So today we are going to discuss a new advanced surface characterization technique, the name of the technique is Auger Electron Spectroscopy or in short it is known as AES, we have discussed about the SPS or XA photoelectron spectroscopy in details, some of the concepts I will borrow from the XPS to the EES, but I will have to discuss many other new things in the advanced spectroscopic technique. So therefore I need to constrain myself so that time does not go out of order. So in Auger spectroscopy basically the materials which I am going to use here are taken from different sources, but most notably this book is the source of the material for all the spectroscopic techniques in the encyclopedia of materials characterization edited by Bundle Evans Wilson published by Butterworth-Hinman, Boston in 1992. The schematic representation or the outline of the particular lecture series on AES is as follows. First I will talk about some historical perspectives of Auger Electron Spectroscopy, how it has come about it, then I need to discuss in detail about the basic principles and you must know very well that, then there are certain nomenclatures which are used in AES like any other techniques, then I will go to AES spectra, what any spectra of AES, how does it look like, what are the information we can obtain from there, this will be followed by discussion on the other effects, there are many other effects and obviously some amount of instrumentation we need to discuss and in all this many examples will be given to show you how relevant this technique is for different applications in material science. So let me just start with the historical perspectives, as you know Auger Electron Spectroscopy is a very wild use technique for surface characterization of materials. It is used to know the electronic states of different elements present in the surface, it can be used to measure compositions of the different elements on the surface. This is a non radiative deacceleration process, unlike XPS where you are using an X-ray source to eject out a core level electron from an atom and that is how and then the electrons comes out from the material and measure the candidancy of the core level electron and do remaining other things, this is not like that, this is a non radiative deacceleration process remember this is not deacceleration process but this is also non radiative, that is we are not radiating, we are not getting this phenomena because of irradiation like in XPS. This deacceleration occurs obviously by Coulomb interaction where an atom loses energy by emission of one or more electrons and then ejected electron to one continuum state is what is known as Augia, obviously at the beginning definition will not be clear to you, it needs to be discussed, it needs to be you know talked about it, I am going to do that in the basic principle stuff. But first is what discovered in 1923 by a lady named Leis Metner or Lee Metner basically her picture is shown here, this is all taken from different books and after two years in 1925 this was independently discovered it seems, this was independently discovered by Pierre Augia and after his name the spectroscopy is quant, this is Pierre Victor Augia picture you can see them, this paper by Augia was published in you know journal of physics radium in 1925 and he even this process is named after him to give you even how the developments took place later on let me just talk little detail. So that by 1923-25 the effect was discovered independently by Metner and Augia, Metner published his paper journal of jet script for physics and Augia published in journal of radium, their pictures are shown here but then there was a big flaw nothing happened because of obviously because of instrumentation problem, 1953 Jens Lander uses electrons to excited to create excited Augia electrons and those Augia electrons are used to study the surface impurities, the problem are basically the vacuum system because you know these electrons which are created by Augia process are very low energy so therefore vacuum has to be very good to detect them and also obviously detection system needs to be developed. Then 1968 so that was 1953 by Lander and 1968 L. Harish demonstrates the usefulness of this technique when he differentiates the energy distribution of Augia electrons emitted from a bombarded surface at the same time Weber and Peria employed lead optics as Augia spectrometers. Lead I have taught actually low energy electron diffraction this will be taught by my fellow colleague so lead actually is was called lead can optics can be used for Augia for detection system that was done by Weber and Peria. Then 1969 plumbers et al invent the cylindrical mirror analyzer as known as CMA which greatly improved the speed and sensitivity of the technique. So you can see from 1925 to 1970 almost like 35 years took to develop this technique to be useful and then in mint 80s saw the real implementation of the this technique because of the short key filimeters as electron source short key filimeters as a very high brightness this we discussed in the electron microscopy. So these allow is actually to analyze remember surface features size of 29 meters very small size and then in fact afterwards 1990s even beginning of 1990s lot of implement happen in analyzing analyzers actually and so says this limit is now pushed to 10 nanometer in fact to be frank this limit is pushed below 10 nanometer is recently. So that's how actually the whole the technique has been so nicely developed but we must give credit to Liz Medna and PA Augia for discovering this technique because this was a very fundamental technique which is used extensively in material science even till today before I actually talk about Augia spectroscopy in detail let me just tell you you know we know that any spectroscopic technique whether it's electron spectroscopy or except spectroscopy or Augia spectroscopy it actually basically depends on the interaction of the radiation or the electron or x-ray or any other radiation with the material and material means atoms atom means nucleus and the new electrons. So an ions electrons are photons they are all actually source of radiation this falls on the surface material any atom actually in the sense which is kept inside a vacuum it can cannot generate ions electrons and photons and if we analyze this which is generated because of this interaction process we can get a lot of information about the atom that is the basic principle of any spectroscopic whether it's a electromagnetic spectroscopy or XPS or Augia. So that means the interaction between the surfaces of a material with the incoming high energy radiation source generating other radiation like ions electrons or photons is what is the basic thing of spectroscopy well to you know talk about the Augia spectroscopy we need to know little bit about the electronic structure as you know electrons rotates around the nucleus in an atom in an atom. So and these electrons have different energy levels and all we know that the energy level depends on their quantum numbers the principal quantum numbers the that is SPDF then you have magnetic quantum number L then you have azimuthal quantum number say azimuthal quantum number L magnetic quantum number M has been quantum number S. So depending on the energy levels we can actually split the electron energy levels in different cells like this one is shown K L and M K cell has 1 s electrons that is the inner cell or core electron cell L cell has 2 s 2 p electrons M cell