Ja, je bilo vzlušen. Tako. Zdaj, da se mi je vzlušen? Tako, da je. Vzlušen. Alberto zelo izgleda z VW, VW pravno. Vzlušen, da se vzlušen. Vzlušen, da se vzlušen. Tako, da se vzlušen. Zato sem bilo vzlušen, da se vzlušen. Zato sem bilo vzlušen. V prvi početnih, da sem bilo vzlušen. Zato sem bilo vzlušen. Z sentenced više Johnyp Nshop to je gled服č요. Lašš propos, da se vzlušen vzlušen. Zato sem bilo vzlušen, da sem bilo vzlušen. Zato sem bilo vzlušen, da sem bilo vzlušen. SERJAN GRUBIDGÅ Supreme adjustments.  Zato sem bilo vzlušen. Vzlušeno od cm. In tukaj imamo tukaj dyagrami, kaj je korisponjena. Zdaj sem prišljena tukaj, ker je tukaj skupnjena. Tukaj je, da, kaj je tukaj pošličen, kaj je pošličen, tukaj je tukaj pošličen, kaj je korisponjena kaj je pošličen. But of course this is very difficult, and this is mainly due to the fourth equation, that is the equation for the vertex function, then the, what we can do is just to neglect vertex effects and this makes the self energy to be written as the famous GW and this is why this is called the GW approximation. While for the skinning interaction we have heh, a korrespondent grandpa approach & then we would solve self-consistently these equations here for the G that is also employed in polarizability and the self-energy, but what is usually done in practice is not to solve so consistently. The interacting greens function within these equations and these brings us to the genot-w-not approximation. this is because g naught is employed in the calculation of the polarizability, which brings to w naught, and also, this g here is computed with independent particle approximation. So what YAMBO implements, in practice is more of less, these five equations here, written in a more numerically explained picture, as we will see. Of course the fourth equation is treba famously solved. The main goal of this part would be to see which are the corresponding of these equations here, and these in order to deeply understand which are the main approximations involved, also in practice, and also which are the main converges, parameters that should be taken under control. But, first of all, it's important to comment also on the basic set representations, in tudi vseh operatorje se priče, da je pričočnje, način, na zelo. Vseh je zelo pričočnje, in pričočnje pričočnje. Jambbo je zelo dve zelo pričočnje. Prvo je zelo včočnje, zelo v Kvantume Espresso. Vseh je Konsham State, ki se je zelo v Kvantume Espresso. Vse več, da se vse zelo potrebe, je naredil v nekaj spasih.  In, da je vse vzelo v konšampstajske, is diagonal in the basis of conchium states, while it depends on gg prime and q in plane waves. Thus what Jan Bodaz is to solve the electric properties in plane waves, then to compute one element of the self-energy in conchium states, and this is an approximation as we will see in the next slide. Then there are the matrix elements to change from one base to the other, that are these ones here, and it's also important to notice that in practice we are going to cut off the basis function, thus two important parameters that should be converged are the number of plane waves, which are usually controlled by an energy cut off, as again in quantum espresso, and the finite number of conchium states, while the complete illberate space would be represented with an infinite number of conchium states. So how to solve the Dyson equation for g? Here we have the diagrammatic representation and also the Dyson equation. Ok, so the pointer is strange. And with the lemar representation for the interacting g, we can rewrite this Dyson equation in an Hamiltonian formulation. That is an eigenvalue equation for the quasi-particle energies, which are the eigenvalues, and the quasi-particle orbitals, which are the eigenvectors. This is kind of a difficult equation to solve, then the quasi-particle approximation is usually employed, and this corresponds to suppose that the quasi-particle orbitals can be conveniently approximated with the conchium orbitals. This is not always true, but this is usually implemented, thus one has to keep in mind whether this approximation is good or not. This brings the eigenvalue equation to just an equation for the eigenvalues, in which we have to a correction to the conchium eigenvalues given by the self-energy. Thus, in order to obtain the quasi-particle eigenvalues here, we just need to evaluate the self-energy at a certain energy. Then usually this equation is solved within the Newton method, in which the self-energy computed at the quasi-particle energy is still or expanded along the conchium energy. Then we need to evaluate the first-order coefficient that is usually computed with a finite differences method. This is thus the goal of a g0 W0 calculation, which requires to compute mainly the self-energy at two different frequencies. One is at the conchium eigenvalue, and one is on a slightly shifted frequency in order to compute the first-order coefficient of the Taylor expansion, thus these, which are called zeta coefficients. So this is the goal, and in order to reach the goal we need to compute the screening interaction. As we said, this is computed in g space, so W, and we start from the irreducible polarizability, which is a bubble diagram. This is the expression in g space. I'm not going to comment more on that. What it is important then is that we have to solve the Dyson equation for the irreducible polarizability, kaj not. Thus we are not including just a single bubble diagram, but all its geometric series. And as Andrea Marine shown, this is very important. In order to do this, and to solve this equation, I have put here just directly the solution, we have to perform a matrix inversion and a matrix multiplication. Once we have the reduced polarizability, we can compute the inverse electric matrix and the screened interaction in Fourier space just with matrix multiplications. It's important to note here that the calculation of the screening is often the most high-consuming part of the computation, and this is mainly because of the computation of the reduced polarizability, which requires an integral over the Brillouin