So excited to be back in 2020 with a new whole new studio here in downtown Honolulu Thank you so much to Think Tech Hawaii for allowing us to do these shows and Really looking forward to talking more about the vegan lifestyle and plant-based diet I'm your host Lillian Cumick of Lillian's Vegan World and here we go my first show for the year And I'm so proud to introduce you to Carlos Garcia my guest today who is actually Living in Maui, but today coming live to us from Thailand Carlos welcome to the show Welcome, thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much for coming. Aloha. Aloha pleasure to have you on Carlos It's my pleasure there's um I'm going to introduce you but you have quite a few titles And an extra one that I only found out about a few minutes ago That I can't wait to talk about and share with the viewers. So first of all you are Maui Musician and publisher of Living Aloha Magazine which was founded in 2014.  Yes, among other things among other things. Yeah, I'm gonna Let you introduce yourself if you don't mind and tell us about what you do Well, I'm Carlos Garcia and What do I do man? We need a lot more than half an hour for that, but I uh, you know, I I live this life of uh, just being around beautiful things and Most of my time this past year has been on Maui, but I spent a lot of time away for various reasons Whether it's playing music at the gosi family and right now i'm in thailand because i'm exploring this place I've heard about called Copanyan in Kind of toward the southern part of thailand that is an incredibly beautiful place and it's like vegan central you can take a walk like the equivalent of three blocks in most cities and there's like 20 vegan restaurants There's 25 Thai restaurants that all have vegan options. I mean and the place has ecstatic dance live music Sound bats all these things going on that is just incredible and I just experienced the One tribe festival, which is a hundred percent vegan festival in a hundred percent yoga retreat center And it was an incredible experience and uh, you know, we can talk more about that later, but generally, uh, I spend most of my time You know and this wasn't I never chose this life But it seems like my whole life is based around Helping animals and helping our environment and I do it through through my activism I do it through music because my music pretty much support, you know is supporting all animal things and I've got a video that i'm working on for a song.  Oh my god. And then there's a holistic publication on Maui that I'm not going to say the name But there's only one anyway, but they uh, basically Uh, you know the first time I met them they had an anniversary party and they were serving chicken and beef at their event Oh, okay, and I'm thinking this is kind of counter-ex to what we're trying to do This is this is holistic uh spiritual I don't know There's this terrible attitude that people think that if they have a billion crystals in their house that eating animals is okay Uh, no, it's a big contradiction there. You're not spiritual because you got a million crystals I absolutely agree. Carlos. There was actually something. Um I'm going to quote from your aloha magazine from the website that I found if you don't mind It's something that you wrote that is really Beautiful I thought and if you don't mind I'd like to share it with the viewers I don't know what it was It was in the magazine. I this is where you're gonna have to trust me I trust you. All right. So Carlos you write There are beautiful things about the Hawaiian concept of aloha Taking care of the land and taking care of yourself and your loved ones The one thing missing to make it truly aloha is veganism Uh, there's a sentence in there. I won't I won't read but then you go on to say If you really want to practice true aloha add the compassion of veganism and share it with the world That's pretty much my life. Yes. Yes, absolutely very well said and um As with you, this is also a passion of mine that I am sharing. Um anything to help promote This awesome lifestyle I'm in for it and you are doing a really amazing thing. So thank you for your work. I I'm sure You're going on to do more things. What's in the future for you? Got any projects coming up that we should know about or that you'd like to tell the viewers? Well, um the magazine is kind of unhauled right now because I There was a lot of stuff a lot of things going on last year and I just couldn't do everything Uh, you know, I was working I was with a with a partner who we were creating a veganic farm and I spent two years really doing that Working really hard for many hours for a couple years and uh, but unfortunately that relationship didn't work out. Okay, so uh You know, so that ended and I lost the farm and lost the home all that stuff going on and then I went to go, uh Uh, live at the Elani farm sanctuary. They you know, the owners of the property said hey, you can stay here while you find a place Well, I volunteered there and within four days. I fell off a wall and broke my femur and uh And wound up being in bed for those two months instead of looking for a new place to live so I was not in a great spot in life and I just had to let go of pretty much everything You know, I couldn't do my farming. I couldn't do my music. I couldn't Uh, do magazine stuff It was like I went from running four different businesses to literally nothing It's just sitting there in pain walking with a walker around the house I'm so sorry to hear that Carlos, but do you think it might have been a message from some unknown power telling you to slow down Uh, you know, there's many messages that come from me. Yes. Yeah Carlos, let's while we're um chatting about a lot of things that again I feel like I'm going to have to get you on because we're not going to fit everything in in this short 30 minutes But I do want to take a look at one of your first slides that you've prepared for us Okay Tell us about this picture Carlos Uh, that was at Leilani farm sanctuary When I was literally on crutches and in serious pain But somehow I'm able to get up and down a little bit with some help and I just Actually, that was part of a photo shoot that I did for pita that you know They wanted some good photos and I thought, you know, some of the ones that I had they just weren't that good So I had a photo shoot With this and many other photos with a great photographer from Maui and But this pig is just the most one of the most beautiful creatures ever I agree they are Yes Yeah Yeah, so I've seen some photos around the farm and Because I had the guy for the day. So besides the ones the quote unquote glamour shots for pita I said, I'm going to do some animal shots and I want, you know, some stuff like that So we well, I hobbled around the farm and there are many more pictures with other animals But that's the one that a lot of people like so I just picked that one to Okay, we are right We are going to talk about pita for sure because you kind of surprised me with this very very crucial information About what you did with pita which we will talk about Let's look at the next slide Carlos before we go into that Gorgeous, this must have been taken from Maui. Am I correct? Uh, yeah, that one was from Maui And I I I put that photo out there because for me Um, well, we'll get into my my vegan journey how that happened in a minute. I guess but uh for me a place of Deep thought is the ocean at sunset and that experience and the information that I was going through Uh At that time In you know, I was trying to process in my head a sunset is always just such a great place to analyze stuff. Couldn't agree Yeah, it's a great thing and um So that's why I put that photo up there because when I'm looking to set up some events and retreats and things like that and sunsets are a big part of it because there's you know, these these retreats are going to be about uh Speaking to non-vegans and vegans do I guess but it's really my whole you know, I'm not targeting vegans with my Activism, I'm you know vegans already know this information and when I relaunched the magazine, I want to kind of pose it as a mainstream health magazine with a vegan message That's the way I want to do that and I'm trying to get uh, you know the the big, uh Uh vegan food manufacturers to get behind us and sponsor Advertise whatever it is that you know, however you're going to work it and uh to help me do this publication and get it into more places And uh, but you know and one of the things I want to promote in the magazine and through my website and through speaking at different veg fest and uh, vegetarian society meetings is to Is to come out to either Maui to Kona on the big island in Oahu Bali or uh here in Koppongan in Thailand They get people to experience the vegan life Be around vegan people who are really inspirational Experience the food here in Koppongan at least where you have you know, so many vegan options within Like the size of a football field. I mean it's nuts. It's crazy happens Yeah, and you know just having people experience that experience the sunsets do a vegan cooking class Go to a waterfall Eat at a vegan restaurant every night that we're not cooking our own food I mean the food here is so incredible and it's so Ridiculously cheap. It's like, you know