has 3 s 3 p electrons. So the binding energy of electron will increase as you go closer and closer to the core level. So that means K level case electrons will have more binding energies than M and so forth and then you have a basically we have a basically at the above the acquired cells you have what is known as permeable and then you have a now we can actually demarcate these energy levels in 2 s as you know in the x-ray nomenclature this one L basically K is K so K is K this 1 s L 1 is known as 2 s L 2 p is known as L 2 3 M 1 is known as 2 s L 2 p is known as a 3 actually 3 s corresponds to M 2 3 correspond to 3 p and then you have 3 d 3 e 3 4 s and 4 p levels and above that is why actually x-ray I know people use the nomenclature and this is atomic nomenclature XPS we have used another kind of nomenclature. Now if I consider the electronic structure of a metal like sodium what it has sodium as 2 electrons in 1 s level 2 electrons in in the 2 s level then you have 6 electrons in 2 p levels correct. So there that means K L 1 L 2 3 these are the energy levels created. So in a solid state the core levels of atoms are little perturbed and essentially remain as a discrete localized levels that we know and this is this the balance in a orbital cyber hall up sometimes significantly with those of the neighboring atoms genetic bands of specially decolized delocalized energy levels. So after knowing this now let us talk about the physical basis of Auger spectroscopy what is the physical basis of this particular technique. Well I think I talked about XPS let me just bring in the XPS concept and what happens in a XPS concept is we have X-ray source which is a high energy X-ray source it is allowed to follow the sample and this high energy X-rays then basically interact with the electrons core electrons of the atom and eject the core electrons of the atoms living behind a hole there. So then once it leaves behind a hole and the ejected electron goes out and we are analyze the ejected electron energy levels or kinetic energies and that is how we actually do the analysis. So if I have to show it very nicely I can just show it on the board. Let us suppose we have K level this is K this is L and this is M right and then you have EF is a Fermi level and you have then vacuum E back that is how the energy diagram of a atom can be represented. Now if I have certain radiation like X-ray photon falls on this K level electrons and what will happen this is because of this this electrons some amount of this electron because of this X-ray photon this electron the K level will be ejected out and then this passes through because this is a very high kinetic energy normally the incident beam will have very high energy energy higher than almost 10 times higher than the kinetic the binding energy of this electron in the K level because of this excess energy of the incident X-ray the ejected electron will have lot of kinetic energy and because of this high kinetic energy this electron will go out and that is what we do measure in the XPS. So this is what is used in the XPS as you know I have discussed that. This is irreative process and this is also kind of leads to create a hole in the K level now let us discuss what happens in OGM. So I draw the same thing here again so I have K level electrons L cells and then you have M cells and then you have so K, L, M and then you have right. So now I have already created a hole in the K level electron because of this radiation. So what will happen this an atom is now in a excited state because ion is basically is an ionized atom because one electron has gone out. So because of that it has one you know because of this high energy state so what is what this atom can to come you know to a lower is energy some higher level electrons can jump suppose this level electron L1 here can jump into the this hole or can jump to the K level hole and fill this space and if it does so what will happen if it does so this electron has jump and fill the space. So now what will happen because of this difference in that range is between the L and K some amount of x-rays will be coming out and this x-rays which will come out can eject out another electrons from the higher levels like M or L, M level whatever or maybe higher level and this is what is called OGR electrons and this is what is known as OGR process. So that means basically what is done here is as a result of this follows which can be seen from this picture very carefully what I have drawn here and what I am showing in the slide is similar. So because you have a hole created in the K level as the electron has gone out so one electron from the L1 level will jump and fill the hole and because of this there will be some energy released and this energy can then eject out electron from suppose L2, 3 cell and this is what is known as OGR electrons. So in a nutshell I can say anise the atom that remains after removal of the core hole electron is of course a highly excited state and will therefore will like to rapidly relax back to the lower energy state and it can do by two roots as you say one is known as X-ray flow sense root otherwise OGR emission root. Let us consider because we are not talking about X-ray flow sense here that is a separate thing we will consider only OGR. So as you say here the this is what is the OGR source so therefore a rough estimate of the kinetic energy of this OGR electron can be done by knowing the binding energies of the various levels. So kinetic energy is basically EK minus L1 that is what is the jump minus L2, 3 this is what is the difference which is created the energy and then this is the binding energy of the electron L2, 3 cell. So therefore basically EK minus EL1 plus E2, 3 the kinetic energy of the electron is independent of the mechanism of initial hole creation this is very important initial hole creation can be anything basically OGR process uses electrons electron beams to create the hole not the X-rays. So basically it is very clear that the kinetic energy of this OGR electron is independent of whatever the processes used to create the hole in the inner shell or the core level whole cells. So normally in XPS normally what is done is that you know to practice we use a very high energy incident beam and the electrons like of the order of 5 to 10 kilo electron volts so holes will be produced by these electrons or it can produce by even backstri-electron also. So that how I hope now that these two processes the difference between these two processes are clear to you. So because of the creation of this OGR electrons is totally different from the XPS the energy of the OGR electron is also very small because it is very small energy is much small as compared to the XPS electrons so the information which we can gather will be from very small depth of the surface of the material. So great to give you much little perspectives let us do it again so how the electron beam comes suppose this is the ground state of the electron k level L1 L2 3 and then above how the electrons it can also photons but normally you do not use any photons you see electrons and it rejects the electron from the core level or k level leaves behind a hole this is what is ionized electron. So one electrons then falls form the L1 level to fill this k1 level because of this some energy released and this energy then eject out L2 3 level electrons and the electron gets transported this is what is in our shell whole OGR process and this is what is shown here at z plus h nu this is z is the atomina