Diagnosis and treatment of swellings of the floor of the mouth present many interesting problems. Among the lesions responsible for enlargements of this area is the epidermoid or epithelial inclusion cysts. These cysts are congenital in origin and are caused by an enclavement of the ectoderm at the time of closure of an embryonic fissure. For the most part they contain sebaceous glands and sebaceous secretions. However on rare occasion they may contain hair and hair follicles. While they are present at birth they usually do not become evident until later years with their growth occasionally being accelerated during puberty. When seen in the facial regions they occur most frequently in the floor of the mouth or the submetal area. These lesions are sometimes erroneously referred to as dermoid cysts. This problem was encountered on an 18 year old girl who was referred for diagnosis and treatment of a three and a half by a three and a half centimeter mass in the floor of the mouth. History reveals it was first noted approximately four years ago when a small painless asymptomatic nodule developed in the midline of the floor of the mouth. It gradually increased in size over the next three years until approximately one year ago it stabilized at its present size. There was no pain or discomfort associated with this lesion. However as it enlarged the patient noted increasing difficulty in mastication and speech. Since it was painless it did not cause alarm. It was discovered during a routine dental examination one week previous to the present time. Examination reveals no limitation of movement of the jaws. A large mass is noted protruding in the floor of the mouth between the tongue and the mandibular anterior teeth. The mass is accentuated as the patient raises her tongue and limitation of movement of the tongue is evident. Pressure in the submetal region causes the mass to become more prominent in the floor of the mouth. When the mucosa is tensed over the underlying mass a definite yellowish color is evident. Palpation reveals the mass to have a firm rubbery consistency. While the mass is slightly compressible firm resistance is encountered and the impression is readily established that the lesion feels somewhat like a rubber ball. As the mucosa is moved it is quite evident that it moves freely and independently of the underlying mass given the impression that a distinct capsule surrounds the submerged lesion. The distended vessels in the wall of the encapsulated mass are quite evident as movement of the thin over lined mucosa is continued. When confronted with a soft tissue enlargement in the floor of the mouth at least five entities must be considered. The first is infection. In this case infection can probably be ruled out because of the history, the lack of symptoms and the characteristics of the lesion. A ranula should be the second consideration since it is the most frequent lesion responsible for enlargements in this area. A representative ranula is shown in this slide. It is usually bluish white in color and is filled with a thin fluid that allows easy compression of the mass. The mucosa over lined the ranula cannot be moved independently of the underlying cyst wall. Since the lesion in our patient is yellowish white instead of bluish white in color is a firm consistency and is not soft and compressible and since the mucosa can be moved independently of the underlying mass a ranula can probably be ruled out. The next most frequently encountered enlargement of the floor of the mouth is the epidermoid inclusion cyst. The location of the lesion in this patient, the history of slow enlargement, its color and consistency and the fact that it appears to be encapsulated certainly points to this entity as the most likely diagnosis. The next lesion that must be considered is a mesodermal tumor. Any of the connective tissue structures found in this area are capable of neoplastic proliferation and while such tumors are rare they must be considered. A mesodermal tumor, a lipoma, is illustrated in these slides. These tumors may reach considerable size are firm and resistant and usually are encapsulated which allows free movement of the over lined mucosa. If the connective tissue mass happens to be a lipoma it could have a yellowish color as shown in this slide. The over lined mucosa has been excised exposing an encapsulated mass which proved to be a lipoma. Hence a mesodermal tumor must be given serious consideration in the present case. Finally, since the floor of the mouth contains salivary glands a tumor of salivary gland origin must be considered. To obtain additional information aspiration to determine the contents of the mass would be helpful. To carry out this diagnostic procedure anesthesia is required. Local anesthesia was selected for the aspiration procedure and the subsequent surgery. Bilateral mandibular injections utilizing an aspirating syringe with a disposable needle is being used. Note that aspiration before injection is being practiced and whenever the depth of the needle is changed, reaspiration before injection is carried out. Infiltration of the covering mucosa is utilized for hemostasis. Note that the syringe is turned so the glass carbure will be visible to the operator to facilitate visualization of any aspirated blood. After anesthesia is obtained a lower lock syringe with a 13 gauge needle is inserted into the substance of the mass. The needle is placed in several different areas of the mass and eventually an area is encountered that yields a small amount of thick yellowish white caseus material. The aspiration of this yellowish white thick caseus material establishes the fact that there is a sebaceous like substance in the central portion of the mass and points to an epidermoid inclusion cyst as the correct diagnosis. Following this tentative diagnosis surgical removal of the mass is indicated. Surgery in the floor of the mouth presents several problems. On either side of the midline are noted the openings of the submaxillary ducts and the surgery should not injure these important structures. Larger vessels and nerves must also be avoided. To expose a cystic mass a cautious incision is made to the mucosa in the midline being careful to avoid the submaxillary ducts. This incision is made carefully to avoid incision of the underlying capsule. Incision of the capsule would release the contents of the cyst into the wound and make the surgery more difficult. For complete access the incision is extended on to the ventral surface of the tongue. The dissection through the mucosa progresses carefully until the capsule of the underlying mass is completely exposed. Following incision of the mucosa the scapule is discarded and the mass separated from the surrounding connective tissue by blunt dissection. A small hemostat is utilized in this dissection. The floor of the mouth is a very vascular region and to avoid excessive hemorrhage the blunt dissection is carefully continued. Note the distinct capsule surrounding the mass and the distinct plane of separation that develops. As the superior and lateral aspects of the mass are freed it begins to protrude into the exposed area. To reach the depths of the mass a curved curette is used to free the fibrous attachments and as the dissection proceeds mobilization of the mass is evident. Movement of the mass from side to side facilitates access to the deeper areas. The dissection reaches a depth where use of the curette is no longer effective.  As the mass becomes more mobile traction is applied with an Alice forceps. This permits access to the deeper attachments. These are separated by means of a blunt elevator. As the mass is delivered from the wound a few remaining bands of fibrous tissue are encountered attaching the mass on its inferior surface. These are sectioned with scissors after ascertaining that no large vessels are contained in the tissue. The remaining attachments in the depth of the wound are visualized and cut completely freeing the mass without rupture of the capsule. Maintaining the integrity of the capsule facilitates the surgery and prevents the contents of the mass from escaping into the operative wound. The excise mass is a large firm distinctly encapsulated lesion that offers firm resistance to compression. As it is compressed some of the thick material can be seen extruding from the opening in the capsule that resulted from the aspiration. The consistency of this material explains the difficulty that was encountered when the diagnostic aspiration procedure was carried out. The operative defect is examined carefully to ensure complete hemostasis and removal of all fibrous tissue tags. The wound is now ready for closure. Closure of the wound presents several problems. An operative defect of considerable size remains and this defect must be eliminated. The mass develop planes of separation. An extravasated blood and serum might occupy these planes to produce hematoma