All right. Good morning everybody. Welcome to Automotive Linux Summit. My name is Walt Minor and I'll be giving the presentation on an introduction to AGL architecture and roadmap. So who is this guy? So I've been a Linux Foundation employee now for eight years. I just uploaded all the slides to the schedule page so you can download all this. There's a lot of links in here you can use to go reference additional information. So I've been the AGL community manager for the last eight years. Used to work at Monavista and Mentor Graphics, did a lot of work with Continental, I worked at Continental and Motorola's automotive groups, as well as Motorola's mobile phone division. And most excitedly, my new recent endeavor is I am an apprentice sushi master, and I have a certificate to prove it. See? I know. I made sushi and it was delicious. So this talk is really intended to be kind of a brief intro into the AGL architecture and I've got a lot of links to other resources as we go through this for a general AGL introduction. There's another presentation on YouTube that I gave. It might have been here or it might have been at Open Source Summit Europe, I don't remember which one. And Jan Simon Muller and I, Jan Simon is right here. He's our AGL release manager. He we will be available for office hours at 4.20. They've organized a nice desk with oak desk with credenza and a corner office for me. It's really amazing. You'll love it. There's leather-bound books. No, that's true. We have an AGL sponsor booth. You can go see some of the, you can go see, we have three different demos that are running. And then tomorrow at 5.40, kind of the last session of the summit, we'll have an AGL developer, Birds of a Feather session. So you can come, ask questions, myself, Jan Simon, some of the other. Scott Murray is also a co-speaker with me. So any kind of questions you have about the current state of AGL development or how to write your own app or anything else, you can come ask us and we can make up an answer for you. So AGL Unified Code Base, that's what we call the distribution, we've had 14 major releases. And I think Dan showed a picture of all the fishes. We'll be announcing some new fishes at this presentation, so you guys will be the first ones to learn some of the new fish names that are coming up in 2023. We really have the goal of unifying the best open source software into a single code base and utilizing that for the entire industry. Our job is really, our goal is to really reduce fragmentation and focus on innovation and new features. And like Dan said, I think Dan said in his presentation, his keynote today, we're production ready. We're in Toyota and Subaru and other vehicles and coming to many more very soon. AGL has, we're out of the philosophy code first, upstream first. We've invested in automotive software components that are not available anywhere else. We are, I'll show you what some of those are in a few slides. We're continually evaluating open source technologies, open source projects as they evolve and finding best in class use case, best in class packages for automotive use cases. And I'm going to show some examples of how we've continued to evolve and evaluate what's out there. And then we've evolved the AGL UCB over the years. We also are pretty unique in a lot of the open source projects that the Linux Foundation runs is we invest in developers, we invest in contractors and developers to directly develop code for the AGL UCB. And we've also taken some of that investment and had our developers, our contractors work on open source projects like PipeWire to get automotive use cases into audio and Yachto and Lava and a host of others over the years. So talk about the transformation of AGL. So pre-Lucky Lamp Ray, pre-release 12, our initial releases included a lot of carryover and improvement of Tizen IVI packages. And what we found as we kind of moved along was that that wasn't, in some cases, wasn't serving us well. In some cases, we replaced some of the Tizen IVI packages, especially in automotive. We also augmented it. We also added, created an AGL compositor, which was all new, something we invested in based on Wayland. We added a web app manager that's based on the web OS open source engine from LG, as well as it's also based on Chromium. And so when we got to Lamp Ray, when we got to version 12, we had built up from Tizen. We still had some Tizen kind of components in there. We had the AGL app framework, which was based on Murphy and SMAC and things like that. And that was version 12. We released that in 2021. And we'll continue to do updates, 2020, rather, and we'll continue to do updates of Lamp Ray until 2024. What's happening in 2024 is we're using the Dunfell version of Yachta, which is version 3.1. And they put out a new patch release about every six weeks. And we quickly follow up about two to three weeks later with our own patch release based on the new Yachta version. But Lamp Ray is the final release version with that legacy AGL app framework based on Tizen. So if you have legacy, AGL applications will continue to support that release for another couple of years. So in, this is kind of the evolution of Lamp Ray over the last few years, you can see we are now up to 12.1.7. I think that's our ninth or 10th patch release of Lamp Ray. So this year, 2022, saw us transforming between Lamp Ray and Needlefish. We had another release, Marlin, in between. And Marlin is very much a transition release. We actually have End of Life that release already. But basically, we deprecated the old application framework. We deprecated SMAC and we moved to SD Linux. And we added a number of different images. We added Flutter to our app toolkit. So it's really a completely different beast that we have now. We've also transformed from using the vehicle signal manager that we had written and we were maintaining on our own to now using the open source version of Kooxa.Val and the VSS that is being developed jointly with Covisa. So Needlefish was initially released in August. And you can see we've already, this slide I think I missed one, but we've already made the 14.02 release. So you can see we've already started making some patch releases to Needlefish. And we'll continue to do that at least until March. This is just kind of an overview of our schedule for this year. You can see optimistic Octopus, the milestone one release, I think was just sent out. And we'll be starting the release cycle for Octopus. And I'll show that in our 2020 reschedule in a moment. So what have we done? Some more detail on what we've done in 2022 with Needlefish. Toyota developed a Flutter Embedder solution for AGL. So you may be familiar with Flutter and Dart basically developed by Google to create very nice looking, easy to develop UIs. But it was really based on, it was really for a mobile phone. So now we end for an Android solution. So Toyota has created an embedded version. There's a Metaflutter layer that we have for AGL created by Toyota and us. And that's now available in the Needlefish release. And we will have reference apps that you can see a preview of in our sponsor booth that are in our green machine. We have some reference apps that were developed not by Toyota, but by AGL developers. And we actually had some Google summer of code students who developed some apps. And so Joel Wunarski from Toyota will provide some really detailed information on the Flutter solution and how you can use, how you can make use of it and what the future is. And that'll be at 1.30 this afternoon. Silence this thing. Instrument cluster expert group. So they did, they've done a lot of work this year. They added DRM lease to the graphic solution to the UCB. They now have a reference solution with instrument cluster and our IVI in containers. And that is basically a preview of a version of that is available in our booth again next to our green machine. I believe you can see maybe a slight change, a slightly different version of that in the Renaissance booth. Curricouson of Renaissance will be giving a presentation on the details of what the IC expert group has been working on. And that will be today at 1.50 PM. So we had this legacy AGL app framework that was based on Tizen Murphy. And you can see in Lamprey we supported features such as app start and stop. We had the Linux smack for our Linux security module. We had sandbox, smack based sandboxing. We had packaging based on W3C widgets and we were using IPC as our standard web interface. As we move forward, we've already switched to using, we created something called app launch D which uses system D units for managing our applications. We're continuing to expand that coverage. We've switched to using SE Linux now. Sandboxing, well you should be adding actually, I think we have been not some ideas on what we'll do for the octopus and probably for octopus, definitely for pike release. Packaging, we're still working on a solution and we're moving to GRPC as our standard IPC interface. In the end, this gives us something that where we were maintaining most of this ourselves, there's not a lot of buy-in, smack isn't really being maintained by anybody. Our app framework was home brewed, there's a lot of maintenance to it. In the end, this gives us something that is much more future proof. We're using system D which is clearly kind of won the war in terms of how to do startup and how to do a lot of things in Linux. We do have SE Linux right now, it's only available in permissive mode and we of course are looking, you'll see a little bit later we're looking for help or donations in creating some rules for governing SE Linux. We, in terms of packaging and sandboxing, we studied Flatpak, in theory, it meets most of our requirements but it was only in theory. We found that extensive custom runtime support would be required for HGL. And again, with the idea that we're upstream first, that we are trying to maintain as little as possible that we can reuse from somewhere else without hard and fast requirements from our OEM members for what they wanna see in packaging, we really didn't see the benefit in spending a lot of money and a lot of developer time creating a Flatpak solution, runtime solution for HGL that we couldn't be guaranteed anybody would ever use. So we've deferred that for now. And basically we're working to enable some basic sandboxing using system D. That's kind of where we're at right now. I think that will again give us something that is easily maintainable, should do 80 to 90% of what we think people wanna do and should be fairly future-proof. And as system D adds new features, we can pick those features up too. So, IPC, standardizing our IPC, the GRPC and protobufs across the UCB, basically looking to replace all of our legacy web socket-based HGL service binders with GRPC. Basically gives us now a standard methodology to add new services. We're still in the process of converting some of our legacy services over to using GRPC and protobufs, but we've done most of the, we've done a lot of the major ones now. So I just talked about SC Linux, we're already running in permissive mode and we're looking for a developer to work on rules for non-permissive SC Linux or for one of our members to donate something that is already being used in production or at least some concepts that are already being used in production. The HGL compositor, so over the last few years we invested in creating a Weyland HGL compositor to replace the Kube compositor that was being used in the original versions of HGL. There's some information here and this blog entry from Collabra and Marius Vlad who did virtually all of this work. He has a presentation today at 3.30 p.m. And Marius will be talking about kind of the development of the compositor and use cases and how to make, how to best make use of the compositor. We made a significant, we were using originally, using, if we go way, way back, there was some use of the old Genivi audio manager, then we had created