Okay, so I guess it's time to get started. All right, so the lecture exam is going to be a week from Monday, and there'll be 50 questions from me and then the rest from the other two instructors. And as far as running this review goes, and there's a lot of material to review in an hour, but I thought quite a lot about the exam, and I wanted to go over some general points that I think you should be sure to study. I mean, people have asked me what depth of study they should go into, and I definitely want to reiterate that the book is just a supplementary to the lecture material, so what's on those slides that I've made PDFs of and posted is the material you're responsible for, and the reading was just to augment that to try to help to understand those concepts, rather than if they're new concepts and terms that come up in the reading, you don't need to be able to recall those. So I know that there is some material I didn't get to in the assigned reading, and that's really just to put things in context, rather than to provide you with new information that you're responsible for. All right, so one of the first things I want to mention is, as far as all the different groups of organisms we covered, the major groups that we talked about you should be familiar with. I mean, we talked about these three domains of life, the bacteria, the archaea, and the eukaryotes, eukarya. But we didn't focus on a lot of these groups. The main ones we focused on were the fungi and the photosynthetic groups, and just these main groups are the ones that we talked about, in addition to, of course, land plants. So the fungi, the major groups of algae and the land plants, and we went into more detail than just this, of course. We went into, for example, in the fungi, the major phyla, those five major groups, and in the algae, we didn't talk much detail about the major clades shown here as far as taxa within those, but you should be familiar with the characteristics of these groups that I talked about and be able to, you know, distinguish a dinoflagellate from a diatom or a brown algae from a red algae in terms of the sorts of things we talked about, not beyond that, but those are the, that's the level of detail I'm looking for. I wouldn't be asking you to recall a particular genus or, you know, fine-scale taxon of some kind within those groups, but there was quite a lot of time spent on these different groups, and within the land plants, of course, we talked about bryophytes, vascular plants, seed plants, and then within the seed plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms. So, and within the angiosperms, we spent quite a bit of time comparing the eudaicots and the monocots' characteristics there. So it's that level that we covered in class that I want you to study. Are there questions about that? All right, so as far as the life cycles go, there are a lot of life cycles that were presented in the reading that I didn't talk about in lecture, for example, brown algae in different groups. You know, that's just for your information only, not for, you know, the exam, but I did show this slide and I would like you to remember the sort of general points about life cycles that, you know, these are sexual life cycles we talked about that involve meiosis and fertilization, and it's the relative timing of those two processes that distinguishes these major life cycles, like what occurs in us and other animals compared to what happens in plants and in fungi. So be sure to be comfortable with this material. You know, keep in mind it's whether mitosis is limited to one of the two ploidy stages is critical to interpreting these life cycles too. So unlike us, the plants, you know, have mitosis going on in this haploid phase and they end up with a multicellular body, you know, gametified multicellular organism that's haploid. So that's completely alien to us and other animals, but it's common, of course, in the, common to all the land plants and even to some of the green algae and other groups we didn't really talk about. So are there questions about the general life cycle issues here? So these were the five major groups of fungi we talked about and, you know, I'm not looking for a huge amount of detail here, just what was mentioned in the class, which was fairly limited. I mean, the kittrids are that group that still has some flagellated stages that can swim around as far as the spores and the gametes go, which is unusual for the fungi. And they're the sister to all the other fungi. They're an early diverging branch. And like the zygomycetes, zygomycota, they have synacitic hyphae when they have hyphae that remember synacitic, meaning that the nuclei aren't separated by any partitions or partial partitions in the body of the filaments or the mycelium in general. The same goes with these arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. They're so important with regard to relationships with plant roots. And it's this group that makes up the most of the fungi, the ascomycetes and the basidiomycetes, where we see the septate hyphae. And where you get this interesting situation where plasmagomy and karyogamy, the fusion of the cytoplasm and the fusion of the nuclei, are widely separated in time. And you have this dichariotic stage. Remember, we have two nuclei per segment of each hypha separated by partial partitions. So this is something we just saw in the fungi, right? Just these higher fungi where you have this life cycle, which is otherwise very similar to... Well, it has only the only diploid stage as the zygote, but you have this long period where you have the fusion of the cytoplasm and the fusion of the nuclei, where much of the plant body, for example, of the basidiomycetes is dichariotic, like you can see here with two nuclei per partition. And then they produce these fruiting bodies where you actually get the fusion of the nuclei and myosis occurring right after that to produce sexual spores. So that's... And then also remember that in the fungi, there are these quite a wide diversity of different groups where there's no sexual reproduction that's been documented. And these have been placed in this group, deuteromycota, the so-called imperfect fungi that don't have any known sexual phase. And these are important in medicine, et cetera. But they're an artificial grouping of a lot of different types of fungi. So we did talk about this group as well. And I did mention also the slime molds and the water molds, which aren't true fungi but have been previously treated as fungi. So any questions about fungi that anyone wanted to ask? All right, so one other thing about the fungi, maybe we'll get to it later, but they have a lot of interactions with other organisms, of course. And in addition to being decomposers, parasites and such, they can also be mutualists. Well, they can be in association, regardless of their mode of nutrition, they can be in association with different organisms, like algae, green algae or blue-green algae, in the case of lichens, that mutualistic association that we get. It's important in primary productivity and ecosystems. And also the mycorrhizae talked quite a lot about that, both in terms of fungal lectures and later on talking about roots. Remember the mycorrhizae is an association between fungi and plant roots that is important to the success of plants. I mean, it looks like that establishment of that relationship goes all the way back to the earliest land plants, and so that's quite suggestive that the fungi were pretty important to the success of land plants, and they very much are important for the productivity of plants today. I mean, a lot of plants can survive without the mycorrhizae association, but they don't do nearly as well as they do with it. So that's another thing to keep in mind as far as fungi, that they have really important ecosystem functions. So the algae spent quite a bit of time on the algae groups, and remember the algae are not a natural group. The fungi are a monophyletic group. They grow out the water molds, the olomyceses and the slime molds, and pretty closely related to animals, but here the cellular slime molds and the plasmodial ones are closely related. But remember the algae are scattered. The photosynthetic organisms are scattered throughout the tree of life. There aren't any in the archaea, but we do have cyanobacteria. Remember we're fundamental to the evolution of photosynthesis. They're the ones that really evolved photosynthesis, and it's these other lineages that just captured cyanobacteria. And remember there's this, punitively at least, we can only be sure of one event like that that happened where cyanobacterium was captured by an early eukaryote through phagocytosis, basically just engulfing it. And then later we get the split between the green algae and the red algae followed by the secondary symbiosis where we have unicellular eukaryotes that already possess a cyanobacterium or a plastid at this point in their evolution that's been captured and recruited for photosynthesis in this diverse set of lineages. So are there questions about endosymbiosis? Be sure to study this. This is really pretty novel information. Not so long ago we've been able to determine that various of these lineages represent captures of eukaryotes. So the red algae appears to have been the one secondary endosymbiosis that gave rise to the dinoflagellates, many of which are photosynthetic. And they're a big component of phytoplankton responsible for red tides. Sturminopiles are the other major group. The apicomplexans have lost their ability to photosynthesize. They just have a vestigial plastid. I didn't mention them much except to say that the malarial organism is in this clade. But the sturminopiles include the brown algae and the diatoms and the golden browns. So yeah, there are several groups of photosynthetic algae within that group we call sturminopiles which also includes some non-photosynthetic groups that have presumably lost their ability to photosynthesize. I like the old myseed, those water molds that used to be thought to be fungi. Alright, so in addition to understanding endosymbiosis in terms of this, I'd really like you to study, I presented several slides on the evidence for endosymbiosis. I remember there's a whole series of different lines of evidence that support the hypothesis that I presented. And so you should focus on that data too in terms of understanding what's really behind the hypothesis in terms of evidence. Alright, so the alternation of generations then is the main lifecycle we focused on after we got to land plants. All the land plants have this. And again, we have both multicellular diploid organism and a multicellular haploid organism. Having both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms is diagnostic of this type of lifecycle, this alternation of generations. Remember an animal lifecycle, the only haploid phase is a gamete. It's not a multicellular organism. And in the fungi, the only truly diploid stage was the zygote. That's not multicellular. We have myosis right after that. So this is the main lifecycle we focused on for all the land plants especially. And I showed you this example. It's a bit of an aside in terms of the organism, but just to point out that there are organisms like sea lettuce, which is a green algae where you have very similar haploid and diploid phases. And mainly showed you this example just to make it a little easier to understand this alternation of generations because in the land plants, either one phase or the other is so highly reduced, the gametophyte or the sporophyte that it's often hard to kind of picture those as distinct organisms. But they are. And so remember the sporophyte is the spore producing plant. Spores are produced by myosis. So we go from diploid to haploid here. But unlike an animal where after myosis we have gametes, here we have spores. And spores unlike gametes do not fuse with one another. They germinate to create an undergo mitosis to