Hello and welcome to NewsClick. Today we have Jairam Ramesh, former minister, and now turned historian, biographer, if you will. Jairam, we have this book which you have brought out recently. And I must say it's one of the most reasonable, readable biographies I have read. And it really kept me awake for two nights, for which you are to blame. Thank you. You know, of course, these are two figures I know very well, one because I was Mrs. Gandhi's guest for one year during emergency. And Haksasab, as we all called him, we didn't call him P&H. We called him Haksasab because he was the president of the Delhi Science Forum, for which, you know, I think we spent about 10 years. Yeah, absolutely. Many papers on the Delhi Science Forum in his archives. OK. So Jairam, what brought you to write this book? Why did you think it was important for us to know about this aspect of this? Well, I've long been fascinated by Mr. Haksasab. I've never met him. I've never known him. But I've long been fascinated by him and the role that he played in all the biographies of Indira Gandhi. He stands out, I mean, if you read Indira Malhotra, if you read Dom Moray's. Most of all, if you read Catherine Frank, you know, the biographies of Indira Gandhi, he stands out as a crucial figure for that period of 67 to 73. So that's always been on my mind, you know. Who was Mr. Haksa and what did he do? And I just finished writing an environmental biography of Indira Gandhi that came out last year. And during my research on Indira Gandhi, I dug and dug and excavated a lot of material on Haksa. And then, of course, I was aware, through my friend Ram Guha, that there was this extraordinary archive which Mr. Haksa left behind in Nehru Memorial. It was a book waiting to be written. I think Mr. Haksa didn't want to write it himself. He didn't write any memoir, unlike his colleagues. But he left behind these papers for some, you know, out-of-work politician to come and write a biography, so to speak. So this has been on my mind for quite some time. And I won't have, by the way, I won't have written this book if there was no archive. That's the important part of this biography. Because it's a series of vignettes that you have reproduced from his archives. Yes, absolutely. But strung together in a way that it tells a story. I've tried to make, my contribution has to put a coherent narrative from his birth till his death. But it isn't Mr. Haksa speaking. It's, you know, whether Haksa speaking in college, whether he was in London, whether he was in the diplomatic service, whether he was with Indira Gandhi or post-Indira Gandhi in retirement. So, and it's a full-length biography, by the way. There's some material which is not in his archives. For example, he presents a paper at a world student assembly in August 1939 in Paris, two weeks before World War II begins. Now, this was during his period when he was a communist. He was an unabashed communist. He remained an unrepentant Marxist all his life. And he was then a part of the All-India Student Federation, AISF. That was, of course, at that time, it was not CPI linked. But he was linked to the communist in Great Britain. Yes, yes. It comes great. This is running for absolutely. And he was the secretary of the district Congress, district CPI in Nagpur, 42, 43. So I was able to discover, in the archives in Amsterdam, the International Institute of Social History, a copy of the paper that he presented. And that assembly was actually funded by Comintern, which is Communist International of the USSR. So a lot of these things I was able to discover, which are not there in his archives, his archives, by the way, cover the period 47 onwards. They're very good for 67 onwards. But there's some material from 47 as well. But the pre-47 material I found in the British archives. And some of the material during his foreign service days I found in the National Archives. So this is basically an archival biography. I mean, I didn't. Which is rather surprising. I didn't speak to his friends or, you know. Surprising for a political person to do that you really acted like a professional historian. No, you see, Praveen, the point is I believe that biographies should be scholarship based. And not hagiography based. And not true collections of the people. Yeah, I've been critical of Mr. Huxer. I've been critical of Vidhra Gandhi. I mean, the benefit of hindsight. But I don't want to be judgmental. And the important thing is to get the primary. We don't have a good tradition. You know, my good friend Nainjoth Lahiri, a very good historian, one of the greatest historians of ancient India now. She tells me that we don't have a tradition of biography writing in this country. It's all hagiography, basically. Coming back to this, I think one of the most important issues that you've dealt with, though it's dealt in the passing, really. Because I think much more material is waiting outside Huxer archives. It's a Bangladesh issue, Bangladesh war, as it were. You have put the larger picture, that how Huxer, Indira Gandhi, of course, Indira Gandhi was the prime mover in that, that they wanted not just a military intervention, and they looked at it in the political sense. And this was a geo-strategies, not about military interventions. It's really about the larger picture. And that's why India was so much so successful in the way it handled Bangladesh's issue. How do you look at this today? Well, you see, I plead guilty to the fact that this is not a comprehensive history of 1971. Because Gary Bass, and more importantly, Srinath Raghavan, Srinath Raghavan really has written a comprehensive history of 1971 based on Indian archives, British archives, US archives, Bangladesh archives, and the Soviet archives. So I didn't want to repeat that. This is 1971 through the highs of Huxer. This is 1971. What is Huxer doing in 71? You know, with Raw, with the Soviets, with the Bangladesh Tajudi Namad and his colleagues, Vijaya Prakash Narayan and Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who were arguing for strong military, early military intervention, how he was dealing with Manak Shah and the army, and how they were dealing, how he and Indira Gandhi dealt with Nixon, most importantly, his conversations with Kissinger. So this is all Huxer-centric 1971. So to that extent, you're right. It's not a comprehensive history of 1971. But there were many things of 1971 that were not known. I mean, for example, what I enjoyed writing in 1971 was his encounter with Kissinger.  You know, and they make fascinating reading. What is also not known is how the Indo-Soviet Treaty, the twists and turns which the Soviet Treaty was actually conceived of in 1969 by Deepithaar and Marshall Grechko. But it was finally signed only in 1971. And that's after Kissinger's flight from Ravel Pindi to Beijing, the geopolitics changed. What has never been bought out, which I claim some, I can claim immodestly, that Mr. Huxer actually retired from government on the 4th of September 1971 at the height of the crisis. He just retired because he was 58 years old. And he went on leave preparatory to retire. And he took three months leave. But by the 24th or 25th of October, 1971, Mrs. Gandhi gets him back. And she says, you must come with me to the Western capital, the six Western capitals, including Washington, her famous visit with Nixon. So he comes back. He's technically on leave when Mr. Gandhi is meeting Nixon on the 4th of November 1971 in the White House. There was Kissinger from the American side. And there was Huxer from the Indian side. Huxer is secretary to Mr. Gandhi on leave. He's actually got leave preparatory to retirement. And on the 4th of December 1971, after Pakistan has attacked India the previous night, he gets reappointed as principal secretary to the prime minister. So there are many stories of 1971 that have really, he was determined to leave in 1971. So it was not as Manishankar claims in the view that it was basically a cloak and dagger act. No, no, from 1971, from January 1971, he is telling Indira Gandhi he wants to leave. In May 1971, he writes a letter to D.P. Dhar, saying that, for the next phase of Indira Gandhi, I am not the man. This is the phrase he uses. For the next phase of Indira Gandhi, I am not the man. But then I think what happens is people like D.P. Dhar, Aruna Asafalli, Nikhil Chakramarthi, Mahan Kumar Amargalam, the left lobby, in a good sense. I'm not using the word lobby in a derogatory sense. The left network prevailed upon him, I think, to stay back. Other part of it which doesn't come through here, but you might have got some archive. You must have seen some archival material in it. I believe that the prime minister secretary of the team which was monitoring continuously the Seventh Fleet. And this is what Arundhati...  