and thus delay healing. Since the mass has displaced muscle tissue, there is a tendency for the displaced muscles to return to their original position and assist in obliteration of the defect. To further collapse the wound, absorbable sutures are inserted in the deeper muscle layers. These deep sutures are placed in sufficient number to eliminate all dead space. Closure of the mucosa is a very important step. The suture is passed through the mucosal flap on the right side. It then passes through the muscle tissue deep in the wound, then through the mucosal flap on the left side. As this suture is tied, it anchors the mucosal flap to the underlying muscle and obliterates the space that otherwise might develop. Two or three sutures of this type anchor the mucosa in several areas. The remaining sutures are passed only through the mucosa to approximate the cut surfaces. Sutures are placed in sufficient number to ensure accurate re-approximation of the tissue. Immediate postoperative observation reveals normal mobility of the tongue. Pressure in the submetal area no longer causes a movement of the floor of the mouth. To discuss this case and to describe the pathology, we have enlisted the aid of an oral pathologist. Would you be kind enough to discuss this case and describe the lesion? This is a very interesting case, and most of the clinical possibilities have been discussed already. The only thing I can add to that list is the possibility of a brachial cleft cyst in the floor of the mouth. But let's look at the gross specimen now. The gross specimen is circumscribed and appears encapsulated. On palpation earlier it was slightly compressible. When the lesion is cut one can see that it reveals a cystic mass which is filled by thick cheesy material. The wall is quite thin. Grossly therefore it appears to be a cyst of some sort. The microscopic slide shows a collapsed cystic lesion which is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. The empty space in the center contains sebaceous material. The lining of the cystic lesion does not show any pseudo epithelium at its hyperplasia. The second slide reveals that the connective tissue wall of this lesion contains a number of small glandular structures which mimic the sebaceous glands of the skin. In one area a small keratin cyst or a sebaceous cyst can be seen. The presence of these sebaceous glands establishes this lesion as an epidermoid inclusion cyst. Would you discuss the relationship of a lesion of this type and a dermoid cyst? A dermoid cyst is really a teratoma. These lesions occur most frequently in the ovaries, in the testes, in the midline of the body and on rare occasion may arise in the floor of the mouth. Since the teratomas have unlimited growth potentiality, they should be classified as neoplasms. However, the lesion like the one we saw in this case is an epidermoid cyst. Thank you very much. It is well recognized that the final diagnosis of any surgical specimen depends upon the microscopic examination. The patient did well postoperatively. When seen 24 hours after surgery, there was little edema and no limitations of movement of the jaws. The patient had experienced little pain and only mild sedation was required. The wound is intact and appears to be healing by primary intention. Healing was entirely uneventful. When seen two months after surgery, complete healing of the operative wound was evident with no residual. The openings of the submaxillary ducts have not been disturbed. The movement of the tongue is now normal and the original complaints of difficulty in mastication and speech has been resolved. This case presents the problems associated with an epidermoid inclusion cyst in the floor of the mouth. Differential diagnosis of swellings of the floor of the mouth has been discussed. It is evident that diagnosis is not difficult when all the facts are mobilized prior to surgical intervention. When surgery is based on a sound diagnosis and the surgical procedures adhere to sound surgical principles, excellent results with minimal postoperative problems can be anticipated.


Jacory and I put some together some of the key points and steps that you have to keep in mind when it comes down to Building up out of this space and what we've been doing with artists so you can separate yourself from a pack and build Beyond all right Number one when we're talking about building community Collect information. Yep. Now. I know it sounds simple to some of y'all but I literally saw somebody in the comments like a couple weeks ago. Does it really um become helpful to collect emails and phone numbers Yes, it does for real 100 and I know many of you guys have heard this information for a while We're not going to harp on that point specifically, but literally Collect emails phone numbers all that stuff straightforward. Now. How do you go about it? That's the more interesting point and we'll get into that some of that as we talk about these other things but part two Is your mission and your brand values We got to know what we getting into We got to know what we care about. All right. We talked about personality Is one of those leading things or just that front-facing aspect is not just the music And many cases is not the music at all. Hey, I fought with them But I came in and recite three songs. All right, that's the reality that jacory just He doesn't spoke for himself and got called out for it But I think it's true for many of us. All right, because what's the difference between that and you saying I like this actor or I like this just person And you actually do not know him Isn't a difference out of me you watch a couple movies or you heard a couple songs and you talk about how you like them But you don't know them for real. Yeah, like who they are behind closed doors It's the same thing. So we've all shown that we had the capacity to be that way. We just Haven't been in an environment where it really affected artists like that. So Again for me to feel deeper for you want to be a part of your tribe then I have to know What is your tribe and you got to define that for your audience you want to speak more on that? We're about to get into Actually, no, yeah, essentially it's like the I don't know. I look at like who's the crowd of people you want to attend your party You know, that's the best way to look at it, right? Like like to the point where you want the golf kids there you want I don't know who you want show to your party. Essentially. I look at the brand messaging um And I know one of the big things that we talked about in that is also like How do you want your community to act within your mission and brand values, right? What are the rules and boundaries and regulations of being a part of your world? Yeah, you know what I'm saying? and There was a point I was talking to like a client about a couple days ago I think does kind of time to this she was asking brand questions and things and so the way that I've come to understand it Is like you as an artist you were essentially building like your mcu, right? Yeah, your marvel universe, right? And so If you look at marvel marvel doesn't give you the whole plot in one movie They give you the plot broken down across multiple movies tv shows spin-off and things like that, right? But if you're a real marvel fan, you're picking up on different points of the plot Based on these little things that you that you watch that you watching that you see And then if you bring it to I guess like real world kind of like the branding of like marvel and like them as a company Like they they do things in real life. They make the actor speak and talk in certain ways and interviews that reflect whatever the brand is That is essentially what you're trying to do as an artist. Like what are all what is my big brand mission, right? How am I going to take this Six-hour plot and break it down into to ten movies You know saying that that my fans can consume in bite-sized ways I still get the message across and then how am I on the business side going to reflect that you know I'm saying what Regulations rules am I going to make the people under me or a part of me? You know I'm saying kind of reflect so that my world is actually represented everywhere that it goes and it's kind of talked about Yeah, I like that because The perfect example that I mentioned earlier was Tyler the creators camp vlog not right. Yep Drake came out Drake left With those of y'all who don't know do not know Drake came out at camp vlog now. That's Tyler creators festival and he got booed Now the reason he got booed is multiple folds right one They came from Frank ocean Yeah, and receive Drake. Drake is not Frank ocean. He's not Frank ocean. Drake is Drake But he's not Frank ocean. All right, so When you talk about The marketing the rules and the energy that you're attracting people with and then you do a little switcher rule Mm-hmm Like they didn't even give anybody in the same category now Frank is a tough person to compare to right He really is in his own lane in many ways in terms of his perception and note and being that level of success With that type of style and music But there's close there's people closer to Frank ocean than Drake, right?  