So, welcome to the course theory of atomic collisions and spectroscopy and again the subject is vast. So, we will only be touching select topics. The first unit will be on quantum theory of collisions and we will begin with a little bit of review of collision dynamics. Much of it you would have learnt in your earlier courses in quantum mechanics or atomic physics. So, this will be a very quick review of some of those things, a reminder for you to recapitulate on some of the essential results. And this unit will be based on the first four chapters from the book quantum theory of collisions by Charles Joshain, which is really a very nice book and I will refer to the first four chapters of this book for unit 1 and then of course, as the course progresses for other units I will give you different source material. Now, collisions and spectroscopy we will learn that they are aspects of the same phenomenon as such depends on how you look at it, but before I get into those details let me consider a collision process. So, you have got a certain target and you want to study the target properties. So, you need a probe and you bombard this target by a certain projectile. So, you have a mono energetic beam incident beam of projectiles. So, you have got the collimator and all these arrangements. So, this is just a schematic diagram and then the scattered particles you detect in a detector and then from your observations you try to seek information about the target that is the object of this experiment and quantum theory would simulate this process and provide us with a rigorous mathematical description of this process, which will help us analyze the results of the scattering experiment. Now, there can be different kinds of results from this experiment. One is that if the projectile is what you call as A and the target as B, then the two together will remain the same as they were before the experiment. So, this will be elastic scattering there will be some kinetic energy transfer from one to the other momentum transfer from one to the other, but this internal state of A and B will not change in this. So, this is elastic scattering. You may also have some conversion from the kinetic energy to internal energy and you may get as a result of this collision one of the atoms in an excited state or both the atoms in the excited state. So, this could also happen and this would be in elastic scattering. Then you can also have reactive scattering, if A and B are composite objects, if A is not an elementary particle, then it could fragment as a result of this scattering and you may get a completely new species. In fact, you may get more than two resulting species. So, C and D are just symbolic, but the suggestion here is that the result of this scattering gives you species, which are different from what you started out with. So, you can have reactive scattering, which involves rearrangement when the colliding particles, the target and the projectiles. If they are composite particles, they are not elementary particles. If they are elementary particles, of course, they have nothing to fragment into, but if they are composite particles, then they could rearrange and you have reactive scattering. Now, there are these various possibilities in which this system can decay after the collision takes place. So, when the collision takes place, you get a complex. At that complex is the sum total of the two reactive species and how it decays? Does it decay according to an elastic channel or in elastic channel or reactive scattering? So, there can be number of decay modes and each of these is a channel. Reactive scattering again can be in many different channels. For example, a plus b will give you c plus d, but it can also give you a x plus y, where x plus y are different from c and d. So, there can be a number of decay channels. Likewise, the excited states need not be unique. There can be a number of different excited states. So, the relationships that we have written on the screen are only suggestive, they are generic and they tell us that there can be a large number of fragmentation pathways as a result of a collision. Now, let us consider this process in further detail. First of all, I would like to specify that the incident beam we shall consider to be not too intense and not too weak either. If it is too intense, for example, you have got a mono energetic beam of electrons, then there are so many electrons over there because it is an intense beam that they will repel each other and move away and collimation and everything will become very difficult. So, you do not want a beam which is extremely intense. You do not want it to be too weak because if it is too weak, you have so many, so few events to observe that you cannot get adequate information. So, the incident beam will not be too intense nor will it be too weak. Let us consider that a certain part of the incident beam is stopped by the target. So, the target is going to meet the incident beam and there will be a certain effective area of the target material which will block the trajectory of the incident beam. Now, this is not necessarily the physical area nor is it necessarily made up of those target atoms which belong to the front most layer in the target because some of the projectiles could penetrate and get stopped by the second layer or the third layer or the fourth layer. And then everything put together a certain number of target particles will intercept the incident beam. Most of these may be from the first layer some of them could be from the second or third, but all in all let us consider that there are there is a certain number of target particles n b which intercept the incident beam. Again this interception is not just a physical interception because if these are charged particles they will have interaction at a distance and if they interact then it means that they have been intercepted by the target. So, it is not necessarily a physical stoppage of the incident particle, but it refers to an interaction and a certain number of the target particles let me call this number as n b and this number of target particles let us say it stops the incident beam and they would generate a certain effective area which is the effective cross section of the incident beam because that is what is stopped the actual physical cross section of the incident beam need not be this. So, s in our description is the effective cross section area of the incident beam. Now, the target typically would be a thin target whose thickness let us say is this little l and I really do not know why one calls this as thickness of a thin target I believe there is no such word as thinness. So, this is the thickness of a thin target and let the number of particles of the incident beam a which reach the target per unit time b given by n a. So, this is the number of particles reaching per unit time. So, n a is a number it has got dimensions of inverse time because it is the number of particles per unit time. The flux of the incident particles the flux of a is the number of particles a crossing this x slash x dash a is crossing number of particles a crossing per unit area per unit time. So, it will have the dimensions of inverse t and inverse l square. So, this is the flux of a with respect to target b which I call as pi sub a. So, this is what we have got n a the number of particles reaching the target per unit time and out of these n a number of particles a certain fraction of these n a particles will actually interact they will be intercepted by the target particles all of them will not some of them will just pass through as if there was no target. So, some of them which get stopped by the target stopped again not in the physical sense, but in the sense of an interaction. So, a certain fraction. So, n interaction is the number of particles a which interact with the target again per unit time. So, n interaction again has got the dimensions of one over time it is a certain fraction of n a. So, it is less than or equal to n a and what fraction it is will depend on the probability of interaction. Because if it does not interact it is going to pass through what is the probability of interaction will determine what is the fraction of n a which will interact. So, p is the probability of this interaction that the incident particle interacts with the target then p times n a will give you n interaction. So, this is again a number with dimensions of inverse time good. Now, this p is typically less than 1 often it is much less than 1 for 10 targets, but those are matters of quantitative details, but we certainly know that being a probability it is a number between 0 and 1. So, now let us ask this question that this number of interacting particles per unit time is given in terms of the number of particles of type a p times n a is n interaction. The question is how is this number related to target particles p? n equal to p times n a is how this interacting number of particles is related to particles a how is it related to particles b to the target b. Now, sure enough we know that this number must be proportional to n b because that is the number of particles which is stopping it. So, it will have to be proportional to that it will also have to be proportional to the flux of the incident b because the flux is the number of incident particles per unit area per unit time. So, higher the flux higher do you expect the number of particles which are engaged in this interaction. So, n interaction will be proportional this is the symbol for proportionality it will be proportional to n b it will also be proportional to the flux of the incident particle. Therefore, n interaction will be proportional to the product phi a times n b which means that you will be able to write an equation n interaction is equal to a certain constant times phi a times n b because it is a linear proportionality. What will be the dimensions of this proportionality there will be a constant of proportionality what will be its dimension it will have the dimensions of area. So, that is precisely correct and the dimension of the proportionality will be an area which is called as the scattering cross section it will have to be an area. Because n b is just a number phi a has the dimensions of 1 over time and multiplied by 1 over area. So, the constant of proportionality has got the dimensions of area l square this is what is called as the scattering cross section. And since these two left hand sides give you n interaction the right hand side p into n a must be equal to sigma times phi a into n b. So, equating the right hand sides you get sigma is equal to p into n a divided by phi a times n b and that gives you a physical interpretation of the what the scattering cross section is. So, essentially what is it telling us it is giving us a measure of the tendency of the particles a and b to interact. So, it is in some sense proportional to the probability of interaction it is the effective area of the target which intercepts the incident beam of projectiles and scatters it. So, this is what the scattering cross section is. Now, if you look at this relationship probability into n a divided by phi a times n b then it tells us that the numerator is just the number of events per unit time, but then there is n b in the denominator. So, it is the number of events per unit time per unit scatterer because you have divided it by n b per unit incident flux. So, that gives the physical interpretation of what the scattering cross section is it is the number of events per unit time per unit scatterer per unit incident flux. So, this is the scattering cross section in quantum collision theory that we shall be talking about and notice that the interaction is not just a physical stoppage, but it is interaction at a distance through some electromagnetic interaction. For example, there will also be quantum mechanical effects because there is the exchange interaction. So, there are all kinds of phenomenology not just the electromagnetic interaction in nuclear scattering of course, there would also be nuclear interactions which go into the interaction Hamiltonian. So, this is an area this is an effective area and this area is measured in units of you know some area unit is what is used. The common unit to use is a bond which is 10 to the