the 4A, the HGL advanced audio framework. Again, we wanted to stop maintaining something on our own. So we decided to look at pipe wire because that was in its early stages of being developed by the same people who developed Pulse Audio using the lessons learned from Pulse Audio and improving it on it with wire plumber, pipe wire and then wire plumber. So we made investments in collaborating with that community and driving the automotive use cases in there that we had identified over the years. And so you can see there's a couple of blog entries from Collabra who did that pipe wire work with us and with the pipe wire and wire plumber communities. So basically we have a really robust audio solution at this point and allows for a lot of configuration and policy management. So you can basically use it however you want in an automobile. We're using Jenkins and Lava to drive our CI. There's a presentation here from Jan Simon given in the past conference and then he'll be giving a presentation right after this, right here, stay tuned on speeding up builds and using some of the work that we enabled in Yachto and that we actually did in Yachto and pushed upstream to use PR serve and things like that and speeding up builds and making your developer, making life for the developers hopefully much easier and faster. So what are we doing next year? Our newest release will come out after CES 2023 February. Again, we'll continue to use Kirkstone, the latest Yachto project LTS. We'll have more app framework and GRPC work done. So more of our legacy service binders will be converted over to using GRPC and using App Launch D. Our, we'll have CES demo and basically we have the preview version using Flutter. You can see some of the WAM apps, some of the web application manager apps in the Igalia booth this week. Igalia has a sponsor showcase this week and they've done all the web app manager work and the Chromium updates and so they're showing a lot of their work. They've taken the legacy QT apps that we had and moved some of those over to HTML5 solution. We're also looking for donation of rules for SC Linux. I don't think this is going to happen in Octopus and the instrument cluster demo, the instrument cluster container solution becomes one step closer to production readiness. The other exciting thing is one of our GSOC students and you can see this in the booth. One of our GSOC students worked on a Flutter version of the instrument cluster and we're showing that on the green machine in the booth that we have this week. So there's actually a lot of, we probably have three or four different instrument cluster solutions that you can take advantage of in the AGL UCB, different images that you can take advantage of. So here's some exciting news. We have new fishes. So we have optimistic Octopus coming out in September, in February rather. Then we'll start development on our next release which will be release 16 or prickly pike and then boy, cues are really hard. Quirky quillback will be our 17th release that will come out in the beginning of 2024. You can see we have a lot of events that we're planning for next year between FOSDM and the embedded world again. We have some all member meetings, the embedded OSS summit. We also have, I don't know if I have it on here but we also have some face to face workshops that we do. We have some of those planned in between these times where we can have developers getting together and you can watch our mailing list or our Wiki page for announcements on those face to face workshops. So kind of a little more color to the Octopus schedule. We've got the milestone one is done, milestones two and three will come out. One before Christmas, one after CES and the final release just before we go to FOSDM. Then we'll have patch releases about every two months. That was the initial plan. The next year of 2023, Toyota will continue to add features to the Flutter and better. We don't have kind of an exact feature list right now. We're working with the IVI expert group on that. Exactly what they're gonna do next year in terms of Toyota's participation. But I think really one of the big benefits both the Toyota and AGL is the synergy that we get with the two different teams working together. I think at first there was some reluctance on the Toyota's part to engage with us heavily. Then as they saw that we were really making use and driving their solution pretty hard and we were actually asking for things that they hadn't thought about. We're now we have a weekly meeting with them. So instead of kind of being at arm's length, we talk to them every week. They're using our JIRA for issue management for the AGL specific issues. And we've got obviously our reference apps are not built by Toyota, they're developed by UCB developers. And so of course, as someone who's developed platforms for a lot of different companies, what you always learn is that your users do things in surprising ways. They always use your platform in ways that you don't expect, which inevitably breaks something, which I think has been beneficial and helps harden and provide stress case, stress tests and additional use cases for the Toyota developers. So I think there's been a lot of excellent synergy. We'll continue to add additional reference apps to the UCB next year and improve the ones that we have. So vehicle to cloud expert group, they've worked on, so last this year and then 2022, AWS has worked on a demo that they showed at CEA, I'm sorry, at Embedded World in June. They've continued to evolve that demo. They've got some vehicle to cloud using their AWS cloud services and they will show the latest and newest improved version of that at CES. I thought they were gonna be here this week, but they're not. They have identified a new lead at AWS. He's a former Stellantis employee who was a cloud architect there. They are committing to creating a spec, a message schema and a reference implementation, both on the embedded side and the cloud side and using MQTT that will be open sourced using AGL. So James is trying to get this initial work done and ready for the March timeframe, so we can start. Basically he's looking for us to help him with air handling, he wants to do some FMEA analysis, things like that. He wants us kind of like the Toyota relationship to help stress test his work and put it to use. So that hopefully with the Pike release in July, this will all be in there and it will be somewhat stress tests and then with the cool back release in September or in 2024, AWS will then turn that around, put that into their demo and we'll have a robust solution. So again, anybody is welcome to participate this. There's a lot of interest around vehicle to cloud, tasks and things like that. I think somebody just stopped by and talked to me before I gave the presentation here, so. And then virtualization and containers. Missy Amesan gave a really great overview of virtualization in starting with mainframes at IBM all the way up to the present day. Jerry Zhao has been our lead for the expert group for the last few years. He's here this week, he'll be giving a presentation today at 430 jointly with Hayden Peterswald from AWS on the service mesh and containers.  He's at a hotel locally. We're trying to figure out exactly how he can participate. But, so we now have, you can see this demo of what Panasonic has done running in, again, in the AGL Showcase sponsor booth. There's a lot of exciting demos you can come see. You can see the work that they've already, Panasonic has already done in conjunction with the VertEG. That's kind of the culmination of work that was done with Panasonic, virtual open systems, open synergy and ARM and other companies. And this has really come together quite nicely. And this demo was running in the AGL sponsor booth. And then for next year, of course, we'll continue to harden this, continue to work on this in that additional use cases. The service mesh concept, we are talking with a lot of different interested parties like AWS and Sophie and people like that on what that looks like as we move forward. So, that's it for my slides. Basically, AGL, everything we do is open. We have an open mailing list, anybody can join. We have a weekly developer call every Tuesday that anybody can join, ask questions. You can see exactly what's going on. All these expert groups I talked about have calls at least every two weeks. IVI meets every week. So you can join those calls. We're also on IRC. Just don't ask us about any mechanical issues because we probably can't help you fix your transmission in your 1967 Dodge Dart. So again, all these slides, all these links are available on the schedule, the SCED page, I've uploaded them. And if anybody has any questions, I'll be happy to try to answer them. Yeah. Mm-hmm. So, I'll repeat the question for the, Jerry, do you want to come up and answer? Because you have to, if people are gonna hear you. So, Jerry can answer that question, but the, so the question was about VertIO and how VertIO, well, first of all, is VertIO up to the task in terms of performance and speed in the self-driving arena? And then the second part of the question was, what about, what do we see as the evolution of hardware and networking in the vehicle as we move forward and with VertIO? So I'm gonna ask Jerry Zhao from our team to take a crack at that one. Basically, okay. I'm the virtualization expert group leader and thank you for your question. It's a very good question. So first of all, I think as Walt and Dan explained in the previous presentation, so AGR is now focusing on the IVI or infotainment, this kind of a non-real-time operating features, but regarding this ADAS or AD is especially requiring the real-time and the function safety. So that is indeed a big challenges for the VertIO in terms of overhead. But on the other hand, actually the, some community like OACS or SOFY are already aware of these problems and start to discussion. So one popular solution, so maybe it's there, is that to invite the VertIO backend into the hardware. So that means from the software point of view, you will still have the VertIO interface, but you invited the VertIO backend into the hardware, do you have some kind of hardware assistance for the VertIO? So in that case, if you can reduce the overhead, although this is still undergoing and, yeah. This is very common. But keep the VertIO interface there. How far into the future do you see that, Jerry? I think maybe still three to five years to have a complete solution. But I think for some, for example, for NAT, VertIO NAT, I think Red Hat has already done a lot of work in that to realize that. But for some more complicated automotive devices like GPU or radio codec or something else, maybe I think we still need some time to do that. So it may be a hybrid solution at first with networking and other features built in. Yes. And graphics later coming later. Exactly. I know I know that, Yeah, I know that virtual, that was kind of the future, right? So I know that virtual open systems, no, not virtual open systems. Open Synergy and Panasonic have done some benchmarking on latency and performance of the AGL solution. And I guess I don't really have the data in front of me, but I think they will come up with a solution that holds up in terms of performance, especially with respect to latency in a VertIO. Especially as the hardware, we're using last generation hardware now to do this. As the next generation of hardware comes and there's more thought towards putting virtualization in there, I think the latency and the performance will vastly improve. Yes. Okay, I think we have a few more minutes. Any more questions? I'm not on the virtuals, are any online? No? Well, if there's no more questions, I am available to answer your questions about sushi making or anything like that. And stop by today, stop by our booth at the sponsor showcase or stop by the office hours. And if you think of any questions, we can talk there. Thank you, everybody.


