Hello everybody and welcome to another hobby cheating video and today we are going to talk about using oil paints on Flesh Town. So this is a really exciting thing for me. I love using oil paints, I think they're a lot of fun. Obviously when we start learning miniature painting we often stick to acrylics because they're more fitted to task that is to say they require not much other than water and a brush to work and they dry very quickly and in general most of the sort of techniques and tutorials you see out there are suited to them. However when it comes to something like Flesh Town we can really benefit from some of the elements that oils have to offer us. Specifically oil paints take a much longer time to dry, they're very easy to blend with, they're very easy to create really translucent layers with to create washes with that kind of stuff and they can be cleaned up anytime. There's no mistakes, that's the beautiful part about oil paints is that they come with a built in eraser because they do take days to dry so you can always just remove your work if you don't like what you're doing. So here we've got a big giant that I'm putting together for an army of giants basically and his skin is pretty flat so what this is right here is a zenithal and then I shot some whole red from below so you can see that like red tone that's there that's pretty weak and then I just put a flesh tone on from above, that's it it was a single color flesh tone something out of like the game airline like a middle flesh tone out of that line. I just wanted to get it to a nice neutral flesh tone so all the what you the variation you see right now is just nothing more than the zenithal and the sort of anti zenithal of the red color and then the normal flesh. So what are we going to use today? Well we're going to use a lot of fun stuff. When you're working with oil paints the first thing you need to have is a good selection of synthetic brushes. You don't want to use your any nice brushes any sables you want to have something that's synthetic and so I've got a couple different varieties here it doesn't really matter some of these have very very very long handles outrageously so because they're meant for canvases but that's okay they'll still suit our purpose. You want some that's a little flat some that has more of a tip so on and so forth. Now obviously you also need oil paints now I have a whole bunch of oil paints here chilling on a piece of cardboard and they've been chilling here for about I don't know maybe 20 minutes and the reason I put them on cardboard is because it saps out some of the oil that's in there and will help them to reduce the drying time a little because I take the the oil out the drying time is still really long still in days now the oils I'm going to be using are and by the way if you're curious about colors here which okay this is a burnt sienna right here this is a phthalo blue right here we've got a little ivory black we've got a cadmium red deep hue over here we've got some permanent green light and then finally some cadmium yellow pale okay now if I want to do so those are gonna slide off here I've also got myself a little plastic plate just for if I want to mix them I want something that's gonna be relatively easy to work with where I can mix my my paints without I don't really want to you don't want to mix them on the cardboard because then they'll start leaching out too much oil so having a non porous surface like the plastic that you can mix on is is generally beneficial that's about all you really need now if you want to go farther or have other things of course you can have stuff like you know you can have a little traditional like paint scraper thing like this where you can pick up a little bit and mix them together you can also do that with a brush up to you the other critical element is of course some white spirits now my brand of choice here is the Mona Lisa odorless paint thinner you can get this at various art stores and online it truly well at least my nose it's pretty darn near odorless I don't have much of a sense of smell but when I'm using this and other people walk into my office they don't get repulsed because paint thinner is obviously a very strong smell so I've just put some of that over here into a little metal cup so I can dip my brush in there and work with that okay and then obviously we need our mini and that's about it now in addition to those paints you saw there's also some other little items I'm going to be using today specifically I'm going to be using the oil brushers these are from ammo by mig right here I have the flesh set which is a pale flesh a pink flesh and a basic flesh so kind of interesting or was it sorry sunny flesh and then I also have the rust set here or two of them so I have rust and I have dark brown all of these these are kind of cool we'll be using these I'll show you how we integrate these in the process as well these are nice because they actually have flesh tones you can mix your own flesh tones pretty easy out of oil paints it's actually not that hard but I thought we'd use these because they're really fun and it'll give you a chance to show those in action as well alright everybody so I'm gonna film this is a quick pickup because I realized as I was watching this back that in the middle I said it's very easy to make your own flesh tones and then I did everything with the oil brush or flashes which if you don't have it's gonna be tough to do a natural flesh tone so I'm gonna show you how to make your own flesh tone in the middle of this so here we go you want to start with a solid red and a solid yellow basically anything that's in the middle there's lots of oil paints that are red and yellow what you're aiming at is getting a nice solid orange so we just take that we mix it all up basically you want a nice mid-tone orange okay now once we've got that orange and I'm realizing the problem of working on a little plate as I am right now grab a little bit more yellow in that so we mix out an orange then we bring in the white so skin tone as I've mentioned in previous videos is actually basically orange it's just a lighter version of orange so a little more white in there and you can see how basically we're getting toward a flesh tone color like that's a pretty tan flesh tone right there now we're getting a little more pale now we're quite pale right so it's actually pretty easy to just make your own flesh tones it's just orange any kind of orange you mix through red and yellow and then white now there's other things you can do to enrich your flesh tones so for example if you want it to be a little colder you can grab a little blue so here we'll just and only when I say a little I mean like a little like that's gonna end up being too much so there you go you can make a more shadowed flesh color through the addition of blue you can add more red back in if you want to get a more pinky flesh tone like something more cold you can actually add red back into your original mix something that's a little more little more warm or well should say warm it'll make the skin look a little more like as though it's in a cold temperature even though it is in fact of a warm temperature but that's all there is to it so mixing your flesh tones is actually pretty simple you can mix in a little white spirits to them then or something like that you can get lots of different tones a very natural flesh tone so even if you don't have the oil brushers paints or anything like that you can still certainly create your own flesh tones as long as you've got a red a yellow a blue and a white so basically your primary colors you can mix all sorts of flesh tones out of it that's really all you need to do the majority of your your flesh tone creation if you want to go super pale you can even bring in like some more white and you can see how you get a real real bright flesh so for your sort of pale flesh highlights right so that's it that's how you mix a flesh tone I wanted to make sure I had this in the middle so that that way if you folks don't happen to have like the oil brushers flesh colors and you still wanted to play around with making your own flesh tones this gives you some options for doing so so it's really cool because you can play with all sorts of different tones you can bring in you know like sepias and stuff and have it be have it be sort of a darker shade of skin tone maybe more Mediterranean or something like that there's just all sorts of different options to it so play with that orange or sorry yeah start would get to orange red plus yellow and then just the additions of white blues reds and browns and you can pretty much have a field day with just about any kind of skin tone you want so there you go now back to the video and the nicer part about these is that they're kind of like ready right out of little bottle they're sort of like a little almost a lipstick type thing or you can just pull them out and go directly to work so pretty cool you still want to use white spirits to clean them up but they're they're real handy I like these quite a bit they're worthwhile investment if you like oil paints and they have a hole this is just two of the ranges but they have a huge number of different colors and options out there okay and then finally need some kind of paper towel because you're gonna be wiping like crazy oil paints are all about the white be lots and lots and lots of white be white be white be okay so with all that preamble out of the way let's get our miniature in here so what do we want to do with this guy well we're gonna want I want to give him a really nice interesting skin tone so what we're gonna do is we're gonna start in the shadow areas and then we'll kind of work from there so for the shadow areas what we're gonna do is we're gonna take especially on the side sort of away from the light we're gonna take a little bit of that we're take a little of the burnt sienna okay we're gonna mix in just a tiny amount of that phthalo blue okay and a little bit of the cadmium red and that'll give us a very very dark basically almost black color let's pull that up just a little bit more into the brown now first thing you need to notice about oil paints is yes they are very very very thick that's just the nature of the thing that's why we have the white spirits so what we're gonna do here is we're gonna take our brush we're gonna go into that white spirit and we're just gonna kind of mix that around and if you want to go faster if you know you want to really get this working you can use a little pipette okay and we can actually just pipette some of that oil or some of that white spirits directly into our color and you want to be kind of careful here cuz you can overdo it quite a bit so we're just gonna put two little drops of that in there just mix that around we're not trying to make a wash we're just trying to make something workable that feels more like paint now you will notice that this will almost always be much thicker than your normal sort of acrylic paint as it were even when you have it thin way down just because that's the nature of the thing there are other oils in other thing other additives I should say you can add in to oil paints this video isn't going to specifically cover oil paint additives there are a lot out there they have a lot of value you can do things like short and drying time or even extended drying