for what you would pay 15 or 20 dollars for on Maui You can get here for like seven or eight dollars Yes Thailand is incredible. You're right and uh And they know how to I mean most of the vegan places are not Thai let's say but because of the laws most of the employees have to be Thai here So, uh, actually all of the employees have to be, you know, Thai You can't work here. You can own the business, but you can't work. You can't be an outsider Just come and get a job So that that makes it a little bit more tricky for people who are not from Thailand who want to do something like that But I'm sure you'll find a way to get there and make things happen as most people do Carlos, let's look at one more shot before we go to the break. I think we do have time for one more Uh, these vegan activists amazing. I'll let you introduce them Okay, um, the left one is Will Tuttle He is one of the most eloquent speakers in this most gentle way Speaks about veganism that I just love this guy I do so much anything I can for him because he inspires me If all I can do is pick him up at the airport and take him to where he's staying I'll do it or take him to the airport after or hang out with him for dinner But I wound up with this photo. He stayed at our house for a week and I set up five events out of Maui I'm so jealous. You know this person. He's one of my inspirations as well And yeah, next time he's on the island. I definitely would love to come and see him See him talk and on the on the right The other gentleman on the right clapper. Yeah, dr. Clapper and he is Uh more medical oriented even though will totals the doctor also, but you know, uh, dr. Clapper is really You know into the facts and the figures of all the medical things and all that so he's been a big inspiration I mean, I have a lot of them. I've got more photos and you know, you guys would have time to Explain it to show anyway, but now these kind of people I want to do like these events and maybe bring one of these people to the event to kind of help lure other people in there Sure to hang out with those kind of people is huge. It does so much for me and uh, Like I said, I'll do anything for those guys. Absolutely. They're incredible and they're just spreading the word and the message and Truly inspirational. You can see a lot of their their talks on youtube or you can find them I'll put them in the links to this show actually So you can get more information after sorry Carlos. We're gonna take a we will take a quick quick break So hold that thought We'll take a quick break and come back for more of lilians vegan world with Carlos Garcia see you after the break Aloha, I'm kisha king host of at the crossroads where we have Conversations that are real and relevant. We have spoken with community leaders from Right here locally in hawaii and all around the world Won't you join us on think tech hawaii dot com or on youtube on the think tech hawaii channel Our conversations are real relevant and lots of fun I'll see you at the crossroads. Aloha Aloha, I'm winston welts host of out and about it's a show that we have every other monday on think tech live here We explore a variety of topics that are really interesting We have for organizations events and the people who fuel them in our city state country and world We've got some amazing guests on here like all the shows at think tech So if you want to catch up on stuff Tune into my show every other monday and other shows here on think tech live It's a great place to learn about stuff to be informed and if you have some ideas come on my show Let's talk about it. See you later And aloha Aloha everyone and welcome back to lilians vegan world the show where we talk about the vegan lifestyle and plant-based diet I'm very happy and excited to have my guest Carlos Garcia here with me today talking about his journey and what he's getting up to Carlos There is so much to talk to when it comes to you. I'm you know, I'm really excited But I have realized that I didn't ask how you started your vegan journey. So do share Do share it with us Well, the abbreviated version was my main business is distributing free magazines Based in los angeles and I was back there Dropping off some magazines and I found this flyer that said Healthy food and music festival Oh, I could everybody's into healthy food So I contacted them just find out more and then I noticed that they needed volunteers So I said, you know, I can volunteer doing stage and music related stuff like that sound systems Instruments and they said sure come on down and help us and little did I know that it's actually a vegan festival And I didn't really even know that or really knew much about veganism at all. So Again, long story even shorter is that It was a great day But I didn't think much about it until a month later when they were trying to start planning for the next year And at that event was Sean Monson Who is the producer director of earthlings and he told us all that he's working on this project with his film And we thought you know, he invited us down on a certain day at columbia studios in la Then I went to this thing and it was a quite a few people that I was surprised and it was a free screening and I saw the film and I was like what I don't know for those of you who know earthlings of film you understand but for me it was like I couldn't believe that I was actually paying for that All that torture all that abuse of animals and exploitation and literally in the theater. I said to myself I I can't do this anymore. I'm I'm going vegetarian right now and in three months. I'm gonna go vegan I don't know why I said that but I did and the next morning I'm out there doing my making my breakfast and toast and this and that I'm scrambling some eggs in a little bowl And I just all happy and I'm like Oh Wait a minute, wait a minute Whoa, wait a minute. I went to the bathroom. You're already starting to connect with yeah Oh, I went to the I went to the toilet and blushed it And became vegan right there. It was I mean, I shouldn't wonder really that's a very fast transition And that's the part that's strange for me that I want to help people realize that You know, you know because some people you can tell them a million times and they'll still continue their their animal eating And that whole process and I'm it's weird to me because I'm like one of the few people that just got it like right away Yeah, I can't do this. Yeah, I can't do this It doesn't again. Yes. It doesn't it doesn't have to happen overnight, but uh, there's definitely Vegans are not missing out on anything. So many people say to me. You don't know what you're missing out on It's like no, you don't know what you're missing out on because in our next slide Carlos that you've prepared We're going to show people this is what you can eat on a plant-based diet Yeah, um, I was trying to put all this stuff together quick But I just the picture on the left is a pizza from here in thailand that literally the crust is The crust is not even made of flour. It's made of cauliflower and some other Stuff in there. It was amazing and the one on the right is uh from flatbread in on Maori that They they make the most amazing pizzas ever Yeah, and uh, so So there you go. You don't have to give up pizzas or cheese on a vegan diet. We've got you covered Nothing And and there's not any suffering to to be involved with. Absolutely. You can enjoy it all the more in my opinion, you know No, it's beautiful and it feels good to not be part of that system.  That's wrong. It's it's it's you know, and that's why it's so hard to break out of that That is embedded so deeply You know in our dna, you know, basically that that's a hard one to crack That's why I wanted to show the pizza photos That's why i'm out there to try to reach the non vegans to show them that you know I mean that my forerunner for the magazine they introduced them with general yoga massage and things like that in the first part and then hit them with the Uh with the facts about animal agriculture and then take a real final jab and show them what has happened to the animals And I've had great people writing for us will totally included and no one's ever Wait for all I've never paid for an article people are happy to help us Yes, there's a there's a huge support system in the in what we're doing Carlos. I I'm I'm going to talk about you because uh Just looking at you now, we've never met in person, but it's very clear that you're a very healthy um wonderfully looking gentleman and peter Has recognized you and given you the award in 2019 just last year for sexiest vegan of 2019 In the world sexiest vegan over 50 over 50. Yes. We don't look over 50 Uh, most of us most of us look younger than we actually are i'm gonna have to say that but that is so huge and I had no idea So congratulations on that and the reason why I think it's so fantastic is because it just shows How healthy and how thriving and striving and Active and you know that you are on a plant based diet Yeah, there's no there's no need for any of that, you know, you know the game changers showed us You know that obviously you don't need that for strength and but just to give you to even figure out a little bit more I am uh 62 years old really Okay, I didn't want to ask I was hoping that you you would