That's the problem Like why am I sitting now listening to this sermon? And I ain't dressed for this You know what I mean? All right, I ain't come to see all these cold people Like this is just not what we hear for so when you switch up that vibe what you just marketed for it's an issue But that's how powerful that is, right? And then you go to next level That that happened Tyler the creator in his audience Tyler the creator the rules the boundaries that he set Were pretty open and that type of energy Was the energy that tyler's always projected Like if young tyler with boo drake in a moment like that And he was like, yo, you know, you got to respect that But that's not the brand that tyler himself built and the energy that he's attracted people with right And that's not even A shot at tyler in that moment specifically.  Well, we got smoke for you. You're getting it. That is what it is, right? So That's great because he built that specific community. What does your community look like now? When we number three, we can get even deeper into that because number three is Give them space to hang out. Yeah, whether that's digitally Or in a physical space now a perfect example of this. I'm gonna start at the top The dreamville fest Now I didn't go to the recent dreamville fest, but I was Talking to piff marty recently shout out to piff marty and he was there And he said it was really really dope You got some people told me it was 30,000. Some people said it was 50,000. Some people said it was like 70,000 people there It's a lot of people there. Either way. Either way and piff said Everybody here was like on the same type of time same type of energy He made it sound like it was like a good energy positive energy Like it was j. Cole's values at scale. Yeah, right that community he built When you can do something like that attract one Your own fan base and then also curate around that because this is your taste Right because you're making those decisions brand values and making sure everybody is in line with that and and your messaging And you bring everybody out for a specific energy. That's a big win. All right, and a lot of these concerts have issues when Things overlap and you attract you don't do a good job at curating on the front end Right. Yeah, because even some artists that you might have on the bill They can do multiple energies But so if you could you could throw them on your bill And they can attract the other side of their crowd that you don't necessarily want there Right. So how do you do that j. Cole is somebody who's been very very very good at like amplifying Like his type of community you already kind of know what it is You're not it's not there to be necessarily flashy. That'd be cool and expressive And flash your creativity, but it's not the flash flexing way In terms of the stereotypes that we like to think. All right. I got more money. I got more money Like all of those things have been set. All right and then Another activation though on the top end was Travis Scott All right. Oh, yeah The fortnight thing the fortnight thing So that's the digital less about the conversation of those mission and brand values j. Cole did a great job at that, but this is just for this single example of giving people a physical space that hang out and community to come together So you have physically dreamfest j. Cole On the top end you got Travis Scott fortnight digitally Then you bring that down to an earlier level in process well you got Pop-ups in general a lot of artists have done pop-ups, right? So it's easier to accomplish you come in you Have this day where you can either profitably or at least break even, you know I mean getting only a hundred people to show up, right? Whatever that number looks like, all right We got an artist that we're working with right now. She Just Hit me up saying I think she sold 75 tickets $400 or whatever sold out in a small space Right, there's these things that you can do these small community driven events that you can do that will allow you to build And we'll get deeper into that and cover more that stuff later But you can sell and do numbers like that 75 people a hundred dollars each Small curated event and they're happy while there's still new people who want to come but they couldn't make it because it was uh Sold out, right? So now you got other people who know that yo when I do this I sell out So next time I gotta like make sure I come because I might miss. Yeah, all right. So You got that and then we talked about people like um Tom Who else do you say? Kari Kari Like their discourse. Yeah small digital community spaces to meet up right those things Are great places because when your community doesn't have a way to hang out It's hard to truly build community around you. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, and community is important too because I think There needs to be space for the fans to make Memories and build positive feelings towards you without you having to do any of the work. Yep, right. So, um Like I had a artist tell me a story two weeks ago about how he had this fan that met his wife In like the comments of like one of his videos You know what I thought was pretty cool. He's like they just he made a comment She made a comment back He kind of went back and forth He told me it was a poem that was breaking up and they had him in the middle of it You know saying that with him and him. It was crazy. But it was a cool story, right? It's like So if that artist I'm assuming you know goes on to marry this woman and you know, they they make it work They're always gonna have these positive feelings associated with him and he didn't even do nothing He's made the post and they they made that happen in the comments, right? And I I see that all the time with Discord groups, right? One of the best things about going to artist specific shows and festivals Festivals that you meet people that you know, y'all have something to comment You might make some friends, right? And so it's like all these different experiences that will Benefit you as an artist that don't necessarily have anything to do with you like you didn't put them together, right? You didn't make them meet you didn't make these connections happen now. You talk about as your audience grows Then that just starts happening 10 fold 100 fold right sometimes a thousand fold and you're getting all the good will back Right, you're curating. Yeah, right. There's people are gonna say like man I met my wife at a At a quarry show You know saying like, yeah, man, I was whatever you got to sell them with it You know saying because I have this this feeling this feeling associated with you So that to me is the most important part. This court is cool because that can happen Whether or not you're awake, right? And it's an easier setup for most artists I'm an easier learn for most people But like that's the big idea behind it Like you want the people congregating in these spaces so that they can Build they can they can make memories around you that don't necessarily have to do it exactly with you Exactly and this is the difference between fans and community. Yeah If they if you have a bunch of fans that never meet in their fans Those fans can then meet and share experiences with each other. Now you have a community right and the whole goal is to Build I call this passive fan base generation Right, because you get the fans to start creating new fans for you. Yeah, right And they have this environment that you curated you were the taste maker for it But once it's there it starts to live and breathe beyond your own ideas They start having ideas. They say hey, I want to do this again. Can you bring it back? And then they're going to bring some of their other friends because they thought it was so dope, right? Like that's what you want and it's easy to do that In my music experiences than it is in music experience, right? Like okay, if I like this song then I can share this all true, right? But there's a limitation to how much you're going to get that happening, right? And if I want to go to your concert, yeah, that can happen too, but the concert experience isn't Usually a shared experience to the same extent, especially when it comes to meeting new people The way most people throw them Best of them are closer to that, but then that's not your show That's your you know, I mean that's a whole thing unless you're the one curating it but If you create a type of show That have it has an energy beyond the music All right, where it is a little bit more relaxed and people are there and sitting around Not just like standing looking at you in a dark room Then you can curate more if you do experiences far beyond Music itself is still curated book clubs Uh I don't know right you can insert a lot of different things because I want to talk about some of the stuff that Um some clients and people I know are doing right now, but Like If you do stuff That's beyond the music. It's easy to market because people still want to have experiences Period, right? And there's a specific experience that they think about when they do a concert But I still want to go out on dates.  