What is the boiling curve? What is the slope of this line everywhere? y axis is Q, x axis is delta T. So, essentially the nature of this curve gives you the slope which is the heat transfer coefficient directly. So, that is why this part which we call as the natural convection boiling is essentially what you have seen in natural convection nothing new. In this part of the curve T wall minus T sat this is a thought experiment which is done by controlling the all of you are teaching this that is why I am not answering. I can do a boiling experiment to generate this curve by two ways. One is heat flux controlled one is surface temperature controlled correct or wrong? Is there any difference? Is there any difference heat flux controlled versus surface temperature controlled in terms of what you see in the boiling curve? Automatic automatic means what correct or automatic? What is automatic? Ok let us for you got your idea you know what you are talking about what happens is if I do this generation of boiling curve let us say with heat flux controlled experiment means I am changing the heat flux trying to keep the wall temperature and anchor. So, what I will get with progressively increasing heat flux that means my gas is slowly being turned higher and higher making T we are still making T only. What I get is essentially if I measure this I will get a nature of the curve which shows A to C. This A, B, C essentially represents what we call as a nucleate boiling region. What it means is they are segregated into bubbles collapsing etcetera we will call it subcooled boiling and saturated nucleate boiling etcetera they are not concerned with those definitions at this point. This is a region of good heat transfer coefficient why because essentially latent heat conversion is taking place and the process is occurring roughly at constant temperature T wall minus T sat may change a little bit, but by enlarge this delta T is constant lot of heat is being removed what is the Q double prime balance by m dot h f g m dot is the rate of evaporation or rate of change of liquid to vapor phase. Now, when I come to this point C I do not come to this point directly when I come somewhere here you know near about we do not know when we are doing the experiment what is this maximum. What is the typical heat transfer coefficient you can expect in nucleate boiling? We can just see 10 to the power of 6 to 10 to the power of 4 I can forget 10 to the power of 4 10 to the power of 6. If I assume linear although it is not linear logarithmic its logarithmic if I take 10 to the power of 6 divided by temperature difference of 20. So, it is how much 50,000 around 50,000 you will get. So, heat transfer coefficients are very very high. So, if I keep on increasing the heat flux I reach a point where with the increase in heat flux what happens? I go to a wall temperature which is suddenly become very very high. So, from C I directly jump to E. What it means? What does it mean? How will you tell this to your students? Very nice. Can you give me having told all this I do not know where this film is coming from. Can you give me one very very very common example? All of us have seen ladies have done this at home this experiment exactly. Very useful easy to understand when your tawa becomes very hot you are not able to make the dosa proper. Why? It is just that. So, you splash water and if the tawa is so hot you see this dancing of problems. Why is it dancing? Because there is a film and then it evaporates. When the surface is not very hot the water which is sprinkled on it will stay at that point and evaporate. That is film. You give this example please it is such a useful easy to follow example. All of us have eaten dosa all of us have seen dosa being made either at home or at the roadside. So, we know what it is what how to explain this. This is film boy everything else experiment though that is need and first you will tell later. But the classic example of your tawa becoming very hot when you are making dosa you will see that you will be unable to move the batter freely. So, what in the on the roadside stalls if you have seen you will have water and you will mercilessly sprinkle water on it. Why he is doing it is to reduce the temperature of the tawa to a lower value. If the flame is very high and it is gotten very hot you get a phone call you are talking of forgotten about the gas it has become very hot. So, when you sprinkle water you will see these droplets dancing all around and then they evaporate eventually. This dancing is because of the layer of vapor or steam which is formed between the liquid and the tawa you are not able to have contact of the liquid with the heated surface. Therefore, this nature of such heat transfer is very very bad because you are having an insulating or a vapor film which has a very very poor thermal conductivity which is going to have a very very low value of H. What feeds what we are not concerned at this point. So, what happens is the wall temperature has become very high. Therefore, your heat transfer coefficient for the same heat flux has plummeted down because delta t has increased tremendously. When the tawa is not that hot when you sprinkle the water the water will remain as droplets locally and will eventually evaporate. So, this example I like to give and it is well understood by everybody even who is not an engineer will understand this. So, this point therefore, will see a sudden increase in the wall temperature for the same value of heat flux. And then if I reduce the heat flux I will not follow this path I will come down along this and trace this so called I will not trace this transition boiling path CD. I will come back to a point here from D. So, for a heat flux controlled experiment I will trace the curve A, B, C, E, B back to some F which is between A and B. So, this heat this regime or the boiling curve therefore gets divided into roughly 4 regimes natural convection boiling, nucleate boiling, film boiling and transition boiling. This film boiling and transition boiling are poor boiling regimes or poor heat transfer regime. How is this transition boiling demarcated? It is demarcated by the point at which the so called film boiling is gone. That means liquid no longer is sorry vapour no longer completely occupies the heated surface. There can be intermittent contact of liquid with the heated surface. Wetting of the heated surface becomes possible at points between C and D till here from E to D it was only vapour, vapour, vapour, vapour. That is why this is called this is that is why called as minimum film boiling temperature or in order of laden frost called laden frost boil. Minimum T min it is called minimum film boiling temperature afterwards it comes like this. Capturing transition boiling is very difficult. So, in transition boiling you would have seen pictures and text books also alternate vapour and liquid will be there reaching the heated surface. So, you will have an oscillatory behaviour for the heat transfer coefficient nothing stable you will get. So, it will look like noise if you are taking data it will look like noise suddenly there will be a very high temperature suddenly it will be a low temperature. Now, this is all for boiling curve. What is this? Why is this happening? Why is this excursion from C to E happening? What is this critical? How do you explain this critical heat flux? Everybody uses this word so loosely. Critical heat flux I will give you other words which people use dry out critical heat flux burn out if you little bit advance departure from nucleate boiling all these will be used interchangeably wrongly. What is the difference? What is happening in the so called critical heat flux point and then rise in the temperature is the cause or the effect? It is the effect what is the cause? Surface is not melted anywhere.  It is just the term which has I do not think any scientific meaning other than this, but from a point of view of fundamentals what is happening there? So, if I have a sudden increase in the heat flux I have a pool I have a pool boiling situation the same team making experiment. You increase your you have started doing very nicely patiently you have observed all these things and suddenly you get frustrated you say what is this here? How long I have to keep looking increase the gas to what happens then? Suddenly there is a burst of activity you would have seen this also all of you have seen suddenly there will be explosions of bubbles. So, what it is telling is when the rate of bubble when this bubble formation is accelerated so much rapidly you know one bubble is formed left another bubble is formed left etcetera etcetera it is continuous such that what happens after one bubble has formed and before the next bubble comes at that point there is cold liquid. So, the boundary layer is completely destroyed because this bubble has left the place cold liquid has replaced that location it will take a certain amount of time for the cold liquid to come back through this cycle. In fact bubble growth and nucleation cycle will have a waiting period that that time where there is low activity which you have seen when you make tea you will see that there is a distinct time lag between true successive bubbles at the same location and the time lag progressively decreases and then you start to see rapid bubble formation. Now instead of allowing for this slow decrease in this time I suddenly increase the heat flux I am going to have sudden burst of bubbles formed when the sudden burst of bubbles is formed there is no enough time for the cold liquid to come and replace this what is happening is this bubbles will be formed, but it will be formed