My time at ANU was a pivotal moment in my life. Every single person that I met at ANU was going places and that's incredibly inspiring. All of a sudden you're exposed to people who you've not met before, ideas that you've not been presented with before, arguments that you've not heard before, and the educative experience is that you become more equipped to deal with both the challenges and vagaries of life. ANU is a rigorous learning environment. I remember going from high school and being near the top of my class to going to ANU and just thinking, wow, the type of people that are around me are very, very capable and smart. I found the ANU to be a community of inquiry but also of action and I think at its best it was a place of profound possibility. The Australian National University has been, for me, one of the most exciting and productive times of my life. It was quite clear that at that particular moment in time, this was a mecca for electrophysiology. ANU is probably the best place for people like me who are interested in policy questions, big picture issues. When I was looking for a place where I could study and make a contribution to public policy and law, it wasn't a difficult choice. Where else would you study? You've been in the nation's capital at the National University. Because it is the National University of Australia, there's a lot of diversity there. It attracts a lot of international students from all around the world as well as students from all around Australia. I've found the contact with students are really, really important part of my life. This is why I leave my door open. This is why I'm in every day because I think students should feel as though they see research being done. Studying at ANU really opened up international employment opportunities. I'm now working in Cambodia in Phnom Penh on a solar energy project. ANU has given me a disciplined mind, a strong intellectual capability and a clear purpose about life. This helps me to fulfil my mission, to help people succeed in life and to live a life of significance through education. The overall environment was incredibly supportive of excellence and learning. I think I've drawn on the experience that I gained from ANU almost every day of my life since I left the place. My study and research at ANU was really the foundation of the research or policy work I did later on in my different roles in different parts of the world. That kind of analytical framework was probably the most important knowledge I ever acquired. A university is defined by the quality of its alumni and their contributions to society. We have much to be proud of and the alumni awards give us a chance to thank our outstanding alumni. The ANU community is proud of you and I am proud to say congratulations to all of the nominees and recipients.


Must survive this day. Must survive this day. Good morning, YouTube. All tired, tired, but we will make it. We will make it. Oh my goodness. Glorious day. Glorious day to go get a run-in. Gonna do three miles today. Nice and easy. Just bopping along in the sketchers. That's right. Taking the sketchers back out today. Giving you my thoughts on how they feel after the run.  It's getting, it's, it's humbling. It's just humbling is the bottom line. Everyone who's following me on Strava, just in the last slight, I don't know, three hours. I'm just gonna give some shout-outs to Dave, to Calvin, to Madison, to Alexander, to Luke, to Jules, to Robert, to Matthew, to Jared. It just like the list goes on and on and it's humbling. And I thank you for connecting there. Because I'm sensing that there's a lot of different runners joining up on Strava, joining up here on YouTube. And when I say that, I mean from an experience level. Whether you're a beginner or you've been going for, or maybe you've been running for 40 years, whatever the case may be. It's, it's, there's a lot of different types of runners joining. I can sense that and, and high schoolers. Shout-outs to all the high schoolers out there. Remember, there's a live stream coming up on Wednesday night. This upcoming Wednesday, 7 p.m. mountain time. And yes, we're increasing the speed of our internet so that you all can tune in with no technical difficulties like we had last time. And so the first, how we're going to do it, just a reminder, we're going to do an hour live stream where I'm going to be answering questions. But we're going to break it into different topics. So the first 20 minutes is going to be a topic. Second 20 minutes, another topic. And then the third 20 minutes, the last third of the live stream will be an open Q&A where you can ask anything about life, about running, about shoes, about travel, about whatever you want to ask. But what I'm thinking, okay, the first topic is going to be about high school running. High schoolers that are interested in running in college. That'll be your opportunity to jump in and just ask questions about, you know, maybe 5K training because that's what you race in cross-country and high school. So that'll be the first 20 minutes. And yes, I'm curious to hear from all of you, what should we focus on? This is not the question of the day, but what should we focus on the second 20 minutes of the hour live stream this Wednesday? Comment below with your ideas. And I would appreciate it. We'll get the ideas flowing and see what people are sensing because there's so much we can talk about, but I want to focus the