Imagine, you have discovered a gene out of a mouse genome and this gene codes for a protein, protein that can cure cancer. Great, right? Now the next thing you would want to do is to create more and more of this protein and for large scale production of anything we need factories, right? And the factories we will use here are host cells. Mostly bacterial host cells are used inside which our gene gets expressed and we extract the proteins out of it. But for the factory to get started, we'll have to introduce the gene into it, right? And that is done by a vector. These vectors take in our gene of interest and gets inside of a host cell through a process called transformation. Now, bacteriophage and plasmids are the two things that are commonly used as vectors and the most widely used plasmid vector is PBR322. PBR322 is one of the first and most widely used plasmid vectors. Now in this video, we will try to understand the significance of each part of this vector and also how do we incorporate the gene of interest inside of this vector. Alright, before we go directly into the parts of PBR322, let me answer a question that keeps coming about vectors. Like why do we need a vector? Can't we directly put our gene of interest into a host cell? Well the answer is no. We can't because in DNA replication, we have seen that a gene alone is not self-sufficient to replicate and express itself. It needs other parts and the vector provides just that. It not only carries the gene that we care about but it also provides other parts which is necessary for this gene to get expressed inside any cell. So we just cannot do without a vector. Alright, having said that, let's come to our vector PBR322. Here P comes from the word plasmid and BR comes from the word bolivar and rodrix. These are the two brilliant minds, the scientists that created this vector and 322 is the number given by the lab to this particular vector. Well there is no data that tells us why this number came up but we can assume that maybe it was sample number 322 that ultimately turned out to be the perfect vector. Alright, so PBR322 is a vector that was designed from bacterial plasmids. These plasmids naturally occur within bacterial cells. They are circular double-stranded and codes for few genes. These plasmids are then extracted genetically modified and made into perfect vectors. Now as PBR322 is made of plasmids, it also looks like one, circular and double-stranded. Now the first thing you'd want your plasmid to do as soon as it enters a host cell is to replicate, right? Now there should be a point in this closed plasmid from where the replication would start. Let's say this is the point from where replication starts and we call this point as the ORI, O-reside which is origin of replication initiation. The name pretty much speaks for itself. This is the place from where initiation of replication takes place. So this place opens up like a bubble like this and in that bubble two complementary strands in the opposite direction starts forming. Now this bubble opens up even more as this strands proceeds further until we get two separate plasmids. So as you can see we got two different plasmids from one because of replication and this would not have even started if we didn't have this origin of replication. So to be a vector the first and foremost thing, the very necessary thing is that it should have an ORI. Alright, now that we know from where the replication would start let's talk about how many times do we want our vector or the plasmid to replicate inside of a host cell. Now a very obvious answer comes to our mind that the more the number of replication the better it will be because our gene will be expressed more, will extract more proteins out of it. Well there is another side to it. Imagine the protein that we want to extract which is curing human cancer may not be a healthy protein for our host cell. In fact it can be a toxic to our host cell. So in such a situation we would prefer that our plasmid make fewer copies inside of this host cell. Obviously because we don't want our host cells to die right? Now the thing is who controls the copy number of the plasmids? Well there is a gene for it. In case of PBR322 there is a protein just near the ORI which is called ROP. Let me write it down. ROP which is repressor of the promoter gene. We have discussed about ROPs in DNA replication. Now to tell you in simple words this ROP senses the number of replication this plasmids have undergone and when it feels like it should stop it codes for a protein that goes and binds to the ORI site and stops its further replication. That way it can keep a check on the copy number. So while we insert a gene we should be mindful about what impact it will have on a host cell and accordingly we will select our vector which will have either high copy number or low copy number. Now to speak about PBR322 this is a vector which has low copy number. It gives around 10-20 copies per host cell. Alright now that we have a origin of replication a gene to keep a check on the number of replication this seems to be a good time we put our gene of interest into this vector but as you can see this is a closed circular loop and we have to cut open this plasmid somewhere to insert our gene right? So just like in the real world we use caesars we use molecular caesars in gene cloning and the molecular caesar here is called restriction enzyme. We have a whole different video on restriction enzymes and if you have gone through that you will know that unlike normal caesars restriction enzymes cannot randomly cut anywhere it wants. There are specific sequences that each restriction enzyme recognises and can make a cut only at that particular sequence. Say the restriction enzyme we will use is ECO ECO R1 and the specific sequence it can recognise say is G A A T T C let's put 5 prime as this is a DNA we will have to put the 5 prime and 3 prime ends say this ECO R1 restriction enzyme recognises only this particular sequence now it will go in search of the sequence all around the plasmid and wherever it finds this particular sequence it will make a cut there say that particular site is this one now let me clear the board a little bit alright this site we call it as restriction site restriction site now just imagine a condition of having the restriction site for ECO R1 at multiple places say this is one this is another one this is the third one this is the fourth one this here is the fifth one and we have six restriction sites for ECO R1 can you pause for a while and think of what can happen if we have so many sites that can be recognised by a single restriction enzyme well it will break down our plasmid into multiple fragments and that will be useless to us therefore it is preferred that one restriction enzyme should have or a maximum of two cloning sites and not more than that but different restriction enzymes will have their own recognition sites in a vector and we call them multiple cloning sites you may not worry about that now we will make a complete different video on it so after we have made the cleave the next thing we will do is insert our gene of interest into it our gene goes and binds to the sticky ends of the vector and the DNA ligase ligates it now when we allow this vector to go and get inside of host cells and we culture the host cells there are possibilities that we may get cells that do not have anything inside of it or that may contain just the plasmid part without the gene of interest or if we are lucky enough we may get the entire recombinant DNA inside of it now to differentiate between those type of cells scientists have incorporated another gene into the vector which we call selectable markers these are mostly antibiotic resistance gene and when we allow all type of cells to grow in the presence of a particular antibiotic say this is an ampicillin ampicillin resistance gene alright and we allow all different type of cells to grow in the presence of ampicillin only those cells will survive that has the vector and this resistant gene inside of it that way we are able to select the cells we want and the other thing