amount of work for the specific case of H2 and Br2 forming HBr. We could do that every time we run into a new reaction, but of course it's going to be more useful to do it once and for all for the general case to see what is the equilibrium condition written in terms of some equilibrium constant for an arbitrary reaction with arbitrary stoichiometric coefficients. So now that we've seen this example for the HBr reaction, we'll do it for the more general case coming up next.


Hey guys, welcome back to another episode of nerdy draws for this episode I thought I was gonna use those blue sharpies and I ended up not cuz I lost the colors or something. I don't know.  I didn't look before I actually started drawing But on the bright side I did use Some black and white sharpies, which I haven't done in a really long time actually and I think I added a little bit of color I forget I'm watching this video as I talk, but you know, whatever and I don't really do that. I usually just go straight for coloring and I don't usually do value practice I don't know if that's to call it. I'm an amateur. Anyways So for this episode, I'm drawing lapis lazuli in black and white. You probably know her She's from Steven Universe and I love her. I love her color palette She's so pretty and so I just decided to draw her for this episode especially because I've never done anything Fandom related. So far these past two nerdy draws have just been O.C.'s and I Realize people don't always just want to see O.C. drawings because you know that they they're not really out there though I plan for them to be but you know, they're not there yet and Also, I'd like to give a shout out to Turquoise T for being on my butt for literally like two to three weeks to put out a speed paint and I kept letting her down but I will also give it to her While I was drawing this I have a lot of cuts in this video Just because I was watching Heather's while I drew this because she recommended it to me. So ha Please don't get mad at me but anyways So I'd had to do a lot of cuts in this video Just cuz it was like I kept stopping to watch the play and then at some point like I put the camera too far down So you couldn't even see what I was drawing, you know amateur rookie mistakes, whatever but As far as I remember this one was really fun because I think I drew it like I want to say two weeks ago Because I actually recorded the material a while ago And then I've just been so busy with like family coming over and I just haven't had time to do it That's also kind of an excuse because I'm a lazy piece of crap But other than that This was pretty fun to do. Also, I have a new mic I'm gonna link in the description to this mic because I love it. It's absolutely fantastic It cost I want to say like $13. Oh look. I'm pausing there again Did I not cut this out? I guess not but I Bought it off of Amazon. It was like $13 and it was the best thing. I've probably ever bought I don't know how clear this sounds. I'm hoping it sounds really clear because I haven't really tested it But let me tell you sound rooms the best sound Crap, what do you call those things? You know those things those like squares that you put up that absorb sound anyways that yeah Why get those when you can wrap your computer and yourself in a blanket? This is I think where I started going in with the Sharpies because I realized I didn't have my markers You know, I probably should have checked that That might have been a good idea before I started drawing Do other artists plan stuff? I don't actually know because I feel like I've heard of artists that actually like plan what they're about to draw And I severely lack that but I think that'd be a really good idea for me to do But back to this awesome mic it's So It's got this like thing on it. I'm rambling at this point, but I really like this mic And I got it and I didn't think it was gonna have anything like attached to it But it came with all the cords and stuff. Oh my god. I just realized I'm Advertising for this product. I hate myself. Anyways So I think I had I think in this drawing I had a few anatomy mistakes but at this point in the drawing I just kind of gave up and just like started going but I It's not super noticeable or at least to me because I was like doing It I was drawing it so I didn't really notice until I was done And then I posted the drawing and then I was like wow look at that anatomy failure You know like do you ever do that where you like you're Drawing and then you come out with the final product and you're like super duper proud of it And then you look at your drawing and then you're like hey look at that anatomy mistake I hate myself time to die Because I do a lot it's Not fun noticing the anatomy mistake at the very end But I don't know it's just Usually I don't know if people actually notice that by the end of the drawing But I would hope they don't I would hope they don't notice the little like wrong things I did So I don't know if I'm actually gonna point this out I'm gonna let you guys point that out like leave it leave a comment in the description What do you think what do you think I messed up you want to say the entire drawing go for it? I did plot twist ha and this is where I started Figuring out where the highlights were I think I did that sort of But I'm still like learning the whole drawing process like with I mean black and whites and stuff and I just got some markers actually Some black markers and then I got another new highlighter because my new one my old one wasn't working the whiteout pens Because that started running out. I've had it for like a year. I think and Had to get a new one of that because it was running out But so look forward to that in the next video Because I'm actually going to be using the new markers, which were actually like really cheap because they're light copics But they're not exactly copics, which is pretty neat And I'm almost done with the drawing. I'm using a gray crayola marker. That's how small my Tools are but I don't really mind it because I know this I knew this girl at school Who would constantly use crayola markers and would like very rarely get anything expensive? But she she did really good art like she was really good. She worked with what she had I've always kind of wanted to be on that level because that that just shows that you know You're able to work with anything but at the same time. I just love Expensive art supplies. It's not a good thing. It really isn't but they're just so nice to work with And I'm finishing the drawing Am I I am I am this is a blue sharpie and you'd be surprised how well sharpie works Like if you have nothing else, it's not the best thing to work with but it's also not the worst Like you really could do worse because it dries relatively smooth. I don't know about the like archivalness, but Uh, so far they've worked really well for me. All right guys, and this is my end drawing of lapis lazuli from steven universe I hope you all enjoyed. Uh, leave a comment as to what you'd like to see me draw next. Thank you all for watching.