zone, a sum over unoccupied states, and this for each g prime matrix element. Then we need also a matrix inversion, and all of this for each momentum transfer and for each frequency, we want to compute the screened interaction. So it's a lot of computation. Then it is also important to note here the fact that we need to tronkate the basis representation. As I said before, we need to compute these matrix elements on a finite matrix, so we need to cut off the number of plane waves, and also we need to tronkate the sum over unoccupied states. This means to have only a finite channel of excitation in this that is an electron hole excitation. We are not considering all the possible excitations, which are an infinite number, but we tronkate this channel up to a certain point. Then of course we have to converge this integral here with respect to the discretization of the Brillouin zone sampling. Once we have computed the screening, the next step is to compute the self-energy. Here we have the Feynman diagram represented in the Cauchon space. Thus we have an incoming Cauchon state labeled with a band index and a k-point index, which scatters, and then we have an interaction line, which is the screen interaction W, which brings some momentum and energy. Then we have also an intermediate state described with this genot, that is in a band index M, which brings momentum k-q due to momentum conservation and an energy omega. So due to the fact that in Feynman diagrams we have to sum over all possible paths, this is converted into a sum over all possible intermediate states, an integral over the momentum transfer and this integral over energy, which is the most difficult part. Then again we have to represent the screen interaction in this case in the Cauchon basis representation by changing the representation with the matrix element I've shown you before, while the genot is diagonal in the Cauchon space. So in order to proceed with this calculation and mainly in order to perform analytically the integral over the energy, the screen interaction can be divided into two parts. So the bare interaction and the correlation part of the screen interaction, which represent the response of the system, due to the fact that the self-energy is linear with respect to W, if we split W into two parts we have two contributions to the self-energy. So the first one is the exchange part and corresponds to the Artre Fox self-energy, in which the self-energy integration is performed trivially due to the fact that the bare interaction is not frequency dependent. While for the correlation part we can use, for example, the plasma and pole approximation as was described in the previous talk, in this way we can again have an analytic integration of the correlation part of the self-energy with respect to the energy. These are the final formulas once the integral over energy is performed. We can see here that, of course, the correlation part of the self-energy will depend on the plasma residue and on the energy of the plasma pole. And that, of course, due to the fact that we model each gg'q element of the screen interaction with the different pole, this residue and pole depends on gg'q. We can see that here we have some overplane waves, as we have seen before. Thus we have to converge with respect to this finite troncation and also we have some over m, which is the intermediate state of this propagator here. Then again to tronkate the number of Caucham states means that we are considering just a finite number of possible intermediate states for this g0. Then again we have to converge with respect to this discretization of the Brillouin zone, which means to discretize the possible momentum transfer here. And we are going to see that for 2D systems this convergence here is very important and not trivial to reach. So this is more or less the first recap. The G0W0 method in one slide so it's kind of a lot of equations, but not too much. Just to remember that we start from a DFT that brings us to the Green's function of DFT that is diagonal in Caucham space. Then we have to compute the electric properties which brings us to the screen interaction in G space then to evaluate the self-energy and to evaluate the self-energy at two frequencies gives us the quasi-particle correction then the quasi-particle energy within the Newton approximation. Thus to conclude the main approximations are that we are neglecting vertex effects and this brought us to the G. We are neglecting also the self-consistent solution of G and this brings us to the G0W0 then we are approximating the quasi-particle orbiters with the Caucham orbiters we have employed the Plasmon-Paul approximation and we solved the quasi-particle equation with the Newton method. These are the main approximations are the number of plane waves usually controlled with an energy cutoff as in quantum espresso and the number of Caucham states included in the calculation of the kainot and on the self-energy and the finite sampling of the Brillouin zone. There are then other minor parameters which should be under control but these are more technical and they also depend on the system you are considering. So this is the end of the first part in this second part I am going to consider how to perform a G0W0 calculation for a 2D material. We are going to see that there are some technicalities which should be taken into account in order to obtain meaningful results. First of all just the definition of what a two dimensional system is for us like for the case of graphine, graphine that is like the most famous two dimensional system we have that the two dimensional system is periodic in two directions for example x and y while it is nano sized in the third direction which is not periodic. In this presentation we are going to focus our self on monolayer materials but the same reasoning holds also for n-layered materials and also surfaces which are not periodic in one direction can be treated with the same scheme. Finally also extensions to the 1D case is more or less straightforward because in this case the only difference is that we have two dimensions that are not periodic