Or we have discussed about various applications of microfluidics and now we shall proceed into the theoretical description of the subject to understand better that how a basic theoretical building block or how a basic theoretical foundation can be used to solve problems in microfluidics. While mentioning that it is also important to appreciate that always continuum hypothesis may not work for applications over small scales. But there is a wide class of problems where continuum hypothesis will still work with certain modified considerations therefore I mean we will try to begin with the continuum considerations. One of the big issues that we would keep in mind is that like these conservation equations are fundamental to even macro scale flows but in micro scale flows there may be certain alterations but before understanding the alterations we will revisit the governing equations and their derivations. Now for the remaining part of this course I will try to follow a teaching methodology which is a somewhat hybrid type of teaching methodology. So what we will do is we will describe the derivations of course in the forms of slides to make this video lecture more effective but at the same time we will work out some of the key steps in details in the board. So we will use the mixed mode of demonstration and I believe it will be interesting and useful to you. It is neither the classical old style of presentation where the entire thing is done in a board nor the seminar type of representation where the entire thing is done through slides but somewhere in between and this is like in line with the spirit of this course that this is neither a very fundamental like core course for a particular department nor it is a fully research course so it is a sort of a bridge between a core course and a full research level course and our teaching style will also be commensurating with that. So to begin with we will discuss about the general philosophy of conservation. So like the general philosophy of conservation when we apply we may use it for conservation of mass we may use it for conservation of momentum we may use it for conservation of energy we may use it for conservation of species we may use it for whatever conservation but generally in fluid mechanics we tend to use an Eulerian approach that means we try to identify a control volume which occupies a fixed region in space across which mass can flow energy can flow momentum can be transported. So this control volume across that something goes in something comes out there is some change within the control volume and the net change within the control volume is nothing but in minus out plus generated. So the total change in the control volume for example let us say if there is a mass that comes in whatever mass comes in if the same mass goes out then there is no change but let us say that because of chemical reaction there is some species which is generated. So whatever has come in minus whatever has gone out plus whatever species that has been generated because of reaction may be the total change in the mass of the species that is under consideration. So that is the basic principle of species conservation. So this kind of conservation principle you can use for any particular scenario. Now what is the important consideration that you have to keep in mind in fluid mechanics. The important consideration is that all our basic laws of fluid mechanics are in general describe I should say basic laws of mechanics classical mechanics I mean forget about fluid mechanics are describe on the basis of a Lagrangian point of view that is you identify fixed mass and write equations maybe equations of motion or whatever for that identified mass which is called as a control mass system. On the other hand in fluid mechanics it is convenient to describe the scenario in terms of a control volume that means an identified region across which mass and energy can flow and the reason is as follows if you have a specified region in space which is your control volume let us say let us say this is your control volume. Now you can sit with a camera and target to the control volume and see whatever changes are taking place across that. So something comes in and something goes out some change is taking place within that you are not bothering yourself about where from that something has come where will that something go. So you are not tracking individual particles and tracking individual particles in fluid mechanics is a very difficult job because fluid elements are continuously deforming during motion. So that it is very difficult to track individual fluid particles. So what instead you do that you write your equations of change with respect to this control volume although the basic laws of mechanics are described for a control system control mass system. So there must be a transformation there must be a transformation that will try to transform from a control mass system to a control volume system approach. So that a control volume based approach so that you can write your equations of motion with respect to control volume rather than with respect to a control mass system it is not just true for equation of motion but maybe even the first law of thermodynamics and so on so different conservation equations. So that is achieved by realizing a transformation through something which is called as Reynolds transport theorem. So in Reynolds transport theorem what we are essentially interested in is that we have a control mass system so we have a Lagrangian approach and we have a control volume concept which is the Eulerian approach. So we want to write a mathematical transformation that transforms the Lagrangian approach to the Eulerian approach. So to understand how this theorem is applied if you look into this diagram which is there in the slide if you look into this diagram let us look into this diagram very carefully. You have this pink colored region I mean this total contour is the system at time t. So the system at time t is the region 1 plus the region 2 together the pink colored region is the system at time t. On the other hand the region with the sky blue color is the configuration of the system at time t plus delta t. If delta t is small the differences in the configuration the differences are not that large but we have sort of magnified it in the diagram we have magnified this in the diagram to sort of make the system configurations distinctly looking in the figure at time t and t plus delta t. So let us say that capital N is an extensive property of the system extensive property means a property that depends on the extent of the system. So you can write N at time t. So if you get back to the slide N at time t is a combination of N at 1 at time t and N at 2 at time t because at time t the zone is zone 1 plus zone 2. Similarly you have N at t plus delta t is equal to N 2 at t plus delta t plus N 3 at t plus delta t. So we are interested in finding out what is dN dt of the system dN dt of the system. So dN dt of the system is what by definition of the derivative it is limit as delta t tends to 0 N t plus delta t minus N t divided by delta t that is the definition of dN dt. Now what is N at t plus delta t? N at t plus delta t. So let us write this in the board maybe to explain it better. So we have a configuration. So we have this is 1, this is 2 and this is 3. So N at t plus delta t is N 2 at t plus delta t plus N 3 at t plus delta t and N at t is N 1 t plus N 2 t. So our calculation is dN dt that is limit as delta t tends to 0 N t plus delta t minus N t by delta t. So we will see that at 2 you have a change in N because of the change in property at 2 with time. So you have limit as delta t tends to 0 N t plus N 2 t plus delta t minus N 2 t divided by delta t plus now you have certain adjusting terms. What are the adjusting terms?  So now if you divide this by delta t and take the limit as delta t tends to 0 then what is that? That is the property that is transported across 3. So that is nothing but rate of outflow of the property. Similarly, when you write this one what is this? In the limit as delta t tends to 0 this is inflow of the property inflow outflow with respect to what? With respect to this common region which represents the so called control volume. So because why this region represents the control volume because as delta t tends to 0 this is the region which is that region in space across which if you like focus your attention then you can see that this is inflow and this is outflow. So this is like an identified this is the region in space which you can identify across which you can study the transport. So this is rate of outflow minus inflow. Outflow minus inflow of the property okay. Now let us think about the first term. Let us think about the first term. So what is this? This is the rate of change of n with respect to time within the control volume right. So why we write it as partial derivative of n with respect to time? We write it as partial derivative of n with respect to time because at a fixed location we are studying the change with respect to time that is why partial derivative with respect to time. Now the next question will be that how to express the outflow minus inflow? So let us say that let us identify a region on the control volume and see that how we can express the outflow. Let us say this is a small area dA. Now an area has a orientation. What how do you describe the orientation of an area? You describe the orientation of an area by its outward unit normal vector. So let us say that eta cap is a unit vector in the normal direction of dA. So what is the volume flow rate across dA? The normal component of velocity times the area dA. So if v is the velocity then we have v dot eta dA. So this is the volume flow rate. This multiplied by rho is the mass flow rate and let us say that small n is the property per unit mass that is small n is capital N per unit mass. So if you multiply that with small n this is the total outflow of the property integrated over the control surface. Cs means control surface, surface which is binding, bounding the control volume. So then I mean as an alternative notation many times this can be written as a vector dA. Either you write it as the normal vector times the scalar area or you write it as the area vector itself. I mean these are two alternative ways of looking into it. So this is outflow. Now how do you write inflow? So when you consider inflow let us consider an area here. Now here the normal direction is like this and for the fluid entering the control volume the velocity is like this. So what is the most important demarcating factor between this scenario outflow and the inflow scenario. So if you consider the dot product of v with eta here the dot product itself is positive and by looking into this figure you can understand that here the dot product will be negative. That means when we say outflow- inflow we do not have to use a minus sign. The dot product positive will automatically indicate outflow and the dot product negative will automatically indicate inflow. So for the outflow- inflow we can write together this common term integral of rho v dot dA into n small n where the control surface some part of the control surface may be inflow some part of the control surface may be outflow some other part may be neither inflow nor outflow. Now we