It's such a huge pleasure to be here today. This is such a great community, and everyone here welcomed me with such warmth and open arms. So, thank you so much for having me here today. So, what I'd like to talk about is a couple of very important issues. I want to talk about regulatory legitimacy. I want to talk about how, within the cryptocurrency space, we can achieve compliance with PCI, the payment card industry standard, with Sarbanes-Oxley, the standard for publicly audited companies, with KYC, know-your-customer, and with AML, the anti-money laundering rules. And these things will allow us to achieve legitimacy with bankers and achieve our position on the world stage as a trusted, legitimate currency. I want to talk about that. Who wants to talk about that?  We don't need any legitimacy. We're having fun, much more serious issues. You know, there's a lot of serious people in Wall Street. Dower-faced, boring, soulless, parasitic, serious people wearing ties and suit. And guess what? They stole trillions of dollars and they got away with it. So, who needs their legitimacy? So, I want to talk about things that are born to my heart. And some of you may have heard, some of the talks I've given recently about the currency as a language. Anyone here heard some of those talks? Not many people grade, so it will all sound brand new to you. That's a great opportunity for me to repeat myself. What I care about is charity. What I care about most is the other six billion. You see, there are a billion people in this world who have access to bank accounts, bank accounts without currency controls, bank accounts that can transmit money internationally, that can access international markets, that can access deep pools of liquid credit for their loans. Us, the rich people of the Western world. And then there's the other six billion. People all around the world who have limited bank accounts or no bank accounts at all. People who live on one dollar a day if they're lucky. People who have no access to international markets, no access to international finance, no access to loans, no access to opportunity.  I got here through an accident of birth that put me in a white middle-class society in Greece and a developed nation as a child of professionals, educated professionals. I was swimming with the current all the way. Right now, there are hundreds of thousands of people who are smarter than me, dying of tetheria somewhere in the world. I care about what we can do with cryptocurrencies to bring economic development, to bring economic inclusion, and to bring the other six billion online and into a world economy without borders, without political corruption, without massive theft, and without parasitic banks. It starts with charity. It starts with charity at a very basic level. This community says charity more than any other cryptocurrency community. So thank you so much for leading the way and showing as an example what we can do with cryptocurrency when we think of doing good, because that's what's amazing about this community. Bitcoin has a lot of charity, too, and we've achieved some amazing things in the Bitcoin space. A month and a half ago, a Newsweek magazine destroyed the life of an innocent old man called Dorian Nakamoto, by saying that he was the creator of this currency. I started a fundraiser within six hours. We raised more than 30 Bitcoin for Dorian Nakamoto, and now we've raised almost 50 Bitcoin to help this man put his life together. At the same time, major charities like Charles Outpost, which is one of my favorite charities, distributed over the last year 65,000 meals to the homeless in Pensacola, Florida, by tapping into Bitcoin and using it to raise money from all around the world from people who, if they care, they can now send money anywhere in the world to support the charity of their choice. Charity is like free food, which when there was a hurricane, a typhoon weather, the Philippines raised money and sent over $5,000 within a day and got it right on the ground where it mattered and where it could make a difference in people's lives instantly without having to worry about regulations and wire transfers and giving Western Union a 20% cut so they can make their profit line better. All of these charities are taking a currency and turning it into a force for good, but that's only the beginning. We have the opportunity now to subvert and improve some of the most exploitative markets in the world, and the first one, which I care about a lot, is the international remittances market. Every year, poor people in developed world who have jobs as migrants and itinerant workers, Mexicans here in the U.S., Indians from many different countries including places like Dubai doing construction, send money home to their families abroad. $500 billion going primarily to four countries, Mexico, the Philippines, Indonesia, and India. And that $500 is actually a lot more than we send as the developed world in terms of financial aid. Approximately $175 billion are sent by our governments to the developing world. And guess where that money goes? The money we send through our government goes to the top of their government and then trickles down. And only about 5% of it actually reaches the people in need because the rest is taken through corruption. Meanwhile, out of the $500 billion sent through remittances, $75 billion is collected as fees by companies like Western Union. They charge anywhere from 5% to more than 25% for people sending money home to their families. That's $75 billion out of the pockets of the poorest people on this planet. And we can change that. And we can change that right now. Cryptocurrencies have the ability to enable flows of money from the developed nations to the developing world to give back that $75 billion to the people who need it most. And if you take that money and you put it in the pockets of the poorest people in the world, specifically if you put it in the pockets of women who run the finances in these communities and get money from their husbands abroad and their family members abroad, they convert every single one of that dollars into water and sanitation and education and healthcare. And they have an immediate impact that reaches very far in their own communities. And that's how you change the world. That's what we can do with cryptocurrencies. And that's what I care about. So one of the questions that I've been thinking about for the last year or so is how altcoins behave against each other and whether they're in competition or not. And the underlying question is one of scarcity. A lot of people think that other coins compete directly with Bitcoin. And if there are too many coins, that dilutes the digital scarcity created by Bitcoin and it dilutes its value. I think that's a very old-fashioned way to look at currency. And the reason we think of currency that way is because throughout our lives, we've grown up in a world of national sovereign currencies that exist in a monopolistic zero-sum game, where winning from my currency and my nation is a zero-sum game against somebody else's currency. And that's because all of these currencies exhibit a monopoly. If I live in the United States, I am born into US dollars and I don't have a choice. I have to pay my taxes in US dollars, and that is the currency I will use. Well, that is no longer the case. Currency is now a choice. With these currencies, the digital currencies that are created by individuals, we can now choose any currency we want to interact with the whole world. And in making that choice, we also choose our community and we also choose our values. We choose the currency that best represents our values, and that's more powerful than any vote in the world. So, let's think a bit about what it means to choose a currency and how that currency derives value. We need to rethink the world, because currency used to be defined by the authority of the sovereign who created it. And if the sovereign created a currency, they put behind it the force of the state and the monopoly of the state to give it value. And that's what gives currency a value of the old world. And in this world, a currency with a funny dock printed on the cover has value. Why? Because it has value to you. And because you give it value by using that currency. So what happens in 10 or 15 years as cryptocurrencies become more widespread? How do you look at value in a world where anybody can create a currency? What does it mean if you go into a rural environment in Africa and they're using two currencies predominantly? And one of the currencies has a funny dog on its face. And the other currency has an old white woman called Elizabeth on its face. Well, I can tell you something. The people in that village don't know who Elizabeth is.  But what they do know is that you can use either one of these currencies to buy six eggs. And that's all that matters. If you have a currency that has value as a means of exchange, then that currency has value. You can have a thousand economists write a thousand papers and gain a thousand PhDs that tell you exactly why it's not a currency. But if you can buy six eggs, it's a currency. And nothing else matters. So what is the fundamental difference between currencies if they have monetary value at the point of purchase? If they can be used to be exchanged for goods and products and services by the people in the community who use that currency? Well, one of the currencies has a predictable, deterministic and fixed monetary supply. And the other currency has an old white lady on the cover. And that's the only difference. Because they sure as hell didn't pick that currency, and they don't know why Elizabeth is on it. Maybe she won a popularity contest. Well, so did the dog. The bottom line is that we now live in a world where currency requires values for its use. If you can transact internationally with a currency, the only thing that matters is how many people use that currency, and how they use that currency. And if they do use that currency, that gives it value by definition. So how do we survive in that kind of world? How do we live in a world where the value of currency is determined purely by adoption, not by the sovereign authority that created it, not by the regulations that back it, but by the algorithms that run it, not by trust in the central regulatory authority that has the ability to print as much money as it wants, and hand that money over at 0% interest rates to the biggest banks and trickle down economics, but by an algorithm that is predictable and deterministic and removes uncertainty, by algorithms that allow us to see how the currency is going to develop over time. And in that world, adoption is the only thing that matters. We don't really know how to live in that world, and that world hasn't come yet, but I think it's coming, and