about selectable marker is that vectors have not just one but two selectable markers when it comes to PBR322 it has tetracycline resistance gene as its second selectable marker and if you can see we have the gene of interest somewhere in between the tetracycline resistance gene let's not complicate things with all this right now we will have a future video that talks about selectable markers and why we have gene in between them and also don't get carried away by the fancy names of these antibiotic resistance genes all we need to know is that selectable markers helps us in distinguishing our cells from the one that do not have the recombinant gene inside of it alright now let's quickly summarize the different parts we learned in the vector the first is the ORI from where the replication would start the second is a gene called ROP that takes care of the number of replications the third thing we learn is about restriction sites and that one restriction enzyme should not have more than two restriction sites or cloning sites and in those cloning sites we will insert our gene of interest and the fourth and the last important point is that it should have selectable markers that will help us distinguish the cells we want alright now that we have everything we need inside this vector this vector is ready to be cloned inside of a host cell you can culture those cells, extract proteins out of it and help the world fight cancer


Hello friends, welcome to the session, I am Alka, let's discuss the given question that is S and T are points on sides P r and Q r of triangle P Q r such that angle P equal to angle R T S. Show that triangle R P Q is similar to triangle R T S. According to the question our figure is triangle R P Q where angle P is equal to angle R T S. Let's start with the solution. We are given S R Q respectively. We are also given that angle P equal to angle S. Now we have to show triangle R P Q is similar to triangle R T S. Start with the proof. In triangle Q we have angle P equal to angle R T S. We are given S angle P R Q T R. It is common angle for both the triangles. So we can say angle P R Q equal to angle T R common in both the triangles R P Q and R T S. Therefore, by criteria of similarity we all know that in AA criteria if two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of other triangle then the two triangles are similar. So we can say that triangle P Q is similar to triangle R T S proved. Hope you understood this solution and enjoy the session. Goodbye and take care.


Welcome everybody. When I was 15 years old, I was writing a computer game a little bit like this one. I wrote this on a C64 computer in the assembly language. Is anyone here in the room who has tried doing that actually? A few people, great congratulations. Well, I was writing, this was my first bigger program I wrote in assembler. And the way it was like, I wrote a couple of lines, tried to run the program. Usually the computer would crash and I switched it off, waited a few seconds, switched it on again, loaded the compiler, loaded my source code and the entire process repeated. Needless to say that you won't program very fast doing this because my average debug run cycle was about 10 minutes. And this led to a lot of frustration. At the moment, my game is 24 years behind schedule. Only later I learned that on the C64 we had devices like this one. A small cartridge that you could plug in the back of the computer. It had a button on it, you push it and you jump right into the compiler, can edit your code and continue where you stopped a few seconds ago. But I was totally unaware of that. And basically the aim of my talk is to prevent us from pitfalls like this one in Python projects. Now, I'm not going to talk about anything fancy or totally new here. Because what I want to address is a common problem that I have observed happening when people are new to Python or are a little bit more advanced in Python. After you mastered the Python basics, you pretty soon figure out that there are plenty of libraries. For instance, if I want to do data analysis, then I need to find a library for data analysis, like pandas. If I want to do signal processing of Fourier transformation, then I Google a library for that and find sci-pi for instance. Or if I want to do web development, then I will find Django and so on. These things on the left side, they are easy to find. Even if I don't know them, I may have a hunch that something like this must exist. But the ones on the right side, if I have no idea that something like interactive debuggers exist, then I won't be looking for one. The same goes for automated testing and the same goes for all the tools in the Python ecosystem that help support and maintain our code. And I want to shed a light on these dark spots. So if you walk out of this room and see I haven't learned anything new, then consider this an additional safety check. Pretty much like if people start an aeroplane pilot, they have a checklist that they go, okay, do we have clearance from the tower? Are there any other planes on the runway? Do we have enough fuel for an emergency landing and so on and so on? And I think it's good to have something like that in a programming project too, and this is why I call it best practices. And my talk is split into three parts. I would first like to talk about debugging, then show an example of testing, and then about maintenance. Debugging. When you talk about debugging in Python, the first thing that comes into your mind might be print. Now, print is something that I consider a bit problematic, even though I do it a lot. Because it's like shooting holes into a building to see whether there's a fire inside. Every time you add a print statement to a piece of code, there is a risk that when deleting the print statement, you delete one line too much without noticing. And this is why it's worth keeping in mind that there are other debugging techniques. For instance, the interactive debugger. For instance, logging. With the standard logging module, this is really an excellent way to produce diagnostic information. If your program is bigger than a couple of screen pages, then logging becomes superior to print after a while. You need to know your introspection functions like dir and type is instance and a couple of their cousins. And I put code review here as a best practice that helps with debugging a lot. We had a tutorial on debugging yesterday. If you were attending some other part of the conference, the exercises are there on GitHub. You can try them out by yourself. But what about the really tough bugs? If something does not work and does not work, you stare at the code and go on staring at your code without any progress. I'm sure that this has happened to most of you in the room. At least it happens to me still after 28 years of programming. And I have figured out something very nasty over the years. Not that I'm lacking some additional best practice for debugging here. Because nine out of ten times the problem is inside my head rather than in the computer. And fortunately there are ways to fix that. So I would like to add to those best practices of debugging for very elementary things. Sleep, talk, read and write. Most of the time if I spend more than 15 minutes on a bug and I don't find the solution then I'm probably tired. Often it helps to talk to another person explaining what you do. To realize what the problem really is maybe I'm looking in the wrong spot and explaining helps usually. Sometimes my knowledge is limited and reading the manual of the library this time for real helps. And if all of these fail, writing down what the program is, formulating a couple of hypotheses or at least ideas what the problem might be could lead to progress. Most of the time I'm lazy and take a break and this has solved lots of bugs in the past for me. Testing. The check icon here is actually a bit of a provocation. Because this suggests something that automated testing does not do. Testing actually does not prove correctness of your program. I know that many Python developers they love automated testing. I like to use write