of the material suppose h omega is the energy of the electron z a plus electron level and z a plus electron level produces whenever OGR electron it will be JLBC plus electron plus electron a that is what is the electron a that is OGR electron. So if you use a conservation law EBA EBA is energy of the material is basically N1 minus N of the two final state in the initial state N1 is N is number of electrons EKA that is the OGR ABC ABC is the three processes a is the beginning process b actually intermediate process and c minus u is basically the error g to remove the electron this is there. So OGR electron and g is independent of the excitation as I have told you u is known as the OGR parameter OGR parameter is the machine dependent parameter. So what are the nomenclatures this is what is shown here in the whole process well nomenclatures are very complex in a space I need to discuss in detail about that the space normal pressures are basically like 2s 2p half 2p 3 by 2 you know half is basically 1 minus half and 3 by 2 is 1 plus half and one transfer P SS nothing is basically stands for 0 and then if you use L L will be cost 1 to 2 so 2 minus half is 3 by 2 or 2 plus half is 5 by 2 this we have seen. So what happens in SP in OGR as you see here in this case source comes keeps a whole this comes down and then electron goes up that is what is shown. So in XA in OGR we use X-ray nomenclature so what is this X-ray nomenclature conventionally used nomenclature is X-ray type in OGR suppose for example KL1 L23 that is what is here happened KL1 L23 there is a whole transition when electronic levels are energetically well distinguishable it is common to use most sub indices like L123 M23 M45 this also one can use very well distinguish atoms can be done that for a group of transition sub indices are in many times omitted like KLL KMM MVB or for transitions involving levels in the valence band commonly used V instead LM and OP for example M4 by 5 V so but normally we use this or this other things are not extensively used let me just discuss in detail about a table and to show you so that you do not forget so basic nomenclature which is used in XPS can be written like this suppose this is quantum number this is quantum number and this is suppose notation so we are going to notations both XPS and X-ray and that is what is used in AES right. So quantum number means N, L and J right so this is what we are going to do so let us suppose for quantum number N equal to 1, L equal to 0 and J equal to half L is the azimuthal quantum number and J is the spin quantum number here you can use instead of J let us use S spin quantum number so and then we use basically what we use 1S half this is just 1S there is no need of writing in X-ray we use this as a K so if it is 2 quantum number this becomes 0 and this become half then what is this XPS we use this we use 2S half right and this is corresponding in X-rays L1 so if you suppose 2 again quantum number 2 and 1 and half here so this will be 2S 2S not 2P half basically because 2L is 1 2P half and this will be L2 I guess yes L2 and then if we use 2, 1, 3 by 2, 3 by 2 is 1 plus half 3 by 2 this will be 2P 3 by 2 this is what we have discussed how 2P half and 2P 3 by 2 comes in XPS and this will be L3 right now let us do something for 3 actually when pencil quantum I come 3 this is 0 this is half this will be what this will be 3P 3S sorry 3S half and this will be M1 so if it become 3, 1 and half so this will be 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3P 5 by 2 half 3 half so 3P half and this will be M 2 and last one let me see 3,1, 3 by 2, 3, 1, 3 by 2 P3 by 2 3P 3 by 2 this will be M3 right and so on so as you see at k by 2 this will be m3 right and so on. So as you see here k stands for 1 s half, l 1 stands for 2 s half, l 2 stands for 2 p half, l t stands for 2 p 3 by 2, m 1 stands for 3 s half, m 2 stands for 3 p 2 by 2 and m 3 stands for 3 p 3 by 3, 3 by 2.  So that is how it comes. So basically in XPS we use these notations to demarcate different peaks on the other hand in OGR we use these notations. This is funny because these two techniques are same spectroscopic stem is actually but we use different different notations for this you know transitions. So that means if there is a transition form suppose like this one k, l 1, l 2, 3, l 2, 3 is 2, 3 levels so it will be k, l 1, l 2, 3 or k, l l both are possible.  All these things are possible different kinds of commissions are possible. Well to give you in a better perspective so what is the difference between this photoelectron or just spectroscopy will be clear from here. Well as you see here 1 s, 2 s, 2 p this is energy level of an atom or the different electron energy level basically then you have a permeable quantum band, quantum bands and the vacuum and the free electrons. You have a instant x ray with energy k nu falls on it, it creates it removes and core level electrons this core level electron goes out. So that means the current energy of electron will be h nu minus binding energy of this electron minus phi specification is basically basically because of the machine but in a augia what is happening you have created a hole because of this hole the electrons from the l 2, 3 jumps and then emitted x ray comes out this x ray is then generate or ejects out another electron from this l 2, l 3 cells and this electrons is known as augia. So the kind of energy is obviously will be depending on k, l 1 and l 2, 3 and that is how we have calculated in the earlier also. Now next thing is you have discussed is what is the augia signal or what is basically augia how does the augia spectrum look like. In general initial ionization is non selective because initial ionization means how the hole in the k level is created is non selective and initial hole may therefore be in various shells like k cell, l cell, m cell, initials because that depends on the how the initial ionization has taken place. And then there will be many, many augias transition possible for a given element some will be very weak some will be strong. So augia specters could be basically based upon the measurement of the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons of the augia, augia electrons. So each element in a sample being studied will give rise to characteristic spectrum peaks of various kinetic energies. So that is a augia spectrum is basically will contain large number of peaks and you know that creates many times a problem. To give an example let us suppose let us take the augia spectrum of palladium metal palladium has a very large number of electrons in the outer cells or even inner cells and this is generated by 2.5 kV electron beam to produce initial core electron vacancies and hence to stimulate the augia emission process. The main peaks of the palladium occurs between 220 to 340 electron volts. The peaks are situated between you know between basically on a high background that is why the problem in augia. This mainly because of the secondary electrons are generated by multitude of inelastic scattering processes. So augia spectra often shown in differentiate form that is why and the reason for this is partially historical partially because it is possible to actually measure the spectra directly in this form and doing so get a better sensitivity of a detector detection actually. The plot actually shows a spectrum this is the signal versus ke you can see here there is a high background because of the secondary electron and these are the peaks which are coming out