produce a haploid gametophyte. And so in this case then we're producing gametes by mitosis rather than myosis. Myosis occurred back here. That's totally unlike us in that sense. But the gametes are genetically identical to the gametophyte. And then we have the fusion of the gametes and then the formation of the zygote and new diploid sporophyte. So this is important to remember too that the land plants are intimately related to the green algae. So what we used to call green algae and what we still do today loosely is a paraffyletic group. It's not monophyletic. Some of the green algae are more closely related to the land plants than they are to other green algae. And remember these are freshwater green algae. So the land plants didn't come out of the ocean. They didn't descend from some marine form directly. The conquest of land was via water into the freshwater and then to land. So it's a stepwise process that appears. Okay and so then we talked about these major seven groups of vascular plants. And three of them are considered bryophytes even though it's not a monophyletic group. They're a grade of lineages, the mosses, hornworts and liverworts that I mentioned that have a subset of the features, subset of the adaptations to land that we see in the vascular plants but not all of them. And the main things that we focused on as far as the freshwater green algae. Remember they, even though the sea lettuce which is a marine alga has that alternation of generations, the closest relatives of land plants do not have an alternation of generations. They're only diploid phases as I go. So they just have a, essentially they just have a gametophyte. They just have a haploid phase. And then we see the interjection of a sporophyte in the bryophytes. So these do have a sporophyte but it's highly reduced. But the main plant body is haploid. It's a gametophyte. And so based on this relationship here, the fact that this is paraphyletic relative to the vascular plants, it makes it clear that the features shared by these taxa were ancestral for all land plants. Okay so the bryophytes provide us with some real clues to what the original land plant was like. And the features these lineages share was likely ancestral. So the gametophyte being dominant and the sporophyte being just parasitic and connected to the gametophyte throughout its life, that seems to have been ancestral in the land plants. And these are free sporing plants. These are not seed plants. Remember the seed plants are only down here. And here we have the moss life cycle. So again we have a haploid phase and a diploid phase. But this diploid phase, even though this makes it look fairly extensive, it's just this parasitic, very highly, very minor organism that's parasitic on the photosynthetic gametophyte by this foot here. It's just basically a sporangium on a stalk. So it's pretty minimal as far as an organism goes. It's just a multicellular organism and it's genetically distinct from this gametophyte. Okay so that's the moss life cycle. Are there questions about bryophytes? Yeah I'm going to get to that in just a minute. But it's a worthwhile point to make here too. It's good that you said that because in this particular example from the book, you can see that there is, in this case we have two different types of gametophytes, a female gametophyte and a male gametophyte. Some mosses do show that sort of differentiation between their gametophytes where they have male and female gametophytes. But the spore sizes remain the same and they don't have distinctive sporangia that produce a mega spore that germinates to be the female gametophyte and a smaller micro spore that germinates to be the male gametophyte. So that concept of heterospery is generally discussed only in the context of vascular plants, not the bryophytes. But nonetheless one of the main distinctions between heterosperous and homosperous vascular plants is that in heterosperous vascular plants you have unisexual gametophytes, you have male gametophytes that produce sperm and you have female gametophytes that produce eggs. You don't have bisexual gametophytes that produce both. Okay, so that's, and that's going on here in this particular moss, but some mosses do it this way and some mosses have bisexual gametophytes. Here they can be to some extent, yeah, so that can be true in bryophytes. It's a relatively minor amount of photosynthate they produce compared to what the gametophytes produce. But yeah, that's true. In fact, some of them have stomata. So there are some bryophytes, not liverworts, but there are some sporophytes of mosses and hornworts that produce stomata. So that's an interesting situation too. Sorry. Oh no, not the dates, but it should, one thing that's important to point out though is that it's clear that the bryophytes, basically the bryophyte lineage follows this, if you follow the main backbone of this land plant phylogeny, the bryophytes are early branching here, so the organisms that existed through this part of the tree would have shared the features that all of these three groups have. So the bryophyte biology was in place here prior to the vascular plant biology, the distinguishing features of the vascular plants. So the sporophyte dominance doesn't come into play until after somewhere along this branch. Remember, I did point out that there are some fossil vascular plants that would be somewhere along this branch that have isomorphic alternation and generations where the gametophyte and the sporophyte look the same. So there's a transitional fossil between gametophyte dominance and sporophyte dominance, but none of those plants are still extant. They're way back in the paleozoic. All right, and this is just, you saw this earlier. This is just reiterating the point that I already made that the land plants have both multicellular haploid and diploid generations, whereas that's not true for fungi and animals. They have one or the other. Okay, then we got into the vascular plants. The fern life cycle is the first one we talked about. And in thinking about all of this, you should also be, as you go through the notes, think about the features that we see coming into place within the land plant phylogeny that have potential value for life on land. So things like acutical, and I'll go through some of those in a minute, but just I want to make that point now since we're getting into land plants more that this theme of life on land, keep that in mind as you're studying. And there's a diagram I'll show you in a minute that's helpful with regard to that. But the fern life cycle then is the first one we looked at where the sporophyte is dominant. And I spent a little time talking about the fern morphology. So remember in ferns, the aerial part, the part that's actually above ground is usually just the leaves. And the main part of the plant underground is the stem and the roots. So the stems are typically horizontal except in the tree ferns, which are pretty minor group overall in terms of diversity. And also we talked about how the sporangia are born on these undersides of the leaves in these structures called sorai that are clusters of sporangia and then the sporangia then produce spores. So I want you to be able to keep in mind the scale here in terms of what the spores are inside sporangia, sporangia are inside sorai on the leaves. I mean, you should have some sense of the overall scale or the size of these things relative to one another that's sort of a basic point, but I know it's easy to get confused about what's a spore, what's a sporangium, but the sporangium is a multicellular sac that bears spores. As a gametangium is a multicellular sac that bears gametes on the gametophyte and there are two different types of gametangia. So the antheridium that produces sperm and the archegonium that produces eggs. I mean, that's some basic terminology that applies across these groups that you should be aware of and should be familiar with. And something like sorai, that's a significant enough feature that I would expect you to remember that. But, you know, there's a lot of this terminology comes up again and again. There's a little bit of specific terminology in the ferns that I think, you know, that I focused on that's worth remembering. Questions about ferns? Yeah. Oh, rhizoids. Well, they can serve to anchor a plant to their substrate. They're not so functional in absorption as a root. Roots come into play. That's one of the things mentioned in terms of adaptations to land. In the vascular plants, we have the evolution of roots. We don't see those in the bryophytes, we just have rhizoids. And in the fern gametophyte, we have rhizoids too, but not in the sporophyte. But yeah, they mainly have an anchorage function, not so much an absorption function. The gametophytes can absorb moisture right through the main body, the thallus, as in a bryophyte. So here's heterospery again. And this occurs, remember, in the lycophytes. And some of them, that's what this is, is lycophyte cone from the salagenella, where you can see megaspores on the left and microspores on the right in a microsperangium and a megasporangium. So again, these are spores produced by meiosis from the sporophyte, but it just so happens the sporophyte produces two different types of spores in different sporangia. And these germinate to be female gametophytes, these germinate to be male gametophytes. So we have a separation of function here, less chance for sulfane. And in all these organisms that have this unisexual gametophyte, you have germination, or you have the multicellular gametophyte living within the confines of the spore wall. So they can't emerge to some extent like the pollen tube that grows out in the case of seed plants. The pollen emerges as a tube, but for the most part there's containment within this spore wall for a long period of time. So the heterosperous organisms, which include some lycophytes, a very small number of ferns, which we didn't focus on at all, so it's not really important to remember, but the water ferns and all of the seed plants, all the seed plants are heterosperous. In those we get this development within the spore to some extent. So there are questions about heterospery then. Yeah, no they don't. They don't all have strobolyte, but the ones that we talked about do, because we just really the only heterosperous plants we really focused on much were in the seed plants. I did mention selaginella in the lycophytes, these moss-like plants, which this is, and this does have a strobolyte, but there's something called quillwort, so we didn't get into these isoides that don't have strobolyte, and they actually have the largest of all megaspores. You can see them with your naked eye pretty well, but yeah, oftentimes you do have, generally you have strobolyte or cones. So seed plants then, so in the case of, we went into the pine life cycle, an example of a gymnast sperm life cycle. So remember, we're seeing this trend in the land plants, that's basically, at least in the way that we've looked at these groups. We're seeing progressive reduction of the gametophyte generation and increasing dominance of the sporophyte generation. And in the case of the seed plants then, the gametophytes represent the pollen, in the case of the male gametophyte, so the pollen is the male gametophyte, and it's dispersed in an immature stage, but it's already undergone at least one mitotic division before it's dispersed from the microsperangia or the pollen sacs. And then the megagametophyte, remember, is contained within the ovule. So the ovule, the immature seed, is the home of the female gametophyte and it never leaves that site. So it's never shed from the megasporangium, which is also contained within the ovule. The ovule, when it's early a stage, remember, is just a megasporangium with integument around it, which is a novel structure that becomes the seed coat. It doesn't have a homolog in the early, that we're clear about at least in these other, in the non-seed