have to keep in mind or we have to pay a little bit of attention to what is this v? So this v we have to remember that this v is nothing but the fluid velocity but to be more precise velocity of the fluid relative to the control volume. Let us say that the control volume is a tank just as an example. Let us say that the tank is moving towards the right at a speed of 1 meter per second and water is also moving towards the right at a speed of 1 meter per second. Then what is the rate at which water is coming out of the tank? That rate is 0 because tank is also moving water is also moving in the same way. So relative to the tank no water is moving out. So to get the net flow it is important to understand that the velocity has to be relative velocity. Vr velocity of the flow relative to the control volume this relative velocity is same as the absolute velocity when the control volume is stationary when the control volume is not moving otherwise we have to be careful about this okay. So when you write this vr.da n then it completes the description of this term. Now what about this small n capital N? So if you take a small volume within the control volume of dv because velocity sometimes we use v so we are just using a little bit of different symbol to indicate volume. So what is the mass of this element? Rho dv and small n is the property per unit mass. So this integrated over the control volume is the total n. So we have described this and in the left hand side what is dndt? It is dndt of the system. So with this basic understanding let us now go into the slides to complete the algebra. So you can see here that we have these 2 terms. This is the first term and this is the net outflow-inflow term. So these 2 terms if you write mathematically then you can express the total rate of change with respect to the system in terms of rate of change with respect to the control volume and you can see that there is a correction term. This correction term is because of outflow-inflow. So if there is no flow taking place across the control volume of course the control volume is as good as a control system and there is control mass system and there is no difference or no change taking place across the control volume. Now this particular expression which is highlighted here relates the rate of change with respect to a system with the rate of change within a control volume and that is known as Reynolds transport theorem. So Reynolds transport theorem is a very powerful theorem and we will use this Reynolds transport theorem to derive various governing equations. So to do that we will first go to the case of conservation of mass. So conservation of mass is a very basic requirement that needs to be fulfilled for any problem that we undertake no matter with whether it is microfluidics, nanofluidics, gigafluidics, whatever fluidics you call I mean it has to be satisfying the conservation of mass. So for conservation of mass we write the capital N is equal to m which is the total mass and small n is capital M per unit mass so that is equal to 1 and we assume that the control volume is stationary. So if we assume that the control volume is stationary let us go to the slide. If we assume that the control volume is stationary then we have vr equal to v right. We have the relative velocity same as the absolute velocity then you can write the dm dt of the system. Now by definition of a control mass system a control mass system is a fixed mass. So dm dt of the system is 0 and the right hand side what you can do is that like you first write vr equal to v and then for this term what we do is essentially we consider the volume of the control volume is not a function of time. That is itself violated if you have a deformable control volume. If you have a deformable control volume then volume of the control volume is a function of time but we are considering a non deformable control volume. So if we consider a non deformable control volume then what happens is that this time derivative we can take inside the integral. So if we take the time derivative with inside the integral and then we use the divergence theorem. So the divergence theorem maybe let us go to the board to recapitulate the divergence theorem a little bit. So let us come to the board. If we write if we have a vector function and if we have the integral of that over a surface say over a contour control surface which is the surface that bounds the control volume then this is as good as this is the volume integral. So f dot dA is same as divergence of f dv but you have to be careful that this surface is not just any surface it is a surface that completely bounds the control volume okay. So in this particular example you have instead of f what is the what is there in the example rho v becomes del dot rho v. So if you let us now go back to the slides to see that like what are the consequences that we are having as a simplification of this equation. So you are writing del dot rho v dv equal to 0. So what is happening is you are able to write integral of del rho del t plus del dot rho v this total term dv equal to 0 because your volume choice control volume choice is arbitrary this is possible only if the integrand itself is 0 that means only if the del rho del t plus del dot rho v is equal to 0. This is nothing but the continuity equation. So next what we will do is we will get into the conservation of linear momentum. So let us look into the slides and as we did for the previous equation whenever we find that there are sort of key steps in the slide which we need to highlight more we will go to the board and explain the details of the in between derivations. So in the conservation of mass what we wanted to conserve in the conservation of mass we wanted to conserve the total mass. In conservation of linear momentum we want to conserve the linear momentum. So your capital N is equal to mv and small n is capital N per unit mass. So small n is equal to v. Again we assume stationary control volume so that the relative velocity is same as the absolute velocity. So now we write the Reynolds transport theorem just we replace capital N with mv. Remember one very important consideration that the Reynolds transport theorem the n is not necessarily a scalar. So n can be any scalar or vector property. So here we are using a vector property which is the linear momentum. So n is equal to mv so d dt of mv.  Now why we write it in this way? What is the motivation? See the left hand side is the rate of change of linear momentum of the system. We can apply the Newton's second law directly to the left hand side because the left hand side talks about a control mass system. So that is the resultant force acting on the system by the Newton's second law. Now the resultant force acting on the system is given by basically we have considered while deriving the Reynolds transport theorem that it is a limiting situation when the delta t tends to 0 so that the system tends to control volume. That means the force on the system is as good as force on the control volume. So next we will see that what kind of forces are acting on the control volume. In continuum mechanics we talk about 2 types of forces. One type of force is called as surface force which is distributed over the surface and the other type of force which is distributed over the volume of the body that is called as a body force. Like for example gravity force is a body force. Pressure is a surface force. I mean force due to pressure is a surface force. So next we will see that how we can characterize the concept of a surface force. So to do that we will try to understand 2 important concepts. One concept is the concept of a traction or a traction vector and the second concept is the concept of stress. So to do that maybe we need a little bit of elaborate discussion. So let us get into the board. Let us say that there is a body and you take away a chunk of material from the body. This may be a fluid body, solid body. See this concept does not differ from a solid to a fluid. I mean it is a general concept of continuum mechanics. So when you take this body chunk out you have to represent. So this is as if you are drawing the free body diagram of this chunk. So you have to represent the force exerted by the remaining part of the body on this one. So if you isolate this then what you do? What you essentially do is you represent a force per unit area by a vector on one elemental surface of the chunk. This is a force exerted by the other part of the material on this small part per unit area, remember. So this is called as traction vector t, traction vector. Let me write it here. Now when you have this traction vector you have to keep in mind that this traction vector is not just an ordinary vector. The reason is that this traction vector that is the force per unit area depends not only on the location of this point where you are calculating the force per unit area but on the orientation of this area. That is depending on the orientation of this area. So how do you describe the orientation of the area? Again by outward unit normal vector. So let us say that is eta. So this traction vector is often designated with a superscript eta to indicate that it is sensitively dependent on eta. Now this because it is a vector the traction vector will have its own component. Just like if you have a vector f then it has its component f i which is the ith component. So i equal to 1 will mean x component, i equal to 2 will mean y component and i equal to 3 means z component. This is Cartesian index notation. So the index will describe the component of the vector. So the ith component of the traction vector may be expressed with this t superscript eta with a subscript i. Now it is very nice to work with this vector but the question is how will you get this vector? You will get this vector not explicitly but by means of using force per unit area. On special surfaces the special surfaces have normal directions either along x or along y or along z. So instead of having an arbitrary surface you consider some special surfaces which have their normal either along x for example the y z plane has normal along x. So similarly you can think of certain surfaces. These special surfaces are such that these special surfaces have their normal directions either along x or along y or along z and you can express the traction vector. So you can write those special surfaces by using an index i for the ith component and a superscript j now where this j also can be 1, 2, 3 because j equal to 1 will mean that the normal direction is along x, j equal to 2 will mean that the normal direction is along y and j equal to 3 will mean that the normal direction is along z. So this kind of representation where i can be 1, 2, 3 and j can be 1, 2, 3 is not for all surfaces. It is only for special surfaces which have normal direction either along x or along y or along z whereas this notation is for any arbitrary surface. So now this in an alternative notation can be expressed like this tau ji where what is this j? j is the direction normal of the surface on which the force is acting and i is the direction along which the force is acting and this is force per unit area. So this is called as component of the stress tensor. So this is something which is a tensor which is I mean of course I mean it is possible to define a tensor