automated tests and run them. It gives a feeling of achievement. But there's a pitfall and the pitfall is that one in the bottom right corner. If there's always a possibility if my tests pass it could be that both the code and the tests are incorrect. Even if I try hard to keep my tests as simple as possible. So tests by themselves do not prove correctness of the code but they have a potential to prove the presence of bugs. So if I see a failing test I know that somewhere something is wrong. Now how can we write good tests actually? Let's imagine we are writing the game. This time in Python not in assembly this group two tiresome. We have a figure that is pushing these blue boxes around. It can only push one box at a time cannot push any boxes through the wall and so on until you reach the exit here in the bottom right. Now how could a test for this situation look like? The first thing that you can think of is a fixture in PyTest. I learned today when talking to the PyTest core developers that it's a good idea to place fixtures in a fileconftest.py and because they get automatically imported into all your test files. Now fixtures are actually pretty straightforward. You decorate a function with the PyTest fixture decorator and the name of the function will be available as a variable in all your test functions if you put it there as a parameter. So in that case we could have a level parameter available in our test that then contains a parsed version of our example game situation. Actually I did something additional here. I parameterized the test. So there are two versions of the playing field supplied to the test. One with empty spaces and one with dots on the playing field. So I can have two fixtures or more in one by parameterization. And then we can use this in a test function. I like to group my test functions into classes. With PyTest this is fortunately a lot easier than it used to be with unit test. I still have less boilerplate code. So I can write a normal test function with just an assertion that is self-sufficient or I can use the level parameter here. Note that I'm not importing level anywhere. This gets automatically filled in by PyTest. And this test function will generate two tests for me. One for each of the variants in the fixture. What else can we do? The third most important thing that I would like to emphasize about automated testing is test parameterization. So we can have one test function write multiple examples like here. We say by this parameterized decorator we would like to try out all the examples in the list. Like having a move that goes first up and then left. And afterwards the playing figure should end up on square 2x and 2y. It's even possible to build failing tests with this or tests that we expect to be failing. So we have still write only one test function but with this one we would generate eight tests in total. So it saves a lot of code. The code becomes actually very readable. And if we end up in a situation where our test code is ridiculously easy to read, much easier than the code we are testing, then we are on the right track. So if we execute this code by writing PyTest, this is another thing I learned this morning. That the dot inside PyTest has been deprecated. We can use PyTest without the dot in the middle. So we see that all the tests execute. This test actually uses a window. And we see 34 past tests in the entire test set. Not only the ones that I showed on the slide. There's a couple of more, a few more running in the back. Plus two that are expected to fail because I marked them with the X fail decorator. Now how much testing code should you write? In my opinion this depends quite a lot on the size of your project. If your project is small and prints an obvious result anyway, then maybe a manual test is enough unless you want this to be continuously integrated. Sometimes I still write test code in the main block of a small Python module. I can make automated PyTest functions out of this quite easily later if the project grows at some fixtures as the thing grows further. And if the program keeps growing and growing, then at some point it might be helpful to switch on testing tools like Jenkins Travis for continuous integration or TOX for testing multiple Python versions. When I speak about size of the project, this can mean different things. It could be absolute volume in lines of code, but it could also be the expected lifetime of the project. So if I expect code to be maintained for two weeks, then I would not worry too much about testing if I'm writing a throwaway program. If the program has a high dependability, so if it needs to be extra safe, then doing more tests and reviews and things like that is also a good idea. In the final part of my talk, I would like to elaborate on maintenance. Python has a fairly sophisticated ecosystem of maintenance tools. And they serve the single purpose of keeping your code in a good shape, like PEP8 being a layer of paint on your program, like many of you probably have heard in the talk of Anand a while ago, making beautiful code is a virtue and Python has nice tool support to help you with that. Instead of picking a few must-have tools, I tried to throw in some that keep reoccurring, with Git being in the middle, being not a coincidence. So if there's anyone not using Git or version control yet in the moment, this conference is a good starting point to learn that because you won't be getting anywhere without version control. But others, there are many other tools as well. Some of them are interchangeable, like PyScaffold recently in my personal ranking surpassed by Cookie Cutter. There is Sphinx for documentation, Virtual Enf and PyEnf for managing your Python installations and libraries, PyLint and PyFlakes for watching your coding style and so on and so on. Now, what can you do to keep an overview of all of these tools? Now, I would like to just mention two possibilities here. One of them is Magdalena Rotter is going to give a talk this Friday where she's going to present, give an overview of all the different configuration files that you can find in a well-maintained Python project. So this is on Friday afternoon. If this is still too far away in the future, I recommend you to take a look at Koala. Some of you may have noticed that there's a flyer in the conference bag. I visited the Koala booth yesterday and the developers actually gave me a quick introduction and I was able to run Koala within five or five minutes or ten minutes. So Koala is a framework that basically hosts many linting tools. That means codes, tools like PyLint or MyPy or other tools that analyze the quality of your code, not just for Python. And I thought, how awesome is that? I can put, I can check not only my Python files, I can also check my HTML templates and JavaScript code and whatever has been accumulating in my project and get everything from one tool that tells me how good it is. So how does that work? Koala brings its own configuration files that mainly contain a list of the tools that you want to switch on for a given type of file. For some reason, Koala calls these different linters bears. So you have a list of bears in this configuration file, which in my opinion is kind of cute and I need to say thanks to the developers for doing that. I really appreciate it. And you can put in some additional parameters. What you can do when you have this Koala file set up is that you simply write Koala minus minus ci and Koala starts scanning your entire code base recursively, analyzes all the Python file and comes up with a huge list of comments and suggestions for potential improvements. This ranges from sorting imports to style checks or even using a static type checker on Python. So please feel encouraged to try Koala out. I'm not as brave to call this a best practice yet because it's kind of a new tool, but I hope to make that statement next year. Now, this is an overview of testing, debugging and maintenance practices that I wanted to give here. And there's one more thing that I would like to do. I got into this topic and liked it so much that I wrote a book about