minus 24 square centimeter and very often one uses a mega bond mega is 10 to the power 6. So, 10 to the power 6 of 10 to the minus 24 will give you 10 to the minus 18 square centimeter. So, this is the common unit in which this scattering cross section is reported. So, now, let us start looking at this event in some detail. So, you have got an incident beam of mono energetic projectiles let us say that the momentum vector is k i in units of h cross it is h cross times k i is the incident momentum and then it gets this particle gets scattered in a certain direction. Let us say that this is the radial outward direction with this center of symmetry and with reference to this incident direction as a polar axis. So, this is what we call as the z axis and angles measured with respect to z axis will be the polar angle. So, theta would be increasing as you go away from the z axis. So, that is the polar axis and the unit vector which is orthogonal to the radial unit vector E r which is in the direction of increasing theta is the unit vector E theta and the cross product of these two will give you the E phi of the spherical polar coordinate system. So, if you have a little elemental area. So, these are tiny elemental areas that we are considering and this tiny elemental area subtends a solid angle delta omega at the center of scattering and you have this E phi which is the cross product of E r and E theta which gives you the azimuthal unit vector E phi. So, this is the geometry and the coordinate system that we shall be using. This elemental area is delta s its size is r square delta omega and we want to solve the Schrodinger equation for this that the state of the system is described by a state function psi this is the de Broglie Schrodinger wave function or you can have it written in the Dirac notation if you like. And how does the state evolve with time is the question that we are trying to answer. So, how it evolves with time is given by its rate which is del psi by del t and del psi by del t is given by this Schrodinger equation. So, our interest is in solving this differential equation for the scattering problem. So, we know that the full solution will consist of the incident wave plus a scattered wave which will be a spherically outgoing wave. So, it will have e to the i k r its size will diminish as 1 over r because the intensity of the wave will go as 1 over r square and the area of the sphere which is expanding from the target center also increases as r square area of a sphere goes as r square. So, 1 over r takes care of the size of the scattered wave in addition to that there will be a certain angle dependent modulation of this amplitude. This is the scattering amplitude and as you can see this scattering amplitude which is dependent on an angle. So, omega is a unit vector which gives the direction of scattering and this f of omega you can see already from this equation must have the dimensions of length because you have the 1 over length over here 1 over r and then together with this e to the i k r you must have a dimension less quantity here. So, f of omega the scattering amplitude will necessarily have the dimensions of length. The incident wave is e to the i k dot r and you would have discussed these things in your earlier course in quantum mechanics or atomic physics. So, I will spend a few minutes very quickly recapitulating the essential results. So, that we build our vocabulary to discuss the scattering process. So, the incident wave is e to the i k dot r which I can write as e to the i k r cos theta and I can introduce for simplicity the variables rho and mu mu being cos theta and rho being k r and then expand e to the i rho mu in terms of the Legendre polynomials functions of the angles functions of cosine theta and the distance dependence being given by the spherical Bessel functions j. Now, this is basically an expansion in spherical harmonics, but because of the azimuthal symmetry the essential dependence is on the angle theta. So, you have these coefficients a l which will take care of that. So, a l are the unknowns which we have to find we know the Bessel functions, we know the Legendre polynomials we want to find out what the coefficients a l are they are the ones which will determine the mix. How much of p l mu and the corresponding spherical Bessel function j l rho contribute to the incident plane v that is determined by the coefficient a l. So, we can determine this a l quite easily by using the orthogonality properties of the Legendre polynomials, because we know that if you integrate if you multiply the left hand side by a Legendre polynomial and integrate over the range of cosine theta which goes from minus 1 to plus 1. Then because of the orthogonality of these two Legendre polynomials those with different l indices are orthogonal to each other.  Now, you really do not need the prime anymore because only one l value has survived. So, we can drop the prime and we have this orthogonality relation that the integral over this entire range of cosine theta is equal to a l times 2 over 2 l plus 1 times the spherical Bessel function and this tells us that we can get a l from everything else that is there in this equation. So, all we need to do is to evaluate this integral and get a l in terms of that because that is our question. So, how do we do that? We evaluate this integral this is an integral of a product of two functions the first function is let us say the Legendre polynomial the second function is e to the i rho mu. So, you just evaluate this integral which is the product of two functions. So, you get these two terms and over here you get the integral of the differential of the first function times the integral of the second. So, this is the result you get from the integration of a product of two functions and over here there are two terms one corresponding to mu equal to plus 1 from which you must subtract the value of this term corresponding to mu equal to minus 1. So, let us do that explicitly.  So, we know these values explicitly. So, we can plug in these values and you now have this integral to be equal to e to the i rho coming from here minus which is this sign minus 1 to the l which is coming from this e to the minus i rho and then you have this i rho in the denominator and then you have the integral which is left over. So, this is your result and this you can integrate further again as a product of two functions and every time you will get an extra 1 over rho term. So, it will be of the order of 1 over rho square and in the asymptotic region as rho tends to infinity as r tends to infinity because rho is k r as r tends to infinity that is where you keep the detector well away from the scattering zone. So, your interest is in the asymptotic region and in this domain you can ignore the 1 over rho square terms and you are left with only the first term which gives you this value of the integral and now you had earlier this integral to be given by a l times 2 over 12 plus 1 times the spherical Bessel function. The left hand sides are the same so the right hand sides better be the same you equate the two right hand sides and now you get a l in terms of the rest of it because you know what j is. So, knowing j you can find what a l is and what is j? j is the spherical Bessel function. So, you can put its value at any value of rho and get this a l. Now, it is convenient to write this minus 1 to the l as e to the i l pi because you know that e to the i l pi is the l th power of e to the i pi which is minus 1 to the power l. So, instead of minus 1 to the l it is convenient to write this as e to the i l pi and furthermore it is convenient to break this e to the i l pi into two pieces e to the i l pi by 2 times e to the i l pi by 2 because that allows you to extract one of these e to the i l pi by 2 as a common factor. So, you pull out e to the i l pi by 2 as a common factor, but it was not there over here. So, this phase must drop by e to the minus i l pi by 2 and you are left with only one of these two factors in the second term. So, it is very convenient to write the phases in this particular form and furthermore to recognize that this e to the i l pi by 2 is the same as i to the power l. So, since e to the i l pi by 2 is the same as i to the power l, I replace this e to the i l pi by 2 by i to the power l, but the one inside I leave them alone as in the previous step and this allows me to write these two exponential terms in a very similar form. One with a plus sign this is e to the i rho minus l pi by 2 whereas, this is e to the minus i rho minus l pi by 2 and these two terms together give you this twice i sinusoidal term. So, you can write it in terms of the sinusoidal function instead of the exponential term. So, this is just a rearrangement of terms which gives us a very convenient form of writing these expressions and now you have a which can be written in terms of the sinusoidal function, but you already know that the spherical Bessel function you can evaluate this from any value of rho the easiest one is the asymptotic value because that is well known and it does not matter at what value of rho you determine this because it is applicable to the entire range rho going from 0 to infinity. So, you might as well evaluate it for the easiest one which is rho tending to infinity and the spherical Bessel function as rho tends to infinity is the sign rho minus l pi by 2 divided by rho and that tells us that a l is given by i to the l to l plus 1 and we have evaluated it for the asymptotic region, but of course, it is valid for the entire range because it is independent of rho. So, we now have a l and writing this a l explicitly as i to the power l to l plus 1 you have got the incident wave described as such. So, this is in terms of the Legendre polynomials in this spherical Bessel functions you can write it in terms of k r cos theta as well again using the addition theorem for spherical harmonics you can write this equivalently in this form and I will like you to be referred to this particular link in which the equivalence of these two forms is established using the addition theorem for spherical harmonics. So, I will not work out those details now. So, now we know that this incident wave has got this asymptotic form you can write it in terms of the sinusoidal functions or in terms of the exponential functions they are both equivalent and you can again exploit the fact that e to the i l pi by 2 is given by i to the l. So, you can write this i to the l as e to the i l pi by 2 and you can multiply this throughout. So, in the first term you get e to the i k r because there is an e to the minus i l pi by 2 which is multiplied by i to the l which is e to the i l pi by 2. So, together they will give you unity. So, you get e to the i k r and then you have this term. So, these are equivalent forms in which you will find these relations. So, you get e to the i l pi over here because of these two factors which is minus 1 to the l and because you have minus 1 to the l over here.   