let us know from your end, but that's incredible Look, I mean, whatever you're doing. Nobody believes it. Yeah. No, absolutely. So I I'm I'm shocked but But also not surprised because like I said most vegans who have been on the plant based diet for You know a few years at least you tend to look quite young and Carlos you prepared a photo from one of the the shoots that you did with peter um For the magazine that is That was taken last year, right? Uh, that was taken No, that was september of the year before. Okay, so okay, that was 2018 And I got the prize for 2019. Okay, awesome. So that was Yeah, tell us about the instrument What what's the name of that instrument? That's uh a dunebeck. It's a darbuka, which is a uh a middle eastern instrument and that one was actually uh A custom made one by my drum master teacher and he made those in egypt And when I played one the first hit of the drum. I said I have to have one And it's a beautiful drum. It's made of uh, it's metal and uh, it's here with me now actually and it uh It's got a Mother of pearl inlay. So it's a very intricate beautiful looking instrument and it sounds amazing and And I got here in copangan and literally I've had gigs almost every night with somebody That's he's seen me somewhere and he said I want you to my gig on this day Two days three days ago. I was at the beach and I saw a couple playing Guitar and singing and they said could I drum with you and within two minutes? They said hey, uh, why don't you play a gig with us tomorrow night? I was like, uh I don't know your music doesn't matter. I've seen you play with five people. I'm sure you'll do fine So it was totally improvised and uh, if someone goes to my facebook page, some of that stuff is posted Uh, and it's carlos garcia on facebook and okay might be able to find it if you've got any uh Common, you know mutual friends. Yes, definitely. That's a great thing for me So music is a big yes. Let's have a look at the next slide as you explain how Oh, I'm sorry carlos. This is your magazine for living aloha Yeah Yeah, that's one of the issues of living aloha that I would like to get up and running again And uh, but I want to bring it out to bali copangan all of hawaii And my main business has distribution of many cities in the u.s So I want to get it out there more also Also, we spent a lot of time with that Yes, I think that's a big project Oh, I can imagine. Yeah, but I hope that you do get it back up and running and going back to the music I do want to show the next slide um as we are getting close to the end of the show Well, this is uh, you know ever since I moved to mawai my life just has gone up and up and up and meeting great people business took off on the mainland again and uh And I kept meetings these great people great musicians and one of them well two of them on this photo It's mick fleetwood from fleetwood mac and uh, steven tyler from aerosmith and you know, we've done gigs all over hawaii and uh, you know, mick is an incredible human None of those guys are vegan, but you know, I have to draw a line somewhere on who I Become an activist because I probably wouldn't get a lot of those music gigs Had I really pushed the vegan thing? Of course, well, none of us, you know dislike non-vegans. We love everyone. There's nothing It's not like that at all and we welcome anyone to um Yeah to to try and hang out with us and learn more about the vegan lifestyle and plant based diet and you never know who you are actually going to um Influence whether it's just sitting down enjoying a pizza vegan pizza with them. There are you know, you know people can be influenced Since I went vegan everything Yeah, since I went vegan everything's just like It's like wow all these things I moved to Maui and Met these great musicians and then I'm out here now and it's like You know, and I'm feeling healthier than ever and you know, you look healthy and amazing on that note I do have to apologize because we're we do need to wrap things up. Um, you I've got to get you back on again Any time I'd love to because I see there's you know, so much more to talk about and I thank you so much Carlos for Joining in on the program look forward to seeing you succeed more and more And to continue spreading the love and your you know, amazing energy in a pleasure talking to you I got I got a I'm going to India next week because that was the prize a vegan tour in India From India. So maybe we can talk to you from India and on that note Carlos Aloha Thank you everyone for watching Lillian's vegan world and see you in two weeks from now. Take care. Aloha


one o'clock on Tuesday, March 29th. So you must be watching Science at Soast. I'm your host, Pete McGinnis-Mark. And every week we introduce a graduate student or postdoc, a young scientist, describing their research and how it's relevant to the state of Hawaii or general education. So today we have Gwen Bauer who is a graduate student in the Earth Sciences Department. And our topic today is going to be Saturn's moon time. And I'm really excited about that because back about 20 years ago, I was interested in an early mission to Saturn. And that was called Cassini. And I'm hoping that Gwen can give us some updates on some of the research that she's been doing. So Gwen, welcome. It's a pleasure to have you here on Science at Soast. And this is an exciting topic. And I understand you're a third-year graduate student. So this must be a really good educational experience for you. Yeah, yeah. Thanks for having me. I'm excited to talk about Titan. And I guess we should explain to some of the viewers where Titan is in the solar system because in previous episodes of this series, we've been looking at the Earth and maybe once or twice at the moon. But I believe Titan is a moon of Saturn. And I think our first slide will give us sort of an introduction. Saturn is one of the few objects we can see from Earth with our telescopes. But obviously, this is a much better spacecraft view. How did you get interested in studying either the Saturnian system or these outer worlds in general? Well, so I have always just kind of been interested in icy satellites. So that's what we call the icy moons of the gas giants. I did a project in undergrad where I was modeling impact dynamics. And one of my focuses was just kind of figuring out what would happen if a big object hit an icy body. And so that kind of led me to Enceladus. And maybe, I don't know if people know about Enceladus, but Enceladus is one of Saturn's moons also, as well as Titan. And it has these fractures in the South Pole that spew vapors, mostly water. And so I just thought that was really exciting that there's these bodies out there that are mostly made of water and ice. Why did you do your undergraduate work? Or why did you come to Manoa? I came to Manoa because I found Sarah, who was working on this project studying the dynamics of Titan's ice shell. And I thought that would be perfect. This is Dr. Sara Fajens, right? Yes, Sara Fajens. Yes, OK. All right. And so you said you studied in Enceladus which is an icy moon of Saturn. I think to put more in context, let's take a look at the second slide so that we've got some understanding of how big some of these satellites might be. And we're focused today on Titan. And here's a great comparison between the Earth, Titan, and the moon, right? Obviously, they're further apart than this slide would make out. But Titan looks as if it's a world in its own right. Would that be a reasonable assumption? Well, I mean, Titan's huge. I think it's bigger than Mercury even. And it's got just so much more water than you see on the Earth. Really? So if you were to measure the volume of water in the Earth's oceans, Titan has more water. Is that because there's less rock in the interior? Or why do you make that statement? Well, I don't know. It necessarily is because there's less rock in the interior. But at the beginning of the solar system when all the planets formed, if you were a certain distance from the sun, you as in imagine you're a little baby planet or baby satellite, you could accumulate more volatile materials. Water being one of the main ones because you're further from the sun, so you're not going to vaporize. You can accumulate as ice. OK. And Titan being out as far as Saturn is from the sun, it must be much colder there. It looks as if it's got a variety of surface features. Maybe our third slide will show us some of the early views on Titan with an artist sketch in the background. But how have we discovered different aspects of the geology and atmospheric chemistry of Titan? Here are four different images. Can you just walk us through what we're seeing here? So the first few images, you'll notice that it's just kind of a yellow blob.  