Okay, so this is the video that is going to focus on motion paths. Now in Maya, what a motion path is, is literally just a line that you draw, and you can get objects to follow it over a set period of time. And that's what we're going to use to get this plane to fly around an environment. So in order to do that, I'm going to change my view, because I want to get a flat line to start off with. So I'm just going to change into my four view, and I'm going to go into my top view.  And then we need to draw a curve. So to do that, I'm going to go to Create, and then it's the CV curve tool. Select that. And the way this works is you just click for each point that you want, and then Maya interpolates between them, and it creates quite a smooth curve. So I'm going to imagine that I'm flying around my environment. So I'm going to start kind of here, and I'm just going to click every so often. The further apart your points are, the smoother the curve will be. So I'm going to allow it to do this. It's going to curve in on itself here, so that I can get to turn both left and right, like this. Lovely. I'm not trying to do anything too clever, and it can end somewhere near where it started. When you've got a curve that you're fairly happy with, you can hit Enter on your keyboard, like so, and you've got a completed curve. Fantastic. What we're going to do with this curve next is just kind of add a few kind of up and down bits just to add a little bit more variety to it. So I'm going to go back into my perspective view for this. Press A on the keyboard so I can see the whole curve, and I'm going to right-click on it, and I'm going to choose... I think I'm going to go with control vertex. I'm just going to choose some of the control vertices every so often, and I'm just going to either raise them up or drop a few down, and it's just going to add a little bit more variety to this. I'm not going to go over the top with this, but I am going to just try and get a little bit more variety by just adding ups and downs in places. This is kind of an optional step. You don't have to do this, but it will make it a bit more interesting. Okay, so for now look at this side, and you can see that it's not completely flat all the way. There are kind of changes in altitude as well. Okay, so we're going to leave that one there for this video. So we've drawn our motion path out, and hopefully we're kind of happy with it. I'm going to go back into object mode on the curve, and it's in the next video that we'll have a look at how you attach the plane to the motion path and get it to follow it around. Okay, so I will see you in the next video for that one.


Welcome to the National Archives and Records Administration's 2022 Genealogy Series. We are pleased to present this educational series of lectures on how to conduct family research using the 1950 Census. My name is Andrea Matney, and as the program's coordinator, please allow me to do a quick introduction and provide instructions on how to participate. These lectures will demonstrate how to use records from the 1950 Census and other federal resources for genealogical research. Our presenters include experts from the National Archives and Records Administration and the U.S. Census Bureau. Sessions are intended for beginners to experienced family historians. All are welcome. We invite you to join the conversation. Please participate with the presenters and other family historians during each session's premiere. You can ask questions via chat by first logging into YouTube. Keep your eye on the chat during the broadcast because the speaker will answer your questions there in the chat. Type your questions in at any time, but please keep your questions on today's topic. In addition, find live captioning, handouts, and the events evaluation form under the video box by clicking on Show More. Note on our schedule that all sessions are broadcast on Wednesdays at 1 p.m. Eastern, and yes, all of the recorded videos will remain available for viewing later and at any time. Today's presentation is historic Census Bureau sources for Filipino, Guamanian and Chamorro, American Samoan, and Native Hawaiian research. I'm so pleased to introduce our presenter today, Christopher Martin. Mr. Martin is a historian with the U.S. Census Bureau responsible for the history of the American Community Survey, the history of the 2020 Census, and the Alumni Biography Program. He has previously worked with documents compass at the University of Virginia on the people of the founding era digital database, on the database of Mount Vernon's enslaved community at George Washington's Mount Vernon, and as an interpreter at James Madison's Montpelier. So pleased to have you here today, Mr. Martin. Thank you so much. I'm turning the broadcast over to you. Thank you very much. It's an honor to be here today as well. The Census Bureau has a proud history of over 100 years of counting Asians and Pacific Islanders, including Filipinos, Guamanians and Chamorros, American Samoans, and Native Hawaiians. The resources created over this time are a valuable source of genealogical, cultural, and targeted individual or group research. One quick note, some of the terms used in historic census reports and forms are outdated or offensive. However, we feel it is disingenuous and impractical to omit these terms when quoting or referencing census resources in a historic context, especially as the Census Bureau has endeavored to evolve in order to reflect diverse groups as they form and change identities throughout American history. Despite using these terms, the views expressed then still have the power to convey negative meanings now. So we ask that you consider the historical context under which this information was compiled, analyzed, and published. The Census Bureau values your privacy and will never release your personal information. However, the National Archives may release this information to the public after 72 years. Please understand that when discussing historical material, the sources must be viewed through the context of the times in which the information was collected and produced. The Census has been part of the United States since the ratification of the Constitution in 1789. It is one of the foundations of the United States government, which depends on the Census to allocate voting power and resources evenly based on population. Several changes have been made since 1789. The three-fifths clause for all other persons, meaning enslaved persons, was overturned by the 14th Amendment. The 1929 Reimortionment Act set the limit of the House of Representatives at 435, which eliminated the population totals required for each house seat and led to the introduction of the Huntington Hill apportionment method in 1941. American Indians not taxed, meaning those who lived on reservations or in tribal relations outside of white and black settlements would be nullified by decision of the Attorney General just prior to the 1940 Census. As the AG decided, supported by President Roosevelt, that at this point all American Indians and Alaskan natives in some way fell under US jurisdiction. Although outside the scope of many of the records we will be looking at today, only the head of households name was recorded until 1850. As I mentioned in the previous slide, this does not apply to enslaved persons who were excluded until 1870, and those considered Indians not taxed until 1940. Additionally, depending on where you lived, as was the case for most of the areas we will discuss today, an enumerator came to each household and filled out the form based on their interpretation and observation, meaning some things like race, spellings of names and non-traditional occupations did not get recorded accurately, but according to the enumerators interpretation. In some cases, such as with life dates, it is the respondent that frequently misstates important dates. Even now newborn babies are commonly forgotten to be included by the head of household when filling out census forms. Several of these difficulties are amplified in Pacific Island communities. For example, languages were far more diverse and more difficult for enumerators to record on their forms as directed, and even harder to represent the statistics of the final reports. Additionally, the census relied on Western measurements of years and times, which could lead to confusion about dates and life dates for some respondents. In 1970, the term Hawaiian appeared on every stateside questionnaire, except for Alaska. Hawaiians remained the only Pacific Islander group listed separately until 1980, when the terms Guamanian and Samoan were included with Hawaiian on all census questionnaires. In 1990, a response category for other Asian or Pacific Islanders was also included with the right in area for specific groups. And finally, as I mentioned before, the final reports and even the schedules themselves reflect the politics and environment of the time and the statistics and quality of the reports improved greatly as our nation progressed. American expansions at the end of the 19th century led to new territories with the annexation of Hawaii in 1898. The Spanish-American War from 1898 to 1899, which led to the possession of the Philippines and Guam, and the 1899 tripartite convention, which led to the annexation of American Samoa. In order to better govern these new territories, one of the first administrative tasks conducted by the U.S. was almost always a census. From the Spanish-American War to the end of World War II, the Philippines fell under the governance of the United States. In 1902, the United States passed the Philippine Organic Act, which decreed the Philippines would be governed, in part, by a representational Philippine Assembly. This, of course, required a census of the population. The Organic Act stipulated that the census would not be conducted until a cessation of hostilities and that the assembly could only be formed if peace lasted for two years after the completion of the census. Accordingly, the census of the Philippine Islands, taken in 1903, had major implications for the governance of the islands. This importance, coupled with widespread illiteracy and mistrust of the American government among the populace, led the Census Bureau to assign provincial governors as the district supervisors of the census. One of these governors was Epifiano de los Santos. From an early age, Epifiano excelled at almost everything he touched, and most people assumed he would become a musician since he showed marked talent in that area. Indeed, after graduating summa cum laude, his university offered him a professorship in music. However, he also excelled at writing, both fiction and history, art and law, and