so rapidly that it will be like a cushion and cold liquid will be unable to come and enter that place that is the cause. So, for a high heat flux situations dry out why I am saying is used wrongly is because of this dry out means what it is dry is this dry no liquid is still there very much there if you measure quality quality will be 20-30 percent here that is why CHF can occur even in low quality situations. CHF can occur in high quality situations also so if I have a flow for example I have shown this to you film becomes annular evaporation is the source of heat transfer quality if I take the cross sectional view there is liquid here, liquid here progressively liquid film is getting depleted and there exists a point where there will be only liquid droplets in the flow no liquid film attached to the wall correct this I can call as dry out why because there is no physically no liquid present what is the thermodynamic quality in this situation almost one very high liquid droplets are there that is all so what I am trying to say is we may not teach all this to students at undergraduate level, but let us have in the back of the mind critical heat flux represents that value of heat flux at which such a thing can happen beyond which such a thing can happen let us take it like that it is not that the surface is going to get burnt it is not that it is going to get deteriorated it is just the situation where the heat transfer coefficient just drops completely two possible reasons are there one is critical heat flux when it occurs in high quality regions we will call it as dry out critical heat flux when it occurs in low quality regions of the order of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 we will call it not as dry out we will call it as a departure from nucleate boiling because it has just moved away from auto it was doing very nicely nucleate boiling this is called as BNB departure from nucleate boiling this is called as dry out the whole phenomena or the whole thing which we are classifying as critical heat flux is actually these two mechanism of reaching critical heat flux is dry out mechanism of reaching critical heat flux is departure from nucleate boiling am I clear I think this is a very very important concept which we have to take home. This is BNB in pool boiling. In pool boiling what do you think the critical heat flux will be BNB or dry out. So, if I were to draw the boiling curve for this situation will the curve be any different will the curve be any different I cannot classify it. So, this pool boiling curve which is drawn is essentially a representation of q versus delta t it will not tell us the mechanism when I have the boiling curve drawn for flow boiling it will almost be identical except that the convective component of the heat transfer coefficient will add to the existing heat transfer coefficient that curve will be just shifted a little bit higher that is all. So, from this I will not be able to tell a mechanism associated with the critical heat flux another concept which is I have written down made a note of some 8 to 10 things which I should tell, but I do not think I will be able to tell everything. This whatever we can I get this C to D then I will never get C to D the way professor has told us. Now, we have traversed through the path A, B, C, E, D and a point between. So, then how did I get this C to D? If I control what? What was I control? How do I get C to D? If I do an experiment with constant wall temperature then only I can traverse through the path A, B, C, D, E. This has to be told to the students. This has to be told to the students. If a single will have a picture of both the boiling curves I think it will I do not know it has I do not know that it is here, but it has a picture of both the boiling curves. One other thing just in view of time because by really running short of time, but some things which fundamentally we have to know I am making a note and I will try to tell that to you. One I told quality and I held back the definition for all of you. You do not have to tell this to students, but this is something we need to know. Thermodynamics taught us only one quality. We said x is equal to m dot g by m dot. In fact, we did not use m dot also. We m, mg by m dot. Two phase flow there are three quality definitions. One is flow quality which is m dot g by m dot. Static quality which is this one. For a fixed control volume how much is the amount of gas phase present and over how much is the total mass. And the third one is called the equilibrium quality. This assumes thermodynamic equilibrium. Yes, I know I can see that question in your eyes. This is called as flow quality. This is called as equilibrium quality and this is called as static quality. This is what we defined in thermodynamics. Mg by mg plus mf. In fact, at that time none of us ever questioned. You did it for closed systems and that you are using the same thing for flow. Turbine, etcetera, etcetera, flow is happening. We still use the same quality is 0.92. That was and then we are using this also. We were using this also. Am I right? All we were taking it equal. We were assuming everything was in equilibrium. So, all definitions are interchangeable we were using it. But in two phase flow we have to be careful. We rarely use, we do not use this that much because we are almost always dealing with flow. Equilibrium quality will essentially be used in energy balance. Flow quality also we will be using. These two will be equal when you have thermodynamic equilibrium. So, this you keep at the back of your mind. Another thing which is very important which is not there in single phase flow is what we call as void fraction. How many of you have heard this word void fraction? Void fraction what is the definition? Sunderam only sir. Not remember. It is okay. Anybody else? Void fraction. Volume occupied by the vapor phase divided by the total volume. If I take a control volume of the finite thickness, I can approximate this to be Ag by Ag plus Af. Void cold drink when you shake the bottle of thumbs up. The liquid amount is the same. But then that fees which comes out, it is all gas that is the void. That is the space which was originally empty occupied by air. Now when you shake it, the whole bottle seems to be full and the top portion is also occupied by the fees. That is the void. It is like sponge porous. So, this definition was not there ever in single phase. What is the difference? What is the relationship between quality and void fraction? Let us just two steps. Just for completeness, I am going to put this in perspective.  And then I will just use fundamentals. Therefore, x is equal to 1 over 1 plus rho F by rho G Vf by Vg and I will multiply and divide by total area Af by A divided by Ag by A. Af by A will be 1 minus void fraction. Ag by A would be void fraction. Am I clear here? So, what is Vf by Vg? Is this clear? Have I reached all of you with this definition and relation? There was Af by Ag. I am multiplying and dividing by total area of flow. So, Af by A is 1 minus alpha because Ag by A we have defined as alpha. Here, if you see, this is Ag by total area. This is the definition of alpha. 1 minus alpha would be Af by A and that is what I am using here. Now, tell me if I know the, if I mean thermodynamic equilibrium, x let us say is known, can I get void fraction? Vf by Vg, is it 1 ever? Physically, does it travel at same speed ever? Never. You can make this assumption of so-called homogeneous flow under what situation? Can you give me an example where you will approximate the velocities to be the same? Liquid droplets are dispersed. What do you mean by dispersed? When liquid droplets are dispersed by bubbles in vapor. What do you mean by dispersed? Atomized and spayed. So, when the physical size is very small, it can move with the velocity of the gaseous. Other example, other extreme bubbles, bubbly flow.  That bubble is also flowing with almost the same velocity as your cold ring. There, two extreme conditions I can approximate these to be equal to 1. This ratio to be the same. Such an approximation is very, very, very, very powerful. It makes life so much easy because only for this case, will I get a relationship between x and alpha. In such a model, it is called as a homogeneous flow. I am not going to do anything beyond the definition. This is what it is. Thermodynamic equilibrium is there. Temperature of the liquid phase and the gas phase are the same. V f is equal to V g is what is that. Makes life beautifully simple. Why does it make life simple? Let us, if you know this, I think you have understood a little bit of two phase flow. Because of this, what can I, how does life become simple? Velocity is taken care of. Reynolds number can be defined. If I, properties, I will weight them somehow. Specific volume, I know the weightage with quality. So, density is known. Viscosity, either I use the reciprocal one or the similar one to density. It does not matter. I will have a form. Rho v d nu. I can get some form of a Reynolds number, some form of a friction factor, some form of a delta v, particular, particular phase. But at least I will be able to do a static. And if I, if I do this pressure drop calculations, this, if I can get the friction factor and the delta p associated to that particular phase, then I will use a Fudge factor or a multiplier or something to say delta p for two phase is equal to this number times delta p for single phase that is what is flowing through the entire pipe. Those factors, etc., we are not going to one other concept. One other thing, this is called as slip vg by vf is called as slip velocity or slip. This is something which will come across in literature. Another point again just, we are not deriving. I am telling, please take it. In single phase flow, delta p, what was it? Frictional pressure drop plus rho gh. If it was a vertical pipe, you had had Bernoulli equation. All of us have applied p1 plus v1 square by p1 by rho g plus v1 square by 2g plus z1 is equal to p2 by rho g plus v2 square by 2g plus z2 plus hf. And z1 and z2 are different.  