Good morning friends, so today we are going to study about structure of atom, so structure of atom as the name suggest in this chapter we are going to study about what is the structure of an atom, how the atom has been built and what are the various subatomic particles we have. So the first of all what is an atom, what is an atom, so atom is the word taken from a Greek word that is atomios, the meaning of this Greek word is indivisible, which means we cannot divide it further right, so the atom the definition is what, the definition the initial definition was what it is the smallest particle which cannot divide further that is the definition of atom, but this definition was proved to be wrong when various subatomic particles like electron, proton, neutron discovered. So that is why the definition of atom was wrong because if it is a smallest particle then how can other particles like other subatomic particles like electron, proton, neutron present within an atom, so that is the wrong definition we had initially and the definition of atom is also given if you see or if you study in NCRT it is given that it is a smallest particle which takes part in a chemical reaction, so chemical reaction when I am saying we are not considering here redox reaction, we are considering here the reaction in which the atoms are involved, so atoms are also the smallest particle which takes part in the chemical reaction. So regarding atom there was a scientist called John Dalton, he has given it is own atomic theory and that we call it as Dalton atomic theory, so what is Dalton atomic theory what is the main point of Dalton atomic theory we have that we will see first. The first thing is Dalton's atomic theory, the first point of this theory is what all the atoms or all matters in the universe are made up of very small particle called first point of Dalton's atomic theory. Second one atoms cannot be created or destroyed, the properties of atoms of different element different elements are different and for same elements are same that is the third point suppose we have oxygen atom, so the property of oxygen atom will be different and the property of nitrogen atom will be different, but all the atoms of oxygen will have the same property means what suppose you have to understand or you have to study about the property of oxygen molecule, then what we will do we will read out or we will study the property of oxygen atom because oxygen molecule is made up of oxygen atom only, so whatever the property of oxygen atom that will be the property of oxygen molecule more or less there would not be much change into that, so this is the theory of given by Dalton actually, so few points in this was wrong actually like this one atoms cannot be created or destroyed, we can actually break an atom into smaller particles also and this theory this point was proved to be wrong when the various subatomic particles discovered, so the next point we are going to understand here is the discovery of subatomic particles, discovery of subatomic particles, so first point or the first subatomic particles we are going to study here is electron, how the electrons are discovered, so the experiment for the discovery of electron that we will discuss here, discovery of electron will discuss in detail similar kind of experiment we have for the discovery of proton, so that will discuss and the theory is given in any physical chemistry book if you see atomic structure you can go through with that theory you will understand, you can understand after watching this video, so for the discovery of electron the experimental setup was something like this, this is the experimental setup for discovery of electron and this experiment we call it as cathode ray experiment, cathode ray experiment okay, so what happens into this first of all we have a discharge tube this is this cylindrical tube is we call it as discharge tube, discharge tube what is the discharge tube? It is a cylindrical glass tube glass tube which consist which consist two electrode the end which consist two electrode at the end, so this is the two electrode we have discharge tube cylindrical glass tube and two electrodes at the end okay, so the electrode and this this electrode it is connected with external voltage supply and the voltage we are using around 10000 volt here right and this is the vacuum pump which we use to maintain very low pressure inside the discharge tube which is 10 to the power minus 4 atmospheric in this order okay, so we have taken all the air present inside the discharge tube out with the help of vacuum pump and we fill this discharge tube with any gas here, so we have some gaseous particles present here in the discharge tube okay, any gas you can take that is not a constraint we have any gas you can take okay, so now what happens in this in this experiment what happens when we apply a very high voltage source here right then some invisible ray passes through passes from this electrode towards the positive electrode which is anode right and how do we know this this is an invisible ray invisible ray from cathode to anode it passes through okay and how do we know that because this part was coated with a fluorescent screen that is ZNS screen this part was coated with ZNS screen coated with ZNS screen and when this light is slice at the surface this part starts glowing and that is how we know that when we apply an external voltage source here an invisible ray from cathode travels towards anode that ray we call it as cathode ray why cathode ray because it is coming out from cathode or from this direction from cathode to anode that is why we are calling it as invisible ray okay coming out from cathode now since the cathode is negatively charged right so this ray was also considered to be or assumed to be negatively charged okay how do we know this that this ray is actually charged will have some charged particle or neutral that when this ray passes through an electric or magnetic field it get deflected okay deflection proves that that the ray is not neutral it has either positive or negative charged with it okay why negative only because it is it is moving towards the positive plate or it is coming from the negative plate that is why first of all since the deflection produced in the magnetic field it means it is charged what charge positive or negative that we understand by this experiment since it is moving towards the positive placed plate hence it is negatively charged so cathode ray this ray is cathode ray invisible ray coming out from cathode we call it as cathode ray so cathode ray consist of negatively charged particle okay cathode ray consist of negative charged particle called electrons cathode ray consist of negative charged particles called electrons okay so that is how the discovery of electrons takes place okay this experiment we call it as cathode ray experiment and the whole setup we have discussed okay right now the properties of cathode rays are what it is it produces mechanical effect okay mechanical effect means what I will tell you here the first one it produces mechanical effect it produces mechanical effect mechanical effect means what suppose you have a blade fan blade suppose like this this is the fan blade we have suppose and when you strikes with you know cathode ray on this blade all these are cathode when you strikes with the cathode ray then the energy transfers to this fan blade and it starts rotating like this this is mechanical effect the transfer of energy why transfer of energy takes place because cathode ray consist of particles called electrons right and electron has its own mass and since it is traveling so we will have some velocity over there so the kinetic energy of electron gets transferred into the rotational energy of fan okay that was the mechanical effect we have second point deflects cathode ray deflects in electric or magnetic field electric or magnetic field third point it is negatively charged negatively charged fourth one the properties of of cathode ray is same for all gases means whatever gas you are taking here right finally the electron only is coming out okay so electron of hydrogen electron of helium electron of methane all have the same properties okay so electrons properties of electron does not change with gases right that's why the properties of cathode ray why cathode ray because it consists of electrons cathode ray is same for all gases the fourth point is very important okay these are the few properties of cathode ray now now we have this understanding that atoms consist of negative charged particle negative charged particles called electrons now the atom as a whole is neutral in nature that we know already right so atom as a whole is neutral and if some negative charged particle is present within it it means to neutralize this negative charged particle we have some positive charged particle also present should also present right so in this by the this by this theory only we come to this conclusion that there must be a positive charged subatomic particles present within an atom which makes the whole atom overall neutral and hence it is stable so in that way only we come to this part that that is the discovery of proton which is a positive charged particle okay so now for the discovery of protons also we call it as anode ray experiment similar kind of experiment was done okay but we use here a perforated plate we use here a perforated plate right and what we observe in this that when the cathode ray was coming out I am not drawing the diagram again just I am trying to make you understand with this diagram only right and it was observed that when cathode ray was coming out from this from this cathode this side in this way at the same time some positive ray also some invisible ray also travels towards the negative electrode which is cathode