And, you know, on the 15th of December, 1971, there's a, and the record of the meeting I was able to get from the archives of the State Department. Yeah, there are some conversations on that. But yeah, I mean, the internal military details I did not get into, because, you know, Srinath has done it, Garibas also have done it. I didn't get into that. But, you know, the exchanges that he and Marek Shah had, the humorous exchanges that they had in 1971.  The other part of the story is, of course, the emergency, as you also have dealt with the passing, the emergency, but more about Huxer and what happens to Huxer. Yeah, this, as I said, again, this is not about the emergency. It's about what happens to Huxer during the emergency. So, it's from a Huxer-centric point of view. And I have actually castigated Mr. Huxer. You know, I've actually said that he may have suborned himself, you know, that he may have committed perjury when he went to the Allahabad High Court in February of 1975 and gave testimony on the Yashpal Kapoor affair. In fact, people don't realize that there were six charges against Mrs. Gandhi under the, you know, the representation of People's Act for the 1971 victory, Raj Narayan. There were six charges. Justice Sinha exonerated Indira Gandhi on four out of those six charges. And she was held guilty on two charges. The first charge was that the state government had put up a rostrum and dais for her public meeting. Another ridiculous, a ludicrous charge, if you ask me. And the second one was that Yashpal Kapoor, who was a OSD, had drawn a salary for two weeks when he was a government servant. And on these two charges, you know, she was held guilty. Now, Mr. Huxer, as the archival evidence suggests, accepted the resignation. The resignation was given on the 13th of January, 1971. But he accepted it orally. And for the next 14 days, you know, Mr. Yashpal Kapoor function, but he didn't get a salary. But the written evidence was that the resignation was effective on a written record on the 27th of January, 1971. So, you know, I reproduced what happened in the Allahabad High Court, which I was able to get courtesy Prashant Bhushan, whose father was appearing for Raj Narayan. And he had kept meticulous records. But Mr. Huxer, I think, was less than less. I think he was trying to defend in Raghandi, frankly. You know, he didn't want her to get into serious trouble. But as it turned out, she did get into serious trouble on the Yashpal Kapoor affair. And that became one of the two charges. During the emergency, by the way, you know, he was actually driving from somewhere in Himachal to Chandigarh. The day the emergency was declared the morning of the 26th, he was not there in the cabinet meeting. You know, he may well have spoken out. But would he have resigned on the emergency? I doubt it. I mean, I raise that question. I think his loyalty, public loyalty was such that he would not undermine her resignation. He differentiated the personal, you know, that's why even though the Pandit brothers were raided in the middle of July, he continues. And then he comes and tells his wife, you know, I sat through the cabinet meeting and looking at Indira in her face, and she avoided my game. So the issue for him was the role of a public servant as distinct from what his personal views and emotions would have been. When he played what I was surprised to discover, he plays a very important role in the announcement of the 20-point program. In fact, he gave the 10 points from that. The 10 points of the. But to be fair again to Mr. Huxer, that was not after the emergency. I had given that note before. No, he's given it more before than Mr. Gandhi. But she used it. She used it. But you are also said that the basic rupture started in Sanjay Gandhi to hide from England. Actually, 65. Because when he was local guardian to Rajiv in Sanjay Gandhi, he was able to build a rapport with Rajiv Gandhi. And that rapport extended to 87. I remember one thing that Mr. Huxer did in 87 when he was virtually half-blind. He was sent by Rajiv Gandhi as a special envoy to begin the process of reconciliation with China, and which culminated in the historic visit of Mr. Gandhi to Beijing in December 88. So he and Rajiv Gandhi had, I think, personal fondness for each other. But he never struck a rapport with Sanjay. And that, I think, tension was evident. And in 1968, when Sanjay Gandhi's dreams of becoming the Henry Ford of India get unveiled, I think Mr. Huxer hits the ceiling and tells Mrs. Gandhi, for which I've actually found it in evidence that India does not need passenger cars. That's a political position at one level. But I think the bigger issue for both Sanjay Gandhi, Mr. Huxer, and the prime minister was that it's going to compromise the prime minister. No, no, no. I'm coming to that. There were two reasons. I'm coming to that. You preempted what I was going to say. The first reason was that India does not require passenger cars. It requires a efficient public transport system. If at all, we need to produce more scooters, and that's how Scooters India was established. So that's the one ideological objection he had. But the second objection is that the prime minister's son should not be sitting in the prime minister's house, living in the prime minister's house, and having these contacts with all these less than desirable characters to build the car. If it's a business proposition, it should be done independently. So that, I think, the first one could have been handled. I think the second one was something that upset the equilibrium. And from 1968, this starts, it boils over in 1970, in September of 1970, when Sanjay Gandhi is given the letter of intent, the first step in the production.  He gets the letter of intent in September of 1970. And the file does not go through Mr. Huxer. That's what I have shown. It was directly, Dinesh Singh was the minister of industry at that time. It goes to Mrs. Gandhi. So from 70, it then builds up. It really builds up. But as I said, in 71, he wants to leave. He's prevailed upon to stay. And then in 72, he continues. But the writing is on the wall. And by December of 72, he writes to her. Contrary to what all biographers have written to give Indira Gandhi her due, she did not get rid of him. He voluntarily left her. But she continued to use him. But it's very clear. The relations post the Maruti, shall we say, changed. It was not just Maruti, probably. It was also the magnificent victory that Indira had in the March 1971 election. The victory over Pakistan in 71, where she's held as Durga by no lesser man than Dr. Bairi Bajpai. So Mrs. Gandhi, she was no longer the cautious, tentative Indira Gandhi who needed Huxer, the ideological and moral compass. This was an Indira Gandhi who had won two-thirds majority from the Indian people. She had won a magnificent victory over Pakistan. I asked Huxer, sir, this question. Why did she call for the elections? Because opposition at the time had really sort of decided that they were no longer going to be able to do anything. Their organizations had been broken. The left was an underground organization. Everybody thought emergency was here to stay for about 10 years, five years, 10 years. As I said, I was then still her guest. So I remember those conversations. And I don't think people expected their elections to take place so quickly. And when it did take place so quickly, there were actually quite a lot of debate whether they should participate or not, because the expectation was that she would actually win. And I asked Huxer, sir, this question. Why did she declare elections? She said, well, you know, she didn't win in the South. There's a lot of her advisors were right in thinking there was a lot of support for the emergency, except that the different parts of the country that responses are very different. Well, I have discussed this at some length. And my view is that Bhutto's calling for elections in Pakistan was an important factor in getting Indira Gandhi to declare elections in India. She could not be less democratic. How could Pakistan have elections and India not have elections? If you look at the timing, her timing, announcement of the elections of 1977, a few days after Bhutto's announcement, a few days. Do you think it goes back to Oxford days? I'm joking. No, I don't think they knew each other. I mean, although they struck a good rapport in 1972 in Simla, they did strike a good rapport in 1973 when Huxer and Bhutto meet, the exchange of warm words on Indira Gandhi. Incidentally, Bhutto is a peculiar individual. I discovered, which I have not used in this book, thanks to Shankar Bachpai, who shared with me an extraordinary document that Bhutto wrote at the death of Nehru in 1964. And it was immediately suppressed. But Mr. Bachpai got a copy. And I discovered actually this copy in the Oxford archives. Then I asked Mr. Bachpai because it was sent to Mr. Huxer by Mr. Bachpai. And it's