So, only two components were there. Now, because of the presence of the second phase, I am just going to state this. Please accept it. Do not question me. You can question me, but we do not have the time for discussion. Because of the change in quality as the flow progresses along the pipe, quality is changing because of the presence of the second phase and or because of the change in the cross-sectional area, this we will be able to appreciate. Even in single phase flow, what is happening in a nozzle? Flow will accelerate, diffuser flow will decelerate. Now, do a two phase flow through a nozzle. Both phases are there. It is going to be obviously there. Compressibility effect, if pressure change is appreciable along the length, then also density changes are there. If because of either or or a combination of these, there is an additional contribution to the pressure drop, which we call as momentum or acceleration pressure drop. Therefore, dp by dz total two phase is equal to dp by dz friction plus dp by dz acceleration plus dp by dz gravity. So, already it was complicated. Now, we have introduced one additional thing in something so simple as pressure drop. This is a nightmare. So, I will leave with that one last statement. Acceleration pressure drop in case of boiling is going to contribute to increasing the pressure drop. In case of condensation, it will reduce the pressure drop because of conversion of vapor to liquid flow will decelerate. Think of it in that way. Deceleration pressure drop it is going to be, the sign is going to be opposite. Therefore, life is a little bit easier. One last word of thought, think of this also. dp by dz is a function of the nature of flow, orientation, vertical or horizontal. What is touching the wall matters greatly in determining the frictional pressure drop. How much area is wetted by the liquid and how much is wetted by the gas phase influences your wall shear stress, which will influence your pressure gradient at the wall. So, actually just to touch upon this Karoo, actually many people call this as New Kiyama Karoo. Why because it was done by Professor New Kiyama. We will upload that paper which was published by Professor New Kiyama. In fact, he had written somewhere in 1910s or 1905s, but IJHMT journal specially requested him to republish that paper again. So, it has come back again in 1972 or so. That is why we have that paper. Maybe there will be some copyright issues, but still I will upload that in the moodle. Within the moodle, do not mail it to anyone to keep it in the moodle, so that you can hard copy whatever you want, but do not mail it anywhere. So, New Kiyama was the first one who did these experiments and Americans were after him for the design of boilers. It is told that he was supposed to come, what was the capital of Japan? He was from Japan, Tokyo. He was asked to, he was not in Tokyo, he was asked to come to American embassy of Tokyo. They then the issue that he was very much bitter with Americans because of world war and all. He said that no, I want to help only my countrymen, but later on he repents for those words after long, long time. The point is he was considered the expert of two phase flow at that point of time. So, this is, this can be or this should be appropriately called as New Kiyama curve. In fact, this curve is generated if we read that paper, we will realize that he has done heater wire, he has done so many experiments and that is the paper which I have seen where in which repeatability has been checked so many times. The wire has been changed from nichrome to stainless steel to some and wire diameter has been changed. He will do all that to check and make sure that no matter what material uses and what diameter uses, he is going to end up with the same. So, that is very, very meticulously done and reported experimental data. So, I would think that all of us should read New Kiyama paper, I will upload that. Coming back, so professor has made us visualize, so I do not think we need to spend time, what is nucleate boiling, what is transition boiling, what is film because we can visualize all that. But for the students, I guess these pictures are useful, I do not know where I have taken this from, but I think one of the books only, this is I have taken from, in fact two phase flow, now only I realize when I see these figures, it has been very well dealt in a simple manner in textbook by Mills, heat transfer by Mills, M-I-L-L-S. When I saw this blue colored picture, I recollect. So, heat transfer by Mills, maybe now new co-author got added up, but Mills, good thing is even if you do not have that book, you do Google book search, you will at least see these pages, you can read them, is that okay. So, these figures are taken from there. So, of course bubbling, bubble nucleation, boiling inception professor has taught us so much, so I do not need to spend time. So, all that now, Rosenhow did is that, now again we want to get back to our Nusselt number, Reynolds number and Prandtl number. So, that is what we put today. So, Nusselt number is again hl by kf, f here subscript represents for fluid that is liquid and Reynolds number is rho f u l by mu f, problem is do I know u here, do I know the velocity, no, the liquid velocity I do not know, the velocity is taken as the liquid velocity in towards the surface which is to supply vapor which is being produced, that is what explains us, what does that tell, what is the supply heat flux, what is the supply power for generating this liquid velocity or the vapor velocity sorry, see I am applying the heat flux, the vapor velocity is because of this heat flux, had I not given this heat flux, will the vapor velocity would have been there, no, higher the heat flux, higher is the vapor velocity, that is all I am doing, through q double dash upon rho f hfg because this velocity is dependent on the latent heat, so that is how you took, this is all intuitive, so you took the velocity as that and length scale, length scale here you see, length scale he is taking, we were mentioning in the beginning surface tension, so comes back here surface tension, surface tension upon g into rho f minus rho g, it has to be balanced, actually I cannot teach this, all this because this has to come from Rayleigh Taylor instability, that is I have to take, I have to take liquid vapor interface as a wave and then figure out when that wave will break because of instability, that is what, that instability criterion is rho f minus rho g into g upon sigma to the power of, so I, we can only tell the students like this, this is what I also do at UG level, if at all, if I used to teach in IIT, here I am not teaching, whenever I used to teach, all that I used to say is that liquid and vapor is going to have, I can imagine like a wave, so that wave, if it is getting disturbed too much, it becomes unstable, then only my bubbles can move up, so that instability criterion is rho f minus rho g into g upon sigma to the power of half, this is what is called as critical wave number, so and another book what professor all taught for two phase flow, very simple book, very small book, not scaring book is PB valley, Oxford University Press, it is very expensive book, very thin book but very beautiful book, two phase flow by PB valley, W H A L L E Y, very beautiful book, it is not available on Google book search, it is very expensive, very thin book, do not get scared, you add it to your library, you add it to your library because you can read all these things, whichever we have told, notes, it is like a small notes, very nicely pages, that is it, boiling curve, you read in that textbook, you will understand much better, so title is two phase flow, two phase flow and heat transfer, if I am, PB valley you put in Google, you will get it, fine, so see when you see the material only, you will remember the textbook where from you took, so now another thing we need to tell students is, whatever we are teaching, we should tell them the source where from we are teaching it, to that extent we need to be very honest because I may not be telling exactly the same way Professor Bejan is telling, if I tell that okay I am doing it from Bejan, he can always go back and read that if he is interested, if he is interested, so let us share where from the source, definitely I cannot tell out of the blue, it cannot come from sky, it has to be referred from somewhere, right, how are textbooks written, they are referring to journal papers, they are collated, understood, properly presented, that is what we are also trying to do, so please share your source, that is why I am telling wherever I come across any new textbook where from I have taken, I am telling you that okay, so now putting that HL by K as Nusselt number defined that way and Reynolds number defined that way, Prandtl of course is Mu F C P F by K, what Rosenhow did is that, Rosenhow from MIT did is that okay, Nusselt number equal to R e to the power of something, P r to the power of something, he did the Karoo fitting, how did that Karoo fitting come from? Based on the experiment with that, he gets N equal to 0.33 and 1 plus M equal to 1 for water and 1.74 other fluids and this constant CSF, CSF depends on the nucleation sites, how the nucleation sites