Hello, my name is Vlad Gostamelsky. Uh, the presentation I have for you today is attacking go-tenor networks. Uh, quick disclaimer, uh, you should definitely try to not violate federal laws, FCC regulations, uh, applicable laws in your state and country, all the good stuff. Uh, anything I say is my personal opinion and not the opinion of my employer, so, uh, don't blame them. Uh, a little bit of background, uh, I've been doing this professionally for 18 years, uh, doing vulnerability research, uh, attacking various wireless systems, uh, medical devices, uh, life critical devices, uh, and, uh, infrastructure. Uh, for those of you not familiar with, uh, go-tenor mesh, this is what you're talking about. You're not talking about the first generation go-tenors, you're talking about, uh, the second generation go-tenor meshes. Uh, this is what's inside of the lovely little, uh, plastic case. Uh, for those of you in the wireless hacking village, something should jump right at you. Uh, first of all, is that really amazing antenna, uh, that you could swap out, which is, actually doesn't exist because it's a regulated device. Uh, uh, it does not require licensing, so it's severely limited by its power output. Uh, you're not, uh, supposed to be able to add on an auxiliary antenna. Uh, of course, some folks have been, uh, modifying them. Uh, second thing you should notice is that amazing tiny little battery, which, uh, supposed to last 24 hours, but, uh, from the testing you've done here at DEF CON, we're getting about three and a half hours. Uh, especially with, uh, the people that have been spamming the network. Uh, this is build is, uh, device that you could use when networks go down, when everything else fails. Uh, so, something you should notice is the waterproof seal on this case, which also doesn't exist. It's basically, uh, ultrasonic welded together, which means if, uh, there's pouring rain and flooding, again, these devices don't seem to survive very well. Uh, so why are we doing a talk about attacking something that's supposed to be the backup network when everything fails? Uh, well, first of all, the only way to see if something is, uh, really has any business being an emergency communication device is to see whether or not their claims are true. And they're talented in emergency infrastructure. Uh, they've received quite a bit of FEMA funding. Uh, they've, uh, they're being deployed at some of the large ski resorts, uh, to help people, uh, find their families in the mountain, but also to be used during, uh, emergency communications. Uh, New York City, uh, actually is giving away quite a few of these two businesses that were previously impacted by Sandy. So again, uh, large metropolitan area, 8 plus million people who are going to be relying on it as critical infrastructure when there is no cell phone service. Uh, so Goten has had, uh, an opportunity to become, uh, emergency infrastructure in Puerto Rico. Uh, we have not had a lot of good data coming back, uh, about how well it's working. It's kind of been scattered because well, right now things are still, uh, mostly down. Uh, but, uh, from what I've been able to find online has not been very encouraging. Uh, we're going to go through some of those things. Uh, quick specs. Uh, interesting things of note. Uh, you'll see the amazing output of one watt. Uh, not exactly what you want to see in, uh, emergency infrastructure. Uh, ISM radio band, uh, 900 megahertz, roughly ISM, uh, covers both region one and two. Uh, it can work with, uh, cellular interlink if you pay for the premium subscription. Uh, we're going to get into that. Uh, again, if this is emergency infrastructure and the cellular goes down, then so does your cellular interlink. So again, not very helpful. Uh, compare that with a typical handheld, uh, walkie-talkie that covers, uh, VHF, UHF bands, somewhere in five, uh, five watt range. Uh, in some cases a lot more if you buy from, uh, certain shady Chinese manufacturers. Uh, uh, you're able to, uh, have APRS, which is an automatic position reporting system. Uh, makes the radio quite a bit more expensive, but again, it gives you actual digital radio that you can connect your computer, you can send messages, you can send positioning data, you actually have a GPS that's built into the radio. Uh, it's an open standard, so you're not locked into a dinky little plastic device. Uh, it's an open standard, so you have interoperability, you can use multiple manufacturers, multiple, uh, uh, different components that you can cluch together, uh, even, uh, just doing plain radios and, uh, open source software and the