and one that is periodic so more or less. So just a brief introduction about two dimensional monolayers as I said the most famous is probably graphine that is a semi-metal with direct cores that is composed of a monolayer of carbon atoms which are in an hexagonal lattice then if you have that the two atoms in the sublattice are different atoms you can have something like HBN which is a high gap insulator that is usually employed as a layer spacer in the systems which are compositions of 2D monolayer materials then we have transition metal decalcogenites that are composed on one plane of transition metal and two planes surrounding of decalcogenites and this can be both semiconductors or metals despite their chemical composition. Finally we have phosphorine which shows a peculiar structure and that it is studied because its electronic properties despite the number of monolayers which are interacting in your system. If we want to describe a monolayer material or a two dimensional material with a plane wave code like quantum espresso or Yambo that employs 3D periodic boundary conditions we can use the super cell approach the super cell approach is quite direct and says that you have a bike but you want to describe the electronic structure of the monolayer just increase the unit cell in the non-periodic direction that is L in this case and at a certain point the monolayers will not interact anymore so you add some space up to convergence with respect to L if you go to a convergence then you have the electronic properties of the monolayer but let's see how this convergence is for the case of the DFT with local or semi-local functionals everything is kind of easy for example just add two m strong of vacuum with respect to the bike gives the convergent gap with respect to the amount of vacuum and this is because the interaction between electrons with local or semi-local functionals is not long range for G0W0 calculations it is the opposite so we have a long range interaction and we can see here that the convergence with respect to the amount of vacuum is very painful due to several reasons first of all because this is interconnected with the convergence of the Brillouin zone then because we need really a lot of space between the layers here we have like 60 m strong and it is important to remember that the computational cost scales as L to the third power then you have probably to extrapolate the value for an infinite layer separation and finally we have also that vacuum states are deeply affected by the amount of vacuum then you have to keep in mind that all these lines require a convergence with respect to unoccupied states so due to these it is like evident that to remove the interaction between the replicas the strategy to add a lot of space between the monolayers is not a successful strategy then we need to explicitly cut off the interaction and this is done in this way so this is the bare qurom interaction that in reciprocal space is 1 over r simply while in Fourier space is 4 pi over q squared what we want to do is to trankate the qurom interaction between the replicas of the monolayers this is done in a real space with a heavy side theta and in this way each electron does not see any more other electrons which are plus or minus L-halves distant in the non-periodic direction so this electron here sees only other electrons in this place here thus we are removing the interaction between electrons that are near to different monolayers if we perform the Fourier transform of this expression here we found this expression here which is the one that should be used instead of the bare qurom interaction we can see here that in the long wavelength limit we have a different power low we have a different power low power low ok and this will change the electric properties so again if we look at the genot-w-not formulas in one slide we can see that to change the interaction change more or less all the formulas because of course the qurom interaction is one of the main ingredients of a genot-w-not calculation we focus on the the electric properties thus on the inverse of the electric function and here we can see for MOS-2 for the case of 20 m strong vacuum the difference of the head of the the electric function thus the g-g-prime equals zero component for the static the electric function with respect to the momentum transfer the difference between the case of a truncated interaction and untruncated interaction can be seen here that for medium to high wave vectors the response of the system is the same while in the long wavelength limit the two system the two responses are qualitatively different while for the case of the truncated interaction epsilon-1 goes to 1 and this means that there is no screening in the long wavelength limit if you do not cut off the interaction you end up with a finite value and this can be described with this cartoon here in which we imagine to have an electron and a hole and we consider the screening between them so long wavelength limit means that the two charges are very far away one to the other and in a three-dimensional material if you have that these two charges are very far away due to the fact that the material covers all the 3D space you still have macroscopic screening while for a 2D monolayer if you put the two charges very far away due to the fact that the material is nano-sized in one direction the vast majority of the field lines travels into vacuum and this means that in the long wavelength limit these field lines are all in the vacuum thus there is no screening thus we end up with the fact that if we do not include the truncated interaction we are changing qualitatively the description of the screening with respect to the truncated case that is the physical one but here we can see that we added kind of a very sharp behavior of the dielectric response in the long wavelength limit and we can imagine that this will so that it will be very difficult to converge these dielectric properties with respect to the Brillouin zone sampling and this we will see in the next part of the presentation so here we can see the convergence of the