it. And I got three copies with me that I'm happy to give away. So after the Q&A session, I'm holding a bag open here. So if you put a piece of paper with your name inside, I will draw three lucky winners at the end of the session and you can read more about best practices there and some of the content like the debugging tutorial you will find on my GitHub profile. That's it for my talk. Thank you very much for your attention. Okay, so we have some time for questions. Any questions? Hi. One thing I noticed that you didn't really mention was talking about virtual length and kind of the mismatch of packages with repositories and pip and compiling from source. So could you repeat the question, please? So it seems a bit missing about virtual length. Surely that's a good practice to use virtual length so you have the correct version of the packages. So what's the best practice for getting the versions of packages right? Well, so using the requirements, the dependencies file. Do we have requirements text here on the top of the cloud? So yes, this is the number one way to go for getting the right versions. Because pip can deal with it, Konda should be able to deal with it and saves you some trouble. Any more questions? Sure. So one thing why I was going to say about the requirements thing is that I work with software where the version number is not fine-grained enough. So we actually use Git commits for the actual checkout. But it relates to if in your requirements file if you don't pin exact versions, if in the future they get updated and function to get deprecated, it ties into your maintenance issue is that future users won't be able to use your software. So it's just a key point there if you've not really kind of pointed that out before in talks or in your book. It's an interesting one. This is one of the tougher problems. So I'd be a bit careful with leaving a certain version number in your dependency like forever. I wouldn't do that. Rather check it for from time to time. I'll check a few different ones if a newer one comes out because I would not feel comfortable with leaving the version number empty all the time especially not if you are planning to automatically deploy the code. If you are running the program manually, then okay, I'd feel comfortable with it but not if you have any automated pipeline running in the back of it. Is your book also available as an e-book? Yes, but unfortunately you have to pay for it. But it is yes. Fair enough. Okay, no more questions then. So that's it.


Welcome to the ITU studio in Geneva, we're here for the Future Network car which is being held here at the ITU headquarters and I'm very pleased to be joining the studio today by Ian Yarnold who is Head of Vehicle Standards for the UK Department for Transport. Ian welcome to the studio. Thank you. Now Ian I'd like to start off by talking about regulation, an aspect of transport innovation which I'm sure you're very familiar with. What are the most interesting regulatory questions brought on by contemporary transport innovation? Gosh, tough question. I guess automation is that issue of how do we make automation work in a safe, consistent way so that consumers can have confidence that the vehicles are going to be as safe as the ones they know now but have the confidence that they will be able to do things for them in a more holistic way I guess. It's a real challenge though. And how has that been done in practice? Well through the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the UNECE, through their working parties and their technical committees that's a really great way of bringing together industry regulators and NGOs to make sure that we're building a consensus view on the best way forward. It's a real challenge though. And the work of the ITU study groups, how does that feel into the work that you're doing on a regular basis? In the last few years increasingly over cybersecurity, software security especially and this issue of automation, the ITU has become a really major partner in those work streams. If we go back 20 years, ITU wasn't that much engaged because it was very much focused on the hard engineering aspects of vehicles as we're moving more towards software, computer control and we move into this world of automation. So the ITU is becoming increasingly a major partner in the work of regulators because that's really where a huge amount of the knowledge rests. Now let's talk about responsibilities. How are the responsibilities of different regulators converging and how are regulators managing these conversions? Well through collaboration and cooperation and discussion. Vehicles are manufactured on a global basis, same products go into a huge number of different markets and so from a manufacturer's point of view it's crucial that we don't end up with 50, 60, 70 different sets of standards that are only minor changes but add incredibly to the cost of the vehicle. So regulators and those people responsibility, the authorities, understand how crucial it is that we bring together the relevant experts into a single place and globally it's the ITU and the UNECE to do that. They have the mechanisms to deal with the international or the global approach and so the UK has been participating in the UNECE and the ITU for many, many years and we see that progressing and building on that in the future. Now we talk about standards in technology, we're all getting to see more that it is being standardised in terms of our mobile phones, we can plug them into a similar standard charger etc but a lot of the standards that we're talking about here are very much under the bonnet, very much not visible to the general consumer. Isn't that right? With regards to order movies I'm talking about. Yeah, but is that any different than what we've had for the last 30, 40, 50 years, you know, would a consumer know how anti-lock breaking systems work? Would they know how an airbag works? And the question is, do they need to know and in some things they do need to know. So if you just think about airbags they need to understand what the issues are of airbags with child restraint systems. So the vehicle manufacturers put labels, put information into the vehicle to make sure the consumers understand the really basic information they need to use that safety system in the best possible way. Now there's a real challenge then around automation and I think a lot of work needs to be done to think about that. As digital transformation has accelerated we've heard regulators highlighting the importance of learning. I wanted to ask you how has this done in practice and how do regulators give intelligent transport innovators a space to experiment? It's a challenge. It goes back to one of the earlier questions where we talked about how do you ensure that the vehicle is safe? And the way I describe this is in my own role in the UK Department of Transport I would have to convince one of our government ministers who would probably look me in the eye and ask me, is this safe? And I would have to have the confidence to look them back in the eye and say yes it's safe. And so I've got to be satisfied as I have a number of my colleagues that these systems are as safe as we can make them. But we know that and it's been evidenced by the conference today that you can't have absolute safety. You can't assure yourself because the systems are now so incredibly complicated. You rely on computer algorithms so how do you prove that this is safe? And there will have to be I think and we're seeing this already in other markets around the world where innovators are given space to do the development. But it needs that kind of courageous step to allow that to happen and I think you can't do that in a consistent way. I think each government, each authority will have to take that decision in their own right based upon what it is that's being proposed. Is it a small vehicle that's only going to be moving at a low speed or is it going to be a more sophisticated vehicle moving at high speed and what are the relative risks of that to the population at large or to vulnerable road users, to pedestrians etc and