in an abstract mathematical way but it is not so important for this course to learn all the mathematical intricacies of a tensor but we will try to see that how does it differ from a vector for example. So clearly you can see that like this requires 2 indices for specification. So this is called as a second order tensor. So that out of the 2 indices one index is giving it a vector like character like the index i but something extended from the vector like character is given by the index j which talks about the direction normal of the area which is considered to represent this tau. So if only one index was necessary then would have been a first order tensor. So a vector is a first order tensor. If no index is necessary to represent that then it is a 0th order tensor that is nothing but a scalar. So scalar vector second order tensor these are all falling in the general category of tensors but here we are focusing our attention to second order tensors and we will see I mean very soon possibly that the second order tensor has a very unique characteristic. What is the unique characteristic? The unique characteristic is that it maps a vector onto a vector. So it creates a transformation that maps a vector onto a vector and we will see that how this tau can map a vector onto a vector. So what we have learnt is basically the traction vector is a general notation but for the special case when the normal is either along x, y or z then that can be represented by an equivalent tau ji type of notation. So with this notation let us now get into the slides back again. So this slide represents some examples that like the proper representation of the tau ij notation. So let us say that this is x1, this is x2 and this is x3 in a right handed coordinate system x1 means x, x2 means y and x3 means z. So let us consider this right hand surface in this surface. Now you can see that let us first consider the normal stress tau the first index is what? The first index is the direction normal. So the direction normal is x2 that is why the first index is 2. The second index is what? Second index is the direction of action of the force itself that is also acting along 2. So this is tau 22. Consider the shear components of the stress. So you have let us say that the force acting the stress tensor component that represent the shear stress along x1. So the first index tau the first index is 2 because the normal to the surface is still 2. The second index is 1 because the force is acting along 1. So I am not repeating all the examples but you can well I mean you can practice this representation by considering by drawing an arbitrary cube and for all the phases of the cube you can try to represent by the corresponding forces corresponding stress tensor components. Now this kind of representation you can see the tau ij or tau ji representation whatever this you can apply only for those surfaces which are having normals along x1, x2, x3 either positive x1, x2, x3 or negative x1, x2, x3. But on an arbitrary surface the direction normal is not along x1, x2 or x3 it is an arbitrary direction normal. So our objective now is to express the traction vector at any point on an arbitrary plane in terms of the stress tensor components at that point. So that we will see in the next slide. So to achieve that what we have done is we have created a volume Oabc. This volume is bounded by how many phases? This volume is bounded by 4 phases Oab, Oac, Obc and Abc. Now why we have chosen such a volume? See whenever we are deriving something the first question that should come to your mind is that why are we going for that particular way of derivation. See we have to relate with what is represented by the tau ij notation with something which is not representable by the tau ij notation. So out of the 4 phases here 3 of the phases have normal along either x1 or along x2 or along x3. So the forces on those can be represented by the tau ij notation. Whereas the Abc is an arbitrary plane the force on Abc cannot be represented by the tau ij notation. So here we consider the surfaces s1, s1 is Oac, this Oac that we call as s1 with surface normal along x1, s2 is Obc with surface normal along x2. You can see when we say surface normal along x1 it is actually surface normal along negative x1. Like if you consider the Oac what is the outward normal to this? Outward normal to this is minus x1 direction. Therefore by sign convention all the forces which are represented on that surface their positive directions will be along the negative direction. So let us come back to it. So what we can see here is that Obc has a direction which is negative of normal direction which is negative of x2. Oab has a normal direction which is negative of x3 and Abc has an arbitrary normal which we call as say eta which is eta1i plus eta2j plus eta3k where eta1, eta2, eta3 are the direction cosines of the vector eta. Now we can apply a force balance on this element. So to apply a force balance let us say that we are writing force along x1. So force along x1 so what will be the types of forces as we have discussed? Type of force will be surface force and body force. So the surface force for the surface s1 for the surface Oac what is the surface force along 1? It is tau11 because it is normal direction is 1 and the force direction we are considering also 1. So tau11 that is force per unit area that multiplied by area s1 is the total force. Why are we putting a negative sign? Because the outward normal of this is along negative x1. So by our sign convention the force on this surface the force along x1 the positive sign convention means that the force along x1 will be in the negative x1 direction because the normal itself is along the negative direction. Similarly the force for s2 that is OBC what is that? That is tau21 why tau21 the first index 2 is because the direction normal of the surface is 2 and the second index 1 is because the direction of the force is along 1. Again the negative sign is because the OBC has outward normal of minus x2. So minus tau21 s2 similarly for OAB minus tau31 s3c for these 3 surfaces we are able to use that tauij type of notation. But for the surface s which is ABC what we do is we use the traction vector t notation because that is an arbitrary surface. So t with superscript eta and subscript 1 because subscript 1 indicates the direction of the force. So the first four terms are the surface force components. Next the body force term. So let us say that B is the body force per unit volume. So what is the volume of this? The volume of this if H is the perpendicular distance from O to ABC then what is the volume? 1 third into the area of the base into height that is the volume of this figure. So 1 third into s into H and B is force per unit volume. So 1 third into s into B 1 third into s into H into B 1. B 1 is the component of B along x1. So this is the body force. So we have represented the resultant force is equal to mass into acceleration. Mass is rho into volume times acceleration along one. Now we can simplify by noting that see what is s1? OAC. OAC is nothing but that can be perceived as a projection of ABC on the x2, x3 plane. It is nothing but the projection of ABC on the x2, x3 plane. So that means it is like a component of the area ABC on the x2, x3 plane. So the component is given by the dot product. So it is basically the dot product of the direction of ABC with the direction of OAC. Direction of OAC has the unit vector i. Direction of ABC has that unit vector eta1i plus eta2j plus eta3k. So if you take a dot product of these 2, so let us go to the board and do this.  One vector eta which is eta1i plus eta2j plus eta3k and the other vector is i. These are the 2 normals of the 2 phases. So if you take the dot product of these 2, then you get eta1 because i dot i is 1. So this is the dot product of the component. So this is the dot product of the component. Component of what? Component of the area s. So s1 becomes s into eta1. Similarly, s2 becomes s into eta2 and s3 becomes s into eta3. With this understanding we can simplify the equation. So let us get back to the slides and try to simplify the equation. So what we can do here is that instead of s1 we write s into eta1. For s2 we can write s into eta2. For s3 we can write s into eta3. So s from all sides get cancelled. Then very importantly we take the limit as h tends to 0. Why we are interested to take the limit? What is h? h is the perpendicular distance from O to ABC. If you take the limit as h tends to 0, what will happen? The entire volume will shrink to a point and we are interested to make a representation at a point. So to make a representation at a point what we will do? We will take the limit as h tends to 0. So if h tends to 0 you see the body force term becomes 0 and the acceleration mass into acceleration term becomes 0. So you have t1 as tau11 eta1 plus tau21 eta2 plus tau31 eta3. So you can see we can derive this. Many people derive this by considering no body force and no acceleration. But what we can show here is that the same derivation is true even if there is body force and even if there is acceleration. So this is true for even an accelerating element subjected to body force. Still we can write the same expression relating the traction vector with the stress tensor component. So this is the relationship that relates the traction vector with the stress tensor component. So we can write ti with superscript eta is equal to tau 1i eta1 plus tau 2i eta2 plus tau 3i eta3. So that is actually what? That is summation of tauji etaj where j is equal to 1 2 3. In the notation here we can see that instead of writing the sigma tauji etaj we are simply writing just tauji etaj without with an invisible summation of sigma. This is Einstein's index notation. So Einstein's notation what the notation Einstein introduced is that if you have a repeated index then you must keep in mind that there is an invisible summation over it. So you do not write a sigma on the top of it. So when you write tauji what you essentially keep in mind is that tauji etaj because j is repeated there is a summation over j from 1 2 3. So this theorem which relates the traction vector with the stress tensor component is called as Cauchy's theorem. So using this Cauchy's theorem it is possible to relate the traction vector with the stress tensor component. So we have till now understood that how to represent the surface forces, how to represent the body forces and how to write this the relationship between these forces and the transport of linear momentum across the control volume. So what we will do next? We will try to substitute the expressions of these forces in the Reynolds transport theorem and first try to obtain an expression which relates the change in linear momentum in terms of the surface forces and the body forces and that can be done for any general fluid. And then we will represent the surface forces for special types of fluids which are Newtonian fluids and we will talk about the special types of Newtonian fluids called as homogeneous and isotropic Newtonian fluids and then we will invoke a hypothesis called as Stokes hypothesis by which we will arrive at an equation which is the celebrated Navier-Stokes equation that we use many times in continuum fluid mechanics. So that we will take up in the next lecture. Thank you very much.