time I don't know why you'd want to do that in our particular line of work but you can so there you go you can see we got a nice deep brown hue there okay all the fun thing about oil paints is making a mess this is a very messy thing by the way so just you know get used to it if there was ever a time to wear your apron or your gloves this is it okay cool wipey wipey wipey on our brush and what we're gonna do is we're gonna leave a little bit of white spirits in that brush but not much think of when you wipe off your brush and you see you want to have like a moist brush this is the same sort of thing so we're gonna take some of that thinner thinner oil paint that we've made up here get a decent amount on the brush let's grab our homeboy here and we're just gonna drop some of this deep shadow way down into the the deepest areas so wherever he has like under his big old belly maybe under his hanging I don't know what would you call that a move maybe under his hanging move there and then up under his his torso maybe a little bit up there okay so you can see how that's you know a real thick line just like any paint we would put on if we put on a nice thick paint we would expect much the same the trick is then we're gonna go ahead and clean our brush so again go back into my white spirits here rinse my brush around and I'm being I'm showing you like all these weird steps you wouldn't normally show so you get a real sense of working with this stuff I'm trying to be really detailed because I think a lot of people are intimidated by oil paints and it's not actually that scary so there again we wipey wipey wipey okay and there it's nice and clean now there's still a little bit of white spirits in there you can test this if you have a glove on your hand you see how when I run my hand across there can see that slight shine there's still a little bit left there that's what you want just a little bit in there okay then what we're gonna do is we're gonna come in and we're just gonna start smoothing along the edge there pushing that out and every so often I'll bring my paper towel back on a frame so you can see what I'm doing here basically what I'm doing is pulling it down and then every so often just why be wipey wipey painting with oils is almost a more subtractive painting process than it is additive so like right there we've got that little spot where we probably don't want it cool and just wipe that off if we feel like we really want to get it we'll go back into our white spirits and we'll just soften that right out this model was varnished before I started painting okay in general it's a good idea to varnish your your acrylic paints oil paints won't really destroy that quickly your acrylic I think there's a lot of people are very paranoid about this and feel like if you even get white spirits or oil paints near a miniature that that hasn't been varnished they will get destroyed that's not really true but I do like to varnish in between steps just as a save point and in general like it'll kind of make your life a little easier if you haven't varnished especially if you're really working in sort of dry with a dry brush and scraping around a lot so you can see how that's nice and soft now still not perfectly smoothed out but that's okay if you ever want to smooth further you start when you go to a different brush it's completely dry so this has no white spirits on it whatsoever this is just a dry brush and you can just kind of feather the edge and it will always pick up all of this but it won't do much more and you can just feather out that edge okay alright so you get the basic process so now you've seen how that's going so now we're gonna have some fun okay now you've seen kind of how we apply a basic color now we're gonna start we'll get a little nuts let's play with our oil brushes here because as much the same thing as what I have on my palette it's just sitting in this container so here I've got the pale flesh we're gonna put some of that right there on his the edge of the move let me move this closer to myself it's like applying lipstick now let's go to our basic skin tone now the fun part begins because you don't actually have to you don't actually have to wait in between steps you can just kind of dab on the next one there we'll get a little bit across there and we'll get some down on that side of the belly there there sure okay I'm just doing this one side of him and then let's so let's take some of this rust color sorry take some rust color here this is just the oil brush or rust a little drop out there put some of there just kind of getting some colors where we want them where they seem like they're gonna be fun okay so now what we do is we again we're gonna take I'm gonna take my slightly sharper brush here I did run it into my white spirits but then wiped most of it off again we can test on the back of our hand and you can see I've still got a slight shine there a little bit left and then what we're gonna do is we're just gonna start working that in and again subtractive process then I just start bringing that out where I want it you notice that as I just keep working it around drawing the colors together it's just such a nice pleasant process because there's no pressure you can always just erase anything you don't really like and just push the colors together if you need to grab more of a color you always can just add it into the mix the model itself becomes your so oftentimes when we think about mixing colors we try to do all this mixing before we ever come near the actual model you know we sit there and we try to blend all these different colors onto the on the palette whereas here you notice all my mixing was done just right on the model let's say we want to go for a little bit more of a brown hue we want our giant to be a little more tan I'll grab some of that sepia tone so this is my this is my burnt sienna for my normal Windsor Newton wind and oil colors just wipe that off you can see that's the actual base color there so let's get this bad boy a little more tan and again anytime you were painting normally this would be so scary like just dropping colors like that on to something that you would spend a bunch of time blending on whereas here it's no big deal it's just like magic you notice that like the most common thing I'm doing is wiping my brush off because again this tends to be a subtractive process so now we've got his get as big old get out there a little bit more well tanned look a nice hit they've got the guys bronze on we can grab a little sunny flesh sunny let's lighten him up a little bit here up top to do just get some spots on there you know it's just keep working it in those old layers that are there are still perfectly wet perfectly interactable perfectly smooth to blend into just like butter just all comes together okay we can even work in other tones other colors like I'm focusing obviously on this area right now just because this is a nice part show on camera it's a big old belly big old belly but we could grab other stuff so for example let's say we wanted a very slight yellow hue on some of our more sunnier flesh we want you know people talk about having yellow and skin tone all the time okay we can do that let's grab a little bit of straight yellow hue here now that's real yellow again would be scary sometimes it's not scary for us not when we're not when we're rolling with oil paints there is no fear is now we can just softly blend that right in give it a nice if you if you think of like the lot of the art you see from the 80s from fantasy stuff like Frazetta and stuff like that they'll have these bright yellows and blue tones and stuff like that in the skin you can really work in colors like that super easy if you're doing you know OSL work or anything like that it's a joy it's an absolute joy to do it with this because again it's just so smooth and simple if you want to make the skin a little more red let's say we want to let's get a little more red tone into some of this shall we I'm just using the back of my brush to grab little parts of this by the way oh where shall we put some red I think here under his shoulder should be a little more red maybe up here should be a little bit more red maybe here on the side maybe down here by his waistline okay again oh dear Lord what are we going to do with that bright annoying insane red color how will we ever mitigate it have we ruined all of our good work no obviously not and we that nice soft red tone in there easy so we can just keep working it like there's no limit to what you can work in here that's what's just so amazing about this is that you can just keep pushing those flesh tones around every time achieving just a perfect blend stuff you'd have to spend hours and hours and hours on if you were painting with acrylics to get you know a thin glazes and stuff like that that now you can just achieve in minutes so it's really that simple folks be careful you don't do like I just did and put your paint into a different color that's on your paper towel you have to be careful with your white be action you can see how we can get such a nice range of tones there so I'm going to clean up for just a second because this is very much like I'm messy my paper towels messy I'm gonna clean up for a second I'm gonna come back and I'm gonna show you how we do finer detail because a lot of what I've been doing so far is this very big stuff so what happens if we want to do something small then what back in a moment all right we're reset you can see a little guy here is all you know smoothed out again what is that eight different colors of paint I used and it looks like I spent hours glazing and that was no time at all it's truly an amazing thing to paint with oil paints is just nothing else like it for for stuff like this especially for big sections of flesh but the challenge we might sometimes run into what do we do with little stuff like this where or like his collarbone or these little stretches across his moves or over here okay like on the folds this guy's got a lot of folds I don't know what to call them all you get the idea how do we handle those small spaces well something like the oil brushers is nice because certainly they have a pretty fine tip so we can come in and do a nice gentle careful application of those but that still doesn't help us truly in the longer depending on the size of the thing the question is then what do we do with it from there so the answer is pretty straightforward it's just a smaller synthetic brush now this is actually where I like a couple different types of budget brushes so something like a super small wedge tip like this is pretty nice or a triangle tip or anything like that because what you can do is you can come in and you can just kind of skate right down the edge there pull it out with that tip and then wipe okay come up underneath and you just tend to have a lot more control with something that's shaped like this okay you can see how we got that nice and smooth in there we can keep pulling it down same up here on this line we didn't get his collarbone so let me see if I can just instead of wiping we'll put some of that paint to good use right so we can bring out that collarbone just smooth it right down we want to get a little deeper darker color in between there we can do the same exact thing so maybe we'll take a little bit of our sepia or sienna mix