I think it will be on a case by case basis. And it's not just going to be the cars, it's going to be the roads as well, is it? They're going to have to have these safety features built into them. Well they're going to have to be connected so you're going to have to have 5G systems or whatever the latest technology might be as we move forward so that the vehicles know exactly where they are and know what's going on around them. They're surroundings so that they can then take action according to what's going on around them. And finally what are your predictions for the future of mobility and what should we be expecting as consumers? Oh what should we expect? I think 10 years ago and I've said this already at the conference, 10 years ago manufacturers of vehicles were telling us that we'll have fully automated vehicles in 10 years and here we are 10 years on and we still haven't got them and we heard earlier today it might be 10, 20, 30 years before we get there or indeed we may not get there completely. So I think as we progress over the next decade or more we will see increasing levels of what are called advanced driver assistance systems or ADAS so more technology built into the vehicle to help the driver with the driving task. Now some of those may take control of the vehicle for short periods of times and the very specific circumstances say on a high speed road with the traffic's all going in a single direction but bit by bit we will move towards that notion of full automation and then alongside that in urban areas I think we're going to see more personal mobility. You will be aware of the kind of rising electric scooters or mobility platforms however you want to describe them and that's a bit of a challenge for governments at the moment in terms of how do you allow that to happen but ensure that the public the pedestrian's vulnerable road use and such like remain safe and so it's again another challenge but I think in urban areas that's going to become one of the big issues over the next decade making that happen in practice. Well thank you for letting us make this happen and taking the time to be with us in the studio and hopefully we'll catch up with you again in the near future perhaps with some new innovations with a little bit further down the line and yes we very much do forward to it and thanks for joining us here at the Future Network casting position. It's my pleasure. Thank you very much. Cheers.


Hello my lovely Virgos. This is Kelly from House of Virgo. Ready here to do your next 24-hour love reading. Take a look and see what the energies are here. So just so you know you guys can follow me on Instagram at Moon Pie Tarot. What is going on? I'm sorry House of Virgo, but I am also Moon Pie Tarot. So I have another YouTube channel so you can go check that out too if you want more Virgo readings. You know what? I'm not gonna get into anything deep here. Description box below has all the details. If you want to get a personal reading for me just go down there and that'll show you how. But wow. Virgo, Sun, Moon, Rising, Venus, Past Position, Ace of Cups, The World, Five of Wands, Present, Judgment, The Night of Swords. You had a really great reading yesterday. I wonder if you can top it. Six of Wands, Future, Page of Pentacles, King of Cups Virgo, and the Death card. I feel like you always get the King of Cups or the Emperor in your readings. Alright, let me just tell you straight off the bat here. Leo, Taurus, Aquarius, Scorpio, three times Pisces and Cancer. Okay, so let's take a look. What's going on? Past position, an opportunity for love came over your person. Okay, in the past they were really feeling the love. They felt like this whole connection is a blessing.   Let's get into a relationship. Let's get married like a proposal. You know, or they were intimating all of that towards you that that's something that they wanted. Okay, and this person was really, I see here with the world, this might have come over the internet for some, or that you guys are at a distance. But this is also like I'm ready to put the past behind and start over something here. Okay, but I see here with the Five Ones challenges. Obstacles were in the way. Difficulties. But we're going to clarify here. Okay, I'm going to pull some clarifiers. Let's see this ace of cups. I mean, that's just a beautiful, I feel like that at some point in the past, the initiation of love, it came over the two of you, right? It was like that came down from spirit. It was like, not just them making this offer, but if you've changed in the past, changed their life in some way, you were a blessing to them. You gave them an ability to like start a whole new chapter in their life. They had hope. And they were willing because of your love because of the love that surrounded the connection. I'm sorry. You gave them courage. Your love gave them courage. Your love gave them the willpower and the drive, you know, to get things moving forward. The ace of cups is like emotional inspiration. But these challenges, there were challenges and blockages. Let's take a look at this ace of cups. Okay, three of sorts here. You helped heal this person's broken heart. They had some kind of broken heart in the past. Okay, I got to see something here. What is this? There's like fairies.  Something to do with a butt. Somebody likes somebody's butt. I never saw those before. I'm not really sure what this is, but I'll take a look at it and tell you next time. But I just see like, I don't know if you can see it because I guess it doesn't get very clear.  All right, let's take a look. What's going on with the world here? Oh, wow. Yeah, that's what I'm saying. The page of cups, the communication that you and this person had, you gave them the sense of like, that they could do anything that they could like take on the world, they could they could do whatever and it could have something also to do with a child because the page, you know, like a love child. Okay, and the page of cups. That's very sweet. That's like new love.  But what were these complications? Why was this? Why was there's challenge to ace of cups again? Okay. Wow. Virgo, in the past, you freed this person from some kind of heartbreak and made them feel like they could do anything and I feel like they truly do or did love you for this. But the challenge was, could they really do this? The challenge is like, could they really love? Could they really like, know why this was hard for this person? Because again, it's like, I feel like, oh, there you go. I feel like this person, you made them feel like they could love again. But they did not feel like they could be loved by anybody else, right? So there's this energy here of like, if you guys separated, and they went and tried to find love again, they were facing in the past, a lot of challenges in regards to that, you know, because it was like, it was like rivalry with rivalry with the self. So this person, I feel like their struggle was, they have a fear of being let down still, you've inspired them. And I feel like they feel like with you, there is like, it's there. But even just to try to get it off the ground, they still have this stuff goes on within their head or their mind, you know, or their heart that they'll be let down again, or there's a feeling of being depressed or melancholy, like the glass have empty, that kind of thing. And there's a feeling like what if they disappoint you? Or what if they're a disappointment to you? Or what if they bring you down? Like, or what if they let you down? But it feels like the love is there.  