quasi-particle gap for three prototypical semiconductors with respect to the number of key points of the Brillouin zone and it can be seen here that very dense Brillouin zone samplings are required in order to obtain convergent gaps this is a general property of two-dimensional semiconductors this is a general properties of two-dimensional semiconductors like these three as we can see here this behavior originates from several reasons first of all to this sharp behavior of the gg prime equals zero element of the dielectric function of the inverse dielectric function then also those matrix elements which are orthogonal to the periodic directions are quite dispersive and here we can see the dielectric function obtained with a fine grid the 60 times 60 which are circles compared with squares that is obtained with a coarse grid this is a 6 times 6 and it can be seen that this dispersion cannot be followed with a coarse grid then we also have the problem that due to this behavior of the inverse dielectric function that goes to 1 in the long wavelength limit this means that the correlation part of the response of the system goes to zero while the divergence of the slab of the bare interaction then we have a multiplication of zero times infinity which can generate some numerical problems for this point here thus in order to accelerate the convergence of these quasi particle properties with respect to the Brillenzo sampling some attempts have been done in the literature how many time do we have? ok so ok, these are two possibilities but I'm gonna explain during the last part of the talk which is the one that is implemented in the YAMBO code and that we derived so here the scheme so our goal is to compute the quasi particle corrections and this means to compute the self energy so we can split the self energy into two parts the exchange correlation and for example we start from the exchange part that is easier and the integral over momentum transfer is usually transformed into a discrete sum so what is done in YAMBO is instead of using the numerical value of the interaction in the finite discretization is to use the average value of the around the discretization domain as can be seen here in which we have a discretized Brillenzo these integrals are performed with the Monte Carlo integration and this is possible to the fact that we know the analytic form of the bare interaction and this is usually done for a finite number of g's because for i-modules g-vectors to perform this average is useless due to the fact that this function becomes smooth so our idea to accelerate the convergence is to apply the same scheme also to the correlation part of the self energy that is now proportional to the correlation part of the discrete interaction the integral is again performed with the Monte Carlo method is applied on a sub matrix g-g prime up to a certain value g-lim but now we don't have the analytic expression which can be like computed 1 million of times in order to compute the integral with the Monte Carlo method thus the procedure is this one first of all we write the correlation part of the discrete interaction in this way in terms of an auxiliary function then we interpolate the auxiliary function between the numerical point and its nearest neighbors in reciprocal lattice units here we can see briefly the results of this interpolation on the top panes this auxiliary function and on the lower panes the discrete interaction for some selected matrix elements the first thing we can see is that we have that the discrete interaction changes its order of magnitudes while the auxiliary function do not and this is why it is better and more stable to interpolate the auxiliary function instead of the discrete interaction then we can see that the accuracy of the most important point that corresponds to the long wavelength limit is accurately described due to the fact that we have explicitly including the analytical trend of the auxiliary function thus we have used a particular expression for this case looking at the results for the gap we can see that for the case of MOS2 even the first so the core serigrid is sufficient to obtain convergent gaps and with convergent gaps here I consider the n error of 50 mV with respect to the extrapolated value at the infinite sampling of the Brillouin zone and it can be seen here that the extrapolation is justified also by the fact that these two methods converge to the same value to the same extrapolated value again also for phosphorine we can see that we can use a very coarser grid like the 8 times 20 times 1 instead of this 36 times 50 grid does saving a lot of computational time and the same is true also for HBN in which we can use the 6 times 6 instead of the 36 by 36 it's important to notice here that the computational cost scales as the fourth power of this number here because it scales at the squared of the total number of key points so the total number of key points in this case is 6 times 6 26 squared so to conclude there are three technicalities that should be taken into account in order to simulate a two dimensional system the first one is the supercell approach the second one is the cutoff of the potential and the third one is this W averaging method that speeds up the convergence with respect to the number of key points so with the combination of these techniques we are able to treat non-periodic systems with a plane wave basis set to use an amount of vacuum which is not too large like from 10 to 20 m strong for the case of monolayer and to converge the quasi particle properties with grids which are comparable with density functional theory calculations a brief note that these techniques ok this seems to like to speed up but in most of cases it makes the difference between a calculation that you can or you cannot be done thus these are more or less mandatory very soon after the paper of this method is published I'm gonna add a tutorial dedicated for the G0W0 of these two dimensional systems but unfortunately not in this school mainly because the paper is under the process of the submission thank you for your attention so, thank you Alberto