The surface pressure is one and a half times that of Earth's. And Earth has a super dense atmosphere as it is. So these images kind of just show the atmosphere blocking our view of any of the geology going on on the surface here. The, I guess, last image here, we can see some more features because we're looking at it in a different wavelength. So the first three are going to be visual images. And then this last one is in the near infrared. So we can see more of what's going on down on the surface. And it's interesting that the top left image was dated 1979. And it just looked like a fuzzy orange ball in those images. And it really hasn't improved until 2004 when you've got these different ways of the infrared data. But Titan is a really interesting planetary object. And so I think the fourth slide will let us show the viewers a little more of how Titan is different from the Earth. And here's the absolute. Talk to us a bit about the atmosphere of Titan and how it differs from that of the Earth. Well, I mean, the fact that it's mostly nitrogen doesn't make it that different from the Earth's atmosphere. I think the Earth's atmosphere is roughly 80% nitrogen. I don't know. Do you know, Pete? Something around there. 81.  Yes, 81. So close. And then it also has a little bit of methane. It also has a lot of different hydrocarbon materials that actually fall to the surface as rain, which is another similarity with Earth. But it's very cold. So this rain isn't going to be liquid water, right? It's liquid hydrocarbons, which is really exciting. And I know we have a slide in here on the lakes. And the atmosphere pressures about one and a half times that of the Earth. So we had a question come in on the chat show. Is it possible that humans could actually live on the surface of time? What would be your feeling on that? Um, a bit chilly. A bit chilly, yeah. And of course, you couldn't breathe the atmosphere. Doesn't appear as if there's any oxygen, right? Hardly any at all. Hardly any at all. So that would be quite a challenge. And the temperature nearly minus 180 centigrade, I guess that's what, minus 290 minus 300 found height. It is really cold. Do you know what water would be like if it was on the surface of Titan? At that temperature, it must be presumably ice, but much colder than even the ice in Antarctica. Right, right. Well, the last image, we saw that some images were collected back in 2004, and I think that was from the Cassini mission. The next slide should show that Titan actually has quite a variety of landscapes. And is this a computer-generated image, the one we're looking at right now, that there seems to be lakes and orange line? Is that for real, or is that a computer-generated version? Well, a little bit of both, I guess. It's, this image is based off of radar images of the surface from Cassini. From radar images, we know that these liquids, they appear smoother, and they also appear radar dark. So, yeah. So we can then interpret what these features are, and they assign these colors to it. So this isn't a visual image. You're not actually seeing blue, liquid, methane, and ethane lakes, but those are lakes in those areas. And I'm told that the largest lake, the Krakamae, is actually bigger than the Great Lakes in North America. So these are fairly large puddles of liquid. Yeah, these are huge. We call the bigger ones seas, for that reason. OK. All right, and the radar lets us see the surface, these earlier images that we saw, Titan just appeared to be a fuzzy ball, but the radar has a long enough wavelength to see down to the surface. Yeah, so the radar can see through the atmosphere because it just, it bounces off solid surfaces. And so we can get information from that, avoiding the whole atmosphere problem. And yet, we have to assume that the atmosphere, just like Earth's atmosphere, must be changing the surface over geologic time. Because these are old surfaces, right? They're probably older than North American continent, would be my guess. Have we seen any closer levels of detail that this is, that was a radar image of roughly the North Polar region of Titan. What's it like in detail? I understand there was a European spacecraft which actually landed on Titan in 2004, right? Yeah, so the Huygens probe, it took a lot of measurements of the atmosphere mostly because they weren't really sure if it was going to make it upon landing. But it landed in, I think it was one of the more equatorial regions, just based on these images here, it looks a lot drier. And as it landed on the surface, you can see these like mountain ranges. And actually on the surface, there's evidence of like rounded rocks. And so rounded rocks are typically associated with like fluvial processes because they've been eroded or Aeolian. And so that just tells us that there's an active weather process happening on Titan or there was in the past. And let's take a closer look at those three images that the Huygens probe took. Not on the ground, but during its descent through the atmosphere. It looks as if, you know, there's a shoreline in the top left image and that sort of dendritic pattern in the top right looks very much like streams or river valleys. Would that be an incorrect interpretation? Ooh, I think that's a correct interpretation. In these regions though, it is dry now, but these are most likely leftovers from when it was wetter around this area. Okay. Does that mean that the climate has changed or that you've got some annual variation in when it rains for want of a better term? Yeah, I think so. And I don't know the time scales that it happens on, but like one interesting thing about Tainas is most of the lakes and seas are present in the North Pole and in the South Pole, there's evidence of previous lakes and seas, but they're all dried up. So this tells us something is changing with time. And there didn't appear to be many big craters in that radar image. Craters, of course, is a proxy for telling how old the landscape is. If there are many big craters, it's presumably in the older area. If there are few craters, then it's quite young. So this North Polar region of Tainan is quite young, geologically speaking. It's, yeah, it's very young. And all of Tainan too, there's not a lot of evidence of craters. And it's similar to Earth in that respect too. It's got this like active weather that's eroding potential craters. So you really need to be a meteorologist as well as a geologist to study Tainan. And I think some of your actual research that you're conducting, that involves both the meteorology and some of the interpretations of the landscapes. Maybe the next slide will show what the atmosphere on Tainan is. And I believe this is just a schematic. We're looking at things where particles are falling out of the atmosphere. They're not that big, right? Yeah. So explain this. So this is kind of, as I understand it, the research that you're doing. What are you trying to model here? So we're actually looking at these special types of lakes in the North Pole that are different than like the seas and these like more irregular shaped lakes. Part of the reason that Tainan's kind of exciting is there's so much methane in the atmosphere. And based on the fact that there's photochemical reactions happening in the atmosphere that's destroying methane in order for this methane to be sustained, like something needs to be replenishing it. And so that one of the ways this could happen is something called cryovolcanism, which is essentially volcanism, but with like water and other volatiles involved. And so we're looking at these special types of lakes and thinking those kind of look like explosions. Is that a way for methane to get delivered back to the atmosphere, maybe? All right, and your next slide, slide eight, I think shows some of these unusual looking features, right? And here again, I think at bottom left, we're seeing the North Polar Region image again. And what are A, B, C and D? How do you interpret this image? So, yeah, we're looking, that little red box, that's where we're looking. It's just this one area of the North Pole. A, B, C and D are four examples of these weird lakes I'm talking about. They are unusual in the sense that they have this circular crater and some of them even have, if you look at, I guess A, B and C all have it, there's like this inset crater. That implies maybe like collapse. The radar bright, as in the white circular area around these craters, we think could potentially be like ramparts of ejecta. We do think these ramparts are raised, which is strange. You don't expect to see a lake that is elevated. So D is one of the drier ones. So you can see A and B, those dark regions in the middle, that is interpreted to be like liquids, a wetter area, as well as the areas around the radar bright halo. First, clients, could they not be meteorite impact craters or do you see the same kind of landscapes which are non-serve tumor? Well, so the reason, well, one of the main reasons we don't think they're impact craters is because of this inner ring that shows up in a lot of them. That's just not, you get more of a bowl shape when there's an impact. And it's also unusual that they're in one of the youngest regions on Titan. Okay, all right. And are there any similarities of Titan with its atmosphere and what appears to be a hydrologic cycle? Do you see something comparable to this on Earth? What kinds of analogs might exist? So one of the proposed formation mechanisms for these features is like volcanic mar explosions or like vapor explosions when hot magma comes into contact with water underground. It usually forms these craters with like raised ram parts of ejecta. Yes. And recently though, these features that's shown on screen here now, they're called gas emission craters and they've been showing up on the seafloor and in the Siberia and Yamal