so at this time what we absorb what we observe some negative charge some positive charged particles or positive ray also moves towards the negative charge electrode right this was assumed to be coming from the positive plate which is anode okay and since it is coming from anode towards the negative plate cathode we call it as anode ray right and anode ray coming from positive plate it is positive charged right this also produce deflection in electric and magnetic field since it is charged right so when we allow this way to pass through electric or magnetic field there is deflection in the in presence of electric and magnetic field and this deflection is opposite to the reflection of cathode ray hence it is said to be that cath anode ray has oppositely charged is then oppositely charged ray with respect to cathode ray and it is assumed to be coming from anode hence it is positively charged right so the particles of anode ray anode ray consists of particles called proton which is a positively charged all these points are same right it also produces some mechanical effect deflection electric and magnetic field it is instead of negatively charged this one is positively charged properties of cath anode ray will be different for all gases this is the very important difference we have properties of cathode ray is same for all gases whatever gas you take here the properties will be same of cathode but anode ray has different properties for different different gases suppose you are taking hydrogen right so hydrogen the proton is what h plus plus one electron so this is the proton we have here right similarly the positive charge species in case of helium is what when you take helium gas that will be he plus so h plus and he plus are two different cations right two different positive charge ions right that's why the properties of anode ray is different is different for different different gases this is the major difference we have in the two rays cathode rays and anode rays okay so I hope you have understood this experiment which is not that much you know important but to understand the you know experiment and discovery you should know this okay so you can go through the theory given in ncrt you will understand the experiment exactly okay the next thing is with the help of proton and electron when we try to find out the atomic mass of different different atoms the atomic mass was not coming out to be correct for all the atoms okay then we started thinking about the third type of the third type of subatomic particles present within an atom which must be neutral in nature okay and that third type is neutron okay for discovery of neutron the beryllium the beryllium atom is attacked by alpha particle beryllium atom is bombarded with alpha particle that is helium and then it converts into carbon and then we'll get one neutral element which is neutron so this one is neutron which is neutral in nature there's no charge present on this neutron we have only two charged subatomic particles that is electron and proton and this one is neutron this reaction is actually nuclear reaction nuclear reaction where nucleus are involved actually you must have thinking about that how this helium and beryllium converts into carbon so when the nucleus are involved this kind of change is possible so nuclear chemistry is not in our syllabus but this is one type of nuclear reaction okay so this is one thing now since the neutron is negatively sorry neutral in nature this produces no deflection in electric or magnetic field okay so when you allow this ray or this neutron to pass through an electric or magnetic field we don't observe any deflection because it is neutral in nature deflection is only possible when the particles are will have any kind of charge whether it is positive or negative charge okay now so this is a three subatomic particles we have various of the subatomic particles present like meson positron neutron neutrino neutrino etc all these are subatomic particles we have but mainly we have three that is electron proton and neutron and that we have discussed okay now the charge and mass charge and mass of this subatomic particles you have to keep in mind okay so like say like for example we have electron so the charge on electron is minus 1.6 into 10 to the power minus 19 coulomb mass of electron is 9.1 into 10 to the power minus 31 kg okay similarly we have proton charge on proton it is equal to that of electron but sign is positive magnitude is same mass of proton is 1.67 into 10 to the power minus 27 kg okay the third one is neutron neutron the charge on neutron as we have discussed it is 0 and the mass on neutron is equals to the mass of proton which is 1.67 into 10 to the power minus 27 kg this is the charge and mass we have sometimes you have to this they ask this question also the charge and mass ratio of electron proton and neutron okay they will find you the order so when you know these two values you can find out charge and mass ratio okay that we also call it as specific charge okay so with this value you can easily find out okay so till now we have discussed about the various subatomic particles the discovery of various subatomic particles now the next objective was or the you know or the task we have that how this subatomic particles are arranged within an atom okay so the arrangement of subatomic particles within an atom that we are going to understand now right so for that different different scientists various other scientists have given their you know their models their theory about how the subatomic particles are arranged within an atom okay so this theory of arrangement of subatomic particles within an atom we call it as atomic models okay so next we are going to understand what are the different atomic models we have what are the drawback why we have discarded some of the atomic models what atomic models we are following now okay so all these things we are going to discussed in the next we are going to discuss in the next session okay thank you


Celebrating diversity. Realizing that migrants bring a lot with them. They bring great energy. They're very dynamic. I think people have to stop looking at migrants as somehow the other. We all have a responsibility to play. We all are migrants in some form of fashion and I think that what we've been listening to and realizing increasingly is the fact that we need to start getting together and talking about issues and I've seen this for example in integration courses that are being offered in Germany whereby host communities are coming to integration classes. The natives are coming because they want to know more about what's being discussed and sometimes people learn more about who they are through engaging with migrants.


I'm sorry. I can't stop coughing.  Let's watch it.  I'm not in it I'm not in it. You could take it here. You if you want to put the stop at 71 85. It's a dollar I missed it Because I'm choking If you want to be in it put the stop at 71 85 I'm gonna wait and see if I can get a better entry in here And I missed I missed that entry in there It was a wide stop if you're in it stop 71 85. I'm gonna see if I can get a better entry Looked away for a second and it broke 71 85 is the stop if you're in it Let's see how this acts the next bar. I might have to take it Okay, we're gonna get another chance to do it if you didn't get it Either way, it's gonna be a big stop Okay, let's do Let's do 80 by 85 80 by 85 is valid 80 by 85 is valid short UAL and I'm not in it yet And don't jump the gun in this Okay, wait the numbers might be different Is anyone in it or not? I'm not in it yet Is anyone in it or not because the numbers might be completely different here because of the spread I would held 85 if you're still in it put it's put the stop at 90 If we're still in it move the stop at 71 90 If you're in it move the stop at 71 90 if you're not in it wait, and we're gonna get it If you're in it put the stop move it up again But you would have gotten dinged out of you had it at 85 at 90 here We're gonna get this straight stops gonna be wide 72 25 this is gonna be crazy wide. Let's do 80 by 25 80 by 25 UAL and it is a monster stop And I don't think anyone did that in there or Fred did it. Are you in it or not Fred? 72 25 will be the stop for this and it's just a big stop huge target though All right Fred did it. He's just in it You might I would put the stop at 72 25 if you never put a stop in Fred Here let's do 99 by 25 If Fred's the only one in it and he didn't put a stop Which ended up working out for him here, but I would really get the stop at 72 25 now Let's do 99 by 25. This is a real call if it hits here Take it if you want it take it if you want it or just you can wait till breaks get the stop in 72 25 That it has to hold that 72 25 Well, I'm in it. Did it break? I'm afraid I'm gonna miss it like the last time. No, it didn't if you didn't do it wait till break 71 But I'm already in I don't like anything else today anyways Wow is a big stop Has a big target though if you're not in it wait till it breaks 99 if it has another set up I'll call it. I took it. I thought it was gonna go right there Crap. I hope I don't regret it. I think it breaks. So Here 99 by 25 you al if you're not in it It's gonna break Tough going here for us.  