just a couple of announcements before we open the session for questions after lunch we are going to have the poster session which will be a virtual poster session I think there are three of you here who prepared a poster so remember that you should, you are supposed to do a one minute presentation and you should have just received an email with instruction on how to handle the poster session and then due to the poster session we are not going by work to the canteen there will be a shuttle just outside the ICTP actually we are supposed to live now but we take a few more minutes to address the questions and then we go so questions thank you very much for the talk I see the question about the tronkation of this column interaction for the 2D system and for some 2D system like you have shown here which are periodic in just one dimension so it's very easy because the periodicity is very easy to handle but there are some systems that are very light in this dimension how do you handle the tronkation in this case or is it general so let's suppose to have several monolayer materials with a huge space is this true, right? so this is the case you were talking about well in that case this method is not so efficient because of course you need in your cutoff to include the interaction you want to include for example if you have several monolayers then this cutoff so this L can be still should be still quite large but in any case you restore the qualitative behavior of the dielectric response and this is really is still very helpful then of course the bigger is your system the more computational time you need and this is a little bit less efficient because you have to tronkate between different layers but do not tronkate within the layer and this ends up with a very like general rule but not so accurate that you need at least as a vacuum the thickness of your slab plus something like for the monolayer for MS2 it's like 10M strong if we have something that is like with the thickness of 10M strong so a very general rule is that maybe 20M strong can be sufficient but then of course you have to converge because in this case you have like an electron that is in one side of the monolayer that is so he needs to see more or less so the electron on the other side of the monolayer but he needs not to see the first electron of the replica ok, we have another question here so in the expressions when you are computing the W so you have some terms if I am not wrong they are the dipoles right and the very big ok, so the row they are the dipoles so I think here here ok, these are the generalizations of the dipoles so their expression is this one ok, so maybe I can point here so you can see so these are these expressions here which is the which are the matrix elements to change from the base of the Cauchon states to the base of plane waves and for q that tends to zero you can see that these are the dipoles because well this more or less becomes r it can be seen, r times times q ok, then the mathematics should be done in a proper way but this is the final result so for q that tends to zero and g equals zero these are the dipoles but then we need also these elements for q and g different from zero and yeah, this is the the expression that I think is one of the most unknown expressions within the jumbo code because it depends like on k n, m, q and g then the so these numbers here are this is one of the most demanding part computational part and it is used in many steps yeah but like the physics is trivial so just to change from one base to the other so I don't know I mean like could you please justify why your plasma I mean like for example if you take I mean this is why your like choice of your poles, plasma poles is independent of your thing so here you are taking somewhere I think if I remember correctly it is one heart ray or something you are using so why is it independent of the choice of this thing also like I don't know I mean like the poles of this w are basically the plasma energies right so which are the like but how do you compute those values I mean like how do you compute the poles of the inverse of the dielectric tensor ok so well in this lecture here it was mainly on the practical equations and approximations so here I just explained that with this plasma approximation which is the standard procedure and this is why I take the plasma pole approximation as an example because the main goal of this part of the lecture was like to show the equations of what is the standard and plasma pole is standard then you have that the approximation behind the plasma pole is that the if you consider the macroscopic case thus gg prime equals zero then you can see that this experiment of a lot of materials is more or less the you see more or less one plasma then you can see ok with gg prime different from zero that is the microscopic response you change the residues but the non interacting poles are the same then you can say ok we can approximate and say ok, there is just one pole also in the other matrix elements of the microscopic response this is of course an approximation justifies by the fact that the more these g modules are higher the less important is the response of the system ok, I think it's time to go now because there is a shuttle waiting for us and as yesterday you can leave your things here if you want we are going to lock the room ok, just as a I remark that if someone want to ask a question you can ask me in person yeah, during the tutorials