conversation. Okay, here we go into Skechers. Let's do this. Let's do this. Stretching has quickly evolved into a game of dodgeball. We will be putting stretching on hold on this fine Sunday. By the way, Skechers did be good. Skechers did be good. Specific marathon training workouts. You are in the right place if you want to learn about what I'm going to be doing in preparation for my first marathon in 2019. And a couple of you mentioned yesterday that I forgot to tell you the update on grandmas. I'm just going to read you the email. I'm going to read you the email. Here it goes. Thank you for your interest in joining the elite field at the 2019 grandmas marathon and submitting your running resume. Qualifying time for a male to gain an elite entry into our marathon is a sub 228 marathon or a sub 110 half marathon run within the last two years. Do you have any half marathons planned in the next month or so where you might lower your PR? I won't read the whole email. Basically folks, solo here in Denver. And if you've been watching the channel a while, you already know this, but I ran a 111 two months ago at elevation, which actually I've heard recently that if you run that kind of time at elevation, you can at least take off two minutes for a half marathon. So it was probably worth about a 109. Really, because, you know, when you're at elevation, like that conversion down to sea level, it's amazing what sea level can do for your speed. Therefore, oh, well, it is what it is. Like I ran 111. I did not run 110 and this race director representative for the grandma's marathon is telling me that I need to break 110. So I don't know if grandma's is going to be on the docket for 2019. I don't know if I can break 110 in like the next month or two. Like, I don't know. It's probably too quick. So stay tuned for the update on what marathon I get into. I don't know. I don't know. Now let's set grandma's aside for now. We'll come back to grandma's at some point and let's focus in on specific marathon workouts. And listen, I've, I've raced many 50ks. I've done many training runs over 25 miles and like 30 miles, 35 miles. Yes, even a 40 mile training run last year. So I'm, I'm used to that long distance kind of slogging it out type feeling that, you know, takes over your body after, oh gosh, 22, 24 miles where you're just like, okay, I gotta get, I gotta be tough now and really focus on what I'm doing in order to keep moving forward at an efficient pace and clip. But before we dive in to the workouts, I have to read this. This is from Jim, a vlog viewer. It just came in today on the vlog a couple of days ago that gave an overview of my marathon training approach. Go check it out, upper right hand corner. But Jim said this, running a marathon is different than racing a marathon. Your plan should be applicable to what you are trying to accomplish. IE, do you want to finish a marathon or BQ slash PR? BQ stands for Boston Qualifier in case you didn't know that. And Jim, it's a brilliant observation. I like it at such a great point because if you're trying to finish a marathon, yeah, your training is going to be, I would say, a little less anaerobic, a little less on the intensity side and probably a little more focused on the aerobic side. For me, moving forward in 2019, just so you know, I am a big, big believer in aerobic over anaerobic. Guys, I ran that 111 at elevation solo with zero, zero speed training in the last 10 years, basically. I'm exaggerating a little bit, but not that much.   You know, you can do whatever you want, but I continue to be a little surprised and I know I'm getting a little amped up here, but I continue to be a little surprised when I follow people on Strava or on YouTube or on Twitter or wherever I'm following people and I'm just, I'm just observing their training from afar. So I'm, I'd be honest, you know, I know I'm not there watching them train, but I just see their workouts and I'm wondering, wait a minute, do they have, do they have a big enough aerobic base to build the pyramid of training to get to the top of the mountain, the starting line in peak fitness? Because if that base, if that aerobic base is not big enough, your pyramid is gonna be much lower, okay?  Is that making sense? Think of the pyramids in Egypt, like the bigger the base, the bigger the pyramid you can build through your training. So the more aerobic and what is aerobic training? Oh my goodness. We're not gonna get into the science of it, aerobic training is in layman's terms, it's, I don't wanna say it's long, slow distances. That's how some people categorize it. I would put it into the category of good breathing, meaning you're, you're, it's a steady breathing that you have. You're definitely not burning in the lungs, but you're, it's not an easy day either. It's a steady pace, a very steady pace. For me, if I can go do a seven minute, a seven minute per mile, 20 mile long run, that is a perfect pace for just getting in a solid long run, which builds my aerobic base bigger and bigger. Again, we'll talk more about specifics of aerobic versus anaerobic, but all right, I'll set that aside. So for me, just so you know, my strategy is 80% aerobic, 20% anaerobic when it comes to long distance training, whether it's 50Ks, which I've done in the past, or yes, now in 2019, marathon training.  