I don't know where we really hold here today and this rallyed and This went a little bit here and this Okay, this has to break and follow through so low in here was 70 60 So I guess Fred did it I'm assuming Fred you never put the stop because 85 didn't hold originally and that I ended up being lucky than not having have done it It just hit so fast and I was choking but If you if you take trades, you really should need to put a stop in you got lucky there though Fred We're gonna see if we can get this down to 70 which I feel could even break but again market bullish Don't know what time it holds here at time of the day 9 36 GE is just a piece of crap. This could go to 69. This could even break 69 This is a long way down if it really wants to fall today. The question is Does it does it really want to fall or not? And Exactly what time does that want to fall? So it came down in here retested this area Right in here and that's where it bounced this morning in the first two minutes of the day If it breaks this area, which I think it does obviously there wouldn't be in the trade short It can collapse all the way down to here. That would be a really nice move Let's just say You got to be a little bit patient with this one here today Actually, it doesn't look like any of the other shorts worked PB. Why I Maybe why I had a little bit of a move. It's really trying to go I mean if you want to scout PB why I you can shorten put the stop at 65 90 70 cents could keep going. It's didn't rate well, but it absolutely is lower now Clear as day You could scalp the PB why I if you want to late call in there. It's already broke First stop was better didn't watch it watch this Don't really there weren't really any long so I was crazy about So it's that area there that are area around 757 60 that 745 ish that that that that's the trouble spot Which pretty much is the low where we were at 931. So that's that's a trouble area You will have traders buying this in here into the previous support But that's not what we go with we make decisions and institution of money. We're short the stock Just like Netflix yesterday. So which was along so you know Where you have to be a little patient, otherwise, this would just be collapsing But looks like it's gonna go and this quick short really was this Might have a decent might have a decent setup, but it kind of just looks like it wants to break down Not a bad entry in there though Okay, you are in it. We're looking for the flash $70. It's the first target No piggies today with the market bullish, but very welcome get to 69 68 something Stock can move You can really move actually so, you know 68 is really a real target here today not a dream Dream will be like 66 Can't lower the stop any questions. We're in this. It's all good See what it did there. Just went up retested here. We go. Here we go Here nice getting into a groove the shorts once again. Here we go. Nice call here. Hope everyone's in it There was only one bad thing about this The stop was big but the targets really huge if you stay with the train, so the risk reward is there I don't know if I'm gonna do that Simply because I like quick trades market For sure we've done in days Here we go under the low under the low get one nice flush let it push down 70 60 is the previous low in there This could have a nice big fat red bar. Here we go. You al here we go Well, it didn't break it yet. Come on Here it's gonna any second here Yeah, hope everybody got it. It's gonna go to 70. So just let it drop into 70 and right there We're gonna watch and see if it bounces or not nice trade Do-do-do 70 35 Call me or got out of half. That's okay perfectly fine This is this is a goner now though. It's done.  So this is on its way down now It's it's gone So we'll give a little bit more time here Amazon you got to give time today if you're in it and Netflix you got to give time That's why I called that out so far in the future for everybody.  What was it? How much profit did you make? What was the reason you got out of it? Just to book money or why? UAL I'm in it if you wanted to get out a summon there like koala Baron did again What is your money management hold the whole thing down to the first number? Get out of half get out of a third get out of the whole thing into the first move Galahad made $1,200 on Amazon great job Congratulations, how much are you up in Baba? Since we're sitting here waiting You had one contract of that you made $1,200. That's a power. That's a power. There's a power of the gap right there You don't need a lot Okay, here we go UAL here. We go 35 here. Just broke it here. Everybody watch watch watch watch watch Yeah, 943 into 945. Let's see where we go trying to get to 70 7025 was another number you could have watched but I think it's gonna break it. Let's see any second here Here I just want to see if it breaks 70 the question is time market Do-do-do here Wow nice call Again, only one wrong thing with this it was a lot of white stuff. That's the only situation 70 20 70 17 I'm trying to give us a little more time, but you really could have taken it all there. You could have taken it all I'm gonna try to give it one more push. I do not want this to completely rally against me though here in the morning One green bar isn't gonna matter that much. Let's just see if this can hold and continue in that one Moment here. Here we go. This is a nice trade. Oh 17 19 20 This looks like it wants to go through this and continue, but it has not yet 17 at 19 and GE is a goner this completely flipped and This worked and then you had to get out. Hmm. Is it for me one more push here? Okay, here comes here comes into the first target you al Definitely taking it's good old time 13. My hand is on the button though people This is so hard because it really if it gets a 70. I think it goes right through it I think it just slams right through it here here here See if it slams through it or you could take it at 70 Really nice claw hard chart to read it into really strong chart. We'll look at it in a minute Once we're out here. Watch it at 70. I think it slams right through that baby Which was worth holding it because it really wasn't worth holding it for 10 cents there. There it goes Yes, that's what I want to see here. I'm out. I'm out. I'm out. Do whatever you want You can stay in it if you want. I think it goes to 69. I thought it would just go really hard through it It did it did did break it. It's gonna keep going. I just forget it. It's done. Nice morning Okay, what do we have to do next if you listen if you want to have put this over then fine But honestly, I think it's gonna bounce somewhere. I thought it would just I thought it would have like a 40 cent bar there It didn't do it. It broke it it could still do it.  Good job. If you're still in it bar by bar it here It's gonna try to break 70 again. I wanted a nice flush through it I got a little bit of a push but not what I wanted to see. I thought it would just go Write down maybe to 75 or something like that. Is anyone still in it? Looks great. Here it goes. UAL UAL a 69 boomer bust if you want it Could be a big trade. I mean, it was a nice trade right there. It was a really good entry Steve's chicken got out made 786 75. That's not chicken. That's real money Gypsy still in it adds up $54 In Baba a quick look. Where did this go 1388?  So is some people are still in this. Here you go under 90 69 is a real number for this today. I even think 6850 6860 68, but again, will it happen in the morning before 10? Nobody knows so nine minutes before 10 o'clock. You got to watch everything Fred's still in it. I wouldn't be a pig though Fred It's your first week here. You need to be green every day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday And if you knew and just did the class, that's all you should care about Koala bears flat. All right. Good job everyone a nice call by me So just really quickly and then we'll go over Gallagher's question and stuff Friday morning, I'm on TV very early and I said this before some of you signed in Jaira cannot run the room. He's away and has internet connectivity problems I will be here if you want me to be but I know that I'm not going to be at my best And I honestly don't know how I'm gonna feel at all because I've never run the room when I've been on at 5 a.m Because I'm gonna be up at 12 30 a.m. Thursday night So I I'm willing to run the room.  I'm just telling you I'm not going to be in the same Melissa. I Mean I might call somebody that works.  I'm just gonna tell you I won't I'll be on I'll be up for nine hours and in the middle of the night And that's the reason why he's been running the room when I'm on that early But this is just one of these weeks where he can't do it nice call me. I mean, Melissa. Yes. Yes, Fred made a thousand dollars. Good job There you go help to pay for the class Koala bear wants me to run the room Primaris is very nice cause he says you're awesome. Thank you So just vote.  