it with a little bit of our red get a nice middle tone there something like that we can use a little edge brush and we just take that tip just drop it right down in there maybe we'll get a little bit here under the under the moves get some coloration some moob coloration then I bet you did not guess when you clicked on this video that you would hear the word moves like 40 times but yet here we are you know life is full surprises that's what I say then we just go to some white spirits with that make sure it's nice and clean again we can test see a little bit of still reflection there and we just blend together okay easy and of course the final thing you can do that is really nice with these is besides everything I've shown you so far which is working a bunch of different any kind of color you want into there like I could start putting blues over here to bring down the shadows on the shadow side or under his neck or something like that there's so many different options of what I could be doing we forgot to smooth the moob shadows you always smooth your moob shadows everybody knows that but beyond what you've seen me do so far the other thing you can do is take and make a wash so like let's take something like his feet his big ugly feet so obviously these have a lot of little texture in them stuff like that so we can always just take a whole host of white spirits you get a nice thin version of some of our colors here I'm just gonna work over I'll bring my palette on to view so you can see what I'm doing so here I've got we'll get rid of that reflection you can pre-make a whole bunch of this into a into a container or you can just kind of make it spot as you need it if you're gonna make if you're trying to wash a whole figure then I highly recommend that you you make something like in a cup like I've got my white spirits in mixes out like that in a little mixing cup or a ramekin or something of that nature you can test it beforehand so you can grab the back of our hand we can run it like that to see make sure it because it's using oil not water the capillary action will be a lot stronger and you can just wash that out we'll wash both of his we'll wash both of his big feet while we're down here get that area all near his toes he's got he's got a bunch of folds here on the back of his foot we'll grab those we can also take some of that let's up the red quotient on that just slightly again we can test yep looks great we can just hit his whole face now this is gonna be pretty strong and powerful you notice how but you'll see how it just runs down in the cracks now you're probably thinking yourself yes Vince yeah I get it man I've seen a wash before homie you're not you're not breaking new ground for me we have products for this why are you talking me about wash I've got washes they're sitting in a pot right over there beside me they're great hey I agree they are one of the tricks with normal washes unfortunately is that they dry they dry rather quickly and they can pool and they can cause ugly things to happen where they pool and build up interesting thing about interesting thing about washing with oils is that they don't suffer from said problem so instead with oils when we've got that so I went ahead and washed his hands all those little fingies so the interesting thing about oils is that because they take so very long to dry even in wash form which by the way washes will dry faster than big thick paint generally the thicker the oil paint the longer it takes to dry however we can go get ourselves these are little makeup wedges you can buy these in giant packs super cheap and they're perfect for this sort of thing we can just sort of we let that sit for a moment you really only need to let it sit for a minute or two and then you just take your makeup sponge and you just kind of you see how that remains in the low parts and smooths it out all the same time like magic we can do the same thing with his face and you can see how those recesses stay nice and shaded but the upper parts have no staining and it helps smooth it out the same thing with his hands the longer you let it sit before you wipe the deeper it will seep in and sort of the more of a strong effect it will have you can also come back if you've got little areas you want to touch up you can also always come back with your regular brush and you can kind of continue to smooth that out a little bit okay so there you go that's oil paint on flesh like I said it it'll just you'll feel like a wizard when you're working with it because it's especially great for big models like this that have a lot of flesh on them anytime you're painting a big monster or something larger scale this can just be an unbelievably powerful tool it can even work in 28 millimeter but you have to have a much finer control of your oils you want to sort of you often want to pre-mix them a little bit and and have a set of brushes you trust and know your way around because you need to work in a smaller space but on something of this size this is just fun incarnate you can just play around with this all day and again whenever you're whenever you don't like anything guess what you can always just grab a little white spirit strip it right off easy peasy so there you go that's using oil paints on mentors I hope you saw just how you can do this effect and make it work it's a lot of fun painting in this way and a little hair hanging from him it can be whether you're going thick and smoothing out in that standard subtractive method whether you're applying a bunch of different colors and then just bringing them all together as you saw me do multiple times or whether you're or whether you're just thinning it way down and creating a wash in all events it's a powerful powerful tool that because it has so very different properties to the acrylic paints we're used to is just unbelievably powerful now as some final thoughts here are just some answers to some questions how long does it generally take to dry well it varies and depends on the brand if you have something like an obtilung they dry a little faster they're a little more meant for for this kind of painting and so generally they'll be 24 hours ish maybe a little longer maybe a little shorter it depends a lot on thickness and how much you how you apply it for the wind and paints you want to give them one or two days to kind of set if you if you're planning on doing more work over it I will generally varnish over a layer but you can then do acrylic paints on top you don't have to but if you're just starting out I would recommend you do you can put acrylic paints over the top of this in a day or two without any issue they will be a little more slippery is the best way I would describe it like you'll have a little more give than you might be used to with your acrylics but as long as you've given it a little bit of time you can put acrylic straight over top without varnishing it's not going to be the end of the world that being said if I was you I'd wait a day or two varnish it out and then paint you probably make your life easier the do you need to you know use like specific kinds of white spirits will just your white spirits or paint thinner you have that are more commercial grade stuff will it work yes it will but it's going to be very very stinky so you know be aware of when you're indoors this is flammable stuff it's not great you want to make sure you're using all this stuff in a well ventilated area because you know it's kind of toxic don't lick your brushes ever when you're working with oil paints for the love of all things holy in the universe please do you should like as I said at the beginning importantly make sure you're using synthetic brushes not sable hairs or anything like that and basically go have fun mess around there's so much you can do with these you can go crazy with colors you if you've ever had trouble blending big flat surfaces like skin and you want to achieve something that looks wonderfully real and varied and interesting oil paints could be the way that you could find to do that it's so much fun to work with it can go well beyond this will do more oil paint videos in the future but I thought starting with flesh it's kind of one of the places where you can have the most fun so there you go I hope you enjoyed that very much if you did give it a like if there are more questions you have I didn't answer feel free to drop those down in the comments I realize this might be some new territory for a lot of folks whereas some folks this could be very old hat so please do just ask any questions you've got I will make sure to answer all of those I thank you very much for watching this one this is so much fun to do I've been looking forward to sharing this one for a long time because I just love painting flesh with oil paints and I wanted to share with all of you so give it a like subscribe traditional hobby cheating new videos here every Saturday but as always I thank you very much for watching this one and we'll see you next time


What's up everybody? Jason here for jaskiescasefrakes.com. We just sold out this impeccable random number block here guys that includes the T-Wolves, Knicks, Thunder, Cavs and Wizards. The only reason why I haven't zoomed out is because if you click into it you'll notice that Nick already put up the next one and the teams that changed. But again guys, this was for the Minnesota T-Wolves, the New York Knicks, the Oklahoma City Thunder, the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Washington Wizards, and Pikachu number one. And again guys, you do get a piece of all these teams for a fraction of the price. And again, we go by number, you get to randomize a number from 0-3-9, and we go by the first number on the left side of the serial number dash. If you match up with that, then you will get a hit from these teams. So good luck guys, here's a dice roller, here's a customer name, it's from Brian Downer-Peter, and of course 0-3-9 there for the numbers. Let's roll it and we got ourselves a 6 and a 5 for 11 times. Man, we're getting some long randomizers. 11 times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11. 11 times. Matthew, down to Matthew, right here, 11 times here now, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, zero, down to two, 11. So Matthew, you have zero any and all redemptions, Will with three, Matt with four, Brian with eight, Peter with six. Matthew, you have one, any one of ones would be yours. Followed nine, Joe with five, Will with seven, and Matthew with two. So again guys, now coming up next is the break itself. Appreciate it, good luck everybody. Jasperyskatesbreaks.com, and actually, sorry, I had told you guys, if you guys sold this out before one o'clock, I'd give away some break credit. So what I'm going to do here is that here's the customer names in this break, here's the customer names in the last break. I'm going to randomize both lists together. Top five get 50 bucks just for selling it out before one. So appreciate it guys. Let's roll it, and it is a full 12. We rolled a 10, an 11, and now we rolled a 12. All right, good luck. 12 times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, 12. So top five get 50 bucks each, and there you go. Matthew, Peter, Matthew, Felden, Matthew. I'll send you guys a 50 dollar break credit codes, and appreciate it guys just for selling that out. Jasperyskatesbreaks.com.