So, we use these identities and we have got this relationship for the incident plane wave. Very good now you have the incident plane wave exactly and the question is how is it going to be affected by scattering. So, when there is a scattering potential the solution will have a very similar form. The total wave function will be given by almost the same form except for a phase shift which is caused by the scattering potential. That is the only thing it is going to change and then it will change the mix of the various partial waves. For each l, l is orbital angle of momentum quantum number which goes from 0 to infinity. Each value of l corresponds to one partial wave and what is the contribution of these terms corresponding to each that is determined by this mixing coefficient which is c l. So, this is the unknown now. This will also determine the size of the total wave function because it is multiplying this whole thing. So, the amplitude is going to be determined by the mixing factor c l. So, it is a part of the normalization and what the scattering potential does is to introduce these phase shifts delta l for each lth partial wave. That is the only thing this scattering does. Now, there is a certain condition yes this you have got the incident plane wave here and we are asking the question in what way is the solution to the Schrodinger equation going to be different when you insert the target. If there was no target all you have is the incident beam and we have described it. If you now have a target which will interact with the incident beam resulting in scattering the net wave function has exactly the same form. So, you have got a summation over l in both cases. You have got a 1 over 2 i k r in both cases. You have got each partial wave scaled by 2 l plus 1 in both cases. There is a 2 l plus 1 factor here. There is a 2 l plus 1 factor here as well. Then it is a superposition of these two terms. Each term is a product of the Legendre polynomial and an exponential function which is a spherical outgoing wave and this is a spherical in going wave. So, e to the i k r is a spherical outgoing wave and you know why it is an outgoing wave and e to the minus i k r is a spherical in going wave and again you know why it is an in going wave. So, it is a mix of an outgoing wave and an in going wave, but what is the phase of this outgoing wave and in going there. Now, this phase is not the same as it was for the free incident being. This phase is shifted by the scattering interaction. Now, this is a very general result, it expresses the result of scattering for any scattering phenomenon, nevertheless subject to certain condition conditions. And the condition which holds which must be satisfied for us to be able to write the scattering potential, the result of the scattering potential in this form is that the scattering potential must fall faster than the coulomb potential that is the condition. Every physical potential will fall as you go away from it, because the physical influence of any thing will reduce with distance.  All of this the effective rate at which it falls must be faster than 1 over r. If it does not meet this condition, then the phase shift is not given by this simple form, you have to do the analysis in a slightly different way, but for those potentials which fall faster than the coulomb potential, this is the form of the total wave function. And we have discussed this in an earlier course and the derivation for this particular result is available in this lecture which is also available at this link. So, if you look at lecture number 27, 28, 29 and 30 in this particular course special topics in atomic physics from unit 6, the complete derivation for why this potential must fall faster than the coulomb potential is available there. So, I will not repeat that discussion over here. So, for those potentials which fall faster than the coulomb potential, the condition being explained in these earlier lectures which you can easily find on the internet, the total wave function has got a similar form to the incident plane wave with the difference that the scattering phase shift is introduced and this scattering phase shift gives us information about the target potential. So, these details are from the unit 6 of this other course whose lectures are available. And let me also remind you that C l over here which is the mixing coefficient for each lth partial wave is going to determine the normalization and how is this normalization done. So, this must be done according to the boundary conditions. So, the boundary conditions are important because you have two different kinds of boundary conditions when you deal with a scattering experiment. One what are known as the outgoing wave boundary conditions and the other which are known as in going wave boundary conditions. So, if you have the outgoing wave boundary conditions then C l is e to the i delta l, if you have the in going wave boundary conditions you have C l equal to minus i delta l and with reference to these different boundary conditions you have got the solutions either with a plus superscript sign or a minus superscript sign over here corresponding to the outgoing wave boundary conditions or in going wave boundary conditions. And these boundary conditions are involved for different kind of scattering situations. One in quantum collisions you have got the outgoing wave boundary conditions, but if you are using this analysis to describe a photo ionization event you would use the in going wave boundary conditions. And again I will not repeat this these details because they are available in unit 6 of the course special topics in atomic physics and I will refer you to lecture number 27, 28, 29 and 30 where these boundary conditions are discussed in detail I will urge you to recapitulate those results. So, that when we go for the next class you will have it at the top of your mind and with these boundary conditions you have the scattering solution our focus in this unit is on quantum collisions. So, we will employ the outgoing wave boundary conditions. So, you have got a spherical outgoing wave in the final state and the scattering amplitude is what we want to determine because it is going to tell us how much of the outgoing wave scattered wave is mixed with the incident wave into the total wave function. So, that is the main object of interest and the target of our analysis this scattering amplitude we already know will have the dimensions of length and again from the details of the discussion that we have had in the course special topics in atomic physics. This scattering amplitude is given by the Faxon-Holtzmark formalism in which the f it is dependent on energy and therefore on momentum as well as on the angle theta and it is given by this infinite sum out of which typically only the first few terms contribute because of the centrifugal barrier effect which we have discussed earlier. So, you have got infinite terms over here and these details again I will not discuss in this course they have been discussed in unit 6 of the course which is available and you use the outgoing wave boundary conditions for a quantum collisions the in going wave boundary conditions e to the minus i delta l for photo ionization in which case you have got a different final state which you must use in photo ionization analysis and then you get if you look at the complete time evolution you get a picture that the scatterer sends out spherical outgoing waves in the scattering experiment whereas in the photo ionization experiment because of in going wave boundary conditions you have got the photo electron which is ejected along a unique escape channel. So, there is a unique escape channel for the photo electron. So, again these things will not be discussed in details, but you can access this information in the previous course which is available. So, these two processes the outgoing wave boundary conditions and the in going wave boundary conditions they are described by the same quantum mechanics they are related to each other by the time reversal symmetry. This is part of the detailed discussion in the previous course. So, I will refer you to those lectures and the time reversal symmetry connects the solutions corresponding to quantum collisions with the solutions corresponding to photo ionization the connection being the boundary condition you employ the outgoing wave boundary condition in one case and the in going wave boundary condition in the other. So, please recapitulate these boundary conditions and our result today is that we have got an expression for the scattering amplitude given by the Faxson-Halsmark equation this is what gives us the contributions of the partial waves to the scattering amplitude and with that I will conclude today's class what we will do in the next class is discuss a very famous theorem in scattering theory which is known as the optical theorem. If there are any questions I will be happy to take otherwise goodbye for today.


Going on everyone Sam here with late sports cards rip in 23 tops definitive baseball hobby 3 box case number 26 Pick a team style read off a list of names and teams Alan K. Mariners Brandon H. Astros Chris V. Cardinals Clayton B Rangers David O. Phillies Edward E athletics Evan L. Tigers Evan D with the rays hit amidst UK Angels Josie Royals John a Red Sox Johnny S. Marlins Fensuke K with the Blue Jays Larry S. Braves Dodgers Mark R. White Sox Matthew W. Reds Michael C. D-Bax Orioles Mike S. Yanks Nicholas R. With the Cubs Peter S Nationals Rockies Brewers Twins and Padres Ruben White Guardians Ryan B. Giants Seth M. Pirates and Tommy P. With the Mets You know get these copied over. Hey, have a good one. Have a good one Henry I'll see you Henry true. Don't forget the hydra is right very true Well, you are taking like the hardest bet to take and like all of yeah sports almost The hardest immediate payoff, I guess I should say yeah Maybe first hit in a baseball game or something probably yeah, unless it's the Mavs and it's Luca 20 of 40 say a Suzuki go to the Cubs nice one there congrats Chicago Got three of five Matt Chapman on the two colored patch rats on that Jays Blue Jays match out of some candidate jerseys First auto is going to go to the Guardians That is going to be a Oscar Gonzalez guys guardians Nice one there That's redemption is a base autograph rally collection at Ronald Cunha, Jr. Go to the Braves Nice one there Atlanta very nice take that all day Ronald Cunha, Jr 34 of 40 is going to be a mark McGuire For the Cardinals mark McGuire got three of ten Greg Maddox. It's kind of dope Go to the Cubs on the defining images auto 25 of 30 that is going to be a Frank Thomas on the gold frame Congrats on that one there white socks big hurts for Nick and RPA that is a six of 15 there you go Nick Christopher Morel Two-color game you city connect all the good stuff six of 15 How about say you go Nick? Let's go. Yeah Cubs working out just fine. Good day for a good day for a second. Good Lord second choice Nice one here for the Mets Peter Lonzo 11 to 30. That's on that New York Mets Got 11 of 15 George Springer two-color patch Congrats, blue jays blue jays with a couple of patches now Well, that's pretty sick 13 of 15 for the Giants is Buster Posey three-colored patch on Let's go for us. Oh, we're back. We're so back. It's a Marshawn. That's Michael Harris Rookie out of 22 of 50 atl Michael atl Michael Take that rats on that one Braves. There you go, but I was defining images. 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I love when there's like interesting letters in these Yeah, like the Z the Z or like if you get like an X or something. That's always fun We'll take a Z though. I'm all in on the Z All in on the Z my guess Like yeah, this is right Yeah, nice RPA is gonna be a Brett Beatty 27 of 50 for the Mets is 17 of 50 Miguel Vargas rookie auto Sideways and yes it is two of 40 Nolan Ryan Jersey auto we've got 11 to 25. Mr. Steve Carlton Going to the Phillies congrats on that Phil's very cool Philadelphia followed by next one up is a Hunter Brown to have ten rookie auto for the Stroh's Joe's did well in this actually There was it very well in downtown Was that downtown? Yeah downtown Hunter Brown and then another jewel auto 17 to 35 Joey Vado and Barry Lurkin Going to the reds congrats on that reds not too shabby at all Little play Gorgeous sigs on that one too. All right, so quick recap here everybody Not the greatest case we have ever seen but not bad either. It's a yacht here Molina Jersey Hey, Peter Lonzo Jersey. That's also a George spring into 15 to 5 Matt Chapman and then say up to 40 We've got Joey Vado and Barry Larkin Hunter Brown Steve Carlton that is no one Ryan and Miguel Vargas wrecked a beady Freddie Freeman Steve Garvey duel Reese Hoskins to 30 a Vladig senior you're not Alvarez 13 to 15 Buster Posey Michael Harris to 50 Christopher Morel to 15. Hell yeah to 30 is Frank Thomas got Greg Maddox to 10 Mark McGuire to 40 Oscar Gonzalez to 25 one zero one of one Mike Yastremsky on The letter patch and then a Rhonda Cunha junior bass autograph relic or the Braves Like I said, not the greatest case in the world do apologize on that. Thank you all again for filling it up Don't do appreciate that coming up next. We have 10 bucks