he decided to pursue the latter. He received his law degree from the University of Santo Thomas and passed the bar in 1898. Around this time, he began to get involved with revolutionary activities promoting independence from Spain. He wrote in the aptly named La Independencia under a pen name and participated in the Malalos Congress, the first constituent assembly assembled under the first Philippine Republic. He received an appointment as district attorney of Nueve Ejica, and in 1902, he was elected as governor of the province. In December of 1902, Epifanio spent two weeks in Manila going over the district maps and learning how to conduct the census. In mid-January, all of the governor's supervisors were in charge of collecting their materials in Manila, packing them by hand, and then distributing them to their enumerators and special agents who passed on their training to the local presidentes or mayors. On March 2, 1903, the Philippine census began, and Epifanio successfully spearheaded the count of 134,147 people, as well as the manufacturers and agriculture of his province. In 1918, at the next census of the Philippines and the first one conducted almost entirely by Filipinos, Epifanio was the assistant technical director of the census in charge of technical aspects and editing. Due to his previous experience and his ability to master almost any task, he was crucial throughout the 1918 census process and received special recognition from the director for his competence and enthusiasm. Throughout his lifetime of public service, Epifanio always seemed more interested in researching Filipino history and collecting Filipino literature, music, manuscripts, and art. So impressive was his library and collection that, upon his death, the Filipino government purchased it from his widow. Epifanio passed away in 1928 after a lifetime of giving voice and governance to the Filipino people and nation. The Philippine government honored him with the state funeral and later named the main road through Manila, as well as several schools, a hospital, and an auditorium, and tribute to the man who did so much to preserve Philippine culture. Another supervisor and influential Filipino who took the 1903 census was Marcelino Menya-Crisalogo, born in 1844. He spent his early life as a lawyer and a revolutionary against Spain. He also attended the Malalos Congress in 1898. After the overthrow of the Spanish government, he served as governor of the Aloco Sur province. Following the 1903 census, he resigned as governor in 1904 and devoted his services to the recognition of Ilocano and Filipino art and culture. His first act took him to the United States where he participated in the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis. Even though he traveled to St. Louis in his capacity as a Filipino politician, he entered his artwork in several categories where he earned an honorable mention in photography and a gold medal for a piece of wood furniture. Some of his notable works include the first Ilocano translation of the classic Spanish novel Don Quixote, several plays, and a celebrated novel. One final notable act is that the 1903 census of the Philippines was one of the first opportunities for female employment following the more traditional Spanish government and more than 40 women worked as enumerators and clerics. The Census Bureau only helped enumerate and compile the final reports for 1903 and 1918, which are available at census.gov and in many libraries. However, unfortunately, no schedules from those censuses are available. Starting in 1910, the Census Bureau included Filipinos or variations thereof like Philippine Islander as a separate race category. However, the option was not included as a race identifier or coding option on census questionnaires until 1930. This means you can sort searches of census schedules from 1930, 1940, and 1950 by those who identified or in some cases were identified as Filipino. Through 1970, statistics on Filipino Americans vary on depth of analysis. For example, census data on the Filipino population in 1950 were not published in general census volumes, but were limited to a subject report on population characteristics that showed the Filipino population for the United States, the four regions, and states with Filipino populations of 2,500 or more, which were California, Washington, New York. Starting in 1970, specific reports on Asian and Pacific Islander populations with significant focus on Filipinos have been part of each decennial report. Guam first fell under U.S. jurisdiction in 1898 following the Spanish-American War. Between 1710 and 1897, the Spanish conducted approximately 20 censuses of Guam. The second naval governor of Guam conducted a census in 1901. However, the results were merely aggregate population numbers divided by gender and race. In 1920, the Census Bureau administered the first official U.S. census on Guam and in search of enumerators that were both competent and connected to the people, Census Bureau leadership chose local teachers for all five positions. Manuel Charforos, a resident of Mariso, who excelled at school and began teaching at a young age, was one of these teacher enumerators for the first census in 1930 and later on for the 1940 census as well. He was elected to the commissioner's Congress of Guam in 1934 and again in 1941. This only lasted a short time, however, since as a possession of the United States, Guam would become a prime target for war in the Pacific. On December 8, 1941, just two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the forces of Imperial Japan invaded and captured Guam at the beginning of World War II. Unfortunately, in 1944, under the occupation of the Imperial Japanese Army, Manuel was identified as loyal to the Americans and under the guise of a work detail was taken with his oldest son, a U.S. Navy steward's mate to a cave to be executed. The soldiers used grenades and anyone still moving was van-edited. Manuel survived with substantial wounds while his son perished. Soon after, as the Americans began shelling the island before landing, three Boy Scouts from the troop of which Manuel was leader took their canoe to the USS Indianapolis to provide firing instructions to avoid the place where those from their village were sheltering. Another longtime educator, Agüita I. Johnston, served as a numerator in 1940, the first Chamorro woman to do so. Agüita began teaching in 1908 and became a principal in 1925. Her husband, William G. Johnston, originally came to Guam as a Marine and stayed on at the Department of Public Works after his marriage, in addition to starting several family businesses. During the occupation of Guam, Agüita's husband William was taken to a prisoner of war camp in Kobe, Japan, where he died in 1943. The Japanese military rule over the people of Guam was cruel and oppressive as the Imperial Army viewed the Guamanian population as loyal to the Americans. Agüita was allowed to continue teaching, although the original buildings were commandeered as barracks and she was forced to include Japanese language and culture classes in the curriculum. Although she catered to the Japanese troops through her curriculum and businesses, Agüita also secretly ran a resistance movement. Taking full control of the family business after the loss of her husband, she continued to illegally accept US dollars in order to keep faith in the return of American troops, and her family encoded hidden messages on the labels of the soap they made and distributed which shared news of Japanese defeat gained by illegal radios. All of these acts could have led to serious punishment or execution, but her most daring acts lay in her role in hiding and supplying US Navy Lieutenant George Ray Tweed, who was the only US service member to survive the entire occupation of Guam. Despite being suspected, imprisoned, and beaten, Agüita refused to divulge any information and at one point even talked Tweed out of surrendering, not just for himself, but for the symbolic importance of resistance he represented to the people of Guam. When the Americans retook Guam, landing on July 21, 1944, Agüita immediately began providing refreshment and entertainment for the troops, hundreds of which later met and hosted her on several victory, reunion, and educational tours she took to the US throughout the rest of the 1940s and early 1950s. Following the war, she continued her service to Guam as an educator and advocated for Guam's self-governance as opposed to the rule of an American naval governor. This goal was realized with passing of the Guam Organic Act of 1950, which provided for elections and self-governance of the island while still remaining a US territory. Agüita also was a founding member of a major contributor to the Guamanian chapters of the Red Cross, Girl Scouts, Women's Club, Association of Retired Persons, and the Fine Arts and Historical Society. In 1932, when the Guam Museum was established, she took control of the archives and collections and remained devoted to the preservation and education of Chamorro culture throughout her whole life. As tribute to her decades of service, a school was named after Agüita in 1974, today known as the Agüita I. Johnston Middle School, and she was elected to the Guam Educators Hall of Fame in 1982 alongside Manuel. Both schedules and final reports start in 1920 for Guam and are both initially more limited than stateside resources. The schedules asked questions about address or place of abode, name, relation to head of house, race, sex, marital status, education, ability to speak English, place of birth, including parents in 1920 only, and occupation. Limited agricultural questions related specifically to Guam were added in 1930, mainly copeproduction or coconut meal and limited livestock, tarot, sweet potato, and other food and tree crops. One interesting note relating to 1950 is that even though the Navy officially transferred governance of the island to the Department of the Interior in August, Carlton Skinner, the first civilian governor, was still in place and in charge in time to run the census on April 1, which was Census Day. Due to the large military presence and recent conflict, the Guam population schedule asked about veteran status of 100% of the population as opposed to a sample in the stateside schedule. Additionally, due to the almost complete destruction of civilian villages and infrastructure during World War II, the division of municipalities into barrios left over from the Spanish government was abandoned, marking a break in small area data comparability between 1950 and earlier censuses. Although some decennial statistics exist for Guam since 1920, Guamanian wasn't included separately