it's coming fast. I think the idea that we will have 194 currencies will seem quaint in a couple of decades. And in fact, up to recently, I thought we might have a couple of hundred altcoins, but I changed my mind. Guess what? I'm often wrong. When I get new facts, I form new opinions, because the old opinions don't fit the facts anymore. As I saw the explosion of alt currencies, which in itself is a somewhat patronizing name, right? As I saw the development of altcoins, I realized that we will not just have hundreds of currencies. So let's do a quick poll. How many of you think that in a decade we will have hundreds of altcoins? How about thousands? How about tens of thousands? How about hundreds of thousands? Millions? All right, now we're having a conversation. What does it mean to live in a world with hundreds of thousands or millions of currencies? Well, the key realization to me came when I saw a website that allowed you to build a currency by entering the name into a web form, choosing the monetary policy from a drop-down and hitting submit. And you had to pay about 50 bucks to do that, but I guarantee you that by the end of the year you'll be able to do that for free. And then I realized everybody's going to do it. And the reason everyone's going to do it is because at a very basic level, currency is a language. Currency is a means of expression. Currency is the language by which we communicate value to each other. Currency is an emergent artifact of a social species. Let me repeat that. Currency is an emergent artifact of a social species. And how do you know that? Observe five-year-olds. Go into a primary school and look at how five-year-olds behave. They don't have currency, so they invent it. They invent currency immediately as soon as they develop social bonds with an abroad social environment. They invent forms of currency. If you go into a primary school, you will see children trading cards, Pokemon, Tamaguchi, rubber bands, life-strong bands, candy, cafeteria credits, whatever. It's not something like prison, really. In many ways. The only difference is they don't allow them to have cigarettes, otherwise that would be the predominant currency. But they do allow them to have donuts, and in many schools that is the predominant currency. And the reason currency emerges in social environments is because it's used by individuals in order to express their value, to express their appreciation, to express popularity, to strengthen social bonds, to create society, to create social experience. That's what currency does. Trade is a social interaction, and currency is the language that allows us to have that social interaction. So when children are able to create currency, that means everyone creates currency. There will be a Joey coin competing with Maria coin in the primary school for the battle of popularity in grade six. Yes, there will be. There will be Beamer coin. There will be Metallica coin. You can see how old I am. There will be maybe Andreas coin on pre-mine the hell out of it. There will be coins of all types. There will be coins representing brands. There will be coins representing corporations. There will be coins representing your local mall and used as a loyalty card. There will be coins representing bands. There will be coins representing silly memes, and I'm at the conference of one of those. And it doesn't matter because all of these coins may have value, and all of these coins may not have value. But the key to realizing this is a big difference between monetary value and value. The vast majority of the tens of thousands of coins that will exist in the world will have no monetary value. But if we try telling Joey that his coin doesn't have value, it has value to Joey and his friends. Because it's used to express popularity and society and social bonds. And it has value to the followers of Beamer coin. Probably in some cases more than some of the national currencies out there, I would guess, if he ever watches it. So how do we live in a world where there are hundreds of thousands of coins and most of them have no value? We disassociate value from authority. We understand that value does not derive from who created it, but only from who is using it. And we already live in that world in terms of information. It used to be that we looked at published opinion and we looked at it as being authoritative if it came from a publisher with a giant printing press and a fancy name like The New York Times. And then we lived in a world where everyone on the street could publish an opinion. And we had to revise our understanding of authority because it no longer fit the facts. Because sometimes people in very esteemed institutions like The New York Times, say like journalist Judith Miller, lie about the fact that there are WMDs in Iraq and kill tens to hundreds of thousands of people through their lies. And sometimes an Egyptian blogger who's a nobody tells the truth about the regime of Qubar because they're right there. And now we live in a world where the authority comes from the content, not from the authority of the printing press. But we just did that to currency. Now currency gains its authority not by who created it, but by who uses it. And in a few decades you might be surprised about which currency is a rise to monetary value status. It's going to be a very great line. I think we're going to see currencies that suddenly erupt, say in 138 days, and capture the imagination of an entire community and then acquire value. I have some bad news. The other way to go too. Some of these currencies will go from having monetary value to fading into nothingness again.  I think Bitcoin is going to be one of the powerful ones. I'm not sure about Doge yet, but it's looking pretty promising. I think it's very interesting how this community has demonstrated to the world what great marketing you could do by having a positive spirit and a charitable spirit. So that's the new world I think we're going to live in in a couple of decades, and it's going to be a very interesting world. And that's what I wanted to talk about today, the importance of currency as language and a form of societal contact. Thank you so much.


This song, like almost all the laments, mixes cries for help with songs of praise. When I pray these songs in times of trouble, singing joyous and loud to wake the dawn, I'm not trying to forget or whitewash suffering. I'm praying the only way I know how, is music. And so I sing, even when the only thing steadfast about my heart is its rhythm. The drumbeat to a song I am trying to believe. I rest in the shadow of your window.


If you take away people's ability to empower themselves and to affect positive change themselves, if you take that away from them, what you're left with are very manipulatable people. You have people now that are easily manipulated. When somebody does something for themselves, they care for themselves, they feel a sense of autonomy. It's really hard to... It's harder, I should say, to manipulate them and to make them scared. And the attack on fitness is all part of this thing that's happening that seems to be happening right now. They're going to attack fitness. Look, I'm glad we have a podcast because it's all recorded. I've called this out. I've actually predicted this as I started seeing these articles start to surface that they're going to demonize fitness. They're going to demonize improving your health. They're going to call it fatphobic. If you want to lose weight, that's hating your body. It's self-hate and it's hating yourself. I understand that you can hate yourself in a way that will make you try to lose weight. We've talked about that a million times. Trying to pursue a healthier lifestyle is not a fatphobic self-hating thing. It's a self-care thing.


Leverbrothers Company, the makers of Lux Toilet soap, bring you the Lux Radio Theatre, starring Ronald Coleman and Greer Garson in Random Harvest. Ladies and gentlemen, your producer, Mr. William Keely. Greetings from Hollywood, ladies and gentlemen. It seems only yesterday that I was at the Ambassador Hotel, applauding a great actress who had just received that year's Academy Award. Ms. Greer Garson. It was a similar thrill that I enjoyed again this year, when the same high honor was bestowed on Ronald Coleman. And it's a double thrill to have them here tonight, co-starred in a play that we present by popular demand, Metro Golden Mears Random Harvest. Among my impressions of this year's Academy Award proceedings was the pageant of lovely women who attended it, including, of course, the screen's most stunning beauties. And it made me proud to be identified with Lux soap on this program. But I'm sure that most of those lovely complexions owe the legions to Lux Toilet soap. And that's the highest tribute I can think of, as I'm sure you will agree. It's time for our play, Act One of Random Harvest, starring Ronald Coleman as Charles and Greer Garson as Paula. From the records of the Melbridge County Asylum, November, 1918. Station number 43652, name unknown, picked up by Germans in a shell hole near Arras, exchanged through Switzerland. Patient has no remembrance whatsoever of past life. Trouble was speech the result of shock. Prognosis could be cured with patients and care in normal surroundings. On the night of November 11th, 1918, this patient escaped from Melbridge Asylum. He hadn't escaped, not really. In the excitement of the armistice, the iron gate of the asylum had been left open, and he had wandered into the town, like a lonely ghost, buffeted by the crowds. Darkness chopped when he came in. When the proprietor spoke to him, he tried to answer and couldn't. He stood there, confused, helpless. They closed the door. Close it, please. Well, what is it? Ah, I... cigarettes. With what sort? Cigarettes. Oh, you're one of the soldiers from the asylum, aren't you? You wait here a minute, dearie. Wait here, I'll be back in a jiffy. You are from the asylum, aren't you? Aren't you? Yes, but I'm all right, really. Well, if you had given them a slip, I wouldn't stay here. She's teleponing them to come for you. You'd better run along. Go on. Yes. My sudden impulse. I followed him. He'd stopped to rest in an archway. He was exhausted. His hands held over his face. Can I help you? I thought you weren't feeling too fit to have followed you. Oh, you look tired out. Yes, I'm tired. Well, what you need is a brandy and soda. Shall we go over to the home pub? Just across the road. It's where we all stay when our show's in town. Oh, it's, you know, friendly. Come on. Will you have another? Will you? No, thank you. Well, I have to get back to the theater. Now, what are you going to do? Oh, dear, will you be all right? What am I going to do with you? I'll be all right. You sure? Listen, how'd you like to see the show? You