Okay, moving on to specific workouts. And okay, I'm getting excited. You, I also know that within the 20% anaerobic training segments of my, of my training block leading up to my first marathon, I know I have to do speed training. I know, I know that. I don't love speed training. Like I definitely don't love going on the track very often, but I realize that it is important. I really, really do. For example, the world record holder in the marathon. Many of you already know his name, Kipchoge from Kenya, before his Berlin world record marathon race last year, he did a 15 by one kilometer, 1K repeat workout, 15 by 1K. That's quite a bit. And now I don't know what his rest was. I'm gonna make a guess. It was about 60 seconds, maybe 90. Nah, I bet it was about 60 seconds. That's my guess. If somebody knows, let me know down in the comments. That's what Kipchoge did. He was the, he's the world record holder in the marathon, the fastest ever in human history. So I see, I know that it is important to go anaerobic in marathon training, but I would also encourage people to really consider the aerobic. Okay, so one of the first specific workouts that I will be integrating into my speed training for the marathon is a fart lick, specifically a longer fart lick. So a 60 minute fart lick. And what is a fart lick? Basically it's not, it's interval training in quotes, meaning you are, you're doing basically, basically a 60 minute run with surges within where you're speeding up your pace, within that 60 minute time frame.  Meaning five minutes of higher intensity, two minutes of kind of a recovery pace. Five minutes higher intensity, two minutes recovery pace. And yes, it's not, the pacing will be important. I will probably shoot for what I could run a two mile in. So I could run a two mile, let's say in, at this point in my life about, you know, let's say around 10 minutes. Yeah, around 10 minutes. So I will, I'll try and hold like five minute pace through that five minute segment of the on. And then I transitioned to two minutes of off where I'm just kind of cruising, recovering, let the legs recover, let my breathing recover. What's more important than really the pacing is the length of the fart lick. So getting your body used to going at a higher intensity for longer, which is the marathon. The marathon pushes you beyond the limits that you ever thought you could go. And so anyway, that's the first workout that I will be integrating into my speed training, my interval training for the marathon. All right, another workout idea that I am going to use. I'm gonna call it the cresting, hill practice, cresting the hill practice. It's very difficult to find a marathon that is completely flat. We all know that Berlin is flat. Rotterdam, I've heard, is pretty flat. Chicago, of course, is flat. Houston is flat, pretty flat. New York is not. Boston is not. London, not so much. It is pretty flat, but not so much. Every big marathon usually has a slight uphill section. And it might only be a half mile long. It might be a mile where you rise up, you know, even if it's just 20 meters. So my workout idea that I will be doing is six by 1200 meter repeats with full jog back recovery back to the starting line. And the focus of this workout is your form. It's not going anaerobic because you're gonna have so much rest jogging back to the starting line. So you're gonna completely recover with your breathing by the time you start the next rep. But what you're gonna do is you're gonna find a hill. And I'm not talking a steep hill. I'm talking 100 meters, maybe. 50 meters. Just a slight uphill section that is 800 meters in length. And then followed by 400 meters of flat or even possibly a little bit of downhill would be preferred. The idea is to get your body used to cresting the hill.  Is that right? That's the Boston hill.  I'm in pain. But I practiced it before the marathon. I know I can crest over this hill not in complete shambles without dying. Does that make sense? So it's gonna be 800 meters up to the top of the hill. 400 meters up and over the hill. So you're gonna work on transitioning and firing different muscle groups because uphill muscles are different than downhill muscles. And basically I believe it will really, really help those moments when you find a hill in a marathon race, especially late in the race. Does that make sense? And then a full jog back recovery to the start six times maybe eight times later in training. I'm excited for that one. I'm really excited for that one because you know me, like I'm pretty obsessed with form and biomechanics in 2019 just making sure my form is as solid as possible. Okay, moving on. The one hour tempo run. The one hour tempo run. The two hours of the one hour tempo workout. Negative splitting. A lot of you commented a couple days ago. Okay, not a lot of you. A handful of you commented about the importance of attempting to negative split in your marathon. If you can train yourself to remain calm on the starting line and calm, especially the first 5K of a race, the first three miles when there's lots of crowds, lots of cheering the adrenaline is going to want to push you to go too fast. To go out too hard. And what happens is you go out too hard and then when you hit 13 miles it starts to hurt and your body starts to tie up. So in training if we can practice negative splitting a tempo run beautiful, beautiful. And so how do you do that? Basically, if you can run I would want to do the first 5 miles in let's say 31 minutes and the second 5 miles in 29 minutes. Now I'm not doing the math quite right in my head. I'm trying to think what pacing that is. But basically the goal is to negative split your tempo run. So that you're running in control the first half and the second half you feel good enough. You get to that halfway point, you check your watch and you look down, you're like oh, okay I'm approaching halfway. I feel decent. I think I'm going to try and pick it up just a little bit this mile 6. And then okay, mile 7 still feeling good. Boom. Go, go, go. Does that make sense? So negative splitting a tempo run will help you so much in making sure you don't go out too fast in your marathon.  