plants. And went through the stages of pollination and fertilization in the conifer, in the pine. So remember, pollination in the gymnasperms means the pollen is actually landing at the micropiler opening into the ovule. This is different, remember, than in flowering plants. We'll get to back in a minute. But here, pollination means the pollen has to arrive at the ovule itself. So right at the doorstep of the female gametophyte, so it has to get to this point into the pollen chamber and then the pollen tube germinates, more mitotic division, and grows down to the egg inside the archegonium. And then we ultimately have germination, or we have, sorry, we have the fertilization of the egg. And remember, there's just one fertilization event in the conifers, in the seed, in the pines. And then we ultimately get the embryo developing inside here. So remember, there are embryos in all of the land plants. It's in the seed plants where the embryo has this long dormant phase or long inactive phase where the seed becomes desiccated. And remember, I mentioned in the last lecture that ABA, abscissic acid, is involved in preparing the seed for that. But in any case, we have three generations of tissue here. We've got the original parent sporophyte, the diploid tissue on the outside. We have the haploid female gametophyte tissue. That's the nutritive tissue for the embryo, which is the next generation of diploid sporophyte. So diploid, haploid, diploid. Three generations of tissue there in the pine. So there are questions about this. This doesn't require freestanding water. We have very much more sheltering of the gametophytes from the environment. And we have a lot of protection provided now to the female gametophyte and to the subsequent sporophyte generation as well as dispersal protection during dispersal from the parent sporophyte. Okay, any questions about that? So now to the flowering plants. So remember, the flowering plants on the flower is basically a strobalus or a cone. And one of the most important features of the flowering plants differentiating them from the gymnisperms is the carpal or the presence of a pistol comprised of one or more carpals, which are basically leaves that have fused along their margin to produce a chamber in which the ovules are contained. So the ovules are protected from the environment. Pollination involves germination of the pollen away from the ovules on the stigma. And then we have a lot more female selectivity here in terms of, or at least parental selectivity on the part of the parent of these female gametophytes with regard to pollen parent of those gametophyte. A male mate for these female gametophytes and also competition between the males here growing down through the style. Okay, so that's one of the main things I want to mention about. And remember the carpal develops, or the pistol or the carpal develops into fruit, which is another important feature of angiosperms in terms of dispersal, mature ovary, and sometimes other parts, accessory tissues of one or more flowers becomes a dispersal unit oftentimes. All right, and I just mentioned then pollination in flowering plants involving in some sort of attractant or advertisement. So remember, pollination involves minimally an attractant or an advertisement for pollinator if it's animal pollination. There is wind pollination in angiosperms. It's derived from animal pollination. But where we do get biotic or animal pollination, there's an attractant and sometimes there's a reward, but not always. I talked about deceit pollination with fly pollination and the be orchids and there's some other examples too, but usually there's a reward of some kind. And remember, I spent some time talking about different pollination syndromes where there seems to have been co-evolution or at least evolution on the side of the plant with regard to different kinds of pollinators. So you should study those two, those pollination syndromes, for example, like fly pollination, bee pollination, that sort of thing. Questions on any of that? All right, and then again, the male gametophyte and female gametophyte even becoming more reduced in the flowering plants than in the conifers. So the pollen of angiosperms, flowering plants, is only comprised of two cells at the time of dispersal and then later the generative cell undergoes mitosis to give rise to two sperms. So we just have the bare minimum number of cells to make this thing work as an organism to grow the pollen tube and to fertilize both the egg and the other sperm member fuses with the two polar nuclei of the female gametophyte that become the endosperm, the nutritive tissue. So the angiosperms wait to invest in their nutritive tissue until after fertilization has happened. So that's probably a very important innovation in terms of conserving resources until they're needed. Oh, that's the point about reward and pollination. And again, the female gametophyte highly reduced by comparison with the conifer or the pine female gametophyte. Just a few cells, typically about seven and eight nuclei. Again, those two polar nuclei here undergo fusion with one of the sperm to produce the endosperm mother cell that goes on to undergo mitosis to give rise to triploid. And this is triploid tissue, not diploid or haploid, but 3N because two nuclei of the female gametophyte fused with one of the sperms. So you get three genomes together here. And that nourishes the zygote and the developing embryo. So this double fertilization process is thought to be another really important innovation of the flowering plants in terms of waiting to produce the nutritive tissue until after fertilization. Okay, so then I also talked a little bit about fruits. So do study those fruit types. Talked about those different fruit types. And also talked about, so yeah, I mean, there were various types of dispersal. We talked about involving seeds or whole fruits or plants, both abiotic and biotic, both by animal and by physical forces. And I also talked about mechanisms against selfing in flowering plants. I don't have a slide here to show you that, but remember we talked about things like spatial separation of the stigma and the stamens, differential timing of maturation of stamens and pistols, unisexual, evolution of unisexual, or I should say evolution of pistolate function occurring on only one sporophyte and staminate function on another sporophyte, the dioecious condition. Things like that, we make sure to review those important features in terms of minimizing self-pollination, self-fertilization. And this is that figure that I mentioned that shows some of the important changes we see in the land plants. So here we have the bryophytes again. And here are the vascular plants. And here are the flowering plants. So again, the alternation of generations is something all the land plants share. But after the land plants diverge from the green algae, the closest freshwater green algae here, we have gametangia evolving. So archegonia and antheridia, we actually have embryos evolved. So these are all called the embryophytes. That's another name for all the land plants. And remember the true vascular tissue evolved in the sporophytes of the vascular plants. We don't get true vascular tissue in the bryophytes. True roots evolve in the true vascular plants. The bryophytes don't have true roots. And as I mentioned, there is heteroaspir that evolved in other places other than just in the seed plants. But the seed plants evolved from heteroaspirous ancestors. And we have this reduction in the gametophytes eventually resulting in the loss of the antheridia. The pollen doesn't have antheridia. And in the flowering plants, we've even lost the archegonium and we have double fertilization. The carpal here and the evolution of fruit. So that just reiterates some other points already made. Okay, so other things to study. We get into structure here. So you should be aware of the distinction between determinate and indeterminate growth. So stems and roots undergo indeterminate growth. And they have growth from the apical meristem, primary growth that results in lengthening both the apical meristem of the shoot as well as the roots. But leaves have determinate growth. Typically, the meristems and leaves last only a brief time until the leaf is fully formed. And the same goes with the flower. Remember, a flower is a determinate shoot after the pistols are formed. It doesn't continue to develop. It terminates. But indeterminate growth is this whole, what we see, which is so different from animals where have these tissues that continue to be, you know, these growing points that continue to develop. And those include not only apical meristems and primary growth, but lateral meristems and secondary growth of eudaicots, conifers, but not monocots. Remember, monocots don't have secondary growth. So be aware of both types of lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and the cork cambium that are both resulting in thickening growth, increasing the amount of vascular tissue in the case of the vascular cambium, increasing the amount of dermal tissue in the case of the cork cambium. Okay, we don't have much time left. So review cell types and tissue systems. There are just a few of each. And be familiar with those. We've talked about parenchyma, chalenchyma, sclerenchyma, vascular tissue, of which we have a couple of types, phloem and xylem. And those cell types. Modified structures, they talked about, you know, modified roots, modified stems, modified leaves. You should be familiar with those and be able to say which is a leaf, which is a stem, which is a root. And again, the types of meristems, lateral meristems. For example, some of the consequences of secondary growth in terms of, you know, this thickening growth and what there are some slides that have to do with that. I talked about nutrients briefly. So mobile versus immobile nutrients. I'm not expecting you to memorize all of the different macro and micronutrients, but realize there are macronutrients and micronutrients. The casperian strip here in the endodermis and its importance for serving as a barrier to movement from the soil, a movement of solutes and substances from the soil into the vascular tissue. I talked quite a bit about this. Also talked about, well, we already talked about mycorrhizal. We talked about water potential and the importance of water potential in terms of movement of water, free energy of water. So water goes from high water potential to low water potential. It's going to talk about osmosis, very similar principles, and how water is transported in the xylem versus the phloem, remember? It's negative pressure basically that's pulling the water up, whereas here we have positive pressure pushing the phloem through the sieve tubes. So differences between passive active transport versus bulk flow. Remember passive and active transport is movement across a membrane. Bulk flow is not movement within tubes, and we have these two different types here. In photoperiodism, I talked quite a bit about that. So be aware about photoperiodism. You should be familiar with what a short day and what a long day plan are responding to in terms of stimuli to flower. So I have a general understanding also of hormone action. So I talked about the importance of dosage in hormones, the importance of how they can have differential effects on different tissues or tissues of different ages, or the dosage can result in a different effect, and that the balance of hormones is really important. So those were some major points. And also, finally, the major differences between the hormones and their primary action. So I had a list of different types of hormones, and some of the things that those hormones are most important in terms of what kinds of responses they tend to signal. So are there any last questions? But office hours, I'm going to continue to hold them through up to the day of the final. So just come when you can if you have additional questions.