And you can have a good vibe for me to take my girl out or something like that Then don't like remember that was one of the things I noted about that gz concert Oh man, I could get this is like it's not on valentine's day, but I can get like valentine's day Points on this on the friday She gonna get to dress up. You know I'm saying that's points for me.  There's a lot of things, but that's what I'm doing, right? I'm not just like, oh, this is going to see young gz. Literally. I saw gz The month before no two months before those tickets were out. Yeah, you know I'm saying But I thought about how he positioned that specific experience It was a higher end black tie, you know attract a certain mold of people It was a whole different thing, right? So That allows you also to hit your fans in more ways than one Right, so I could come here and be an opener for kori show and I could come back the next month and Have no more new music released But have a different experience that I bring you around and you will still come to my shit Yeah, and you're gonna you're gonna appeal to different types of your fans right because that that setup is gonna appeal to a Probably older more paid section of his fan base and then As an artist if you're aware of these different communities and people that are paying attention to you You can create experiences for those different pockets, right? Right.  Don't cater or pander too heavily because they still already rock with you, right? You don't gotta change who you are But it's just creating a new space that they can Existing afford, right make it to in general. All right on the other side another idea We've been talking about for a long time. We participated or helping people and What's just doing like video game tournaments and stuff like that are the same idea All right, you got fans who are now playing each other They're engaged around something watching it's your tournament, but they're watching it because Watching other people because of you. So now you're not even doing work and you're building fans That's the past of fan base generation that I talk about right? Yeah, I like people do celebrity basketball games all of those things are By achieving that goal of community by bringing people around and you don't get community without Bringing people together. Yeah, you just can't otherwise you have fans and fans are great But community is better better And that's how we begin to monetize but you to monetize Right in today's era when we talk about standing out. There's artists that will have More views but not hit as hard as people who have stronger brands There will be people who have stronger brands and more people that legitimately love them That aren't making as much As people who have stronger communities I got a stronger community with less people and you got fans that would be a bigger community But you just aren't doing the work bringing them together because community creates more monetization opportunities. We just touched on that, right? There's more purchasing Put into it because I'm just showing in different ways and I'm a part of this I get a sticker to say, you know label necessary. I get a shirt to say no label is necessary You know I'm saying like I just all these things just to show us a part of my lifestyle, right beyond my primary consumption route so there's like community is the way And one thing you got to do with those folks is communicate to them frequently quick second Have you ever seen an artist catch some traction and then they start to move the numbers start to grow? They might even go viral but then fast forward a year from now Somehow their numbers haven't really grown that much They drop back close to the same monthly listeners they had before the traction and viral moment Well, that's because you have to know how to convert those moments into careers And we've done this again and again with not only songs but artists and so has jr. McKee who's been a part of helping artists like Little Dirk rod wave Justine scott and money long and we just did a collab where jr. McKee does a step by step Breakdown of how he took money long from zero to millions of monthly listeners and winning a grammy over beyond say Mary j blaze in jasmine sullivan check out this breakdown while we still have it up You can check it out at www.brandmannetwork.com Slash grammy. Don't forget the www or it won't work again. That's www.brandmannetwork.com Slash grammy back to the video. So let's review so far. We got Collected data on these people All right, because you gotta know how to get out to them You gotta know who they they are Secondly, you gotta have a mission which is the more important one, but I say collect data just because People need their reminder mission brand values. You gotta have something that you're standing for What are we? Who are we? What are the rules of this place? And let me opt in or opt out. Don't be afraid to allow people to opt out number three Give us a space to congregate at you have to Give fans a way to meet each other. All right, and you'll have people who aren't even fan fans Begin to become deeper fans just because you create this other experience, right? number four is communicate frequently you have to have a way where they are still seeing you and and also when Ways that You speak to them directly. All right So I still need to see you remember that you exist and I'd still need some way that not only you can I can communicate to them, but fans are able to communicate with each other Now it doesn't have to be a daily basis something like a discord All right, it could be I got a monthly show or I got a yearly event But then you have ways that you build up to it and remind people of it the before the after There's ways to do it where it doesn't mean this is like a daily task, but You have to have some level of ongoing communication and building Yeah, that's one of the biggest fuck up most artists make they don't talk to the community man Don't talk to them. It's just there right yourself. Yeah now some of y'all Don't want to talk back And I give I really do get it and you can do it without talking back to people. Yeah, but you still do If possible I don't say you still need to do but if you can And if it's possible you will find benefit for having deeper experiences with some of those people All right Back and forth communication, but maybe you reserve that for The physical event certain times Happen on the live q&a or like open periods So you're not allowing people to text you back and forth. Hey, I just want in terms of this text fans This is just for me to let y'all know of some important things I'm not gonna blast y'all every single track to come out if I'm dropping weekly But what I have in a big show is a big moment or maybe monthly I might text you so I'll let you know where I'm coming from But hey saying for y'all to text me back When y'all want to talk to me All right Then we'll do it I will do you meetups and things like that. That's fine. You just need to Establish the rules. That's what we go back to number two. All right What are those that mission? What are those brand values and rules really could be its own thing When we really get down to it now that I think about it. Yeah, right the rules can go deep You know, I mean we love Even beyond just regular brand values. It just means like hey, bro. Don't leave me alone. You know This is how we act when you get the rest of the community understand and then they'll look supported So one fan of me like you man, he didn't respond to me and you try to blast me on social media But then I already set the tone of my fans and they're like, yeah, bro.  