We all are born with a certain amount of fast twitch muscles. Some like sprinters, they have a lot of them and I don't know again all the anatomical level what they're called but I know that they exist these fast twitch muscles and so as long distance runners we want to recruit it's called recruiting your fast twitch muscles. So how do you do that? Strides. I like to do six to eight strides after a long run. So I'll get back to my car. I'll find a nice flat dirt section preferably. You could do it on pavement but I prefer to do it on dirt and I'll do 150 meters. So basically one and a half football fields and I'll go not all out I'd say 90 to 95 percent of your all-out sprint so not all out 90 to 95 percent where you're striding and remember focusing on your form and by doing this once a week maybe twice but if you're not used to going fast don't do it twice a week. Start with it definitely just do once a week at the beginning and then you can integrate maybe twice a week in like a month or six weeks for now but start off with just once a week six to eight 150 meter strides to maintain as much of those as many of those fast twitch muscles as possible and that ladies and gentlemen will be crucial the and this especially applies to people that are trying to get a Boston qualifier or a PR like we want to we want to make sure we're not losing all of the speed that we have by doing so many long runs and so many you know tempo runs where we're not going fast fast fast. One last workout I almost forgot four by three K repeats with two minutes rest so four by two mile repeats with two minutes rest I actually don't know exactly what the benefit of this workout it like I know obviously anaerobically it would be pretty good but I've seen quite a few of my teammates do this type of workout in preparation for a marathon and yes a couple of them have already qualified for the Olympic trials in 2020 so anyway I need to do more investigation into that workout but it's just one that I'm going to throw out there I probably will attempt it four by three K repeats that's that's quite a bit with two minutes rest so that way that's a doozy that's a doozy of a workout okay keyword keyword workout and question of the day what is your go to speed slash anaerobic workout interval workout whatever you want to call it leading up to your marathon like what is your bread and butter butter my bread butter my bread workout for your marathon training if you have marathon training experience if you don't have marathon training experience don't worry you don't have to answer but I would encourage you to go down and start asking questions based on people's comments that do have experience training for a marathon a lot of well not a lot of us many people are amping up and ramping up for the marathon and the I think the Brighton marathon over in the UK and then of course the Boston marathon and there's so many marathons coming up in the spring but that is the question of the day thanks for chiming in I know I just threw a lot at you and we can talk more about this at the live stream on Wednesday night 7pm mountain time sound good thanks for bearing with me I know that was a lot I love you guys we're just we're getting ready we're getting ready to get ready love you love you see beauty work hard love each other see you tomorrow


Advancing the very best in public education is what the NEA Foundation is all about. Educators are the hope, the dream, the soul, the future, the promise of public education. We're celebrating educators from across the country. We need to make sure that young people view education as a viable, rewarding profession to enter. Celebrating educators in an event like this this evening is so important. We believe that the people who struggle to improve public education every day, they need to be front and center. I think especially because it's been such a hard year, it's important to celebrate educators so that they can feel seen and that they have some energy and enthusiasm so that we can keep doing this work. So this evening does revitalize the profession. I've been a teacher for only four years, but as a teacher this was like the goal. This is what I wanted to do. I wanted to be with everyone else who loves education. I think for new teachers, seeing that it's not only attainable for someone early on in their career, but seeing the work people put in is just hugely validating. I think that in inspiring new teachers coming into the profession, they have to understand and be acknowledged that their value and that what they're doing is worth something, that it counts. After the years that we have been struggling with this pandemic, it is especially important to highlight teachers and to highlight teacher excellence. I feel teacher. I want to let the essential workers of the United States of America.