an extraordinary document. If you read it, Huxer, Bhutto is actually praising Nehru for many of the things that Mr. Nehru did, secularism, democracy, parliament, planning, all these things. It's critical of India. But his admiration for Nehru comes out. So going back to the story, I think Bhutto's announcement of elections in Pakistan cannot be ignored in any calculus that we do on why Indira Gandhi called for elections. The story is that Mr. Sanjay Gandhi didn't want the elections to be called. And yet, she called for the elections. Basically, maybe she was convinced in January. Although the evidence seems to suggest that by February or March, after the campaigning in North India, it had become clear to her that she was going to lose. I think January, the expectation was different. By February, March, everybody was surprised in the reaction. Two things happened in February, probably, if you recall. Two things happened in February, 1977. One is that Jagjivan Ram and Bahuguna formed the Congress for Democracy. That was a big Dhaka. In fact, Huxer meets Indira Gandhi the day the CFD is formed. And I've recorded that conversation, which is there in Gujarat's diaries. And the second thing that happens is Mrs. Gandhi starts campaigning in North India. And the writing is on the wall. I think the result of March, 1977, may have been a surprise to her advisors, but it was not a surprise to Indira Gandhi. Last question. By the way, one small point on this election. In November, 1979, Huxer writes a letter to Arjun Sengupta, who is then an Oxford, that Indira Gandhi is going to come back with a bang. I've read that letter.  In fact, Pranoy Roy and Ashok Lahiri made their name because they were the only guys who had. They predicted, I think, first ones to predict. They were the first ones to predict an overwhelming mandate. But in November, 1979, Mr. Huxer writes to Arjun Sengupta saying there is no way that Mr. Gandhi is going to come back with a bang. Last question to you. We have to evaluate Huxer's role in Indian history. Do you think this book, in fact, brings out today for a generation which never knew Huxer, that this brings out some of the elements that we need to take into account for evaluating his role? Well, certainly. I think Mr. Huxer was a man of his ages. I mean, he was an unrepentant Marxist. He was a strong ideologue, strong votive of the public sector. He wanted scooters to be manufactured in the public sector. That's why scooters, scooters India was set up. His problem was where it was set up. And it really didn't take off. Yeah, it didn't take off. But it got established.  They wanted to go with Teneko, which is the American company. But he fought for ONGC. And that's how, you know, ONGC emerged as a big company. He was an unabashed champion of the public sector. Shall I, the continuation of this question, do we miss people in the government of his cloth? 100%. That is what we don't have. I think the greatest quality that he had, just the epigraph. I just want to read only the epigraph. When shall loyalty unshaken and candid truth ever find a peer to him? This is from Horace, an ancient Latin. I think you need people at the top who have the courage of their conviction to speak their minds irrespective of what the consequences may be, who are open to different points of view. By the way, Mr. Huxer may have been an ideologue. But he listened to different points of view, distilled it, you know, gave it his own color. But he gave a sense of that people were being heard. At the top, every prime minister requires a Huxer, you know, every prime minister, every leader, everybody who goes in public life, because flattery and sycophancy comes naturally in our culture, right? Also, the other thing about Mr. Huxer, which I think we have lost, the loyalty to the written word, as you said right in the beginning, we are an oral culture, the difference between Brijesh Mishra, who is the only one who comes closest to Mr. Huxer as principal secretary, Mr. Brijesh Mishra did not leave behind a written record like Mr. Huxer has. It is very important, you know, he would jot down everything. He would write his notes. He would write his letters, you know. And thankfully, they are all now in the public domain. Thank you very much, Jai Raab, to be with us. And we hope that we will encounter you in NewsClick on many other issues, where we agree as well as disagree. This is all the time we have with NewsClick today. Keep watching NewsClick and also visit our website and YouTube page.


Huh? What's all this? Weren't you just going to an environmentalism rally a couple of weeks ago? Well, I was, but then you said all those things about air travel and meat, and I'm not ready to give those things up. Forget the environment. Actually... Hold it! Okay, go ahead. Bob, you don't need to call for drastic legislative changes that will reduce everyone's quality of life in order to preserve the environment. Markets do a pretty good job of protecting the Earth when they're allowed to. You don't say! Markets protect the Earth! Yep, take the Audubon Society for example. Sure, why not? Um, the Audubon Society owns property that they use for wildlife preserves, and they aren't the only example. Whoa, didn't see that coming! Uh, in South Africa, private ownership of rhinos for non-lethal horn harvesting was allowed, and as a result, the South African rhino population quadrupled. But as soon as that was banned again, rhino poaching skyrocketed and the population started to go back down. And let's not forget similar circumstances in Zimbabwe and Zambia with elephants and lions. Thanks to entrepreneurial thinking, scientists have already devised ways to pull CO2 out of the atmosphere and turn it into valuable commodities. Like carbon nanotubes, and even back into coal. It's why we have more fuel-efficient cars and planes. That would never happen if markets and profit motive didn't exist. See, the private market actually has to show results. All the government needs to do is say it has good intentions, and then whoever disagrees with them has lumped in a category of people who supposedly don't want the problem solved. You know, all this talk about cleaning the environment and making the world a better place through privatized means just gave me some insight. All environmentalism should start and end with common individuals who are willing to take responsibility in a sane and reasonable fashion. Well, yeah, Bob, that's actually very good. Hey!  Children! From seeding sea! Thank you!


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel and I appreciate you being here today I bring you another fortnight challenge guide video and today I bring you the location for the week to Season 4 hard challenge of search between a scarecrow pink hot rod and a big screen for this you will get 10 Battle Stars But before we go any further guys if you'd like to get your hands on some vbox I'm giving away 2800 every single week to win make sure you subscribe to this channel and have that bell button ticked Leave a comment down below and hit that like button on this video Winners are picked at the end of the week and contacted via direct message on YouTube. So good luck Everybody so the place you want to head to get these 10 easy battle stars I've pinpointed on the map right here right now for you to go and get this challenge done now Be careful as you will see as soon as you land here There's probably gonna be somebody trying to gun you down because as you all know It's an easy place to go to get some easy kills at the start of the game because everybody knows People are gonna go in here to get those battle stars and get that challenge done So just be careful. I died instantly, but I got and managed to actually get the actual challenge done, which is good That's fine. So yes guys This is exactly where you pick up the battle stars for search create a scarecrow pink hot rod and a big screen hard challenge for week To season 4 guys. Thanks as always for stopping by. I hope this video helped you out If it did leave the like really helps me out again. Thanks for stopping by and hopefully people I will see you on that next one


Mount Holyoke has incredible opportunities for students to pursue their passions outside the classroom. We have internship opportunities and research opportunities truly all around the world. Faculty and staff are very supportive of students pursuing whatever career that they're interested in. After my first year here at Mount Holyoke, I did an internship on Capitol Hill. So I was able to go to Germany to work on polymer science research, which was really exciting. I was really able to get that experience through the support I had from faculty here at Mount Holyoke. I think along the way Mount Holyoke has given me the idea to look forward to the next step, but also focus on bettering my character now.