Hello everyone, today's my paper presentation topic is thromboembolic events as a complication of COVID-19. I, Dr. Dheeraj Ganeshgiri, junior resident, present this topic under the guidance of Dr. Yogendra Sathdev sir, professor and HOD department of radio diagnosis, Pravara Rural Hospital Lone, aim to evaluate the thromboembolic events as a complication of COVID-19. Coronavirus disease 2019 is a viral illness caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2. It has been rapidly spreading throughout the world, causing a pandemic involving more than 188 countries, more than 24 million cases and 8,40,000 deaths, SARS-CoV-2 enters through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ACE2 receptors, which are present in type 2 alveolar cells of the lungs, myocardium and proximal nanotubules. COVID-19 manifestation can range from asymptomatic infection to organ failure to death. The respiratory system is involved in almost all cases in both proven COVID-19 and COVID like illness, fever, curve, dyspnea, chest pain and oxygen desaturation upon exertion are observed and these symptoms have been associated with increased D-dimer levels and pulmonary micro angiopathy on necropsy. The kidneys can be involved with a similar pathophysiology presenting with a hematuria and rapidly progressive renal failure with oliguria and death. There are various and diverse complications associated with SARS-CoV-19 infection. Current data doesn't provide adequate information about the use of anticoagulants and management of thrombolic events. Many authors suggest that a patient with high risk for development of thrombolic state should be started with empirical anticoagulant treatment whereas some authors say that the use of full dose anticoagulant should be done only in cases of confirmed thrombolism. Inclusion criteria, patient giving consent for study. Patients refer to radiology department with symptoms of fever, curve, malaise and breathlessness. Exclusion criteria, patient not giving consent for study. Materials and methods. Five patients were studied for the assessment of patients were done by using a Siemens Sam somatom perspective 64 rise 128 slice machine, pathogenesis and risk factors. COVID-19 shows rising pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. There is evidence of complement activation in COVID-19 by direct endothelial infection which includes release of anaphylatoxine C5A. Experiment activation as seen in COVID-19 not only drives neutrophil dysfunction leading to susceptibility to secondary infection but also activates the coagulation system thereby propagating a pro thrombotic state. Coagulability associated with COVID-19 may be explained by the two-way activation theory as seen by thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients and the encompassing inflammatory and micro thrombogenic responses that occur when endothelial insert takes place. While the inflammatory pathway release cytokines, the activation of micro thrombotic pathway is mediated by release of a large polymers of 1-villain bird factor. In the phase of sepsis induced endothelial injury, this reaction is aggravated causing enhanced platelet activation and consumption thrombocytopenia. In contrast to the typical consumptive coagulophathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation profile observed in a sepsis patient with COVID-19 typically have relatively normal coagulation and platelet profiles. Progression to a DIC in a minority of patients rarely developing in a survivor's. Therefore, it seems that in keeping with virtuous triad, thrombosis is driven both by the activation of coagulation factors and endothelium. In situ, immune thrombosis plays a key role to be unifying mechanism explaining the micro and micro thrombotic manifestation of the disease. It should, however, be emphasized that in situ, micro thrombosis has also been demonstrated in pulmonary and systemic tissue beds in ARDS and sepsis and therefore may not necessarily be unique to the population. In addition to the factors mentioned above, these patients have additional risk factor for increased thrombosis most notable among those being hypoxia, immobility made worse by frequent use of prone positioning, although not systematically assess reduced staffing coupled with isolation precautions which limit frequent position changes and mobility may further predispose patient to a pro-thrombotic state. Now Case 1. This is a case of a 32-year female patient who was referred from outside to our hospital for a CT scan of abdomen and pelvis, plane and contrast with acute pain in abdomen to rule out the intestinal perforation. The patient did not have a fever, curve, cold, malaise and orbitlessness since the beginning. The patient did not pass tools since four days. HRCT was done for the same patient as a few ground glass opacities were noted in the visualized lung section during the abdomen scan. These are the ground glass opacities on HRCT findings where multiple sublural and intrapulmonary ground glass opacities with interstitial septal thickening involving bilateral lung feeds. It was a typical for a COVID-19 Quarads 5 score, Quarads 5 and CTs where it is score was 12 by 25. Now, same patient CTs abdomen and pelvis, plane and contrast, waist shape, non-enhancing hypodensities are noted in upper pole and interpolar region of spleen. A hypodense feeling defect is noted in a splenic artery which suggests thrombosis with splenic infarct. In this scan image shows the splenic infarct and the renal infarct which is hypodense. In this image, we can see a Jejunal wall thickening with intramural air foci, with intramural air foci, with poor wall enhancement on post-contrast study. Treatment for this patient, the patient was referred to different hospital after the scan where the patient was given antithrombotics. Now case 2, this is a case of 57 year female patient who came for MRI brain with complaints of right sided weakness since morning, she was a known case of COVID-19 15 days ago. Investigation done in the hospital is MRI brain reveal a multiple impact in left frontal parietal temporal region. It is an axial section on diffusion, the infarct is seen in left frontal parietal temporal region. It gives a diffusion restriction. Now case 3, a case of 30 year female patient who came for CT abdomen and pelvis plane and contrast with complaints of pain in right flank and iliac process since 15 to 20 days. Then HRCT thorax of the same patient was done as she also had a complaint of fever and cough since 15 days. Other investigation also done, blood investigation WBC count is 14,460 increase, CRP is 70, increase urine analysis, urine appearance is clear, deposits are absent, RBC is 2 to 3 deciliter and WBC is 3 to 4,000. Then the same patient