Peninsula. They are pretty much gas explosions that create these massive craters and these raised ram parts. And so we've drawn a connection between these features and raised ram depressions or the pits, weird lakes I've been talking about on Titan because of the connection with the morphology and the potential contribution of methane clathrates. So Titan is thought to have a lot of these things called methane clathrates. They're essentially like a gas molecule trapped in an ice cage. And so if the pressure or the temperature changes it can really cis gas. And on earth, we know that there's a bunch of methane clathrates under the permafrost and as the earth is warming or the pressure is changing, they can release gas too. And so that's one of the mechanisms that's thought to form these features on earth is the accumulation of this methane that's been released from clathrates under the permafrost and exploding. So there's kind of a couple of connections there. And one could ask why does anybody study something so far out in the solar system? But is there a connection here if you're studying these pits on Titan might that lead us to better understand these explosion craters in Siberia, for example, or are you seeing- Well, yeah, so sorry, can you repeat that? I was talking- Are you seeing any differences between the pits on Titan and the really good analog that you had from Siberia? Yeah. Well, so the Siberia craters, they're a lot smaller. If you remember that image that there was about 20 meters diameter across, most of these features we're looking at on Titan are, oh, somewhere between, I wanna say, two and eight kilometers in diameter across, so much larger. As well as the distance the, well, the bright halo is what we interpret as the ejecta. So as well as how far that is from the crater is a lot more than the ones on earth. But we are trying to model this gas explosion process for the craters on earth so that we have this higher resolution data set to test this slow gas accumulation and explosion model on Titan. And any guesses on whether the lower gravity on Titan or the thicker atmosphere or the colder temperatures might explain why the pits are bigger on Titan than on earth? You know, that was, I guess, one of my initial hypotheses, like the lower gravity would maybe contribute to the fact that these features are bigger. But we found that because of the super dense atmosphere the lower gravity of Titan, which is about the acceleration of gravity on Titan is like 1.3 meter per second squared versus earth 9.8. The gravity and the atmospheric drag kind of balance each other out. So it's really interesting, like these objects that are the same size with the same initial conditions go almost the exact same distance for Titan and earth. Okay, and you're trying to generate gas to cause the explosions. Is the boiling point of methane at the right sort of temperature? Because if Titan's really cold, presumably you've got to get to the point where you go from solid to gas or something like that. I mean, it must be a fascinating combination of topics where you're trading off gravity and atmospheric pressure and temperature and composition as well. Yeah, there's a lot of different things that go into it, but I think that's what kind of makes it exciting, but we're not really modeling the vaporization of methane, just the release of methane from clathrates. So the temperature needs and the pressure needs to be at the point where the ice can release the gas. And so this can be done if we raise the temperature a little bit, maybe with some thermal plume coming up from the lower ice shell. It just heats up the surrounding ice and can release gas, but these temperatures don't need to get nearly to anything much, much higher than the temperature of the ice shell already. And it sounds like you know something must be injecting new material into the atmosphere, otherwise these hydrocarbons would no longer be present, right? So there must be some explosions or something going on. Well, yeah. So maybe this is one way. Yeah, Titan looks as really interesting. And I think the last slide will sort of give us a glimpse of the future. Obviously as a graduate student, you're thinking about careers later on. I understand that the Dragonfly mission is going to be going back to Titan in a few years time. Yes, I'm very excited for this. Still got a little while, but it should get there in 2034. Yeah, right. Well, you'd be a professor by that time, of course, but is this where you think your career might take you, that you know sort of research on outer planet satellites, is that something that's exciting for you? Yeah, that's the goal. And I would love to be able to work on this mission too. Sometime. So who actually, not only individuals, but which countries are interested in studying Titan? Is it just the U.S. or the Europeans? Or do you know? You know, I'm not exactly sure. I do know that NASA and like John Hopkins, I think it's the APL physics lab, could be wrong, are the ones that are running Dragonfly? But then ESA, the European Space Agency, was a partner during the Cassini mission, particularly with Huygens probe. So maybe there's a potential for that. But yeah, it certainly seems that, you know, the further out in the solar system we go, there are all these fascinating differences between the way the Earth is formed, compared to Titan in this case, you mentioned in Salatus as well. So, and when do you hope to complete your research? I think I have a couple more years left of this program. So hopefully before then. Well, good luck to you, Gwen. Thank you. I'm afraid we've run out of time. Let me just remind the viewers, you have been watching Science at Home at Soast. I've been your host, Pete McGinnis-Mark, and my guest today has been Gwen Brow, who is a graduate student in the Earth Sciences Department. So Gwen, thank you very much for telling us something about this really fascinating object out there in the distant part of the solar system. So thank you again for coming on the show. And for the viewers, we hope to join you again same time next week. So join us then. And for now, goodbye.


Look at Sarah Morgan just creeping over my shoulder. Welcome back to the channel. My name is easy now and this is my crib so you can get apartments and houses in this game and there's building and Decorating and I want to show you a little bit of that and why it's important and the benefits you'll get from doing it The first time you get an apartment will be hopefully in the UC if you decide to do all the stuff That's necessary and if you haven't seen it yet I've got a video on how to actually get to the point where you can buy your own apartment And yeah, so if this helps like comment subscribe all that fun YouTube stuff And we're gonna go look at all the decorating and all the extra things you can get and do and stuff like that So if you run up here, this is where my house is and as you can tell it's a little bit quaint This isn't mine. This is just a little thing Yeah, that's it. That's it. I would close the door, but Sarah Morgan keeps opening the inches frustrating me You get your nice little balcony here. I could build like a little seat out here and have a look out over the The washing on the washing lines, I guess and then we've got a little upstairs area where you can Build a bed and some other things. So, you know, there is obviously gonna be benefits to an apartment I wouldn't spend all of my materials that I have right now on this little apartment You know, I can sleep if I want to which is very very like cool like that. That's what I want I want to be able to get that XP bonus and stuff. You can have decorations wherever you want decorations are cheaper, but they don't really do nothing and you know, they're just they're just there as Decorations, would you believe it? Then we got things like chairs where you can sit down and wait a rug where you can put your feet on I just put this up. I just wasted my materials on this just to show you something else we've got work benches and research labs and Most importantly, we have storage so you have weapon racks where you can store your weapons and Well, I mean you can put weapons in here too as well, but these are on display. We have Storage boxes storage boxes are super important. They have a hundred and fifty mass That's pretty much like an extra player So if you can get multiple of these into your place, you can just keep storing things in here That are too heavy for you to carry around now I have just basically thrown in all of my resources because most of the time I don't use them I'll probably take a few things out in just after this video But for the most part a lot of the things you don't need that you need in like crafting and stuff So if you craft all your benches here and put all your resources in these storage crates You are going to be set for a while because while you're out in the open any way you collect so much of this stuff It's unbelievable. So you just constantly be coming back here and putting them in your storage boxes All the stuff that's on the ships as well They can be put in here like the things that you don't necessarily use all the time It's just one hell of a benefit to have storage crates available to you And one of the main cities as