This 2017 Ford F-250 Crew Cab Long Box Lariat is stock number 12178Z. We're here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck headquarters. This 2017 Ford F-250 Crew Cab Long Box has the 6.2 liter V8 engine. This truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. It has like-new tires on it, and this truck is 100% ready to go. White platinum tricote metallic is the color. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p, 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, turn them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality and condition of the truck before seeing it in person. Also the options on the truck as well. And if you liked the video and want to subscribe to our YouTube channel to see more videos that we do each and every day of our amazing new and used inventory here at Summit Auto, and the lower right-hand part of the screen is a subscribe button. Click that, and then click the bell notifications. You'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. This one comes with the painted and polished aluminum 18-inch rims, and it has like-new Cooper Discover ST tires. These are LT29570R18s. You can still see the little wear knobs on them. Very new tires on this truck. It does have the FX4 off-road suspension package, which gives you the Rancho shocks there. Frame and underbody is in really nice shape. Front fender looks really good. You can see any dents or dings on there. Headlight lenses are nice and clear. Front bumper and lower valance are very clean. Get the chrome-trimmed grille. The hood is in nice shape. Now it does have a 3M kind of a rock guard on it. So that is on there, and it also goes onto the fenders a little bit there. Passenger side front fender, no dents or dings, and the passenger side rim. No major scuffs or scrapes. And this white platinum tricote does have a little bit of metal flake to it, so when it's in the sunlight it really sparkles. Good-looking paint. As you go down this side of the truck, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. We take these HD videos, so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the truck, you can see the truck, hear the truck, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises. And you can make a smart and informed decision from the comfort of your own home. Very clean down that side. This back rim is in pretty nice shape as well. No major scuffs or scrapes. And the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires. This one does have the camper package, which gives you the anti-sway bars right there. The frame and underbody is in nice shape all the way underneath. A little rocker is up again. And it does come with the factory chrome step bars. FX4 off-road suspension package. You get the stickers there coming around to the back. Rear bumper is in great shape. No major dents or dings in there. It does have the backup parking sensors. Full towing package, which includes a receiver hitch, four pin and seven pin wiring. The tailgate is absolutely perfect on this truck. Has the tailgate step assist. Spray-in bed liner. That's a factory Ford Toughbed. Fifth wheel and gooseneck prep package. Has the LED bed lighting. Turn that on with the button right there and it lights up those cargo lamps. This one does have the cargo cam as well. And then you get seven pin wiring back here as well. And I do not know what that... Anything about that lock back there that just came with the truck. Coming around the driver's side pretty clean over here. Looks really good for a full disclosure. This back room is in nice shape. And down the rest of the side of the truck looks really good. Does have the power scope mirrors. They power fold in, power telescope out. They're heated directional signals. This one has the door code entry. We do have the code for that. And if you want to figure out how to get your door code off of your 17 to 21 F-250, 350. In the upper right-hand power screen is a link to that video that we've done. To show you how to find that. Inside the Lariat package gives you the tan leather interior. No rips or tears on those seats. Really nice condition. Factory all-weather floor mats. Power pedals, auto headlamps. Tilt and telescopic steering wheel. You got LED side lights for those mirrors. Power windows, power locks and power mirrors. Gotta have the ignition on for those power mirrors to work. So we'll check that on second. Wood grain trim, memory driver seat. We'll hop inside. And we'll turn that ignition on so we can check out those mirrors, the miles and the radio. Get the nice built forward tough animation right there. And we'll dim it down so you can see the miles better. 24,435 miles on this truck. And I'll show you that those mirrors are definitely working good. And both sides, I was like showing both sides, so you know that all the functions are working. And then they power telescope out and in. And the driver's side one does the same thing. Works good. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. You get the digital speedometer, leather wrapped steering wheel. No rips or tears on there. Bluetooth and audio controls on the right. Cruise controls and information center controls on the left. This one does come with the six speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift has the sync radio. And it has the factory navigation system on it. You get AM, FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities on here. It does have a CD player right there as well. And then you have all your different apps and stuff that you can do including Android Auto and Apple CarPlay where you can project your cell phone to the screen. And if you've got a different navigation system that you like better such as Waze or Google Maps, project it up there and use that. This one does have the cargo cam right there. And it has the backup camera as well. And then it has the zoom in on the receiver hitch so you can get hooked up to your boat camper or trailer the first time. Every time. You have the Sony sound system which gives you the factory subwoofer. And down here is your turned out four wheel drive factory brake controller heated and cooled seat buttons. And it does have the dual climate controls there as well. You can do your climate controls up there too. If you like doing them on the radio better. Down here you get two USBs, two cup holders. Now you have four cup holders, storage space right there. 12 volt power point as well as 110 volt 400 watt plug-in. Passenger side format and seat are in excellent condition. No rips or tears on there. The headliner is very nice and clean as well. Up here you get six upfitter switches. Power sliding rear window button. Map lights and home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems. We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll start it up and take a look under the hood. The back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system back here. For any child car seats you may want to put back here. Power sliding rear window with the built-in rear defrost. Those headrests do fold down for better visibility when nobody's sitting back here. Once again no rips or tears. These seats do fold up like so. And you get a storage container back here or it goes nice and flat. All weather format. And then you get I believe it's two USBs. 110 volt 400 watt plug-in and then another 12 volt power point back here. Very nice and clean. And you can look and see your subwoofer is actually right there. These seats come down like so. Child safety locks on the back doors. The bottoms of the doors all look really good. And we'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that just telling me my doors and hood are open. And I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. And hopefully from this HD video you will be able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around inside and out and verify its condition and quality. Under the hood we have the 6.2 liter V8 engine. Engine bay is very clean. Runs very smooth. And once again this truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this truck is 100% ready to go.  There's your emissions sticker. I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint. Like new tires. Long box. White platinum. Really nice truck. FX4. And to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, half tons, three quarter tons, one tons. You name it. We got it. Go to that website right there at www.summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash www.summitauto.com. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. Remember to click the bell notifications, get updates on the videos we do each and every day as well. In fact, in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel in the upper left. A link to more F-250 videos like this one. 