I usually by three or four I just you kind of feel like when you don't get enough sleep like you're drunk, but you're not drunk And because then I have to force myself to stay up and go to bed normal time Otherwise you're off for the next day So it's a it's a it's good that it's the weekend the Saturday and Sunday because you know either way if it wasn't if it Wasn't Friday, I would just close the room if I had to do the following day I would tell you right now so it'd be normal but because it's Friday I'm saying I'm willing to be here, but I'm just I'm just telling you I don't know how my brain is gonna be functioning because it will be on no sleep Because I have gotten I try I get embedded seven and I try to go to bed by eight between a seven and eight But it's hard. It's hard to go to sleep at seven o'clock so Gosh, I just thought of that now because it's dark. It's winter What's that gonna be like when I'm on in the summer because it's seven o'clock. It's still light out Way to go Fred Kuala bear sense So no one's really voting except for Kuala bear and a couple of people said what they thought before What what is everybody wanting to do write it in the room while I look up tonight's earnings? Create and do anything right. I'll look at it in a minute, but that was a bust. Oh good to do a good short today Love it And a quick one too Fort is tonight Discover what is today Wednesday Nothing I'm crazy about tonight, but there's a lot of big names, but nothing where I'm like Oh, that would be really good LBS we can look at that LBS and Ford are tonight Chiefs is up in the room Gypsies is gonna sleep get rested CJ says run the room hers is a Lakersport on Friday But I understand if you're not up to it Good problems the hell being on TV. Yes, it's true Debots, it's called the room. You never know what you'll see God says open the room. We are warned if anyone's to trade us nothing to close the room Yeah, that's what I'm telling you if I find I'll open the room, but I'm telling you I'm not myself So I'm just letting you know so if I call something and you know, I'm just telling you that that sixth sense that intuition I don't I don't know how I'm gonna be on that on Friday because of the fact that I will be on no sleep and Less than five hours of sleep is really hard to function for I think any person Getting up in the middle of the night is very challenging too. All right, so let's look at LBS chart so I'll be here Friday, but no promises and no lectures if there's no trades and And just so you know, I won't be at you know tip-top shape LG appliances. No, I don't know the symbol for that LBS is out tonight Rest my third eye. My third eye rests when I sleep every night Rumi My third eye sees the market and Stops too. So I don't think anyone else is in this but if for some reason you are I'm gonna tell you where to the lower the stop If you want to stay in this the rest of the day You want to stay in the stock the rest of the day put it at seventy one sixty that should keep you in this all day It's above where you entered it, but it should keep you in the stock all day seventy one sixty It's continuing sixty nine is a real number And this is really trying to go here again into ten Call around. I don't know why you want to look up that appliances, but just Google it It should it should come up if you want to Google it. I'm not sure what you wanted to ask about it Let's talk about Gallagher's question here. I'll go up and read what he had and then I think that's it for today Ella had said it about buying retracement Because the retracement in Baba worked I Maybe I haven't communicated myself correctly, but I I'm going to the second so listen up I'm not saying that sometimes buying support of shorting resistance or buying Retracements or shorting retracement does not work. I never once said that does not work never in my life Did I say that does not work? I said that's not what I do and I also said that's not what I taught you to do and Why because momentum comes in when it stops gapping Momentum doesn't come in in a retracement just so you know If it did it would be something reliable that you could consistently use for profit You've been watching these things go ahead and it when you say stuff It makes me nervous the market's been extremely bullish and as a result every baby pullback in the market has been bought and some strong stocks too So you're looking at a period of time here and you're saying every pullback is working Melissa It's not going to continue like that And it has only been because of the move the markets making so if you're going to go long Every strong stock in a pullback for the rest of your life that will not work The system that I talked to you to buy bullish gap ups the rate 20 points or more are short bearish gap downs The rate 20 points or more is a system that consistently works in any market Proof UA out today. We shorted it market made a new high market gapped up It was a nice trade and we shorted a stop But I'm telling you that you can't look at one period of time We're the markets power training and saying you can always buy support as a consistent way to train I never said that doesn't ever work That's why people do it because sometimes it does work and more importantly the reason people do it is because it's easy to see Where support is it is also something people can wrap their head around That are regular people traders. They can wrap their head around their head around it They can wrap their head around the concept They can see support very easily usually made by moving lines or other indicators as well like Fibonacci's whatever whatever other things You're using People can wrap their head around it very easily Conceptually to them it makes sense to buy low and and and sell high But I'm telling you the consistency is not there doing that or it would be Extremely easy to trade it would be Extremely easy to trade if that was the case if you could go long support in every strong stock Existed in short retracement rallies and everything to the downside It would be so easy to trade and the profit would not be there to make the same money from the market for the people that are Successful, so I'm telling you it's a misnomer a misconception I should say that that is something that consistently works. You're looking at a period of time an extremely bullish market You're saying they all work So you bought through this I'm a little shocked this made this retracement so soon But because of the market, I guess not really stock is strong But the stock really should not have fell on like that. That was a big fall The fact it did it quickly it showed signs of strength in the stock and it gapped up today and it's running But conceptually for some reason it's hard for people to see to buy this but not me today This actually is a long today you get in Baba as a new trade In fact, maybe I'll call it as an option I have to look at it But the point is though that People can't understand this and most people don't unless you do my class This is some people understand but does not work consistently this does and it does whether the market strong or not So I never said retracement don't work. I said I don't do them. I didn't teach you to do them And I just told you why the markets power trending whether continues all of 2018 are for the next five years I don't know who knows it could But I'm telling you if you want to be in the game for a long long time. Don't do that do what I'm doing Let me look at the Baba option You are acting like a normal trader by doing the retracement snow instead of the gap place a gal ahead I don't have a problem with you staying through Cause I make what you did on that But then you need to do that with every one and I don't think you did that with win I think you killed win and win went on to be a huge massive win You know good trade nice trade. Thank you turtle. Let me go look at the Does anyone have any questions actually I'll just look at it later Does anyone have any questions with anything we did today anything we did at all today?  Let me turn off the sound. I Hate when these ads just come up you go one thing in the internet now you get an advertisement Um You didn't do when well when worked. I'm not sure if you would have killed it or not then if you didn't do it But that was a good one. I went to 200 it one another day, too Okay, what is everybody want to go over Anything so spy's gonna go to 300 this year really wasn't sure in January January 1st December 29th Whenever I was on TV talk about the market in my mind. I was like was a possibility. It's clear now Spy's gonna get there some awesome numbers here. I Don't see how we don't get there. It's not that we can't pull back before we get there But I gotta be honest you we might not so a power trend market still no big green fat red green days in here And you know look at this That isn't even that big it looks big compared to the other bars, but not really it's only two bucks And change so I mean markets just continuing higher But it is not parabolic that was a really good discussion we had the other day Does anybody have any questions good day if you don't let everybody go I will be here Friday morning then But I'm just gonna be on very little sleep, and I'm just letting you know I'm not gonna be a hundred percent. We'll see what we get tomorrow's normal and then Gerard's back next week, but I don't have my schedule yet. So we'll see what happens. So what's going on right now? all of its good stuff like Kuala bear said and No complaints Thank you for the great trade thank you Melissa. Good job Yeah, honed it down today Honed it honed it down because not all the gap downs worked and I was really very I mean I needed the conviction to short today with the market at New High as we got it Alright have a good day everyone. I will see you tomorrow morning. Very good. You're welcome