Why are women so narcissistic these days? Why do they have such an inflated sense of their own importance? Why do they have a deep need for excessive attention and aberration? Why do they experience so many troubled relationships? Why do they show a lack of empathy for other people? The reason why there are so many narcissistic women these days is Because there are so many beta males out there There are so many beta males who lack masculine energy and adopt feminine characteristics They invest time and effort into mingling with women In the hope of eventually getting into a romantic relationship with them or having sex with them They orbit around and pedestalize women In the hopes that they can get their foot on the door and get chosen They place these women on a pedestal They hold them in very high self-esteem Especially to an exaggerated degree Which causes these women to become narcissistic It causes them to become entitled Where they believe they are inherently deserving of privileges and special treatment It causes them to become preoccupied with themselves and their own affairs They become egocentric and egotistical Where they only think of themselves Without regard for the feelings or desires of other people It causes these women to develop inflated egos Where they are absorbed by their grandiosity A lockdown on other people with an air of superiority Because they believe that they are impressive and opposing in appearance and style They believe that they are better than other people They think that they are more attractive than what they actually are They're walking around thinking that they're supermodels in their minds Because of all of those big males who are all over their social media Liking and commenting on all of their pictures Making them think they're more important than they actually are Making them believe they're really attractive When really they're not anything special or out of the ordinary And there are plenty of women out there who are far more attractive But they have plenty of guys who are messaging them on social media or on dating apps And that's what blows up their egos It makes them think they're more attractive than what they actually are Because they will even have attractive guys messaging them Which makes them think that on the same level Even though those guys are just interested in sex And they see an easy opportunity With a woman who they deem to be far less attractive than they are But these women see it as though that means they're on the same level Even though they're just being used for sex They reinterpret it as something positive They see it as a mark and expression of pride They see it as an achievement As though they're more attractive than they actually are The reason why women are so narcissistic these days Is because there's so many beta males out there What exaggerate in their sense of value They exist in this delusional reality Where they're more valuable and important than they actually are And that is why they're so reluctant to settle down That is why they cannot sustain a relationship They think that they can go out there And find another high value male with a good job Someone who makes six figures They think they can be in a relationship with someone like that Because of their delusional sense of confidence Which has been propped up by many beta males When in reality those guys are just going to use them for sex And then they're going to leave Because those guys realise that they can find someone who is more attractive Someone who is more on their level So they see no reason to invest anything into those women There are so many narcissistic women out there these days They believe they're more attractive than they actually are They believe they're more valuable and important than they actually are But before we had social media and dating apps Women had a more realistic view of themselves They knew their place And they didn't try to be something they're not They weren't so competitive They weren't so merciless and aggressive But now they don't even want to have a realistic view of themselves They don't want to know their real value They would rather act like they are unaware of it They would rather live in the fantasy And be out of touch with the everyday world Because they have all of these beta males who are feeding their egos They have so many guys who are desperate to be with them That they then ignore the guys on their own level who they're supposed to be with Instead they go looking for guys who are way above their level Guys who are more attractive Guys who are making lots of money But the only time they get with someone like that Is when the guy just wants sex And because of this These women aren't going to bother with the guys who are more on their level Well they would otherwise give them a chance If there weren't so many desperate beta males out there Because then they would realise that they're on the same level But because of social media and dating apps These women have become so narcissistic They're so out of touch with reality Because they've only got to go on their social media To see that they've got thousands of likes from random strangers Even though these are just low value guys who have nothing going on in their lives Who they are then using to make themselves think they're more attractive than they actually are They have a warped perception of their own attractiveness Due to these low value guys While the guys that they really want Are not the ones who are liking their photos They're not the ones who are following them around It's only low value guys who are doing that They're the kind of guys that they were to ignore in real life But on social media They will use them to inflate their own egos And to make themselves think that they're more attractive than they actually are When the reality is They've just got thousands of desperate low value males Who are liking their photos And yet that is what they're using To feed their egos Women are so narcissistic these days Because there's all of these beta males Who are constantly on social media and dating apps They're constantly giving them attention that they