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Okay, so what we've seen so far about the Carnot cycle is that if we run a Carnot cycle for an ideal gas, we get a heat engine with an efficiency that's one minus this ratio of the cold temperature, the cold reservoir to the hot temperature, the temperature of the hot reservoir. That's not just specific to the Carnot cycle for ideal gases as it turns out, but for lots of other types of heat engines as well. So first let me explain what I mean by other types of heat engines. The Carnot cycle is a sequence of adiabatic and isothermal expansions. So we do an isothermal, reversible and isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, adiabatic compression. Each one of those steps is reversible and either isothermal or adiabatic. The network, we get out of that process, we can calculate numerically. We don't have to do just isothermal and adiabatic steps though. We can imagine, just for the sake of argument, let's say we did an isothermal expansion from here to here, and then somehow we need to get from our hot temperature to some colder temperature, but we don't have to do an adiabatic expansion to get to the colder temperature. Maybe we just drop straight down to the cold temperature. So on this PV diagram, that would correspond to our second step being not an adiabatic expansion. It's not an expansion at all, our volume's not changing. It's just a pressure drop in order to reduce the temperature. So we could call that an isochoric constant volume decrease in temperature. And then we could, reversibly and isothermally, compress to here and then do another isochoric heating to get back up to the initial conditions. So that's another heat engine. We would end up using heat to do work in that process. So that's not the Carnot cycle, it's a different cycle. So there's a number of these different types of cycles. There's a few that we won't dwell on the details of. The Rankine cycle is a sequence of adiabatic followed by isobaric expansions and compressions. That corresponds to what happens in a steam engine. The Otto cycle corresponds more to what happens in a combustion engine. Those are different steps, it's in fact more than just four steps involved in an Otto cycle. But engineers, chemical engineers care a great deal about the details of specific flavors of heat engines. Chemists are less interested in the details of specific types of heat engines and more interested in the thermodynamics of the process. So we're going to not delve into the details of these different heat engines too much. But the question is, how general is this statement? What can we say about heat engines in general, even if we're doing something that's not a Carnot cycle? So let's go back to, again, thinking about the Carnot cycle, but in a more general way. So again, we had four different steps for the Carnot cycle. And if I just remind you, without as much of the math, we had, at the hot temperature and cold temperature, we had we absorbed heat from the surroundings during the first expansion step, and we gave some heat back to the colder surroundings in the third step, the isothermal compression step. So we had, in step number one, reversible isothermal expansion, absorbed some heat, adiabatic expansion, there was no heat, isothermal compression, we gave some heat back to the surrounding, so these two terms have opposite signs from each other and then no heat in the final adiabatic expansion. Adding those up, there was some net amount of heat from that process. I'm going to skip all the rest of the details of this diagram and just remind you that for a cyclic process, any cyclic process, whether it's a ranking cycle or an auto cycle, any cyclic process is going to have zero net change in the internal energy because it's a state function. And the work done by this process, again, even if it's not a Carnot cycle, even if it's some other type of cycle, the work is the area enclosed by this diagram. So there's some total amount of work. So what this tells us, what the first law tells us is these two amounts of heat plus that amount of work must add up to the net change in energy, zero. So Q cold plus Q hot plus work is zero or if I move the work to the opposite side of the equal sign, negative W is Q hot plus Q cold. That's enough information. I don't really have to delve into the details of this diagram and what they are for an ideal gas or Van der Waals gas or some other type of gas. If I'm interested in the efficiency of this process, remember that's the amount of work I get out compared to the amount of heat I had to put in. Just the first law is enough to tell me that the amount of work I get out is equal to negative W is equal to Q H plus Q C. The net heat for the process divided by Q H. That ratio is the efficiency. Q H over Q H is one. Q C over Q H is Q C over Q H. So written in terms of heat, the efficiency of the process is one plus this ratio of the heats. And remember Q C is a negative number. Q H is a positive number so that ratio that's going to end up decreasing the efficiency below one. We had seen previously that this expression involves temperatures not heats. So let's remind ourselves of the Clausius theorem which says, remember a change in entropy, an infinitesimally small change in entropy, is dQ for the reversible process divided by T. Each one of these steps, as we've described them, was reversible. Reversible isothermal, reversible adiabatic, reversible isothermal, reversible adiabatic. So all our steps are reversible so we can use the Clausius theorem and relate the heats for our steps to entropies. So I can say for this total process for my four-step process going around this full cycle the net change in entropy is going to be heat divided by temperature, so Q H divided by temperature and that happens at the hot temperature. This step had no heat. This step, the heat was Q cold and that happened at the colder temperature, T C and then the fourth step had no heat. So total change in entropy is the sum of these terms of which only two of them contribute anything but entropy is a state function so when I start here I go all the way around the cycle when I get back to where I started the net change in the entropy has to be zero for that state function.  Q H over T H must be the negative of Q C over T C or since what I'm interested in is ratios of Q's or ratios of T's, let's rearrange this a little bit and write Q C over Q H so I'm going to take this Q H and bring it down underneath the Q C and then I have to take that T C and put it above the T H so Q C over Q H and there's a negative sign involved is negative of T C over T H. That's what I get by rearranging this equation. So I can use that the Clausius theorem applied to this cyclic process tells me that this ratio of heats is negative the ratio of the temperatures. So if I plug that in here I find that the efficiency is one instead of plus Q C over Q H I've got minus T C over T H. So that's not surprising because we've seen it before. We saw it for the case of an ideal gas for the Carnot cycle. What we've just done here, notice I haven't said anything about ideal gases. There were no nRT one over V's or log V's or anything like that that came from the ideal gas law. Only the first law is essentially the only fact we had to use here. So at least for the Carnot cycle where I have some adiabatic steps we've seen that the efficiency is always going to be one minus this ratio of temperatures whether it's an ideal gas a real gas, any type of material the efficiency can be given by this form. This is in fact called the Carnot theorem and it's even more general than just the Carnot cycle. All types of heat engines, all cyclic processes on this PVA diagram will have an efficiency given by this result regardless of what kind of heat engine they are as long as the processes are reversible. So that's the Carnot theorem. The Carnot theorem says any reversible heat engine has this efficiency. Proving that for something other than Carnot cycle is a little more involved in particular it requires us to make use of the second law of thermodynamics which we haven't covered just yet so I'll postpone that for a little bit but it's useful to be able to use that result now and say regardless of what type of heat engine we have the efficiency is given by this result. One minus the ratio of cold temperature over hot temperature for any reversible heat engine operating between two heat reservoirs at these two different temperatures. So what we'll do next is now that we understand how heat engines are good at converting heat into work it's also sometimes useful to do the reverse process convert some work into heat. So that's the next thing we'll talk about.


So while we're finishing setting up, I'll just do a quick introduction to Dr. Mark River. We have a few people online as well, listening in and this will be recorded. There'll be time for a few questions at the end, so keep that in mind as we're listening to Mark. Who's going to tell us specifically about GSD cards, the facility, but compress as well, and chichotron radiation in the geosciences were brought over for coming. Mark studied geology and geophysics at Harvard and got his PhD at UC Berkeley and has been involved in geosciences at chichotron radiation courses his entire career has been involved in developing X-ray microchemography as one example and has been involved in the building of GSD cards in about 1994. He's now in addition to being a research professor at University of Chicago, he's currently director of CARS, which stands for consortium for advanced radiation sources, and GSD card is part of CARS and so he'll give us the details. Thanks Mark. It's really nice to be here. Thanks a lot for having me. So I'm going to set up a quick outline of my talk, so first I'm going to give a brief introduction to what synchrotron radiation is for those of you who may not be familiar with it. A little bit of the history of support from NSF for earth sciences at synchrotron and then talk about the two facilities that Steve just mentioned, GSD cards and compress, and then finish with Thoughts for the Future where there's a safe plan upgrade as to synchrotron at ARGA. So synchrotron radiation is the electromagnetic radiation that is emitted principally from giga-electron volt electron storage ring. So as the electrons go around the ring, they get electromagnetic radiation and that's what we're using in our science. So it's not the particles themselves, but the x-rays or other electromagnetic radiation they give off. And the characteristics of synchrotron radiation is that it covers a very broad spectral range from actually beyond the IR up to very hard x-rays. The source is very bright, which means two things. The x-rays come out highly collimated into a very small opening angle, and the source itself is very small, meaning that if you're imaging that source, you can focus it very well. It's down to a very small spot. So the collimated means got high intensity, lots of photons in a small angle. The small source means we can focus on it. The polarization of the radiation is tunable and different sources have linear, circular or tunable polarization. We often treat it as a DC continuous source, but it's not at the pulse source. And for instance, at the advanced photon source, the pulses are about 100 picoseconds long, which is about a centimeter at the speed of light, and there are about five million of them at that. So you can treat it, you know, if you're doing an experiment that takes seconds, it's like a DC source, but we can do time-resolved experiments, pulse-probe, where we say hit it with a laser, and then 100 picoseconds later, we'll get to see what happens to the target. And the source is partially coherent. It's much less coherent than a laser, but the coherence is important than the new