Today's talk will take us to North Africa, to Algeria and into the world of historical linguistics. Although in this case, unlike a lot of historical linguistics, the work that's been done here is without the help of a long and established written record of the language, so it's quite challenging and perhaps even more interesting in that regard. The speaker is Lameen Suag, he's a researcher at CNRS Lasito, and about 10 years ago actually Lameen had the same position I have now. He was a British Academy post-sectorate fellow at SOAS University of London, so it's essential in which I feel like I'm walking in his footsteps or at least hope I am, maybe in 10 years I'll be where he's at now. Lameen got to start as an expert in Berber languages, but he also writes quite a lot about Arabic and Chatic languages, and his interest in Chatic languages is where I sort of met Lameen online since I worked on one Chatic language and it's rare to say anyone writing anything about Chatic, so that sparked my interest. So in that sense, Lameen's becoming an expert in all things Afro-Aziatic, but particular language he's going to talk about today in fact is not an Afro-Aziatic language, and that's perhaps what makes this an interesting and intriguing story. So with that perhaps I should stop talking and let the expert actually tell the story. Before I hand over to Lameen, let me just say we'll leave some time for questions at the end after a 30 or 40 minute talk, and since we're a fairly large group we'll just ask you to put your questions into the chat, and you can do that at any time during the talk if you have a question, write it out and put it in the chat, and at the end I'll try to get as many of your questions as possible. So thanks everyone for coming, thanks especially to Lameen for drawing it, so we look forward to your presentation. Okay, well thanks for inviting me, let me just set up the screen share, okay, can you see my, can you see the presentation? I don't have it yet, hang on, oh hang on, oh I see this, but no, looks good, correct, okay, so yeah, so thanks for the invitation, and today as discussed I'm going to be discussing the historical linguistics of Qur'an, properly speaking, Qur'an jih, now the first question people usually ask me is what is this language? Well it's spoken in a small oasis of western Algeria called Tabel Balla, so you can get some idea of the setting from the picture here which is taken at the top of the mountain that overlooks the town, you see one of the four buildings in the foreground, behind it some gardens, behind that the trails of underground canals that used to bring water to the gardens, and off in the distance the dune, the whole inhabited area is squeezed between this mountain chain and the dune in the distance, it's a very isolated region, so the nearest hospital is about 280 kilometers drive, equivalent of London to Swansea, so us, the population is around about a bit over 5,000, nevertheless it stands out not just within Algeria but within North Africa as a whole, as the only oasis whose traditional language is neither Arabic, the dominant language of Northern Africa, nor Berber, the indigenous language family of Northern Africa, but rather belongs to another family altogether as we'll see, so when you start working on Qur'an jih, the first thing that strikes you is it's obvious on inspection that this language belongs to the Songhai language family which is marked in grey on the map in this slide, these languages are mostly spoken in the Niger valley as you see in the Mali in Niger, so this is already astonishing enough because Songhai is a good 1,400 kilometers away minimum, it's not very close by, but when you delve into the details of which Songhai varieties Qur'an jih is most closely related to, the puzzle only deepens, it turns out that the most closely related varieties are not those spoken in Timbuktu which is the closest Songhai speaking town to Tabl Bala and the one with which it's known to have had historical trade links, but rather to those spoken in Northern Niger in the Azawar region, so notably the example here is for the town of Ingal which is considerably further away and with far fewer known historical ties to Tabl Bala, so that raises the question of how that happened and to figure this out we need to delve a little more deeply into the lexical stratification of Qur'an jih, now we classify languages not on the basis of the vocabulary as a whole but on the basis of their core grammar and core most frequent vocabulary, so in Qur'an jih the core grammar and about 400 words of basic vocabulary including almost all of the most frequent ones in pronouns, demonstratives and so on are clearly derived from Songhai, they're marked in red in the text here, but most of the content lexemes beyond the most basic are borrowed from other languages of Northern Africa, so first from Berber marked in black here and later on from Arabic marked in yellow, so if you look at a normal Qur'an jih discourse or text you'll see that most of the morphemes are of Songhai origin, this is a by token count, but by type count you get a very different picture, most of the more specific items like tray here or tea or cross legged, so it will not be from Songhai, now the Songhai core accounts for almost 80% of the 100 word swadish list to give you some comparative idea and the impression that when we already get simply by comparing word lists is compared when it is confirmed when you look at shared innovations, it turns out that the Qur'an jih shares a number of innovations specifically with the Northern Songhai languages spoken in Northern Niger and a bit across the border in Mali, like grey here and Agades, Ingal, and a few more with those languages plus the variety of Timbuktu and Jene, the so-called western Songhai, so both phonological innovations like the shift of k to qo and morphological and functional ones like the split of the genitive particle and its syntax to confirm that Qur'an jih is most closely related to these northern Niger languages. The Berber layer is not quite as central to the language, but also goes very deep. It accounts for about 10% of the 100 word swadish list, so well over 50 verbs, probably many more to begin with. Quite a lot of body parts, mostly secondary ones, there's a finger rather than hand, forehead rather than head, lung rather than chest and so forth. A certain number of reasonably important grammatical elements, much of the focus system including the particles used, markers for plurality and natural gender on many nouns. So it seems that while the role of Berber in the emergence of Qur'an jih was not quite as central as Songhai, it nevertheless must have played a formative role in its emergence as a distinct language, especially because many of these Berber elements are not shared with the rest of northern Songhai. So this raised the question of what kind of context did Qur'an jih emerge as a distinct language in? Now one way of approaching this is to look at the vocabulary related to ways of subsistence. So if for example Qur'an jih had been spoken in or some Songhai variety had been spoken in northern Sahara since time in memorial, one would expect it to have an extensive vocabulary before parts of the natural world related to hunting and gathering subsistence. If on the other hand Songhai was a new introduction to this northern Saharan context, one would expect vocabulary for that to be largely borrowed from Berber or if we're late enough Arabic. What we find is very much the latter. Every important animal that was traditionally eaten as a wild animal that was traditionally eaten in Tabl al-Bada has a Berber name as illustrated here. So likewise the most important plants that were traditionally gathered in times of famine or in regular times just as a supplement. Almost all have Berber names. A couple of them have Arabic names but none of them have Songhai names. This is about as strong as we could wish for that the Songhai speakers involved in formation of Qur'an jih were not indigenous to the northern Sahara but rather came from the south just as one would expect on the basis of the distribution of Songhai alone. Now if we turn our attention to historically more recent as a mode of subsistence, the farming vocabulary is more is more split. There's a number of core concepts like a garden, grain, hoe and so a few more come from Songhai. But if we look at the specific crops involved in northern Saharan agriculture and many of the tools as well and technology as well, we find a much larger ponderance of Berber the words. Here we have big dates and cucumber and irrigation channel. So which suggests that while the Songhai speakers involved in formation of Qur'an jih were indeed so familiar with some kind of agriculture, it was more it was most likely an agriculture associated with with water climates rather and so with and not so much with northern Sahara per se, whereas the Berber speakers involved presumably were familiar with northern Saharan agriculture to some extent. A particularly interesting case for this is the key species in northern Saharan agriculture. So the date palm. In Qur'an jih, most of the words associated with dates are Berber loans but date palm itself is a Songhai inheritance. But the Songhai term does not mean date palm. It's consistently tested all across the Songhai range as doom palm, which is a different species, not so much less used in agriculture, which unlike the date palm grows very well in the Sahel. So the date palm in the Sahel is a relatively recent introduction at the southern limit of its range. So this suggests that so that they were that whatever form of cultivation the Songhai speakers involved practiced it was not centered on date palms, but that they were familiar with other palm species. Particularly instructive as a source of data beyond subsistence is the vocabulary for social hierarchy and kinship. The basic terminology for master and mistress and slave is all inherited from Songhai. Confirming that these social categorizations were conspicuous from at least from the period of Qur'an jih's emergence. Among kinship terms, we find that the Songhai survivals are restricted exclusively to equals your brother and your sister or hierarchical inferiors.  