well because you're constantly gonna be there So let's talk about actual decorating and stuff like that when you come through the door You have a little box here a little box a little panel here called decorate You go into it and you'll be immediately opened with the build of bucks and they have different Things up here in the top right that you can go through different categories. So we've got crafting furniture Decorations displays and miscellaneous. So crafting is your benches and stuff obviously I Haven't got all the materials I need for a cooking station or a pharmaceutical lab as you can see up there in the top left I Haven't been able to find benzene and alkanes naturally I've got one that okay, but I don't know how I got it So if you wanted to you can track this by pressing X and it will put little blue magnifying glasses next to the Materials that you need for this bench This will then remind you when you're going through the world to find and take these materials so that you can come back and Build the things that you need to build So at the moment in here I've got the industrial workbench and the space the research labs are so I'm now going to build a weapons bench One of the things that I very much dislike about this system is that it doesn't turn with you It doesn't always orient itself to you now you can rotate But the problem is is when you rotate you have to very very lightly click the button to be able to get it kind of straight and Honestly, you will never get it straight. I just had it straight as well I was that was quite funny as I said that but I have a little bit of a trick for you now I do it orients to wherever you're looking. So if you go into Anywhere and you look straight ahead like this. I'm trying to Get it next to the research table and then you select something cows and come back to the weapon bench You will see that it changes this orientation that I can bring this down. Hopefully and it's not quite Where I want it to be so let's do it again The weapons benches big man This pole is in the way next to me. Right. Okay. Let's do this again up down Okay, that's as straight as I'm gonna get it probably or is it or is it? This tip does work.  There we go That's what I'm looking for. That's the meat and potatoes that I like It's a little bit off the wall, but it's fine. It's fine for this little house. So now I have all of my Benches and stuff that I need and this also works with The building of furniture as well. So let's build a little piece of furniture We will build a Stool outside. That's what we'll do. So this one's a little bit easier than it is to build the The benches and stuff here with the orientation. You can just press right and left That's a lot easier to see because if I was to do this and bring it back, you know, it completely changes And it just makes it a little bit more hard to track on what you're doing. So if I wanted to do the bench Let's just say for instance, I want to face it this way What I have to do is right and left and the benches change to your orientation So that's a little bit of a tip for you when coming to building your things So whenever you're wherever you're looking it will orient to where you're looking and that's the best way for you There's so many like decorations and stuff. It's it's it's crazy These are just the furnitures and then we got decorations. You got your storage boxes, which is important We have all the things that hang on the wall, which some of them cost a weird amount of things like This is a picture you get from One of the quests a little girl wants you to put these up everywhere And then you get the chance to build it yourself But it costs one structural and structural and ornamental are difficult to come across Or at least I haven't found them on a regular So you don't you don't want to be wasting your materials on a poster when you can when you need it for more important stuff Um, and then we've got other things too, which we'll talk about now. So we've got displays, which is your Weapons display like this to put on the wall not very expensive to make at all We've got mannequins that you can build to put armor on I don't have armors at the moment, but I suppose we could throw one in this corner as well um like that And we'll throw something kind um probably not enough probably not worth wasting your materials to Bother with a small apartment, but it is fun. And then we've got miscellaneous the mission boards and self service bounty clearance So these are also important and I'm actually going to build these um We're going to put one here by the fridge and the self service bounty clearance I don't need right now because I haven't done anything illegal, but When you when you've got a bounty you can come in and pay off your bounty here. So that is the build mode in general Um, let me close my door Sarah Morgan won't clear. I'm intrigued because I didn't see this weapon right before I want to know what it looks like Oh, you can only put little ones on so if I wanted to put this on what happens Oh, that's cool. I like that. I wonder if there's um, there's probably a bigger version of that weapon rack as well Let me take that back before I forget So let's put this on There and we've got a helmet to go there Have we got a spare pack? No, we don't. Okay, but the pack doesn't matter Unfortunately For some reason, maybe it's a bug. It doesn't actually show these armours on the mannequin I believe it's probably supposed to or there's something that I'm missing to make it actually work At least there's a place to store some armours anyway Like if you've got armours specifically that you want to save and you don't want to get it lost in some storage crates You can throw it on the mannequin, but I'm fairly sure that's supposed to display them There's probably just a bug or something So now let's look at the mission board, which I think is very useful because I can never find them in the city Um, and you can just come here and pick up things that you need to do I actually want to do one of these because I've I've never done them. So I'm going to deliver um These ultra batteries to polvo. I don't have enough space on the ship So I've got to go empty my ship out too The one thing you can also do and be useful is that with the storage crates you can take Very easily you can take everything off your um off your person and then Throw them into the into the crates like I don't have much on sarah Morgan at the moment But when I'm out in a while and I throw everything on her that I can And then I can just very easily throw them into the storage crate because she's right there next to me She has a few weapons here that I didn't know she had so I'll have a look at them later And just a little bit tacked on to the end that I forgot to mention as you can see now I've thrown all my materials Into my bins that I just don't need a once right now because I finished decorating So let's say I went in here and I needed some Materials for let's say the navigation console if I track this It will track the beryllium iron and copper for me Fairly simple fairly easy now. All I need to do is go into my boxes And look for anything that has A blue magnifying glass on them So it's a very easy way for me to get through and find the materials that I need For the thing that I'm buying It's a little bit more inconvenient than actually, you know being able to just have them in your inventory But if you needed to find them really quickly and I think as well if you track like more than one you get You get to see them all like at the things that you're specifically searching for So I've got the alkanes and I've got the structural pieces that you can see up there Um, so there's there's easier ways for you to Store and find things that you need so we've got the beryllium as well So I can actually make some of the things that I didn't think I could make because I forgot that they were already in my storage boxes But that is a cool little way um a cool little tip to just kind of store your stuff and then be able to figure out where they are Instead of going through like I thought I was going to do is put all the minerals in one All the ship things in another all the structural things in another and like try and figure it out that way with the storage Boxes, but now I can just Tag them and know exactly what I'm looking for and there you go. That's about it That's building decorating and what you're going to need to do and look out for and tips about the mannequins and the storage boxes and You know searching for items that you specifically want I really do hope it helped if it did hit the like button Do me a comment down below tell me what you think of this building process and and do you think it's worth spending Money on a little one or should you just keep getting money in so you get the big one and then decorate that I hope there's more unlocks as well for specific items because some of these look Okay, but if I want like a fancy apartment, I want fancy items. Well, yeah, thank you for watching I have been easy now you guys have been awesome


See love can happen within your heart, love can happen because somebody is yours, but relationship won't happen without responsibility and inclusiveness. You have to include somebody, otherwise a relationship will not happen.