So one important skill is the ability to add, subtract, and later on multiply and divide algebraic terms. Before we discuss the arithmetic of algebraic terms, let's discuss the terms of algebraic terms. We define a monomial term is the product of some numbers, the coefficient of the term, and possibly some variables raised to whole number powers. The degree of the term is the sum of the powers of the variables. Now, in a perfect universe, we would always speak exactly, and we would not never speak using bad English. Unfortunately, we don't live in that universe. And we often omit the word monomial and just talk about the terms of an expression. And so it's useful to remember the word term usually refers to monomial terms, except when it doesn't. So let's find the coefficients and degrees of the terms in this expression. So remember when we say term, we usually mean monomial term. Definitions are the whole of mathematics, so let's pull in our definition of terms, coefficients, and degrees. And let's look for some terms. So this first thing, 5x to the third, is a term because it's the product of some numbers, 5, and some variables, x to the third. And so we can talk about the term 5x to the third, with coefficient 5, the number, and degree 3, the exponent on our variable. What about the next thing, x to the second? Here it's helpful to remember we can always put a factor of 1 in front of any expression. So x squared can be rewritten 1x squared, and now it's the product of a number and some variables, and so it's a term. Its coefficient is 1, the number part, and its degree is 2, the power on the variable. The next thing is the product of a number and some variables, so we have the term 3x to the fourth y. And here another useful rule of exponents is worth remembering, for any x, x to power 1 is equal to x. And so that means the term 3x to the fourth y can be rewritten as 3x to the fourth y to the first. So it will be a term with coefficient 3 and degree the sum of the exponents for plus 1 or 5. The next thing is 5. Here another rule of exponents is helpful to remember, for any x not equal to 0, x to power 0 equals 1. So this means 5 can be rewritten as 5x to the 0. And since 0 is a whole number, this is now a product of a number and some variables raised to whole number powers. And that means that 5 by itself is also a term. The coefficient is the number, 5, and the degree is the exponent, 0. And this brings up a useful definition. 5 is a constant, it has no variable parts to it, and so we define a constant term to be a term with a degree of 0.  Well, this is not the product of a number and some variables, so this is not a term. Remember that in this context, when we talk about a term, we're really looking at a monomial term. We say that two terms are like if they have the same variables to the same powers. And we can combine like terms using the distributive property. We'll go into details in a moment, but the thing to notice here is that using the distributive property, we'll take two like terms and replace them with one term. And this reduces the number of like terms. Which means that if we keep combining like terms, we will eventually run out. And this leads to the following. We say that an expression is simplified if it has no like terms. So, for example, 8xy plus 4xy, quick check, they both have the same variables, x and y, and they're raised to the same powers, both 1. So, 8 times x plus y plus 4 times x plus y, my distributive property says that I can split off the xy and leave the other terms inside the parentheses 8 plus 4. But I know what 8 plus 4 is, that's going to be 12, and so when I add these two expressions, I get 12xy. And this suggests a very useful thing when adding like terms add the coefficients, the variables remain unchanged. Now, it's worth pointing out that while the distributive property holds for both addition and subtraction, additions have two very useful features that mean that we'll always, wherever possible, want to write things in terms of addition. First of all, an addition could be rearranged in any order that we want. And second, if we only have additions, we don't have to worry about the parentheses, we can just drop the parentheses. So, a plus b plus c, well, that's just a plus b plus c. So, let's take a look at 4x plus 7y plus 3x plus y. So, while we don't need to do it, we can rearrange the addition in any order that we want to, so let's rewrite this so our like terms are at least close to each other. When we add like terms, we want to add the coefficients. So 4x plus 3x will be 4 plus 3, that's 7, and the variable remains unchanged, x. 7y and y are like terms, but there's a problem, y doesn't appear to have a coefficient. Well, actually it does. Remember, we can always include a factor of 1 in any term. So x is equal to 1 times x, y is equal to 1 times y. And so now my y terms have coefficients 7 and 1, and I'll add them together to get my coefficient of the sum 8. And so my sum is going to be 7x plus 8y.


Hello everyone! This is Amit Dan of AmitDan.com. If this is your first time here or a repeat visit, thank you for your support. On this channel, I'm always trying new and different ideas. If that is something you're interested in, please visit for more. If you're only interested in 21 videos, there will be links in the description box below. Today, I'm taking to the Toronto's Downtown Eaton Centre Mall, which reopens first time after the second lockdown order or after moving this day forward. And this is the first weekend. So I was just curious to see if it's crowded or how many people are visiting. So the line-up is okay, not too bad. I'm just in line for about 15-20 minutes. And then once I went inside the mall, it was not crowded because they're not running at their full capacity. So you'll not see too many people overcrowding everywhere, but some of the stores, for example Apple Store, all of it was a security store. I saw a long line-up just to enter the store. And I saw actually lots of security keeping an eye on everything to make things in order. And then I had a quick walk through the mall or throughout the mall across different floors. And in this video, that's what you'll see. And I'll show you some scenes I took in the downtown around Eaton Centre so you can see that too. So thank you for watching this video. There will be more videos coming up. I'll see you shortly. Thank you.