A system that at least civilians could not have been developed or thought of better than by Mr. Olive in 1984 to talk about the Chinese social system, a state system that surveils and wants to control the behavior of its citizens. Chinese is still a big part of the world and it's a question how long it will take until something similar is available in Europe or is happening in Europe. So first, a cartograph who lived for four years in China and he looks at the system for four years now. He wrote a browser here from Digital Courage and will look at the Chinese Bonetary system. Hi, I'm looking forward to the guest. Our second guest is Tilo Beicher, a talk at the Big Brother Awards from Digital Courage. And he's also looking at data protection services from 1980s. He was responsible for data security in a German state. Hello, welcome. And the third person you know, he is also part of Digital Courage. He talks to the German government and tries to create and wrote decision finding help for the new coalition in Germany. So what is this social credit system in China? How did you notice that subject? The other way around, I'll first answer the first question I read about it during my time in Shanghai and got stuck to it. Such a huge construct that's planned here, that wants to insert itself into all spheres of our lives. I want to know more about that and I looked more into it and now I'm sitting here and I'm allowed to talk to you. To get on this level ground, if I were to say everything that can be known, it would take much too long. So I'll tell you in a short way how this happens. I don't have any slides because that would take too long. I have a couple of notes in front of me, so if I look down, that's because I don't want to forget anything. The current situation in China is that it wants to be from social systems instead there is a lot of crime, especially in the production area. Usually without having usable fines. The user of the Internet also should support the Xi Jinping and the solution that's provided by the President is that every user, every person in China should get a bonus score based on their trustworthiness and creditworthiness so that neighbors, that your business partners and basically all people you have a relationship with can check on your score. So what you have today is that there is not just one social credit system, but there are dozens of different concepts and dozens of different cities that are being tried out right now. In 2014, this was implemented for the first time in a test phase until 2020. So right now we have the situation, there are a number of different subjects and there was a test phase to 2020 and they are now analyzing the different systems from different towns and we are now surprised or looking forward to see what the true solution is that is supposed to be developed in the whole country. The concept is quite easy and the question is how much can we trust a person? We collect all data of that person, all available data they can get, offline behavior, online behavior, especially the online behavior, how you visit Taobao, the Chinese equivalent of eBay, GPS data from smartphones are collected, the memberships, youths, everything that's available and along the way there is significant data protection laws in China, however they are usually not enforced that much, so that's not something anybody cares about. Offline behavior, government agencies, all data is collected in a quite large cloud, all data about every person and in addition new developments are used, video surveillance for example, speech recognition, face recognition and even gate recognition software, all data is used to collect data and connect that data with a specific person, rubbish, care, driving too fast because we want to know which person perpetrates a specific act, all data is collected in real time and it's an algorithm we basically know nothing about analyzed and there is behavior that's desired and we have undesired behavior. Public behavior, for example taking care of your parents or participate in the society, they all lead to plus points but however there are also negative points if you don't stick to laws and similar, that leads to negative points, they all are put on a digital account for everybody, then if you have a very high counter state then you have privileges, for example a free card for the library, you don't have to pay down payments for something, if you have a low point state there are significant sanctions that are put on to you, you get no first class tickets in the train and you have to take the wood class and so on and it gets worse and worse so at the end you can't travel at all, you don't get permission to visit a broad, you can't buy flight tickets and even your own children might not be allowed to visit schools anymore or certain, so the aim of that is that the people or the citizens are re-educated towards a better behavior. I want to share a couple of criticisms, there are a couple of technical difficulties with the system, I don't know enough technically and it would be too much for this talk but there are social problems, there are difficulties for the management, social and ethical problems are following, it should promote good behavior, who decides what good behavior is and already we have a problem here, the social credit system currently several rounds, they are officially supported by Tencent Alibaba the tech companies but only officially, unofficially the communist party reserves the rights to change things in the system even retrospectively so unwanted behavior can be changed, if the communist party wants to change something as unwanted behavior then today you're still going to get punished for their behavior yesterday, tomorrow things behavior is going to get punished even though today it's absolutely legal, this whole thing is the persecution of minorities whether that be homosexuals or other minorities are being done through this and this is something that we are focusing on, also the algorithm is being pushed, the communist party and all the providers are the, they say that everybody is responsible for their own behavior, behave accordingly and then you have nothing to fear, this is also something that is debatable because the system is made by humans and humans are adjusting the system, another point is solidarity, human behavior, social context everything is being lost because people are not acting because out of community because they are only acting to gain points, so the moral thing, muscle is being lost and if others are taking away the rational and this makes it really difficult, if the system is once being stopped then we don't even have a codex for how to act, so this is a challenge for the management, I'm soon finished, so it's about preventing misuse so that those who are managing the system they set it up so that it's acceptable and also hacker attacks also have to be dealt with, this is a completely new law basis, legal basis has to be put forth for this to be transparent, this is also a big problem, this algorithm is absolutely not transparent, people don't know why they have the current score that they have, so in this case, this context, we have some things that we have to talk about, I just want to recommend shortly a video, I know that I've mentioned a lot of things, but Antonia Maiti from the university of Duisburg, she was here three years ago, she done a video about the social credit system, she talked about this in length, so that's a recommendation, or if someone's more into reading this small brochure here that I've written with journalistic support, I want to recommend that, thanks, so far, so thank you this sounds very scary, you said that in China, so this is happening in China, so is there anything like a grassroots movement against that, so no, there's nothing as powerful that it could change things actually, because the unhappiness in the people, it's there, a lot of people are very unhappy, it's been there for quite a while, there were hundreds every day, hundreds demonstrations every day, protests every day about that, but most of them we don't even see here of this protest, so the people are unhappy about that, but everything will be destroyed by the government, so social credit systems, this term was quite confusing for me because it sounds good and social sounds good, credit is okay, it's the same idea with credit worthiness systems in Germany, so we have this credit worthiness systems like Schufa or others, so what's the difference between these German credit worthiness systems and the social credit system in China, so there are a lot of things that are similar, but there are also a couple of different systems, so the differences are important here, so first I need information there, so I was in Shanghai in 2015 on invitation of the Friedrich Ebert Stiften and I was invited to talk about Schufa and about other credit worthiness systems to talk about them and make a comparison to the Chinese systems there and in particular, can we get exceptions for a system in China, for a system that's accepted in Germany, so I got a couple of insights into the Chinese system, so what's getting published is quite different to what has been made available to me in China there and information, so I was able to look into a couple of things, but it was next impossible to get some hard facts there, some details there, there's one huge difference which and so we saw this in the talks, the channels, so I was talking a lot about citizen rights and people's rights and there was no feedback from there as well, so no one reacted on that, so there are a lot of people's rights worldwide, like privacy, data protection, the European Charter of Fundamental Rights and similar basic fundamental rights and these fundamental rights, you can sue for that, you can go to a court and demand that fundamental rights are, that your fundamental rights are being kept and so, well in general, this is possible in China, so for example, there's China also has data protection laws which are getting, but they are not checked against, they are not checked on balances when the police use them and in particular they are not no checks on balances if the Communist Party is looking into private data there, so there's an absolute taboo in limiting the capabilities of the Communist Party into that data, so we have also something that's in our fundamental rights is that data that's only allowed to use data for some particular defined purpose and it's not allowed to use them for any other purposes except there is some legal foundation for that, some explicit legal foundation to use data in other ways and this is something, so for example, if credit data, consumer data, traffic behavioral data, limits the exchange there towards the police and so China has this general idea that it's that this binding to a certain purpose does not need to happen, so for example, the German high court, the European high court are pretty much behind this in Germany and in Europe about not breaking those, but this kind of transparency that we have here and that these court demand so that citizens in Germany in Europe can see, can understand how their data is being used, so I think that there's a huge difference between how we handle these databases and China handles those, but what happens in Europe, in Germany as well, is that we have artificial intelligence, machine learning, we have these algorithms and this changed a lot of things, so the European high court made a decision regarding Shufa and the Shufa, the German Shufa is allowed to treat their algorithm, their way as a trade secret, which means that data protection authorities, regulation authorities were not even able to look into the algorithms, into this court from Shufa and audit them due to that, so whether this will change in the future, we'll see, so the European Commission made a proposition for AI artificial intelligence set of rules that with the scoring method is being used and they demand that transparency is being created, for example, in artificial intelligence in advertising, which is considered less perth of a than, for example, using artificial AI and police or at credit scoring and so this which is a quite a central point here in this set of relations, so all algorithms, all parts where artificial intelligence is being used and where it has existential consequences for people, which is what happens a lot in China here, so that the extent of threat of the existential impact there, so for example Shufa score in Germany, so if you have a better Shufa score and it is not