are formed, see if you see that, let me handle that CSF little later, what am I doing? How did you get this N and M? I am plotting, if you see here, please see, C P T wall minus T sat upon H F G and that is on the x axis, what is there on the y axis? All of this term, all of this term is on the y axis. So taking the slope of this, I am going to get the, is that okay? So this he will do for various fluids and for different fluids he is going to get different M, that is how he is going to substitute for M, okay. So this is done for different operating pressures, so it is, so that is how Rosenhow or how I do not know how should I pronounce it, so he gave us this equation and he found that for different surface conditions, you see for water itself on copper, scoured means if you have just put with a hacksaw blade, MRE polished paper, you get a different CSF, why? Why am I getting different CSFs for the same fluid but different surfaces? Why? The way the nucleation sites are created are different for different, so that is why CSF comes into picture. Actually you can see in the literature if you are interested, you will see on CSF itself hundreds of papers, even now in micro channels work is going only on CSF, okay. So anyway, so that is about, I think that is where I would stop, that is where I would stop. I think this is all it is enough for undergraduate teaching but whatever professor Arun has taught is, he has tried to give us insights for two phase flow. If you do not, if he had not taught all of that, if I had just shown you this figure, you would not have understood this. Because he made us understand so well that air is required, if there is no air there cannot be boiling, boiling cannot get initiated at all period, that has to go into the minds of the students, that has to go into the minds of the students, that is very, very important. Otherwise how will boiling occur? Same problem in casting also, nucleation, there has to be a nucleation. If there is no nucleation, how will it get initiated subsequently? That is not possible. So that is why, in fact in two phase flow he goes in length and goes on deriving the conditions, what should be the T wall minus T sat, all that let us not get into, all that let us not get into. There is another relation for critical heat flux, people have attempted almost same way, it is directly giving q double dash equal to, this you can see, this we have seen, this is sigma rho f minus rho g into g, h f g rho g, people have attempted little, this is critical heat flux, sorry, okay, okay, okay. There are lots of things but I do not think, I do not think all this is required. See because this we teach in heat exchangers, in fact one can compute this, we had computed various conditions, I do not think all this is required for u g guys. So I think we can just stop, still further, flow boiling, this is you have already covered, that is it, that is it, I have truncated, it was there. Because you see we used to teach all this data was generated for our heat exchangers course, thanks to that course, we taught it again together incidentally. So that is where we had to teach all these fundamentals to them. But I think this is enough for us, this q minimum, that lead and frost, q minimum that is also given, but again everywhere in all these correlations, one common thing you are going to see, what is that? Density difference and surface tension, surface tension. If there is no surface tension, there is no boiling, surface tension is because between air, air has to be there. Whenever you coat surface tension, you have to have with reference to medium. So how do you explain surface tension? How do you explain surface tension? All of us coat this example, I take a blade, put a steel water, I carefully put the blade on the steel water, it stays, why I ask, then students will answer me, surface tension. It is like having a surface which is having a tension, which is tense. So that is what any liquid surface interface, it is between the liquid and the air. It is between the liquid and the air, there is a surface tension. If this surface tension is not there, then there is no boiling period. That is why everywhere in every relation, you invariably end up with surface tension. We have to impress upon surface tension. This is the only place where sigma comes into picture. In every other place, you have only mu, rho, Cp, k thermo physical properties. But this is where sigma comes in two phase flow, you have to bear with sigma. Micro channel, I have, okay, what is that? Non boiling type of fluid. Air and water, you have to have interfacial. I do not know, off the hook, I cannot answer. But my understanding is that adiabatic flow. You are talking about adiabatic, it is understandable. Now I am coming back to the question which we had left yesterday, natural convection. It is delta by delta T to the power of Prandtl to the power of N is valid even for natural convection. So I am showing you Bajan. Again, please do not get bored with Professor Bajan. So I like Professor Bajan very much. Even if you send a mail, even if you send a mail, you will get response within 5 minutes, okay. So prompt ease. See, coming back, what was the question we posed ourselves yesterday? We had a doubt that the velocity boundary layer cannot exceed thermal boundary layer. That was the perception. It is not like that. Delta by delta T is of the order of Prandtl to the power of N where N is a positive number is still valid for natural convection. That was the gut feeling I had because I was biased because I had taught this in convective heat transfer. So I am just flashing the book itself. Why? Because I could not generate the, let us just focus on this figure, okay. So what is this? I am having, this is a case in which Prandtl number, which case it would be? Prandtl number is greater. So that means delta is greater than delta T. So here what is happening is although delta T is there, velocity has picked up. It takes a while again for my velocity to get back to 0. See in my forced convection, what is the boundary layer definition? My velocity ultimately has to get back to u infinity. Here it is not like that. It has to come back to 0 because it has to talk to still layer Prandtl number less than 1. It is very easy to think of. That also I am going to show you. So at least I am happy that one of the questions, okay. So this is for Prandtl number less than 1. So delta T is larger than delta, the inner one. This is my delta and this is my delta. So here there is no confusion. As you can see temperature profile is there, but my velocity profile is, now it looks obvious. Yesterday of course we were all worn out. We could not fight it out, but now no confusion. Now I am going to discuss with you on a personal decision. So this is clear. No confusion on that. Point is, summary is delta by delta T is of the order of Prandtl to the power of n is valid both for forced and natural convection. I think we will sign up. We are coming back to two-phase law. Okay. You said pure substance? Pure substance. Liquid you mean with impurities. No, when you say pure substance. Correct. That is what we are talking. Okay, go ahead. Like what? We are handling two phases only. When I say two phase, what do I mean here? I mean liquid and another important thing. Because of impurities. Yes, people are using. He is working in an area. One of his PhD student is working with mixture of refrigerants where condenser he is designing. A operator design. So now how will you design that? So now again boiling temperature and condensation of the high boiling component in the liquid phase. The boiling point is 10 towards the boiling point or that is the point we are talking about. But the physics, nucleation, etc., we will give a unique horizontal line which we bought for 3B, TV diagram for that in general. That is one. You have a space. You have a space over which boiling is not a line in the space. I just want to add another point. This liquid metal convection. See that is again natural convection. Liquid metal. See because I was wondering yesterday evening whether liquid metal will it have any natural convection but later on only it occurred to me. If I am taking melting of lead which is what we are doing in our lab. If I take melting of lead in a container with one wall being heated. With one wall being heated. So natural convection dominates. How does this solid? What am I saying is let us say this container is filled with thoroughly lead. Now I start heating from only on one wall. So actually if it is pure conduction problem how will the interface move? It will move like this. That is actually called again as Steffen problem. Because Steffen was the first person as I told yesterday moving boundary problem he had solved. So it will move like this. But it cannot move like this. Because of why will it not move like this? It is not pure conduction problem. What is the other mode which takes over? Natural convection. Actually my interface will start like this. Will go like this. Will go like this. Will go like this. With the type. So it will. We have seen this through experiment. We have seen this through experiment. Okay. Point is natural convection can dominate. The melting time will be almost less than half or even less than that compared to pure conduction. Natural convection is heating. Why I am quoting this example? Because you can quote that liquid. Because usually we think that liquid metal is not useful. We rarely use that. It is not out of the world. Liquid metal melting is having lot of significance. Tin melting. Aluminum melting. All molten metals. All metals more or less are going to have tranquill numbers. Okay.