All right. Hello everyone and welcome to today's online workshop. Today's topic is making custom templates in the site editor. So custom templates is something that came out with the with a recent update to WordPress. I think it was end of last year and they the features have really improved compared to say a year ago when the templates first got introduced. So today I'm excited to show you what custom templates are and how you can use them on your site. So for those who don't know I'm Ben. I have been a WordPress user since 2014. So WordPress is turning 20 this year and I've been using WordPress for nine years. So I know about half the life of WordPress. So that's interesting. I am bilingual in English and Japanese. So I do these online workshops in both languages today will be English and actually did the same topic in Japanese last week and we found some had a really good time there. So I'm hoping we have a good time today as well. For those who are new to online workshops. I just wanted to explain what an online workshop is. This is a space where we learn together. So I've come here with a specific topic and I plan on sharing with you all but anybody is free to share information about this. So if you have questions drop them in the zoom chat. And if you know the answer to someone's question you are free to go ahead and answer that. These sessions are recorded and posted to WordPress dot TV afterwards. So people who couldn't attend this session can watch it also. And online workshops are hosted by people in the WordPress community who just want to give back to the community. So if you're interested in hosting online workshops like this one, let us know and we will show you how you can get involved as well. Alright, so let's start with a question. How familiar are you with editing templates in the site editor. So today we'll be looking at editing templates. How familiar are you with this so if today's the first time you'll ever be editing templates that would be a one.  So from one to 10 on that scale, where would you think you would fit. How familiar are you with editing templates in the site editor. All right, so we have, we have a six, seven, a 10. Oh, we have a 10 and eight of a 10. All right, so we have people with pretty good experience. And we also have a couple of ones. A couple of fives. Okay, so we have people from all different levels of experience here today. Not at all familiar one or two that's totally fine. Today's session is going to be centered around me demonstrating using custom template. So if I do something and you're like, Hey, wait, what did he just do. Feel free to pause me. Let us know like you can ask me, can you show me what you did there again, and I can explain it again. And hopefully even for those who have experience you might learn something new about custom template editing today we'll see. Okay. So today, let's see, oh, first of all briefly introduce the science editor.  Then we will be talking about editing template parts first off, and finally finishing off with creating custom templates. Creating custom templates is what that slide should say. There we go. So I don't have a lot of information in my slide specifically, but I will share the link in the zoom chat here so you can take that home with you. And have a look at those slides later on again if you want. Elisa says, I always recommend going back to the video and reviewing slower if it moves to path. That's a very good point. That's another reason why we record these sessions so you can always go back, see what I did again, play it at like half speed, so you can follow along also. I'll try not to go too fast. But there is a bit of content I want to get through today. So today I'm going to be working with a local WordPress installation, which means the WordPress is hosted on my computer, but this is the same as hosting your WordPress site on an external host. I'm using a software called local to do this. We'll be using WordPress 6.1.1, which is the most current version of WordPress. We'll be using the 2023 theme, which is the newest default thing that comes with WordPress. So you, you get to see the most new and snazzy features that come with WordPress. And finally, no additional plugins or code. Until recently, if you wanted to really edit your theme or the templates, you had to be, you had to have coding skills. So you would go in edit the theme file to make adjustments to your thing with templates with the custom templates we'll be looking at today. You really don't need any code at all to build out your own design on your site. So that's really exciting. And hopefully everybody else can see that excitement today also. So I wanted to show you this site right now. This is the end site. We're going to be working towards. So I've already made edits to this site to the custom templates and the custom template parts. And this is what we'll be working towards. And what I wanted to point out is you have a list of posts here. So this is just your normal blog page. But if I click on fireworks by the river. And if I click say happy new year here. They're both posts, they're both just normal blog posts, but the layout of the post page is totally different. So this fireworks one, you see just as one big featured image and a very simple photo. Where it's over here for the happy new year one, you have a featured image, you have a title, you have text. You have tags and categories. And then you have leave a reply. And then you have a more snazzy footer at the bottom here. And this is where I am using custom templates. So both of these are identical posts in the back end of WordPress. But when shown on the front end, because they have different custom templates applied, the layout of the post or the design is completely different. So today I'm going to show you how you can build custom templates and apply them to your different posts. So your different types of posts can show differently on your website. And this is what we're starting with. So over here, this is a basic 2023 theme installed on WordPress. I've gone and added a couple of posts here just so we have content to work with today. But these are all just normal posts. So let me open the fireworks by the river. So this is the 2023 design. You have a huge featured image at the top. Then you have title, text, tags, comments, et cetera, and a footer at the bottom. And you'll see the happy new year post is exactly the same as well. So at the moment, both these posts are just using the default template. And we're going to be changing this to use custom templates. Okay. So just a reminder to folks, the blog posts are displayed via the query loop. So yes, we'll be having a look at that in just a moment. All right, before we dive in, were there any questions that you think people want to clarify before we get started here? It doesn't look like it. I think we're all eager to jump in. So let's start. All right. So I just wanted to point out we're using a basic WordPress installation here. We're using the 2023 theme. There aren't any plugins. And yeah. So first off, when you want to edit the design of your site, you would go to appearance editor. And this opens this site editor. So when you want to edit the content of your site, you would edit your posts and pages. But when you want to edit the design of your site, you would go to appearance editor and edit the design through the site editor. So for those who are new to site editor, I just want to clarify the site editor is for editing the design of your site. Now, once you're in the site editor, if you click on the WordPress logo at the top left, you'll see we have three menu items here under editor. We have site, which is site editor where we are right now. We then have templates. And then we have template path. So if you click into templates, today's topic is custom templates. So this is where we'll be working from today. You'll notice we have a dozen or so templates here already. And these are provided by the 2023 theme. So depending on the thing you're using, you'll have a different number of templates already built into your site. And the 2023 theme comes with two, four, six, eight, nine templates. But recently with WordPress, they've added a new button at the top here. So you can add different templates to your site. And at the very bottom, we have custom templates. So this is what we'll be working with later. So your theme comes with a certain number of templates already. And you can add more templates to your site depending on your needs. So in the next menu, we also have template parts. I'll click here. Again, the number of template parts depends on what theme you're using. So the 2023 theme comes with four pre-built template parts. Template parts are like blogs used inside templates. So for example, we have here the footer and head up template parts. So multiple templates use the same header and the same footer. So rather than having to build out the same header in each template or the same footer in each template, what this theme has done is it's made a footer template part. And then it's added that same template parts into multiple templates. So if you want to edit the footer of your site and you want to edit all your templates at once, you can edit the footer template part. And then every template that uses that template part will get updated in one go. All right. So template parts are the building blogs for templates. So we have a question. Are the templates listed under add new defined by the theme or by WordPress core? So I presume you're talking about the list of these here. What you're seeing on my screen right now is determined by WordPress core. And then if your WordPress site has custom post types, we're not going to go into details about that. But if you have custom post types, then you'll be able to build templates for those custom post types as well. So these options will grow if your site has custom post type. So basically what you see right now should come with every WordPress site that has a blocked the installed. All right. Great. So let's go back to our site. All right. So at the moment the 2023 theme has this simple header. And if you look at the site we're trying to get to today, you'll see I've updated that header like this. So the way I did that was I edited the header template part so that the header changes to that new header on every single page and post on my site. So let's start with that today. So we're going to edit the header template part. Okay. Spencer asks, can you build loop items with the site editor? And the answer is yes. You can build things with the query loop block in the site editor as well. You can definitely do that. All right. So we're editing the header and I'm going to open the list view. This really helps me see what we're working with. But really, I'm just going to get rid of all this. This header is nothing like the header I'm trying to build here with a logo site title in the menu. So I'm just going to delete this entire group block. Then I'm going to make a new header and how I'm going to do that is I'm going to click on the plus. And I'm going to click on patterns. So the default WordPress installation comes with many different patterns you can use for your site. So for this one, I'm building a header. So I'm going to go to headers. I'm going to go through headers. There's this one here with a logo at the top, your site title here, and then a menu underneath it. This is exactly what I want. So I'm going to click on that. And that adds all these blocks into my header for me. Okay. So I open this again. And now if you look in the header group, you'll see I have a site logo, a site title, and a navigation. I'm going to click on the site logo. And by clicking on this blue circle here, I can add a site logo. So I've already uploaded some images onto my site. So I'm going to go ahead and choose a site and image there. And then if you want to edit how this logo appears, you can click on the cog wheel at the top right, the settings button. And this will give you the settings for this logo block. For example, I want to make this logo rounded. So I click on rounded. And then I also want to use this as my site icon. So if you look in my browser at the moment, the site I'm working with has the default WordPress logo, whereas my completed site over here has my site logo in the browser tab. And this setting is this right here. So when I set this logo block, if I have used a site content on, it will also change the site icon here. So let me save that and just make sure that does get applied. So I click on save. You can see that the image is rounded. And then let me just refresh the play page. And you'll see the site icon changed up here. So that was a setting inside this site logo block. Okay. Then next we have the site title block. So custom templates. We can just make the site title if we want today's practice site. And then a navigation menu. So this isn't the main focus for today. So I'm just going to quickly go through and create a navigation menu here. So basically what you would do is you would click plus, and then you can add different pages you already have on your site. So I think I have a contact page. So I can add that. I'll also add a sample page. So I'll add that. What other pages that I have on and home page. So the home page is a bit difficult because at the moment my home page shows my latest. It isn't actually a page. So I'm going to make a custom link here. So I've got the word home. Click on link. And I'm going to edit this to a simple slack. Just one slash. And by making it one slash this now links to the home page. And we'll have a look at that in a moment so you can see what