He got this he got that or you know, I mean you got a family or something Then what do you expect so the fans? Like just lean into me and they'll defend for me, right? You know, I Establish those type of rules, right? But last but not least number five Reward your community show love to your community In public All right, not that person that you just take out at night time and friends don't know about and we talk about Out there in public where there is yo, this happened with my community. I had the pop-up Right y'all came out Show that on social media. All right, because then you can have some fans to get jealous. Yep. Like, whoa Whoa, you hugged you. That's crazy. Yeah for real Hey, I gotta pull up to the next one. I didn't even know you were giving out hugs at these events I didn't know that was possible like chris brown with the uh, oh the pictures. Oh, yeah, the pictures Like, whoa, I didn't know I could get that close. I've heard about the idea of doing meetups But whoa, I get to like it's gonna be like that, right? That's a different type of experience and I can see myself in that position. All right, so Like you advertise it because also then you show that you give love fans will appreciate giving love you live in love To other fans like curiously some will say, oh man I just really appreciate that you're so appreciative of us even though the interaction didn't have anything to do with you Yeah, all right. Yeah, like so you show that love to your community publicly It'll be a signal of how important you are Or how important the community is to other community members Yeah, and that's big because you know, I we talked about it before in the podcast, but You know fans like to feel like if it wasn't for them Individually, yes, then you will not be where you are, you know So that I feel like if I stop listening to you today, you falling off, right?  You know, whether you you agree or not You know, it's a whole different thing But you want fans to continue feeling appreciated and feeling like they are an important part of your success because that makes them Want to go harder for your success, right? And then when they start to see hey when this artist has success I benefit in this way Then they naturally want you to succeed more because they think about all the things they will get as a community because of you Succeeding exactly. So I think it's very important to just continue like driving that point home with fans and making them feel like Hey, this is this is our thing. It's like giving um I don't know. It's like giving bonuses of the year to employees You know what I'm saying? It's like hey, here's the base love you get for You know doing your job and she's in their case is just supporting me You know what I'm saying? And here's some extra things I want to give you to show you like my The moments you went above and beyond and some of the other things that you did that you didn't have you didn't have to do But it really Helps, you know help overall Yeah I mean And it's just that simple, right? Yeah, it's just that simple now. There's deeper tactics of how we can Do each of these execute each of these and maybe we'll get into that in a different episode but We just wanted to make sure we laid this out for you guys because again in this competitive Saturated space of not just music but content as a whole Life as a whole today the way the world is set up Right if you want to keep giving people reasons to go back you have to give them something to be included into Right a reason beyond just hey, you're another artist with good music. Good music is not enough when we talk about monetizing all right, so You have all the opportunities in the world. That's the good news, right? Because people are open to that these days. They're actually looking How to give you money beyond the music in itself and how to get deeper into the rabbit hole But with that being said There's a feeling of yeah, you know value to music enough, but that's just not enough. No, it's not enough To get to where you probably want to because that's the only thing that's to judge. It's like, well, I'm streaming I mean, all right, so I did it but you decide that's not enough I could say me getting some streams and 50,000 streams a month for 100,000 streams a month. That's enough for me The problem is not that gap. The gap is you want more All right, maybe money No variety or deeper relationship with your fans. So for that No, that's not enough. But the opportunity does exist With that being said We're going to get out here for today If you guys want to see us get deeper into community building specifically and how you stand out today and what you're going to have to do In the future, let us know drop that in the comments Go ahead and subscribe if you somehow made it this far and you never subscribed crazy the channel before Definitely crazy And yet again, this is another episode of no labels necessary. I'm brand man Sean and I'm kori and we out. Peace. Peace


He's a security consultant at Payatoo Software Labs, and he loves finding security flaws in the Microsoft Edge browser. And incidentally, this is the topic for this next talk, so please give a big round of applause to Nikhil Mittal. So, welcome to the talk, Breaking Microsoft Edge Extension Security Policies. My name is Nikhil. I work at Payatoo Labs, and I'm into web and browser vulnerability research. So, to start with this presentation, I would like to know how many of you use browser extensions in general? Like, oh, nice, so many hands. Okay, so a browser extension is something that extends the functionality of a web browser. We have typical examples, like at Block Plus, which I think most of the people use is to block the ads on some certain sites, like YouTube and Grammarly, and some sort of password managers as well. So, these extensions are capable of managing most of your data because they can handle the cookies, bookmarks, storage, passwords, history, and whatnot. So, that being said, we all have to agree on a point that these extensions are powerful because they can deal with your cookies, bookmarks, and other sensitive information in the browsers. So, here's how simple Adblock Plus extension looks like on Microsoft Edge, which is pretty much doing its job. Now, have you ever tried to figure out what this extension is capable of doing in your browser? Oh, nice. So, if you look at these settings, here we have a couple of permissions, which I've listed down on the next slide. So, a simple Adblock Plus extension can read and change content on websites that you visit. It can read and change your favorites. It can see the websites you visit. It can read and change anything you send or receive, and it can also store personal browsing data on your browser, and it can also display notifications as well. So, there are so many things. A simple Adblock Plus extension can able to do in your browser. So, you might ask, how browsers recognize these permissions? Like, extension is able to do so many things in my browser, but how does browser recognize, like, where are these permissions coming from? So, here's a permission model in browser extensions. So, under the source of every extension, we have a file called as manifest.json, and inside a manifest.json file, we have a permission array. So, here's a quick example of a permission array, where we have some permissions. So, the first one is scdps www.google.com, which we'll see right after this slide. The next permission we have is bookmark, and cookies, history, storage, and tabs. So, let's suppose an extension has a permissions with the bookmark and cookies. So, that means that extension can handle your bookmarks, it can manipulate them, it can edit them, it can remove them, and whatnot. So, the same goes with the cookies history as well, and there are other important permissions as well available for the browsers. So, apart from these permissions, the most interesting permission that I was looking for is the host access permissions. So, a host access permission is something that defines on which certain domains your browser extensions should be able to run. So, in this case, let's suppose we have assigned permissions to scdps www.google.com. So, that means this extension should be able to run on Google.com only, not even the subdomain, that is developer.google.com or mail.google.com. So, this you can also verify by the tiny box that says this is allowed to read and change content on some sites, www.google.com. Now, the second permission we could have in this here is scdps strict.google.com. So, basically this also covers the subdomains as well. And the third possible permission we can have is astrick colon slash slash astrick.google.com. So, basically this says now not only I'll work on Google.com but basically on all the protocols as well, which is scdps might be FTP, that belongs to the particular domain. So, apart from these three permissions, we have the another permission in the row, which is all underscore URLs. This permission is so special because once a browser extension is assigned to all URL, all underscore URL permissions that can execute JavaScript code on every domain that you visit. So, let's suppose you are on Google.com or maybe you are on Bing.com or anything else, it will work on most probably on every domain. But there are few restrictions with the all underscore URLs permissions, that is it cannot run on privileged pages. So, a privileged pages in browser is something that contains some sort of sensitive settings and your browser data. So, you might hear it off Chrome slash settings, which contains the password manager for Chrome and also you can identify the credit card and debit card information on Chrome slash settings as well. So, you