from native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders in stateside statistics on race until 1980. The term Chamorro was used for reports on the territory of Guam from 1920 and was included in stateside statistics as a racial identification as opposed to just the language in 1990. Western exploration in the 19th century had influenced the local relations and dynamics of Samoans leading to both international strife and civil war in the late 1800s. In order to resolve this, the UK, Germany, and the United States convened the tripartite convention in 1899, which divided the islands into two parts. The United States annexed the eastern islands, including Tutila, Anu'u'u, and the Rosatou in 1900, with the Manua Islands joining in 1904 and Swains Island in 1925. The new territory was called American Samoa to distinguish it from the western islands, simply known as Samoa. The islands fell under the governance of a US naval governor, with Samoans chiefs and Matei, or heads of households, deciding local matters. Although there was friction between the new government and the Samoans, the naval governors also greatly aided the islands. During the 1918 influenza pandemic, Governor John Martin Poyer immediately instituted a strict quarantine, making American Samoa one of only three places in the world that did not suffer from the disease. On neighboring Samoan islands, under the direction of New Zealand, there was no quarantine and over 7,500 Samoans died from the disease, more than 20% of the population. In 1920, following annexation in the chaos of World War I, American Samoa had its first census taken under the auspices of the US Census Bureau. The 1920 census included village counts, as well as classifications of sex, race, age, and marital condition, data on school attendance, literacy, and occupations. A census of agriculture, a normal part of the decennial census at that time, also counted livestock and cobra or coconut meal production, and the naval governor appointed two enumerators with one interpreter each to collect the data. Jerry Scanlon, a storekeeper, taxi driver, and bookkeeper for the government supply depot, was one of the interpreters for William Barrow, a US government court clerk. Jerry had an American father and his stepmother, Pippi Amale-Ale-Ale Milapola, was the daughter of a prominent chief from the island of Savaii, which made him the perfect go-between for the first census. Similar to Guam, final reports and individual census records start in 1920. The 1920 census included village counts, as well as classifications of sex, race, age, and marital condition, data on school attendance, literacy, and occupations. A census of agriculture, a normal part of the decennial census at this time, also counted livestock and cobra production, America Samoa actually had a law that required landowners with enough available land to plant 30 new coconut trees a year. In 1940, the questionnaire also included questions on place of birth and ability to speak English. Compared to both Hawaii and Guam, the 1950 schedule for American Samoa is significantly shorter with no war-related questions and fewer demographic, educational, and work-related questions as well. Statistics exist for American Samoa since 1920. Samoan wasn't included separately from Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders in stateside statistics on race until 1980. After Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1898, the Census Bureau first enumerated the islands during the 1900 census. However, communication difficulties, 56.6% of the population over the age of 10 did not speak English, exacerbated by a plague outbreak, significantly delayed the counting. Additionally, because previous governments had used censuses for taxation, there was a deep cultural bias against enumerators, which often erupted into violence. The Census Bureau recognized that it had to do a better job of reaching the Hawaiian people and educating them on the importance of participation ahead of the 1910 census. To this end, a group of locals who represented the many languages spoken on Hawaii assembled under Dr. Victor Clark, the special agent in charge of the census. The group created lessons in various languages to disseminate at schools and other public areas in order to familiarize the people with the population, agriculture, and manufacturing schedules. David Kaonohi Akalabre served as the translator and outreach specialist for Native Hawaiians in the 1910 census. He was born on March 5th, 1889 in Honolulu, Hawaii. His mother, who died six months after he was born, was descended from the great Hawaiian kahunas, which are shamans or experts, like Halawa'i, who served King Kamehameha the Great, and Pau Awa, a Tahitian priest who was hugely influential in 13th century Hawaii. David's father, a missionary, was the son of a Hindu-English seaman and a Hawaiian woman. With the passing of his mother, David was adopted by his aunt, also a kahuna, who sent him to the Kamehameha School for Boys, where he graduated in 1909. Following David's work in 1910 as a translator and special agent of the census, he moved on to work for the Lighthouse Bureau traveling across the island, turning wicks. In 1919, he and his family started a hula troupe with the goal of reviving the traditional dance that had almost died out under the disapproving influence of 19th century missionaries. David and his wife, Lydia, also taught classes on Hawaiian culture, legends, language, and songs to locals, and began using these to entertain visitors. By the 1930s, they were organizing major festivals in order to showcase Hawaiian entertainers. Now considered one of the premier kahunas on Hawaiian culture, David eventually wrote a book, The Kahuna Religion of Hawaii. In 1955, he became the guide to the throne room of the Royal Palace, an appointment he received directly from the governor. In 1959, the Territorial House of Representatives passed a resolution honoring David for his work as a kahuna and for his and his family's revitalization and preservation of the ancient art of hula. Hawaii has the most robust reports, similar to stateside resources. However, there were more specific agricultural and racial questions. Specific to 1950, Hawaii had a question about residents on August 14, 1945, marking the capitulation of Japan and referred to on the form as PJ Day. This question was in order to measure migration within the islands due to disruption from war activities. The full population and housing questionnaires were used in 1960 after admission to the union as the 50th state in order to have more comparable data. However, most previous questionnaires had closely followed that of the stateside. It was exactly the same in 1920 and 1930, and only questions on previous residents were removed in 1940. In 1970, the term Hawaiian was included as a coding option for all stateside questionnaires, and the Census Bureau began using the term native Hawaiian in 2000. In addition to territorial and stateside final reports for decennial censuses, the Census Bureau published reports focusing on Pacific Islanders and specific populations like Filipino, Chamorro or Guamanian, American Samoan and Native Hawaiian. As the Census Bureau adopted new data collection techniques to replace the long form questionnaire, every 10 years with smaller samples taken every year, which is called the American Community Survey, reports on specific populations can now be issued more frequently with more timely data, starting with data from the year 2004. To access final decennial reports, visit www.census.gov. All other reports and publications like ACS and Pacific Islander reports can be found at www.census.gov. Individual schedules for the 1940 decennial census are available at the National Archives website, 1940census.archives.gov. However, you can only search by location and not by name. With the recent release of the 1950 decennial census schedules, records for that year are available at www.archives.gov. And in addition to location, they are also searchable to a large degree by name. For more information on searching these records, please see some of the previous webinars in this series. Online sites like ancestry.com, familysearch.org, genealogy.com or myheritage.com have supplanted searching through rows of names on microfilm to find individual decennial census records. For those who don't want to or are unable to buy a subscription to one of these sites, many public libraries provide access to these services free of charge. Contact your local library to inquire if it is subscribed to one of these services. These records will exist for Hawaii starting in 1900, America Samoa and Guam in 1920 and with a code for Filipinos in the race category across the entire United States starting in 1930. In earlier censuses where racial coding does not yet exist, you can always search by birthplace and in some cases, birthplace of mother and father. If you want to research by the old school method, please visit NARA's website, which has information on using microfilm roles of census schedules and the sound index indexing system, which has been essentially rendered obsolete by the methods I mentioned earlier, making them harder to find at libraries and repositories. Thank you for joining me today. If you would like to learn more about census history, please visit www.census.gov. For all of the Census Bureau's publications, you can visit census.gov slash library slash publications.html or if you're interested in current census statistics, please visit data.census.gov. Now we will continue to take your questions, but my contact information is here and if you have any additional questions, please don't hesitate to reach out. Thank you very much to the National Archives. Thank you for joining us for today's presentation. We are wrapping up the lecture portion of the broadcast, but we'll continue to take your questions about today's topic in the chat section. Please take a minute to complete our short evaluation form so we can plan future programs based on your feedback. Find the link to it under Show More. If we did not get to your question today, please send us an email. Note that the presentation's video recording and handout will remain available on this YouTube page and our website. If you enjoyed this video, check out our Know Your Records program. We have many more educational videos on how to do research with us. Thank you to the Genealogy Series team who contributed to the success of this program. We are grateful for your work. Again, please stay if you have questions, although we are concluding the video portion of the broadcast. We will continue to take your questions in chat for another 10 minutes.