which are between 220 and 340 but whenever we take a differentiate of the signal with respect to the energy level dn by d we get a smoother background and the peaks can be seen very nicely that is what is normally used in augia this one is not used in augia. Well to give you much better idea this is a plot between dne versus de with respect to electron and this is basically from the silver as you see here this is ne of silver this is energy level electrons this is the ne for 10 and then this is dne by e signals are much stronger when you plot dne by de passes and that is why we use all this. Now to tell let you give you some examples of these augia transition lines I have already discussed you different transitions let us do it for I think certain example this is taken from msc thesis of university of campinas long back if you look at that on this plot you have intensity versus kinetic energy of indium element indium you have both your xps peaks which are here and augia peaks which are here augias will have less energy than the xps less than 3400 or less than 3500 actually is these energies of the of these augia and higher than 3600 basically from 3 s3p and 3d electron levels of the this was done with a excitation with a titanium kk alpha which has energy of 4511 electron volts. So what do you see we see all the tension like LMM and LMM transition indium as a large number of electrons so therefore there will be large number of augia transitions possible the ones which are basically very you know routine is L1 m45 m45 m45 is m45 m45 and all else L2 m45 m45 again L3 L3 also they are from L3 to m transitions mm transition then these are actually called all LMM transitions the different different element transition L1 to L4 m45 m45 and then L1 to m45 m45 L3 L2 and so on. So basically these are all LMM transitions as you see here and there are many and there is only two this is the one element this is another one element this is also LMM transitions and these transitions actually can be detected very nicely in a space spectrum here already is plotting DNA intensity or whatever energy coming out from the electrons but many times if you plot DNA versus DE versus kinetic energy DNA by DA is what is plot the slope of this curve basically that will give you much better picks so for a given elements several lines of augia will be observed was seen that is what is observed. So as a transition lines for different elements can be plotted like this this is atomic number buses electron energy and the different elements starting from lithium to uranium correct. So what you see are basically KLL transition KMM transition mm transitions and so on red dots actually indicates the most intense lines which are seen in the spectrum. So I could see here we can observe KLL transition till sulphur as you can see here because energy levels are small the atomic numbers are small so therefore the same as you go on we can observe seeing LMM transitions from atomic number about 12 to atomic number about 40 and then mmn transitions since at higher at me number starting from 37 to over 84 85 and then so on you can observe actually m and a higher level transitions like this ones for very high at minimum elements. So this is this is very important because this table tells you what all transition you can expect when you are doing the xp a auger measurements I think last one today's class today's lecture I am going to show you is the analysis volume as you so know that when a certain energy source is falling on a simple material it interacts with the material and it creates a volume of interaction or interaction volume rather. So the x-rays comes out from a large volume then comes out the cat this actually category x-rays as you see here which had an atomic number 4 a backscatter electron also comes out second electron comes out for a Mars level all the electrons comes out only form 4 to 5 50 Armstrong this is the depth from which it can come out very small depending on the spot size of the electron gun it is possible to have special resolution very small spatial resolution in the direction perpendicular to the surface the analysis volume depends on the electron mean fee path so mean fee path was electronic if you plot if you see a mean fee path basically first it decreases from gold to you know bottom to beryllium then it increases till sodium so this is what is the this was the main factor was the beam size rather than the mean fee path so if you use a perpendicular measurement system here like that then a mean fee path becomes very important.


Well, as the sun is setting on New Orleans, the season has ended for the New Orleans Saints. It continues for the now NFC champion, Los Angeles Rams 23-20. They take this exciting game in overtime. Terry's back with us at the desk. How do you want to start with you though? You take a look at this.  Well, you know, Sean McFay appropriately talked about offense, defense and special teams. And I think it's appropriate because when they started the season, they brought in all the key free agents on defense. That took a while to develop. They got it on track last week and it carried over to today. Offense, Jared Goff, who played outstanding after struggling early in the game and special teams. Johnny Hecker, he's an all pro punter. And Greg DeLake's airline with two big kicks down the stretch. This is a remarkable team effort to win this game in advance to the Super Bowl. Yeah.  This is one of the, I hated playing in this building. It is a tough place and you saw the Rams came out and kind of shell stopped, especially young Goff. We're wondering, is he built for this? Can he handle it? But as he settled in, as CJ, CJ Anderson started running the ball a little bit better. Todd Gurley, they put him in when they needed them. The big plays when they needed the big plays down the field to pick up the first downs. And defensively they stepped up in crunch time. I mean, it was really an impressive win just for the fact of if you were here to feel the energy that they have to overcome outside of what they had to go up against on that field, a very talented Saints team, it makes this victory even more remarkable. Yeah, it makes remarkable because Todd Gurley couldn't get going early. And then you're leaning on CJ Anderson. It isn't like they were out there running the football. And then Jared Goff stepped up. And I thought he played really well, especially at the end of the game when he almost got sacked by Cameron Jordan, making that play with somebody draped all over you. That's outstanding. And to me, that gives them confidence going into that Super Bowl game. We don't just have to run the ball. We were saying it come to the game. They have to run the ball. They have to run the ball. They show that got shut down. They went to the pass, looked great. Total team effort for this Rams. Boy, you congratulate the Los Angeles Rams here, but you got to feel also for Sean Payton and the Saints. Second year in a row, they have a heartbreaking loss on the final play of a playoff game. For the first time in 39 years, the Los Angeles Rams are in the Super Bowl. One word. Who do they want to play? Oh, I think the Rams would love to play. Probably New England. One word. New England. New England. Kansas City. Kansas City Chiefs. Kansas City. They don't want to see Bella Jack. We will find out who they play. The AMC Championship game is going on right now. The next time we see you will be September for the start of our 26th season of the NFL on Fox. Can't wait.