source that I'll talk about at the end. The upgrade will be, you know, 100 times more coherent than what we have now. The radiation is coming out of these relativistic electrons in the storage ring. The critical parameter here is this thing called gamma, and one over gamma. And gamma scales at the energy of the machine, times about 2,000. So one over gamma is approximately the full width half-max opening angle of the supertron radiation. And there's another parameter, which is called the critical energy, which is just half-powerpoint, half the x-rays are above that energy, half are below, and that scales as the square of the storage ring, energy linearly with the magnetic field of the source. So in the U.S. right now, DOE-funded sources, DOE-Basic Energy Science sources, there are three supertrons. The advanced light source at Berkeley, which has an energy of 1.9 GeV, so that's the low-energy, soft-dex-ray, vacuum ultraviolet machine. NSLS-2 at Brookhaven is a 3 GeV sort of medium-energy machine. And the advanced low-cost source at Argonne is a 7 GeV machine, and you see how gamma goes with these. So at the APS, what's called the bending magnet, the opening angle is about 73 microagens, meaning that 60 meters from the source, the X-ray is about 4 millimeters tall. So, you know, it's way more collimated than this laser magnet. And the critical energy there is about 20 KgZ. So it's a hard X-ray machine. You have lots of photons out to 100 KgZ and more. So how are X-rays produced? Very simply, this is your beam of relativistic electrons. This is what we would call a bending magnet, just a dipole magnet, as the electron goes around that bend, it emits radiation in a fan, like the headlight on a train sweeping around the corner. Small opening angle in the vertical, that's that one over gamma, but a big angle in the horizontal. We also have in the straight sections of the storage ring, periodic magnetic devices. This is a device called an undulator. And as the electron goes through there, it goes back and forth, back and forth, and the radiation from this pole, this pole, this pole interferes constructively and destructively, which leads to two different things. First of all, the beam comes out highly collimated in both directions. You know, a quarter of the magnitude more collimated than the bending magnet. It also has peaks in energy. So the bending magnet beam is a white spectrum, very smooth. The undulator has strong peaks and then no X-rays in between. And so this is a figure of merit called brightness, which is just the intensity for solid angle divided by the size of the source and as a function of time. So X-ray tubes have not changed much. And I would point out that this is 18 orders of magnitude. So X-ray tubes are down here. Bending magnets are up here.  And the undulators that I just mentioned are here. And yet another generation of sources called free electron lasers are up here. But I'm going to be talking about undulators and magnetic magnets. This is the first, this was the national synchrotron light source at Brookhaven National Lab. And it came into operation, this is the X-ray room here in 1985. And it was the first dedicated synchrotron light source in the world. In other words, an accelerator built specifically to generate synchrotron radiation as opposed to one built to do high energy physics and the synchrotron people were parasitic. And I'll show you on the next slide. It was also the location of the first geoscience beam line. And that was with NSL.  And a new machine at Brookhaven called NSL S2 was built. The first geoscience beam line at NSL S were an X-ray micro probe and that's where I worked from 1983 to 1993. And that was funded by NSF EAR instrumentation facilities, Dan Wilesh. And it was built as an X-ray micro probe user facility. So people from all over the country came to do experiments on this facility. And it was funded by NSF EAR until about 1993. And then the support shifted to DOE geosciences, still run by the University of Chicago, but not through NSF anymore. There was also another organization called CHIPR, which was a Center for High Pressure Research, that was Stony Brook Carnegie and Princeton largely. And that funded geoscience research on three beam lines at NSL. A diamond anvil cell, a multi-angle, with Dave Mow, a multi-angle press with Don Weidner, and infrared spectroscopy with Russ Temple. This was not a user facility. This was something where it was funded for that group to use, but they weren't mandated to provide access to the larger community. And that ran from about 1991 to 2002. These science and technology centers had a five-year lifetime renewable one, and they did, and then that ended. So the next generation, the NSLs were built to use X-rays from bending magnets and weakness, because the potential of undulators hadn't yet been realized. But by the mid-80s, that changed, and people realized we really needed to build machines to use undulators, because they are so many orders of magnitude brighter. So planning began for this new machine at Argon, called the Advanced Photon Source. And that started in construction in 1990 and began operating in 1995. And to take advantage of that, in the Earth Sciences, Joe Smith, Jamie Smith at the University of Chicago, formed this Center for Advanced Radiation Sources to build multiple beam lines at the ATS, one of which was to be in geoscience, but another in structural biology, and another in chemistry and material. He did a really good job of organizing the geoscience community to build a science case, and also to help design what it was they wanted built there. So in geosoil and viral cars got funding from NSF EAR back in about 1994 to, from both EAR, and I should say about 25% from DOE Geosciences to construct and operate one of the sectors at the ATS. A sector there consists of both a bending magnet beam line and an undulating beam line. And it was designed specifically to be a user facility with multiple beam lines and multiple techniques for Earth Sciences. That's Joe Smith, this is the ATS, and GMP cars is located over here at the sector. And about a little bit later, Shipper ended and was encouraged to form a new consortium that would operate user facilities like the ones that Carnegie and Stony Brook had been running, but as the user facility, as user facility. And so this was, you know, you can view it as the, compressed as the successor to Shipper, and it started around 2002. And its mission is more limited than Jesse cars. It's mostly for mineral physics, in other words, high pressure research. That's not strictly true, but it can practice mostly the truth. And it runs fractions of beam lines at this new NSLX2 ring at Brookhaven, at the advanced light source, and at the ATS as user facility. So at the ATS, it's funded, as I said, by DOE, Basic Energy Sciences. In other words, they run the accelerator and they run about half of the beam lines. The other half of the beam lines are run by groups like us with external funds. There are about 66 beam lines that can run at the same time, and then 35 sectors where, as I said, sectors both of any magnet and undulator. Three of those sectors are run by the University of Chicago. Sector 13, Jesse cars. Sector 14, which is funded by NIH and for structural biology, time resolved, macro molecular crystallography. And then finally sector 15, which is funded by NSF chemistry and material science. And also all three operated as national user facilities. In other words, they're not facilities for the University of Chicago. And it also, there are two beam lines at the APS that are partly run by compressed. And ChemMac cars and Jesse cars are the only two sectors at the APS where NSF is providing the operating funds to run. Sector 15 just received word that they're going to get a $14 million capital improvement to double their undulator beam lines, to build a second undulator. We run four, we have four simultaneously running stations. Three on the undulator, two on the bending magnet. Only two of these three can run at the same time. We give out all our time through the APS general user program. We get our funding from NSF EAR, the lion's share. There's some from DOE Geosciences and there's been some capital equipment money from NASA, but no operating support. We've got 11 scientific staff for postdocs and for support staff. We've been operating since 1996. And we have more than 800 user visits per year. People that are coming to the beam lines do an experiment. Typically they say one to three days, five days would be unusual. And we're producing over 150 publications a year. These are the techniques that we provide. So there's an X-ray micro probe for doing trace element analysis and micro X-ray spectroscopy and micro diffraction, diffractometer. These three stations are on the undulator. These two stations are on the bending magnet. There's a diffractometer where we largely do mineral surface interface scattering. So what happens in the first few atomic layers of a mineral when it's exposed to a solution containing a contaminant? Then we have the high pressure program in this station that has both a laser heated diamond anvil cell to go to very high pressures. When we mostly do diffraction, some emission spectroscopy and then we have a multi-anvil press that contain a much larger sample, not to a higher pressure. On the bending magnet, we've got a small version of this multi-anvil press. We've got a diamond cell that mostly does, what's called green one spectroscopy, so inelastic laser scattering and commuted micro tomography. And then finally on a bending magnet, another bending magnet station, we have a program to do diamond anvil cell, mostly single crystal diffraction. And also we can do interface and powder diffraction. So I'm just going to give a couple of examples. So this is what we can do on the micro probe. So our micro probe is unique for all part X-ray micro probes in that we can get down to the sulfur k absorption. So we can do sulfur spectroscopy, as well as trace element imaging all the way to the periodic table except for elements much lighter than sulfur. And so this is a sort of a megapixel map where you're seeing not just the total sulfur concentration, but in green and red, the speciation. So you can tell the difference between sulfide and sulfate. And this is