Brothers and sisters, friends from the media, and also all the police, people help us with the day after the day. We are working 25, 26 kilometers every day. We are working 25, 26 kilometers every day. And normally, walking such a distance should be difficult. Now, I have been noticing a very strange thing that has been happening. Normally, when you get up in the morning, the steps that you take are much easier than the steps you take towards the evening. In any Yatra you find it in the morning, it is easy. In the evening, it is difficult. But in this Yatra, I am finding that the opposite is happening. The evening is much easier than the morning. In the morning, I am watching carefully the Congress leaders who are walking in the front row. Shrita Ramayaji, D.K. Shukumayaji, local MLA's, the candidates, I am watching them carefully all of them in the front row. And I am watching them in the evening, they are all accelerating. They said, what is the reason for this? And I am realizing it is the energy of the people of Karnataka that is pushing us. If we feel even a little tired, somebody comes and helps us. In the Yatra, people fall down. Immediately, somebody picks them up. All religions, all communities, all languages, young and old, everybody walks the history in this Yatra. Everybody becomes one. Where you come from, what you do, what religion you are, what community, what language you come to ask these questions. And the beauty of this Yatra is it is a reflection. It is like a mirror reflecting India. The voice of Basavaraji, the voice of Narayanapuruji, the voice of Amitkarji, the voice of Mahatma Gandhi. They are fighting a particular ideology that seeks to divide India and ideology that seeks to spread hatred among the family called India. The ideology that is towering, that is weak and that is arrogant. The ideology that lacks confidence in this country. This country is a wise country, is a humble country, is a harmonious country. Some days ago, I was talking to the youngsters of Kannada. Unemployed youngsters came to me and they asked me, why can they not get a job in Kannada? They asked me why they have to deal with a government that steals 40% of Kannada's wealth. An equally important question. They asked me, why can the youngsters of Kannada not take their tests in Kannada? I believe that there should be a language that is not just used to speak to each other. A language is history, it is culture, it is imagination. Everybody should be allowed to stop you from speaking your language. And for us, Kannada is primary importance for the Kannada. The language that children can take exams in. The culture, the language, the history of the people of Kannada. If the people of Kannada want to speak Kannada and the people of Tamil Nadu want to speak Tamil, they should be allowed to do that. The BJP, instead of dividing India, should explain to India why we have the highest level of unemployment in 45 years. The BJP, instead of dividing India, should explain to India why we have the highest level of unemployment in 45 years. Today, I am saying, we should be able to do that. What they have done to help them in history? And the BJP should explain to small and medium businesses why they do demonetization, why they have a poor GST and how they abandon medium businesses and our farmers during COVID. They should also explain why we have the highest prices. They should also explain why we have the highest levels of unemployment in 45 years. They should also explain why we have the highest prices we have ever had. Why a gas cylinder that used to cost 400 rupees, now costs 1000 rupees. Why petrol and diesel have become as expensive as India is raising. We will not allow the BJP and the RSS to divide India and to spread hatred in this country. Dividing this country is an act against the interests of this country. It weakens this country, it does not strengthen this country. This Yatra is about unemployment and asking the question to the BJP why we have the highest level of unemployment we have ever faced. And this Yatra is about asking the BJP why the poor people of India are facing the price rise they are facing when the rich in India can do anything they want. I thank all of you for supporting this Yatra by walking with us, by giving us so much love and affection and by helping us every second of the way. This Yatra is a family for the effort they have put in, for the energy they have put in and for the love and affection they have put in. Thank you very much for all your help and all your love and affection.


I got asked a question the other day in the Instagram DMs and that is is lucid dreaming fun or are lucid dreaming is fun? And it's something which I've never really addressed before because I assumed everyone wanted to do it and everyone knew that it was fun And kind of wanted to do it, but this question made me think are they always fun? it's always a good experience and Are there any downsides?  It's exhilarating. It's you know emotionally exciting and It's enjoyable right it gives you pleasure But it made me think that when you do the more profound stuff and again most people on this channel are kind of beginners So I don't know how much of this stuff you've done But if you've ever used lucid dreaming to really go into your subconscious mind Do any form of like shadow work any kind of emotional work Then you will know that you can create a situation in your lucid dreams, which is not fun in the moment It's actually quite uncomfortable unsettling And you know very difficult in the moment when you're experiencing it. It's kind of a an interesting one because Most of the time I would say 95% of people use lucid dreaming to do things that are fun Flying, teleporting, exploring alien worlds But when you become more advanced and when you become better at lucid dreaming you have more of them And when you have more of them then you start to use them for things that You know and not going to be fun But you're fine with that because you're using it for something that is going to help you grow It's like I guess when you go to the gym Sometimes if you've been consistent with a workout routine sometimes you really don't feel like doing it or you or it's painful Physically or it's difficult or really stressful But you do it anyway because you know that it will help you grow and become someone better It's kind of similar with lucid dreaming at first. You're just going to do all the fun stuff You're just going to fly around, you know have Experiences and do fun things in the dream But then when you start having you know more lucid dreams when you start having them regularly every day every week then you're going to get to the point where You do things that you know are not going to be fun in the moment, but they will help you grow Things like shadow work and emotional stuff, but yeah to answer the question I mean obviously this is aimed at beginners 95% of you will probably not be doing that stuff and so for that 95% Yeah, it's going to be fun So yeah, just learn how to do it. I do have a lot of tutorials You know if you're asking something like is lucid dreaming fun You're probably not a master lucid dreamer or at least you're not having them regularly and you probably don't know All the things you can do in them. So if you are completely new to that I do have a free kind of PDF book that you can download it's called a hundred things to do in lucid dreams and I Guarantee at least half of them you've never heard about and you've never tried So if you do want to get that just go to how to lucid comm slash training or Just I think the link is in the description down below So you can just click it there and you can instantly download that PDF will be emailed to you so you can download it print it out whatever you want to do and Leave a comment letting me know what your what the most fun thing is that you've done in lucid dream you


It's the home opener for the Brewers, and they're down three runs in the bottom of the ninth inning. Three outs from Colomé, and the Twins win it on the road. And there's the first out. Two more outs, game over. And now Colomé throws a nice pitch on the edge, then this is my favorite pitch he throws all inning. But then, hit by pitch, Wong is on first base. Did it hit his hand? Did it hit the bat? They went to replay.  This is where things go downhill for Colomé. You got one out, man. You're up three runs. It's the ninth inning. You don't need a crazy double play to end the game. Just one more out will suffice. He should have went to first. Catcher should have been yelling at him to go to first. Steady throws the ball to second, trying to get the double play, pulls the guy off the bag. So now you got one out and two on instead of two out and one on.  Uh-oh. Mr. MVP takes that pitch, swings big at that one, stays in the post, says, why didn't I hit that? Really thought I should have next pitch. Smokes it to right. Kepler has a great beat on it. But it goes in and out of his glove, and that pushes one across. Look at this. It would have been an amazing catch. The fact that he got to the ball is pretty cool. It's like a 15% chance catchability or whatever the term is, and now Colomé's sweating a little bit. Wipes off the brow, looks around, says, uh-oh. But once again, gets the out. So we're cool. He's got a two-run lead. He's strutting a little bit. Only one out to go, and the Brewers lose. They're home opener, and the Twins win. Travis Shaw steps up to the play and says, nah, I'll just pop this over there and score those two guys and tie it up here in the ninth. Then they get one more out, and Kane is the last out. And he's got speed, and that's going to come into play because in the 10th inning, the Twins go with Dobnack. He got paid recently. And Kane's on second because he made the last out, and now we got a base hit. Kepler keeps him at first, keeps Kane at second. The new rules, though, last out in the ninth is the runner on second. Kane, he kind of stutter steps. He gets to third, and now it's basically anything goes.  Play at home in the Brew Crew. Walk it off. They come back down three in the ninth. One out away from losing, and they end up winning. Hater was disgusting in his inning before this, and it's just a little dance celebration.  It's a good game to start the season off if you're the Brewers. Not a good game to start the season off if you're the Twins.  Uh-oh, MrMVP takes that pitch, swings big at that one, stays in the post, says, why didn't I hit that? Really thought I should have next pitch. Smokes it to right. Kepler has a great beat on it, but it goes in and out of his glove, and that pushes one across. Look at this, it would have been amazing.