can imagine a situation once extension is able to run a JavaScript code on Chrome settings page, then it can probably read or it can steal all of your passwords and credit and debit card informations as well. So, on the edge, we have a similar page, which is about dot flags. So, here you can see once extension with all underscore URL permission is assigned, it can read and change container on website you visit as per the edge. So, has a quick snap of about dot flags and edge so if you look at the first part, you will figure out there are few important permissions like you can enable Adobe Flash Player, you can also enable developer features and also you can enable and disable allow undistricted memory consumption for the web pages as well. And it also has some standard previews features like you can enable, disable some experimental JavaScript features as well. So, now you can imagine the sensitivity of this page contains, okay. So, let's quickly build the extensions so that will break most of the things in edge. So, as I said, every extension has a manifest.json file which has all the permission and other configurations. The second file that we will be needing is popup.stml. So, popup.stml is nothing but it's just interface for the browser extension. So, basically you might have noticed as soon as you click on any of the browser extension, a popup appears on your window for that contains some sort of functions. That is nothing but just a popup.stml file. And then again, we have a popup.js which has all the JavaScript code that executes according to the extensions chosen by the popup.stml. So, this is how our extension should have looked on the edge.  The first one is open, the second one is execute. So, as soon as you click on the open button, what it does is it will load Google.com on the browser and as soon as you click on the execute button it will just alert one for you. So, basically the interface is written in popup.stml and again, as soon as you click on execute and so the work is done by popup.js. So, let's quickly look at the source code for the manifest.json file. The thing to notice here is that you can figure out the permissions, permission array, online number 10, which is set to sttp colon slash slash www.google.com. That means it's clear that this extension should be able to run on Google.com only. I mean not on the subdomains even. So, here's a source code for the popup.stml which is just a simple stml file that has two buttons. The first one is open, the second one is execute and it has a popup.js in the end. So, here we have the popup.js. So, in very brief manner, what it does is as soon as you click on the open button it loads Google.com and as soon as you click on the execute button it calls a JavaScript, it alerts documented domain for you. So, there are so many APIs available for the browser extensions that you can use like history API and some sort of proxies API, tabs API, but for me this tabs API was so interesting because it allows you to play with different tabs, like it has some function methods inside like tabs.create. So, what it does is it allows you to create a new tab with any arbitrary domain and it also has tabs.update and what it does is it allows you to update the page with the next URI and tabs.deplicate is also important because it allows you to make an exact replica of a already opened tab. The next method is tabs.execute.script. So, this is pretty simple. This is allowed you to execute JavaScript code and tabs.hide and tabs.relate, which is pretty easy. So, and there are so many other methods as well. So, out of them the most interesting one for me was create an update and also the duplicate method. So, let's see if you want to load a new... So, let's see if you want to load bing.com on a new tab using a browser extension. So, you can just write this five lines of code that says that calls browser.tabs.create and then it passes a URL which is stdpsww.google.com. So, this is as per the documentation and this is for the good boys like not for us. So, as an evil mind like I was interesting to know like what would happen if I try to load local files instead of a normal domain. So, then I replace the bing URL with a particular local file URI to try to figure out like how browser will treat it. Will it open it or not? So, the next moment edge gives me this nice error like okay, I can't reach this page and you make sure you have got the right web address that is ms-browser-extension and then the path for the extension and it depends the file you are a path in the last. So, basically it assumes that this is a relative path and I'm going to add it with the extension path and I'm going to try and I'm going to open it. So, since that part, that particular part doesn't exist, it gives us an error. So, this is not a thing with the extension as well, but this is in general like any of the browsers, they don't allow you to load local files at any cost because this might lead an issue to steal your local systems files. So, you can see the image and the edge and Chrome browsers. So, here I'm trying to load local files using the JavaScript. So, every time it says okay, we are not allowed to do that because we care about our users and we will protect them. So, since we figured out this browser.tabs.create method was not working for us, the next method that I was looking for, the update. So, I tried the same thing with the update method and somehow it worked for me. So, next, once I figured out, okay, now I can load the local files. Now, I want to load the privileged pages because they are also interesting for me and it was also working fine for me at the moment. So, here you can see, as well as you click on the open button, browser loads a local file for me and also a privileged page on edge. So, I've reported this bug to Microsoft but they quickly responded back to me saying we don't support download API. So, even if you load the local files, you have no way to steal it. Like, you literally cannot do anything by loading the local files and we are not going to fix it. So, I said, okay, let's do it another way. So, the next moment the idea came to my mind is to use the JavaScript URI. A JavaScript URI is something that start with the JavaScript protocol. It has a particular syntax like first JavaScript and then colon and then the JavaScript code. Here we have a simple examples like as soon as the AHRF JavaScript colon alert one, it gets rendered in the browser and you click on the test, a JavaScript code will pop up on your browser. So, the good thing about the JavaScript URI is that they executes in the main domain's reference unlike the data URIs. So, you can look in the image, we have JavaScript URI and the data URIs as well that points to alert, documented domain and one JavaScript URI says, I'm on html.squaredfree.com while the data URIs say the null domain. So, basically the data URIs was supposed to execute on the main domain's reference a couple of years back but then it creates a lot of mass with the browser. So, browser vendors, they decided to execute and the null domain reference too, just to make it too safe. So, at this point of time, I decided, okay, JavaScript URIs are like the best candidate for us, so why not to try it? So, I've tried the same JavaScript URI with browser.tabs.create and again, it doesn't work for me but again, we have a friend or called update method and I've tried the same thing with the JavaScript URI that points to browser.tabs.update which again calls JavaScript call and alert, documented domain and it worked for me this time. So, you can figure out with this picture, this extension should have able to run on google.com and now we are on a bing.com and if you click on the open button, we have a JavaScript code execution on bing.com. Like, this is how bad it was because that's a total violation of the privacy because the user believes that this extension shouldn't able to run on the other domain expect the google.com. So, this was again reported to the Microsoft saying, okay, so in the last time I reported like I'm able to load the local files but you said I'm not going to fix it and now we have a JavaScript code execution as well. So then again, they said, okay, like, we got your concern, we understood what you're trying to say but can you also alert users cookies as well like is it possible to steal the user's cookies? Then I said, okay, why not? So instead of document or domain, you can just use document or cookie to pop up the user's cookies as well. So, since we have host access permission bypass on edge, so we can steal google emails, even Facebook data or anything like that. So, to demonstrate this attack, let's suppose we have a simple google email which says I'm a secret email and I have some coupon code for $1000 cash back and there we have some random coupon code. So, to demonstrate this attack, you can see I'm using browser.tabs.update that points to a certain