Hey there Psych2GoFriends, we're back to help you understand everyday psychology better. Trauma is often the result of an overwhelming amount of stress from a situation that exceeds one's ability to cope, such as the death of a loved one, the end of a meaningful relationship, or the rejection of a loved one. Do you pretend that everything's good when it really isn't? When you don't have a positive and healthy way of dealing with your trauma, you end up repressing your negative emotions. It can be hard to recognize unresolved trauma on the surface, especially within ourselves, so here are 9 signs you're still suffering from unhealed trauma. 1. You resist positive change. When something good comes into your life, is your first instinct to be suspicious of it? You have an innate feeling of shame or guilt whenever you allow yourself to grow attached to someone or celebrate your own success? Also, you might be carrying unresolved trauma within you. You have a hard time accepting positive change and may even try to resist it at first, because deep down inside, you feel like you don't deserve to be happy. 2. You need to plan for everything. Do you have a need to stay completely in control? Do you feel frustrated and lost whenever things don't go the way you expect? Your need for control is most likely rooted in a traumatic experience that left you feeling helpless and vulnerable. As a result, you micro-manage everything and worry about the things that are out of your control. This shows that you have a deep-seated distrust in both yourself and the world in general. 3. You have a strong fear of failure.  However, a strong fear of failure can be unhealthy if it starts to outweigh your motivation to succeed. Not only do you miss out on a lot of opportunities and stifle your creativity and ambition because of it, but it can also lead to perfectionism and insecurity. It might be instilled in you by unresolved trauma that causes you to have a negative belief in yourself and internalize your shortcomings. 4. You have a strong fear of success. Alternately, repressed trauma can also manifest through a strong fear of success. Did you ever hold yourself back from getting something you wanted? Not because you feared you might not get it, but because you feared what would happen when you did. You're afraid of losing what you'll have even before you achieve it. The tendency to unconsciously sabotage your own chances of success is often associated with those who were abandoned or lost a loved one at a young age. 5. You have difficulty concentrating. Trauma has a lot of damaging psychological effects and it's not uncommon for victims to suddenly have difficulty concentrating. If you've been having gaps in your memory, lacking out often, and finding it hard to keep your train of thought, it might be your mind crying out to you for help, asking you to work through your trauma. 6. You have trouble asking for help. Do you have trouble opening up to others about what happened to you? If you've experienced some form of abuse or mistreatment, you usually struggle with asking for help. You'd rather suffer in silence because you're too afraid to reach out to someone else. You don't want to be rejected, denied, judged, or seen as weak by those around you. 7. You often hurt yourself or others. You lash out at other people when you're experiencing intense emotions, you push your loved ones away and isolate yourself whenever you have to deal with a problem. If you're still hurting from unhealed trauma, there are times when you might end up taking it out on yourself or those you care about. You become emotionally volatile, out of control and overly sensitive. You lose your temper, break things, and may even resort to self-harm. 8. You struggle with low self-esteem. There are a lot of ways trauma can skew your self-image, especially if it's rooted in your early childhood experiences. Abuse, abandonment, and neglect can all lead you to question your own self-worth.  Studies have shown that patients with PTSD often suffer from low self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness. 9. You have unexplained psychological symptoms. Do you feel more anxious and panicky than before? Do you find it hard to feel happy or find pleasure from the things you used to enjoy? Have you lost your appetite or have trouble sleeping while at night? According to research, anxiety, depression, disassociation, depersonalization, panic attacks, frequent flashbacks, nightmares, and emotional distress are all common in patients with PTSD. Have you or someone you love ever experienced a traumatic situation? If so, how do you plan to overcome it? If you're still suffering from any lingering psychological trauma, it's important that you reach out to a mental health care professional today and get the help you need to get better. Healing from trauma takes time and effort, but it's worth it, and it's necessary in order to truly move forward in life and find some peace of mind. Please do share this with those you think might benefit from it. Stay tuned and thanks for watching.


First I would like to tell you about Gallup World Poll as a true researcher. So in 2006 Gallup, from 2006 Gallup conducts an annual world poll representing 98 percent of all the adult population. We collect data on hundreds of world and region specific issues to allow leaders to monitor key measures worldwide. So in each country we have nationally representative sample of adults 15 years and older. And we use the same methodology and we ask identical questions from year to year in each country and it gives us tremendous power of analysis. We can transfer data from year to year. We can combine countries in two regions. We can combine several years worth of data. And that's what we did for this report. We took data, three years worth of data, 2009-2011 and as it was told already, we split all countries into two regions, south and north. We ended up with more than 400,000 native born and about 25,000 of first generation migrants. Then we split migrants into two groups. One we call long-timers. It's migrants who have been in a new country for more than five years. Another group we call newcomers and those are migrants who spend in a new country less than five years. Our analysis is two-fold. First, we wanted to know if migrants are better off or worse off than native born in their new countries. And second question we ask ourselves is if migrants are better off or worse off if they had stayed in their country, home country and they did not migrate. Basically, we wanted to know, we wanted to answer a big question. Is migration gain or loss for migrants? I have to mention a few limitations of our study due to the reason that this data was not collected specifically for this analysis. We do not identify some groups which would be nice to identify. For example, we don't know if migrants are regularly regular. We don't know if there are migrants who return migrants. We don't interview in refugee camps or other group quarters. But of course, all this is doable in future Gallup-Waltpole data collections. If you talk to migrants, every one of us will tell you his or her unique story. For example, I migrated from Russia to United States 22 years ago for one reason, to find a better job. And there are a lot of migrants who will tell you also that they migrated for career well-being or that they are entrepreneurs at heart and it's impossible in their home country to build a safe business. Other migrants will tell you that they migrated for social well-being. For example, they want to reunite with their family, with their loved ones. Some migrants will tell you that they were tired to live in dangerous places and they dream about raising their kids in a safe community. Some migrate to be able to have access to better quality health care. And some will tell you that they just wanted to increase the overall financial situation. And all these elements I mentioned, they are all interconnected and they all contribute to a person's subjective well-being. That's basically the whole idea of our research. And improvement in any of these five elements show an improvement in subjective well-being of a person. Well our metrics, Gallup metrics developed with extensive input from Nobel Prize laureate Daniel Kahneman from Princeton University. These metrics focus on well-being which is more than just happiness because it is a broader measure of all different dimensions of human development. Whether or not to keep you here for the whole day, we will show you just a few numbers. But I want to briefly mention what we actually measure under each dimension in hope that you will read our report eventually. So subjective well-being, so if all aspects of life are working well, then a person has a good overall subjective well-being which consists of two parts. One is evaluative well-being, so it's how people evaluate their life overall. And experiential well-being, it's about the way people feel about their experiences over time. So what contribute to this subjective well-being? Financial well-being. It's about personal finances. We measure income, household income. We also ask about people's ability to live on existing income if they feel comfortable or not with the present income. We ask about the ability to cover basic needs like food and shelter, about satisfaction with standard of living and if the standard of living are getting better or not, remittances and also about economic situation in the city or area where they live. Of course, employment is a big part of our survey. We also ask about how they use their jobs and we measure entrepreneurship. Ownership of businesses as well as thought about starting business or plan to start business in the next year and also business climate, what's very important, business climate in the country for starting and managing business. Social well-being, it's about quality of individual personal health as well as access to quality healthcare and health insurance. Social well-being refers to personal relationship and social network. So we ask how many friends people have, how many hours they spend with friends, if they have opportunity to meet new friends and if they have people who they can count on if they are in trouble. Social well-being encompasses a lot of things. It's from personal safety to confidence in national institution, corruption in the area where they live. It's about the people's attachment to community where they live and civic engagement. So you can see that our approach is to look at migrants' life from their point of view, from the patient's point of view. And we not only measure employment rate or incidence of crime but we also ask people if the job they have is the right fit for them or if they feel safe working at night. We do care about questions like if they believe, people can believe that they can achieve something in their country by working hard. So it's not only about hard stuff, it's about feelings too. So results, when we compare migrants with similar people in their countries of origin, we call them mage stares, what we see is that migrants in the north make the largest game than if they had not migrated. So the overall life evaluation increases, they