This is part 2 of my research demo. Here is our research command. I have a list here that contains URLs. So as you know, with our research name URL, I can extract these URLs from this list. So now again I'm going to look for domain names. So simple domain names that are a sequence of letters. And then with .com. So here I have domain names and you can see DJ Stavins, Google, and Microsoft.com. And then two names that appear to be just random letters. Now I have also built into our research features that allow you to select names, select strings, based on the fact if they look like English words or not. So you can actually filter out gibberish like these random words here. And I do this with a module that I developed and is based on an open source module. What I do is I do frequency analysis of two letters, of two following letters. And if the frequencies of those letters are much frequencies that you find in English text, then I assign it a high score. And if they don't, I assign it a low score. And that's how I select. Now how do you use this? Let me first show you a regular expression command. So if you type this, then you have actually added a command to your regular expression. So this here is a command and there's no influence whatsoever on regular expression. Now what I did is the following. If you start regular expression with a command and the command is extra equal and then some instructions, then you are able to invoke the special functions like gibberish filtering here. So what I'm going to do here is say I'm going to use the S feature. S feature stands for sensical. It allows you to select or deselect sensical text. So not gibberish. And here I'm going to use the option S for sensical. So you see here for my list now I select all domains that look like English words. If I say gibberish, T, I do the opposite. I select domains that look like random that don't look English. So that is one feature here, sensical detection where you can select sensical or gibberish text. I also added white list and black list. So let me go back here. Here I select domains. Again I can add a command like this, extra equal. And now I'm going to say exclude from blacklist. You can see here everything is selected except google.com. That is because google.com is in the blacklist. So I can now select this on regular expression and I can also use blacklist to remove some of those selections. I also have a white list, that's me. And if I want to use that white list, so I include now, I don't exclude, I include whitelist.pxt. And here I'm selected. It is possible to combine features.  And then I'm going to exclude from google via the blacklist. So exclude blacklist.com. Sorry. Like this, blacklist.com. No, sorry, it's not blacklist.com. It's blacklist.pxt. Here you see google has been excluded. So you can combine features like sensical here and whitelisting, blacklisting.


Good evening, everyone. My name is Katja Ocherman. I am a member of the Executive Committee of the Cambridge Pro Bono Project, or CPP. And on behalf of the Cambridge Pro Bono Project, I would like to welcome you all to this first CPP speak series talk of this term tonight. By way of brief introduction, the CPP is now in its 11th year. It is a research program run out of the Faculty of Law at the University of Cambridge. What we do is to partner faculty members and graduate research students with leading baristas chambers, charities and NGOs to produce targeted research on issues of contemporary social just contemporary social significance excuse me. Alongside that work, we also provide a network here in Cambridge for students and faculty members with an interest in pro bono work and human rights. To that end, we have started a regular speaker series last year. And as our first speaker this time, we are delighted to welcome Keelyne Gallagher QC of Doughty Street Chambers who will be speaking on the value of pro bono work. Keelyne has graduated from the University College Dublin and from the Honourable Society of Kings in. She also holds an LM degree from the University of Cambridge from my very own college keys college. Thanks Keelyne a particularly interesting speaker for many of the CPP student researchers as most are graduates students who have studied at other universities previously before coming to Cambridge to do their LLMs or PhDs. Keelyne has an exceptional career at the bar and has had an exceptional career at the bar so far which is impossible to do justice to in a short introduction. I will therefore just highlight a couple of her many notable achievements. Keelyne has acted in many of the leading human rights cases in the UK in recent years. Most notably she has been acting for the bereaved families and survivors of the 77 London bombings, as well as the Hillsborough disaster. Keelyne has particular expertise in the area of freedom of expression or freedom of expression. Her UK practice focuses on reporting restrictions anonymity and open justice matters. Internationally, she has acted for journalists worldwide who are imprisoned, prosecuted, sued or subject to travel bans due to their journalism. Most notably, she heads the international legal team for the family of Daphne. Garouana Galicia, the Maltese journalist who was murdered in 2017 as well as representing Maria Reza, the award winning journalist who is subject to a state sponsored harassment campaign on account of her public interest reporting on corruption and human rights violations in the Philippines. Keelyne has also done considerable work for women's and children's rights, in particular she has acted in a series of cases concerning the almost total ban on abortion in Northern Ireland. In 2016, she was named by the Irish times as one of the 100 most influential Irish women living outside Ireland. In 2017 she was made a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts for her contributions to the protection of human rights. Most recently she has been appointed assistant coroner for Cambridge and Peterborough. We are extremely grateful to have Keelyne virtually at Cambridge with us tonight. Keelyne will be speaking for about 30 to 40 minutes and her talk will be followed by a Q&A session of about 15 to 20 minutes. Please do post your questions in the Q&A section of Zoom. We also have Alex Alan Franks here on the panel tonight. You will be assisting with the questions as well. Thank you very much Keelyne. Thank you so much for that very kind introduction. May I just start by saying two quick things unrelated to the subject of the talk. The first is I've no idea why I'm appearing with this kind of ethereal glow. I look rather blue, something to do with my lighting so apologies for that. But the second thing is just Katia when you were making that reference to being one of the Irish times as 100 most influential Irish women living outside Ireland. It's quite a strange honour for an Irish person. I know many of the graduate students joining today are likely to be of a different nationality who've made the UK their temporary home or indeed their permanent home. But it always reminds me of a quote from the late Sean Hughes, the comedian and writer who grew up between London and Dublin and who moved to London at 19. He said, I had no identity as such, but I could not shake off my inherent Irishness. I became one of those Irish people who would do anything for Ireland, except live there, which always rings a bell with me. And he also said, when Seamus Heady won the Nobel Prize in literature or Daniel Day-Lewis won an Oscar, he felt it was a personal triumph. You know, every time some Irish culture burst through, he would see it as to his credit. But anyway, so in terms of my talk this evening, what I was going to do, I've taken the liberty of renaming it slightly and I'm going to see if I can just share a slide with people and wonderful. Okay, it's just a few pictures, but just so you can get a sense of it. So I wanted to rename it pro bono, low bono and keeping the lights on. And the reason for that really is this. Pro bono publico the original phrase of course means for the public good. Now it has come to mean for lawyers, legal work acting without charge for clients, usually on a low income or indeed working for NGOs. But the original concept is vital when we think about pro bono work for the public good. And the title that I was given the value of pro bono work, keeping for us to ask is value to whom. There's just three quick categories I wanted to mention there's value to the lawyer, there's value to the clients, and there's value to the public more generally now I'm starting with value to the lawyer simply because I want to start some caution details that I see as a specialist human rights lawyer. So there is of course a huge value to doing pro bono work, and your project in its 11th year for over a decade your project has been doing superb work with expert faculty members and graduate students incredibly worked with real expertise and wanting to give their time and their expertise to the greater good, thinking back to that original phrase, but unfortunately something which I very regularly see in practice is people wanting to do glory chasing pro bono work. So people who work, for example, at firms who specialize in entirely different work, don't have any particular background in human rights, have never been a graduate student working on human rights, literally have never done it. This is something they can turn their hand to, and want to do the high profile cases. So I have gone through just in preparation for today. Some of the more offensive things people have said just so you've got a sense of people who see really the value of pro bono work being in some way reputation washing for them, or wanting to make themselves feel better. So, for example, and there's one individual a number of years ago about 10 years ago. And who I and a colleague had approached about doing some pro bono work which was particularly within their area of expertise and when their firm boasted having a pro bono ethic. And it made sense for them to do this work, because it would have involved them giving advice on a contract to an NGO who needed advice on a contract, and that was their expertise. What they wanted to do was to act on one of the high profile death penalty cases that my chamber is acting.  