And you're just saying no. For some of you, this person was on a rebound, and you helped them heal. And they're grateful for that, because you've set them free in a lot of ways. But I feel like, at the time, maybe they let you go, and they tried to like, go off on their own now, because you gave them something, you gave them some strength and belief in themselves. And then yet, guess what, they went out there, and they're still having these struggles. Like, it's almost as if, it's almost as if they went to the gas, the Virgo gas station, filled up the tank, and then took off, and then they ran out of gas. And I feel like now they're coming back to you, realizing that they should not have filled up the gas tank and left. I feel like it's, but it's not like a sense of guilt. I just feel like they're coming to terms presently with, wait a minute, my car's almost out of gas here, I'm out here by myself, wait. Virgo is the one that I need to be with. And judgment is here. And that's like coming to the truth. We have that English flag here, that's opening up, this person in the presence having like a wake up call, like a clarity here about what you gave, the gifts that you gave to this person, to them.  And the Knight of Swords is here. So they're like turning back around. They're heading back in your direction. Like, I want to make this lifestyle change. I'm not happy where I am. Or, you know, I see the gifts you gave, maybe they took advantage of that. Or at the time, that's what they needed. And they got it.  They're letting you down. They let you down in the past because they thought it's kind of like they looked a gift horse in the eye. And now, here they're getting back up on that gift horse and coming back to you to try to reconcile, you know, look at all these horses. This person wants victory with you. They want to be a win. They know that they can be a winner in your life, right? Even though they have hesitations, maybe self-esteem or stuff about themselves, like who they are, but like the love. This person wants to be like your everything. I just heard that very old Andy Gibbs song, I want to be your everything. Let's take a look at judgment here. Oh, the moon, yeah. Guess what's being revealed mostly? Self-revelation with this person mostly is their fears coming up. Maybe they feel like they're going to lose you or they lost you.  And you see, we've got wolves in the background here. And these wolves represent the wild instinct. You know, this person's got this instinct about them that they're coming to terms with that they want to illuminate your life and whatever their fears are that it's like they're out in the dark and they're trying to get out of that dark space presently and come back towards you. A lot of communication, travel involved here could be coming from a distance or connecting with you. I told you, what did I say? Either the king of cups or the emperor shows up in your readings. So here we go. The emperor areas energy. The emperor takes on this, you know, leadership position. This person, your person might be sending a message to you via another source. A friend that might be having a friend say something to you, which is very strange. Oh, yeah, this Knight of Swords often is my post man, male man, as we say here in the US. You know, he's delivering a package.  This person might be sending you a piece of mail, like some type of communication, like it's coming in quick, it's priority, or it's like first class, like whatever, wherever you are in the world, like priority mail or something to get to you as fast as possible.  Let's take a look at the six of wands here. This person might be in the public eye for some of you, or they have some some kind of like good, there's good news. It's definitely good news coming towards you positive good news. They have some success, maybe an award or some type they're like victorious. They want to tell you about like their success or some victory they have here. The strength card, Leo energy. Okay, this person has conquered something and also have a has a desire to conquer you and your heart.  I just haven't let them know. You might be keeping that to yourself like they already have my heart. So yeah, this person wants to win you over. And that strength card is always about like taming that wild beast. You know they want to tame you.  I'm just kidding.  They want to be like the the victor here. Okay, so that's present. Now the future. There's an offer coming in from this person, Page of Cups. I'm sorry, Page of Pentacles. This is like a tangible gift of some sort.  They have an idea of something they want to do. It could be related to it's something physical. So it could be related to like income, teamwork, long term security, could be related to the finances, new job, investments, new income, employment for some of you. It's solo pleasures or financial gains. There's like some kind of communication they're coming. They're bringing to you some money news for some of you. A gift. Tangible, physical, tangible things. Let's get a clarifier. Okay.  They want to sneak away with you going forward in the future and the communication about this. Something like I bought us a chalet or I rented a place for us or I'm paying for a ticket so we can just go somewhere together. Adjust the two of us. It doesn't feel it's deceptive but it's deceptive in a good way because it's kind of like a secret between the two of you that they want to, that they say to you. And so the future position isn't like the future position would be from the time you're hearing this to any time forward. Okay. They might secretly give you a gift or do something for you. Like I just feel like it's like tickets or it's like jewelry or it's money. It's some kind of gift or something tangible. If you can think of something tangible but it's kind of like I feel like secret admirer kind of energy. They might communicate with you that they have like had this physically, this physical thing for you and they've been kind of hiding that or they had this gift that they've wanted to give you and they've been like or they actually like or they secretly send it. I don't know what that means. Like anonymous maybe or they take you on like kind of a scavenger hunt to find this this thing that they're hiding. It's very bizarre. It just kind of comes out of like the blue you don't expect it. Let's take a look at this King of Cups. What's the energy? Now the King of Cups is usually almost always in the upright supportive, a good leader, tolerant, empathetic, deep emotions. Doesn't often share his emotions but they do run deep in their turbulent. Okay. But he tries to stay on the surface but he's compassionate and very nurturing and caring and you know like I said a very supportive type of person brings a lot of healing emotional energy has very very deep feelings. King Cups has the deepest feelings of all. Okay. He could be very supine and temperament or melancholy and temperament just very deep but doesn't wear as hard on his sleeve. Okay. So this King of Cups kind of lives in fantasy land a little bit up there in that cuppy energy. You know sugar plums that kind of thing is a dreamer. Possibly never really good with commitment or always like the King of Cups you know he's wise. He's a wise counselor and he is probably very good with study and education and learning and things like that but he's emotionally driven. So he's kind of like if it has an emotional effect on him that's how he makes the choice but lots of stuff have emotional effects on him.  