important if you're trying to interpret sulfur isotopes in rocks trying to figure out is this difference in the primary water chemistry or something due to geochemical alteration after. At high pressure, this is an example of the kinds of experiments we can do into group's core conditions. So this is looking studies of what's the light element in the core and what happens if you put iron and carbon in a diamond sand bill cell and heat them up to 5,000 kelvin and through pressures of 2 megabytes. And so looking at the stability of Fe3C versus Fe7C3 and metallic iron. And so the conclusion of this study was that this Fe7C3 could be a presence in the inner core in equilibrium with metallic iron. So these are very challenging experiments at these temperature and pressure conditions. And to do that, we only have a very small sample so we need a very high intensity focused X-ray beam to see what's going on. So these are the diffraction peaks that we're measuring and then when it melts that you lose the diffraction peak and you get this diffuse scattering signal. This was a recent study not done at synthetically high pressure but this is looking at inclusions in diamonds and this was the first time that I7 was found in nature. So this was I7 trapped inside a diamond that was carried up from the man. It looks like pretty good evidence that there was liquid water present in the mantle at the location where this diamond is. It's a pure phase of water. It crystallized I7 presumably on its way up when it passed into the I7 stability. That's all the time I have to talk about the science we're doing right now. Let me just talk a little bit about the funding. So at GemiCars our funding comes largely from NSF or science instrumentation facilities. It's about 2.8 million a year and we're in year three of a five-year award. We had been co-funded by DOE Geosciences to the tune of about 25% ever since our inception and it was viewed I think as a model partnership between NSF and DOE and it was about 900K a year. But in August of 2018 basically I think the DOE science programs were told that they should enter their facility support and only fund science. On the other hand it said that he would be interested not in funding operations but in funding technique development where science proposes and would be able to entertain up to three of those as something like 300K a year which would get us back. And so we followed up on that. We've already submitted our first one and it's been funded and the second one has been submitted we're waiting to hear. So we're hopeful that we're going to get back to the DOE funding. There's a little bit about user funding, right? So a large fraction of our users are NSF funding and these individual NSF awards are key to the science that's done at the facility, right? We wouldn't be able to do very much science unless these users were bringing in great ideas bringing in graduate students and postdocs and so their funding is key to what we do. And over about 66% of our users are grad students and postdocs, right? Typically the senior faculty are not the ones coming to the center. Now switch gears a little bit and talk about COMPRAT. So COMPRAT operates a number of programs and projects and I'll just go through these quickly and focus on the more important one. So it's a big rule. So they operate half of a B-line at the advanced light source for diamond anvil cell diffraction and that's a sub-award to Quentin Williams and UC Santa Cruz. They operate half of a vending magnet B-line at the APS for multi-anvil work and that's a sub-award to Don Leitner and Matt Whitaker at Stony Springs. They operate a smaller fraction of a multi-anvil B-line at MSLS 2, maybe 20%. They operate about half of a B-line. They help us operate one of the jetty card B-lines where we were only doing surface and interface gathering there. We didn't have the staff to help to do diamond cells. COMPRAT has provided two staff that let us do diamond anvil cell single crystal diffraction. Then they fund an infrared B-line at MSLS 2, 50% of an infrared amount of an inelastic X-ray scattering and MOSFOWR B-line at the APS. Those are the B-line projects they have. The other one is they help fund our gas loading facility at Jesse Cards because we do a lot of gas loading for people other than Jesse Cards for the rest of the community. There's a project to develop multi-anvil cell assemblies at Arizona and a number of smaller... These programs here are things that might only have a lifetime of a couple of years. There are projects to try to generate new infrastructure or new outreach. The other thing that COMPRAT does is they run an annual meet and bring in the whole community goes to this and it's where we talk about what are the directions for the facility. There's the chair of the COMPRAT's facilities committee right now. I think by the end of my current term I will have been the chair half of the existence of COMPRAT and this meaning I should say is important for Jesse Cards. We go there and we don't have money to run our own annual meeting so we sort of piggyback on this annual meeting that COMPRAT holds. They also fund a number of workshops. This is just an example of one that was held in the ACS recently so COMPRAT has funding that's dedicated to funding workshops on either training on existing techniques or exploratory workshops on future techniques. Say a little bit about the relationship between the two because NSF is funding them both NSF EAR is funding them both so we've worked very closely together for many years. As I said I will have been a member or chair of this facilities committee like at the time and our high pressure users are a very large contingent of the people who attend the COMPRAT meeting. COMPRAT I already mentioned is funding two projects right now at Jesse Cards and we're going to at NSF urging in our proposals in our renewal proposals we've received three years ago or so. They suggested that we contemplate merging the two organizations. We're going to hold a breakout session at this upcoming annual meeting just to say no. Yeah you know when we went to visit NSF leadership of COMPRAT and me and went to visit NSF last fall it looked like they were no longer pushing for this. I don't know if you realize that the cons probably did outweigh the pros but we're going to still have we want to hear what the community has to say about. Okay and now I'm going to finish up the talk talking about the future of a major project at the APS. So there's a big it's called the APS upgrade and it's what's called a multi-bend aftermath upgrade. Basically what it means is they're going to have an entire accelerator which is 1100 magnets. I mean it's 1.1 kilometers of close-packed magnets and it turns out there's a new design where you can increase the brightness of the ring by making the electron being much smaller if you do like a hundred fold increase and I'll show that in a later slide. So this means the APS is down for one year starting sometime in 2022. It became an official DOE project what they call critical decision 2 this year and it's got an $815 million budget which is more than 50% more than it cost to build the APS originally. But it's going to have this enormous gain in science because it means that we can put 100 times more X-rays in the same focal spot size that we have today or we can make the beam 10 times smaller in both directions with the same number of to take advantage however we're going to have to replace our beam line optics mirrors and monochromators to take advantage of that increase in brightness. If your mirror has slow bearers and it's wobbles and it's not perfect it doesn't preserve that brightness and it's a real challenge because the beam is 10 micron 50 meters away and so your slow bearers have to be less than 10 microns divided by 50 meters which is nano and we have to get better detectors. So this is where MSF support is important because the APS isn't going to do all of this for the partner beam lines like us they'll do it for their own beam lines to the extent that the project has money for that. There is a synergy between mirrors and monochromators for those others for the other uses like it's been used to be a lead weight project. Yes, we all would go to the station vendors to buy these things which is self-potentially a problem because there's at the same time the APS is developed I should say right now the European equivalent of the APS, the ESRF and Grenovo just shut down to do the same thing right so they're buying all their optics right now and then the spring eight the one in Japan is going to do the same thing. I think there's money to be made and there are vendors who are pushing to be able to get their metrology good enough to meet this demand so I don't anticipate a crisis but it might be of some delay you know already mirrors like they might take a year to do this. Okay so this is just illustrates this is what the electron beam now not the x-ray beam but the electron beam in the APS accelerator looks like this right now it's a pan chain so it's like 10 microns vertically and 250 microns horizontally. This new lattice new way of arranging the magnets changes it to look like this so it's essentially now a round source so when you try to image this onto your sample you can focus the beam really nicely in the vertical the blurry focus in the horizontal because it's so big but once we do this we can focus it very well in both directions so on that figure of merit that I showed you today we're in this 10 to the 20th down 10 to the 19th range we're going to be up here and this is a plot that just shows more sources comparing for instance these are the undulators at Brookhaven which is a very low emittance machine not as good as the APS will be but you can see that and this black line is the APS today so the NSLS-2 is a preferred source below 20 kVP but with the upgrade the APS will be the preferred source over the whole energy range from 5 to 100 so a few examples of what is it we're going to be able to do with this upgraded source the first and I have another slide on this is peripascal studies in the diamond we've already got the technology to push the static pressure up by a factor of 5 but the size of the sample that's under that high pressure condition is sub-micron and so we need to be able