JavaScript URI and what it does is it fetches the particular email with a particular ID and opens a new tab and send it to the leak.stml and further, what leak.stml does is it copies the value from location.hash and write it on to the page. So, as soon as you click on the open button if you are on mail.google.com, it will steal the particular email and displayed back on the attackers domain. So, this is how I was able to steal the google emails. So, this proof of concept was sent to the Microsoft and the same thing with the local files as well, like I thought, okay, now it's working for the domain. Now, what if we tried with same thing with the local files as well? So, yeah, in this case it worked as well. So, if you remember in the last, in the past when we were able to load local files but Microsoft says, okay, we are not going to fix it because we don't support download API and now we have a JavaScript code execution on local files as well. So, we can chain both of these bugs to steal the local files as well. So, that's a simple proof of concept. So, at the first, what we are doing is browser.times.update that points to a file URI and again browser.times.update that points to a JavaScript URI. So, Microsoft was like, okay, now we have to fix. But, what is next? So, so far, we have JavaScript code execution on local files. We also have host access permission by pass. Now, what is next? So, the next thing that came to my mind is always the privileged pages as I already explained the sensitivity of the privileged pages. So, the next moment I was so excited that this will work on the privileged pages as well. So, again, I wrote this five line of code and tried to execute in reference to about.flex. And surprisingly, it wasn't working for me. And I was so surprised like why this is not working and like shaking my head, like what is wrong? So, the next moment I was trying to figure out what is wrong with this implementation like why it is not working. Maybe there are some errors in the console. So, I tried to open the developer console to figure out the possible errors. But you can see there is no such errors at all. So, the reason for that is most of the pages, like the sensitive pages in the browsers like Chrome, Firefox, and even on the edge are protected with the CSP to make sure there shouldn't be any JavaScript code execution. But we cannot see any CSP errors here as well, which was pretty strange for me. So, then again I asked to myself like why this black magic is not working on privileged pages? Even when we don't have the CSP error, maybe this time edge is playing smart. Or do we have any other way to load about dot flags in edge? Then the next idea that came to my mind is to use the RES protocol. So, RES protocol is something that is used to fetch some certain of resources from a module. So, instead of about dot flags, we can call res colon slash slash edges tml.dll slash flag dot stm. And the next moment, it worked. So, this way we have now JavaScript code execution on privileged pages as well, which is pretty bad. So, once you have JavaScript code execution on privileged pages, you can enable and disable adder of flesh player. And there are other method which we have other possible options which we have already discussed can also be possible with the same thing. So, again what we need to do is to call browser.tibes.update that points to ishtml.dll slash flags dot stm. And again, again some sort of JavaScript URI to fetch get element by ID and then click on it. So, it will toggle the adder of flesh player setting on the edge. Again, what is next? So, this was pretty enough for me, but again like I was trying to figure out if we can do something else as well. And then I stuck with the reading mode. So, a reading mode is a feature implemented in edge which renders a page in a way that is like kind of pretty easy to read. So, in this process age makes sure that there shouldn't be any JavaScript code execution on the page. The main purpose for reading mode is that to provide the users, to provide a simplified page to the users. So, basically there should not be any advertisement or something like that. So, for that reason browser vendors, they make sure there shouldn't be any JavaScript code execution on reading mode. And there was one bug with the reading mode as well. Like, you cannot put any document in the reader mode until unless browser identified it, identify it, it's a complicity. But you can append the read colon protocol in the first and then the URL that points to some certain of domain and then age will load the particular resources in the reading mode as well. So, fortunately, I've tried the same attack on the reading mode as well, but since the reading mode was protected with a certain CSP and then, so you can see the CSP error which says we do not allow inline script and it will be blocked by the age. So, reading mode was kind of safe at least for the test cases, but in some certain test cases it worked for me, but I was not able to reproduce it further. So, that's why I marked it as safe. The other possible features we can have is the JavaScript code execution on other extension pages. Like, again, you can imagine a situation we have, you can imagine a situation when one extension is able to disable another extension in browser like how bad it will be. So, again, now we are on a internal page that belongs to Adblock Plus and if we try to run our extension on this page, then again we have a CSP violation issues. So, yeah, that was safe. The next thing was some CSP privilege issues because the host permission will not work if there is any CSP error. So, next I try to figure out if we can use the execute script API to figure out how they deal with the CSP. So, let's assume we have a page where the CSP is implemented properly and we have a host permission for the same. So, you can see the code where we are saying the content security policy which is set to default SRC self and we are using browser.tab.executive script which says code and then where we have to pass the JavaScript code which is a simple alert document or domain. So, the way extensions deal with the CSP is that most of the browsers, they will allow JavaScript from any extensions until unless they will try to change the DOM tree of particular document. So, let's suppose we have the first example right here. In this case, so, as I said, let's assume we are on a page which has a perfect perfectly CSP in place like this and we try to change the DOM for the particular page. So, the possible base we have is either we can use document.write or we can use document.body.innerSTML and then sort in JavaScript code and then another possible way we have is to generate a random element and then write inside it. So, all these ways to manipulate a particular DOM tree on a CSP-protected page was not allowed by most of the browsers like Firefox and Chrome but it was not protected in case of Edge. Like the execute script API is straightforward as execute any of the JavaScript code on any domain whether you try to change the DOM on a CSP-protected page or not like it doesn't matter for it. So, to conclude with this presentation is that Edge extensions are still in development. Most of the APIs are not supported till the time because in the Edge it has moved to the new Chromium-based browser as well so I'm not sure whether they are still developing extensions API or not but the ActiveTab is one of the interested permission to work on because it allows you to execute JavaScript code on the current domain. So, if you are able to perform some sort of the same attack with ActiveTab API as well so pretty much you can have all what I presented here as well. So, Microsoft they finally decided to fix this bug in March 19 update with the highest possible bounty they have with the CV 2019 0678. Yeah, that's it. So, thank you Nikhil for an interesting talk. If you have questions about the talk we have three microphones, one, two and three in each one of the aisles. If you have a question please come up to the microphone. We'll start from microphone number three. Hi, and thank you for the interesting talk. I have one question, is this bug or is this API also relevant for the new Edge coming in January based on Chromium Engine? No, I guess. So, the APIs are same but since the new Edge is running on Chrome, so they will not support this API because of they use some others calling conventions, I guess, I believe. Is that answer your question? Yeah, but I have a second one. Yeah, go for it. Okay, the second one is you tried to open the pages via the RES protocol, but the functionality of those pages is it also handled by Edge while opening it through the RES protocol, not about the about protocol? Yes, I guess. Okay, we are also working. Yeah. Okay, thank you. Any more questions from the crowd or from the internet? Okay, then another round of applause for Nikhil for a great talk. Thank you.