transparent to you, so you're not getting a mobile plan, you're not getting a job, you're not getting credits, you can't shop online, so there are a lot of impact, there are a lot of consequences that a Shufa score can have in Germany, so this is a big problem in Germany as well and in Europe, in Germany, so a lot of organizations, police organizations and intelligence services want to have a look at this data, they want to get this, all of this data and which is a lot more than it's actually being allowed right now, so in Poland, for example, the data from the economic life of people is being used, but in addition, internet activities are used and this is used to estimate the credit worthiness of people in Poland, which is not even allowed in Germany and vice versa, Shufa is allowed to look at the place where you live and your local environment, so if all of your neighbors are considered poor, you are also considered to have a low credit worthiness there. This also has the consequence that when I was living in a different area, I had a very bad score at the Shufa, this change now after I moved into the inner city in Kyiv, this shows that the problem is still existent, the problem of transparency and we are really in a new situation because companies like Shufa and Credit Reform and many others, Universal, all these credit worthiness companies, they are looking for all kinds of data and the Shufa, for example, is very famous for that they use data from illicit sources, there was public resistance and that's not really existent in China. This is actually important to not have such big consequences from these algorithms and stop that. Thank you, this was a big insight in Germany here, it's not that credit worthiness, not personal data is being used, not directly private data, but we also have other kinds of surveillance like from, for example, the cameras at the Berliner train station, Südkreuz, all kinds of surveillance, what's possible or impossible for this Chinese surveillance system for in a whole or in parts to have this in Germany, I hope that this is not possible, we are all hoping that this is not possible. There's a lot of people in Germany, they have no problem that everybody else is being surveilled, this is not clear to many that they might also be surveilled, I find it interesting on a psychological faculty how people let this do to themselves, how people get this attitude that they say that it's right that other people are being shamed or put down. When I had a seminar, I said, well, we want that before in front of a kindergarten more traffic cameras should be put up and people don't realize that they are the ones that drive too fast to bring their children to the kindergarten. We should make a think about how can we bring our sick neighbors to fight for freedom.  I don't want something bad. I don't want my fingerprints to be taken. I don't want to be in a credit worthiness system. And I don't want to take part in that. And when people realize that this is a political demand, that we need to try to enforce. And I can only enforce that when I talk to my MPs, if I help them, if I support them, and we need to put pressure, put them under pressure. And I simply have to discuss with them. Because once again, one of our politicians says, we want to do more surveillance, more safety, security. I, for example, found out that most of the most of the things in the last 30 years, I work in the sector of security.  They just want security theater. This only works during campaigns. And it's good that we are one of the safest countries in the world. But when it's really about the real safety, for example, departments of health, so that we give them enough resources so they can fight the pandemic, we have a lot to do that things that are really simple things. For example, they think that we can put cameras everywhere and charge a lot of money and put tax dollars into private hands, but the necessary IT and the proper concept. And, for example, the proper things are not done. And that's more complicated. And I think we need to think how can we act politically to organize. I want to work on that. Digital courage is an organization. And if I don't have time for that, to do a different job, then I need to support it. But this doesn't stop me at least once a month to do something that's politically correct, to go to an event to talk to my MPs, to listen, and also to get involved. Thank you, Paladu. I would like to forward to the chat where there are a lot of questions about China and the social scoring system. Okay, first of all, really interesting talk. Most of us are really interested, so there are a lot of questions. How strong are the results or the scoring system on non-Chinese organizations, companies, or universities? All individuals and companies who exist in the People's Republic of China are already traced by this. So for a long time, nobody talked about whether non-Chinese people would also get a point system or should also get a point system and also sanctioned. And nowadays, there is a decision. Yes, of course, everybody who comes to China is part of the system. And that's also true for companies. What about Chinese people who are abroad? As far as I know, they are only covered or injected by that when data can be collected within the People's Republic of China. But if you want to travel abroad, that's also part of the credit store. So it's quite hard to collect data abroad by Secret Service and so on. But all the data that is available is used. And as long as you're in China, it's an important question whether you're allowed to travel abroad.  How's that accepted by the Chinese people? In the beginning, there was no data about that. Nobody talked about it. And then people noticed that around 80% of the people in China approved of it. And I don't know how many people are part of the system and how many people are asked. There was a study about that. And she also said that people who are in the system who perhaps are not very truthful because they know if they talk truthfully they get negative points. So are there movements against the credit, social credit storing? Yes, there are people who want to move against it. There are people on black lists who there are people on black lists and they want to try to work against it because before people who are on the black list never get down. So to get removed from that list, it's quite difficult. So is there a possibility, next question, is there a possibility to hack or to buy people to get from this pet square? So there's another question that management has to look into. So there have been some newswire articles that there have been a couple of scandals at the Coruscantin police organization that there have been some case of co-action that people paid money to distribute power and stuff. So this is something that the management has to look at. So other information, how the people working at the companies implementing this course are thinking about this. So I know that a few people are very high in management, saying that we're doing this for the people. So if the people know who they are talking, where everybody is talking to and how they work with, this will improve our society. So this will have positive impact on the society. But many of those are, so there are a couple of people who are not hired to work on that one for reasons. So if you're looking at this, you say there are a couple of cons to the system, but do we have any pros here? So I want to add something to the acceptance of the Chinese people. So in this discussion on the Chinese people, so these have been just official professors at the panels. So they always tell me that you folks in Germany, you have a completely different culture. You have this fundamental rights and an out-clearance. And we have confused so we are a much more collectivist and you are much more individualism. So they say that people in Europe stick to the rules voluntarily, whereas we in China, we have to really surveil people to make sure they stick to the rules. So whether this is true or not, it's very hard to check of course, especially since no one is giving Chinese people to this amount of freedom. And the demand for freedom, the desire to have freedom, is much harder to monitor in China. So it's quite exciting to see how the Chinese people is processing this data and looking at the systemic management of their people in Hong Kong, exciting in a negative sense. So it's exciting to see how they built this up in Hong Kong as well, so that the people in Hong Kong, the citizens of Hong Kong, how they will cope with these new rules, new set of surveillance. So another question, is it like too far that you can have a look at your own score or is the score a secret? So yes, so it's possible to have a look at your score, even have to look at the score of the current day. The problem is that everybody else can do that. And so with companies you may understand the score of a company. So you can check whether this, again, as a customer use, you can make sense to check whether a company is valid or trustworthy. But with individuals, with people, this is quite a problem. Because if you see that someone has a bad score, and that person doesn't necessarily be, it doesn't necessarily be the fault of that people. So this is actually a problem. So a big problem is where people working for German companies, German citizens, have bad scores. So Collier, do you know whether there has been any analysis of how people working for German companies are working here? Do German companies accept these law infirmary and accept that their employees are being tracked there? Or is there some resistance from these German companies there? So what is important? So it should be important for German companies, what happens to their employees, because they are liable for the well-being and the safety and security of their companies. Yes, so it is indeed the case that German companies, who are especially those who are there for quite a while now, have to lose their license to be in company. So even new companies, starting in China, say, this is such a huge market. And we just have to be there. So we have to stick to these rules. And we have to agree to these rules, whether we think they are a good idea or not, or whether they would be linked in Germany or not. So there's a different question for these companies. What differences does make, which country you come from? Germans, for example, differently requested than Americans. I don't have any information on that. How is this about party representatives or a higher position in the government? Are they also given a score? This is a good question. We don't know, for example, whether Xi Jinping also has a score. Of course, if something's asked, it's always been said that we are the folk of the people. But I don't know whether they have or other party representatives have a score. It should actually be the case. So about the party membership is pretty clear how this is being handled. We don't know for sure. But a person being a party member gives a lot of positive points. And unwanted behavior is also very much covered, which was, for example, with the tennis player that we have right now, that was also part of international debate. So this is also being corrected by the algorithm so that party members and representatives get away with it easily. So this would also mean that the score is not possible to be requested by these people. This is also already an expression. I did not try to request a score. It's also possible that all scores are possible to be respected. But it's possible that not all points are being shared so that you already get a bonus right from the start. Are party members more careful to get more points? Is this a possibility? I think in single cases, yes, there have been several interviews by people who said that we are careful to keep the points and we all look out for each other to behave accordingly. But of course, there are single cases. I don't think that the morals and that it can replace good education. So I'm sorry, but this discussion is very interesting. But we have to cut this short. Thank you a lot. I hope that listening and discussing was fun. So thank you for your support with the questions and bye till next time. Thank you.