Welcome back to my channel and welcome to an exciting video. We are going to talk all things weight loss goals for the year 2020 I've been deep in thought on all of my goals for the upcoming year. I've written them down I've scratched them out and written new ones I've thought long and hard about what my weight loss goals are going to be for the year 2020 What tools am I going to use to get there? And what are my plans to reach my goals in the upcoming year? So if you want to hear all about my goals for 2020 just stay tuned So let's get started on this year's goals I do want to preface right into my goals with a few things So first of all as I mentioned in my changes for my YouTube channel video If you haven't seen that I will link it down in the description box below for you guys But I did make mention of 2019 and that 2019 did not go a hundred percent as I had planned When I started out the year there were some things that I had on my goals list that I wasn't able to achieve And again, it just didn't go as great as I thought or hoped that it would now Don't get me wrong 2019 was a great year in so many aspects But as far as like weight loss goals and things that did not quite go as planned And I have no one to blame other than myself and I take full responsibility for not achieving those goals in 2019 but now that it's 2020 a new year a new decade I have a new rejuvenation in zest for my WW program. So my goals all revolve around that new rejuvenation for the program It's always nice to start out a new year It's kind of like getting a new fresh set of points as new fresh set of weeklies It just remotivates you and gets you excited for the upcoming year So that is exactly what has happened for me for 2020. So with that being said Not meeting all of my goals in 2019 is a little bit of a bummer But at the same time I'm okay with that because I had so many great things that I did achieve in 2019 So I wanted to just give you a quick reminder that your journey is your journey Our journeys vary from person to person the amount of weight that we lose varies from person to person Life happens things come up. We struggle weight loss goes on the back burner It's completely okay, and it's okay for us to not always meet our goals. They're goals They're not things that we absolutely positively have to achieve or else They are our goals things that help motivate us keep us on track. So just keep that in mind never be too hard on yourself for not achieving your goals and Definitely don't ever judge or be hard on others if they don't achieve the goals that you've set out for them Because they're your goals Maybe not theirs and it's really honestly none of your business what other people do on their weight loss journey So just keep that in mind focus on yourself focus on your goals And just because you don't or your friends don't or your families don't or your favorite youtuber Doesn't always achieve the goals that they had set out for that's okay They're humans just like the rest of us and it's certainly not our place to judge. So Away from that. Let's talk about my goals for 2020 and I have some fun and exciting goals coming my way So let's jump right into my weight loss goals for 2020. These are my goals These are the things i'm shooting for these are the things that i'm hoping to come back and report at the end of 2020 That I have achieved and some of them are very lofty Some of them are a little on the less lofty side Which gives me a little bit of room to maybe do a little bit more and in the event that it happens a little Bit less that's okay as well. So goal number one for 2020 is my goal is to track Six days per week. So one day a week is a non tracking day for me It's generally the day that I use my weeklies So my goal for 2020 is to make sure that I am tracking six days a week and that's just not tracking That's honestly tracking good bad ugly whatever goes into my mouth goes into my tracker That is my first goal for 2020 I am pretty good tracker for the first part of the day and come towards dinner and after dinner is when I start To get a little lax with my tracking so in 2020 I'm committing myself to six days a week of honest and complete tracking Everything that goes into my mouth goes into my tracker six days a week number two is a bit of an activity or fitness school So if you follow my channel, you know that I started jazzercise back in october and I'm absolutely Loving it. I converted the exercise room in my home into the office that you see here Best decision I ever made and that goes right in hand with jazzercise when I started jazzercise And fell in love with it I decided that I was going to take out the exercising at home equation and put it into the hands of jazzercise And again, I am loving it. In fact, I went today. I went this morning So my goal for 2020 is to go to jazzercise a minimum of three times per week Now the more the merrier if I can make it four five six or even seven times a week Fabulous, but there are weeks that are busy There are things that happen being a realtor sometimes I'm extremely busy with my clients that it's a stretch for me to even make it three times a week But my goal for 2020 is to make a class three plus Times per week and I know that I can do it because I really enjoy that part of exercising So it I'm excited to go to my classes. It's just working them into my daily schedule So three times a week or more going to jazzercise Goal number three is eat more real food I find myself and actually I've gotten a little bit better over the last few months But I find myself Leaning towards more processed foods for snacks than real food for snacks So I'm leaning for the bags of chips the built bars the Muffins those types of things I'm leaning towards that versus leaning towards real food Now don't get me wrong I will continue to have a built bar every morning as my morning snack Because it is it is the one thing that keeps me full between breakfast and lunch But instead of reaching for those chips or those processed snacks I'm going to be trying to reach for more real food Yogurt as snacks maybe cottage cheese with some fruit and some croutons fruit fruit is a great snack And just making better choices when it comes to snacking throughout the day I generally have a morning snack in an afternoon snack My morning snack will be built bar To the day I die basically and then my afternoon snack is where I'm going to be making that more real food whole food Choice for my afternoon snack and for dessert. It's whatever sounds good to me.  I make a parfait out of smart cakes and yogurt. So that is kind of up in the air It's just that afternoon snack and any other snacks that I may throw in throughout the day I'm just going to make a concentrated effort to make it more real whole food And that way I have a balance life is all about balance w w is all about balance It's all about making good choices So if I can make a great choice for one or two snacks a day Then I'm not hard on myself when I make maybe a less great choice for the other snacks throughout the day So more real food more whole food for my snacks Goal number four is to weigh in once per week at my w w workshop Now, I know a lot of you are online only members A lot of you follow maybe a different app than the Weight Watchers app such as eye track bites and you weigh in at home And fantastic for you that you actually are consistent on Weighing in even whether it's at home or at a friend or at the gym or wherever you're weighing in on a regular basis Now for me I need the accountability ability of going to my w w workshop and weighing in in front of the Coach whatever they're called the person that weighs you in at the workshops guide I think it's a wellness guide. So weighing in in front of her I need that accountability and I also need that meeting every week to refresh me and get me motivated for the next week So my goal is to go to my workshop every week. It may not always be on friday It just kind of depends on what my schedule looks like for the week But to go to a workshop every week and to weigh in and with that that means filming a weigh-in video for you every week of 2020 So you will be having 52 weigh-in videos So i'll go over what we talked about at the workshop. I'll go over my weigh-in results We'll share ups downs trials tribulations positives negatives of my week and we'll talk through the topic That was discussed at the workshop. So this next year There will be 52 weigh-ins at my w w workshop and 52 weigh-in slash workshop recap videos Goal number five My goal is to have four or more Rollovers every day