Raspberry Pi. Uh, and of course again, if you buy, uh, radios from certain shady manufacturers, uh, you could do other band operations, uh, covering MRS bands, ISM bands, uh, in some cases even police frequencies, which you should definitely not transmit on, but receiving is obviously fine, depending where you are. Uh, cost of entry, uh, this morning, the OTANA mesh was 179 bucks, uh, BFN radios were still 22 dollars in Amazon Prime delivered to your door. Okay, sorry, yes, so it's a 179 for two Gotanas, correct, but you need two of them to work. If I have one Gotana, then, uh, I can't call this gentleman because he may not have a Gotana, so, uh, correct, yes, you have a wide community of, uh, ham radio users as opposed to people who just bought into this closed ecosystem. And of course all the police officers who are not, uh, linked to the repeater at the moment. Uh, looking at, uh, Kenwood radios, you have an actual digital modem, uh, again built in GPS, something that you could use without a cell phone being connected. Uh, basic operations, uh, first thing you need to install the Gotana application on the phone, uh, which becomes rather difficult if, uh, the internet is down, so even if you're to airdrop, uh, Gotana somewhere, uh, the instructions start out with fully charge your Gotana. Well, powers down. Then you download the application from where. Internet is down. Uh, you connect your phone to the Gotana, and you turn on the Gotana essentially, and then you could connect with other users and your message is going to travel hop to hop. Uh, for the reason I put down this X number of hops up until a few weeks ago, uh, it was three hops. Uh, last update, they pushed it out to six hops. Uh, again, because of propagation issues because, uh, you're only getting a few city blocks if you're really lucky with, uh, these radios. Uh, looking at, uh, the FEMA website, uh, this is what they demand from emergency infrastructure. Needs to be resilient, meaning it'll, uh, stay up even if there's flooding, if there's, uh, monsoon rains, earthquakes. Uh, needs to be robust. Uh, needs to be secure, reliable, and that last one, open standard. Uh, I haven't seen any other radios that work with, uh, Gotana Mesh, so again that, it fails on that point alone before we even examine the secure portion a little bit deeper. Encryption. Encryption is handled in a cell phone application, not on a device. Uh, that means it opens up the, uh, iPhone and Android devices to attacks. Uh, you know, there's been two major updates to the Gotana application. Uh, so we had to scramble to do, uh, kind of, uh, source code review while we were here at the conference. Uh, so, uh, we were going to be publishing updates of slides with actual issues that we found in there. Uh, what I can tell you is that we have, uh, initialization vector issues, uh, in, uh, open source script that they're using. Uh, there's key storage issues. Once the key is actually generated, it's, uh, stored in a way that's essentially accessible to many other applications on the device. So if you have a malicious application, or if you don't fully trust the government in an area where you're running an application, the key could be extracted, uh, and moved to another device. Uh, and we have implementation issues. The algorithms that they're using are sound and peer reviewed. However, their implementation is flawed. Uh, one of the big features that tout for connectivity again is Gotana Plus SMS Relay. So if somebody's play is, uh, paying for a premium subscription, they're using somebody else's device for backhaul and using cellular connectivity. Uh, which is really great if you're in the middle of a city and everything's working fine. Uh, not so useful if, uh, cell phone towers are down. When somebody's doing a default install, the GID, which is the global unique identifier by default is set to be your cell phone number. Again, uh, not really great for anonymity. Uh, it is possible to set the GID manually, but it's not very straightforward. You essentially have to know that you want to do this and go back and do it. Uh, so if you're in a large network such as here at DovCon, uh, you've been, uh, harvesting quite a few phone numbers. So even the audience here, uh, has been using phone numbers. If you haven't, uh, called up those people to verify if they're indeed the Gotenna users when large cities they typically are. Uh, public shouts. Uh, again, uh, the phone numbers go out in clear, uh, clear text. Uh, and emergency broadcasts include, uh, the GID as well as somebody's GPS location or somebody's last known GPS location. Uh, so