Hey fellow buddies. Thanks for watching. All right, you guys. Let's talk hard goods that I sold on Poshmark I am gonna give you some Bolo items some items to be on the lookout for items that I bought low and sold for decent margins They are gonna range where there's gonna be some bread and butter mixed in with some bigger money items And I'm just gonna share them all with you. So we are gonna get started here I'm gonna tell you where I got it what it sold for and what I paid for it. I Shop at thrift stores garage sales estate sales Facebook marketplace. I pretty much source anywhere I source on YouTube channels Anywhere so you can source from home if you guys aren't sourcing from YouTube a lot of YouTube channels are having selling events Fantastic way to get inventory. All right, let's get started here I when I shop on YouTube I typically buy from Donna telebotelino and auctions for you I do have them linked down below if you guys want to check that out while I'm getting this pulled up here Okay, so the first item I sold is This Build-A-Bear plush this took forever to sell. I let me make sure my screen shares up. Okay, it is I actually had people messaging me just wanting to buy the overalls or the bibs and I'm like I'm not gonna do that. So it finally sold on Poshmark for $20 I have a feeling I probably could have made more if I would have separated the two but that's okay Cost of goods on this was probably a buck or less The next item are these Paul patrol vehicles figures and toys I picked these up at different places This was just a random lot that I had pulled probably from thrift stores estate or garage sales You know stuff like that and I just made this lot. I probably could have made more selling them individually But I sometimes I'm lazy and I just lot things up So my cost of goods for this was probably $5 or less and I sold this for $29 and the buyer pays shipping on Poshmark The next item is this cool vintage thermos and I do not remember where I got this Shucks it looks like something I would have gotten it in a state sale to be honest But I'm not sure but my cost of goods was probably like a buck That's probably that's I have like you guys know how when you source you have like Certain prices you'll pay for things Well, I kind of have those certain prices. I'll pay for things and this is this was probably a buck And I sold this for $20 and the buyer paid shipping The next item is this Fisher price loving family dollhouse fireplace You push that little button and it plays music and then it also you push the other button and it flips That from a reef to something else But this dollhouse piece sold for $17. I Typically pick dollhouse stuff up anywhere. I see it because it's so easy to list and ship and it usually sells well This is a Disney store Aladdin. I've actually had two of these I know the most recent one I paid I think between three and five dollars for a garage sale it was a lot of Disney store plush and I did pay up so I'm gonna say this guy was probably Between three and five dollars and I sold him for 19 plus shipping now if he was the original one I had which he could have been then I probably paid a buck or two for him The next item is this flashlight friends penguin I got this at a thrift store and it sold this for twenty two dollars and the buyer paid shipping And I think this was a couple bucks The next item I believe came out of a mystery box Thrift store mystery box that is it's a 2004 the Wiggles feathers sword plush. So it's a plush sword It's 20 inches long super cool item. I sold this for twenty seven dollars plus shipping The next item is this lot of frozen figures and I I think I got four star feedback on this because the buyer said the items were smaller Then they thought So they must not have looked at this picture But anyway, I always try to do a photo with the actual tape measure in the photo So that people can see items like that now. I didn't do every single figure. So maybe that's where the confusion was but I don't know I It happens sometimes but always put the the tape measure in there I don't take the time to put it in the description or anything like that So this sold for twenty one dollars and the buyer paid shipping this I picked up at random places And I just threw a frozen lot together The next item I sold is this bundle so I had this cameo it's a scarf cameo These four strand beads and then this elephant tassel these items were fantastic. I ended up taking a best offer I don't know what the best offer was for but my earnings was 48. So Poshmark takes 20% So I don't know you guys don't have to figure out the math But I did take an offer, but I was definitely happy with that sale These are really cool pieces and whenever somebody buys multiple pieces. That's great These I pick up jewelry. I picked up 344 pounds of jewelry on eBay and then I go to garage sales and I'll just be like how much do you want for all of the jewelry? So these items came from that Different places my cost of goods was probably a buck each or less The next item are these vintage household Japan stainless serving spoons. I sold these for $15. These were a garage sale find I think I paid a dollar for them The next item I sold are these 12 pin back buttons I'm thinking pin back. Is that one word or two? I may have messed that up but I sold these for $10 and again, it was just probably a Garage sale and a bulk buy or something like that. So probably had a dollar or less in these The next item is this vintage strawberry rhinestone clip-on earrings and I believe this came from that bulk buy I sold this for $30 in the buyer paid shipping. It was unsigned so Just an unbranded set, but super super cute the next item is this Rob Did it die? Didrex, I don't know how to say that must be a skateboarders name But this is wild grinders and I picked this up at a garage sale. I was buying Out all of the toys at this garage sale. Everything was new old stock I think my cost of goods ended up being two dollars a piece by the time it was divided out So some of the items that were cheaper I still paid two dollars for and some of the items that were Bolo's I paid two dollars for so it was really really Like you look back and you think about some of the best sales you've ever been to that was one of them I sold this guy for nineteen dollars and the buyer paid shipping So all of these items were listed on eBay and Mercari. They sold faster on Poshmark I do use lists perfectly to cross-post You guys eBay is my number one platform. I sell the most stuff on eBay It's really no comparison. So if you're on Poshmark and you're not selling on eBay I highly Recommend that you get on eBay. There is a learning curve just like anything else But you're gonna sell more because it's a bigger platform. At least that's my experience. I don't know Maybe there's people that sell more on Poshmark. Maybe they work their business a different way than me I'm not really sure but eBay is definitely My number one But if you want to check out lists perfectly and how it works I start my items on eBay and then I cross-post to Poshmark and Mercari You can start on Poshmark and then cross-post to eBay and Mercari There is a video link down below that shows you how I do that and if you decide you want to try it You can use coupon referral code Bolo buddies all one word and that'll get you 30% off your first month I also have a video that shows you how to cross-post from Poshmark to eBay and Mercari so if you're only on Poshmark that might be the video for you to check out But it's super super easy super fast and getting other eyes on your items is great So definitely check that out down below The next item is this vintage 1996 Halloween costume partial witch mask Probably would have been good to have witch wig in the title. I don't know I think it cut it off and I didn't rearrange the wording, but it was in the Description so I think on Poshmark it still searches by Description as well. I sold this for $35 plus shipping and I got this at a garage sale for like a buck or two This is a Budweiser Clydesdale snapback trucker hat. I usually pay a Dollar or less for my hats something like this. I would probably pay up a little more because this thing was in mint condition I don't remember where I got this one. I do really good in my videos For my eBay, I I have a little section that tells me and I make a little sheet But a cheat sheet for when I'm doing the video But I didn't do that for this video. So I apologize, but it was probably a buck or two Any hats that are vintage with the big patches? Definitely look them up. I have a video that talks about vintage hats and what to look for Definitely check out that video because there are key things that bring up the value of these snapback hats This one sold for 46 buyer paid shipping The next item are these mixed lot of mini Bratz McDonald's dolls. These came from a garage sale in a bulk Bratz lot I parted it out. I ended up selling these for $10 buyer paid shipping This came from a garage sale if I remember correctly I think it was like 50 cents or a buck and I sold this for $17 buyer paid shipping It's a harry potter hat These are lol doll bank backpacks and there's four of them I pick up lol's whenever I see them. I get a lot off of Facebook Marketplace In the thrift stores, but these were just random ones that I had had And I've decided to lot them together The funny thing is is I wasn't gonna list them because I felt like they were big and bulky and shipping was gonna Be a lot and I'm like I should totally put these on posh mark because of the set rate shipping and They actually sold quicker than I expected. They sold for $25 plus shipping The next item I sold is this puzzle pack. It's ABC's farm states see animals I pick up new old stock toys whenever I see them. I also find them in thrift store mystery boxes I don't