Open access. What's with all the colors? If you're talking about open access, the two colors you're most likely to hear are green and gold. These are used to describe two different paths to open access, ways of achieving the end goal of open sharing. Green open access refers to copies of publications that are made available to the public in a location other than their original venue of publication. Usually this involves self-archiving, like posting on a website or in an institutional or subject repository. Gold open access refers to publications that are made available to the world in their original place of publication, that is, their published open access to begin with. There are some ups and downs to both of these options. Green open access can be a little bit slow because it usually requires action from individual authors, but there are opportunities for green open access to happen on a broader scale. One of the advantages of green open access is that it's a path to open access that's very much in the hands of authors and researchers themselves. The only change from traditional publishing is that the authors have to retain a few rights. Publishers don't have to do anything. One of the perceived downsides to gold open access is the idea that it's costly for authors, but that's actually a misconception. Some publications where all of the works are open access from the first original date of publication don't charge any author fees at all. A lot of the confusion over the costliness of gold open access arises from a separate issue, and that's the hybrid model of providing access to articles. Hybrid refers to actually a hybrid between closed and open access. An otherwise closed publication makes individual articles available openly, but only if the author pays an extra fee. This does actually fall under the definition of gold open access because the original publication is openly available, but it is not the only kind of gold open access. It may be helpful to remember that there is both paid gold open access and free gold open access, and that the gold part isn't about money, it's about having the gold standard, the original print formatted version, of the article available to the public. Just to confuse everything, Sherpa Romeo, which is a tool that helps track publisher archiving policies, i.e. a tool for helping achieve green open access, uses similar colors to categorize a publisher's policies, but these colors are less likely to come up in general open access discussions. There's more complexity to both green and gold open access, and many people have strongly held opinions about which is best or which is better. In the end, any of the colors do provide public benefits, more access to more published research literature for more people in more parts of the world.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Unisor Education. In a couple of words I would like to talk about what is Unisor and what's the purpose of this. Basically, two questions I would like to address. Why you need it and how it works. Well, let's start with why you need it. I will probably start with certain criticism of many of existing educational systems. On one of the blogs which I participate, somebody wrote an extremely precise characteristic of an educational system which many schools are utilizing. It's mile wide and each deep. It means that lots and lots of materials are covered, topics of mathematics. However, people do not really spend any time going any deeper into each topic, they just learn the facts. Now, facts are an interesting thing, of course, but if you think about what exactly will be used in the real life, well, not too many. I mean, I was working for a very long time as a computer specialist, a financial specialist. I don't remember a case when I had to solve quadratic equations or use properties of right triangles or Pythagorean theorems, etc. So, it's not practical, right? At least for most people. And students really feel that these topics which there are taught in school are not really that practical and they lose interest, basically. So, the usefulness of putting so many different facts into students' head is really, really very limited. What I believe is significantly more important is to use mathematics as a tool to develop mind. People go to gym and they pull weights and they use tracks or springs or whatever else they're using. All these tools, it's completely unrelated to their practical life. However, they use these tools to develop their muscles, stamina, health, whatever. Now, in case of mathematics, this is probably the most perfect tool to develop your mind.  By the way, creativity is extremely important because math is completely artificial. Math is an ultimate form of art. That's how I feel. Because everything is done, well, basically the actor on the scene or a sculptor, they are creating the objects. Math is all creation of the minds of different people. So, mathematics is needed as a tool to develop your mind. And how can you do it using the mathematics?  That's basically if mind is not developed this way. Now, the mathematics can develop your mind only in case you prove the theorems, you solve the equations, you solve the problems. There are so many numerous problems in mathematics. It's just unbelievable. There is no other subject which will challenge your mind as much as mathematics. So, mind developing is the most important. And Unisor.com is the site where I devote as much attention to problem solving as possible. So, there is educational, theoretical material and certain number of facts as well. But these are necessary as an introduction of certain concepts and language used in the problems. To state the problem and to explain the solution.  But then I just realized that without theoretical material I can't really talk about these problems. So, there is theory and there are some facts on this site, but this is not the most important. The most important is the problems, their solutions, exams, etc. So, that's how, that's why you need it. By the way, I don't know any other site which in a very complete and concise form presents all the magnitude of problem solving part of the mathematics. So, I think it's a very useful thing and I hope people will use it as a tool to develop their minds. That's the purpose, that's the goal, that's why you need it. Now, how it works? A couple of words about how it works. Well, obviously anybody can just go to the site and on the left there is a menu of certain items which you can learn. Just go one by one, if you are such a self-discipline person you can go through theoretical lectures and then go to problem solving lectures, etc. You will not be able to take exams, for instance, but that's okay. Now, if you are registered, then there are three different categories of users who can register. Well, obviously the first category is student, that's the person who will actually learn something and take exam. Then there is a category of the person who I conditionally call a parent or a supervisor. This is the person who basically controls the educational process. So, if he is registered as a parent or a supervisor of a student, then he can enroll that student into a specific topic, take a look at the exam, how the student actually scored on the exam, and mark the courses completed and then enroll into the next course. So, basically you are controlling, if you are a parent or a supervisor, you are controlling the educational process of a student. And finally, there is a category of a teacher, which in this particular case means a provider of educational material. Teachers using Qnesor.com are not really teach, because students are basically taught and learned from the website. But teachers can supply more educational material, which can be incorporated into the site after proper authorization, etc. And also, there is another important role the teacher can play. Teacher can be the person, the parent, delegate the supervisory control and function. So, if the parent doesn't want to do this, then he can delegate it to a teacher and the teacher basically can enroll a student into a specific course or a group of students. And that brings me to a concept of a flipped classroom, which gains popularity right now. In a flipped classroom, teacher performs more supervisory functions and less teaching functions. Supervisory function is basically, okay, learn this, learn this, learn that, basically giving students assignments of what to learn, in the form of interrolling them into specific classes. And then they can take a look at the score. They can actually explain certain things, maybe a little better than I explained it on the web, if they want to or are capable to. And then, again, all these supervisory functions, like checking the score on exams, etc. So, these are three categories of users, students, parents or supervisors, and teachers, providers of educational material. So, they register as such, and then students will just take a look at whatever they are assigned to do, whatever they are enrolled by their parents or supervisors or teachers who are delegating these functions. They learn the material, they go through theoretical material, through problem-solving material, taking exam on that particular course. And basically, then it's up to a supervisor to basically consider this as completed and go to the next topic. So, basically, that's how it works. The website probably will never be completed. It's such a huge area, and the number of problems which can be solved is really, really huge. So, I put as much as I can right now at the moment I'm explaining this particular concepts of how it works. I would say that geometry is in a good shape, almost ready. Algebra is probably addressed, like, 50%. And there are trigonometry, there are vectors, there are other topics which I would like to address. And I will put more material into more contents into this website. But for now, basically, I want to just explain how the whole thing is working, why do you need it and how it works. And welcome to Unisore Education.