Hi, this is Alex. Today I have a squeak FOLOS security profile number 7000 There's no other identifying marks on it. Here's the key. It's a dimple lock, five pins Regardless of how many marks on the key, there's five pin chambers So let's see if it'll open for us We can see that it has extremely high tolerance Just listen, just listen here You hear that? This thing is brand new as far as I know It's even got a little crack in it. I suspect this may be me In overseas Shall we say, but I don't know for a fact But let's see. And when I say overseas, I don't mean in Europe Let me shut up and pick That's the way it's not already in a 20 degree false set Let's see what happens. That's a false set for sure I just saw a little bit of lock falling out.  There it is Picked open. Wow, in record time Not really. Yeah, so that's a squeak lock Or however you pronounce that in whatever language it's in There it is, locked up I would get it but I don't feel like taking it apart I don't think anyone's going to question that I opened this piece of crap Anyhow, so if you'd like a really high tolerance possibly Asian lock, good lord Let me know. Anyway, thanks for watching. This is Alex Have fun and as always please keep it legal Cheers


A very good evening to you. I'm Loretta Chirga and this is the news now. Thirteen of the country's 18 political parties have threatened to renounce their participation in the 2023 general elections which are scheduled for February 25 and March 11. This threat was issued by the National Chairman of the Action Alliance, Kenneth Udese. Udese noted that this was necessary in the event that the Central Bank of Nigeria extended the Federal the February 10 Nairasov deadline. It is based on the foregoing that we commend the President and the CBN governor for continuing to insist that the deadline will not shift. It is our resolution that why the deadline remains sacrosan. The Apex Bank can now concentrate on other things like ensuring that it identifies where the already deployed new Naira nodes are being hoarded by the deposit money bands who have received these new nodes from the CBN. Political parties are backing this policy 100% because they are going to improve the credibility of the elections. It is only election rigors, vote buyers, band deeds, corruption marchants and other accomplices that are against these policies. The Nigerian people are in support and are currently waging war against these identified groups of unpatriotic Nigerians who are deliberately supporting the policies so that the federal government and the Central Bank will succumb to their plot and cancel or reverse the policy. We have by announced our resolution that at least 13 out of the 18 political parties in Nigeria will not be contested, will not be entrusted in the 2020 election and indeed we shall withdraw our participation from the electoral process if these currency policies are suspended or cancelled or if the deadline is further shifted. Uda has also took a swipe at some governors who went to pressure President Buhari to extend Naira Swap deadline. Was it these same governors during the COVID-19 heat palliating for suffering masses from the same people and were using them for their families and friends forcing Nigerians to break into warehouses nationwide? Was it not these same governors that killed the local government system in their various states without conducting local government elections and even got their houses of assembly to vote against local government autonomy so that they can continue to embezzle local government funds? Did this governor gather in frenzy and claim to love Nigeria people when ASU embarks on their last eight months strike? Have these governors rallied themselves to pressure the president on how to checkmate the lingering fuel crisis in the country which has lasted for many months? When did this governor begin to love the people more than they are the ones shouting the loudest now? Is it really the poor that are in issue for the governors or is it their pockets that they are fighting for? Now they are threatening that these policies will not allow them to loot our common patrimony. It is provocative indeed that these governors, for these governors to claim to be fighting for the poor masses who are poor today because of the misgovernance, looting, corruption, absence of elected local government officials and other actions of these same governors. Most of these governors have not recalled with President Muhammadan Buhari insisting on fulfilling his promise of free and fair election and had relied on using their


Welcome back to Think Tech, more specifically, welcome back to View from the North, where we're going to talk about a comparison of crimes in Canada and the U.S. And that's all kinds of crimes, but it's especially gun violence crimes with Ken Rogers, Dr. Ken Rogers, a retired businessman in Kelowna, British Columbia. I, Ken, thank you for joining us. Hello, Jay. So there's this Juristat Information Gathering Organization, and it's Canadian, and they gather statistics about crime in Canada. And of course, you know, they're not current, just as the U.S. stats are on current, but they do show trends. Can you talk about that? Well, crime in most types of crime, Canada and the U.S. are similar. The biggest difference relates to guns. You know, anything to do with guns, the U.S. problem is many times, like five times worse than Canada. I mean, Canada has a national ban on assault weapons. We've had a program of weapon buybacks for a long time, and, you know, they've increased the number of types of guns that are included in the buyback program. So really the crimes where we have weapons involved usually relate to, you know, crime syndicate disputes, disputes between one drug peddling organization and another drug peddling organization, even though our drug problem is not quite as bad as the U.S. I mean, it's maybe one-and-a-half times. The U.S. is perhaps one-and-a-half times as much drug problems per capita as Canada, but that statistic is nothing compared to just the gun violence generally. So we don't have these massive school shootings on a regular basis or massive shootings on a regular basis, but most of Canada is similar to most of the U.S. I mean, population differences also play a key factor in crime rates. Like a very unusual crime factor in Canada is we have a fairly large, you know, five or six percent of the population is native, and in some provinces like Saskatchewan and Manitoba, that population is considerably higher, and the crime rate for the native population is really high, and it connects back to other social problems like the alcoholism addiction, drug addiction, homelessness connect directly to the crime rates involving, you know, the natives in particular, the alcohol addiction plays a key factor since genetically they seem to be more predisposed to becoming alcoholic with, you know, without a massive amount of drink to trigger it. However, you know, Canada does not have as big a Hispanic population as the U.S. or Black population as a percentage of the total. So, you know, a lot of our big cities have much higher crime rates in the smaller cities and the rural areas, the same as the U.S., when it comes to virtually all nonviolent crimes. Canada is very similar to the U.S., but the violent crimes, the U.S. is miles ahead of us, or miles deeper in the sewer, whatever way you want to describe it, certainly I don't think that's a nice thing to say about the U.S. Well, let's look at that. I think the number of violent crimes in the U.S. is much higher, whether it's guns or other weapons, and that is so interesting that Canada has a more civilized approach. And I'm not sure I told you before, but I was very impressed in Australia with the buyback program in Australia. And what they did in Australia is they said, you know, we're going to buy these guns back from you and we'll pay you a fair price for them. Don't cheer up, you've got to sell them. And if you don't sell them back to us, it's a crime. And you