remember where this came from. I probably had a dollar or less in it and it sold for $12 plus shipping The next item this came from I believe it was TJ max on a clearance sale So a retail arbitrage item and I sold this for $25 plus shipping and I think my cost of goods was around $3. It was a yellow tag This I got at the Goodwill bins. I don't do a lot of clothing anymore But this sweater was a part of a bins challenge that I put together. It was called a scavenger hunt You should check out that video for sure and the people that participated There were a couple other youtubers, but I had to pick out a clothing item. So this was the item I picked I believe it was for that video. I could be wrong But I think so I know I got it at the bins and I sold this for $35 plus shipping This is the Imagine X hands evil doctor pork chop from it's a spaceship vehicle I think this is a toy story character and I sold this for $20 plus shipping and I think this also was a bins find The next thing is this paper mache Santa 15 inch Christmas decor Honestly, I've had this a very long time. I don't recall where I got it. I sold this for $19 plus shipping Let me see where I'm at on time Okay, we're gonna keep going here The next item I sold is this vintage Girl Scout sash with patches and I picked this up at a I think this was a thrift store find It was in a Ziploc bag with some other patches and like a little vest if I remember correctly And I sold this for $20 and the buyer paid shipping The next item is this flimsy doll plush Zuri cat. I had no idea what this was I'm pretty sure I used Google lens to figure it out, but it folds up into like the hair like flips over and it kind of Looks like a cat. I don't know kind of interesting never seen anything like it That came from a garage sale and it was 15. I sold it for $15 Buyer paid shipping and I probably had about 50 cents in it. Maybe or it was in a bundle. I can't remember that might have been a bundle deal Here's a Fisher price-loving family doll house bed. I again, I picked these up in huge lots I sold this for $17 plus shipping a lot of times people will sell the doll house with all of the furniture together And I will part it out. I will part the furniture out. Some people don't want to waste the time doing that I enjoy listing it. So it works for me The next item are these playmobile People and horses. I sold these for $19 plus shipping. I Do not recall where I got these again. You guys I buy so many toys and bulk So it's probably just a thrift store or a garage sale The next item is this Santa suit and I had this listed on eBay for quite a while and I Was like, okay, it's a Christmas item I need to get this on Poshmark and Mercari That was in November I think that I cross posted it and it sold within a couple days Sold it for $25 plus shipping and that came out of a thrift store Christmas mystery box LOL dolls like I said, I picked these up in bulk. I sold this lot for $60 plus shipping The next item I sold is this Disney trading pin It's us Snow White and the princesses and this came from a garage sale I bought a bulk lot of Disney pins and this one's from 2008. I sold it for $15 plus shipping This guy took a long time to sell. I don't even remember where I got him. I mean a long time It's a Kevin love bobblehead. You know what? I just remembered. I got it from a garage sale. It's probably been two years ago Yeah, I had him for a while some of the bobbleheads do really good definitely look him up, but this guy I don't know. He wasn't getting any love. Haha. Okay. Sorry bad joke $20 plus shipping The next item is the play school Victorian doll house replacement railings So I parted out a play school doll house that was incomplete and these are just the railings I sold these for $28 plus shipping The next item is again another puzzle I picked these up randomly when I'm out anything new old stock This may even not I don't even know if this is considered old stock But I sold this for $15 plus shipping the next item are these Nicole Miller scented soap pedals I got these at a thrift store. I think they're so cool. They took forever to sell I have no idea why I think you like pluck them and then use them as soap Really cool. I don't know. Maybe my keywords weren't great. I sold this for $20 plus shipping and I probably paid a buck for it South Park the complete season six sixth eighth and tenth Sold this for $30 plus shipping this came from a garage sale and I think I had around five bucks in all of them These Lego Bionicles Stars Bionicle stars lot of five years. They're loose figures I got a huge lot of Bionicles from a thrift store and Most of them I shouldn't say most I would say half of them were already built or just missing a few pieces And I had to figure it out. I Have sold almost all of them, which is fantastic But I have a whole tote full of miscellaneous pieces that I have to figure out someday This sold for $78 plus shipping This is a stocking. I believe this came from that Ben's challenge also I think I had to find a Christmas item. This is what I picked up super cool needlepoint stocking It's Disney Mickey Mouse. I sold this for $30 buyer paid shipping The next item is this Disney store frozen princess I believe this came from a garage sale and I want to say I paid up for it around $4 But some of the other ones there was one I sold on McCurry for $65. It was like this rare fairy princess From tinkerbell So it ended up working out when it was all said and done because I made more on that one I still made money on this one, but not as much. I sold this for $15 plus shipping The next item is this tinkerbell watch. This took a long time to sell, but the band was actually in pretty Poor condition as you can see here. I sold this for $15 plus shipping and I'm guessing somebody's going to replace the band The next item I sold is this Bucilla counted cross stitch stocking anytime. I can find cross stitch kits Especially the stockings. They do really well this sold for $35 plus shipping and I probably paid a dollar or less for this These are long and burger pottery Blue taco holders you guys so you put your taco your soft taco or your hard taco down in this and it holds it I sold this for $22 plus shipping. This was a garage sale find and I think it was like three or five dollars This is crazy that this sold. I don't remember where I got it I think it was just in a bulk lot of jewelry And I just decided to list it because it holds a picture Took forever to sell you guys and it finally sold for $13 plus shipping The next item is this ted baker ipod nano second generation case cover Okay, number one. I don't know how many people still have an ipod nano second generation Probably like close to like one percent of the population um, I got these so long ago. I was at a um I can't remember what store it was kind of like a tj max a discount store and I bought a ton of these which was a huge mistake. I didn't pay much for them I don't remember what I paid for him, but it wasn't much. Thank goodness But it's so funny when these random things still sell they are so long tail because nobody has these anymore But this sold for $15 plus shipping So i'm really happy to say that I got this out of my house number one and I made a decent profit. So pretty cool The next item I sold is this vintage nativity. It is chalkware I picked this up at a garage sale for five dollars and I sold this for 80 dollars and the buyer paid shipping The next item is this paul patrol replacement part It's the lights and sound button that goes with the play set and I sold this for 17 dollars plus shipping And that came off of a play set that I parted out that was incomplete The next item just sold It is a spark create imagine plush puppy dog boxer. It's actually pretty big He's really squishy and cuddly um I would maybe kind of like a squishmallow, but this is not a squishmallow. It's by spark I think it's like a walmart brand or something like that um I got this at a garage sale. I think it was a buck and I sold this for 28 dollars plus shipping All right, you guys, I don't know how many bolos that was but that was a bunch Thank you for being here. Thank you for watching. I mean hard goods sell awesome on poshmark.  Um, if you're on ebay or macari cross post them to poshmark These items do sell over there poshmark is not just clothing. All right, you guys, thank you for being here Thank you for watching. Be sure to like comment subscribe and share There's going to be some videos popping up a subscribe button down on This side. Um, so subscribe if you haven't already and if you could leave me an emoji of an owl If you made it this far, that would be amazing. Thank you for being here and thanks for watching Oh Check out the description for links to like my facebook and twitter and all of that good stuff. All right