So he may have like a bit of some commitment problems or he just has like he struggles to get clarity he struggles to come out of fantasy land or la la land okay he does he struggles to get like his senses and his wits about him but death is here let's take a look there's definitely a transformation you guys oh my goodness King of Cups again there's definitely a transformation with this person just remember it doesn't have to be water okay some of you could be dealing with two people you could be dealing with an emperor and you could be dealing with water amperes fire Aries if you're dealing with Scorpio Scorpio is ruled by Mars just like Aries so it could and there's a whole heck of a lot of that so there's and these are both this is a Scorpio card here but there's transformation and change I feel like this some King of Cups or whomever your person is they make it some big changes in their life going forward and in regards to your relationship so it's kind of like a rebirth is happening here with this person walking away from all that's dead and no longer working and having a new start or a new beginning oh yeah asa pentacles walking towards the opportunities so somewhere along the line this person gets clarity maybe they have a near-death experience you know maybe they see Jesus or something but there's like this huge ace of pentacles that comes in where before it was the ace of cups emotionally driven now it's like the transformation is that they some remember I was saying before they somehow look at the situation say okay wait a minute let me only deal with things that are real let me not deal with things that are just in fantasy land and up in the air I don't know they get there they get some kind of wake-up call with death here maybe for some of them it's like I've got to move away from this energy and I got to like start making changes you know after death comes new life and that's the opportunity that comes down but it's like not fully based on their emotions it's based on things that are real and the opportunities that are in front of me that I can make work because that ace of pentacles is like things that I can invest in whether that's in career or health or love you know this person is taking like that they're getting kind of like it's coming down upon them it's like you know when you have an epiphany it's like an epiphany that comes across them like I'm only going to invest or learn or take part in things that are going to be tangible that I can work with right not just the emotions and the Six of Swords is here so here's that necessary transition that's happening for this person I wouldn't say grow up I wouldn't say it's a grow-up energy because the king of cups is mature I feel this is more like there were fears for this person to make a change or to move out of these troubled waters they might have gotten very comfortable in these troubled waters so they got used to these tumultuous emotions but you know staying in those waters just left them very alone on that boat with their thoughts and their fears and I feel like there's some type of from either relocation happening here there's some type of like moving travel lifestyle change in a lot of ways so let's take a look and see what your angel wisdom messages are here now if anybody here is dealing with a Sagittarius I just uploaded the Sagittarius next 10 days love reading on my Moon Pitero channel if you want to check that out that was pretty incredible okay the Sun Leo energy some of you could be on the cusp of Leo Virgo August 22nd 3rd 4th August 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 so it's a time of great joy and success brilliant epiphanies that lead to magical opportunities plans that work out perfectly and gratitude to the divine this is very positive energy happening here what's going on with this person coming out into the open you know I just feel like it's a new it's a new time period here there's change the death card there's like the sands of time here like it's starting over something is starting over and that Sun energy it feels like I just extreme happiness and joy something's being brought to light here in this time period something is coming out into the open like it's being brought to light no more of this dark moon stuff here it's the Sun okay five of earth negative thoughts manifesting into real challenges fear surrounding money reaching out to others for assistance poor timing for becoming self-employed okay so for some of you that's a message but the five of earth is also a card of worry isolation and it's a fear of being alone or it's a fear of being having nobody to help it's a fear of having nobody to rely on or to count on now I don't know if that's you but I feel like it's your person and this is what's driving them I feel like your person is feeling very alone at this time you know just kind of like lost sense of hope don't know if they're going to be able to recover just feeling very lonely work they're at work they're lonely at work they're by them you know nobody's really around them they're just everything is on their own they're on their own losing a sense of faith you know feeling maybe ill maybe their health is being affected or they're in a poverty position some of them might even have some financial losses going on right now but there's massive change as you could see justice wow it's karma being impartial and objective standing up for what you believe try to see all sides of a situation you will win if your position is one of integrity that's loyalty truth authenticity fair fairness being reasonable cause and effect and a win win solution but there's a truth coming out here for sure this is Liebrandt energy we have Leo there there's truth coming out here openness but it's fair and it's good and it's just like the right thing to do oh and then we have we have death again there's release endings that lead to new beginnings the need to release situations are people that hold you back spiritual transformation that's the truth that's coming out here and your person is trying to remain positive even though they're feeling kind of like in a poverty mindset or feeling down or negative about the relationship or just feeling like you know lonely they're trying to stay happy and positive but right now here I feel like they're realizing that they need to come to you and communicate and be fair and tell you the truth and release the past and release whatever they've been holding or bottled up within them and open it up because that starts a whole new cycle you know that's like getting on the same page with integrity loyalty honesty respect you know maybe that was not there or or was there but things weren't in alignment and this release this is big changes happening here Virgo between you and this person so it's very beautiful stay hopeful I hope you enjoy that yeah and again if you want a personal reading link is below the description box please I had to close my comments because as some of you know it's just getting so bad anymore and I know you guys leave wonderful common comments and I read them and I appreciate them I accidentally left the last one open my community tab I have a spot there we if you want to comment on this video you can go right over there and say whatever but anything negative I'm getting out I'll be removing it because I can't go through every single video just keep removing negative comments I mean just I understand people are struggling and and stuff like that but I mean it's just getting out of control plus there's a lot of like fake scammers and I don't want to keep I don't want to expose anyone to that so thank you for following my channel please do hit like on the video if you enjoy it and please do subscribe and share with your friends help me build the channel for all your Virgo friends as best as possible because without you guys I can't do it all right love you see you guys soon bye


Hi, I'm Angelica. I'm a student at CCV and here is my name is Emily and I'm studying Allied Health Sciences at CCV. I'm Myra and I'm studying also Allied Health Sciences at CCV. I'm Fatuma and I'm studying business. We all did our research on recycling and does anyone want to talk about the importance of recycling? Do you guys want to tell us how important recycling is in Vermont? Yeah, so a lot of it is when recycling is put into our landfill and put into the dumps and all that. A lot of greenhouse gases, harmful chemicals are released which is polluting our air so by recycling it's actually reducing pollution. It's also important because there's a lot of deforestation that's happening and a lot of habitats are being destroyed due to the fact that we are creating so much from raw materials when we actually don't need to be using raw materials. We can use post-consumer materials instead and then it's just better for the environment. So then kind of like going off of that like talking about like what we can and can't do that will things that will will and won't harm the environment. Do you have like a list of things that are good for the environment that we should keep doing or lists of things that we shouldn't do that will harm the environment? Well it's just basically I feel like the recycling do's and don'ts so by putting you know all this