We really not having to involve TSA pre and today's celebration Yeah, TSA free interviews those I don't know about you But I was a little stressed out when I got mine because they really made it and I did mine in New York City They really made it seem like you know, I was a terrorist somehow even though I Know what you mean because well first of all you have to schedule three months in advance Or you did which is why even though I was premiering a new show that day I was like, you know what I'm not gonna skip this And then they're like so you went to Malta Why? Really? Yeah I mean, it's not People go to Malta Yes, but why Sarah? Well, I don't know.  You wind a bird Chronicles fan, and that's why I Actually had a really good answer because it was an EFA event so that and it was the kind of thing where I'm like, oh, well, there was a Tech conference called EFA. They were having a press event there and that immediately it was like, oh, okay Got it that's acceptable Well, I was honored to be on the first show and I'm honored to be here again. Thank you very much Thanks. Thanks for making the time to do this. It's it's pretty great. My pleasure I'm just gonna let you tell us all about cars in the in the main topic sure What should I get Roger wants to know Cars and routers I I Forget about routers. I was I was hearing on no cello cast this weekend Bart Bouchotte's was was talking about his routers And replacing routers, and I'm like gosh, I just I should pay more attention to routers, but I guess that's a good thing That I don't need to anymore like I have a router that updates its own firmware So I don't have to go in and do it used to be I have to actively manage my routers As I was cleaning my office I found like four or five old routers that were just you know, I've upgraded one I put on the shelf Okay, I'll eBay this later and yeah, so I've got a collection of routers in 20 or 30 years I can submit them to some technology I What I moved into my apartment now I had to update my router because it was some speed plan that my airport extreme That was quite long in the tooth. It just wasn't going to deal with Yeah, exactly. So which is fine it it has Given me zero issues, but yeah the airport back in over the years you'd have to go in there and mess with it It would just I don't have to I stopped using an airport a long Yeah When it worked it worked fine, but it it it it got a little squirrely at times. Well, are y'all ready? Yeah, yeah Let's get roll on here in three. Oh wait, I almost forgot how I do this Wait, how do we do this? Asking the wrong persons Okay Yeah, cuz I do want to start at a particular time for reasons Although I don't know if those reasons are speaking. All right, here we go three two Joe Coontz has supported independent tech news directly for five years be like Joe become a DTNs member at patreon.com DTNS This is the Daily Tech news for the fifth year in a row Wednesday, January 2nd 2019 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt and from studio feline I'm Sarah Lane and I'm the show's producer from the outskirts of LA Kenny Five years ago today We launched to this show and our guest on that day was mr. Tim Stevens And I'm very pleased that Tim was able to come back more. I mean he's been on in between as well But but five years later to help us celebrate. Thank you Tim. Thank you for having me Tom It's definitely an honor to be here. I'm glad things have gone so well for five years It's been great to watch the show all this time and yeah, I'm honored to be back Thank you. Honestly, if you'd asked me on that show five years ago if we were going to be here five years later I don't know whether I would have been able to honestly say yes, but I'm very glad we are and We have lots of cool stuff to celebrate our five-year anniversary Including some merchandise for our patron supporters and more we'll talk about that in a little bit But the reason we've been here for five years is because we start with a few tech things you should know Net applications estimates that Windows 10 held 39.22% of desktop OS market share in December while Windows 7 Finally fell behind to 36.9 percent Windows 10 was released 3.5 years ago Windows 7 came out 10 years ago Microsoft will and extended security updates for Windows 7 on January 14th 2020 now I hope you enjoyed our special episodes over the holiday break But you know we we have been off for a little while and a couple weeks ago fierce wireless reported that AT&T I gosh I just hate it when companies do this T-Mobile did it with 4g AT&T is changing the LTE indicator on its Android phones some of its Android phones to say 5g Instead of LTE when connected to a 5g evolution tower 5g evolution is not 5g 5g evolution is a marketing label for a bunch of LTE Technologies like carrier aggregation 4x4 MIMO stuff like that. It does provide faster service Actual 5g service from AT&T will show up on your phone as 5g plus Well, Tom, maybe this will make you happier Roku announced it will offer premium video channel add-ons to its free Roku channel offerings will include Channels like Showtime stars and noggin Roku channel streaming service and any add-ons you buy will also be available on the Roku mobile app Oh, that does make me happy. Thank you. Okay, let's talk a little bit more about Science Ars Technica reports on a paper published in the journal plus one Showing that Facebook users on average in their study said they would have to be paid more than a thousand dollars a year If they're to stop using Facebook now It's you're gonna want you're gonna want to take potshots at this, but this is a really well done study They wanted to find out how much is this actually worth to you Facebook if we paid you to stop using Facebook How much would it take now people could say well give me a million dollars, right? So to make it realistic, they primed them They did training questions before they introduced the Facebook question.  We're really gonna do this. They also use something called second price auction Which meant that no matter what you bid The second lowest price would be the price that got paid So that you you knew you shouldn't try to skew it by saying you're gonna have to pay me a ton of money It that's an it's it's I can't really explain it well but statistically that's a very good way to keep values real and Then the respondents who won the bids really did have to quit Facebook for up to a week It was one day three day or a week periods and were in fact paid by the study So that all of this was a way to get an accurate number and generally I mean, we aren't talking about a thousand dollars a year in practice in the study They were saying things like, you know, okay four dollars for a day five dollars for a day fourteen fifteen dollars for three days Thirty seven forty dollars stuff like that for a week But it was the amounts would end up being a thousand dollars a year and and I think the point of this is People say they will delete Facebook and don't we know that and people really do when when push comes to serve Find it difficult to want to quit Facebook for multiple reasons This really feels like an episode of black mirror that's kind of escaped into the real world Right people wanting or needing that much money or needing that much incentive to give up this website. That's That's really disconcerting. This is a bad way to start the year off Tom Well, I know what you mean a lot of them say it's because of work It's because of their livelihood they they communicate with their boss. They communicate with their customers There's there's family issues for a lot of people. So there there are those situations where people like oh, yeah I could do without most of Facebook, but ooh if I really had to go without it There is that one thing that I have to have it for I mean, that's always been my excuse Facebook can be infuriating to me at times, but I always say well, but it's a promotional tool and it helps Yeah, I kind of keep in touch with people from home and family, but it's more so that I feel like I need it for work the Incentive of getting a thousand dollars to not use Facebook for a short period of time is pretty nice though a year I mean, I'm sorry Well, okay, but it's you know, not forever either And probably at the end of it you'd figure out other ways to to to connect with those folks. I Think I could do it. I Think I could do The US FCC approved Google's radar based motion sensor known as the solely project the chip tracks hand and finger motions at high speed with Accuracy it can allow users to control vices devices rather just by touching them No need for knobs or switches or even touch screens The project received a waiver to operate at higher power levels than usually allowed and will be allowed to use on planes as well Yeah, Facebook had actually put in a protest about the higher power usage But came to an agreement which I think means that Facebook will get similar waivers for some of their wireless projects You know things like Oculus go and stuff that they want to use but it's not even just touch free It also could do with watches like be able to sense your motion above the watch So you wouldn't even have to touch the watch great for accessibility in in multiple situations and and really could Revolutionize how we interact with devices And moving to radar. I think is an interesting thing We've seen Technologies from companies like elliptic labs using sonar and acoustic technologies that tend to be very short range But radar should allow you to go much further away from the device Which could mean you could put something like this in your living room for example and control smart devices by pointing at them There's also an automotive application to BMW has some really simple gesture technology in their car But it's based on a camera built in the roof of the car And everybody wants cameras, you know pointing at them all the time going with something like this would allow you to track gestures Without having to worry about it, you know a camera being pointed at you all the time with all the security ramifications there This is this is one of those developments that I think is going to It's gonna take a while to work its way into the marketplace And when it does the first one is gonna feel kind of gimmicky But I wouldn't be surprised if a few years down the road This is a regular way that we interact with stuff, especially in the home and in the car I don't think it replaces touchscreens Any more than touchscreens have gotten rid of keyboards But I think this is going to be a pretty normal way we interact in the future. Yeah, I don't agree The USB implementers forum has recommended implementation of the USB type-c Authentication program now with this a recommendation It'll probably go through but it isn't through yet If it gets adopted the program would require cryptographic based authentication authentication for USB-C devices and chargers so Devices like your phone could be set not to charge or exchange data with anything plugged into them that isn't implementing the standard PCs could be set to only allow connections from verified USB-C devices. So the first place my mind went to was I never Plug in to any of those public USB ports in airplanes or airports or hotels Because I don't know what's on the other side of them unless I have a cable that I'm sure is power only This would allow me to feel a little more safe doing so Because it would be a standard that I could look and say okay Is that is this really an authentic port now granted people could swap that out and and that could be a problem But it would cut down on misuse I totally agree. I am a little bit concerned though We're adding another standard on top of USB-C and different implementations of this could mean that you might