Hello, everybody, and welcome to another hobby-cheating video, and today, the time has finally come. It's time to paint some space dwarves. Uh, the strict techno-mancer that is Vinci V. Let us get to the technique and learn it Vinci V's style. GW was nice enough to send me this box set here of the Leagues of Votan, but I just think of them as squats, or just space dwarves. That seems perfectly fun and normal, and I have to say, I'm pretty blown away by these guys. I'm super enamored. Now, if you're a longtime fan of this channel, you'll notice that in more than 360 tutorials, there's only been one ever dwarf, and that was go-track. That was the only exception I ever made, and that was for charity. Uh, but these guys have got me. I like them. I want to paint them. So today, we're gonna paint the Trans Hyperion Alliance, which is basically the orange color scheme. Uh, just because I thought that was the coolest one. I love painting orange. I don't get enough chance to paint orange on this channel, and I thought it'd be a fun opportunity not only to show you how to paint one of these new dwarves, but also to talk about tips and tricks to make orange a lot easier. So, let's get over the desk and get painting. Alright, so we're gonna actually start by undercoding this orange model completely in a dark green. And you might ask yourself, why? Well, green is the complementary color to red, and I'm gonna use some more red-influenced tones as my first layer.  Uh, so hence covering over all of that dark or gray black. Uh, then we shoot some ivory from above. Uh, it looked a little speckly at first, but don't worry, as we get it filled in, it's gonna be, uh, a nice solid base coat there. Uh, and just really going pretty heavy. Not a lot of green left. Uh, as we continue working, now is where we, you know, we start doing most of our work. And I'm using a pretty precise airbrush here. So, I'm using my, uh, Infinity from Harder & Steinbeck. This is actually the Charity airbrush that's available right now. Um, and I want this to be a little more red-influenced. So you can see there's, this is a very orange tone, but it's a fairly orangy red. Uh, but as I start integrating in the cold yellow into it, it's going to get more and more orange. And in fact, it's going to eventually appear quite yellow. Now I spend a lot of time here with the airbrush working close, working tight. This is a 0.2 millimeter needle. Uh, I'm working at, uh, you know, 18 psi like always, but I'm, I'm very, very, very tight on the trigger. Uh, I'm sorry that it keeps going out of focus, but I need to turn the model a lot. Um, because everything I'm doing here is directional. The vast majority of this figure is the armor. So the armor is the model. If it's not good, the model's not good. And I can do a lot of work here with the directional lighting I'm trying to take up and trying to establish with the airbrush alone. If I'm careful, if I don't just put in a 0.4 needle and just blast everywhere, right? No, I'm working individual tiny sections.  So with this extremely thin flame orange ink. Um, so this is thin, that was thin like, uh, eight to one. I just built up some quick layers to re-instantiate that saturation. With that done, of course our next job is, you know, making an oil wash because, uh, no armor in the 41st millennium can avoid panel lines. They all have to have them. So we're going to just make up some black oil wash here. We're not going to anything too crazy. Uh, I just want these to be nice and dark kind of a simple cut. And boy, is there anything more rewarding than watching an oil wash flow into recesses? I mean, black rimming a base, but other than that. Uh, and so yeah, I just work my way around the model, you know, touching all of the various areas. Now I'm actually going to make sure that all the little plates have a little black line separating them. So not just the recesses, but things like the feet here. You can see how that just flows out so nicely. And the best part of this, of course, with an oil wash is that we can just let it set and dry some and then clean it right back up with, uh, with some white spirits on either a paintbrush or a little makeup applicator or something like that. But we want those panel lines to be dark. Again, the armor is the figure. And if that pops to make that orange and that yellow really pop, there has to be these dark lines separating everything. Now in the cases of the side armor panels, there's not really a strong recess. So the oil wash doesn't want to flow quite as smoothly as I would like, but that's okay. We just get some white spirits on our paintbrush or a little makeup applicator bud, and we clean that right up easy peasy. Uh, the same thing is going to be the case here in separating those out. So we just start to base coat all of the black parts that aren't going to be orange, uh, making sure that those, you know, stand out. And again, the more dark we put on this figure, the more the light orange will stand out. Whenever we use our airbrush this heavily, we need to take real control of the rest of the figure. That means reinstantiating those other elements that aren't the dominant color, in this case that aren't orange. Now, as well, you want to think about how you can build in interesting, soft, small areas of complementary colors. When I integrate the black to break up the orange, integrating a little bit of blue into that, integrating just true off blues into the rest of the model. Those little hints of blue, those little bits of blueness in the black, all of those things help the orange seem brighter and pop even more. Remember, it's not just in how bright the color you paint is, but the comparative colors around it to how bright it reads to the eye. Okay, the other thing that, of course, comes along with panels is not just the recess shading that it's edge highlighting. Oh, everybody's favorite. And just to quickly talk about edge highlighting here and the nature of this thing. I'm using these two Camaro paints you saw listed, but I'm not always using them in the same mix. I prepared several different mixes of them starting from almost completely orange up to almost completely yellow. And as I work my way around the fig, I use a value step that's basically one higher than the particular area I'm working in to establish these highlights. Here I can also thin that same mix down to a glaze and reinforce the tops of panels. So I basically have about eight different versions of this color. So an almost completely yellow and almost completely orange to half steps and then duplicate all of that in glazes. And what that lets me do is go in and just make little corrections in the different areas using the different mixes and making sure that the edge highlights for the appropriate areas are properly suited to the area. We're not going to put the bright orange yellow highlight in the shadow area where it's really, really bright. So the very, very top edges that are already very heavily influenced. I add just the slightest touch of ivory to really make sure that those areas that are in primary highlight pop out.  I was so happy with how this armor came out, by the way. These Votan models are just so awesome. I don't know what it is. Something about their armor is so perfect for me. But hey, anyways, your mileage may vary. I wanted to capture the whole face painting here, so I just did the whole thing. This is about 45 minutes of footage in the next one minute, so we're moving very fast. But this is just slowly building up through the colors you see. And the important part I want to stress here is when you set up a lighting scheme, as I did on the armor, where the light is heavily coming from the top left shoulder of the model and then down at an angle, you have to reinforce that on everything. Both the hair and the face need to have that same lighting scheme. They all have to show the same structure of light. So if the same reflection is captured in the face, is captured in the armor, is captured in the details, then the lighting scheme you set up will sell. If it's not, it won't. So don't just highlight your face in some standard way you're used to, because it's sort of the way you paint faces. If you're going to do a cool lighting scheme, as I am here, sort of like pushing a heavy influence light to one direction, then everything else in the model has to reflect that in the same way. Case in point, these little blue diodes, I don't know what they are. I painted them like just kind of opaque blue dots. I don't really know what they are supposed to be, and they were too small to really be effective gems. So I'm not sure what they're supposed to be. It's new armor. They're magic blue rocks. So I'm just going to assume they're a magic blue rock. But those have the same lighting direction as everything else. Okay, now we get to do some fun power weapons. The Leagues of OTAN have some really cool, really different power weapons. In the box art version of their axes and stuff, they're all done in this sort of orange to yellow flame that I really do not like and do not think looks good at all in the way it's done. No offense to the heavy metal painters, but it's just not my speed. Maybe you love it. That's fine. Instead, because the model itself is orange, it would have been pretty terrible to also make the weapons orange red. That would have been way too much of that color, and then the weapon would not have stood out from the figure at all. Happily, the normal color for power weapons is blue, and blue is actually the complementary color to orange, so I've never been more happy to paint some blue power weapons here. And as I'm building this up on this axe, I'm doing the other side, and by the way, in between steps, so don't worry, both sides of the axe are done. And you'll notice I made a little mistakey there, you know, going a little farther than I wanted to. Those kinds of things, don't worry about it. I keep the flat head that isn't the sort of metal center of the blade, just black, so it's easy to clean up later. And that's why I'm doing the blade part first. So always do these very complicated areas of your blends first and keep a nice neutral color next to them if you can. That way it becomes very, very easy to clean up any mistakes if you get a little errant brush stroke. As I build it up, again, remember the key with our sort of non-metallic or power type weapons is we want to work in varied sizes of highlights. They should not all be the same. Think in triangles, not flat areas. So I have a smaller highlight area towards the flat at the back of the blade than I do towards the cutting edge. And I just build it up, build it up, build it up through these very thin incremental layers, and then use some small quick glazes to snap everything into place and make sure we've got a smooth blend between.  