bad stuff into our rubbish you just need to rinse out your containers. You need to break down your boxes. Use post-consumer. Those are the only three do's that are ever that I see listed on site so and those are very simple. Very simple I feel like. I mean there's many other reasons why deforestation you know we love our habitats. Extinction is a big problem right now. I think it was I saw the other day 60% of species are actually deteriorating and they're gone now and extinct because of the fact that we just keep destroying their environments to create stuff for us that we really don't need. So you know we've gone through hundreds of millions of tons worth of recycling and sold it to China actually and that has now stopped and I know you have a little bit of insight on this too. Yeah but not in Vermont it's in California. The company Replanet owns 280 recycling centers and they shut them all down and then there's other recycling centers that have been shut down in California due to the fact that China stopped buying and reselling their products and also the mislabeling that's been going on over there. I believe there is like chemicals too that we're being. Yeah it's PET. It's in the bottles that were being deposited and they stopped that as well. Also 750 people lost their jobs because they shut down all those centers. The universal recycling law I believe not many people know about too and it happened in 2012 it banned three major materials from our bins which is also helping reduce pollution and that would be leaf and yard debris, it would be food scraps and all recyclable materials. So I feel like we're doing the necessary steps in order to help our environment but there's still so much more that can be done. Yeah I kind of agree I mean when we did our project about recycling when we were able to go out on the streets of Winooski and ask people what they do to help benefit the environment actually we've got a lot of really nice answers about what people try to do which I personally thought not a lot of people would be interested in recycling or have like super cool facts about it but a lot of people say they try to compost they always try to recycle so I just thought me personally that was kind of interesting that we were able to go and do that. And when we recycle and we use those post-consumer used materials it actually uses less energy so we're conserving energy by recycling and using post-consumer used materials so that's a cool little fact that I learned. Also the United States Environmental Protection Agency has like record of all of the amount of compostables and recycling things that have been recycled and they weighed them and it's all online for us to see but it's not where we want it to be and it could be better if more people were investing I mean just in Vermont there's 20 different businesses for like recycling and composting but it's not it's not like enough I mean it could be there could be more but... So what happens when you mislabel recycle like recycling bins and trash? When people throw away recycled material that could be reused and then they recycle trash that could be used for composting and it makes it makes the process longer for the biodegradables to break down and just makes it a longer process than it should be. So the government also helps to protect the environment. In Vermont we have the Department of Environmental Conservation and their mission is to clean and clear all the potential environmental discrepancies that occur in the state. So can I ask in case it was needed how do you report an environmental violation specifically in Vermont? So if you go to their page online and there are actually two ways to do it and one is by submitting a complaint online you just go to the link that they have there and you fill out all like a form where you report the discrepancy or the violation that you see or that you are actually like doing or you can also call them to their office and during regular business hours when a spill occurs you have to report them immediately. It's kind of like an emergency and there is a line that is open 24 hours for anyone that needs to report a spill or anything like that. Well that's beneficial for everyone to know. About your project. Yeah we can kind of switch gears because my project is definitely a little bit different than theirs because it has to do more about the environment. The project I decided to do was on special education which is very different from what they've all researched but I don't know I just thought it was something that I was really interested in and I decided to research. Question then how much is spent on special education in Vermont each year? So in Vermont per student right now they are spending $21,000 where on average the cost per student is $15,000 so that is a little bit way over what they should be spending so that just kind of raises the question on whether or not they are spending too much or too little on special education because again it varies from school to school and community to community so it's just based on students needs. So there is this formula on the Vermont Agency of Education which I kind of thought was really interesting. So it's this formula where you can go and input all your community or your school's information and that allows you to kind of get a range for the budget that you should be spending where you don't have to take away money from other clubs or activities or sports and you don't have to be putting more of that money into that. So I just thought it was kind of interesting just because you never really know how much you should be spending on some special education and it's hard because there are students that really need some of the resources that they've been given so it's just something to think about I think to really see where the money should be putting it into. Well I think that will be it for today. I thank you for watching us from CCB students. Goodbye. Do you consider yourself environmentally conscious? For the most part I think I do, yeah. In what ways do you contribute to helping the environment? I recycle. I compost. I ride my bike to work at least once a week, twice a week when I can. Would you buy something that used recycled materials? Yeah I think depending on the quality of it for sure. Do you consider yourself environmentally conscious? Yes. Do you believe population has an effect on recycling? It has an effect on the environment. I don't know if it has an effect on recycling. Do you consider yourself environmentally conscious? Yes. In what ways do you contribute to helping the environment? I literally will go through trash and sort trash from recycling. I don't compost, she gives me a hard time. Do you consider yourself environmentally conscious? Yes and no. I try but I'm lazy. In what ways do you contribute to the environment? Well I recycle. I don't buy from places that I know are bad for the environment and also I'm vegan. Would you buy something that used recycled materials? I try to buy things that are recycled materials. Why do you think that's important? Less waste in the world is better and if you have more stuff that's made out of recycled materials it's more accessible to people to buy and if you have more of a demand for it they'll just produce more and at some point if things go well everything will just be recycled. Do you believe that population has an effect on how much people recycle? It definitely does. Population has an effect on the environment itself as well. There have been proven things where because of the population the environment has gone south and so if more people recycle that will be better for the environment but the more people there are the less people there are going to be like the more people there are the people who don't recycle are going to grow as well as people who do recycle. Do you feel that recycling has become more of a chore rather than doing it because it's good for the environment? No, I just forget what's recyclable and what's not so I tend to throw away something that's recyclable but if I remember it I'll put it in the recycling bin. Thank you.