are better off financially, especially north migrants, and they are satisfied with their personal health and health care. What's interesting is that migrants who move from south to north, they feel that they now live in a safer community with less corruption than in their home country. But at the same time, they lose on social network and they are less likely to be employed. So when people move to north or from south, they lose on some things. So the whole outcome is that we can see right away that there are some gains, but there are some losses too. When migrants live in the south, they tend to raise their life similarly or worse than in their home countries. They have great difficulties to get adequate housing, so it's a basic need. They have worse on health care and other health outcomes. But at the same time, south-south migrants are more likely to be employed than in their home countries, and they are less likely to say that they are safe than in the home country. So again, there are some gains and there are actually more losses. Now compared to native born, many migrants report poor level of well-being than native born, and it's true for both north and south. But it's different for north and south. Migrants in the north have higher unemployment than native born. South-north migrants have low income. At the same time, they have higher confidence in national institutions than native born, and when it comes to health care, they're staying on the same ground basically. South, migrants in the south, they have more health problems. They have lower trust in national institutions. They are poor performances on personal safety. But unemployment, unemployment, they're at the same level with native born. What we also found is that duration of stay matters. So usually what we see is that newcomers are worse than long-timers. So people live longer and they improve on, for example, covering basic needs. Or we see differences like sometimes newcomers are more positive about confidence in national institutions than long-timers. Or newcomers are less safe than long-timers. Evaluity will be... Oh, I think I moved a little bit. It's probably hard for you to see, so I will walk you through how we put our slides. You see we have four quadrants. Up left, it's for migrants who move from north to north. Top right quadrant, migrants who move from south to north. Bottom left, migrants who move from north to south. And bottom right, migrants who move from south to south. All our graphs will look like this. When we compare migrants with matched stairs, so with a potential abstract situation that they did not migrate, our first column is always long-timers. Right column is matched stairs. By the way, we excluded from this analysis newcomers. And the reason for this is because we strongly believe that any move, even if you move from one street to another street in your home city, takes time for adjustment. You need to get used to your new situation. So that's why we thought it's more fair comparison when we just compare long-timers who spend more than five years already in the country with their situation at home. So for subjective well-being, we ask at the beginning of survey, we all ask a very simple question. Imagine a ladder with steps from zero to ten, where zero is the best possible scenario for your life.  Ten is the best possible scenario on which step of the ladder you stay now at present time and at which step you believe you will stay in five years. So you see it's very obvious that migrants in the north rate their lives better than if they had not migrated. And it's true for both, north, north and south, north migrants. Migrants in the south rate their lives similarly or less favorably than if they had not migrated. In case if I still did not convince you about the fact how all elements of well-being are interconnected, I want to mention a couple numbers. So our research shows that being able to afford basics of food and shelter increase your standing on the ladder on 0.5. Increase. And having the right job, meaning the job you like and where you do the best every day, increase your standing on the ladder on 1.5, on 10 points scale. So it's a pretty dramatic improvement. So experiential well-being. With experiential well-being, we ask a series of questions about emotions people experience a lot of the day yesterday. That's what we call real time. They are positive and negative emotions. So here it's the first time you see our comparison of native born is the first column. Second column is long timers. Third column bar is newcomers. So what you see in the north, actually in all four quadrants, all migrants are more likely to experience sadness. It's a negative emotions. But like with all our measurement, there are regional disparities. For example, for north-south migrants, we found out that they have highest prevalence of all negative emotions among all groups. So it can be anger, worry, stress. And when we look at positive emotions, what we see that north-north migrants actually are the only one which are at the same level on positive emotions like enjoyment or happiness with native born. The rest of migrants group are not as happy, I could say, than native born. Financial well-being. So we see a significant income disparity between migrants and native born in south to north direction. On the other hand, over time north-north migrants fare equally well or even better financially than native born. And it's true for all type of measures under financial well-being. It's not only about income, it's also about soft measures. For example, if they feel like they can live comfortably on present income. So without a doubt, north-north migrants appear to have the greatest financial success among all migrants group. We also notice that newcomers are struggling the most and over time situation improves. But for the hardest situation of course is for migrants originating in south. Whether they go to north or they go to south, they continue to face difficulties, financial difficulties more than native born. They are better than newcomers but still worse than native born. Now let's look at financial well-being comparing migrants with hypothetical situations that they did not migrate. So when we talk about basic needs, we ask two questions. If they have enough money in the last 12 months to cover basic needs on food and shelter. So in the north, migrants are better off, right? So for example, if you don't see the numbers, north-north migrants, right now, 13% of them say they didn't have enough money to provide food. And 22% if they did not migrate. In the south, situation is not as good. They don't improve their standing on covering basic needs for food and they're actually even worse off on shelter than if they did not migrate. Career well-being. We are measuring employment around the world and we include to this measurement all respondents 12, 15 years and older. So what we see is that globally, migrants have higher rate of labor force participation. What we mean by labor force participation is if they are working or actively looking for work and ready to begin work, right? So 66% of migrants around the world are in labor force and 62% of native born. Around the world, migrants are more likely to be unemployed than native born. 13% for migrants, 8% for native born. And under-employment figures goes in the same direction. Under-employed, meaning they are either unemployed or working part-time or want to work full-time. So it's 25 and 18. And let's quickly look at unemployment rate by regions. So you can see that migrants in the north are more likely to be unemployed than native born, especially south-north migrants. 15% of south-north migrants are unemployed and 8% of native born are unemployed. And when we look at the employment situation from our second perspective, hypothetical life, if they did not migrate, it's also a sad situation. So migrants who move from south to north, they are less likely to be employed than if they stayed at home. Employment is definitely a loss for south-north. In the south, all migrants are at the same level of unemployment as native born. And south-south migrants, actually, it's their gain, as I mentioned before. They are less likely to be unemployed if we compare the situation when they did not migrate. Physical well-being. Migrants in the north gain in health outcome if we compare them with mage stairs. South situation is not as good. Especially south-south migrants, they are more likely now in their new country to report that they have health problems and restrict them from normal activities that other people of their age can do. They are less satisfied with personal health. They are less likely to say that they are satisfied with the availability of quality healthcare and they are less likely to have health insurance. Similarly, when we compare them with native born, what we see is that actually migrants in the north are doing very well. All health outcomes accept health insurance at the same level. And south-north migrants are less likely to have health insurance. That's only minus than native born. In the south, they are worse and they are less likely to have insurance. Community well-being. One of our biggest findings is that migrants are generally less secure than native born. And this difference is more pronounced in the south. All migrants in the south are less likely to say that they feel safe and they are more likely to say that in the last 12 months, they have been assaulted or mugged and that in the last 12 months, manual property was stolen. When we look at their confidence in national institutions, actually again, migrants in the north are very positive, as positive or more positive than native born on different national institutions. It can be confidence in police, confidence in judicial system, confidence in financial institution, honesty of election, leadership of the country. And the interesting thing is that it looks like newcomers are always more positive. And over years, we call it rose-colored glasses come off and long-timers are less positive, but they are still more positive than native born. And in the south, situation is vice-versa. They are definitely less positive about all national institutions than native born. One more thing I want to mention that it's interesting that in the north, migrants and native born report equally high satisfaction with their local community. And migrants believe as much as native born that local leadership represents their interest. And it's not the case in the south. In the last slide, social well-being. North, north and south-south migrants are as well-networked socially as native born. But migrants who move from developed country to developing or vice-versa report fewer social connections than native born, and they definitely need help building support network in their new country. And this situation is particularly hard for south-north migrants. It looks like they lose connections and they cannot find new connections. So their social well-being definitely suffer. I will stop at this point. Thank you very much. And I hope you will read our report because what I was able to show you today is just a tip of the iceberg. Thank you.