I'm talking about. I do want to bring this here, which brings the home to the left. All right, so this is looking very similar to the heading I was hoping for over here. So let me go ahead and press save. All right. And so this is the site we're working on. This is what the header looks like right now. So I've just gone in and edited the header template part to look like this. Let's refresh this page and make sure the header is applied. And yes, it is. So just to review what I was doing right now was I was editing the header in template parts. And that header is used all over the site. So once I saved my changes, you can see the header changed on the main page. If I refresh a post, you can see the header changed on the post as well. So that header changed all across my site. And if you go back here to template parts, you'll notice now there's a small blue dot here. And this dot means this template part has been edited. So it's not the default template part that came with the thing. It's now being edited by me. And once there's a blue dot, you also have a new menu appeared right here. If you click on the three dots, there's an option to clear customization. So if you say want to remove all your customizations and go back to the default template part that came with the theme, you can click on this and clear all your customizations. There's just one warning I want to give. And that is once you click this, clear customizations, there's no confirmation message. Like usually there might be a message, are you sure you want to delete your customization? And then you click yes or no. But at the moment with WordPress, there's no confirmation message. So if you accidentally press this, there's no going back. All your customizations are live. So just be very careful when you clear your customizations. And because it can delete hours of work you've put into your custom templates. All right, let me pause there once and see what questions have come in in the chat. And if you have any other questions, feel free to ask those as well. So thank you to those who have already sort of chimed in and answered some of these questions. Can you create additional headers and photos instead of changing it? Yes, that's what we're going to do right after this. So just look forward to that. And you also ask, can you have more than one logo defined for the site? Waste answers, I think as soon as you change the site logo back, the image changes everywhere where the site logo block was added. Yes, so a site can only have one site logo. That's just the way WordPress is. You can only have one site logo on your site. Elisa says it'd be nice to have more than one logo, like without text or some areas. Yeah. So what you would want to do there probably is make different templates. So for this page, if you just want a simple logo, edit the template and rather than using the logo block, you could use an image block and put that other logo in your second logo in an image block inside the template. So it's not actually a logo of the site, but you could still apply it to different pages. That might be one way to go. Spencer says, can a logo use conditional logic? No, you can only have one logo on your WordPress site. Loris says one logo is good for SEO and accessibility. Okay, that's good to know. Roger. So the 2023 thing has no PHP anymore, but similar to how all the themes had the template files and template parts, like in the template hierarchy, will have HTML files defining at all. Is that a pretty general way of putting it? All right, so others who have experience with editing templates might be able to give you a better idea here. But now the way WordPress themes work, if my understanding is correct, themes are stored in what is called a theme.json file. So it's not HTML. Wes, do you know what the language is? Like the programming language or? It's not HTML. Blogs are sort of HTML.  Maybe somebody else with experience can answer this question. Loris says, yes, you can edit the theme.json file. They're written in JavaScript. Okay, that's the answer we want. So we just edited the header custom, sorry, the header template part. And there was a question before, do you have to edit the header and footer, or can you make a new footer? And the answer is yes, you can make a new footer. So if you have a look at our site at the moment, you'll notice the 2023 footer looks like this, but has the site title on the left and proudly powered by WordPress on the right. So if you look at my finalized site, you'll notice, let's see, for this post type, I've kept that same footer. So I'm still using that simple footer. But on the main homepage, I have a snazzy footer here with images and color and it's different. So on my site, I'm actually using two footers. Some templates use this big image for that and some templates still use that simple for that. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to keep this footer as the simple footer. And I'm going to make a new footer template part for my site. Okay, so we still look at template parts. If you click on add new, you have an option to create a general template part, which can be used anywhere in the page. You can build a header template part, or you can build a footer template part. So I'm going to build a new snazzy footer template part. So new footer with image. All right, that's the name. It's going to be a footer and I'm going to click create. So when I build the header, I clicked on patterns and I choose the pattern from here, which made building a header really easy. But sometimes what you're looking for isn't here. I mean, there are dozens of patterns you can use here, but sometimes there isn't something that is perfect. And so WordPress also has what is called a patterns directory. So let's see the link is WordPress dot org patterns. So I've dropped that into the zoom chat here. And here there are hundreds, if not thousands of patterns built by WordPress users like you are not. So we can build patterns in our sites and then submit that to WordPress dot org. And there's a there's a check before it's published just to make sure everything's appropriate. But these patterns you see here all designed by the community. So I mean, if you start looking through this, you could spend ages trying to find the perfect pattern. So I actually spent some time beforehand to find a pattern I liked. And I found this pattern here. When you find a pattern you like, there's a add to favorites button you can press. So whenever you come back to the patterns directory, you can click on favorites. And you can find all the patterns you saved as a favorite here. So this is the pattern I want to use. Now the way to bring a pattern from the pattern directory into your site is very simple. At the top, you have a copy pattern button. You press that. And you come back to your site. And here you'll see where we're inside the paragraph block right now inside the paragraph paragraph block. You right click, click paste. And then that pattern from the pattern directory is brought into your site. Now at the moment you can see the image is sort of cut off, but that will fix if we just refresh the page. Let me refresh the page. All right. So you can see that pattern we found on the pattern directory is brought in to my site. We can open this up and see what all the blocks used here are. And then all I have to do is change the images and text to the image and text I want. So I click on the image. I click on replace. And then from my media library, I can change that to my own image. As everybody here knows, that isn't really me. That's just an image I found somewhere online. But you can also change the size in the block settings here. So 200 pixels looks good. And then I'll add here. Let's see. This is not an image of then. And then also the cover block in the background here, I wanted to change that to my own image. So again, I click on the image and click on replace or for media library. Change that to the image I want. And there you have it. That's my new footer. So I'll click save. You can always see the name of the template part you're working on here. So this shows I'm editing the new footer with image template part. So let's go back. Let's go to template parts. And you'll see now we have a fifth template part. And this wasn't didn't come with the theme. It was created by B sun Evans. That's my WordPress login username. And you can see new footer with image. So we now have two footer template parts on our site. Now, the thing to remember is though, I've come back to my site. And even if I refresh my site, the footer hasn't changed yet. And that's because we now have to replace the standard footer with this footer in the custom templates. So the home page. So now now that we've made all our template parts, we'll go into template. So the home page is using the whole template. So we open that up. And you can see here that's the home page. We click on blocks. You'll see the home page is built from a header. So the group block, which has a query loop inside. So there's a question before, can you lose the query loop in the site editor? Yes, you can do that. And then we have the footer at the bottom here. Now, the footer, I want to change that for that new for the template part I built. So I'm just going to remove the footer altogether. And I'm going to add a new block after the group block or at the bottom of the page here. And I'm going to click on the plus. I'm going to go to blocks. And then I'm going to search for the name I gave my template part. So I think I called it new. There we go new footer with image. So you can see here that custom template part I built is listed along with all the other blocks on my site. So I'm going to click on new footer with image. And that brings that new template part into my home page for me. So now if I click on save, save. And I come back to this and if I refresh the page, you will now see that new footer on the page here. All right. So let's see. On the bottom of the post, we want to change the footer on the post as well. So the way to do that is we've come back to our file editor. We click on the logo. We go to templates posts by default. Use the single template. So just keep in mind the word single this connects to the posts on your site. So we open single. And we have a look in the list view. And again, you see it's using the default footer at the bottom. So we'll remove the footer. And we'll add the new new footer with image template part custom template part at the bottom here and click save. Now if I come back to my post and refresh, you'll see the footer has changed to that new footer with an image. Okay, so what we did right now was we built a new custom template part. And then we applied that new custom template part inside the home template and the simple template so that the new template part is applied to the site. All right, let me pause there and see what questions have come in on the Zoom chat. So Roger and Laura and where's it seems you've continued the conversation about the files so thank you for doing that. And there was no error message that out text is missing alternate text is missing. Is that related to the conversation is that a new question. I think it was just a comment about when you added the image. There was no error message. Oh, okay. All right. So let me go to Drake's question first tracks is if you have not searched for the new footer block template part, would it appear under the themes blocks within the add block menu. Let's let's quickly check that. So, before I show everyone I clicked on blocks and then I searched for my new footer with the image. But if we didn't search for it. Where would that block appear. And my site has frozen. That's not a good sign. Let's. Okay, let me let me just close that once. Let me open the dashboard and see if we can get back to it. So we're working in the site editor, which is here. It looks okay. All right. So, if we wanted to add. Let's see. So blocks, the new footer with image block appears here. So it is under the theme blocks. You'll see template part header footer new footer with image. Yep. Great. So that answers your question. Lisa, you say your footer has white space below it. Can we remove that so you are talking about this space here. And yes, I believe you can. So, let's see. Yeah, let me just say, yes, you can. And you do it with the dimension, what's it called cold, cold dimension, the dimension sitting of the block. So, you'll have to figure out what block the dimensions are actually on it could be the cover block it could be a group blog it could. You have to figure out which one it is. And so I usually look at the code of this page to figure out where this gap is coming from. But by editing the dimensions here, you should be able to edit this white gap that that looks like it might be it. So what's that dimensions padding bottom. What happens if I click that looks like a block gap. I'm not making any promises. I'm not the one block gap. I'm here being if you. Yeah. If you click on the three vertical dots, and you can try margin. See if margin. Yeah, and then say margin bottom. Yeah, it doesn't seem like the space is coming from the. Yeah, so it's not that. Yeah, it's. Yeah, what's that. It's the themes block gap. All right. Yeah, so it's on the entire content of the page. So that one it does look like you might have to go into the theme file and edit it. I assume you can just use some CSS if you know how to do it. Yes, CSS would probably work too. Yeah. Yep. All right, so you need to go into theme Jason. That's something you can edit with the site editor yet. Hopefully in a update sometime we will be able to edit that. But anyway, okay, so