will go to jail for failing to sell them back to us. Does it work the same way in Canada? No, we're not quite as coercive. However, if you take the Australia-Canada-U.S. comparison, importantly, if you think of for years and years and years British in the United Kingdom, you know, the policeman that walks the beat, they never had any firearms whatsoever. They carried a billy stick. And once the American Revolution was on, one of the key things I suppose you could take why did Americans want guns in the first place, you'd say, well, to protect themselves from Big Brother, you know, from government doing something they don't like. And it's bubbled and evolved since then, where Canada, Australia, New Zealand, you know, we're closer to the British approach that, you know, guns shouldn't be around. But they are. So how hard is it to get a gun in Canada? Well, you don't get the gun in Canada. You know, the guns all come from the U.S. You know, that makes sense because there's so many guns here. We have 400 million guns in the United States. We have a population of only 330 million. That means every man, woman, and child, and plus there's enough guns for everyone, which is really, you wonder about that. Yeah. Well, the Canadian U.S. border is basically, you know, easy for anybody to go across smuggling a gun or smuggling anything else.  And, you know, you could even have the reverse of drugs could come into Canada and smuggled into the U.S. because the market's bigger, you know. But that, you know, is key to any of the bad guys in Canada. They get their guns and ammo in the U.S. So what about the Second Amendment, you know? Can we have this perverse protection of guns in the Second Amendment? And it's, I say perverse because I really doubt that the Founding Fathers wanted it to go as far as it has gone. And that's one of the reasons there are so many guns in this country that a lot of people believe that they need to have guns. It's, you know, and I keep running into people who are, it's kind of a euphemistic thing. They say they need to have guns, but what it really is, it's a toy. It's an expression of macho. It has nothing to do with self-defense. There is no real need. They're just happy as punch to have a half a dozen guns in the house and make some feel good. So, you know, it's really a mixed bag from a sociological, psychological point of view. But the Second Amendment gives them cover. And the gun manufacturers in this country are a strong lobby.  And together they're a very strong lobby. And what does strong mean? It means they have money and they give the money to legislators. They give the money to legislators in the Congress and in the state, you know, the state legislatures as well. So it's all kind of corrupted. And it's been corrupted under the Republicans for some years now. And as a result, and this is really a problem, and I don't think this exists in Canada, is that they pay the legislators to protect their guns because they really care about their guns. And there's enough money floating around from the gun manufacturers and the public who cares to have these toys, you know, so that they can pay big bucks to a lot of legislators. As a result, you'll have a culture in the Congress, in the Republican Party. You have a culture in a lot of state houses in this country where they're never going to do gun control. They're never going to take away assault rifles and automatic equipment. So, you know, this is really a problem. Because what it says, the message to the public is it's free for all. And if you want to be, you know, protected, you have to protect yourself. We can talk about that also. But my first question to you about Canada is, do you have a Second Amendment? And do you have a lobby, you know, that advocates in favor of expanding gun rights? We have nothing whatsoever like the Second Amendment. And we do not have the same level of lobbying in Canada whatsoever. Our federal election, you know, probably costs about the same as the amount of money used to generate one senator in the U.S. That is our time for electioneering is, you know, a matter of like 60 days or less. We don't start, you know, campaigning a year and a half ahead of the election date. And the amount of money spent for the elections is fairly small. Our turnout is similar to the U.S., you know, not terrific. But certainly, money is not of the same influence on politicians as in the U.S. You know, it's interesting what you say sounds to me like the, you know, the condition of the world in terms of the communities of the world. There is no Second Amendment outside the U.S.  God knows where it comes from. Maybe it comes from the U.S. where there are so many of them. And furthermore, you know, gun control in a lot of places is absolute for obvious political reasons. If somebody, for example, is an autocrat or anywhere near an autocrat, he doesn't want anybody in his country having a gun because that, you know, that leads to, it leads to protest. It leads to assassination. It leads to regime change. It leads to violence in the streets. And I would say to you, I don't know how you or the Canadian culture sees this, but as I see it, the more guns you have in a given society, the more likely you have violence in the streets. People who have guns are drawn to use them. And from, from, Jew from the North is probably, you know, sympathetic to that. In other words, the Canadians, I guess, would feel that the Americans have a problem, that the more guns you have, the more gun violence, right? Well, you mean you don't think the Americans have a problem because of guns? I think, I think it's absolute insanity.    It's totally unacceptable. It's unreasonable. Yeah. Well, it's dangerous. It's dangerous for kids in school. It's dangerous, you know, for people who don't want to have their houses broken into it and so forth. And the argument that if you have a gun, you'll be safe or really sound like poppycock to me. That's, that's a fabricated argument. I remember Ken on January 6th. There's some very interesting photographs came out of that, you know, the Proud Boys and other such right-wing organizations. They walk around with guns. They were walking around with guns that day with fosters like policemen carrying 40 fines or clocks or some kind of handgun. And they were there at the Capitol with those guns.  In fact, Trump said, I don't want to use you to use the, you know, the X-ray machine to identify the people with guns. Let them walk around. That's what he said. Anyway, we know that. Well, he, he rightly understood they weren't there to harm him. Yeah, he wasn't concerned. So, you know, when I, when I get out of that, see if you feel the same way. When I get out of that, is that for not everyone, but for a large part of the country, guns are a political weapon. They are, you know, in the holster on January 6th, they are, they are wired by, held by, collected by people who believe that one day they may want to use them to turn the government over, to have another who they may want to use them for some kind of political protest. And, and, you know, guns give you this extraordinary power against someone who doesn't have a gun.  Yeah, take my wallet, take my shoes, it's okay.  