now. I follow the green plan So we are allowed to have our rollovers and those will go into my weeklies and i'll touch on weeklies next But my goal is to at the end of every day have four or more Rollover points that will fall into my weeklies that I can use later on That helps me stay a little closer to where I want to be calorie wise And it also allows me to roll over those extra points into my weeklies to use later in the week For an indulgence or a splurge or treat day So for me having four or more weeklies a day Rollover is my goal. So my rollover goal is six days a week because there's one day a week And that is the week day that I use my weeklies. That's the next thing that we're going to talk about So four plus points a day to rollover into my weeklies every single day with the exception of one So six days a week four plus rollover points. So speaking of weeklies. That's next So my goal is to use my weeklies once per week Sometimes I will fluctuate where I'll break it up throughout the week If I have a couple different special occasions or a couple different things that I want to indulge And I'll take my weekly points and I'll break them up But in 2020 I'm going to commit to using them only once per week And it's okay if I don't use them all and that is what I call my treat day. It is generally on Saturday It's when I go to breakfast lunch or dinner with my husband It's the day that I have some of my favorite things that I'm not going to be having throughout the other six days of the week So I'm going to be saving up my weeklies and my rollover points to use on my treat day That's why it's important that I have those four rollover points That's an additional 24 plus points that will go into my bank every single week to use on my treat day So not only am I going to be using my weeklies, but it also gives me The ability to use those rollover points as well if need be now I may not always use all of my weeklies, but they're there if I need to use them Maybe I want to go have one or two meals out on a saturday And I just need those extra points to make it through my treat day Now I have used my weeklies from the very beginning You're going to hear a lot of controversy on whether or not you should use your weeklies And I say do it if it works for you if you find yourself not losing weight gaining weight not losing at the rate that you want Take a little hiatus from your weeklies one or two weeks Don't use them and see if that makes a difference on the scale Some people it makes absolutely zero difference on the scale and other people the using their weeklies can greatly impact their weight loss You just have to figure out what works best for you and do it now for me Using my weeklies doesn't seem to impact my weight loss if I don't use them or I do use them It seems like I lose about the same every week So one day a week as a treat day where I use my weeklies my number six goal for 2020 is to drink at least 80 ounces of water per day So basically that is four 16 ounces is that right no five five 16 ounce bottles of water per day So basically I either take those water bottles and I drink six plus of those or I put them into a water bottle with lime Which is my favorite thing I also really enjoy having the built boost mixed into water when I need that little extra boost throughout the day Or as a pre-workout, but my number six goal for 2020 is 80 ounces of water a day And I always have coffee in the morning so I can go ahead and have that but from coffee until I hit that 80 ounces There are no other liquids. There's no diet soda. There's no sparkling water There's nothing until I've reached the goal of 80 ounces of water Then I can indulge in another type of a beverage. Maybe it's a diet pop Maybe I want a liqori sparkling water or maybe I want an extra packet of built boost in a bottle of water But I have to achieve 80 ounces every single day even on my treat day Before I can indulge in any other type of zero point beverage And number seven kind of ties hand in hand with that 80 ounces of water per day And that is no more than one diet pop per day. So I usually buy it by the can So it helps me control the amount that I'm drinking But sometimes I'll have a diet pop with lunch and dinner. So in 2020 I'm limiting myself to one per day Now again, I have to drink that 80 ounces of water before I can have that diet pop So chances are it's going to end up being at dinner or in the evening Where I actually get to have that treat to that diet pop Number nine is no eating past 6 p.m And I know that this sounds really early But for those of you that didn't know I'm a grandma and I go to bed about 8 o'clock every night I love mornings. I get up super early between 4 and 5 a.m And that's my time to just kind of be me and zen out and relax and enjoy the quiet peaceful morning So I'm an early to bed early to rise kind of girl So by cutting my eating time off at 6 p.m. Works really well for me I generally eat dinner between 5 and 6 It allows me time to eat dinner and have dessert and nothing else after 6 p.m Now I do not do any type of intermittent fasting But I find that I sleep better if I allow myself three to four hours of no eating before really getting into a deep sleep Minimum of two hours and that's why I have that 6 p.m. Cut off And also I find that it helps with my weight loss if I'm really not eating Too much past 6 p.m. Or a couple hours before I go to bed Now can I drink past that time? Of course so I can have some hot tea Which is something I will generally do if I'm feeling a little bit munchy Because the flavor of that tea just kind of fills that void of wanting food I'll have water I can even have the rest of my diet soda for the day if that happens past 6 p.m But no eating past 6 now there will be some exceptions to this rule And that's if I am out showing properties or in the office too late to have dinner before 6 But these will be far and few between probably be able to count on one hand How many days in the upcoming year that I eat past 6 p.m. This is a huge goal for me This is something that I started out really good about and it's just kind of Literally went to the wayside in the trash can the last six months of 2019 So it is definitely one of my top goals for 2020 and that is to really focus on not eating past 6 p.m And you know if life happens life happens, but it's certainly not the norm The norm will be no food kitchen closed past 6 p.m. And number 10 is my weight loss goal So I saved this for number 10 because this is probably the Scariest part of my goals for 2020 and I really thought long and hard about whether or not I even wanted to put this on this video because I know being a youtuber being someone on social media You guys are going to hold me to this and if it doesn't happen at the end of 2020 I'm only going to hear about it and there's already so much negativity In this world in this community on youtube as a social media influencer I didn't want to automatically bring this additional negativity towards myself But the reason I decided to share this on my channel is because again It is accountability and it is the goal that I have set for myself And I am fully honest and transparent with you on my channel. So if I didn't share this with you I don't feel like I would be myself and I would be the gen that you Expect me to be and that is honest Transparent through the good through the bad I share that with you on my channel And I know that you guys really appreciate that so With my weight loss goal for 2020 In the event that it doesn't happen and I'm It's going to happen you guys. I'm 100 percent. I'm committed to this goal But if it doesn't happen, I don't need to hear it from the outside world I don't need any of your your feedback or your commentary on that particular goal because It's my goal for my journey and it doesn't involve you other than Seeing how I'm doing throughout my journey and I hate that. I even have to say this on my channel But I do and I want to make it clear that this is a goal that I've set for myself So this is my goal So let's stop with that part and let's talk about my weight loss goal because I'm really excited about this you guys My goal for 2020 is to lose a minimum now. This is the minimum again the more The merrier if I can lose more than this fan Freakin tastic But my bare minimum weight loss goal for 2020 is 50 pounds So I have a goal to lose 50 pounds in the year of 2020 now I think that that is completely doable It's I almost said more as my goal, but when I thought about it I didn't want to set myself up for failure for myself I didn't want to