we've made we've edited template parts we've edited and we've made a new custom template part. And finally, we want to make a custom template for this image. So once again, not this image this post. Once again, if we come to the fireworks, you'll see this post all it shows is the featured image and a simple for time. So this is. So, for example, on my blog, I have a few different topics of posts. I have normal posts which is text and updates about my life. And then I also have photo posts I post so they just photos and just like an image from the week or the day or the month. And so for those posts, I don't need text and sometimes I might not even need a heading. I just need a simple clean post layout that shows my post for my image for me. So that's the idea I'm going with him. Most of my posts would have this normal post format with the title and text and comments and all what have you. And but I want a custom template for my photo posts. So that's what we're going to make. So to make a custom template, we come to templates, we click on add new, and we click on custom template so we can add a new custom template to our site. And I'm going to call this my photo. Photo posts. So these are, this is going to be a custom template for my photo posts. Excuse me. All right. So the post, I'm going to leave the header there. But I'm going to delete all the other content and I just want the featured image shown and the simple portal. So once again, I'll open the list view. I'm going to get rid of all the other content on this on the post. So I'm going to get rid of group. I'm also going to get rid of. Okay, I'm going to keep this simple for that. I'm going to keep the simple for that. And then what I want to add between these two is just the featured image of a post. So I'm going to insert after going to click on plus blocks. And if you go featured image post featured image. All right, and you see there's a square here with a slash through it. Now, this is correct. This is exactly what I want. What we're editing right now is not a specific post or page we're editing a template. Now at the beginning of the session, I said templates or the site editor is where you edit the design of your site, not the content. So because we're editing a template. There's no image to show here right now. But what this square means is whenever this template is applied to a post. The featured image of that post will show here. And that's exactly what I want. I want the featured image of that post to show up here. So I'm going to go click save. We'll come back to templates and you'll see now I've added a new template to my list of templates called the photo posts template. Now once again, even if I refresh refresh this post it's going to look exactly the same. And that's because I have to now apply the template to this post. So the template is made. And now I want to apply the template to this post. How do I do that? So I go back to the dashboard. I go to my list of posts. And you see here we're working with the fireworks by the river post. If you click on quick edit. At the top right here you'll see template. At the moment it's using the default template. But if you click that you'll see my photo post template I just created is in the list here. So I click on photo post. I click update. And now when I go to my fire when I go to my fireworks by the river post and I refresh the post, you'll notice there's a header is the featured image and a simple footer. So I built a custom template. Then I applied the custom template to my post. And that's how I got the layout to change here. There are other ways to apply a template as well. So for example, let's see. Happy new year. We want to keep like that. For example, I want to apply the same template to fireworks. So that still has comments and everything. What I can do. There we go is before we did quick edit. If you're editing the post. You can find templates right here. So right under the post settings, you'll say template and single so once again single is the default template for posts. So you click on that. And we can change the template to follow posts from here as well. Click update. Come to fireworks. Let's refresh the post. And you'll notice it's just a featured image with a simple footer. So if you're making a brand new post and you click on new, you can go ahead and apply whatever custom template you want right here from the post settings. So if you make a new post, just as soon as you make the post change the post template here to whatever you want to use. Right. Let me pause there and see what questions and comments have come in. Let's see, gone where to set responsive breakpoints. If you group the blocks you can change the block gap. I'm unsure maybe additional CSS. Depends on the blog that featured image block in the example. Okay. So we have a few questions about resizing the image here and I do want to get to that so. For example, if you look at the fireworks here, you'll see the featured image blog by default feels the entire week of the post, which I guess is okay sometimes. And but if you look over here, that's not what I have on this post. So I actually have gaps on the right of the post. So how did I achieve that. Let me show you. So let's go back to appearance. Edit time. Let's go to a list of templates. And we're editing the photo posts block. Okay. So if you click on the photo, the post featured image block. You'll notice there are settings here to change the width of the image. A lot of blocks have a setting there, but the featured image block does it. What I went over to the block settings, clicked on dimensions, and I added a margin to this block. So you click on margin. At the moment, this setting will just add margins and all four sides. I just want to add it to the left and the right. And then you can use this slider here to add margins. I prefer to add my own numbers. So, for example, I could go 150 on the right. And then on the left, I could do 150 as well. Oops. There we go. So 150 pixels on both the left and the right. We update that. Let's come back to the fireworks post. Refresh the page. You'll notice we now have a margin on the left and right. But we're not quite done yet here. So I think it was done. Where to set responsive break points. So I believe the question you're asking is you're thinking about desktop and mobile. So you want to make this post look good on desktop and mobile. And this post looks okay on desktop. But if I switch it to a mobile view like this and then like that, you'll notice 150 pixels on the left and right on mobile view makes the image tiny. So that isn't exactly what we're after here. So let me come back to the template. At the moment, we set pixels. But what I often use is if you click on this, you can actually change this to a different. Metric and I'm like VW that's view port with. And so that means. So the number I said here is a percentage against the view port with the. It looks at the screen with the current with of the screen. The site is shown on and I can choose what percentage of that. To make margins. So for example. Let's let's make that what 20% 15 15%. And the left. I'll also make that view port with. Make it 15%. So what this says is regardless of how wide on narrow the screen is. 15% on each side margins. Let me save that. Let's go back to desktop view. So let me refresh the post. All right. So you see here we have pretty much the same type of margins on the left and right. And then if you go to inspect. And mobile. You can see it calculates the narrow width of the mobile screen. And keeps 15% of that with as margins. So I haven't actually set break points on like you're asking, but by using the view port with metric. I can set. In a sense responsive margins and paddings. To my block. So I hope that answers your question. And maybe it was something new for some people as well. Let me pause and catch up on the chat again. Let's see. So we have a lot of it's really good to see the communication going. They're like, I'm not even part of it. People are answering each other's questions. That's really great to see. Is there something I should probably catch up on ways? Is there a question that hasn't been answered yet? So yeah, there was one question. I'm kind of responding to that now as well about. Adding. More images to your template. Images, yep. I've just answered it's a team. I think you can get to that question. I think I. Okay. Sure. Yeah, yeah. Yep. Let's see. Can you make multiple photo on? Yeah. We said you can only have one featured image for post. And that that's how WordPress works. Like you can only have one logo for a site. You can only have one featured image for a post. But. You could add. More photos to the post content. At the moment, so we're looking at the photo posts. And template at the moment. At the moment this template only pulls in the posts featured image. However. If you click on insert after. Click on plus. Blocks. If you come down to. If you come down to. If you come down to. If you come down to. If you come down to. If you come down to. If you come down to the theme section. There are other. Blocks you can add to this template. For example. There's a post content block. So. If I add this block. Whatever content is in the post. We'll also show up. On this post. So. If you come down to. Here we go. Theme. So photo posts. At the moment we now have post. Featured image and post content. So once I've added this. If you go into the actual post. And add image blocks in the post content. Those images would also show up. On the post. For example. So. Let's see if fireworks at the moment. We haven't added any other images to the post. So it's not showing up right now. But if I go to posts. Fireworks by the river. And for example. If I add. We also add that image. Add. Another image update. I come back to the fireworks. Then you'll see these images show up here as well. Now. It's all leaning to left at the moment so you can edit that again in your custom template by adding margins and paddings or moving things to the center, et cetera. But that would be how you would add multiple posts and sorry, multiple images. To your post. I hope that answers your question. So then there was also a question from Bob. About. If you can scroll up a bit. About CSS. So you can actually get into your customizer to add. CSS. But if you just want to have a look at that question as well. Okay. Yep. I see that. 2023 doesn't have any dot CSS file. Since it does all the CSS and driver script. I needed to add some custom sound styling. So I created a child being with the style of CSS file. This worked fine. But other than being old school. I don't have any downside to this approach. I'm. Yeah. So what Wes was talking about is. Although right now you can't get to custom CSS from. The menu here. There is a direct link that gets you there. So. Yeah. You just said customize. It's customized. Not customized. All right. So let me let me just let me just do that again. So I can explain what I was doing. So I'm in the dashboard here. And in your dashboard, the ending is probably index dot PHP. So by changing the word index. To customize. You can still get to the traditional customizer. And then here. You'll see additional CSS. So. You can add CSS directly here. The concept at the moment is we want to move away from the customizer and we want to be able to add. CSS to. Well, not CSS, but we want to be able to do all design. I'm editing in the block editor. So the customizer is like a stop gap. It's like a stop gap between now and that future where everything can be done in the block editor. But that would be simpler than making a child. What you did isn't wrong. But this is a bit simpler. You can add the CSS directly to your thing. All right. We are coming to the end of the hour. So. Let me just quickly see if there were any other questions. Can these photos rotate. In the same position. Can photos rotate. I was at this one. Does that let you rotate? Here we go. Yeah. Okay. So. Who was the question from? Inside the image blog. So this isn't related to templates or anything. This is just when editing an image blog. So you can click on this crop. Simple here. And then there's a rotate button here. So. You can rotate the image. It's. None of your grades, but you can rotate images like that. All right. Robin.  And because the same logo is applied to all areas of your site. Um, Dan, you say you very much like being able to edit everything in the block editor. Great. Because that's where WordPress is going. Um, so. I'm enjoying the block editor as well. I'm not a super duper programmer. Like I know a bit of HTML and CSS, but being able to really. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Especially with templates now, I can make my own templates. This has really. Given people non programmers, the ability to change their site design the way they want. Um, All right. So we're at the top of the hour. Thank you everyone for joining. Um, Did I have any final slides here? I wanted to share. Um, That's it. Yeah. Thank you for attending. Um, Thank you. Thank you. Um, The learn WordPress team is trying to understand what everybody wants to learn. So if you haven't answered this survey yet. The cutoff date is going to be. February next month. So we only have a few weeks left. Um, If you could answer that survey, that would really help us. Um, But otherwise that's all I had prepared today. Thank you everyone for the great interaction over great questions. Um, Thank you so much for joining us today. Thank you so much. And I hope you have a good evening or good morning, depending on wherever you are. Bye. Thank you, Bing. Thanks everyone. Thank you.