Big cyber traders happy Wednesday everybody good to see you all. Good morning. Just wanted to get a little chat and see very gamey Okay Lawrence see you grant everyone. All right. Good. Good everybody on YouTube and Facebook welcome back everyone having nice little run up Looks like we've had a couple of stocks. You know the market is up a little bit We will put so far about like almost like 250 or something like that So a couple of mergers coming in. Let's see treasure yields up a little bit But what else we got going on here? What about 230 still so market looks listen It has been a really really wishy-washy market. You got a couple of stocks that are moving you could see here We still haven't really gone anywhere as much. I mean we came down to around this 3100 We're up literally about a thousand from like the beginning of March. We're at this big resistance levels Which is the which is the lows back in December. So, you know What scares me about this is don't get sold on these little rallies that you see if you notice here on the Dow We're kind of like making Lower lows see that right there. That's not a good sign. So got to keep an eye on that We haven't got really gone anywhere in the past year You know the mortgage rates came down a little bit big deal who's cheap before but But listen, this is why we like to day trade people It's just like to make their days paying and that's it now yesterday. We had phase 3 I know you guys did really well with Josh in the afternoon in the morning We learned about a couple of good couple of quick moving stocks that made some big moves We had the VXTX that moved pretty well. We saw some really really nice iceberg orders out there We saw how some of them did breakouts which a lot of you were learning. So hopefully everybody enjoyed it Now what's going on this morning? Before we go through the watch list and see what's really moving like this one stock right here this Jeff in You can see it was at 250 things almost out a hundred percent in the past couple of days There was a couple of stocks that did move yesterday. I just want to clarify and get through those The big one was this one and for some of you that are new here or watching on YouTube. This thing was Ridiculous, okay, so let me bring up this stock be met this thing If you can watch right here, this stock ran from $16, right? And in pre-market it ran all the way around nine o'clock ran around to about 25 Big big run up then right at the gate. This will got a little nervous here right at the gate It did a little shake and it popped from like 22 we had all the way up to $29 and then it kind of and that was Do I got to show you again the mousepad right best times worst times to trade you could see right here You know how it's bad good to worse.  This was on the watch list yesterday Okay, it was on the morning watch list here was our watch list if you guys want to see it Write it down. You can see it on the camera right there. So that was our watch list in the morning and That was that those are the two stocks that we're looking at we were trading yesterday. So if you missed it, that's okay Sometimes these stocks from yesterday do spill in into today. So we're definitely going to put this BME a back on the watch list. So this thing was just absolutely nuts So anyway, let's look at a couple other ones that made some big moves yesterday for some of you that missed out that The other one was the vk tx trade right there And you could see right here that that stock also really really nice move right there right to gate This was probably a little bit more on the comfortable side But it did did have pretty big price levels and remember one of the big things we talked about yesterday Was you got to make sure that just because you see the stock moving doesn't mean you can get in and out of it Sprint had a lot to do with it tear sizes had a lot to do with it But but she did move pretty nicely she went from 1240 up to about 1460. I Don't know thousand shares got half that did pretty damn good for if you do it every year so that one moved pretty nicely and I really didn't see any other ones. There was a couple of those one other one I want to bring up just the the py xs And that one it looks like she's still holding up pretty strong to here I think I'm gonna put this in the watch list because you know, she's not up a lot But she traded 1.6 million shares you could see right here. She made a move right around the 1030 time frame She had a nice little push earlier and all of a sudden added a gate You know right at right when we have program trading it kicks in around 1030 Boom thing went over 315 all the way up to 415. That is a really nice dollar move, you know, and You know going back into this uh in the morning. It wasn't you know, it wasn't a super Great day, but We did have a couple of good pops All right, now what the hell is going on to today because that's what makes it a great adventure There's always new days. There's always new stocks to trade. So, um, let's see what's going on right here Anyway, we got uh on the big percentage gainer. You got this stock that's up 28% ar ct Not a fan not a fan at all Uh Volume is good spreads ugly tear size is small not really doing and doing too much G fin now this stock right here You could see how it had a a really nice little push around 830 when all the way up to about here around this 415 came back down Now when I look over here on level 4 just to kind of show you what's going on It took this seller out around 830, but then all these sellers started showing up You could see here around 850 and it started pushing it down now. Here's the seller come just showed up So, uh, you know what? I'm not a super big fan of the stock right here. Okay But we listen we're only at number two But uh, but I'll put it on I'll put it on the b-list J fin I'll put it on the b-list. All right Lulemon God Is this crazy the stock is that much money they do that great? All right. Anyway, they show know how to charge. I know that So anyway, we're not trading this stock great earnings. Obviously, you could see it That's the reason why I took off did really really well This is what these are the only stocks you probably could trade options on This stock is not really doing too much. This is not doing anything This one we already have the back on the watch list is from yesterday PYXS. So this is going back those cheap stock too, you know decent spread. I think everyone could afford it Hunt is not doing too much We're that see that now we're down to about 6 and that's why we kind of draw the line now losers Oh My god, it's not doing too well too too bad We can't short it but the show looks like a nice short this d r this d pr o This stock is not doing too much. This one's not doing too much. All right, new york stock will change Okay, we just got a nice big pop on this stock right here Just out of nowhere. This ebs stock was a $50 stock Came down down to nine. This one looks a little bit better ebs. We'll go check and see what's going on with level four ebs Let's see what's going on ebs So sometimes what happens you get program training kicks in around nine o'clock and that's what we basically have here Just getting the data on it All right, uh Okay, so this is nice.  You can see it's got Pre-market resistance levels right around here around 10 89 And looks like it got pretty close to it and it's kind of holding there But definitely that one looks a hell of a lot promising than the other ones. I'll be honest with you This one's gapped up pretty big but really no pre mark No pre market trading right there losers My god, this thing is getting crushed stem This might be a really nice short Stem obviously does not look good. All right one of the stock I want to check I want to check out so, uh I don't know if anyone heard the news about ai Musk went off on it. He says this thing is really scary So you got a couple of ai stocks. I want to I'm really curious to see how they're going to pan out remember Like musk hate musk, you know swear by him do everything the opposite, you know, it doesn't matter But he's the richest man in the world. He's part of technology He's been as big scare about ai. He's just getting too smart too fast And it looks like it's going to get out of our hands. So I would keep an eye on a lot of these ai stocks too All right when it comes down to it Okay, so john just uh, josh has put the email not the email just put the news on EBS It's going to go out there and put it out there for everyone else to see in social media So that's really the news you guys want to see what came out EBS fda approval first over the counter Oh, no arcades. Wow That's pretty cool. All right Kind of like that interesting. I guess that's why the stock is doing pretty well All right, so we'll keep an eye on that anything else everyone did I miss? I'll warrant uh warrant says um, and you was turning bad numbers and it's still up You mean uh, yeah micron technologies even though they came out with uh, they came out the earnings yesterday Yeah, look at that boom boom boom. You can see that rarity gate. That's why you can't trade pre-market but um Listen, it's not what they came out warrant as in, you know, um, they knew their earnings were to me It's what they probably project the next quarter. Remember what I always taught you a tip of the day before we go Every company is going out of business every three months. Why is that? Because they have to come out with earnings every three months and that's the reason why that happens. Okay, so That's how a company can get gets very volatile. That's why earnings are always very exciting to trading for us But you know what you keep an eye on you can keep an eye on it. We'll see how that works All right, so we got our watch list now. Listen, uh, for everybody here in the you know, um Facebook and youtube once again, if you want to come and join us take your phone scan that link right there If you want to attend, we're doing a big workshop on friday And also if you want to attend one of our come and join the trading room for a day You're more than welcome to cyber traders in the cyber group room, you know, we got phase three That's going on today and this afternoon. We'll see you there at 9 35 We just post the link for everybody to get in there So we'll see everyone in there in the meantime and then if you're not Going to be joining a class maybe you're new here. Whatever it is. You're gonna be in the trading room You know, we got all the instructors in there. Josh, Gina, you know John rich everyone is in there is going to be working with you if you need any help All right in the meantime, remember be safe be careful what you trade and be smart. All right in the meantime We'll see you when the market opens up. Good luck everyone. Happy trading