With the isolated exception of stepfather, which involves a compound with Songhai more being fumu, meaning step or literally stinky. This term is felt as somewhat disrespectful by speakers today and I suspect it was felt much the same way in the past. Otherwise, your older relatives, those to whom you have greater respect and deference, are all given terms from Berber or in some cases from Arabic. This suggests that in the contact situation that saw the birth of Qur'an jih, Berber was preferred for marking respect and deference. This tells us something about the relative sociolinguistic statuses involved. So, bringing these threads together and a few more, it seems that the formation of Qur'an jih involved bringing together Songhai-speaking farmers coming from far to the south. Berber speaking groups practicing farming and hunting and as we'll see later, herding as well and much more familiar with northern Saharan contexts. Indigenous is perhaps controversial term here but certainly more familiar with the local environment in a context where the master-slave relation was highly salient. We should not necessarily assume that that was neatly distributed along ethnic lines. Nothing linguistically indicates that but we can safely say that it was salient. And all this in a context where Songhai must have remained the usual home language, otherwise it wouldn't have survived but where Berber was preferred for certain kinds of deferential interaction. This is already highly suggestive so it gives us a picture of somewhat reminiscent of plantation societies in a number of colonial contexts. But what turns out to complicate the picture considerably and what brings us to the second puzzle is the question of which kind of Berber was involved in this process. Now Berber is not a language but a language family. At least if you include the southern varieties such as Tuareg and Zanaka, they're clear cases of where mutual intelligibility is absent. There are enough non-trivial sound correspondences across this family that if we look closely and look at the right words, we can distinguish to some extent which variety of Berber a given word came from. Now many words, unsurprisingly, turn out to come from the varieties of the Moroccan atlas, Tamazirt and Terifit, and so marked in dark green here, or from these nati varieties and so forth marked in light green on this map. This is unsurprising because these are the closest Berber-speaking populations to Tabl-Balla today. They all have known historic and present-day interactions with Tabl-Balla and so finding such long words is exactly what we should expect. It's more difficult to identify Tuareg long words positively but there are a couple of those too and these again are not terribly surprising. Given that the Songhai component of Tabl-Balla seems to correspond to northern Songhai, to the varieties of northern Niger, where Tuareg is the most widely spoken language which is heavily influenced all these northern Songhai varieties. The trouble is a significant number of the Berber long words come from none of the above. They come from a branch which following Aiton-Balt, a label Western Berber, and so Southwestern might be a better term, which shows a quite a number of distinctive sound changes and which at present is spoken nowhere near Tabl-Balla. To give you some idea, here's a map of these two surviving Western Berber languages today. There's Naga in southwestern Mauritania, near the Atlantic, and Titsavet in central Niger. It's not quite in the northern Songhai region but not too far from it. Both are heavily endangered and so both have no wider prestige of the present day and are very unlikely sources for loan words in the current socio-linguistic context. Of course we should not project that back onto the past. We have good reason to know and to believe that Naga in particular was spoken across most of Mauritania at one point. So it's basically the language that Hassania Arabic replaced. So Titsavet is more of a puzzle but even there some reason to believe that it was least more widely spoken within the subgroups that currently speak it. Nevertheless, even projecting that back into the past doesn't bring us very close to Tabl-Balla a priori. So what's going on here? If we look at the specific words borrowed, we find first of all quite a strong concentration in the domain of pastoralism.  So basically a lot of the more detailed and more specific terms in pastoralism come from some western Berber language. The generic ones are still generally obtained from some but the specific one is not so much. We also find significant number of loan words which for one is a better term can be considered as related to identity. In the domain of religion for example, a lot of the Islamic term specifically Islamic terminology is borrowed from Berber and some of it is unambiguously borrowed from western Berber, notably the noon prayer one. So we find one of the out of the four villages of Tabl-Balla, one has a name of western Berber origin, Yami which in Tanshikh's dictionary of Zanagas in fact lost a sedentary village especially of black Africans which probably tells us more about the southern more Italian context than anything else. But at any rate, it shows the shift of the correspondence in the rest of Berber to a glottal stop or later lost in western Berber. So we have a somewhat derogatory term for a Hassania speaking Bedouin group. We have a verb for to veil one's face which as illustrated by the image to the side was the trademark of the of the of the Berber of the Berber groups of the Sahel specifically, the Zanhaja and the Tuareg throughout the Middle Ages. But beyond specific semantic domains, we also find a lot of western Berber vocabulary that's unambiguously made its way into the core of the language. So their influence is on morphology, the away particle suffix the verb and there's a couple of internal plural types which show an innovation specific to Zanaga, not even two tits of it. We have some body parts like thigh or finger, the colors like yellow, yellow, so basic spatial terms like middle. So this level of contact which is not so easy to prove for the northern Berber varieties suggests that the specific Berber variety that was mostly most heavily involved in the formation of Quaranzi was not one spoken in the north, nor one spoken in Niger, but rather was once spoken somewhere in the southwestern Sahara. So this brings us back to the problem. The Songai core of the Quaranzi is a clear match for northern Niger which has an area with a very low population and so the traditional explanation for the emergence of Quaranzi has been brought by slaves along the caravan routes. That doesn't really make sense in and of itself. If you're just looking for slaves to work in gardens then quite apart from the question of why they would retain their language, there's no reason why they should all come from northern Niger and the Berber data confirms this further. It compounds the problem I should say. It clearly ties into the southwestern Sahara and so much less to Niger and not all to northern Sahara in terms of the varieties involved in the formation of Quaranzi. To make sense of all this we need to look at the historical context in which Tabalbala was not necessarily founded but at least emerged as a place known to the rest of the world as a part of the economic map of the medieval world. The first mention of Tabalbala in a written source comes curiously enough not from North Africa or West Africa but from Spain, from Catalonia. The polymath and the writer, Mr Raymond Lule, writing a rather curious work of religious fiction in about 1285. He talks about a fictional cardinal sending an emissary south to find a vast caravan leaving from a town named Tabalbala for essentially the Niger Valley. This is consistent with every other mention of Tabalbala in medieval sources, all of which allude to it in the context of trade between North Africa and more specifically, usually, Sigil Masa and the Sahel, the Niger River Valley in general, and notably Timbakte. The date that this suggests is independently confirmed by archaeological data. Unfortunately, there's been no archaeological survey of Tabalbala but there are a number of tombstones surviving in Tabalbala, some of the two of which are dated. The Judeo-Arabic tombstone here is dated to 1322. The Arabic one to 1422, which gives us some idea of the period of Tabalbala's greatest flourishing. In between them you have a tombstone probably from a similar period, which features what appears to be a western Berber woman's name, Tazil, meaning literally hen, comparable to the more familiar name for Roja. Around about this period, 1200 to 1400, shall we say. It looks like 1200 to 1500, if you want to be more optimistic. Tabalbala seems to have been relatively important to trans-harm trade. It shows up in number of sources. It was present on the world map. The reason for this appears to relate to the shifting terminus of the trans-harm trade. Up to about 1250, caravans going south from Morocco generally headed towards the more Italian town of Odost, as you can see in this map. After that, Odost essentially disappears from history and trade shifts westward, first towards Iwalata in the time and later towards Timbuktu. On this map we see the route taken by Ibn Buput, the most famous traveler of this period, who went from Sijilmassa south through Tarraza to Iwalata and later to Timbuktu. Interestingly for our purposes, he describes a landscape as being a trans-harm economic landscape in flocks where one particular group, the messoufa, seemed to be playing a crucial role. His guide from Sijilmassa south was hired from the messoufa at an enormous price. On his way he passed the salt mines of Tarraza, which he states were owned by the messoufa and worked by their slaves. When he later makes it to Timbuktu, he again notes the dominance of the messoufa, suggesting that this newly emerging western route was, to some extent, controlled or at least significantly dominated by this originally Sahile and Berber group. Essentially, the scenario this suggests is one of the nomads of this region, taking advantage of their knowledge of largely unpopulated terrain to promote travel and commercial travel, trans-harm trade on the one hand and the exploitation of mineral resources on the other in both cases to their profit, of course. Further east, he said in Mbuktu visits Azalik, the town most closely associated with the emergence of Northern Solnai. So where he describes a different Sahile and Berber group, what he calls the Buridama, which is corresponding to the Tuareg, as having become enormously rich through their domination of the copper mines, from which they sold