The military veterans in Eqiti State have appealed to President Mohamed Abu Hariti to save them from hunger and poverty. The veterans said some of their colleagues who fought in the Nigerian Civil War between 1967 and 1970 served for about 10 years and above were still unpaid. According to a statement signed by their Secretary in Eqiti State, Bello Oseni, the situation is terrible, as some of their men are sick and cannot afford to feed themselves. The veterans urged the National Assembly, state governors and President Buhari to have mercy on them and ensure that their monthly pension arrears are paid without further.


We got to this spot and that's when fire crusted this ridge to the west of us. We could hear the roar and then it seemed like that black smoke just burst into flames and we had a wall of flames as high as we could see into the air and just pretty much just filled your vision. It was coming fast enough that we didn't feel that we could outrun it and that if we delayed any further that we were at risk of not being able to get into our shelters. You know I yelled get your shelters out and they pulled their shelters out of their packs and they had them in their hands and they had taken them out of the plastic bags and they were running with them in their hands. We knew that that fire was going to be on us in seconds. Crew representative Dave Latour and 10 members of the Perryville State Corrections crew were entrapped on the dude fire near Payson, Arizona in June 1990. Dave and four others survived the entrapment. Six of his coworkers perished in the fire. Survivors of fire entrapments and results from research studies can teach us a great deal about the best way to use fire shelters. By learning and practicing the technique shown in this video you can increase the chances that if you are entrapped in a fire you'll react quickly and appropriately and will give yourself the best chance of survival. The fire shelter is required for all federal wildland firefighters. It has saved over 250 lives and has prevented hundreds of serious burn injuries since it became mandatory equipment in the 1970s. Knowing how the shelter protects and understanding its limitations can help you make better decisions if you ever need to use a shelter in an entrapment. First let's review the two most important types of heat a fire shelter might encounter. Radiant heat travels through space without heating the space itself. It turns into heat when it contacts a cooler surface. When you walk out into the sun the sun's radiant heat warms your skin and when you stand near a campfire you feel radiant heat from the flames. Convective heat requires air movement. Think of it as a blast of hot air. When flames or hot gases move past a surface the hot air molecules transfer their heat to that surface. Hotter air and faster air movement lead to greater convective heating. The fire shelter traps breathable air and reflects radiant heat. Its shape allows you to lie face down on the ground. This protects the underside of your body and allows you to breathe the cooler air that is adjacent to the ground. The shelter is made of aluminum foil laminated to fiberglass cloth. The foil reflects about 95% of the radiant heat that reaches it. Only 5% is absorbed into the shelter material. So when the shelter is exposed only to radiant heat temperatures inside the shelter rise slowly. But convective heat is rapidly absorbed into the shelter material. Flame contact can quickly raise the temperature of the material to critical levels. If the temperature of the material reaches 500 degrees Fahrenheit the glue that bonds the foil and fiberglass starts to break down. The layers can then separate allowing the foil to be blown out of place or torn by turbulent winds. At about 1200 degrees Fahrenheit the foil itself begins to melt. Without the foil the shelter loses most of its protective value. The fiberglass layer alone offers virtually no protection from radiant heat. The shelters seen here were intentionally exposed to extreme conditions. Temperatures at the shelters exceeded 1300 degrees Fahrenheit and flame contact was severe. The fire shelter is not designed to be used under such conditions. These pictures are shown only to illustrate the shelters limits of protection. The right side of my shelter delaminated and the foil flipped over onto the left side. I could look through the glass mesh and see the outside, see all the fire.  And a wind blew the shelter half back onto the other side back to where it belonged.  The radiant heat difference with just that little piece of foil made was absolutely amazing. If the glue in the material breaks down the shelter may begin to fill with smoke and flammable gases. These gases can ignite and burn especially if flames enter the shelter from the outside. Keep the shelter away from flames. Curtis Heaton of the Prescott Hot Shots survived an entrapment with two other crew members on the Mackenzie fire in June 1994. They deployed their shelters in a rock outcropping surrounded by tall brush. They recognized the importance of keeping their shelters out of the flames. It was chaparral over our heads, you know, it was just unacceptable. There was no way a shelter would have performed. It would have been a direct flame impingement for several minutes and I don't believe they would have worked. The fire shelter is a last resort. If entrapment seems likely try first to escape. You should always know the location of your safety zones and escape routes. Right below the safety zone, our safety zone, the hard black. Remember in a true safety zone you don't need a shelter to protect you from heat and smoke. Carrying a fire shelter should never be considered an alternative to safe fire fighting. If you are considering or are asked to take on a risky assignment because you have a fire shelter it is your obligation to insist that the plans be changed. Your highest priority in an entrapment is to protect your lungs and airways. Most firefighters who perish in fires die from heat damaged airways, not external burns. One breath of hot gases can damage your lungs and lead to suffocation. If entrapment is imminent you must quickly decide if you have time to escape. You will have to recognize when deployment of your shelter is your only option. Watch for deployment areas as you move. If you can't reach a safety zone don't pass through an effective deployment area only to get caught in a more hazardous area. If you are supervising others give clear instructions and make sure they're understood. Time is critical during escape. As soon as you realize your escape may be compromised drop your gear. Take your fire shelter with you, keep your tool if there is a chance you may need it to clear a deployment site. Drop packs, chainsaws, anything that may slow you down. Most dangerous firefighters have died carrying their gear while trying to escape a fire. Some might have escaped if they had dropped the extra weight. You can move up to 30% faster without your gear. This can easily mean the difference between life and death in an escape situation. Dropping your pack helps ensure that fuses and other dangerous items are not taken into the fire shelter. The fuses are the most dangerous items you carry. They ignite at 375 degrees Fahrenheit, a temperature common in escape conditions. Fusees burn initially at 3000 degrees Fahrenheit. This can quickly be fatal to a person inside a shelter. Shedding your pack can also make it easier to deploy your shelter. Trials have shown that shelters can snag on field packs during deployment especially in windy conditions. If you have a face and neck shroud use it but remember it won't protect your airways from hot gases. Practice evaluating deployment sites so that you can recognize them quickly under stress. Identify effective sites whenever you are on the fire line so you know where they are before you need one. Choose sites where flames and radiant heat are minimized. Let's rate some potential deployment sites. This is a chimney.  Saddles also funnel heat. They are also dangerous places to deploy. A wide stream bed like this can work. But narrow ones like this can funnel hot gases. A road crossing a slope can be effective because the flames rise upwards from the slope and tend to miss the road itself. Don't deploy in the middle of the road if there is a possibility that vehicles may be passing. The best place on this road would be in the ditch on the uphill side as long as there are no fuels there that could ignite and damage the shelter. This rock slide is good but you must stay away from any brush or small trees growing inside it. One firefighter was injured when he deployed in a rock slide next to small trees like these. The trees ignited and burned his shelter even though they were over one hundred feet from the main flame front. Short sparse grass like this can work because flames would be of low intensity and would pass quickly. But taller grass like this can produce large flames and can quickly damage a shelter. Any concentration of fuel should be avoided whether it's a pile of slash or a collection of firefighter packs or supplies. Thick timber like this or brush like this should be avoided since flame contact is likely in these areas. Objects such as large rocks, dozers or even structures can act as barriers to heat. But if the objects themselves ignite you may end up having to move. Testing shows that flames can funnel underneath vehicles that are in their path. Don't deploy under your vehicle. Don't deploy in an area where rocks or logs could roll on you or snags could fall on you. A bench or a wide ridgetop like this are recommended because the flames and hot gases tend to rise above them. Fire intensity usually drops when fire reaches a ridge. But be alert for the possibility of the fire spotting and running up the lee side of the ridge. A large natural or man-made opening can be a good deployment site depending on its size and the behavior of the fire. Burned out areas work well too as long as they are truly black. If an area can reburn it may not serve well as a deployment site. The area must be cool. Areas with light fuels can cool within minutes after burning while areas of heavier fuels can remain hot for hours. Your fire shelter must be immediately accessible. Carry it in a fire shelter case positioned either vertically at your side or horizontally under your pack. It may also be carried in the horizontal fire shelter pouch that is a feature on some field packs or in a chest harness preferred by some operators of engines and heavy equipment. Never carry your fire shelter inside the main body of your field pack. If you are with your crew your supervisor will tell you when and where to deploy your fire shelter. If you are not with a crew you must rely on your own judgment. After removing your shelter from its case throw your pack in any flammable objects such as fuses or gasoline far from the deployment area. Don't throw them near others who are deploying their shelters. Pull one of the ring tabs down to the bottom of the plastic case and up the other