It's quite important really because when you think about value to the lawyer, or value to the firm, or value to reputation, you quite often have a mismatch then with what is in fact of value to the client and what is in fact of value to the public more generally. Another risk that we see is the risk that someone is able entirely understandably to give pro bono commitment but only in a specific part of the case, and that can lead to a silo approach which can run risks. And also sometimes people see a particular piece of work which they could do. And because for example, particularly in international law work, they can do research on it, and they feel that they can produce submissions for example to a UN body, but they don't have the expertise and the breadth of expertise in the area so there are many examples of where in cases that I've done and in cases my colleagues have done. We have come in at a time when some pro bono work has already been done which is damaging. And it's very important we say that right up front. Let me take an example. If, for example, you want to take an action that this did not happen in this case that's hypothetical in Daphne Karawana Galicia's case. That is a case which has taken place in Malta. There is ultimately recourse to the European Court of Human Rights for the bereaved family. Now, if someone had done a piece of pro bono work for that family, for example, complaining to a UN treaty body, we would of course be in a position where when you then ultimately want to go to the European Court of Human Rights. We would be faced with an argument that in fact were barred from going to the European Court of Human Rights. And regrettably I and my colleagues who specialize in international media defense law and international human rights law have in recent years have many examples where a client entirely unbeknownst to them and without having been given any advice has lost their optimum option of a mechanism which could give them a real result. Because of a piece of badly advised pro bono work, which took them down a different path without them ever being told by going to this treaty body or ruling out another, and they were simply never given advice on sequencing, advice on alternatives, and that breath of advice. So I say that right at the start. So there is a real need to proceed with caution and it's why projects like yours are so brilliant. And it's why some other pro bono work. In fact, proceeds on the wrong premise about value to the lawyer and value to the lawyers reputation or value to the firms reputation, rather than value to the client. The second point then of course is value to the client. And that is what should be at the heart of all pro bono work whether that client is an individual or an NGO. That is critical. And often the client may in fact be very being real difficulties financially, not have any option of providing any form of funding, but there may in fact, in many of those cases be a benefit to, for example, looking at whether the work can be done under a conditional fee agreement. And so which means essentially no win no fee. So there's the potential for taking on work where you're not guaranteed to be paid but there may be prospective payment at the end or low bono work which is quite important. Now I mentioned low bono. It's a slightly unusual phrase but on many of the cases that I do. They are low bono cases where we're paid far below the minimum wage but we are paid something. So for example, we are able to secure funding through crowdfunding, or we're able to secure funding through grants from international organizations, which enable us for example to travel to Geneva to the Human Rights Council and pay for expenses rather than us having to pay for those out of our own pocket, or at least enable us to ensure that junior members of the team are paid. So in the last year, I've done a number of cases involving individuals who've been detained in prison in Egypt, where I as a QC at the stage that I might have chosen to do the case pro bono, and it's something that I've been able to do. But I do not think that's a reasonable ask of a self employed junior barrister who's trying to keep the lights on. So what I've said is, I'll do it pro bono, you can have my expertise pro bono, but I want my junior to be paid at a low rate, and they'll do it well below market rate, so they're giving their time, they're not giving their time for free. But they are giving their time at a heavily reduced rate. And that is very important. And I do think low bono work often allows you to do work which runs over a longer period of time, gives you a better resource team and enables you to provide ultimately a better service to the client. So that's quite important. And then the third thing of course is value to the public more generally, and I mentioned conditional fee agreements earlier, and that's quite important might sound like the dullest thing in the world to be talking about but I did want to start with these nuts and bolts, because in international media law, for example, one of the things that we see regrettably is the libel courts in England and Wales being used for libel tourism. So individuals who have very deep pockets, threatening proceedings in the courts in England and the courts often referred to as strategic lawsuits against public participation slap. And the threat is made, often to someone who has, who's impecunious has no funds, they know will not be able to mount a legal defence. Now if you provide support to that individual pro bono, and you of course they may be able to get a specialist defamation lawyer who's willing to do it pro bono, they may be able to get someone who's not a specialist defamation lawyer who's willing to do it pro bono. They may be able to get some form of support. But actually that just provides defence to that individual client, because in fact, if it's being operated on a CFA basis, no win, no fee. If that lawsuit turns out to be rejected, there's of course the possibility of costs. So you can hit the individual where it hurts with costs. And that is actually quite important when you think more generally of the impact of this case on others. So whether that individual outside the UK who's tried to misuse the courts of England and Wales whether they would do it again. And of course also there's the prospect, even if you do have pro bono of getting a pro bono cost order, and regrettably not enough people go for a pro bono cost order which is very important because even if you have pro bono, there is the possibility of getting costs from the other side. So there's a mechanism to do that when it then goes into a pot and it benefits other individuals who are in pecunious and you need legal support. So I wanted to start with those three points. And I think it's quite important. So think about who value to whom is it value to the lawyer value to the client value to the public. And really what we should be looking at here is value to the client and value to the public, not value to the lawyer. And of course, a great benefit to doing pro bono work. It can of course give you a great sense, and it can give you a great sense of satisfaction. It's enabling you to give something back and to use your skills for public good. All of those things are quite right. So of course there's some value to the lawyer, but I mean that that is very much secondary it seems to me to value to the client and value to the public. And just to give you an example. I as a barrister if I do a piece of what's called public access work where I choose to act without a solicitor in a particular case I could very clear regulatory obligations placed on me where I must consider whether it's in the interest of the client for me to be acting as a barrister directly without a solicitor. And I also have a clear obligation to consider whether or not the client is entitled to legal aid, because if they are entitled to legal aid they have to tell them that. Now it seems to be remarkable that you don't have equivalent regulatory obligations when someone, a lawyer with zero expertise wants to act in a death penalty case because they like the headline, or wants to do a submission to a UN treaty body, because it's high profile, when they simply do not have the expertise to warn the client about the risks and what that's going to mean or the ramifications and they simply cannot provide the right service to the client. So bearing that in mind, I know this is all starting in a rather negative way about pro bono but it's just important to lay the groundwork it seems to me. And that's why one of my pet hates is when people conflate the phrase pro bono work with human rights work or with public interest work. And because they are not the same thing they overlap substantially there's quite a substantial crossover in the Venn diagram but they are not the same thing. And that can be quite pernicious. We see that for example, when with swinging legal aid cuts over the last decade, often in government documents they have expressly referred to the possibility of pro bono support being provided to people. By firms, for example, in circumstances where the result of the cuts will be that specialist services are cut, and pro bono work is going to be an inadequate replacement it's not going to plug that gap. It's going to be when you have large parts of the country where you have legal aid desert somewhere you just don't have expertise, and the unpopular kinds of cases that for example the bar pro bono unit and have they are not cases which are going to be headline grabbing but they're hugely important bread and butter cases to individuals who have a low income and have no alternative. As you may have seen, I'm sorry for all the Irish references. The Irish comedy trio foil arms and hog, and if not, I can post it on Twitter afterwards, where they've got a short sketch where a man has a broken tap, and the plumber turns up checks it says your tap is broken. It's going to be 50 quid to fix it. And the client says, Oh no, this job is unpaid but it does offer excellent exposure. And he boasts of the number of followers he has on Facebook and Instagram and says this is an exciting opportunity which could lead to future plumbing jobs, lots of my friends have toilets, and actually, there is something about that we do get approached quite a lot because they want us to do pro bono work simply because they've wrongly conflated pro bono work with human rights work. And in fact, they are not people who require pro bono assistance. They are often people who are quite well off, and who if they want a lawyer should be paying for it. And that's quite important because the bottom line is I'm self employed. I don't get a salary from anyone. I have particular expertise in human rights, and it is not possible for me to do 100% of my time on pro bono work. And you've got to be selective and you've got to look at pro bono work as genuinely being a last resort for paid representation is not possible. And it is not a replacement for paid expert work. So, against that backdrop, rather depressing, I wanted to turn to some stories about some of the cases where pro bono work has indeed been a last resort and essential and it's not here. Just some pictures to show you. So there's four cases here and I'm going to speak about two of them in particular if that's okay one international and one domestic. So the two people on the left, the two pictures on the left are pictures of individuals who I've acted for in the last number of years who were detained in Egypt. At the top is my client Amal Fathi. So Amal Fathi is a woman who's a women's rights activist and a blogger and a journalist. And her husband is a human rights activist in Egypt. It's fair to say being a human rights activist or a women's rights activist in Cairo is an act of bravery. And Amal and her husband are incredible individuals. And Amal Fathi posted a me to video on Facebook, describing how she'd been sexually harassed by officials of the state. And she was charged astonishingly with terrorism offenses for doing that by trigger happy Egyptian government which uses its counterterrorism laws repeatedly