CT abdomen and pelvis plane and contrast images. The CT scan reveal a hypodense non-enhancing area involving the cortex and the medulla of upper and mid polar region of the left kidney. HRCT thorax reveal a multiple sublural and intra pulmonary, multiple sublural and intra pulmonary ground glass opacities in bilateral lung fields with the CT scan where it is core is 5. Now case 4, this is a case of 81 year old female patient with the history of COVID-19 10 days back the patient came with complaint of left sided weakness and disorientation. There was no known comorbidity documented. The patient came for MRI brain, here the diffusion and ADC images of the brain suggesting that the right side secondary to thromboembolic effect of COVID-19 infection, this is the in fact seen in the right side. Now case 5, this is a case of 42 year male patient with the history of COVID-19 infection. The patient came with a complaint of right sided weakness since one day no known comorbidity is where documented. The patient came for MRI brain to rule out in fact, here are the diffusion and ADC images of the patient representing the left sided in fact. The patient was started with thrombolatics immediately after the MRI. This is the axial image diffusion wetted image. This is low ADC values seen in fact. Now the protocol for the treatment of thromboembolic event in a COVID-19 patient, patient with a COVID-19, obtain baseline prothrombine time D dimer fibronogen platelet count. Low assess the bleeding risk if low or acceptable then encourage mobilization and initiate the thrombosis profile access with a UFH or LMWHH. Consider a higher dosing for the patient at higher risk who base malignancy immobility surgery or spontaneous eco. Then active routine screening for a venous or arterial thrombosis cutaneous pulmonary deep venous stroke line thrombosis acute coronary syndrome then clinical radiological surveillance titled D dimer. Then consider the therapeutic anticoagulation with either UFH or LMWHH titled to APTT then reassess the bleeding risk routinely then transition to a vitamin K antagonist or UFH or direct oral anticoagulant on discharge. Now second side. Obtain baseline prothrombine time D dimer fibrogen or platelet count. Assess bleeding risk then we assess the bleeding risk if it is high then encourage mobilization plus sequential compression device when not abulating then hold thrombo profile axis. After that active routine screening for venous arterial thrombosis then clinical radiological surveillance then screen positive on very high clinical suspicion of acute microthrombosis then consider the therapeutic anticoagulation then transition to a vitamin K antagonist UFH direct oral anticoagulant on discharge. Then management of anticoagulation the optimal approach to the management of anticoagulation when these patients remains unclear remains unclear in absence of well conducted trial. There remains a major uncertainty in the optimal management of immune thrombosis as commonly seen in a COVID-19. In asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients who do not require hospital admission ambulation should continue to be a mainstream of thromboprofile axis. It is advisable to institute at minimum prophylactic anticoagulation in admitted patient without clinical contraindication. Unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin have been successfully used in these patients both prophylactically and threpartically. Higher doses should be considered for those with higher risk patient that is obese, active, malignancy, prolonged morbidity or recent surgery. As a caveat it must be noted a high incidence of VTE has been noted even on a patient on either a prophylactic and a therapeutic anticoagulant which makes routine surveillance extremely important. Then in addition to the usual indication such as obesity or active malignancy where higher intensity dosing of prophylactic anticoagulation may be warranted patients with COVID-19 who demonstrate ACC on surveillance imaging may be considered for augmented dosing although high quality data to support routine use of this strategy is currently unavailable. Although some retrospective studies have demonstrated systemic anticoagulation to be associated with improved outcomes in a hospitalized patient it is advisable to institute at minimum profile active anticoagulation is in admitted patient without clinical contraindication. Now on conclusion systemic thrombosis is frequently associated with critically ill COVID-19 patients and may lead to a fatal outcomes if not diagnosed and managed appropriately. Thrombotic risk commonly persists despite initiation of anticoagulation until more information is available providers should consider prophylactic versus therapeutic anticoagulation based on a combination of patient specific criteria including laboratory result, imaging, clinical suspicion and a care for balance of thrombotic and bleeding risk. Routine active surveillance guided by a clinical and a radiological assessment is recommended to either pre-empt or aid from diagnosis of macrothrombotic events which may be beneficial in guiding anticoagulation strategies larger well-designed prospective studies are urgently needed to further illustrate optimal management strategies to mitigate the thrombotic risk associated with COVID-19. Now these are the reference. Thank you everyone.


Kytosan is a popular polysaccharide used in the development of drug delivery systems due to its unique physical and chemical characteristics. It can be used to form nanoparticles and microparticles and has been shown to have excellent mucoadhesive properties. Despite its potential applications, there is limited research into the biocompatibility of Kytosan carriers. This review discusses the current state of knowledge regarding the biocompatibility of Kytosan carriers focusing on in vitro and in vivo studies. The authors also highlight the challenges associated with the lack of standardization of procedures and the need for more research into the topic. This article was authored by Ana Grena, Susana Rodriguez, Carmen Ramunan Lopez and others.