side. To avoid breaking the ring pull the strip down like a zipper not out like a grenade pin. Be aware that heat from the fire can soften the plastic and make it difficult to open the bag. Pull the two halves apart and remove the shelter from the plastic. Shake out the shelter but hold on tight to avoid losing the shelter in high winds. Place your shelter so your feet are toward the oncoming flames. Testing has shown that the hottest part of the shelter will be the end facing the advancing fire. Keep your head and airway away from these high temperatures. Make sure the hold down straps are underneath you when you lie prone. The fire shelter must be held down on the ground before the fire arrives. When you're on the ground push out the top and sides of the shelter so its volume is as large as possible. Even a small layer of air offers excellent insulation. Don't roll up in the shelter as this can lead to more serious burns. Newer fire shelters have fold out floor panels. Once you are on the ground pull out the floor panels if you have them and tuck them under your body. Keep your nose and mouth on the ground. Temperatures just a few inches off the ground are dramatically higher than those at the surface. Wear gloves inside the shelter. Without them you may burn your hands and be unable to hold down the shelter. Wear your hard hat to protect your head from burns and if you use a face and neck shroud pull it down into place. If you have a radio keep it with you in the shelter so you can communicate during and after the entrapment. Always drink plenty of fluids whenever you're fighting fire. Your body can cope with high temperatures much more effectively if you are well hydrated. Do not wet your clothing or bandana. Wet clothing conducts heat to the skin much faster than dry clothing making burns more likely. It also increases humidity. Moisture causes more damage to airways than dry air at the same temperature. The best way to use your water is to drink it. If you have time clear an area at least four feet by eight feet down to mineral soil. This reduces flame contact with the shelter. If you are being overtaken by extreme heat or flames get flat on the ground. Death is almost certain if you get caught standing or kneeling in a flame front.  The shelter is designed for one person. Sharing greatly increases your risk of injury. If you are forced to share both persons should have their heads at the end of the shelter opposite the oncoming fire. If you are entrapped with a group deploy your shelters close together. Adjacent shelters can provide added protection from radiant heat and being close together can improve communications between individuals. They were cheering each other on and cheering each other up and saying you know again we are Perryville we are tough we are going to make it we are going to come through this. And that instantly changed when the front hit us. The winds were probably in excess of 70 miles per hour. The sense of power that you had around here that energy release that we had around us was just absolutely incredible. Once you are in your shelter you must focus on two things. You must commit to staying on the ground in the shelter no matter what.  No matter how bad it gets inside the shelter it will be much worse outside. If you panic and leave the shelter one breath of hot gases can lead to suffocation and death. I think for a period of probably three to five minutes I was absolutely sure that was it that I was going to die in this. That I would not survive this. There was no question in my mind at that point it was just a matter of when. And I remember thinking very clearly at that point that you know should I just ride this out and make this last maybe an hour or whatever time it takes for me to die from this. Or should I maybe just push this shelter off stand up take a deep breath and get this over with. And at that point I started to think about my family I had my wife and I have two daughters. And I remember thinking I need to do everything that I possibly can to go home and see them. And so that really is what kept me in the shelter. The entrapment experience can be extremely frightening and can induce panic. You must force yourself to maintain control to keep your face against the ground and to stay under your fire shelter. To keep yourself calm concentrate on your family or friends are on a religious symbol that is meaningful to you. Some people find that using a repetitive chant or phrase can help them stay in control to help calm others talk back and forth by shouting or by radio. But do not leave your shelter even if someone does not respond to your shouts. It was extremely painful.  I know that you're being burned to the point that you'd never be able to use those limbs again. When in fact they were deep 30 degree burns but I ended up being able to fully recover from that. I think it's very important for people to know what that experience might be for them. That they might believe that they're going to die. That they might believe that they're being burned to death. When in fact you'll probably survive well beyond that but their greatest hope is staying inside that shelter and protecting themselves. No matter what they hear, no matter what they see or feel that they have to make just an absolute commitment to staying with that shelter if they want to go home. You should stay in your shelter until the flame front has passed and temperatures have cooled significantly. Entrapment times have ranged from 15 to 90 minutes in length depending on the fuel type. Many entrapment survivors have spoken of being hit by more than one flame front so use extreme caution. Firefighters have died when they came out of their shelters too soon. Seconds are critical in an entrapment situation. Repeated hands-on training is vital to ensure speedy deployments and proper reactions in emergency situations. It can take an untrained person several minutes to deploy a shelter. Practice should reduce this to 20 seconds or less. It was obvious that they had done it before and that they were comfortable with that task and it seemed to sort of calm everybody down. That here was this thing that they could do, that they knew how to do and so they just went through the motions, got the shelters out, unfolded them, stepped into them, laid down on the ground. Firefighters who have been through an entrapment have reported a calming effect of doing something they are trained to do. Having a familiar task can help firefighters avoid panic and can aid them in deploying their shelters effectively. Each year every firefighter should do repeated fire shelter drills. Drill until each step from dropping your gear to deploying your shelter can be done automatically. Practice fire shelters are made from blue plastic and can be reused many times. Always train wearing gloves, a hard hat and if you have one, a face and neck shroud. Practice deploying your shelter under each of the following five scenarios. Practice a standard deployment first clearing a four by eight foot sight to mineral soil.  If you can catch them when they're tired, catch them when they're off guard, it may be more similar to what it's like in the real world. Alright, deployment drill! Practice dropping your gear and removing your shelter while escaping. Practice deploying the fire shelter in a strong wind. Winds are common in entrapment situations. Some people find it easier to deploy from the ground in a wind. But try a variety of deployment techniques to find one that works best for you. Learn to take advantage of the wind to help you open and deploy the shelter. But make sure when you are done that your feet are toward the oncoming flames. Some crews have found it useful to practice using one or more strong fans, such as the positive ventilation fans used by structural fire departments. While lying in your shelter, picture yourself in an entrapment situation. Imagine the noise, heat and fear. Some firefighters have suffered from claustrophobia well in the shelters. Spend enough time under your shelter to find out if you're claustrophobic. If you are, gradually increase the time you spend inside the shelter to help you adapt. I think under these situations when things start to go downhill, you start to respond to them in a way that conditioning or training that we've had and purely on that instinct that you've developed, like tying your shoes. You don't even look down anymore, you just do it. Never mix practice and real fire shelter components. This could lead to someone carrying a practice shelter onto the fire line by mistake. Never train in live fire. This is extremely dangerous and risks firefighters' lives. The demonstrations you've seen in this video have all been simulations. Wear and tear on a fire shelter can reduce its ability to protect. Taking care of it is simple. Always keep the shelter in its white hard plastic liner. Avoid rough handling. Don't lean against objects when wearing the shelter or use the shelter as a pillow. Don't load heavy objects on top of the shelter and keep the shelter away from sharp objects that can puncture it. Be sure to inspect your fire shelter when you receive it and every two weeks during the fire season. Inspect the vinyl bag to ensure that the quick opening strip is unbroken and the two red pull rings are intact. If broken, remove the shelter from service. Look through the vinyl bag for signs of abrasion. Do not open the vinyl bag. Remove the shelter from service if you see extensive edge abrasion. If aluminum particles have turned the clear vinyl bag dark gray or black or if there is debris in the bottom of the bag. Remove shelters from service if you find tears along the folded edges of the shelter. Cracks and pinholes are common. They do not impair the shelter's ability to reflect away radiant heat. In closing, let's review the key points. Carrying a fire shelter is not an excuse to take greater risks on the fire line. As soon as you realize your escape may be compromised, drop your gear. Take your fire shelter and your tool, but drop all dangerous flammable objects and drop any items that may slow your escape.   Conditions outside the shelter will be far worse than those inside. And train with your shelter as if your life depends on it. As a firefighter, your highest priority is to stay out of situations that can lead to entrapment. The fire shelter is a last resort, but if you should ever have to use your shelter, use it with confidence. The shelter has a proven track record of saving lives. You never know if that helicopter is not going to be able to make it to that heli spot. If your engines go to get a flat tire, if the trail you're walking out is not the right trail, and you find yourself in the wrong place at the wrong time. Communication's not there and somebody's firing off the wrong piece of line and you're in the wrong place. You can be the best firefighter in the world. And maybe something will happen to where you have to use the shelter. And that's why I'm here to talk about it, hoping that if it comes down to that then people know how to survive with it.