to focus the beam down to sub-micron it's going to adjust the measure of the stuff that's at high pressure for spectroscopy and we're being able to push right now our micro probe is at about 2 micron spatial resolution we're going to be able to get to sub 500 nanometers probably so 300 nanometers micro probe and to do these experiments with greatly enhanced surface and interface we do a lot of this work that we do on surface and interface is the beam has to come in and graze into the mineral surface which means it's spread out which means you need a big crystal so that really limits the kind of minerals we can study because we need to be able to find some mineral that makes 2 millimeters, 3 millimeters crystal and that throws out a lot of a lot of minerals just don't make crystal like that but if we can get it down to 300 microns or 100 microns it now opens up so this is a illustration of what we've done today so this is a diamond anvil cell and conventionally you would squeeze the sample between this diamond and this diamond but instead what we do is put 2 nano diamonds in here and the sample just goes in between those so it's like a double stage and with that we've gotten gold to one carapace gallon the only thing that was in order to get a good enough scattering signal to see it it had to be gold or in this case it was really very high density, very high atomic number material and scatter X-rays really well but we want to be able to do this with SIO2 and for that you need to be able to put many more X-rays into that so we're just going to finish with Carl, he's sending a few slides, a couple slides on what compress what they might, the directions they might want to go to the teacher one of which is dynamic compression the high pressure experiment that we've been doing at the synchrotron have largely been static high pressure, right, either squeeze something in a diamond cell squeeze something in a multi-animal trap a lot of important natural processes are not static, they are dynamic collisions and also with dynamic compressions you can get to states that you can't reach with that right, so if you want, even if it's only for a microsecond you can get to pressure and temperature regimes that are not accessible by dynamic compression facilities around the country they they range from laser facilities to the national efficient facility at Livermore and Omega laser an electromagnetic pulse machine called the Z-Machine at San Dia there is one B-My at the APS that does dynamic compression both they have both gas guns where they can shoot a gun at a target and hit it with an X-ray and intense lasers that they can pulse and do dynamic compression and then finally the Linux coherent light source which is a free electron laser at FLAC has a facility for doing high-powered laser pulse experiments you know with a visible or IR laser to compress the sample and then an X-ray laser to probe the sample and you know these are facilities where the earth science community has only just barely gotten involved and we could have a much bigger print audience I'm not sure who funds Omega that might be NSF I'm not sure these are all funded by well does MNSA they fund that end station so they're not user facilities except Omega well FLAC is right you can write a proposal to do and there is a person there who has earth science background who works on that station area just to finish up so I think Summary, Synchrotron sources are critical resources for geochemistry and geophysics but there's a large part of the community that are using these today NSF Earth Sciences has a strong history of partnership with DOEPES in facilitating earth science access to these powerful machines and the APS upgraded promises for more decades to come to your research thank you Mark so we have users who want to come and take advantage of the facilities right as a proposal for time but they do not pay a user fee to access the instrument, is that true? they pay just their travel and the cost it takes them to get there well that's a little different from many other facilities where they do pay user fees I guess I'm wondering what is the rationale for it's been a subject of discussion with NSF historically it was basically laid to rest quite a few years ago when DOE doesn't want to have people charge it it's not their policy that you have the time actually comes from the DOE if we were a conventional outside partner we would get 75% of the time to do what we want and we would have to give 25% to the general user community as it is we give 100% of the time DOE is part of an APS Upgrader obvious that you need to do them but during the course of your last award you made some upgrades and new developments I just wondered how you decide what to do both in hardware come from the staff or the users it basically comes from a very formal process but it comes from interactions of the staff with the users the users comment and our staff typically are working with them what do they wish they could do that they can't we have an internal and if it's something that's going to take a big chunk of money then it goes in the next proposal we always have a forward-looking project in our funding proposal it's a relatively small part of the upgrade mesh the next time there will be a re-competition for who runs the lab are there any complications there on the horizon how much longer does Chicago's LLC have you know I don't have that number on top of my head it wasn't that long ago that it was re-competed but time flies and I don't remember if that was five years ago I don't think that's probably a very big issue because LLC is is important in implementing and effectively managing the lab but they aren't the ones who make decisions like do we upgrade the AES that's BES if the tell proposes a manager that shouldn't affect the sign no, not at all and the management for instance that Brookhaven has changed over the course of the year certainly doesn't affect the sign users demand how it needs to significantly oversubscribe the undulator beam line for the diamond anvil cell is like a factor whereas the vending magnet it might only be 20% oversubscribe diamond anvil cell now we've got to the point where users get one day I mean almost nobody gets more than a day which puts a lot of pressure on the users and on staff that you know even a few hours of downtime we have to make a trade-off between if you give people too little time they won't get defined and then they have to come back Mark so compress which is in its fourth five-year award is an EAR facility and yet there are several more and in almost 20 years now that we've had compress as a community distortion those sub-award facilities come and go so often so could you tell us briefly how facilities under compress are created for sunset sure so as chair of the facilities committee every year just before the AGU meeting we request reports from each of the facilities that tell us how did they do what are they planning to do in the next years at a budget and then we review those and well facilities committee reviews those and makes recommendations to the executive committee which is the decision making in compress that have been cases where we have some facilities there was a diamond anvil self-program at the NFLS too that did not appear to be competitive and was we decided not to and the facility to add single crystal diffraction at the APS was a new facility that don't have been running for were responded from proposal so we suppress solicits proposal for new facility and for new other kinds of projects they have an infrastructure education which solicits smaller proposals for development the facilities are competed annually they are and then of course they are more seriously competed when compressed within its renewal because then it's not just the compressibility committee it's the peer reviewer who are passing judgment proposals to describe the advances you will be making general terms of that questions you could have what are the big scale questions that you have gotten to now because of this technology I think one example is going to much higher pressure we can get now pretty valiant effort but not impossible we can now say what's happening we can't get to the condition also can but you will that's what I was saying with this compound diamond one of the research areas that I personally supervise is computed microchromography looking at 3D microstructure and we're now beginning to do that in real time be able to do time results full tomography data set every five seconds without looking at older facts be able to push that time resolution do you think how pressure do you be able to go to we have had success quite good success in getting NASA to invest in new technology so one of the things that we did back around 2012 was we took our undulator beeline and we built two undulators so it can run 100% of the time while we're doing the diamond and NASA paid a third of that which was like 700,000 we have current NASA funding for that's aimed at developing technology for sample return because this is a great place to bring up NASA where we have not had success in getting NASA to support operation so they really don't have a program I wish they did but we have had a lot of investigators who have recently learned about the development that makes the scale more of a computer and or not is that going to have an influence on your science that you can do that's a good question one of the things that's happening even today but it will have even more with the idea of upgrade is we've got this flood of data we've got detectors I mean one day you get 5 pairs of data and it's getting beyond you can't just send users home with that they don't have the resources to be able to handle that so we need to be able to do it outside whether it's or is a good question because the whole model of the way that DOE super good facility works is you submit a proposal and you get time a few months later and you don't turn around in real time but as they retire older machines some of those are good enough for what we we don't need 30,000 cores we probably be fine with 1,000 so yes data management data handling is a big issue good thing is that it's not just just them and some people are already using the facilities for that some of them have hit the data problems before we