Welcome to ITU Telecom World 2017 here in Busan in the Republic of Korea where I'm very pleased to be joined in the studio today by Beata Deggan who is a partner at Ernst & Young. Beata, thank you very much for being with us today. Thank you very much for letting me be here. Now I'd like to start off by talking about smart digital transformation which is the key buzzword, the theme here for ITU Telecom World. What does it mean to you? Starting actually first with a question, what is smart? What does smart mean in today's world? Because smart isn't just digital, I think it's much more. It's making smart decisions when it comes to digital. It's being smart when it comes to be good in staying human, making sure we have the right data protection, we have the right data security and we're also ensuring that by using all of this fascinating technology from AI, predictive maintenance, IoT that we still make sure that we serve the basic human needs and that we improve some of the most stringent topics of today's world like access to food, access to healthcare and access to education. Now I know that something that's very much foremost in your sites is gender equality perhaps we'll talk about that, perhaps we'll talk about digital empowerment of women. How do you see digital empowerment going for the next set of five years and what do you think are the key challenges? I think that's probably one of the most substantial topics. There was a study of the World Economic Forum I think published last year which looked at the 15 biggest economies covering about 1.9 billion of employees in the workforce covering 65% of the global workforce. And actually what they are saying is what they found out is that by 2020 5.1 million jobs will remain. So 7.1 million jobs will be cut off in the end. There will be 2 million of new jobs and so to speak kind of the difference is 5.1 million. And these would basically be white colour workers for administration office work and this is where you very often find the female workforce in. And that poses quite an important challenge for today's society because the new jobs are created in those areas where you currently don't have too many women working. These are the STEM topics like architects, mathematicians, IT experts etc. And also what this study says is that for three jobs disappearing through digitalisation one new job will be created for men but only five to one ratio you will find with women. So the gender gap is even getting I would say worse through digitalisation. But I don't want to be that negative about that. I think there are some great initiatives going on. The UN has just launched I think probably one of the most fantastic one which is called Equals which is really tapping into how can we actually help through digital transformation closing the gender gap. So I think on the one hand side it faces big challenge but on the other hand side I would say there is a lot of hope and there is also a lot of need to make this actually work better. And we as a firm from a new eye perspective we are setting up or we have already set up big initiatives for leadership programmes for women in the tech area, STEM workshops, we're getting involved in the girls at ICT day for example pushed forward by ITU. So I would say I'm very passionate about the topic so since my own background is coming from STEM topic I think it's very important to bring in the young girls already into that space and to enable them to find their way of working in the digital world of today. Well ITU of course is very supportive and in fact very involved in both of those campaigns girls in ICT and of course Equals, I see you're wearing the Equals badge there of the logo there and people can get information about the campaign at Equals.org. That's wonderful, I'm really pleased to see that you're promoting that and obviously EY are being very supportive in that as well. And now in terms of the power of digitalisation perhaps we could talk about that in your company and beyond and how are you developing this and what do you hope to achieve? Probably starting with EY as a firm in itself. For us digitalisation is a must have. It's not a nice to have, it's something we want to have at one point in time. We are already digital and I would say the speed of change is quite substantial. So for us having a mobile desk is a given. So all employers have a mobile phone, have access to links to Skype so we can literally work from anywhere in the world. And we also use bots, AI, robotics for a lot of I would say on the administrative side to make processes flow smarter through the system. So just to name a few examples I would say for us it's a must have and also on the client side and of course I'm always saying it's not about the digitalisation strategy, it's in the and digitalisation is there. It's nothing in the future, it's there. It's more the way how do you embrace it and how do you make sure it really flows through your entire value chain. And Germany has just launched a very interesting initiative for the so-called Mittelstand, the mid-sized companies which go actually industry 4.0 but exactly for that space. And as you probably know the mid-sized companies are actually Germany's backbone for the economy so it's quite fascinating to see how they use digitalisation actually to maintain or improve their marked positions tech leaders. Now in terms of attending events such as this IT telecom world is here in Busan in Korea it's obviously been a long way to come. I just wanted to find out what's the value of attending events such as this for you? Very, very good question. I could give you most likely now an answer for about the next 30 minutes but I'm afraid we don't have that much time. I personally think what ITU is doing in a sense of saying well telecommunication is now digitalisation. It's digital, it's no longer the analogue way of picking up a phone and I remember times where you still had this wheel where you could kind of do this analogue wheel thing. That's over and what I find extremely important is that there is in United Nations body like ITU pushing for digitalisation and tying the dots in the public-private partnership. There are other conferences in the digitalisation ITC space which probably address a slightly different area so I'm very passionate about this idea what UN is doing there and I'm strongly convinced that if the private sector and the public sector and of course the NGOs address this together we can overcome some of these most stringent challenges and I mentioned it earlier on, I think it's the most important to look at the most critical topic of today's world. So many kids still don't have access to proper food, proper water and proper healthcare. Vaccination does just to start with that and I think digitalisation can play a big role in that and with some of the UN bodies combined with the regulators, the governments and of course the private sector I think this could be a huge differentiator So this is why I think this is great to have these types of events and to meet people from all different sectors. I've met some fantastic people here totally different backgrounds but we're all kind of passionate and interested about the same things and so hopefully we can make a difference. This video is going beyond these walls, I just wanted to find out if you had a key message you'd like to address our audience with? That's a very difficult question but I must say a good one. The message is stay motivated, don't think for a lot of things it's too late to step into digitalisation and focus on the most prominent topics of today's world and not only to look at what's the pure economic value but look beyond and really say can digitalisation hopefully make this world a better working world? Let's take it, thank you very much indeed. Great. Thank you.