have more Cables that are incompatible with more devices and it's already a bit of a landmine Or situate a landmine field right now with USB cables trying to buy the right ones for the right amperage for the right devices And now if we're adding another standard on top of that It might get even more complicated this you know USB-C world was supposed to be you know every cable for every device and It's rapidly showing me that it's not really going to be that way I Don't know. I think those of us who work with multiple devices feel this and kind of over index it I'm not trying to say it isn't a problem But I don't think it's going to continue to be as much of a problem as it has been Hopefully hopefully it'll work itself out as more devices get USB-C This would be a protocol that would let you know if something is safe and I feel like that that it doesn't introduce the kind of complexity that you're talking about as much it basically says Hey, you can you can look for a device and make sure that it's it's cryptographically protected or not Yeah, I hope not. Yeah, it wouldn't mean that every device is cryptographically protected though That's for sure. So it doesn't introduce that kind of complexity Netflix has removed the second episode of Patriot Act with Hassan Minaj from its service in Saudi Arabia after receiving a government order to do so in the episode Minaj Criticized Saudi Arabia's crown prince also the war in Yemen clips of the statements are still available on Netflix's YouTube channel in Saudi Arabia However, yeah, and Netflix says they haven't it's not that they're refusing to take those down They haven't received a request to take those down only the actual episode on Netflix, which is interesting I don't know if Saudi Arabia just isn't concerned with YouTube or if they Get to it yet It is illegal in Saudi Arabia to criticize the crown prince But I mean it's it's a different world to think of for most Western countries where it is illegal to stop us from Criticizing government officials, right? We have free speech protections Saudi Arabia is a more traditional absolutist monarchy And it is illegal there to criticize the crown prince So and Netflix is just following the law But a lot of people are criticizing Netflix for following the law and saying you should resist this and if and if they will Not budge. You should not do business in Saudi Arabia Yeah, and there's certainly an increasing trend against doing business in Saudi Arabia Certainly a big push against companies who do so and you know This is just another factor that major major massive story that's continuing to build and we'll continue to build through 2019 It's certainly one of the biggest stories in 2018 But yeah, I think it's a little bit difficult to expect Netflix to make a major change or you know to be kind of this This bellwether against this this oppressive regime, you know, they're a content company They simply want to do business there and certainly we can't expect every company to stand up against everything that we don't like Everywhere around the world. It's it's a difficult situation Yeah, I I I don't know that there is an answer that would please everyone, right? You're either on the side of the fence that says Netflix shouldn't Cooperate with the government that does things that I disagree with it Or there's there's the side that says Netflix should follow local laws wherever they are They should they we would want them to respect our laws that are different from other countries in the US And of course they should respect laws in other countries And then there's probably people like me who are on the fence saying well I understand that Netflix might feel like it can do more good operating in the country and and following the letter of the law and Pushing these sort of things out to see what will actually stick And which ones won't the crown prince is a very controversial character right now especially in regards to the controversy around the death of a journalist and Some people attributing him as the responsible agent Saudi Arabia says that that is not true But it's it's it's tricky and so you know Netflix even having one episode of a samanage or having had the second episode up for a while Arguably could be more effective than on operating in the country at all. I don't know that I'm arguing that I'm just saying Hey folks if you want to get all the tech headlines each day in about five minutes be sure to subscribe to daily tech headlines Com all right 2018 automotive news was dominated by self-driving cars And Elon Musk Is that a fair summarization do you think Tim? Yeah, I think so and the news of course wasn't always good Especially in those two two topics with self-driving cars Of course, we had the unfortunate uber fatality early in the early in the year I think it was in March which was a terrible story from the beginning to end and ultimately Caused a lot of problems for the company and and for the autonomous industry as a whole. But yeah, certainly Elon Musk Doing lots of Elon Musk things through 2018 was a huge story as well in 2019 I hope we'll be a little bit more about about the hardware about the cars about the technology and about the business Yeah, so so break it down for us is 2019 going to be All all more autonomous cars do folks who like driving have a reason to be excited this year You know, I'm sure most of us will still be driving our own cars in 20 Yeah, definitely the vast vast majority of us said this time next year We'll still be driving our own cars But one of the big stories though will be Waymo stepping forward Waymo has Sort of officially launched their service in the broader Phoenix area kind of at the last minute in 2018 They flip the switch and allowed people to actually start Using their service there in the Phoenix area and I was able to go down and actually ride that service So they'll be continuing to expand that in the greater Phoenix area through 2019 And they're also looking to launch that in the Bay Area as well Doing some rides in the broader San Francisco area whether or not that happens this year remains to be seen But it will be a continual gradual rollout where we'll see more and more areas added in and there may not even be releases on all these Things may just kind of happen quietly That will grow through the course of this year But still it's gonna be very very limited through even through the end of this year My criticism of the Waymo rollout in Arizona Was that it really wasn't any different than the beta program. Yeah, it was still restricted in who could use it The only difference was now they had to pay And they could talk to other people about it, you know, they lifted the NDA Right, it wasn't much of a step forward if they expand to new markets, though I feel like that's significant We're still we still got safety drivers and all this stuff though, right? Yeah, I totally agree It was the softest of soft launches will put it that way But I do like that those riders are no longer under NDA I'm really looking forward to hearing more from those riders experiences and ultimately, you know How it's impacting their lives because that's one of the bigger things that we don't actually know that much about But yeah, everything they do have safety drivers in the car And they've always had operators in the car But they have been for quite a bit of the testing in the passenger seat But according to Waymo that was actually making their riders nervous having nobody behind the wheel So they moved them back over in my rides They never had to take over the car was completely autonomous and the operatives just sitting there watching basically But certainly, you know as we're looking to get people to feel more comfortable in these cars You know, I think that ultimately companies should be pretty conservative and do whatever they need to do To make people feel like this is a safe environment Is this something that's just going to keep inching forward and it's going to be years before most people even see the opportunity for this? Much less cars that won't have safety drivers in them. Yeah, sadly, so it's not going to be an overnight kind of thing We're going to see cars get more and more and more smart You know, we're already seeing the beginning of that technology in cars now where cars can kind of steer themselves on highways and limited Situations Tesla of course had a lot of fame with autopilot on the highway But a lot of other companies now Nissan and Audi and Mercedes-Benz all have comparable technologies On the road right now and it's not, you know It doesn't seem like a big step from there to a fully self-driving car But of course its orders of magnitude more complicated But we're beginning to see the foundations and the technologies put in cars more more cars for example are Instituting infrared cameras that can watch the driver to see if you're actually paying attention And that's actually a pretty big part of the equation too Because for a long time we're gonna have cars that will be able to drive themselves in limited situations But they'll need to hand control back to the driver So that means the car will need to know if you're even paying attention And so we're beginning to see cars that can now make that distinction See if you're actually looking at the road and that then leads us to the next step of cars That can completely drive themselves in some situations and then at that point will get broader and broader in those situations They can drive themselves. Yeah, if that feels like the truth to me That feels like what's a little more likely to happen is yeah The cars will just slowly take over more and more of the driving Until we suddenly realize one day. Oh, I guess I don't really even need to be in here In the driver seat anymore But as someone who enjoys driving I actually am really looking forward to this because we've all had those long highway crawls Or we've all been stuck in traffic. Certainly you guys in LA, you know, that's that's just just no fun There's no way that even if you're sitting in the most exotic sports car on the planet Mm-hmm traffic sucks and so every car at some point should have the option to drive itself And I'm really looking forward to sitting next to one of the most exotic sports cars on the planet while I'm in my 2002 Prius But there are fun cars coming to market this year And ultimately I think one of the biggest stories is going to be that this is the year That tesla sees the strongest competition that it has seen yet We've certainly seen plenty of other EVs on the market But by and large the EVs that have been on the market this far have been pretty relatively low cost Kind of economy car hatchback kind of cars that sort of thing For the first time really we're going to see a number of premium electric cars hitting the market And those are going to be really going right after tesla's bread and butter And so that's really a big question of how exactly will tesla compete when outy and Porsche and mercedes-benz and jaguar all have premium EVs on the road outies will be first Their e-tron is coming to market in the first quarter of this year Porsche's ty con will be coming to markets this year as well. And then the mercedes-benz eqc Will be hitting the market in europe and they're coming to the us in early 2020 All of these are going to be, you know, really nice cars made from brands that you've heard of before with dealerships all over the place Reliable cars nice cars Funded drive cars too. And so they should again really be competing directly against tesla Against all the factors that tesla has been playing on for years now So now the question becomes has tesla moved far enough fast enough to stay ahead of these companies Or will these companies be able to move more quickly now because