can sit in my dressing room and we'll have a nice little chat. Okay? Just you and me. Me kills. Or don't you? I, yes. Now, tell me all about yourself. Why did you give them a slip up at the hospital? You don't like the place? No? Well, then surely you ought not to be there. Well, come on. Answer me. Try. I'm all right, really. My speech. Just nerves. Well, really, now, you see you're doing splendidly. There's another thing. I lost my memory. I don't even know who I am. You mean, well, well, I know who you are. You're somebody awfully nice. What did they call you at the hospital? Smith, that's not my real name. What's yours? Paula, Paula Ridgeway. Look here, Smithy. Can't be good for you up there among all those poor souls. You can't be happy. Are you ever going to get better if you're not happy? Perhaps I shouldn't be very happy anywhere just now. But Smithy, the war is over. Doesn't that mean anything to you? I suppose it should. No, no, of course not. You couldn't. Oh, I say, aren't you any friends? Any parents that you can trace? Some people came to see me at the hospital, but I, I wasn't their son. Oh, I bet they were disappointed, weren't they? Yes, I, I think so. I was too. I, I, I liked to belong to them. Oh, Smithy. You're ruining my makeup. Now you do chatter. Yes, I seem to have talked rather a lot. Oh, that's me. I always bring people out much too far sometimes. Hey, I said, Smithy, look, I'll put your chair outside. You can see the front of the stage from there. And I'll be back in a couple of shakes. You'll be all right, won't you? Fine. Are you sure? Your head seems awfully hot. Come on, come on. Coming. I left him sitting outside my dressing room. When I came off stage, I saw him on the floor. He'd fallen unconscious. The minute I seen him, I knew he had the flu. Listen, Biffler, something I ought to tell you. He's, he's from the county asylum. No. Cool. But he's all right. Really, he is. He'd have been discharged long ago if he'd had a home to go to. Oh, you don't think they'll come after him, do you? I'm all right. Just, just my speech. I can't remember. Rest now, Smithy. You mustn't talk. I'm not like the others. I, I can't go back. If I go back, I, I'll never come out. I'll be like the others.   Rest now. Rest, Smithy. Go to sleep. How did the show go? Oh, sendedly. Last night, you know, glad to get rid of it, I suspect. How did you get on? I, I talked to the chambermaid today. Had quite a chat with her. You did? Wonderful. What about? The weather. Paula, you're sure I can be useful? Your, your manager isn't just taking me on because- Oh, you don't know Sam. What a whole thing was his idea. I can't tell you what it means, Paula, to be someone again, to be wanted. It's all you're doing. Oh, nonsense. Come on, you've got each a supper now. I'll be up again in time for the train. I didn't know, but they were downstairs then, the men from the asylum. When I came back to Smithy's room, he was sitting on the edge of the bed waiting for me. His things were packed in a little paper parcel that he held on his knees, and he was smiling. It's, it's time, isn't it? I'm all ready. Smithy, I've got to talk to you. Oh, there's, there's nothing wrong, is there?  Sam won't take you. W, won't take me? There were two men from the asylum in the bar just now, and they told everybody about your escape. Sam thinks it's too risky to take you. I, I think perhaps he's right. Oh. I think perhaps you should go back to the asylum, just till you're all well again. And then... Go, go back. Oh, Smithy, darling, you need care. You need doctors that understand your trouble. I feel dreadful about it, but it's for your sake. You don't think I've gone back on you, do you? It's not that I'm afraid, it's, it's because I think it's right. You do know that, Smithy, don't you? Tell me, tell me you understand. Let me hear you say it. Smithy? What's the matter? Oh, you could always speak to me. Speak to me. I, I... Oh, Smithy. No, don't try to tell me. I know you can't go back there. You're coming with me, Smithy. Everything's going to be all right. Now don't you worry. We can't go with the others, but we'll find some quiet place where you can rest and get well. Hurry now. We'll just slip out for the back door. We took the train that night from Melbridge to Cornwall, and near the town we found a little inn beside a lake. It was like the end of the world. Quiet and lonely and lovely. Oh, Smithy, isn't it wonderful? Now all you have to do is to get well. You will get well, won't you? Say it. Oh, let me hear you say it. Ah, I will. There's the spirit. Oh, uh, I, uh, I had to tell a woman here that we were engaged. You don't mind, do you? No, no. Here. Oh, I've been looking all over the place for you. I've been fishing. Did you catch anything? No, just fishing. Look, a letter. Just came for you. Look, it's from Liverpool. From that newspaper. I say so it is. Must be about that article you sent them. Yes. Yes, I suppose it could be. Well, for pretty sake, Smithy, open it. Oh, yes, yes, of course. Say, it's a check. I don't believe it. Let me look. It's a small check, but it's a check. Oh, Smithy, how wonderful. Yes, oh, it means an awful lot. You didn't know you had an author on your hands, did you? Well, of course I did. I'm really not a bit surprised. Do you think I can, uh, sell another? Another and another and another. Smithy, I wonder if you were a writer before the, before the war. Yes, I, I've wondered that too. Aren't you terribly curious about the past, I mean?  And it was, oh, I don't know, awfully grand with all sorts of wonderful people. Why, you might even be married, Smithy. Who knows?  Well, how can you be so sure? Well, because Paula. Paula, I wonder if I could make a living at writing. Well, why not? Of course you could. Paula, it's, it's a lot of nerve, but I'm I've fallen in love with you. Oh, no, you haven't.  No, no, I'm nothing of the sort. I'm asking you to marry me on a, on a check for two guineas. Smithy, don't ask me, please. I might take you up on it. I'm just that shameless. Oh, Paula. Oh, I run after you from the very beginning. You know I have. I never let you out of my sight since I first saw you in that little shop. Never do it, Paula. What? Never leave me out of your sight. Never again. Oh, Smithy, you do mean it. You do want it really.  My life began with you. I can't imagine a future without you. Oh, I'd better say yes quickly before you change your mind. It's, it's yes, darling. We were married in a little church at Clevedon. I remember the words of the hymn. Oh, perfect love, all human thought transcending, lowly we kneel in prayer before thy throne, that theirs may be the love that knows no ending, who now forevermore does join in one. We rented a cottage, a lovely dream of a cottage, with a white picket fence and a big cherry tree in front. It was in that house just two years later that our son was born. Good morning. Are you the registrar of births for Clevedon? And the synod? Well, I've dropped in to register a new subject. Name of child? Smith. We're calling him John. After me, my wife thinks is the image of me. Really? And the date? Of course, he has her eyes, mind you, blue. And when he smiles, then he's just like my wife, except for the teeth. Well, you can't expect everything all at once. What did you say the date was? November the 6th. Don't you want his weight? No, thank you. Eight pounds, three and a half ounces. Yes, sir, bigger and stronger than babies twice his age. A father's profession? Right up, in a small way, of course. Writer and parent. A parent in a big way. That'll be all. All? Yes, thank you. Well, but you, you can form only a very inadequate picture of him from what I've given you. I'll just have to struggle along. Well, I tell you what, I'll bring him in in person one of these days. I'll do that. Then you can see for yourself. Do I get a receipt? You do. Here it is. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. I'll bring him in. Do that. I've brought him a present. Here, young man. Will he know it's a cat? What's so wonderful about that fella? He just eats and sleeps much of the time. He's not even friendly. Never occurred to you to buy me a present, did it? Never. Except these. Ah. Nethy. Just a string of beads. Very ordinary. Oh, I adore him, darling. Just the color of your eyes.  Your hair is just like a bright new penny. I'll miss for Mrs. Smith here. Yes, sir. I'll tell them. Oh, that must be the vicar. May I go in? Hello, vicar. Come in. Ah, good morning. Well, how's the air? Take a look. Yes, he's quite a size, isn't he? Bigger and stronger than babies twice his age. Oh, I'm sure. Oh, I was at the post office just now. It's been an extraordinary event. A telegram. Oh, thrilling. Oh, who got it? You did. Here. For me. For Smithy. Oh, Smithy, what is it? Can't believe it. It's fantastic. Oh, darling, please. I can't stand it another second. It's from Liverpool. Can you appear at Mercury office at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning regarding permanent position on paper? Samuel C. Henson editor. Oh, darling. Oh, Smithy, I'm marvelous.  Shirt, socks, tie. May I ask what you're going to sleep in? Oh, great, Scott. Pajamas. Here. Are you excited? Wildlin. Oh, my dear, think what it means. I'll be able to do things for you. Things I've always dreamed of. I wish I could come too. Yes. Yes, I've been thinking of that. But I can't wait. He might change his mind. Darling, you're not worrying about me, are you? I feel absolutely sure of myself. I know. I know. I shan't worry. It's just... I know. Our first party. But I'll be back tomorrow night. Where will you stay? Oh, I hadn't thought. The great northern is in bed. It's near the station. All right. Well, goodbye, my darling. Goodbye? Say goodbye to your son. Goodbye, young fellow. Goodbye, darling. Goodbye. See you tomorrow night. Tomorrow night, darling. Good luck, Smithy. Here's the little full mark. Here it is. Paper, sir. No, thank you. Say, can you tell me? I'm looking for the mercury office. Right across the street. On the corner. Across... Oh, yes. I see. Thank you. Thank you. Paper! Paper, sir. Paper! Look out, my darling! He's been run over! He's killed! He's killed! He snuffed up the curb! I was talking to him! He snuffed up the curb! Let's get an ambulance! Get away! He's coming around now. Feeling better? Oh, you've got an unholy bump on the head. You feel any pain? Well, my head aches a bit. It'd be funny if he didn't. What on earth? My, my, my clothes. I've no business to be in civvies. What should you be in? In uniform, of course. But where the devil am I, anyway? You're in Liverpool. In Liverpool? A chemist shop. Yes, but in Liverpool, I... You've had a nasty shock. Is this the party at the Accident T.S. Constable? It wasn't my forecastable.  