don't deserve They're constantly complimenting them So now they think they're the shit They think they're better than everyone They look down on other people With an air of superiority Even though they're not anything special or out of the ordinary They're walking around thinking in their minds that they're super models Because of all the attention they've received from these beta males To the point where they really believe they're more attractive than they actually are Which then causes them to ignore the guys who are on their level Which is where they realistically belong But the reason why women are so narcissistic these days Is because of social media and dating apps And all of the beta males who are constantly on there This is why so many relationships are failing these days Because these women have developed such a strong sense of entitlement They're always thinking they deserve more They've lost touch with reality They exist in this delusional world But they are more attractive than they actually are And because of this They've also lost their authenticity They've lost what once might have made them special And that is why narcissistic women all tend to look and dress the same There's no difference between them And yet they all think they're so unique When the reality is They've tricked themselves and they've tricked you Into thinking they're so much greater than they actually are Thank you for watching I hope this video has it with you Please like, comment, share and subscribe If you would like to donate My PayPal link is in the video description Coaching inquiries You can email me at coaching.naxvivert.uk Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon


Okay. Well, welcome everyone. Thank you again for the opportunity to be here in front of Science Circle and talk a little bit about anthropology, ethnography, and my research today. We're going to talk about Hennepoto Wara, the supernatural anti-hero of the mythical past. And I hope you find it a interesting slice of alternative culture from the Darien of Eastern Panama. So the way I have this talk organized is I'm going to talk a little bit about this story of Hennepoto. And then I would like to give you some background information and show you some ethnographic slides of Imbanak culture at the same time. And then I would like to tell the story of Hennepoto. So I'm going to give you some background information about the nature of the story and how I see it fitting into culture. And then I'm going to actually tell the story. So I'll be paying pretty much attention to my slides so I don't watch a nearby chat very well. So if someone will pay attention to chat and make sure I don't miss anything important. And then we'll have some comments and questions at the very end. So here we go. So, first of all, thank you for coming and hanging out and thanks to Science Circle for making an opportunity in this time of crisis and COVID where we can get together and perhaps transport ourselves to. Well, we've been transporting ourselves to quantum mechanics and messenger RNA and black holes and cosmology and quarks and subatomic particles. Well, today we're going to take a journey to an indigenous culture. It's a little different than the things that we've been doing in Science Circle. But I hope you enjoy the opportunity to explore a slice of this very interesting culture in Eastern Panama and preliterate cultures. Heavily depended upon narratives, myths and storytelling as a way of transmitting information from generation to generation. And of course storytelling in almost every society is considered an art form and in our culture is not an exception. Although the personal storytelling of stories is maybe somewhat diminished in our culture. We have an incredible storytelling heritage in TV and in movies. So we are doing nothing more than exploring the tradition that has existed for many thousands of years and is very much alive and well in our culture. Although it has been transformed in so many interesting ways. So all the material for this talk are located at my website trail to.com Hennepoto. And this includes the stories themselves in English and Spanish and in the Mbana version, along with this talk and along with the graphics that I'll be using in the talk. So if you do get interested in exploring this in more detail, feel free to go there and pick up the materials. It's also available at the exhibit, the ethnographic exhibit of 2 cultures that we have hosted in the community virtual library. So this talk comes from the indigenous group of the Mbana and they live reside in the Pacific coastal lowlands of Columbia and Eastern Panama. And they have of course a long tradition of telling stories. And this is one of several dozen stories that I've collected. And it and it is about a supernatural creature Hennepoto and would like to chronicle his story, but give you some background. So Hennepoto actually means leg-born child or leg-born son. And it's one of the more famous Mbana stories. And he is given a number of incredible Herculean tasks that he has to execute. And it involves engaging with the supernatural ecologies and demonic denzians of Mbana cosmology. Yes, leg-born says we'll get into that. There's actually a reason for this and we'll explore the details. So this paper presents the story and discusses some of the concepts associated with the story. But before I get into that, I'd just like to say that this paper was originally presented and this is the only the second time that I presented this paper in public. The first time was in a double session at the Applied Anthropology meetings in memoriam of Philip Young, who was my mentor and academic advisor. And Philip and I were very close. He visited me in Panama regularly and all of his students got together and we held a special session commemorating his mentorship of our anthropological work. And of course there are many acknowledgments and you can go to the website and read about them in detail. But I'd just like to highlight just a few of the folks that I acknowledge in my research. And the narrator is Elipio Flaco and his family adopted me. And I spent many, many