be too hard on myself as the year progresses. So I think 50 pounds is a very Fair goal Now would I like to lose a little bit more? Of course and maybe that will happen, but that's a little bit loftier So I'm going with a goal that I think is 100 doable if I do the other nine things We just talked about throughout the year. I don't see why I can't hit that 50 pounds lost goal So my goal is to lose 50 pounds in 2020 50 or more Pounds in 2020 and you guys are going to be right along you're on the ride with me Because I'll be filming away in video every week So you're going to be able to see how I'm doing as the weeks go on And you can be here to cheer me on when I get 10 pounds lost 20 pounds lost and so on and so forth So that is my actual number weight loss goal for 2020 There are a few tools that I'm going to use to help me along the way And help me reach these 10 goals that I've set for 2020 and one of them is planning my meals You know that I meal prep every single sundae it goes up on monday's as meal prep monday It's something that i've done pretty much since I started my channel And I really feel that it's contributed a lot to my success so far on w w Is planning out my meals prepping my meals and having something at a moment's notice a reach away That's w w friendly and you know if you follow my channel in order to plan my meals I use my meal planner. So this is one of the new carrie l meal planner She just came out with a bunch of new covers You guys isn't this stunningly Gorgeous. So this is the planner that I purchased for 2020 from carrie l I just love this flower print in this font. It's literally absolutely stunning And this has been a lifesaver for me in 2019 I plan all of my meal prep breakfast lunches snacks through the week and my dinners all in my carrie l meal planner So of course logic would say let's continue to try and continue to use my carrie l meal planner into 2020 So this is my new one. It's ready to go for january 1st And I can't wait to use my new meal planner It's so exciting and to continue to plan my meals and my meal prep for 2020 I do have 10 off for carrie l it is linked down in the description box below So make sure you check it out if you're looking for a great meal planner carrie l is in my opinion top notch I can't wait to use my new one and the other tool that i'm going to be using to Plan to track to stay on track is my erin congeran planner. This one is customized with my initials I made this in 2019 So i've been using out it the last half of the year and I love this this thing tracks my life It tracks my day to day life, but it also tracks my weight loss. I record my weigh ins in here I give myself a little star on the day of each month that i've met my food goal that i've stayed within my points It's just such a great tool to have a planner on hand not only to plan your life But to plan your weight loss and I really think that it helps you overall It helps you stay on track in your day to day life And it also helps you keep better at a glance track of your weight loss I track everything in my planner everything from my monthly cycle to every pound I gain or lose in my planner and I can look back over the months and see kind of where I had my successes in my failure So highly recommend the erin congeran. I don't have an affiliate link, but if you sign up for their insider's club And it's free. It's basically like their membership to erin congeran. There's no fees No sign-up fee no monthly fee no fees at all. You will get ten dollars off your first order So I'll link that down below for you guys as well Just sign up and you'll get ten dollars off of your first erin congeran order So between my carry-all meal planner and my erin congeran planner. I am set for 2020 So those are my top ten goals for 2020 and a little bit of extra fun on the side I hope you enjoyed coming along with me and hearing about my goals I can't wait to have you be my biggest cheerleaders and support me through this next year in obtaining my goals because Again, you guys, I'm so excited I'm so motivated and rejuvenated for my program that I can't wait to kick 2020 in the you know what So I want to hear down in the comments. What are some of your goals for 2020? I think it's really important to write your goals down, but even sharing them with others I think makes a big difference because you have that accountability that you've put your goals out there So share with me down in the comments what your goals are for 2020 If you're not comfortable sharing a numbers goal for weight for weight loss Please you never ever have to do anything. You're uncomfortable with we are friends We are here to support you, but I'd love to hear about your goals. Make sure you head over to my facebook group It's on the screen here Join my group We have almost 12 000 members and it's a great place to really feel secure in sharing your struggles your successes There is where you're going to find in a group of 11 000 cheerleaders that are going to support you on your journey Great tips tricks all things shared on my facebook group And lastly if you're new welcome, I hope that you stick around if you just started w w Congratulations on picking the best weight loss program out there If you work the program the program works. It's sustainable is something you can do lifelong So congratulations on making that choice if you're up in the air on whether you want to join w w Again, it's the best program out there. I do have a link down in the description box That'll give you a free month. You get a free month. I get a free month It gives you the chance to try out w w and see if it's the right program for you And make sure no matter what that you're subscribed to my channel and you've hit that little bell So you're notified notified whenever I upload because let me tell you I have some amazing Videos coming your way in 2020. We're going to talk all things reaching our goals We are going to have a recipes galore. It's going to be such a great time So make sure you're subscribed to my channel and I want to end with a big big Thank you for all of your support throughout 2019 It seriously mains the world to me to have you guys have my back and be my biggest support in cheerleaders I'm excited for 2020. I'm excited to hit that 50 pounds loss. I'm excited to actually make 2020 better than 2019 That's exactly what we are to do every time a new year happens is make it better than the year before So thank you for coming along with me. Thank you for still being on this ride with me We have so much further to go together and we can do whatever we set our minds to I love you guys more than I can even ever tell you Thank you for your support. And of course, I'll see you in my next video. Happy 2020. Bye guys


The National Emergency Management Organization, NEMO, on Monday briefed the Cabinet of Ministers on the La Souffre Volcano in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, as St. Lucia stands ready to assist our sister island. Monitoring scientists from the U.S. Seismic Research Center have recently noted a change in seismic activity associated with the ongoing eruption of the La Souffre Volcano. Reports are that the volcanic tectonic earthquakes continue with the numbers of events fluctuating. The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency, SEDEMA, is closely monitoring the ongoing situation. Due to our close proximity, St. Lucia is preparing for various scenarios. During the situation overview to Cabinet, Director of NEMO, Ms. Doreen Gustav, spoke about St. Lucia's preparations, including meetings of the various disaster district committees. In that presentation, we're able to inform them of the capacity of NEMO to deal with evacuees from one point to the next, from the danger zone to the safe zone, and the possible spill-off where we will need to accept or receive evacuees locally in St. Lucia. I would like to inform that an evacuation order has not been issued by St. Vincent. And so we are not saying that it is something that will happen. We're saying that we have to prepare in the event that it happens. We're asking St. Lucia to remain calm. It is no need. There is no need to panic. It is NEMO now working to put all of our various plans in place. NEMO is set to begin an aggressive public education and sensitization campaign within local communities. Prime Minister Hon. Alan Shasne called on citizens to remain vigilant and reiterated that St. Lucia stands ready to assist and will continue to monitor the progress of this volcanic event. Reporting for the Office of the Prime Minister, I am Nicole MacDonald.