How far can you get against a group of people who have guns, they're like a small army or police force? And so, I mean, I really believe that in the minds of those on the right side of the political spectrum, they see guns as a political instrument. They see guns for the day when they're going to take over. And this is what Trump as a, as an autocrat, you know, I don't say a potential autocrat, a real autocrat, this is what he has in his mind. And, and I think he's already shown us that he can do dog whistle and he can get his base fired up literally to use those guns. So it's more than just kids in school. There's more than people breaking into your own with guns. It's, it's a political statement, political weapon. What do you think? I agree with you fully. I interestingly, my highly educated brother made a comment about about the matter and said, well, the only good thing about Americans having guns is if Trump wins and starts, you know, being autocratic, you know, the saying that that the purpose of having the public with a lot of guns is to protect themselves from big brother. So if Trump is running the big brother machine, you're going to have an awful lot of people that don't like Trump and don't like, you know, an autocratic government that will suddenly be less cooperative. They won't be very easy to roll over on. No, but you know what my observation, and maybe it's small, my bubble is too small to see, you know, the larger picture. But I think that the people with the guns are the ones who like Trump and that the others don't have guns. They, they, they, they resist, you know, the, the argument that guns would be helpful to defend themselves. And, you know, this is, this is a problem that the other madness is, you know, you talk about this is madness and it is madness, but why in the world should any person, any civilian in the United States or anywhere have an assault rifle? That's a military grade weapon. That's what you use on the battlefield. As a matter of fact, there are those people that are acquiring and sending them to the troops in Ukraine because it's a, it's a battlefield weapon. Why in the world would we permit anyone to have that? The, the, the leverage in terms of the damage this individual can do is extraordinary. It's built to kill. It's built to kill many people at the same moment. That is an extension of what you said before. That is madness. And yet, and yet here's the thing. Congress in this country, based with that, seeing it in the newspaper, like every other day of a mass shooting somewhere, some unpredictable place, even in rural areas, Congress does nothing. It completely locked up. And the Supreme Court knocked off the assault alone in New York State, which was a great protection to the citizens of New York State.  And the authorities have to let you do that. That affects every state in the country, especially states that are, you know, concerned about sirens. So, you know, you get a side effect of, of the gun scenario. Oh, interestingly, of recent, there's been a bunch of, of what I'd never heard of before called swatting is where somebody phones in, makes a phony complaint that, that somebody's just, you know, the, the prosecutor was just shooting his wife. So you should, you know, have a special raid.  Now, the SWAT teams in Canada are the same, but they're not expecting wherever they go to be as heavily armed as they are, you know, in, in Canada, the SWAT team always has a muscle advantage. So the American SWAT team, you know, is always on edge and trigger happy, you know, hence you get a type of crime. I call swatting a crime that you don't have in Canada at all. Or at least we haven't had yet, you know, but Canada always bandages to have a few copycats of anything that the US does. You know, well, to go, to go to Canada for just a minute, we can learn from Canada. That's one of the reasons I like to do this show with you. We can learn from Canada, not everything, not in all ways. And sometimes Canada, you know, can't teach us something that we should know. But in this case, maybe it can't. So if we could take the best parts of Canada's gun policy plan policy for that matter, what would be to what what is your advice to the United States? Be lofty. Go ahead. Well, first of all, Canada is not perfect.  Canada's bail system is was pretty easy. So everybody was getting out on bail. Well, when once the, you know, post COVID showed that all of the the street population had greatly increased or the homelessness population that the homeless population combined with mental illness, drug alcoholism addiction and drug addiction, you know, they all combined so that, you know, you had an increase in these, what I would call small crimes, but very important ones is somebody just bash a store window and then just stand there to wait for the police to pick them up so they could get a couple of free meals and then be back out in the street the next day.  And I don't know that that is a wonderful sign. I mean, you have probably seen the statistics that the US jail population as a percentage of the per capita is about four or five times what Canada is and way higher than anybody else in the world.  However, I don't know that there's an awful lot that that the US can learn from Canada other than to do with guns, you know, just less guns make some more peaceful, less crime, less terrible crime society. It's a much safer feeling. Yeah, well, you really worry it's it. You got to shoot innocent kids in school on that. And that's of concern to everyone. Just as they can shoot an innocent kid in school, they can shoot you on the street or in the course of some kind of criminal activity. Robert, well, well, you think of just a simple item like you're in a large city and you're going to ride the you're going to commute in the train. So you're sitting in a train chugging long underground somewhere or or above ground on light rail transit. But in the US, if if there's 50 people on in your car, you know, and how many of them are carrying a gun?  We're in Canada, nobody's carrying a gun on that train. You know, what troubles me can I don't know if there's anything we can do about this. But is that, you know, if you keep an issue at the top of the priority of this for a length of time, people become complacent about it. They stop thinking about it. If you keep on feeding, you know, scary raw meat news stories into into the media, to the media, to people, the population in general, they forget about a story that was raw meat here a week or months before. And I'm troubled that the whole notion of gun control, prime control, the improvement of our prison system, and not just the system in general. And we should talk about that, too, if we had time. You know, people people don't put into the top of the priority list. They're interested in what happened yesterday, what the news has been talking about. And sometimes what the news has been talking about is not important relative to public safety, but public safety slips at the bottom. And I think that's what's happened. You know, ideally you'd have the the parents of these kids who were killed, the families of those who were murdered senselessly by people with guns and people who are, you know, deranged on the street. Nobody takes care of them. Nobody treats them the way they should be treated, however that is. And so we forget. And when we forget, we don't write letters to our congressmen. We don't write opinion pieces for the newspaper. We don't send money to the gun control and gun advocate organizations. And so it'll come up again. There'll be a big mass murder in one of these days. But for now, it seems to me like people are complacent and I would bet you five they're also complacent in Canada. They're fairly complacent. I suppose one I would call it major crime difference in Canada is our major politicians don't lie consistently. Like like your point of repeating something over and over, the public becomes immune to it. Trump has has made a career of that, his whole political thing. He can say a lie often enough that his body, his base tends to believe it. And the rest of the public becomes to immune to listening to about it, you know, and they tend to somewhat pass it off and get on with what's happening the next day. That's the problem.  So here we are. Anyway, I wish I could say I'm enlightened or rather elevated in this discussion. But I right now I feel that there's not much happening in terms of gun control, and it's going to continue on for a while, just in the same way. And every few days, we'll see another gun violence episode. But thanks, Ken. Stay safe. Stay, stay on the street. OK, and we'll see. I don't have to worry about that in in Canada. You know, then you can say it to me. Yeah, well, keep your wave safe. OK, we'll talk soon, a couple of weeks. Take care. All right. Bye for now.