Is that the right of it, sir? That's the truth, ain't it, Governor? I think so, I'm not sure. Name, please. Rainier, Charles Rainier. Rainier. Profession, sir? Captain and the Wessex Regiment. Address? The trenches, I'd ask. Huh? Well, random hall then. North random, sorry. Thank you, sir. Uh, wish to lodge a complaint, sir? Thank you, no. I'm sure whatever happened was my fault. All right. Thanks, Mr. Rainier. Thanks, Governor. Well, I think I'd better be getting along. Thank you. Sure you feel strong enough to walk? Oh, yeah, I'll manage. Um, what do I owe you? Oh, never mind that. Oh, that's very kind. Thank you. Thanks. Uh, by the way, would you mind telling me what day is this? Thursday. Thursday, yes, but the date? November the 14th. November the 14th, 1920. 1920. Thanks. Thanks very much. 1920. Three years gone. Three years. France, I remember distinctly. Vincent was killed, young Davidson. But what after that? Liverpool, what am I doing here? Better go home? Yes, make clear things up. Go back to random hall. The family, better go home. We'll continue with act two of Random Harvest. Meanwhile, here's our Hollywood reporter, Libby Collins, with the word about a most exciting picture, Paramount's new suspense drama, The Big Clunk. Who done it, fans? We'll get a thrill out of this one, Mr. Keely. The clock dominates the picture. Two stories high, it's built into an enormous set that represents an ultra-modern publishing office. Well, actually, it's Charles Lawton who dominates the story. Oh, and he makes a marvelous villain. And Ray Milland, as the leader of the manhunt, sets a breathless pace for the rest of the cast. And orchards to the ladies in the picture. Oh, yes. Maureen O'Sullivan as Ray Milland's wife, and Rita Johnson as the blonde menace, are wonderful. It's a pleasure to see Maureen O'Sullivan return to the screen in The Big Clunk, which, incidentally, was directed by her husband. Yes. It's Maureen's first picture in five years. I'm sure moviegoers are going to say she's as lovely as ever, too. Maureen always reminds me of a wild rose. She has such a fresh, radiant look. I imagine John Kennedy will second me on that. Who wouldn't, Libby? Maureen O'Sullivan is a real Irish Colleen. Sure, and I could rave about her complexion, too. Well, naturally, since it's such a perfect example of what we mean by a luxe complexion. Do you know, Mr. Kennedy, Maureen tells me she never neglects her daily luxe soap facials. It's a care that really works, she says. Well, when one of our loveliest luxe girls tells you that, it's a real tribute to gentle luxe soap care. No wonder, nine out of ten screen stars use luxe soap so faithfully. Those beauty facials really do the trick. Leave skin softer, smoother. Tests by skin specialists prove it. In actually three out of four cases, skin became lovelier in a short time. So, let's remind the ladies in our audience, Libby, that in luxe soap, they have a real beauty care. As fine a soap for precious complexions as money can buy. Why not get a supply of this fragrant white luxe toilet soap tomorrow? We'll return you now to William Keely. Act two of Random Harvest, starring Greer Dawson as Paula and Ronald Coleman as Charles. I waited for Smithy in our cottage in Cleveland for days and weeks. Then I knew he would never return. I went to Liverpool to the hotel where he had stayed. His grip was there, but there was no trace of him. Then I went to Melbridge to consult Dr. Bene at the county asylum. I can guess what has happened, Mrs. Smith. In some way, perhaps by shock, your husband's memory has returned. He's taken up his former life again. But his life with me, we were married. We have a child.  His life with you is forgotten. I always felt that someday I'd find him again. I worked and studied to improve myself. I found a position as a secretary in Liverpool, and then I moved on to other jobs, to other cities, searching for him. It was later that I saw a picture in a London newspaper. Charles Rainier, it said, head of Rainier Incorporated, one of England's industrial magnets. It was a picture of my husband. Oh, Sandra, please. Oh, nuisance. I suppose you don't remember my telling you I'd be busy. Not a word. Well, how'd you like me? My dear, you look adorable. Then adore me over luncheon. Sorry, kitty. I can't possibly afford the time. Oh, yes, you can. Miss Hanson says so. Oh, just a moment. Miss Hanson. Yes, Mr. Rainier? Going through lamentable weakness of character, I'm having lunch at the Savoy. With your approval, I understand. I thoroughly approve. There. I see. And, um, have I any appointments for two o'clock? Yes, but I can postpone them. Thanks. All right, young woman. I can give you precisely one hour and a half from door to door. Oh, no, Miss Hanson told me two hours. Being very charming today, Charles, you haven't looked at your watch once. That reminds me. Oh, good heavens, it's three o'clock. You used to say you hated business. Did I? You were just going to whip things into shape and then get out. You were going to write. Yes, so I was. You know, I always had the idea that some... Charles, what is it? What's that man over there? Do you know him? No, but I thought I did for a moment. You know, that happens sometimes. I see a face or hear a voice. It seems to remind me of something. Oh, a sort of wisp of memory that can't be caught before it fades away. From those last years? Oh, perhaps. Now, what were you saying? That you should take a holiday. Oh, I haven't the time. Oh, that's nonsense. Charles, how old are you? None of your business. You're awfully nice looking, Charles. Thank you. Oh, but it's not fair. Of what? Well, you've spoiled me for other men, that's what. Oh, kiddie. It's no secret, is it? I've always been mad about you. Ha, ha, ha, kiddie. It might be funny if you love me now. We're not alike, you know. We laugh at the same things and we have marvelous things. And we have marvelous times together. I sometimes wonder why you don't. In my slow and careful way, I've wondered sometimes too. Why don't you just be curious? I haven't said that I don't. Oh, no. Would it be too incredible? It would be fantastic. Then it is fantastic. But I don't believe it. I don't believe that you mean it. It's just a dream. No. You do want me. I'm not just a schoolgirl to you. Darling, you're very sweet and dear to me. I'm, I'm building a great hope on you, kiddie. I'll come to the office tomorrow and find you've forgotten all about it. Oh, no, no, have Miss Hansen remind me. Oh, Charles, darling, take me out of here.  Yes, Miss Hansen. I have the renovate prospectus, Mr. Rainier. Oh, breathe in, please. Yes, sir. She was Mr. Rainier's private secretary. She'd been with him three years. He used to say jokingly that he couldn't get along without her. I wanted to tell him so many times that I was Miss Hansen. I went again to Dr. Benet, the only one who knew. I pleaded with him to let me tell Charles. You must wait, Paula, until he recognizes you. I believe that somewhere in his mind there is a phantom memory of you that will always stand between him and any other woman. But he can't give you reality. You're just a fugitive shadow in a dream. That is much help to me, is it, Doctor? I'm real. These are real tears. And my jealousy is real. And my need for him. But if you tell him and he doesn't remember, I'm warning you, there's only disaster for you both. At best, he'd resent you. And the shock could leave him far worse than he ever was. But, you know, this is the last movement along the road from him. He'll never forget. And I can understand. But I don't know about that. The first thing I need to do is have a word with him. I'll teach him a lesson. After all, I'm going to be your guest for the rest of this week. I'll teach you the lesson every time. But before that, you'll have to go to school.  I will protect you and your beloved children. But, you know, a good teacher is not enough to teach you. Resent you and the shock could leave him far worse than he ever was yes Yes, I understand. I can offer only the slight hope that someday a miracle will happen and he'll come back to you and not as Charles Rainier, but there's What was it you used to call him? Smithy Pristake this mr. Rainier. It's all here. I believe. Oh, yes. Yes. I'm sorry miss Daydreaming You saw this offer from Howard and Williams. Yes, mr. Rainier. You worked for them once. I believed you think they're bluffing I think not. I used to know mr. Williams pretty well Well, I remember he was quite annoyed when you came to me call me a pirate. Oh, well, that wasn't fair It was really all my doing indeed Well, I'd come across a picture of you in a newspaper underneath. It said one of England's industrial magnets. Oh, dear me Yes, I was impressed. I decided then and there. I must better myself. Well, I'm sincerely glad you did miss Hanson now What's all this? Oh, that's the report on that firm in the Midlands. Oh, yes the the Melbridge cable company Melbridge yes, it's it's a town in the Midlands Oh, yes, of course, I think Harrison mentioned it. I'll get him to run down I'm Taking a long holiday miss Hanson. Are you well? I think that's a very good idea I've never gone a year if things can be arranged a year. I I'm being married miss Hanson. Oh You're the first to hear the news I I'm afraid it'll mean a lot of extra work for you It's miss Chilcot. I suppose. Yes, it's giddy Was it so obvious? Oh, no. No, not at all. She's a very charming girl. Yes, I fully agree I hope you won't take it into your head to follow my example miss Hanson I don't know what I should do without you. I have been married. Mr. Rainier. You may remember. I told you when I came here Oh, yes to be sure. Yes, you had a Child I believe Yes a little boy He He died. Oh, yes. Yes. I'm sorry little boy Who died I? Couldn't tell him that it was his son It was too late. Now. I'd hoped that he would ever remember me. I've lived on that hope for three years Now it was too late. Oh I I might have told him that I was his wife He'd have accepted me He'd have pitted me and he'd resent me There was only one thing for me to do The law is quite clear on that point If it is proved that for seven years no news of a person has been received by those who would naturally hear of him If he were alive and then he may be legally presumed dead You wish me to take the necessary steps Yes, please at very well, and we shall have the marriage dissolved What do you think Charles have you any choice about what get him about the hymns to be sung at the wedding It's your wedding too. You know, oh, I'd like anything you pick out. Do you care for this one, Mr. Rainier? I played quite often the voice that breathed or eaten that earliest wedding day Oh, yes, but there's another lovely one nearly always used this perhaps Oh perfect love Do you know the words? There's maybe The love that knows no ending Charles