copper to an enormous area stretching across northern Nigeria and Chad. He finally returns to Sijilmasa. All the places in red here, Tabelbala, Tuat, Tarrasa, Timbuktu and Azalik, their first recorded written mentions date to this period. So we can safely say that the west central Sahara was effectively being developed in this period. It was entering a global economy with significant effects on the jargon of settlement, among other things. Now if we look at the specific commodities involved, we finally see what the connection between Tabelbala and Northern Niger could be. Now there's, when we talk about the trans-harm trade, usually we talk about salt and gold, salt heading south and gold heading north from the mines of Mali and ultimately of Ghana. But other commodities were involved and one of the most important of them was copper. During this period, copper was so valuable in West Africa that it was worth, found commercially viable to export it from Europe through to Limsan across the Sahara over land. We've already seen from Ibn Battot's account how rich the copper mines of Azalik made their owners. In this context, one would naturally expect a group seeking to develop the emerging trade routes between Sijilmasa and Wallata and Timbuktu to not only try to promote agriculture in any way, sees on the way, such as Tabelbala, but also to try and promote the mining of any copper resources that might be found within that domain. And sure enough, about 50 kilometers from Tabelbala, we find a medieval copper mine at the mountain of Bintlajin. It's currently currently disused, but known to have been used in the medieval period. So in this context, we can more easily understand why all these elements could have come together. The founders, the linguistic founders of Quanzhi must have included both Berber speaking nomads with southwestern Saharan roots, seeking to improve the routes between Sijilmasa and Wallata and Timbuktu that they controlled by making supplies along the way easier. And Songhai speaking workers from the Azalik region who are familiar not only with the ways of agriculture, but also with copper mining specifically. This greater skill would have translated into a position of greater autonomy in this context as well, which could help explain why they kept their language and so what allowed them to keep their language. So during this period of about 1200 to 1500, it looks very much as if Tabelbala was functioning effectively as a plantation if you like. It's much like Cape Verde later on, a place useful simultaneously for trade as a way stop for traders and as a resource colony, but one run from the south, not from the north. This state of affairs would change drastically after about 1500 when the rise of oceanic trade effectively sent the trans-harm trade into a long-term decline. But I don't think we have time to cover that at the moment, so I'm very happy to take questions on that if you'd like to hear more. And sorry. Okay, great. It's great. Thank you so much. I mean, really interesting to hear that story and see this language, yeah, not just as one more context situation, but sort of a living monument to this complex history behind there, all the traces left behind, what's going on. Yeah, really a massive history behind what's going on in this particular language. If you have any questions for Lameen or anything you want to follow up on, please do share that in the chat. While we wait for those questions to come in, Leen, do you want to go ahead and elaborate a bit more on what you were just talking about on the screen? Okay, sure. Let me see. I suppose in that case I'd better share the screen again. Okay, so basically, from about 1500 on, we see cleared signs of decline and tabloid up. So the Leo Africanus 1550 describes them as most miserably and miserable and beckoning people, which hardly corresponds to what we see in earlier periods. We see clear signs of a political reorientation. So the figures of the only well-known, so the value of this period, seems to have cultivated strong ties on both sides of the Sahara, but in particular, made an effort to cultivate ties with the Moroccan government of the period. Unfortunately, that turned out not to be sufficient, in particular, after the Trans-Saharan trade was enormously disrupted in 1591 by the Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire, which ended up bringing the Moroccan Sadian dynasty down as well. And as a side effect, apparently, one of the villages in Tabl Bala found that it couldn't pay its customary tribute anymore, and its male population got massacred as a result. The refugees fled to another oasis, and the surviving population of the oasis was effectively left with very little resident elite. In this context, what seemed to have happened is a sort of process of elite replacement, where the currently dominant families in Tabl Bala are the Iti Ahia and Itzfoul. The former are descended from a trader and holy man, Sid Al-Arab ibn Yahya, who came from the north, probably somewhere from the northeast, in the late 18th century, and dominate the village under one of the largest families in the village of Quara. The latter, Itzfoul, come from a branch of the Moroccan Eta Alta alliance, who largely speak Tamazirt, which was expanding its power in the region throughout the 19th century, into which Tabl Bala was paying tribute in much of that period. So to understand how this works, however, it's important to understand that we're dealing with that in the Sahara, in the region more generally, only patrilineal descent counts. So you have these two groups defined by patrilineal descent as belonging to wider families with connections all across the north, in this all across northern Algeria and central Morocco and so forth, but who've evidently married extensively into the families that were already there. So if we adopt a less strictly patrilineal perspective than would locally be customary, we can view this as essentially a way of changing the family affiliation of the people already resident in the Oasis, in order to give them a much better bargaining position in this new context where the southern trade no longer gets them very far and relations with their northern neighbors are essential for security. So since the 20th century, of course, all this has changed again, and we have a progressive shift towards Arabic. The French conquest introduced, in 1908, introduced a new Arabic-speaking center that grew up around the fortress and began the very slow process of freedom for former slaves who in general shifted directly to Arabic rather than to quarantine, further promoting Arabic. Ever since independence, the Oasis has increasingly been integrated into a modern economy where most people seek employment rather than working on their farms and in this context Arabic is, of course, essential. They also have extensive immigration and immigration, both of which act to promote Arabic. However, we shouldn't be naive and look just at the pull factors. There are also some less pleasant push factors, namely a clear and widespread prejudice against the local languages that aren't Arabic. Approximately everybody I ever discussed the question with in the region at some point came out with the proverb, that is, quarenzy or berber is no more proper speech than oil's animal fat. So the idea being that it's essentially associated with poverty and insufficient prestige and hospitality and so forth, we can go into that in more detail if you want. But what really seems to have tipped the balance is the introduction of universal education. The teachers who came to the Oasis have found that they could communicate easily with the Arabic-speaking children, but not with quarenzy-speaking children. They told the parents, you can't stop speaking Arabic to start speaking Arabic to your kids instead of quarenzy so that they'll be able to understand us. One of the villagers actually got together and voted to do that. The other gradually followed suit piecemeal. But the upshot is that as of last time I spent a long period in the Oasis, most people my age or younger hardly speak quarenzy in one of the villages. In the other one they still speak it, but generally by picking it up in their teen years, up until about the age of 12 they're very hesitant to speak it and default to Arabic. For them their first language is Arabic today and not quarenzy. So this might change. There are some signs of a more flexible attitude towards regional languages, sometimes even of taking pride in quarenzy, but there's very little prospect of giving it any kind of effective official recognition. So it's prospects are currently quite uncertain. Just to conclude with some wider generalizations, what all this suggests to me is that first of all I'd like to advise everyone doing linguistic fieldwork to give lexicon do attention. It often has greater cross disciplinary relevance than the syntactic or morphological details that we tend to focus on as linguists. And if you're doing historical linguistics to avoid the temptation of thinking in terms of expanding and contracting blobs on the map and think more widely to other disciplines like economic history. Okay, so well thank you once again for listening and I guess it looks like the questions are piling up. Yeah that was really great, really interesting and that was going to be my question about the current state of the language where I mean obviously once it was very prestigious, but today it's declining, but it seems like maybe at some point there wasn't a stabilized point in history where it declined but then kind of reached some stabilization or has it been in steady decline do you think since a couple centuries? I would say that I mean that's an interesting question. I mean quarenzy well the oasis has been declined since about 1500 I