The governor of Kaduna state has raised an alarm about the activities of terrorists in the state. Governor Nassio Erufe expressed concern that the terrorists are moving from the North East to the North West with the intention of course in Havoc. The governor expressed worry that the conduct of the 2023 January elections might be compromised in Kaduna state if the security challenges have not been addressed. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


break popping off 2022 Gold Rush Big Cajones Baseball Edition five box case break ran on team number five. So again, live from Atlantic City here in the national. This is another NSCC break. So another promo break knocked off. I think it's a repad product from Gold Rush. It's got some really nice stuff lying out there and those are some of the sell sheet hits there. Again, only one high end baseball card per box. So five boxes only five hits. So good luck guys. Here we go. Here's the dice roll. Here's the customer names. All the way down to Joshua and there's feedbacks down in the nationals. Let's put dice roll it. And we got a two and a five seven times. Two and a five seven. Jason down at Joshua. Five seven five six seven. All right. So Jason has a cardinals. Laura with the dynamics Jason with the men's Nancy with the white tugs. Mark Astro, Brian, Lawrence, Laura, Orioles, Michael with the pirates. We have Jason with the Mariners, Michael with the Royals, Aaron with the Braves, Jeff P with the Blue Jays, Jason with the Tigers, Laura with the Reds, Dennis with the Brewers, Bennett with the A's, Nathan sorry Cubs, Bennett with the Angels, Laura with the Guardians, Jason with the Rockies, Jerry with the Twins, Nathan with the Phillies, Brian with the Red Sox, David with the Dodgers, Jason with the Nationals, Mike Tower with the Rays, Mark with the Giants, Joshua with the Rangers and Yankees. Of course, John, then I'll post up another one right now once I'm done with this break. We have plenty. All right, well if anybody wants to trade, let me I'll repost that right now. At least like another five pic of jeans worth right here. At least. So if you guys want to put us to work. I still need to go back home and get my shirt and help them. So I feel like I don't think Yeah, get around to it.  So, he has to go do a break of kids break the top top speed. What time is that? One. So I gotta hang around here. One or two I think I don't remember. Which box is it? Tier one? It should be. It should be like at least five or six. We might be in a week pack. We're at the shot right now. T WC then. Big bonus. Ronald Acunha Jr. Nice. Gemmin 10. PSA DNA autograph on a nice little rookie card there. So that is Atlanta Braves Aaron Miller. There you go, buddy. I'll see Adam. That just means someone might have been checking out exactly the same time as you. Well, I'll check it out right now once I get done with this man. Everybody's on the website right now trying to buy the same teams probably. Is this one of the cell sheet hits? Wow, it is. How about a Sandy Kofax 1955 tops SGC four, which I believe is one of the cell sheet hits. There you go right there right at the bottom. So, very nice hit there for the Dodgers and that is David Hara. Big boys 007. Look at that man. Cell sheet hitting all. They're so rough to rip man. How about a Ken Griffey Jr. 1989 Bowman. 1989 Bowman authentic autograph from Beckett and Seattle Mariners. That's going to go to Jason K. Christian Yellich 2013 tops Chrome rookie autograph. PSA nine. Miami Marlies. Down to H. Ryan H. That one. What's up man? How are you doing? Good. Good. Good. Gold Rush. Repack. Nice little Sandy Kofax there. And a Jared Kalanick to 25 from Bowman transcendence. That's another one there for the Mariners. Nice little break there for Jason K. All right. There you go. So, Jared Kalanick, Christian Yellich, Ken Griffey Jr. Nice Sandy Kofax and Ronald Cooney Jr. This is a very nice case for you guys. Very nice case. We have another one in stock jaspyscasebreak.com. It is a promo break guys. So, before I go, let me quickly put your names in the list. Big colonists. Yeah, there you go. So, everybody's there in the list guys. This is break number 34 I think. Oh, 33. So, appreciate you guys jaspyscasebreak.com.


I've been with Independence Association for almost 20 years now and the folks that we serve the clients in our community living program come up to Norway Bank because they feel comfortable here. They're treated like family. We may pre-prep them with their bank slips for writing assistance but they come into the bank and they do their own transactions and it helps them maintain independence. We treat each client as individual and you know a huge part of Norway's culture is community service helping out with the community and we want to treat everyone almost like family because when you come in we don't just see you at the bank, we see you out walking on Main Street, we see you at different businesses and we love being involved more than just your banker. We love to be involved as someone, as your friends. Welcome. How was the coffee distance? We are able to help the clients on a daily basis with their banking transactions. They come in and most of them know exactly what they need and they let us know. We help them to get some of our help with these things. Monique Palmer, how are you today? I remember my first day on the job here at Norway Savings Bank when Paula came in and from the moment we met we just interacted and from that point on Paula has always dropped in my office. If I'm not on the tele-line we've talked about my grandchildren, I know she talks to Tracy about her daughter so we always have that contact where we're talking about other things than just banking, we just have that interaction between us. I volunteer at Spindleworks because I really feel like I want to give back to the community and I enjoy the interaction with the clients. I love art so that's another reason why I got into volunteering at Spindleworks. I sit with one of the artists and interact with them and just check and see what they're doing for art and sometimes I'll even do art with them so that makes it kind of interesting for me because they teach me some techniques that I might not know. When we get new clients that come from the agency to our program or even some of the group homes, the clients will come here to bank because they've heard about it by mouth from other clients served in the agency and staff and it's just a great place to go.


Hi, I'm JC Denton. I've got to drop something. Hold on. Bass. Sounds good. Maybe I should try making a lead. You've got 10 seconds to beat it before I add you to the list of the NSF casualties.  It was a good track.  You need your help. JC, why are you calling me right now? It's Ardor. I've never been properly trained in its operation. I guess you haven't seen my tutorials yet. I don't have time for that. I see. You know, I can't really help you personally. Can you tell me anything specific? No. Are you on my community chat? Never tried it. Then you should. It's a great place. There's lots of helpful people there. You can upload sounds and files and screenshots. You might as well tell me the rest. Sure. Go to chat.anfa.xyz. We are using Rocket Chat. It's self-hosted open source, similar to Slack. There's also Discord, but it's untranslatable. Okay. I'm going to send you both links. Thanks. Also, why are you locked in the bathroom? Why?