You can read more about more details in the CSS documentation. For most of my examples, I'm using that fat-win thing that I drew on a tool, factor.com. We can see that lines in SVG are essentially represented by waypoints and as shown in the slides with the circles there. To get your hands on SVGs and play around, you can of course draw like I did on a tool online. Or with some of my examples, you can actually get it from just a free SVG.org. Sometimes you can also get it from a library. There are many JS libraries that allow you to draw SVG with a canvas syntax. Or you can just, or there are programs like for example Figma and basically they allow you to export images as SVGs. So if we pick into the SVG content, we see that it is mostly just a series of paths. And I'd like you to take note of this thing that I added called path length equals to 1. This will be used later. But basically, yeah, it's just paths or sometimes some basic shapes.  You can have crisp and sharp images at all sizes. If we declare SVGs in our markup itself, we don't have to send another HTTP request for each image. We can easily scale not just the whole thing but even parts of the images. And basic SVG support is already available in all browsers, even mini-browsers. So if anyone out there is still using PNG and GIFs for their icons, you can just switch over to SVG just based on all these benefits themselves. It's also very, very lightweight. But we don't just have to draw the paths as lines. We can also do fun things like have some tags follow a path, or we can make shapes from paths, or make shapes that follow a path, follow another path, or you can make paths follow a path that follows a path that follows a path, and so on and so forth. But some common CSS that we use in things like stroke fill and stroke wave. So these are normally used in my daily development to change colour of icons. Sometimes I do an effect where I thicken the stroke wave on hover to make it show as an item is highlighted. And yeah, we can also make shapes with fill. So the namesake of this presentation is actually, it was so disappointing. It was just a value for line-cat properties.  So butt and square look almost the same, except square has a h that sticks a little bit out from the other lines. Another property that we can play around with, dash array and dash offset, it's a bit hard to wrap our head around what are all these values. So just now I pointed out the path length equals to 1. It shows us we can actually use, if we put it into the SVG line, we can use it to use a ratio from 0 to 1 to represent how much of that line. So there are other things we can do. So all these examples so far are very boring. We want to have more farting cats or at least more things that are a bit more interesting. What we can do, we can have CSS animations to move the dash offset value. So this is actually a single line spiral that I found on Free SVG. Without any prior knowledge, I just created this spiral effect just by having the stroke offset moving at different intervals. Alternatively, you can have a neon sign effect. All I did here was to change the color of the line and then thicken the line at certain timings. So it gives a glowing neon sign effect. We can also animate something like color fields. Right here. So we can animate color fields over here with CSS animations. You only need to actually write out which color stops you want. Like keyframes as you would in most animations and fading from color to color is automatically handled for us. So a very common use of SVG also or SVG animation is to create this sketching effect. Here I added the same path length equals to one for every path and adjusted the dash offset from zero to one and going back and forth. So I could put in more effort to stagger the line so that it actually looks like it's being drawn but I'm very, very lazy. So this is how I did it. I also was so lazy that I didn't want to put the path length and I wrote this JS loop to just set the attribute for all of them and the nice thing is that we don't have to use this CSS rules alone. We can always use JS to help us out with our tasks. Another way is we can actually just use the markup itself. So the ball is just a div and the line itself is a path that is independent of the ball. So I copied and pasted the path into this offset path value in the ball and then do the animations. So there are a lot of libraries out there that use the same few concepts under the hood to achieve animations and interactions with SVGs. A general idea for SVGs that we can play with usually simple line art drawings without fields. Those are very easy to manipulate and have fun. So that's all for my talks. The first link, my blog you can access the slide at Slides.com you can see my code pen for all these examples and add me at Twitter if you find this interesting. Thanks. Okay everybody virtually clap for you all here you can clap louder but we hope it grows. Thanks anyway sir so sharing your screen. I share my screen.


One of the great benefits of living in the great old US VA is that we have an opportunity to own land. That's right. We've all got the opportunity to have our own little chunk of heaven. For a growing number of people, those little chunks of heaven are getting larger and are more often located on the fringes of cities and towns. This is known as ex-urban development and nationwide it impacts seven to ten times the amount of land as urban and suburban development combined. Wyoming has its fair share of ex-urban development. It seems to be the lifestyle choice for many of us, including me. Along with all the joys of ex-urban life, there are also challenges. Grazing management, weeds, septic systems, fencing, irrigation, and so on. These acreages require a special land management approach. They are too large to be treated like a lot in town and often too small to be treated as small farms. Remember, ex-urban landowners still have neighbors and what is done on those acreages can and will affect adjacent landowners. There's a pretty good chance that neighboring landowners moved out of town in part to put a little more room between them and their neighbors. As a result, neighboring landowners may be watching each other closely and sensitive to what's going on. The University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service, or your local conservation district all are good sources of information on land management. From the University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service, I'm Eric Peterson.


What's going on guys, it's your boy DPJ here today with another Destiny video and today I will talk about and explain how you can get this hidden emblem, the Sidual of the Young Wolf. But before we get into the video, if you guys do enjoy it, hitting that like button is very much appreciated. Let's try and hit 4000 likes, that would be insane if we could. Okay, so for the past three weeks on reset for the Rise of Iron, Tyra Khan has offered three artifacts which are obtainable after you complete the weekly good deeds where you basically have to do patrol missions, archon forage etc etc under plague lands. Doing it on each character each week and collecting them artifacts would mean that this week you will be finally able to collect all of them. Now if I'm collecting them all, you should be rewarded the Sidual of the Young Wolf emblem. But wait, it seems as though the emblem is glitched for a certain number of people, me included. Now before purchasing the very last artifact from Tyra Khan, I did make sure I had space in my emblem sluts but nope it still didn't pop up, I tried switching characters and nothing happened, I attuned all artifacts and all characters and still nothing happened, I hard reset, nothing happened, I even checked the emblem vault and it was not there so it is a guarantee that this emblem is glitched or bugged out for a certain number of people. Like I said me included so do not fret, if you are one of these people I guarantee you Bungie will fix this error in a patch to come so just be patient with it. Now it seems as though many people have forgotten but not me, quite some time ago before the Rise of Iron had been released we were getting a lot of information from gaming format articles, magazines etc etc, in the very first gigantic news drop they had on the Rise of Iron they spoke about artifacts and they had this very interesting page in the magazine take a look, you can clearly see all 8 artifacts there but there is also a 9th which is marked after with a question mark, now they didn't mention anything interesting about this 9th artifact but I definitely think there is a 9th for sure and here is another reason I have all 8 artifacts currently available and yet when I check my Xbox achievements it still states that I have not got the achievement for collecting all artifacts and in the achievement itself it doesn't give any specific number of how many there are. Now here is my theory, all 8 artifacts are based on the Iron Lords, Iron Banner comes today with a new representative that being Lady Ephradi, a Iron Lord, I have a feeling that this hidden 9th artifact will come either as a part of the Iron Banner via maybe a 5th package or like some people believe there could be some kind of quest for Lady Ephradi we have to complete before being able to play the Iron Banner and maybe this artifact will come from that somehow and it will represent Lady Ephradi, I mean I could be wrong and this is just a theory but it makes sense but what do you guys think, let me know down below in that comment section, do you think there is a hidden 9th artifact, if so where do you think we will be able to obtain it, thanks as always for stopping by, hope you guys enjoyed the video, if you did do hit that like button, subscribe for daily destiny, turn on the notification so you don't miss a video and I will catch you guys on that next one.