Personal finance practice problem using OneNote. Health insurance out of pocket max or stop loss cap calculation. Prepare to get financially fit by practicing personal finance. You're not required, but if you have access to OneNote would like to follow along when the icon on the left-hand side practice problems tab in the 9030 health insurance out of pocket max or stop loss cap tab. Also take a look at the immersive reader tool practice problems typically in the text area too with the same name, same number, but with transcripts. Transcripts that can be translated into multiple languages either listened to or read in them. Information's on the left-hand side. We're imagining we have a health insurance policy, a claim on the health insurance policy. We're trying to think about a calculation on how much we would be paying out of pocket after having considered the insurance contribution, the insurance company contribution. Noting the new item down below which is gonna be this out of pocket maximum or the max out of pocket. So let's look at our terms again. We've got the deductible which is a little bit different than you might think of as a deductible in other kinds of insurance such as property insurance where we would typically think we have to pay up to the deductible on the claim and then over the deductible we would think the insurance company might pay 100% up to some certain dollar amount. But in health insurance it may be the case that the deductible is something we would have to pay and then over above the deductible the insurance company doesn't quite pay 100% yet but pays some percentage. Therefore we pay a percentage over the deductible and then you might have another basically cap which would be that out of pocket maximum or cap that then over that point the insurance company might pay then the 100% which is a nice number to know because that might be the number that we want to kind of self-insure towards to see if we can have enough money and savings to cover an emergency for example if you had like a catastrophe for medical conditions. Okay, let's see how this calculation might work. We got the personal costs so we're gonna say the claim was $10,000. Now remember this is great work to put into an Excel worksheet or something like that so that we can change the data on the left hand side and set up our table so we can run different scenarios. So keeping that in mind as we go we've got the deductible 500. So that would mean we have the amount over the deductible at 9,500. So of that 9,500 how much would we be paying? Well, we know that they're gonna pay the insurance company 80% over the deductible. So one or 100% minus 80% would be 20%. So we would be paying 20% of the amount after the deductible has been cleared. So if we take of course that 9,500 times the 0.2 or 20% we get then to the 1,900 and then we would also be paying the deductible if we had cleared the deductible. So 1,900 plus the 500 deductible that gets us to then the 2,400. So that's gonna be the out of pocket amount. Now, if we had an out of pocket maximum of 4,200 then we could say, okay, there's the 4,200 and we would take the lesser of the out of pocket amount 2,400 or the 4,200. In this case, it would be the 2,400. So we can then adjust the numbers in our calculation on the left hand side to say, okay, when would that 4,200 kick in basically to make this number 2,400 here above the 4,200 so that we would be capped at the 4,200. So if you do this in Excel, then you can adjust, for example, this number, the amount of the claim upwards to see how high basically you could go to get to kind of your breakeven point or the amount that you hit that stop loss cap amount here. We do do this in Excel it's a good practice problem to work with. And if you set it up right, of course, you can adjust all these numbers on the left hand side and then run your scenario on the right hand side. The other kind of condition that we've seen in prior presentations is that you might say, well, what if this amount was less than the deductible like it was $400 that we had here. Well, then this first amount there wouldn't be any amount over the deductible. So we would want this to cap at zero. We can use a logic function to do that in Excel. So if you want to practice that in Excel, great little tool to practice that. And then when we have this 500 down here that we're going to be paying out of pocket, if that number was less than 500, then we would be only paying up to that amount the whatever the amount was. So we would be taking the lesser of these two number, the 500 or the 10,000 which we can use a min function for. And this calculation down here, the personable costs would be either the 2,400, the amount that would be the out of pocket before the cap or the cap. And again, we can use a min function here to calculate that. And if you work that in Excel, then you can adjust these numbers on the left-hand side, especially this 10,000 for example, and get the point at which it would hit the cap, for example, and do calculations such as that. So these are great little problems to put in Excel and practice some very common tools and functions that aren't just the sum function like logic test functions and min functions.


My name is Robert Fenton. I'm a professor here in cell biology. I was previously a Maricuri fellow in 2006, so I have an idea about what are the expectations and what are the levels of competition that these fellows are up against when they apply for a fellowship. I know that if the fellow is not excellent, then they would stand the very poor chance of obtaining a Maricuri fellowship. At the other side of that, I know that because they are excellent, you are going to gain into your research environment a very independent, a very intelligent researcher that is able to independently run a research project, contribute to the research within the environment, and your goal is to guide them as a supervisor not to determine exactly what they do during their fellowship period. I guess the one piece of advice is that if you don't feel that the researcher is in that very high quality bracket, then it is not worth investing the time because the chances of success are so small. The current fellow Chi Wu in my group who obtained a fellowship last year, he had a skill set that was missing in my laboratory. At the same time, Chi had absolutely no background in biology or in physiology or in clinical situations, and in order to progress in his career in academia in China, very much wanted to gain knowledge in these areas. My name is Chi Wu. I am originally from China. The Maricuri fellowship is one of the most prestigious fellowships that are out there. It really does provide me with the flexibility in terms of time, space and logistics, so I can really go abroad to a top research environment to continue my scientific career. You have to come up with a really novel idea.  There are many parts that are not directly related to research, but every part counts. The difference between a normal postdoc fellowship and a Maricuri fellowship is that with the Maricuri fellowship, the researchers are much more independent. They have a skill set or a range of techniques that usually you do not have in your own laboratory. One of the criteria for obtaining a Maricuri fellowship is to be able to transfer new skills and new knowledge from one research environment to another. For a normal postdoctoral fellowship, often the project is an idea potentially of your own, of which you find a researcher that could follow these ideas. With the fellowship, the aim is that the project is developed as a narrative between yourself and the other researcher in the hope that you can come up with a project that satisfies the needs of the researcher to gain new skills and the need of your research to also gain new skills. I think the number one challenge is to make sure that what the fellow wants to achieve in the period of the fellowship is truly attainable and what they would like to see is one or two very focused goals that are fully achievable that the fellow can then take on in their research career. The second thing that is very important is knowledge dissemination and public dissemination is very clearly addressed in your application. It's something that these scoring fellowships take quite highly. Maricuri fellowship can provide maybe the opportunity to go further on my career ladder so I can be, whether it be in academia or go to industry after I complete this fellowship so it really gives me the opportunity to move myself forward and to develop myself into an independent researcher. I've advanced with the Maricuri fellowship to a professorship within Aarhus University with the successful program there are the possibilities in place for you to make it in Aarhus.


Next we'll talk about the three types of palms. It's the zhengzheng, which means the straight palm. There's the changzheng, which is the diagonal palm. And then the daizheng, which means the low palm. So in the form, you see this happening. We have the gausao and then the low palm. We also have the gausao and the straight palm here. And then somewhere in the middle of the form, we see this opening up and then attacking with the changzheng here as well.