what's wrong? What are you staring at? Mr. Bedos, I think that would be all for now. Yes, Miss Charles Look at me, please Hmm. Yes kitty. It's all right, Charles I'm glad it's happened What what has happened? I've been uncertain almost from the beginning. I've always known it really known what darling But I'm not the one Charles you looked at me just now as if I were a stranger trying to take the place of someone else Someone else. I know it sounds absurd But I've had a feeling that I remind you of someone else someone you once knew Oh, don't leave me kitty. I need you. I'm trying to make a life Someone you loved as you never loved me I'm nearly the one Charles But nearly isn't enough for a lifetime. Oh kitty. I I don't know what to say You don't have to say anything But because I love you more than anyone I shall ever marry Kiss me goodbye child and where did Mr. Rainier go? I don't know miss Hanson He just left. I don't quite know why miss, but I sort of think he may have gone to Liverpool Liverpool it was from Liverpool that he came that night that he came back from the dead you might say Sheldon about that night. Please try to remember. What did he tell you had happened to him? Well miss it was a wet night He'd been knocked down by a taxi and carried into a chemist shop He knew that much but why he was in Liverpool or where he'd been before he couldn't remember I Went directly to Liverpool. I found him in a hotel room Come in Why miss Hanson, please forgive me for coming. We were all so anxious and Something very important came up How did you know I was in Liverpool something Sheldon said I made inquiries You say some important business induced you to follow me. Yes, sir Edward Lake died yesterday There'll be a by-election for Parliament. They'd like you to stand in a liberal interest No Miss Hanson did Sheldon tell you of my my experience here about 12 years ago Yes, he did mr. Rainier. I came back here at that time hoping to stumble on the trail of my past But I failed then and I failed now Nothing helped you nothing Why should I feel a sense of loss so acute that it's spoiling your life? Oh, I'm not being honest with myself. My life's not complete And I've hurt others I Don't know why I bore you with my affairs miss Hanson You feel perhaps that you lived in Liverpool. It seems possible, but not certain. You mean I might have been visiting Follow nearby town or from the country perhaps on business Yes, perhaps and stayed at some hotel. Do you know in what direction you were walking when the accident occurred? Yes, I was walking down Mason Street. It was wet. Well, there are two hotels north of Mason Street There's the old Olympic and the the Great Northern the Great Northern Yes, it's quite a distance from the Olympics So if it was wet and you were walking the chances are that you were coming from the Great Northern Presuming I was staying at a hotel at all, but under what name was I registered? Well, it's just one chance to find out if you were at a hotel You walked out leaving unclaimed luggage, but they keep it so long. Oh, surely it's worth investigating. Yes Yes, you've given me fresh hope miss Hanson. We'll start with the Great Northern There was some luggage at the Great Northern, of course a single grip and the name on it John Smith It was his grip the one I'd given him We opened it and looked through it together Well, that settles it John Smith a highly unimaginative incognito and what could be more anonymous than those poor eggs Nothing seem familiar to you. No There's a finality about that most unrewarding find like a door slammed and bolted I I'm not sure what you mean by that means that I shall learn to accept myself for what I am a Psychological defective As kitty saw me as you must see me it means that That I shall never know we pause now for station identification. This is CBS the Columbia broadcasting system In just a moment, we'll continue with Act 3 of Random Harvest Our guest tonight Miss Loreen Tuttle is walking on air and with good reason She's just completed a picture with one of the screens most romantic teams Clark Gable and Lana Turner in Metro Golden Mare's outstanding dramatic production homecoming Congratulations, Loreen. Well, Mr. Kealy it was the thrill of a lifetime to appear in a picture with Clark Gable I can well understand that you know, Mr. Kealy how we were making the picture It seemed to us that Clark and Lana were really living their screen role exactly what I felt when I saw the picture And there are two other favorites of mine in the cast and Baxter and John hoodie. I'm not first read the script I was fascinated by the story itself It's the kind of dramatic conflict that's timely and always close to home When I was studying my part, I could just see Clark Gable in the role of the doctor He's wonderful and I found Lana Turner quite irresistible as one of the two women in his life In fact Lana and Anne Baxter make a dazzling pair in MGM's homecoming John Kennedy here has something to say about that I certainly have picture with two of our loveliest lux girls gets rave notices from me check and double-check John Wait till movie fans see those two beautiful complexions in the close-ups They'll understand why Lux toilet soap is Hollywood's favorite beauty soap nine out of ten screen stars tell us that Lux toilet soap is a care they can depend on no wonder daily care with Lux soap is the finest care you can give your skin I've used it for years, and I know thank you, Mr. Marine Tuttle for reminding our listeners that Lux toilet soap care really makes skin lovelier The best way for any woman to prove it for herself is to try Lux soap beauty facials for a while She'll be delighted with the new freshness those facials give her skin a practical beauty hint from a very charming authority Tests by skin specialists, you know show that Lux soap care really works in actually three out of four cases Skin became softer smoother in a short time Why not try Hollywood's own beauty soap fragrant white Lux toilet soap tomorrow Here's your producer William Kaylee act three of random harvest Starring Ronald Coleman as Charles and Greer Dawson as Paula The door to the past was shut and bolted forever. There was no chance now No hope that he would remember me. I stayed on as his secretary because I couldn't live away from him I was with him through the election He took his seat in the house, and I was there the day he made his first speech. Hello It was nice of you to come down for my debut was I satisfactory oh very By the way, I haven't really thanked you for your help in the campaign. I really enjoyed it.  It just struck me your Your hair is bright red in the sunshine. Oh, is that all? You were looking so intense was I Did you ever have those feelings of having lived through certain moments before You mean you have the feeling that you've known me before as a matter of fact I felt it quite strongly the first day you came into my office. Oh Was that why you engaged me perhaps? But it was also your air of quiet efficiency. Oh Miss Hansen forgive me, but Is there any possibility that you might marry again not the slightest I'm asking you because I have a proposal to make It may sound outrageous to you, but it's not a sudden impulse. I thought it over very carefully You and I are in the same boat. We're both Ghost-ridden well that sounds a bit dramatic, but I think it expresses it. We are prisoners of our past Yes What if we were to pull our loneliness and Give each other what little we have to give support friendship I'm proposing marriage miss Hansen Marriage what should I call it a merger? You know, I'm good at mergers But a member of parliament should have a wife Margaret, so I'm told on all sides You have exceptional gifts What is interest you to have a wider field for them? I don't know you you need have no fear that I would make any Emotional demands upon you. I have only sincere friendship to offer and I won't ask any more from you Please think it over. It's a selfish proposal, but I can't have you giving me notice, you know, I'd be lost without you Miss Hansen Margaret have I hurt you? I don't know Oh This comes of boasting that I never cried I married Charles Rainier. I don't know what I expected Perhaps that he would Sunday fall in love with me But I kept to the terms and Charles did too It was sir Charles now sir Charles and lady Rainier who appeared together at the opera who gave dinners at random hall for the prime minister Sir Charles and lady Rainier Very devoted couple of people said Good night. Good night. Good night Well, that's over with you certainly mellowed the prime minister. He was positively purring. Oh Good heavens is nearly three o'clock You took committee meetings tomorrow you know today. It's morning the morning of May the 25th Does that suggest something to you the anniversary of our wedding? Third anniversary, I thought you'd like this. What is it Charles your anniversary gift? An eightless. Oh Charles all my gratitude goes with it Margaret. Oh, it's too beautiful really No, you spoil me. You put it on for me.  Thank you.  Why do you ask? Oh twinge of conscience if I hadn't interfered in your life I should never have been lady Rainier and entertained the prime minister and worn these emeralds Is it enough perhaps not is there anyone else? No Charles why are you asking me? Well, if there were I've often wanted to say this I wouldn't hold you to our bargain. I haven't the right. Are you trying to get rid of me Charles?  