This is fun. The League's models have iconography on their shoulder pads, I assume because they draw their sort of, I don't want to say traditions, I guess, from the same place as the Imperium. So I had to paint over all of that, you know, blending work I had done a long time working on with the airbrush, but that's okay. And importantly, I have to replicate it with a brush. So I'm working these extremely thin glazes down of these half steps into the reddish gray over and over and over again. This is probably six or seven glazes going down over the space because it needs to, again, reflect the same shadow travel that all of the rest of the figure does. I cannot stress this enough. When you do lighting, when you set armor up with these things, you have to carry that through all your work. So now I've put some microset down, we're going to get a little decal on. I end up messing this up slightly, but hey, that's okay, life happens. She's not going to competition or anything. She was just my fun test model. I definitely want to do a whole army of these after painting her. But I basically slather the area in microset. I had varnished first just to make sure everything would be okay. And then with that in place, I just push it around and you'll see how doing this on camera is incredibly frustrating. This is called Watch Vince, fail at putting a simple decal on. So that's fun.  I know some people say they don't understand the point of micro sol. Micro sol is so important to me. It truly does melt the decal and gets rid of any bumps or spaces like that. And then afterward, I do varnish it one more time just to blend the decal into the paint job itself. With that last varnish, it's now time to do metals. So I will not varnish this model again. I do not varnish paint after my figures after metal goes on. So I make sure I've got a good solid varnish. Everything's done on my matte paints. Now it's time to do the metal work. And yet again, the same rule is going to apply. I want to carry those bright travels into silver, into the brighter gold in line with my other highlights. So wherever I would be creating those other bright highlights, I want to make sure that there's also then reflected in the metals with that being where the brightest silver is. I do do a couple of gold elements. I've noticed in a lot of the art they paint this outline in sort of the same color as the armor itself. Maybe that's the right choice. I just wanted two different gold elements, like one on each arm because there's going to be a little bit of gold on the axe head. So I wanted to balance it out with something on the other side. That may be the right choice, maybe the wrong choice, but I went with it. A little bit of quick shading again just to bring that through and then a little bit of highlighting with some pale burnt metal on that to get both of those areas in line and to again establish the appropriate shine and edge highlight and light catches on the metal as well. And with that, that model is complete. Now remember with this, the armor is the whole shooting match. So you could spend a lot less time on all these details, which took me a while and still have an amazing figure to put on the tabletop. There we go. Our little space dwarf champion. She's all done. I had a tremendous amount of fun painting this girl. Like this will become an army. I don't know if I'll use this same scheme or not. This was a fun test of this and I've got to say, I actually really liked it. So maybe I'll use this. Maybe I'll play around with it and experiment even more. I don't know, but for now I'm happy. She goes in the cabinet and I can't wait to paint more of these little space dwarves up. Apparently, I don't know. Check your, check the forecast. It may be raining frogs. There may be other signs of the apocalypse inbound if Vince is painting space dwarves and loving it. So, but if you liked this, give it a like, subscribe for additional hobby cheating. We have new videos here every Saturday. If you've got any questions about what I did, feel free to drop those down in the comments below. I always answer every question. Don't forget, we do have a Patreon so if you want to take your next step on your hobby journey, you can do so and join an awesome community full of enthusiastic hobbyists at the same time. But as always, I thank you so much for watching this one and we'll see you next time.


We've seen that from various reports, even from the intergovernmental panel on climate change, have clearly shown that the least developed countries and that of the small island states have been impacted. And year in, year out, the impact of climate change is really changing the scope and it's becoming very variable. And because of this, we are losing properties, losing lives, and normally we don't have insurance scheme in order for us to either replace or try to see things happening again. Of course, there was a call for authors from the International Institute for Environmental Development, the IID, for people to express interest, of course, to author a paper or a blog related to loss and damage in their country. And I think I saw it as an opportunity for me, of course, being someone working in the weather and climate change field and also to explain to the world at large issues related to loss and damage in Sierra Leone. Animation will show us people to reflect back what has been happening and what have been changed. And I think with that, I think it will send a huge volume and then message to people regarding loss and damage for climate change. Instead of just me doing an interview with other people seeing the right animation of what has been happening and what is the current situation. I've been involved in various phases, my scripts that I sent to the IID and later on I think most of the animation, the storyboard, the voiceover is directly from my script and also I provided some photos to the IED to serve as an evidence of what has been in the document that I sent to them. This one is going to send a very strong signal and globally and also to Sierra Leone LDC countries to be precise. It also serves as a form of sensitization to people living in disaster prone areas, at least to make sure that they leave those places and then also for them to adhere to early warning signs that come from agents I work for, the Israeli Meteorological Agency and also how can we stream climate change response measure in of course the national budget system.


I helped organize a group of researchers from a variety of related disciplines to ask the question can we suppress the emergence of pandemic pathogens like what we're experiencing now with COVID-19 and for that reason we focused on where the viruses come from. Not just viruses but in this particular case particularly a group of pathogens called zoonoses which means they come into the human population from animals. A lot of the novel viruses are coming from wildlife especially when we catch the wildlife to eat them or we destroy their habitat so they begin to forage in our farms and agricultural areas at which point they're exposed to our domestic livestock which can serve as a bridge between the wild animal harboring the virus and humans. And the other place that happens is in markets where wild animals that are viral reservoirs are kept in close proximity with livestock either to be eaten themselves or else the livestock is contacted by butchers and then they catch the virus from the livestock. We looked at the cost of arresting deforestation of regulating the trade in wild bushmeat and reducing incursions into the forest but the key to the whole thing is that people living at the forest edge should have a good life, should have access to decent livelihoods, good health care and that their children can be educated. Our team which is really a great team includes conservation scientists and economists and the economists were really put to the grindstone here. Through a series of very very careful costings and calculations we estimate that it would cost an investment of between 22 and 30 billion dollars a year to make the edges of the forest safe to the rest of humanity and serving the local population well. Now that may sound like a lot of money but let's remember the cost of a single pandemic is in the trillions and possibly the teens of trillions of dollars a year to get rid of the pandemic to suppress it and to go back to normal life. Deforestation can be slowed down and even reversed. In forests that are largely intact like much of the Amazon these areas can be managed to reduce deforestation through governance through laws and through monitoring from orbital assets like satellites and in Brazil this was very very successful until recently deforestation in Brazil had come way down. So we have to I mean I would say end the trade in wildlife but that's not reasonable across the board so greatly curtail it and closely regulate all other kinds of trade and wildlife that are potential pathogen vectors. That is doable. It means patrols against poaching in the forest itself. It means changes in the way the markets work and it means enforcement of international laws on the sale of threatened and endangered species. So right now a lot of the funding they're like a spider web of intersecting interests and funding sources and the spider web is not tight enough to catch everything that needs to be caught. So I think that the key here is a coordinated global effort with consistent funding.