suppose economically. But yeah, but the the language on the other hand doesn't it doesn't seem to have been affected by this in terms of its prospects for survival until about I would say you know the mid 20th century or so I mean so until I'm basically anybody who immigrated to tablo bella for about 1950 ended up speaking quarenzy. So it was a it may have it may not have been any use anywhere else, but that doesn't matter much when the when the nearest place is three days anyway. You have to adjust to the environment you're in and it's essentially up until the up until the 1950s or so tablo bella imposed its own speech norms on anybody who came here. So from about the 1980s or so you have a clear you have a clear shift whereby local speech norms become less relevant and global or even national national or at least provincial speech norms become much more relevant essentially displacing the norm that you have to speak quarenzy and tablo bella. Let's try to give us some of these questions. First compliment from Peter Austin. This was a masterclass in historical linguistic research. Do you see the origins as similar to or different from creoles in other locations? Ah, I was hoping somebody would I would mention that. Well, thanks. Thanks first of all. That's so I really appreciate that. And I would say that the historical circumstances of the formation of tablo of quarenzy are strikingly reminiscent of those that led to the formation of creoles in other contexts in the Caribbean, for example, which is so which makes it very which makes it all the more interesting that the result doesn't look much like our like, you know, to use a very dubious concept that our creole prototypes at all. Nobody looking at quarenzy will be tempted to describe it as a prototypical creole. It's it's it's a structure in many ways more complicated than any of it. So then then it's primary lexifier. And on top of that, it differs the you have the obvious difference from the Caribbean from creoles, which is that the lexifier is not the super straight language. It's it's it's the language it's seems to be the language of the majority of the speech community that produced it. So so I think that so I think that quarenzy is an interesting makes an interesting contrast in that respect tells us something about what happens in these kinds of situations of massive labor migration. But what it tells us is that the is that the result doesn't have to look like what we see in in the Caribbean, or so or in or in Cape Verde or so or Southern Sudan, for example. Yeah. And the typical case being all of the lexicon from these other certain whatever languages are then a different syntax on the substrate being the prototypical case. Well, the the yeah, I mean, the well, you know, the most lexicon coming from this, you know, this super straight lexifier is certainly prototypical, the source of the syntax is more disputable in that there's usually not just one substrate, but a whole bunch of them. And, you know, the idea of pinning down features to languages of the Atlantic coast of Africa is quite a generalization. Another question here about Western Berber. Do we have evidence of Western Berber varieties, such as the Naga being more widespread further north and east in the past. So you mentioned there's obviously a connection with the other linguistic evidence for how widespread this this like these varieties were. There is a bit the so in turn in in terms of the of its Eastern spread, an important an important piece of data actually comes from another Northern Songai language. Now Northern Songai in general does not proto Northern Songai does not have a reconstructable Western Berber elements far as I can tell. So, but one Northern Songai language to Daxahak does have an enormous contribution from Western Berber aside from Quaranji. And interestingly, it seems to be a different contribution. A lot of the a lot of the Western Berber words that you find most of the Western Berber words you find in Quaran in the to Daxahak are not shared with Quaranji, suggesting a separate contact event. So, we have some reason to believe that a Western Berber variety was more widespread in somewhere around somewhere in the northeastern Niger at some point. And further to the north, my default hypothesis would be that that I said that Hassania essentially replaced Zanaga. So, the borders Hassania today are probably a good indication of where the borders of Western Berber were in the past in that area. But that's that remains to be verified. So, you'd really need a lot more data on Northern Hassania to confirm that we have right now, at least than I have right now. There's another question and perhaps in a sense getting back to the Creole issue, but we can ask it was a very interesting presentation given the mixed nature of the Quaranji language. How do we classify it? I would classify it as a Songai language on the basis that the core is Songai, that the vast majority of any given text by token count will reflect Songai origins. However, it's at the same time, I can also see the argument that this is one of those cases that show the limitations of a monogenetic model to some extent. Songai is clearly the main source for Quaranji in a reasonably unambiguous way, but at the same time, the influence of Berber is not something peripheral. It's also part of the core, even if it's a lesser part of the core. So, I wouldn't call it a mixed language myself, but I can understand people who would. Sorry, I got a lot of questions coming in all of a sudden, so let me scroll through a bit. I had a question about the social aspects of what's going on here. I think you mentioned this briefly, but was there intermarriage between Songai and Berbers in the Middle Ages or were those the communities socially separate in the past? Well, okay. I mean, well, first of all, I'm not sure that either of those is, well, community is always a term I'm a bit leery about. I don't think that either Songai or Berber really refers to a community until recent times. For my purposes, they're linguistic entities. How people, how speakers viewed those is a different question. But of course, there was intermarriage. So, it's not something that I've looked into in detail, but we know that there's a, but I mean, we have, so there's some interesting, there's some interesting texts that Paolo Morais-Parias has drawn attention to in this regard. So talking about the, talking about some, some leading groups in the, among the Berber speakers of the Sahel, changing their color, which of course, which in his interpretation, of course, which in his interpretation is due to the, you know, to the influence of the sun. But it's a, but most likely it simply reflects intermarriage, which is exactly what you'd expect. There's, there's some evidence that the, that the al-Murab, that the founders, that one of the founders, founders of the al-Murabid movement, for example, so had, had, had in-laws among the, among the, among the aristocracy of medieval Ghana, which is in, which of course, which is not a, which is not modern Ghana. It's in roughly the Suninke area. And so, so of course, there was intermarriage. I mean, why wouldn't there be? But see if I get to one or two more questions. This might be more straightforward. How is the name Quran Jih derived? Do you know what that's from? Oh, yes. It's a, well, Quara means town or village. So Jih means speech or word. So, and is the, is the gender marker. So Quran Jih is speech of the village. So, or speech of, speech of the hometown, if you like. Yeah. Maybe as last question, one person asked, what are your, your current plans with the Quran Jih research? Do you have work in the pipeline or what direction is this going? Well, the current COVID situations obviously raised all sorts of questions as to possibility for future field work. But I would like to, but I am, among other things, I am continuing work, work on Quran Jih. And so I've been, this year, I've been working on transcribing some of the texts that I've recorded earlier and trying to, and trying to expand the dictionary and my hope is eventually to publish some kind of reference grammar and ideally an etymological lexicon. But yeah, I mean, the current situation means that any kind of fieldwork plans are up near. Well, thank you so much for being here with us. Of course, these online webinars are in part consequence of COVID too, but there's a bit of a silver lining and that so many people from all over the world get to join. And yeah, we thank you for making this really interesting and insightful and meaningful time and wish you the best of luck in your future research as well. Whether the doors, yeah, those doors, the fieldwork will open soon for you and we'll be able to continue to learn more about this really interesting place and language. Okay. Well, well, thank you so much for inviting me and thank you all for listening. It's been a very interesting talk. I'm sorry, it looks like there's a number of questions I haven't had the opportunity. I guess if people want to follow up, they could find you on Twitter perhaps. Is that the easiest thing? Sure. You can find me on Twitter or you can email me at lemene at gmail.com. I don't guarantee a quick reply. I'm actually technically I'm on a haul there right now, but I will try to respond. Yeah, and you also have a great website people can search for and find a lot of background information as well, so I encourage people who are interested to do that also. Yeah, so especially thanks for taking time out of your holiday to do this. I hope the rest of your holiday is an actual break from your work and a relaxing and enjoyable time. Okay, well, well, thank you so much. Thanks everyone for joining and being here and for all your encouraging words as well. Thanks everyone. Okay. Bye all.