they've got, you know, 100 years of experience behind them I mean, is it it might be too much to say this is a make or break year for tesla since that's been said every year But this this is the year where, you know tesla Broke its own production records, you know, it finally did get its production up in q4 of 2018 It didn't help their stock price any but but you know, at least it had good news on that front That was one of their weakest points dealerships might be another one And like you say the differential for tesla up till now has been hey want a sports car with electric Want a suv with electric tesla's your only option? Well, now you've got an outie suv You've got a Porsche take hand. You've you know, you've got the cars with extreme range The What does tesla have left to differentiate itself on right now? It's really just range And I think that's one of the things that these other companies are going to struggle with a bit We've not gotten official epa ratings for any of these cars yet because that's a pretty lengthy testing process But i'm expecting that they'll all be in the low 200 range to a 225 to 200 miles of range for all of these cars And you know, I think Porsches will be a bit higher But but even so that's quite a bit less than my lesser my legs, which will offer you more than 300 miles of range Their reasoning for doing so is pretty complicated typically their batteries are a little bit smaller because they have more crash protection around them These companies are also being a little bit more conservative in how they use the batteries With the hope of making the battery packs last longer And that's definitely been one of the complaints about a lot of tesla owners or from tesla owners Is that they keep having to get their battery packs replaced because they keep shorting out? And that's not good at all So, you know, these companies who've been around forever, they know that they need to have a reliable car coming to market So that's going to be a big change for for them too And then the question will be, you know, are you willing to deal with only 215 miles of range? Let's say versus a tesla that can do 300 Do you really need 300 miles of range? Um, those are going to be a lot of things that people are going to have to think about but Ultimately, you know, the warranties on these vehicles should be very good And they're going to be priced very aggressively in many cases actually cheaper than tesla's So, you know, if you can buy a Porsche for a comparable price to model s or even less than a model s A lot of people will choose to Porsche. I think and indeed Porsche has actually surveyed some of their earlier orderers A lot of them are actually coming from tesla. So that's that's going to be an interesting scene to watch Now, I'm sure tesla will have something to tease us with all year long That we'll keep wondering when they're going to deliver on what's it going to be? Yeah, it'll be model y so model y is going to be their small crossover suv You know the model s came first and the x was the larger suv that was similar in size to the s We've got the model three now model y should be the next thing that we see teased That will not be coming to market. We don't think until 2020 But I do think that we'll be seeing some more information about that This year that they've also got a pickup truck coming So we may see some teases of that and of course the roadster We've already seen the new roadster pretty extensively That's again not coming to market until 2020, but I'm guessing we'll see some Some more details on that and maybe maybe if I get lucky It might actually get a chance to take one of those for a spin this year But I'll I'll keep my fingers crossed on that one. Well, uh, usually CES these days has a lot of announcements Maybe not so much on models, but but definitely on technology So, you know, is there anything you're on the lookout there before we wrap up? Yeah, tesla will not be showing us anything at CES But certainly a lot of other companies will and from what we're seeing thus far A lot of the news is actually going to be on the component side things So a more powerful lidar systems for autonomous cars Radar systems smarter interior systems for more more processing power for higher resolution displays things like that So a lot of these things again helping these cars inch their way towards autonomy But we should expect to see the new Nissan leaf EV That'll be again a low-cost EV they've they just refreshed the leaf last year But they've got a bigger battery pack coming And so we'll see all the details of that at CES here and just oh gosh just a week away Yeah Week from today we'll be coming back from CES the DTS team. So it's kind of crazy to think about Oh boy also crazy But wonderful as everyone who participates in our subreddit You can submit stories and vote on them at daily tech news show reddit.com help us make our show better Please also at facebook.com slash groups slash daily tech news show All right, let's move on to the thing of the day Chris christensen the amateur traveler is here our first story in 2019 a new kind of scanner at the denver colorado airport This is chris christensen from amateur traveler with another tech in travel minute Next time you're at the airport, especially an airport in the u.s And particularly denver you may go through an interesting and different scanning system The most noticeable thing about the system is that you don't have to go in this little booth and raise your hands Your arms will be down but more importantly This is a faster system It's the next generation of the body scanners and it also Uses a type of non ionizing radio frequency energy that emits less radiation than a cell phone So it is probably also safer. We'll see how long it takes to roll that out I'm chris christensen from amateur traveler I'll see because uh five years ago today. I applied for tsa pre I don't usually have to go through that scanner, but if I if I do for some reason that'll be very nice All right, let's check out the mailbag. Let's do it. This one comes from shan and it's in response to Quite a few stories We had especially towards the end of the year and and the idea of cashless societies And how they differ depending on where you are in the world Sean says I recently spent eight days in denmark in sweden in total all the cash I used the entire trip was five danish kroner. That's not very much This was a cash deposit refund in an amusement park for recycling my plastic drink cup between an amix and a visa I didn't have to withdraw cash anywhere. One bar even had a cards are queen sign It didn't accept cash at all. I was super happy not to have to pay for convert and access my bank funds I think the discussion points around this are number one How many places in the world are beyond cash number two? What are some merchants and consumers in the us again? Why are some uh merchants and consumers in the us against going cash free? I think there might be some eu law about transaction fees that could be part of the reason I did get charged a little more for not having an eu at issued credit card And number three with europe so focused on privacy and transparency and data tracking Why are they so willing to give all their purchase information away in the us people use cash? So they aren't tracked if I I am ignoring the don't spend what you don't have portion of the equation Of course in the you though everyone seems to be happy to use a card for everything Yeah, um, I don't know man I'm I'm finding it more and more common that I can use my phone to pay for stuff here too Like I think we're I think we're catching the wave finally. We're getting closer. Yeah, we're getting closer for sure I mean I can pay with my phone at the gas station now. That's that's a sign to me Hey guys, uh, we got another email from an anonymous person who works at amazon and wanted to clarify the human error statement regarding the gdpr information that was incorrectly disclosed remember that story from late last year Where somebody got set the wrong information? This person says i'm not part of that team But I understand the wording of the press release what they mean with human error is that a step was manual At amazon we try to automate everything so what happened is that a step of the process was manual That's why it's human error if there was an error in the automated process The press release would have probably read something like there was a problem in our process so there you go Little uh little cremationology for amazon press releases insider info. Yeah Well, thanks anon and also thanks to shan and also thanks to tim stevens for being with us Thanks, sir. Lane rest of 2019. How does it feel? Uh feels pretty good so far. We'll see how things go Where can folks keep up with all your amazing work? Otherwise, uh, you can find me on twitter at tim underscore stevens I'm tim stevens with no special characters on instagram and of course the roadshow.com We've got a big tesla feature coming up on friday, so I highly recommend you stay tuned for that It should be a good one Yeah, uh, be on the lookout for all that good coverage at cnet.com slash roadshow Or what was the the other address the roadshow.com works to the roadshow.com Also, uh out of habit it makes me want to say cnet.com slash ces since I did that for years I'm sure that's going to be working real soon.   We really appreciate it We're also live monday through friday if you can join us live Please do so for 30 p.m. Eastern 20 130 utc and find out more at daily tech news show dot com slash live Back tomorrow with justin robber young talk to you then This show is part of the frog pants network get more at frog pants dot com I'm in club. Hope you have enjoyed this bro Good show you guys. Yeah, thank you. Very good. Very good show Good stuff tim. I actually have a lease ending in a couple of months and I was going to ask you If you were if you were a budget consumer Such as myself, what would you go for? Yeah, I think we were talking, uh, honda crv or hrv last time I think yeah, you know dogs were a concern I think the the if you're looking for a little bit smaller crossover the hrv is a really good pick Um, the seats in that I think are are really good for dogs or the honda fit if you don't need to go the crossover route I think is a really good choice to Again, nice low floor and the seats fold up which is good for getting cargo into or pups or anything else Um, those are pretty good as well Or if you want to go the more sedan route the the civic or the corridor are really really great too So a lot of choices in there. I think you can't go wrong. All right honda family. It is Yeah, I think so Good Yeah, a neighbor of mine just got a crv and you know, the body has changed so much more Kind of bulbous than it used to be it used to be real boxy and now it's it's quite ready. They're nice looking cars Yeah, they are uh, and the hrv I think feels a nice gap between the the crv and and the smaller crossover range So that's that's more like a stretched lifted fit a little bit and then the fit is fit It's kind of their hatchback thing which we had a honda fit for I think 10 years and that was Completely bulletproof had no issues at all with it and and again, you know Having the the seats fold up when you've got a couple muddy dogs. We often do was really nice You fold the seats so they come in they don't get the upholstery all covered. Uh, that was pretty great too So yeah, I I definitely highly recommend those And again, I think the the ridgeline too if you're thinking more with uh the truck side of things But yeah, I think the hrv crv or fit somewhere in there should probably fit you pretty well all right, well Thanks for the uh The nudge of encouragement. Sure. Happy to have