months with them and became integrated into their family. And the translators of the Mbana are Daniel and Nilsa Castaneda who are brother and sister. And they happen to be the grandson and granddaughter of a very powerful shaman that I had the privilege to work with. And Nilsa Castaneda is very interesting. She worked with me as an administrative assistant for a long time. And then she became a GIS technician, geospatial information system technician. And she's one of the foremost GIS technicians in the Republic of Panama. And this single mother put her daughter through med school with a little help from her friends. And her daughter became the first Mbana physician ever in the history of their culture. I had some help with the Spanish translations as well. Fiona and Kristi Smythe who were the college age daughters of a Smithsonian Tropical Research Scientist. So they were very knowledgeable not only in the nuances of English Spanish translation, but of the ecological concepts in supernatural. The villages of Pilasal in Maninay, very, very small settlements in eastern Panama. And I'll point them out on a map in just a second where I spent most of my time. And there were two amens in those settlements that took me under their wing and shared with me the knowledge that helped me to understand indigenous cosmology. And the visual aspect of this presentation is due to the excellent work of Shafil. Shafil is the artist of the drawings that I use in my presentations and he faithfully reproduces the ethnographic detail that we discussed before he starts the work. And he brings the concepts of the ethnographic detail to life in his incredible artwork. Okay, so here's where we're going. We're going to the nexus of the Americas. This is where the continents of South America and Central America are joined. It is the very wild area of the Darien that is on the border between Panama and Columbia. And as you can see in the red circle, the comarcus of the indigenous people, the Mbanon, while none while none are very similar culture to the Mbanon. And also the Darien biosphere reserve is here is the largest reserve in Central America 550,000 hectares of pretty much all growth rainforest. So this is where we're headed. So if God took North America and South America in his hands and twisted, they would break right in this red circle. So I would like to just give a little bit of ethnographic background about the about the Mbanon. So the Mbanon traditionally live along the rivers and mostly the upper rivers of the Pacific Coastal Lowlands of the Department of Chilcot and Columbia and the Darien province in eastern Panama. They're subsistence horticulturalists who depend on fishing, gathering and hunting from the tropical rainforest traditionally. Socially and historically they are egalitarian and egalitarian means that there is no political hierarchy. And there was little craft specialization or political hierarchy. The craft specialization that exists were mostly shamans who became ritual specialists. And they believe in spirits who live in and co reside with the natural world. They also have a belief in the mythical past that is in the early times when animals and their animal spirit masters talked and socialized with Mbanon and the spirit world was considered more visible and accessible to the average person. It is in this mythical past that the story of a new photo takes place. The Mbanon have a sophisticated cosmology or if you will religion in which the many actors, spirits, demons, people, animals and natural forces interact in a complex and dynamic spiritual equilibrium. It is the role of the shaman to maintain this equilibrium by creating harmony among all of these competing forces and to ensure that the spirits from time to time can be bound to human intention through carefully executed rituals that seduce the often ambivalent spirits into cooperation. And I discussed the ecological implications of this cosmological perspective in a previous paper and perhaps sometime a science circle will permit me to do that presentation. But I do have a quote from that paper. The Mbanon have a strong narrative tradition that communicates ecological principles. The Mbanon tell many stories that chronicle the acts of the Indians, animals and spirits. The stories contain strong evocative images and symbols and form a type of encapsulated language coding metaphorically the actions of the human and the spirit world. This language with this ecological imagery shows what happens when the cultural rules are broken and they delineate the fine line between the cultural and spiritual domain. So these are a few of the ethnographic plates that show aspects of the indigenous culture and this is a picture of hunting the white lip peckery. The context of this story is one of the most well known stories of the pantheon of Mbanon stories, miss legends and narratives. It is the story of a man who is born of the union between a spirit and a woman.  As a part supernatural being, he executes a series of herculean tasks that require his special skills. Like many characters and stories among the Mbanon, he is not precisely a hero, but rather a supernaturally strong antihero that makes embarrassing demands upon society that results in the elders always trying to figure out a way to get rid of him. However, no matter how difficult the task they assign or how unlikely he is to succeed at his task, he comes out victorious. That is, until the dramatic end. His efforts, it can be interpreted profoundly protect society from potential ravages of the supernatural world of demons. The Hinupoto is constantly upsetting and resetting the balance between the human, the natural and the supernatural worlds. Although Hinupoto is universally admired among the Mbanon, for his strength, cunning skill and determination is also an outcast and a cosmic misfit. He also chronically naive as he attempts to track down the being that killed his mother when it was he himself when he was born who caused the death of his mother in childbirth. So the narrator of this story is Alipio Flaco from Piyuasal Darien. He is currently a forest guard in the Darien biosphere