your cell phone application is leaking data. Uh, there's been a really fun application released in the iOS store, which is the mesh developer toolkit. Uh, so we've been, uh, able to do open source recon and, uh, developers who are working on the Gotenna mesh devices and essentially locating them physically on the map and their, and their Gotennas. Uh, so we have a nice comprehensive map of where they are located in New York City. Uh, where they go out to lunch with their phones still running the application. Uh, we're going to see if you want to release the full list or not. So we took the default screenshots, uh, uh, from California but I think we're going to release the New York map. Uh, we mentioned, uh, the GID briefly. Uh, by default it's the phone number. Uh, it's totally non-alpha numeric. It is user configurable. Uh, so they decrease the attack surface if you want to either way throw all the cell phone numbers. The Gotenna mesh application, the official one, does limit how many direct messages you could send.  And of course there's no authentication so it's not like you can kick me off the network. Uh, one of the, uh, most fun GID attacks to be implemented. Uh, by the way if you're in this room you may have noticed that your Gotenna kind of key is dropped significantly. Uh, is the GID attack. The way it works is it bases the hop count on the GID of the device. It will be unique identifier. Uh, however, you compare multiple antennas to have the same GID. So for example, I have a device with GID of one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine and I'm a good citizen, I'm helping you broadcast on the network. But wait, this device has the same GID and this device and possibly his device. Now all of a sudden you have messages, uh, drawn essential around robbing in the same network. Uh, their packet count is dropping, uh, so I receive a message and the repeat can, uh, hop count is six. And if we broadcast it drops the packet count to five, then this radio gets and says, it repeats it with the same GID, drops the packet count to four. This radio receives it, drops the packet count to three. So now the distance your message can propagate has been dropped to essentially half of what it would have been, with the distance of what's in my cargo pocket. Again, not resilient infrastructure. And just to reemphasize, uh, emergency situations, it could be a nation state level attack, it could be a bunch of Saudi citizens that got in a plane intentionally caused, uh, uh, grid down situation. Uh, so if you can implement an attack that drops your emergency infrastructure, uh, for the cost of under two hundred dollars, that is not robust. Uh, if you want to play with this attack, uh, what you need to do is you need to set up one Gotenna with, uh, your friends at GID. Uh, so essentially find out, find out somebody who's using Gotenna, set up their phone number, uh, pair the Gotenna, turn off the Gotenna you've been using and pair a new Gotenna. So essentially you're telling the app that you dropped off the old Gotenna without deleting the GID, uh, from the actual radio. So this lets you bypass the controls with an application that prevents the GID attack. Uh, if they ever do fix an application, what you do is you stop by, uh, and pick up a few burner phones, uh, twenty, thirty dollar phones, and you stop the application with the custom GID, uh, being exactly the same. Uh, another really funny thing is, uh, if you program your friends GID, uh, because these devices are meant to work offline, it doesn't do proper certificate validation. So if you know that your friend is supposed to do a secret rendezvous with somebody else and you set up their GID and you go there in their place, you will receive the direct messages that are meant for them that are supposed to be encrypted and your device will successfully decrypt them because as I mentioned, there's initialization vector issue, uh, with the How Gotenna does encryption. Uh, there's been a major firmware update on August 7th. Uh, they finally pushed the fix for version one. Uh, it, uh, last time you heard, uh, vulnerabilities for version one released over a year ago, uh, right here in wireless hacking village last year. So if you're talking about robust infrastructure, over a year to fix uh, serious security vulnerabilities is, uh, not really what you want to see from, uh, critical infrastructure. They pushed both an app and firmware update. Uh, the new firmware has been over 32 megabytes, so we have not a chance, uh, have not had a chance to fully stick our teeth into it, which is why we're going to be pushing the