you have any other questions. Feel free to drop me a line. I'm happy to Have a discuss further That was great. That was awesome info. Yeah, roger. Do you know what you're gonna get now? uh, no because Because you gotta see yeah, I gotta see what just see what monies are available Oh, it's probably one of those things where I get her heavier and bigger It won't fling food around the car. Gavin SUVs no, it's not here. I hear the crossover. I'm going with crossover. Yeah car that's slightly lifted with all-wheel drive But it doesn't have the lower Like we have a we have a four-wheeler that has a you know standard four-wheel drive Transfer case with a four-wheel drive low. So like when you descend the hill, you're not like barreling out of control Um, but don't don't need that Like most people most people would probably be fine with all-wheel drive because they just want to get through the snow Yeah, and most all-wheel drive systems and crossovers these days are pretty efficient They operate front-wheel drive most of the time So you don't take that big of a hit for fuel economy And uh, yeah, they operate really well and they're nice to drive and they will get you through the snow too Um, yeah, but there's a lot of great crossovers on the market now. The xc 40s are really really fun car I've got one of those right now. I actually am testing from Volvo Um, but yeah, there's you know, everybody knows that there's a lot of gold in the crossover hills So everyone's building those things and and they're all really good Yeah, my my main concern is Like my my 2006 Toyota Camry. I love it because it's so cheap to maintain like oil chains You know just lube the cv joints and you're done Like but with like all-wheel drive you got to got to do the rear differential and maybe the viscous coupling or It's like there's just so many things to oil Yeah, it shouldn't be that bad. I mean, I think super I don't recommend about 80 000 miles I think for the rear diff something like that and I think honestly A lot of more passenger cars probably aren't even that often so super move to like all cvt transmissions Yep, yep, even the wrx respect is going to go there before too long. So yeah, it's it's unfortunate. That's why my super is they're both old Like how do they like on the wrx? How do they how do they get the torque without breaking the cvt? Yeah, that's what we're waiting to see But I think I think the the manuals days are numbered for the super. I'm sorry this time Yeah, well, I'll go with electric then electric bring it on. Yeah, absolutely a lot of great choices are too That will be our title too 2019 will be electric Great, I just got an email saying that cnet is hosting a party at ces featuring run dmc Oh fun Got us in it's at drays beach club. Oh, are you guys on the list? Oh, yeah, I uh got us on the list. Oh, nice. Are we gonna see run dmc? Oh next tuesday, what fun maybe It might be fun. I've actually seen them in concert. Um, and it was really fun. Actually, that was a long time Maybe I'll see you guys there Maybe so All right, I'm gonna drop off. Thanks again for having me and again. Grats on five years. It's really been great to watch this So much and maybe we'll run into you at the show floor or I certainly hope so. Yeah Be great to see you. I'll get on we'll keep an eye or maybe we'll watch run dmc together That sounds good too. Although. I probably won't be there very late because I don't stay up late. I'll see You're talking to three early I go to bed at eight All right We'll see you before the show starts then. All right. Thanks, Tim. Good night everybody. Thanks again. Bye That Run dmc Why did I see run dmc? What was that? Oh, uh, Not slims bimbos remember bimbos in san francisco Yes down in down in north beach, you know, there'd be like little tech shows there every once in a while There was some I don't know some tech company Was Putting on something. I don't remember what it was. This is a while. This is like 10 years ago Maybe even more and yeah, they played there What's it part of when uh, the big dot com I think it was part of macworld if I remember correctly Kind of back in the day when macworld You know apple was still involved and yeah, there were sort of parties around town Yeah If I if I remember correctly, that's what it was Is it bio cal that does the buttons for yes? I will text I noticed some creative Because when I create the new doc the doesn't transferred over so that's that's me just mimicking it Oh, you were doing it manually. I see Uh, no, we just need to install that script It's not it's not installed in the uh in the new version because when you make it when you copy a document and only copies the contents Oh, yeah, no, I'm but I'm not I'm not familiar at that Uh, I added him to that rundown. So he should be able to go in and make it happen if you want Otis, do you know how to write scripts? He says no, I don't know how to I don't know how to do that Oh, you know, he was we were in one of the pearl scripting channels over the holiday break me and Otis just Oh, really? Why is he pretending that he doesn't know scripts now so he can get treats.  Yeah Mom, I don't know what to do stuff. I don't know how to do it Little did I know he was writing pearl scripts all weekends I just want to write 2019 I um 2018, I mean that sounds like 2019 would would be correct It sounds so weird to me somebody made a joke. I don't know it was on twitter or something made a joke about like Well next year is 2020 and so it's going to be the roaring 20s All over again, and I was like wow, it's so weird to think of it that way Right because I mean I feel like the 20s almost the 20s that much in the past when I was growing up, right? I mean it was before I was born obviously, but right, but yeah, it's you know, we have photographic evidence and Yeah, they're movies and yeah, yeah Yeah, that's what all the bad stuff happened I'll tell you what I had more time. I would 30s were more I think depressive Yeah 20s were what prohibition and lots of bathtub parties a lot of charleston and flappers That too. Yeah, they were roaring because the economy was roaring Right, is that is that what it I never really parties and you know, yeah It was the great Gatsby Yeah, then 1929 is when everything came crashing down Well, we need a man like Herbert Hoover again So we can name my my childhood junior I after him as well or her Did you go to Hoover junior high you went to Herbert Hoover junior high? Hmm when you go in up to the second floor There was a little display case on the first and third floors It was sporting trophies and stuff on the second one It was a little explanation of who he was and that kind of man. He was and How crappy is how he ruined the country's like it's funny. They left out the part of Hooverville's Yeah, like who doesn't love a good Hooverville Isn't that just a euphemism for hobo town? Or um, yeah homeless encampment Hooverville's That's the person No, uh There were people who still believed him in him even after they thought he got a bad rep A man who wears sweaters does not lie Well, no he does A sweater does not A sweater does not make a truthful man Sweater the sweater does not make the man But I have to trust it. He's wearing a sweater. Yeah He seems so warm. I'm wearing a Christmas present Are you yeah, this was from my uh sister-in-law Uh, it's very nice. Yeah, it's got a little little bit of a um a little bit of austin vibe Going on it's not a flannel It's also not exactly. I guess it could be considered a plaid. It's a it's a plaid Check it's not flannel. It's just a regular shirt It's uh, it's it's a lightweight shirt For uh, that is meant particularly to be easily to pack without taking up a lot of Space and wrinkle resistance Uh, huh, I like it. All I need are just a shirt or fabric that you can wear But it's also like chameleon cloth. I'll change so you could just pack one pair of shirt or a pair of pants In a pair of shirts and you're self cleaning Uh pattern changing shirt. Yeah, so you just hang it up at night And it cleans itself and then it's a different color different pattern the next day And then you only ever have to pack two shirts one to sleep in one to wear around Okay, well, you know in our tech prediction show tom you talked about the idea of a lot more wearable technology the self cleaning shirt is the best Technological advancement I could possibly ask for I don't think it's coming this year All they need to do is make you in but that's I love that idea Or the shirt that fits really well and it's like can be seven different colors That would be well, you know, so I'm thinking like a fabric that's as comfortable as cotton Like you can sit in it and it but it's like scotch guard polyester Like you could put something on it like like you could pour like a soda on it It would just beat up and drip off like it wouldn't stick or stay there are cotton shirts like that They're they're not very you lose the comfortable. That's the part. Yeah, but that's the thing like something They're a little stiff. It doesn't feel like you're wearing an ironing board. Mm-hmm Yeah, do some shirts feel like you're wearing an ironing polyester All polyester feels like it's roger often forgets to take the ironing board out after he's done This is uncomfortable Take it out of your shirt again. That's why I don't know it's the hanger No, like polyester is the worst I don't know why well polyester doesn't breathe very well. That's the problem I always had with it depends on what you're wearing, of course, but There's certain where you're like, I don't it just doesn't especially if you're working in it like a shirt Polyester shirt and you're working like your weight and nails. It's just gross Yeah, it can be it can be Well, I speaking of fabric I bought some new linen sheets um, so Wearing them at bed. I suppose wrapping myself in them and it's funny because I I think they came I'd ordered them on amazon and They came in so I washed them and of course Here they come all nice and beautiful and then you wash linen once and it's like super wrinkly And I just was like Not gonna iron my sheets. I'm too lazy for that So they seemed like they'd be kind of crinkly and not that comfortable, but boy, they're comfortable Oh linen sheets are the way to go You I always get the high I made the mistake when I was younger just like I'll go with whatever she piston It's difference between comfort and scratching. We we for a long time didn't you even use a sheet We just use the comforter, but uh for some reason we got these new sheets I can't remember the ugg they might have been ugg sheets And they were so warm and it's been chilly here I mean not cold for the rest of the country but cold for us, you know 30s at night upper 30s Yeah, um, and so when we were changing Eileen was like, well, I guess we don't need a sheet We just we were just trying that out. I'm like no find another warm sheet That's not as comfortable as the ugg sheet was but It's definitely it definitely helps us keep you warm. It's layering. You know, simple. Yeah Simple thing in layering. Hey, uh before we say goodbye to the video folks I want to remind you that we do have this this cool new merch program It's a beta from patreon and they were nice enough to allow us to join it And you benefit, uh, all you can do is get things from it So if you stick at your tier for three months and you're at the 10 20 30 or $50 a month tier You'll get something patreon.com slash dts slash merch to find out what But it's basically a sticker at the co-executive producer and analyst level a poster at the advisor level and a mug At the master level and they all have the logo that len made for dts is a five-year anniversary So check it out patreon.com slash dts slash merch and audio folks stick around. There's more to come