It's come to the point where a lot of Barcelona fans are saying that this kid is cursed, and a lot of them are saying that Barcelona should sell him now to escape the saga. So is there a future for Pedri at Barcelona, or even a future in professional football for him at all? Well, let's take a look at how we got here first. 17-year-old Pedri finally makes his move to FC Barcelona where he would play first-tier football for the first time after appearing in almost every match the season before for second-tier side Las Palmas. And let's just say it didn't take very long for Pedri's potential to be recognized and abused by every single one of his coaches. Last season, Pedri would go on a play in every league match for Barcelona, but two, while being selected for every single match possible for the Spanish national team, eventually playing the most matches 73 of any player in top-flight football in at least 20 years. The kid was absolutely incredible. He rightly earned himself a starting spot in that Barcelona midfield and the Copa Trophy while he was at it. He slid into the midfield with Frankie De Jong and Sergio Busquets about as well as any player possibly could have. However, all of this game time took a toll on him, a toll that he is still suffering from today. But other young towns have played a lot of football before, too. So why did Pedri suffer so much? Most of the young players that are able to avoid significant injuries at young ages are more muscular than Pedri was. Though I'm not a doctor, I know from my own history of rehabbing my ACL surgery that increasing muscle mass can change the way your ligaments and muscles are stressed during exercise. This is probably why Pedri was so susceptible to injuries immediately and why the likes of Rooney and Messi weren't really as susceptible that early. They had a little bit more muscle mass to them. There was a little bit more around their legs to protect them. But it's not just that this kid had a big injury one year that took him out for most of the season. It was the fact that a lot of the injuries that have occurred for Pedri have happened to more or less the exact same spot on his leg. The first injury he suffered was right at the beginning of the 21-22 season to his right hamstring. Physical therapy, rest, and icing the area generally takes care of that pretty well. But Pedri would end up re-injuring that same area later that season seeing him miss a total of 41 matches that year. And in the following season Pedri would re-injure the same hamstring injury against Manchester United in the Europa League and he would miss 15 matches for the club. Again, I'm not a doctor, but I do know that when you injure a certain area on your body you begin to compensate for that injury by using muscles walking or operating in a slightly different fashion that puts less stress on the injured area but then in turn puts more stress on other areas that are not normally used to having that stress on them. Coming into this season I think all of this strain on new muscles caused Pedri to injure his quad in training earlier this year. He missed 2 and a half months at the beginning of this season because he strained his quad while taking long shots in practice. Clearly that wouldn't have happened if he had a stronger hamstring. Clearly the kid's right leg is a liability because that's pretty much where every significant injury has occurred. But does that mean he's a lost cause? Again, I would love to make a comparison with another player that has gone through something similar and turned it around but it's hard to find. However, there is another player in fact in the Barcelona squad right now that plays the same position and went through something very similar to Pedri, albeit at a slightly older age than him, Gundawan. According to transfer marks throughout Gundawan's career he has been injured at least 24 times. More importantly though is the fact that these injuries have been very significant. At 23 years old he had a severe spinal surgery which saw him miss over 400 days of football. Some of the doctors even told him that he could never play football again. We know that's not true but then 3 years later he tore his ACL and missed nearly the entire 16-17 season with Manchester City. The reason I want to focus on this is the fact that every time Gundawan came back from one of these injuries he came back better. But why was he able to do that? Ilkay Gundawan is a clean and tidy midfielder and he always has been, similar to Pedri. They make smart, sometimes quick moves with the ball that fools defenders and opens up spaces for them. That allows for them to make both smooth passes and create chances for teammates and sometimes even themselves. Injuries to midfielders like Gundawan and Pedri affects them significantly differently than do the same injuries to players that rely much more on their physicality like their agility and their speed. Say we have two players, one Pedri and one Mbappe. Both of them are great players in their own right but they are both great at very different things. Mbappe is fast and has a rocket of a right foot. Pedri is agile but great because of his footballing brain and his incredible touch on the ball. Now imagine they both strained their quadriceps, the same thing that just happened to Pedri. For Mbappe this means that even when he does come back fully healed maybe he's going to be a little bit more cautious than normal when taking shots and maybe he's just going to be a bit slower off the line. Those small alterations can completely change Mbappe's effectiveness but Pedri is a much different story. See with this quad injury coming up again Pedri will likely have to change the way he plays a little bit until he has completely and utterly healed from this injury. When Pedri hurt his quad the first time he was trying to shoot from distance on his right foot. When he injured his quad the second time he was trying to play a long ball again with his right foot.  Whenever he does come back Pedri is probably going to have to make that concession in the way he plays so as to not injure himself again. That will absolutely hurt his effectiveness and overall threat as a player but he can still be incredibly valuable. We just need other players that have proven to be good at those long balls mostly just Gundawan and Kubarsi to take over the reins of doing it for the side. However, no matter what Pedri chooses to leave out of his game we know that Pedri has to come back as strong if not stronger at the few things that don't necessarily hurt his leg. His tight ball control as well as his quick passes and his footballing intelligence. Like the way Gundawan was able to come back at Dortmund after his spinal surgery as well as after his ACL surgery at Man City and be better or if not just as good as a player as he was before the injuries. I get it there is still a lot of risk in it and if you want an example well just look at Anzu Fati. Anzu experienced a tremendous disaster with his knee that really took a toll on him. But when he was finally healthy from it finally able to come back during the 22-23 season he looked to be a significantly worse player because he was unable to adapt to the fact that he had not only lost some of his agility part of what made him so good at taking players on but also he lost his confidence he wasn't able to adapt quickly he just wasn't the Anzu Fati that everyone remembered he wasn't able to do that adaptation however Pedri's adaptation should be a lot easier and not only does he have Gundawan who is experienced with injuries that could have crippled his career but Pedri is also a very similar profile with high football intelligence and high technical ability things that don't necessarily need to go away when you're injured in the way that losing agility makes sense to lose if Kules and FC Barcelona are talking about selling Pedri they should really be focusing on one primary question can he adapt to play in a way that lessens his risk of injury without significantly hurting what he offers on the pitch I believe his game can still be elite without long balls or several long distant shots because realistically he doesn't do that a ton anyway I think Barcelona should keep Pedri however if they do they really need to consider having a strong backup option that is exactly where my boy Fermin Lopez can come in now I know this season he has been very unimpressive I hyped him up a ton and so far we haven't really seen much from him I think that's because he really isn't getting a fair chance Chavi is not playing him much and when he does come in he's getting these garbage minutes where the team is desperate and so there's a lot of pressure on his head and he continuously makes the wrong decision so this is the time for Fermin Lopez to not only prove himself but help support Pedri in his recovery and his healing and bringing him back to a fantastic player a player that isn't so injury prone I think it's possible for Pedri to come back from that the squad just needs to be in a healthier position to rotate him a bit more and the guy needs to have a better idea of his way of playing that won't risk the health of his right leg like shooting from long distance and playing long balls now we just talked a lot about Pedri's future but go click here to learn a lot more about that year that basically poisoned Pedri he played 73 matches was absolutely incredible and was overused to hell and that's where we are today but thank you for watching and I'll see you in the next one peace


I am Heather Walls, Chief Creative Officer of the Wicca Media Foundation and head of the communications department. Well, I'll tell you about the most personal one to me. So when I was a child or a kid at home, my Nana and Papa, my grandparents used to talk about this woman who, as a larger than life, this person that my grandmother used to work for, who is an antique dealer in Scotland in Edinburgh. And the stories were outrageous about, you know, cigar boxes of jewels on the floor and this silver fish in the window that she refused to sell to the king. Just things that just outlandish stories. And when I was in the UK, just sort of whim, I decided to look up and see if there was any information about her. And it turns out she's real and there's a lot of information. Her name was Esther Henry and she had a shop called the Luckin Boot. And so many wild stories and I wrote her a Wikipedia article about her. Some of the main things the communications department does is, let's see. We are now beginning with our movement communications team to work directly with the community and to specialize the content that we share, meaning the narrative, the information, what the Wikimedia Foundation is doing to ensure that it is clear and that people understand and that the movement can engage with us in what we're doing. We also deal with the press and journalists around the world. We help write communication strategies for all kinds of things that we might announce or share with the world. But most of all, we build and protect the perception of this incredible movement and wonderful volunteers because we want them, we want all of this to be around and to grow for a long, long time. Proud of the way the Wikimedia Foundation and the community responded to COVID, we always have community experts in governance and topics and online collaboration working hard. But in particular around COVID, there was a lot of effort for good, true information and that was noticed around the world. So that information was used by other sources and there was a collaboration with the World Health Organization to make sure that people around the world know what's going on with COVID and know how to protect themselves. And I thought that was really important and really inspiring. In this year's annual plan, we are formalizing and growing the movement communications team. They are tasked with holding the important connection between the Wikimedia Foundation and our communities around the world. We hope to begin putting in place regional representatives, connections, the ability to understand nuance and culture across our movement, to provide a platform on Diff for people to share their information in many languages and to just get better, to increase trust between the Wikimedia Foundation and the community. It is so important to us to do that. I would say we're explicitly doing two things. We're explicitly supporting the other strategies that the Foundation is focusing on. The first one being thriving movement, so putting all of our effort and focus into our movement, into implementing movement strategy, into understanding our communities and helping them grow. And we plan to participate in all of those activities happening across all the departments of the Foundation. We are also really excited about thriving foundation. It's so important for us to be healthy and to be a strong organization in order to support our incredible movement. That we're putting aside the time this year. We've often said it, but not had the time. We're putting aside the time to work together to improve our working practices, to improve the sense of belonging at the Foundation, and to really become an inclusive place that reflects the world and our movement.