update version of slides in the forums. Uh, as I mentioned, they are using known good ciphers. Uh, the ciphers themselves have been peer reviewed. However, the implementation of the Gotenna's user has not been caught in the, uh, peer reviewed. Uh, I've let them know about this as far back as October 17th, so I don't feel really too bad about releasing information here or, uh, publishing exploits. Uh, the response basically has been, well, if you don't like it, why don't you write something better? And my response is you're the guys who are pushing out, uh, robust, uh, uh, architecture and saying that this is secure and this is what people should be using. Uh, the attack factors that we have are the phone application itself. If you have other, uh, malicious, uh, applications on the phone, uh, they can actually interact with the application. Uh, we have not found any malicious application on third-party app stores yet, but that doesn't mean there won't be by the time this talk is done. Uh, we have, uh, Bluetooth attacks. Uh, there's been a really cool Bluetooth, uh, rebinding attack. Uh, which means if somebody's sitting here and has their, uh, a Gotenna with them, you can, uh, force their phone to unbind the Bluetooth connection and essentially take over their, uh, Gotenna. Uh, you have USB attacks. Uh, USB debug is actually still turned on on these Gotennas. So if you have physical access and you find somebody's, uh, repeater node that's been placed in a strategic high location, uh, you can actually reprogram it and leave it there and nobody will be the visor. Uh, you actually can, uh, mess with other Gotenna nodes. Uh, uh, you've been playing with fuzzing over the Gotenna protocol and the Gotenna meshes have not been robust at all. You've had numerous antennas lock up, uh, and uh, you've been able to save them with a firmware update over there. Uh, but uh, you could certainly go around and crash other Gotennas over the Gotenna mesh protocol. Uh, you can also push malicious firmware updates over there because, uh, these devices are not doing proper certificate validation. Uh, who here has seen zombies? I'm talking about real life zombies. This is what zombies look like when the power goes down. People just mindlessly stare at their screen, hoping the bar will show up even if they see that the self wind tower is fulled over in half.  This is what keeps communications up. This is what helps hospitals communicate. This is what helps emergency services actually respond even in a grid down situation. This is a toy. This does not. Again, backup infrastructure, toy. Uh, in an emergency situation, uh, I can hand you a radio even though you may not have a ham radio license and now all of a sudden you can connect to, uh, to emergency services. You can communicate with other, uh, ham radio users, uh, with police officers. If I were to hand you a Gotenna, uh, if you do not previously have the application installed in your store and don't have all the firmware updates, the Gotenna is completely useless. Any questions? We have not, uh, found an aftroid, uh, so they've pushed a number of, uh, updates recently. So the, the Gotenna for version one is up an aftroid, uh, but not, uh, the latest updates. The, the aftroid, uh, store is about three versions behind right now. Uh, they're very significant. Uh, so they use different frequencies. Version one did not include any kind of a meshing. Uh, they had a better robust antenna, uh, physically speaking. However, the antenna was less efficient. So the new devices, even though they're using less power, uh, actually do have better range. As I mentioned, they have meshing. Right now, if everything works correctly, they can do six hops versus the old version was direct point-to-point communication. Uh, they've updated their API twice since then. So yes, they're able to push more data between it. Uh, that's how they were able to, uh, add the cell phone backhaul. Uh, so the, because they changed the protocol, it's been both a change in the application, uh, and the firmware. I still have not had a chance to dig into, uh, what they're doing with the version one that they pushed four days ago because they've been too busy updating, uh, slides for the version two. Any other questions? Uh, essentially use the GID, uh, for the private key, uh, uh, correct. But neither does the other user. So essentially when you're operating offline, uh, if I walk up to you and it looks like I have the correct GID, since your phone doesn't, uh, doesn't already have my certificate, it will just automatically trust it. Correct. Yes. Thank you everyone for coming.