against journalists. Against bloggers. Against anyone who's critical of the regime. There's a you're with us or against us approach where the assumption is, if you criticize the Egyptian state in any way you must be Muslim brotherhood. Now she spent months in prison, removed from her husband and from her very young son, after the three of them, having been held at gunpoint by security officials in the early hours of the morning. She was arrested in circumstances which undoubtedly will have given her child PTSD, and in circumstances which were terrifying. And we acted for Amal Fathi and her husband and indeed for their child in taking action by going to UN bodies, but we worked extremely closely with the domestic lawyers in Egypt to ensure that what we were doing strategically. And that the international on the international plane fitted with what was in our best interests domestically, and that's critical in these cases. Now there are real challenges in working. Many of my clients at the moment are detained in Iran detained in Egypt and detained in other countries, where there are serious risks to being a human rights lawyer or criminal defense lawyer. And where we've got to be extremely careful about how we engage with the lawyers on the ground. Otherwise we're placing the lawyers on the ground at risk. We've also got to take with a pinch of salt some of the information that we're given, and because of the fact that it's given sometimes under duress we've got to be very careful in those circumstances but here, we managed to work in a way which first of all got a result from and got her released. So that's the key thing in the short term to get a released. But and this is back to the point I made earlier about knowing the hinterland and knowing the area well. And of course that's headline grabbing you know Amal Fathi is released and that's wonderful. But actually what happens in many cases in Egypt we know is that individuals are released when the authorities are under particular pressure so they do respond to pressure from the pressure rapporteurs from the working group and arbitrary detention from other states that have leverage with them, and from the EU and others. We know that. But the problem is what they often do is they release the individual but then they subject them to very extreme measures. So they're no longer behind prison bars. The world stops watching, but they still have to report daily for example to the police. They have severe restrictions on their ability to work. So it was very important to us that we had a long term strategy to protect Amal Fathi's rights also. And that is why one of the things that we did as well as the immediate work that we did going to the relevant UN special rapporteurs using the urgent process with the working group and arbitrary detention and so on. It was critical to us that we actually get a reasoned ruling from the working group and arbitrary detention. And in fact, it was only when we got the reasoned ruling from the working group and arbitrary detention, which was over a year after Amal Fathi had been released, that those severe restrictions upon her were lifted. It was only when the working group said, in fact, both Amal Fathi and her husband and her child have their rights violated. The Egyptian state should pay them damages. It's only when we got that reasoned ruling after the world had stopped watching the headlines and stopped that in fact the position on the ground changed for her and changed for her family. So that's why I wanted to give you that story. And then the one below it is a gentleman called Hazem Hamouda and his daughter Lamees. So Hazem Hamouda is an Australian man who was detained in Egypt last year and working with my very brilliant colleague Jennifer Robinson who's Australian and works with us in Doughty Street Chambers. We did pro bono work for Hazem Hamouda and ended up securing his release. Now, given the time I won't go into the full detail but I can post some more information for you. But the reason I wanted to give that example with Hazem is that the fact that we weren't doing a one off case in Egypt but that Egypt is one of the areas of expertise was something we were able to put to very good use. So Peter Gresti, who's the Al Jazeera journalist who was detained in Egypt a number of years ago has been tremendous on these cases. He worked with us on Hazem Hamouda's case. He's worked with us again this year for another Australian Egyptian Jewel national who was detained called Walid Yusuf. And so Peter has worked with us on these cases and we've been able to work with him with others including Ibrahim Halawa, young Irishman who was detained. There's that Irish, the Irish angle again, young Irishman who was detained age 17 in Egypt a number of years ago and held for four years who was my client. And indeed was subjected to a process where he was at risk of the death penalty despite being a child at the time that he was involved in the peaceful protest in question. All of those individuals we've managed to work with on these cases to a good end because they've been through it. They've been detained in Torah prison. They know what it's like, but they also know what worked in their cases to get them released. And that's something we've also been able to do to good effect in relation to individuals detained elsewhere. So that knowledge and that background is really critical in terms of getting a good result in the short term and getting a good result long term. And those cases with Egypt and I know many of you in the program will know this from other cases that you've done. There are times when it's important to shed from the rooftops on these cases that involve international detention. And there are also times when it's important to be quiet and to ensure that there's a face saving way for the state in question to be able to say and to claim that they're reacting. Not to international pressure but it's simply their domestic system working well. And both of those cases have times at which we have to be quiet. And that goes back to the question I had at the start about value to whom many of our cases don't hit the headlines at all no one ever hears about them because it's simply not in our clients interests. And that's always to be known, and we need quiet diplomacy behind the scenes and legal work behind the scenes to try to secure release. So for every a mile fappy and has a mooder, which you know about there are many cases I simply cannot talk to you about because that's not in the client's interest. And that's important to bear in mind. And that's also why central to everything we do has got to be value to the client, whether you're adding value to the client, whether you're acting in the client's best interests, and often that will involve being quiet. So that's the problem of the time, and sometimes all of the time. So that's quite important. The next two cases I do want to give you a bit more detail about, and one of them is an international case and one a domestic case and these are both very good examples of where pro bono was the only option there was no alternative. And it was essential that we provide expert support. So the first one is a gentleman called reminisce a ballet, and he is a cartoonist. He's an artist and an activist who was detained in equatorial Guinea in 2017 until early 2018 because of his cartoons. And I acted for him with a number of my colleagues and with a number of NGOs internationally, based in the UK, and the US predominantly in acting for him. And I want to tell you a little bit about his story which I'll do in a moment. And I have a rather shameless plug as well inspired by what Alex and Katia said to me, just at the start before we went public with this talk. I just wanted to make sure that I'm conscious that many of you who are joining this call this evening have expertise in international human rights law and indeed have expertise in international media law and have an interest in those issues. On our international media defense panel, we get referrals every single day of cases, which involve individuals who don't have access to legal aid. And to legal support, and who do not have deep pockets and who need expert legal assistance, whether it's low bono or pro bono work happens all the time. I had one today indeed which involved a cartoonist in another country who's been imprisoned because of this illegal cartoons about the government's poor response to covert. So this happens to us all the time. Now, there are efforts underway after the UK and Canada led conference, two years ago in 2019 on press freedom to ensure that there is actually funding available for these cases. But regrettably, a great many of these cases do involve pro bono work. There's no prospect whatsoever of obtaining costs against the other side. The other side is usually an authoritarian government. But they are very, very urgent cases. And on those cases, I and colleagues are working for free. And we've got to do them carved out around other pieces of work that we need to do. We're working for research assistance. So if people are interested in that area, please do let me know. There was a huge amount of work to do. And I would love to work with you on it. So, let me just say that as a plug. And so reminisce about I want to tell you a little bit about his story. So he was arrested in September 2017 and questioned about his cartoons. Now for many years, he had been a critic and a satirist of President Obeang's regime in equatorial Guinea. His work has received international recognition. He's the recipient of multiple awards. So we worked with EG justice, which is essentially a one man and a cat organization, very impressive one man who runs this incredible organization and who's achieved great things in using strategic litigation at hold the equatorial Guinea and government and to account.  