Now comes the solstice night. I wish you safe and sound. Whether snow be light or heavy on the ground, our hearts bring back the light. As all the earth must do, may stars fill up our sight. With wishes coming true, my wish this solstice night is grace and peace to you. Now comes the time of year when shadow yields the throne for Devok and Holly. Nance that must be done. Keep faith and keep your cast on his shoulder. Sleepy fields are winter blessings. While the mother is down with snow as her blanket covering the ground. Thanks to the mother for the life that she breathing shall wake into warmness again in the spring. The sick and the lost, these are our children no matter the cost. Come by the fire, the harvest to share for the spirit of solstice. They're still living here. On this night we search for those what is wise and see the light of your own soul shining. And enter the night alive that will carry you to your dreams. Enter the night that your spirit take flight with the field of infinite possibility. Grab all story darkness, my child, and you'll find the center of all. For from this place of the deepest dog space lie. Enter the night that your spirit take flight with the field of infinite possibility.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overlord here So in this video, we're going to be talking about the competition that we can expect to see in Jeepers Creepers 4 aka Jeepers Creepers who were born with with our Two leads that we know we're going to be following a relationship or a couple chasing Lane Lane I've already done my digging in reported or not reported But just disclosed in another video that it looks like the actress Sydney Craven will be the one portraying this character So look forward to that we haven't gotten an official casting announcement just yet But we have come to the conclusion It's safe to assume that Peter Brooke is a part of the cast Sydney Craven someone named Ocean Navarra and Luke J. Smith Who looks like he's gonna be a stunt double in the film and then Imran Adams? Those are the people we found and we're gonna hopefully get to see that they're announced for the film so It's safe to assume that with all of these People traveling to Louisiana for this horror hound festival Of course, there's gonna be some type of competition involved here to presumably a costume competition There were recently some changes made on the IMDB page for this film where it revealed another actress That's involved this person has yet to be taken down because over the last couple of weeks I've been seeing this page get updated and then removed They just been adding and deleting the actors involved because I'm guessing this is the studio involvement They don't want anything out there until they make an official announcement for like an official press release for whatever reason or another I get it and no one's disclosing anything because they're signed these NDAs But jumping right on into what I want to talk about with this event or this competition that could be going down We know we're gonna have people coming in all these different type of costumes Many showing homage or just being references to other series that existed within the creeper universe I guess now which is a cool aspect that they're introducing in Jeepers Creepers 4 We know we've seen people dressed up as Pennywise two different versions of Pennywise the scars guard version and the Tim Curry version Which is why this is another safe spot for us to assume We're finally picking up 23 years later between that and the voodoo dolls and seeing the creepers cocoon shape Plenty of reason to believe we're finally in the year 2024 That's where we'll be picking up and we know that there's going to be this horror event That's gonna attract all these horror geeks and freaks So of course, we're gonna see some very unique costumes and that's probably what this competition is about The IMDB page listed an actress who's going to be the competition winner But what I want to talk about was the whole idea that the creeper could attack this event Of course, we know he's gonna show up there at some point But how will he actually be how will this turn into chaos essentially? So we know with all of these people dressed up in costumes what will happen is they'll probably assume that this too is a costume We know we have people in this area assuming it's still Poho that probably grew up over the past 23 years They've heard stories about this thing heard about it being in the barn of this old man And they just don't believe it But then they've also had time to of course find all these images online Maybe by people who took images over the last Decades prior to the last time he was awake in 2001 or prior and now with the internet being no longer in its infancy stage It's now full-fledged monster.  He'll get to maneuver his way around this festival Without being without being without causing a scene until he decides to make it So so what'll happen? I guess is that because the the cat the actors that was revealed She's gonna be the competition winner I think a very cool scene that we'll get in this film and I've had people message me about it Will be the creeper a part of this costume contest. We don't know what contest it is just yet or what competition I'm just again saying this could be a costume contest or competition the creeper himself walks on stage and He gets to he gets to participate in this contest And it's just like one of the one of the comical moments from the film. They think it's a costume They foolishly think that this is some very good makeup work that this person has done But they don't understand that this isn't this isn't makeup This isn't a costume. This is that thing that you guys thought was just a myth. This is the creeper He is he is real and he's here. So of course, he doesn't win the competition We get a good laugh out of that moment and then after the competition is over But before I want to jump in that I'm just gonna say the name of this actress That's on the IMD page IMDB page An actress or some type of person that not necessarily someone who has an acting career Could be an aspiring actress, but someone named Lolli Watkins They are going to be playing a competition winner and a fire breather now If you've seen this image of this person who I think there's been an image going around of this person breathing fire in one Way or another I might be mistaken there I think I know who this person will be in the film if this is the person I'm thinking about from that image So once this competition is over and Lolli Watkins she wins this competition At that point in time, maybe that's when things take a turn for the worst After the creeper has been able to blend in and maneuver his way around this event undetected Then things hit the fan when he actually kills someone in in playing sight We know he likes to we know he likes to Stay low and undetected, but maybe he just uses the fact that they think he's in a costume to his advantage here And so what he'll start to do then is think they might think this death is not real until of course It's obvious that it's real and then that's when things go crazy Everyone starts running around all over the place and I like that I've seen people comparing this to like we're getting a mix of Jeepers creepers and Hellfest Hellfest I thought the concept of Hellfest was very Not necessarily original, but it's just I guess different to see a horror film based at one of those horror events This would be following in the footsteps of Hellfest in a way, but now we're putting the creeper in it So that makes it even more troublesome for people that are at this festival So that's what I think it happened.   You're not gonna be able to be undetected or remain undetected with the internet now in its full It's in full monster mode. You're no longer in 2001 where the internet was still just growing. It's very much here Cameras you're not gonna be able to remain undetected. So this is probably gonna end up biting him in the butt as the films Progress when we go to Jeepers creepers 5 and 6 now that people are becoming more knowledgeable of him And they know that the myth is not a myth This can end up being a detriment to this monster and its old shtick But that's how I think the chaos will unfold at the event That's what I think will happen that will lead to things no longer being safe for the creeper in terms of being low and undetected But let me know what you guys think about this down in the comment section below If you haven't already make sure you subscribe turn on post notification image the video in the description I have links to my social media accounts my facebook twitter and instagram you can message me there Of course, there isn't any movies news or views you're likely to cover in the future down in the comment section I have a link to the facebook group Please join that group if you want to discuss anything horror related or the Jeepers creepers with us all in that group All that in mind guys. I will see you in the next video


So that is it, I am ready for work, I've had my breakfast and off I go! So now that I'm set up I'm just going through my list for the day, obviously I can't show you my screen for confidentiality reasons, but it looks like I've got a mixed range of blood pressures, smear tests, a few B12 injections, a denosumab, which I can never say injection, ECG and some dressings, so it looks like I'm going to have a very busy morning. I have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 booked in just for this morning, so yeah, but I finish at 1 today so it's not too bad. So now I know what my list is like, I know that I've got blood pressure first, I'm gonna get the blood pressure stuff ready and then I know I've got a smear test, I'm gonna get the couch ready and all my smear tests set up, let's go. So now I'm gonna get all of my blood pressure things ready for my first patient as well, this is the mercury, the old mercury style blood pressure machine, I have my own stethoscope from my second year of nursing, this is mine, has my name on it somewhere. I'm just gonna wash everything down before my patient comes. Clean our wipes, but the wipes are available. You've got to clean our wipe for each piece of equipment, just so you know it's all clean. For my smear test you need a couple of different sized speculums, pot holder, a survival brush, it looks a lot worse than it is guys, don't worry. So yeah, pot, make sure the date is in date, make sure clear fluid to the line, put it in there, put your brush in there, job done. Then your sample bag. And lastly, some information for your patients if they don't know the information. And lastly, sign for the door. Time to put the mask on, let's do this.  So I have drawn it up and ready to give to my patient. So I overran a little bit this morning so I missed my my tea break, however I did have a gap between patients, so I grabbed my tea and yeah, gonna have quick tea and then I'm on to my ECG next. Next up we have our ECG, I've got the bed ready, ECG machine, 12-lead ECG, which is actually only 10 leads, but it's called a 12-lead ECG because of the 12 points of the heart or something that it captures, something like that. But yeah, this is our machine, we just put in our patient ID and things which I'm gonna do now before setting it all up and then I'm gonna get my patient in. Here we go. This is a sort of semi-urgent referral, this person doesn't have chest pain or anything like that but their blood pressure is very very high and they're suffering from headaches and things like that. So the first thing we need to do is an ECG, make sure they haven't got any cardiac issues and a blood test to make sure that everything in their bloods is good.  All of those little things so they'll have a full full MOT and just make sure that there's nothing underlying causing this really high blood pressure and these headaches which is never a good sign but yeah, fingers crossed. So that is ECG done, it was all clear, good to know, it was all normal so yeah, happy with that, didn't have to get doctors involved or anything so pretty simple, you notice anything on an ECG you always get the doctor in to check the patient over and make sure that there's nothing acute happening. Now I have my final patient of the day which is a wound dressing, I've had a couple of leg ulcers today to do so yeah, I'm gonna get sort of set up for that. So this is our dressing cupboard, it's got this measuring guide, if you're gonna be measuring legs for hosiery, we have this guide, wound types, what to put on it and leg ulcer pathway and then this is all of our different types of dressing so today I will need a patient pack which has your gloves, goggles and everything in it. This patient has IDO flex which is an iodine dressing that's quite a squidgy one so you sort of mold it and then put it into the ulcer and then this person will always have these absorbent dressings over the top to sort of absorb any fluid that might be leaking out and I'm also gonna be using prontosan which is a really really good solution if they have a biofilm over the top of the wound and you'll know it's a biofilm because it'll be like a shiny coating over the wound and you want to get rid of that and break down the layer so that your patient's wound can heal. And lastly some of this which is like a bandaging that's gonna hold everything on, this is, this sort of bandaging and that's just gonna hold everything on nicely it's like a tubey grip type of thing and so this is it, this is me set up, I've got my patient pack which is my sterile field IDO flex, firstly I'm gonna put this on, a bit of protosan, absorbent dressing and then that to hold it all on and Bob's your uncle and I do have some more compassion to make. I'm actually doing this video after my patient has left because I obviously have not got time between patients to do these videos so this this time I've done the patient first but this is literally all of the setup that I used for my patient and yeah they are done and they are gone. And finally last job of the day final clear up here we go, I've got an issue guys my ECG machine won't turn off normally it just turns black when you do that, listen, oops and that my lovely friends is a day in the life of a GP nurse but for now, au revoir