Oh I'm glad to hear that because I like my job well Good night Charles and thank you for the wonderful present cried that night. I Said at my dressing table and cried In front of me was another necklace the one he had given me so long ago There were no emeralds Yes, oh Come in Charles Margaret. I'm afraid I I didn't While you're crying did I say something to hurt you? No, no, it's nothing really It's just nerves I'm sorry What is that another necklace? Yes, a very old one a gift Yes He said He said they were the color of my eyes They are aren't they oh Margaret isn't there something morbid in burying one's heart with the dead That's a strange thing for you to say is it you haven't even a memory No, I'm yet the best of you. You're your capacity for loving your Your whole joy in living is buried in a little space of time that that you've forgotten Isn't quite the same thing why not because in some vague way I still have hope yes I suppose that's it. Have you Charles Do you you feel that there really is someone? Someday you may find her again. Oh, it's nothing I can put into words But doesn't it frighten you sometimes that you may have come so near her even brushed by on the street Yes, I thought of that You might even have met her It might be someone you know Charles It it might even be me. Oh my good I'm talking wildly job You know, I've sometimes thought I'd like to travel. I think I need a holiday We're perhaps from the house adjourned. Oh, I don't want to drag you away I'll take a maid or a friend perhaps a Margaret. I I believe you want to get away from me. Oh, no No, it's just that it's it's been rather a strain It's been harder than I thought Being the wife of Charles Rainier if you wish of course should we talk about it in the morning in the morning? Yes, good night Charles. Good night Margaret I think this is my compartment. Yes. Yes, it is. You're having only two days in the country Yes, my boat sails on Wednesday. And is it on your way this place? No, it isn't really It's just a quiet little country village with a delightful old in and a cottage that I want to see again cottage I I was once very happy there Well, goodbye Charles Margaret, I wish you weren't going. Would you let me hear from you? Oh, of course. Goodbye Are you going to the house now? No to the office. There's some trouble. Oh It seems strange not to talk it over with you Margaret Goodbye Charles. Goodbye So Charles. Yes. Oh, hello Harrison. I took the liberty of coming down. So this strike, you know, it's pretty serious strike Hey at the Melbridge cable works the men right of hand Melbridge. Oh, yes. Yes. Yes, of course Well, well, perhaps we better run down there. Yes, sir Is on yeah, yeah, well, there's nothing more we can do here Melbridge not exactly the place I choose to live in. Shall I get a cab, sir? No, no, no, let's walk It's not far to the station. Yeah, well, sir Yeah, Bob's getting thicker. Yes beastly You know the cigarette? No, I'm sorry Oh, never mind. There's a little tobacconist just around the corner. Yes, but I thought you'd say to the truth Never been in Melbridge. I haven't but you said there's a little tobacconist just around the corner. Hmm. Oh, so there is you see Over there. Yeah, but that sharp is off the main street. You couldn't have seen it on the way from the station No, that's true. Well, then the how did you know of it? I don't know. I came straight to it Yes, I was sure But I don't know how What's the matter? Melbridge, are you ill sir? Let me get a cab. No, no, no, let me think. There's something that that that shop the streets Crowds. Well, there's a taxi. I'll get it. Taxip Yes, sir. Here was I get in driver Where is the hospital? Hospital you mean the old one or the new one sir the old one I think Big gates a high wall all around it. Well, you wouldn't be mean in the asylum. Would you sir? The asylum Take us there. Well, look here sir. You say that who came out of these gates. Yes, I'm sure of that There was some excitement and a great deal of noise. Well, then let's start from here Now you must have gone into town. Yes, I did. I I came along this path toward the town And there was a good deal of fog all like tonight people shouting and the sound of I was trying to get away from something trying to escape and I was afraid Yes, and I went I went to that shop the tobacconist I was right I came from there when I left the shop then where did you go? I don't know the crowd The crowd there was a girl. Yes a girl Harrison. Yes, sir. There's a cottage somewhere It's a white cottage with a picket fence It's near a church. You can see the steeple through the trees and Hear the bells ringing could you find the place sir It's Cleaved and I've been looking for you for such a long time Such a long long time for the I found you follow darling Forgettable our to Greer garson and Ronald Coleman who returned to the footlights for a curtain call That was an academy performance if I ever heard one. Well, thank you, Bill And you know Ronnie We're all just delighted that you won the Academy Award this year for your terrific performance in that very exciting picture I just can't wait to see it again from one winner to another Greer That's very gracious of you You deserve it Ronnie and a double life is one of the most thrilling pictures. I've seen in years. Thank you, Bill Thank you Greer. I hear you've been having a lot of fun out of Metro Golden Mayor you and Walter pigeon Yes, Bill. We'll be making a comedy together.  You'd see me hanging from a trapeze by my teeth, but it was wonderful fun Coming back to you Ronnie, I hope you've got that Academy Award Oscar Promotely on display in your home. Well, it's a matter of fact. I didn't have it very long bill a Neighbor of mine bothered it. What did you ever get it back? Not yet, but he keeps promising every day Because I would call from somebody who called himself the walking man and asked if I'd name a price for mine You mean he offered you money. Oh, no, no, it's not the same man How ravishing you looked at the opera the other night May I say there's another award that you deserve this one from us for that lovely luxe complexion Well, thank you kindly Bill. It's true. I have a luxe pen and from one with your beauty That makes us very proud indeed. What's the play for next week in this theater bill? It's Paramount's great comedy success dear Ruth The story of a boy and girl who become unwittingly entangled in romance through the mischievous wilds of a young sister And we're fortunate in having the original stars Joan Caulfield William Holden and Billy DeWolf Dear Ruth is a most amusing playbill your listeners should love it. Good night. Good night and congratulations to you both Join me in inviting you to witness a game next Monday evening in the Lux Radio Theatre presents William Holden Joan Caulfield and Billy DeWolf in dear room This is William Keely saying good night to you from Hollywood Garcin appeared by arrangement with metal golden mayor currently releasing Frank Capper's production of State of the Union Tonight's Lux Radio Theatre presentation was adapted from the MGM screenplay Random Harvest our music was directed by Louis Silvers Join us again next Monday night to hear dear Ruth with Joan Caulfield William Holden and Billy DeWolf Ladies get pepsidon sensational bargain offer the Lana Turner ballpoint pocket perfume regular dollar 95 value Yet, it's yours plus a supply of Harriet Hubbard airs you perfume for only 50 cents Fashions newest accessory for carrying perfume designed for Lana Turner who stars opposite Clark Gable in MGM's hit homecoming Send 50 cents with both blue and flaps from any pepsidon carton to pepsidon box 776 Chicago, Illinois offer good United States and territories only send tonight The shorter listen next Monday night to the Lux Radio Theatre presentation of dear Ruth with William Holden Joan Caulfield and Billy DeWolf Stay tuned for my friend Irma, which follows immediately over most of these stations. This is CBS the Columbia Broadcasting System


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss how to graph rational functions identifying zeros and asymptotes when suitable factorizations are available and showing end behavior. First of all let us see what is a rational function. Now a rational function is a function that can be written as f of x upon g of x where g of x is not equal to 0 and where f of x and g of x are polynomials. Now let us discuss steps to graph a rational function of the form y is equal to f of x upon g of x. In the first step find the vertical asymptotes by finding zeros of denominator g of x. Now these zeros will be vertical asymptotes if they are not the zeros of numerator f of x. In the next step we find the horizontal asymptote by using the following facts. Now if degree of f of x is less than degree of g of x then there is a horizontal asymptote at y is equal to 0 and degree of f of x is greater than degree of g of x then there is no horizontal asymptote. If degree of f of x is equal to degree of g of x then y is equal to a upon v where a is the leading coefficient of f of x and b is the leading coefficient of g of x. Now after finding the vertical asymptote then horizontal asymptote in the next step we find x intercepts by finding zeros of f of x these zeros will be the x intercepts if they are not the zeros of g of x. Then in the next step find y intercepts by putting x is equal to 0 in the given function. Now the vertical asymptotes will divide the number line into regions. Graph at least one point in each region. This point will tell us where the graph will be above or below the horizontal asymptote each we can plot several points to determine the general shape of the graph and then in the next step we will sketch the graph and you must note that if there is a common zero of f of x and g of x this represents a hole in the graph then simplify the given fraction and put the x value that is the common zero the obtained point is the point where hole exists in the graph and vertical asymptotes cannot be crossed because they describe where the graph is undefined horizontal asymptotes will be crossed only what happens to the graph as x gets very large or very small. Now let us discuss an example for the clock of the function y is equal to 2 x plus 4 divided by x plus 1 of the form upon g of x which is less than f of c which is less than f of c when the function is maximum at x is equal to c then is the vertical asymptote where the support is we will make use of these facts which we have discussed earlier. Now here we have this function and here f of x is equal to 2 x plus 4 and g of x is equal to x plus 1 now here degree of f of x is 1 and degree of g of x is again 1 in the horizontal asymptote as degree of f of x is equal to degree of g of x upon b where a is leading coefficient of f of x and b is leading coefficient of g of x now here leading coefficient of f of x will be coefficient of x that is 1 so horizontal asymptote will be at y is equal to b upon b that is equal to that is y is equal to 2 now in the next step finding zeros of a point numerator is equal to 0 so we have 4 is equal to 0 which implied is given by the ordered pair minus 2 0 now in the next step and we get y is equal to 2 into 0 plus 4 0 plus y is equal to 4 so y intercept is given by the ordered pair 0 4 that is given by x is equal to minus 1 so we have drawn this vertical asymptote this graph in two regions that is the horizontal asymptote y is equal to 2 flag these two points on the graph that we can clearly determine its behavior now equal to minus 3 in this function we get y is equal to 1 x is equal to minus 4 we get y is equal to 1.3 for x is equal to minus 0.5 we get y is equal to 6 then for x is equal to 1 we get y is equal to 3 and for x is equal to 4 we get y is equal to 2.4 these points on the graph plotted all these points on the graph finding all these points we get this graph left region minus 1 is to minus infinity is to minus infinity right region infinity y tends to infinity so this is the end to the behavior of the function y is a and this version we have learnt identifying zeros and asymptotes and suitable term hope you all have enjoyed this session