And who is really fantastic and who I got to know through them winning an award from index on censorship a number of years ago. We worked with EG justice and cartoonist rights network international and we filed urgent appeals with the UN special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of expression and opinion. So at the time it was Professor David Kay who we've done a lot of work with there's a new person in post now and with the working group on arbitrary detention. Now, the appeals of course requested urgent steps to protect Mr ballet and to call on the authorities to comply with their international legal obligations. And they were filed after the president had failed to respond to an urgent open letter calling for his immediate and unconditional release sent by a number of NGOs so we were brought in after the initial flurry of activity and the focus had failed to get that support. And those organizations we worked with were joined by a range of others including amnesty international human rights watch the letter was also signed by my colleague Baroness Elena Kennedy, chair of justice at the time and now running the International Bar Association Human Rights Institute. So there had been quite a lot of attention given to the case but it hadn't resulted in any change. Now, I wanted to give you this example because there's a few aspects to it which are very important. Now, although we were working pro bono. Importantly, we also got support from many cartoonists around the world who agreed to donate their time for free. So I've given you some examples here of some of the brilliant cartoonists who were in the CRNI network, who decided to put together pictures using the hashtag free Ramon free Ramona ballet. And you can see in fact one of them is free Ramon, so no, because some of them in Spanish actually used a slightly different hashtag which is perhaps a lesson about organization in these very sprawling campaigns at short notice. But there were these very brilliant cartoons produced, and it meant that we were able to get attention for the case, and that was because it wasn't just lawyers providing their time for free and pursuit of greater good it was others, including the artists themselves. And so I wanted to give you those examples. But the other reason I wanted to tell you about this case is equatorial Guinea we know is not in fact very responsive to the UN special procedures. So, we know if you if you look so Egypt I mentioned earlier we know that Egypt does respond to the UN special procedures. We know that when there's urgent work undertaken with the special rapporteurs that responsive. Iran, for example that Iran is responsive to certain special rapporteurs the thematic ones is not responsive to the special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Iran because they see that as a political appointment and they don't understand why they've been singled out. So we know that so you can look back and you can see what works in these cases. Now we know in equatorial Guinea that they're not in fact responsive, but our immediate concern was that our client had been detained in a prison which is notoriously dangerous and his life was particularly in immediate danger. So a number of individuals had died in the prison that he was in Black Beach. And there are repeated reports internationally about how dangerous the prison is the conditions torture is right and so on. So we had a number of aims in what we were doing with our UN work. The first thing was that we know that more attention on cases and equatorial Guinea even if it doesn't result in immediate release has a protective effect. So even if the individual doesn't immediately get out, they are less likely to be tortured or killed. So that was an immediate part of our strategy. The second thing was we immediately have to look at what the leverage was with equatorial Guinea what works with that tutorial Guinea. And in short, and trading relationships that equatorial Guinea has are critical, particularly with the US. So US Congress is very influential, but US businesses are very influential. So what we were doing here with our UN work was we were trying to secure well respected international organizations and international body statements, making clear how outrageous this case was as a step to then motivate others who had leverage in equatorial Guinea to act. That's quite important. So here, you know it's very easy to put together a submission and send it off to a body which will perhaps make a statement that will be ignored. But enough, you've got to have a strategy what's the aim what actually works because you're dealing with states which are not rule of law compliant. And the bottom line is what is going to work in this case to protect your client and protect your client's interests. So that's really key. And that's why I wanted to give this example, because it's a little unusual, and it involved us going to the UN bodies without actually expecting that the UN Human Rights Council special procedures would in fact have an immediate effect directly. But we anticipated, rightly, that once you had a situation where David Kay said, this case is outrageous. It was going to be much, much easier for us to then write to US companies and say why are you trading with these people? You know, why are you trading with these people when the UN special rapporteur has said what's happening here is a flagrant violation of Article 19, ICCP or and so on. So it was very useful from that perspective. So, key thing for me in all of these cases is what's worked in previous cases, where's the leverage? Is the leverage through treaty bodies? Is the leverage through particular states who've got good relationships? Is the leverage through private business? What is it? What is it that's actually going to make them change their mind and think it's more hassle than it's worth to keep this person in prison? So the headline that you see on that case, of course, relates to what was said by the UN special procedures. But that's not actually the real story. The real story is about how the UN special procedure work was put to good use to get a good result. So the last person that I wanted to speak about is this lady on the right called Margaret Keane and continuing my Irish theme, I'm afraid, and bearing in mind the time. I'll just very briefly refer to this and then perhaps what I can do is stop sharing. Perhaps what I can do is on Twitter, for those of you who are on Twitter. I can post a link to a more detailed blog about the case, but I wanted to mention it. So this is a rather unusual case. It is going to involve leisure this month. Myself and my colleague and our very brilliant solicitor from Erwin Mitchell. We're all acting pro bono and all Irish, all female team. I'll have you know, quite rare. We're all going to be going to the court of the arches in St Mary LeBeau church, which is rather archaic bizarre place to be going will be going in person. And at the end of February, in this case. So the Church of England's ecclesiastical courts of course do not often hit the headlines they certainly don't often hit the Irish headlines. But the reason that this case is high profile is because the consistory court of the diocese of Coventry. Last year ruled that my clients were not entitled to have a memorial stone with an inscription in Irish only referring to their beloved mother Margaret we've just seen on screen a moment ago. And the Chancellor of Coventry judge Stephen RQC rejected their application. They wanted to put on their memorial stone to their mother, which will ultimately be a memorial stone for both their mother and their father. It's going to be his final resting place. Also, they wanted to put in our gray head good Joe, which means in our hearts forever on the memorial stone and the Chancellor ruled that they could not do that because the passions and feelings connected with the use of Irish Gaelic could lead to people regarding it as some form of slogan or a political statement. We ruled against the family's wishes. He said it had to be translated into English. And it was because of this Irish is political, essentially, cutting it very short. The reasoning in the judgment essentially is that in English speaking Coventry, people would see the wording would recognize that it's Irish, and would assume that it said something related to the IRA or republicanism or violence, deeply to me and to my clients to Irish people in the UK into the Irish language. So it's an appalling case and it really spoke to me. I was so concerned when I saw it. And over the last number of months, I've agreed to act pro bono for Margaret Keane's wonderful family. Now, Margaret Keane's case is high profile. And, and of course we could have done a crowd funder, for example, to raise some funds myself and my very brilliant junior and my solicitor to get some funding for the case. But we did not think that was appropriate in circumstances where it was very important to the bereaved family to actually turn the tragedy of what's happened to their case their private grief has been turned into a kind of public spectacle all over the headlines. In fact have been crowdfunding to do things which really mattered to their mother. So they've been trying to raise funds to raise awareness about the importance of the Irish language and the importance of Irish and Britain the importance of respect for other languages in the church of England and so on. And of course any funds which are raised, it's clear to me should go to that and should not go to lawyers these. So we're very happy to act for free because of the nature of the case. It also means there's no prospective course and also importantly, and our clients in fact were subjected to rather a lot of fees in the church of England's court system. So it wasn't only that they didn't have their own legal advice, they would have to raise money for legal advice. And they also in fact have to pay quite a lot of money by the time we started working for them they paid over 3000 pounds. And to bring an appeal, they were going to have to pay for the judges time. And they were going to have to pay for the time of the court itself. So when we got permission to appeal they got a bill saying it took the judge eight hours to read through the documents. And it took the judge eight hours to read through the documents and give the judgment you need to pay for eight hours of the judges time. So, what my solicitors and the family have managed to do is to ensure that in fact the church of England is not going to be charging those fees in this case but also importantly they're securing a change to law. And again I can post a link afterwards, because their case being high profile has actually turned into something positive which is the case was raised in Parliament. The number of Irish groups in Parliament have raised serious concerns about this case. And the result of it is we've been given an assurance that in fact this issue about fees is going to be looked at. And we're anticipating an imminent change to the law so from this tragedy of my clients case, there has been a much wider public good already regardless of what happens in the appeal although obviously we're hoping that when it comes to late February. In fact, finally, our clients can get their wish, and their mother can have her final goodbye in the form that the family want reflecting her Irish heritage, reflecting the fact that she is a woman who moved to England. When she was quite young, and it was always a key part of her identity that she was an Irish woman in England, rather like I'm an Irish woman in England. And that was critical to her and it should be reflected on a great stone hugely important to the family. So I wanted to give that example also. I've gone a little over time. I hope you don't mind. And I wanted to just tell you some of those stories and some of the principles behind the stories. And I would just urge you when you're thinking about doing pro bono work, always to think about what is the value to the client. And if you're asked to act in the case, no matter how exciting it is, if you don't have the expertise, you say, I don't have the expertise, and you ensure that the work you're doing is work that adds real value to the client and protects their interests that's got to be at the heart of what we do. And if possible to also add value to the public, and to do pro bono publicly to do work for the public good, all the better. That's what the phrase originally means. That's what we should be doing. And that's how we should add value. Thank you.