reserve. And at the time of the, he told this narrative, Alipio was about 18 years old. He was surrounded by family, his two younger brothers, two younger sisters and mother, and a few close friends. And it is the evening after supper, which is the traditional time to tell stories like Hinupoto. I was very pleased that Alipio told with strong oratory skill, such a detailed, well executed and comprehensive version of the story. Even so, in all of its details, it does vary from other versions of the story told at other locations by other narratives. So it is traditional among the Mbanon to have someone offer comments and make jokes and make little noises like people are doing in chat right now. As the person tells the story. And so it is his sister that is operating as the as as the challenger to his story as he tells it. And in the text of the story, you can see her, her, her sharp, her sharp comments as she comments on his telling of the story. And you can see the type of residents in the lower right. And here you see a couple of women doing ritual preparations. But in the lower right is the house similar to where the story was, was told. And so, I would like to just mention a little bit about the delicate balance in mythical time. So, in many ways, Mbanon culture is about maintaining balance in order to ensure that the forces of supernatural forces do not spiral out of control. And here you see a ritual preparation of calling the spirits in order to make a petition. This delicate balance represents the forces of the natural world, the world of spirits, and, and the human social reality is clearly a major theme of the story of Hennepoteau. He acts in so many inappropriate ways, yet he is clearly assisting the Mbanon to defeat their traditional enemies in the mythical past and liberate the gifts jealously guarded by the spirit demons and we'll see that in the story. The concept of mythical time is also difficult to appreciate. I had a very difficult time trying to get people to explain to me what this concept was. It is as if Hennepoteau was here yesterday, but the elders say it was a time before their grandparents. On the other hand, it would not seem impossible to some Mbanon that Hennepoteau walked the earth in recent years in some little known river in the department of Choco, Colombia. So, as I mentioned, is up to the shaman to help maintain this balance. And I would like to just say a couple words about the value of narratives and understanding cosmology. And cosmology is a little different than we've been using it in science circle. Cosmology is just an anthropological fancy word for religion or religious beliefs. The value of the narrative to Western participant observers is that all of the many coding systems for cosmological knowledge narratives are perhaps one of the most transparent and easy to access systems. Rituals, shamanic practices, music, even ethnobotanical procedures are so much more opaque and subject to more slippery interpretation. At least the stories can be translated into English or Spanish and their metaphors and relationships analyzed. Now, I would just like to talk a little bit about assumed knowledge. So in the story, there's all kinds of assumed knowledge. And I would like to make a few comments about this. So here you can see the ritual chicha that is prepared to seduce the spirits through its intoxicating smell. The people get to drink this at the end of the day, of course, after the ritual, after the ritual ceremony. And this chicha is considered as a supernatural force. And this is an important concept for understanding the story about Hennepo Toe, and we're going to get into that. Notwithstanding their parent transparency, that is narratives, narratives and but not narratives are crammed full of assumed knowledge on the part of the listener. The stories articulate within a system of belief, a method of thinking about and encoding the nature of mind, spirit, your social roles, nature of culture, ecological relationships and the cosmos. For example, when Elipio says our father in the story, this is really Angkoré, a powerful creator spirit, and is really most likely that the missionaries have insisted that Angkoré be interpreted as our father. And when Elipio states that the father spirit made love to the beautiful young woman between her toes, and we'll see that in just a few moments. It is likely that many ebony listeners are actually visualizing something like a crystalline pale white beam of moonlight that pierces through the thatched roof and that strikes her in her toe and fertilizes her with the spirit's cosmic sperm so that she becomes pregnant in the calf of her leg. The Western assumption is most likely that the image of male, female, physical, sexual intercourse between her toes. This is, of course, unsaid in this version of the story, but almost every line is full of similar complex assumed knowledge in order to communicate its pregnant message. And it took me a long time to figure this stuff out. The people can't just easily explain this to you. You have to listen to the story, translate it, ask questions, and it is a complex process of interpretation to try to figure out what's really going on. It is also interesting that the elders later on in the story tell Hennepoto that the moon killed his mother by sending a beam that consumed her heart. And the irony is that, in part, this is true if the creator spirit fertilized his mother with a moon beam that ultimately resulted in her death when he was born. So as you can see, the people in these diagrams are painted. These are not tattoos. So this is ethnobotanical body paint that has a two to three week duration and provides a very important ritual process. So in back to the sumo, I don't know the corn beer. I hate to drink it because it ran through my system like water and it was actually quite painful. And it's very low in alcohol. So you have to drink a lot of it to get a buzz. So we mentioned about the pregnancy in the calf of the leg and let me talk about the assumed knowledge there. The woman becomes pregnant in the calf of her leg is symbolic. The calf of the leg is thought to be an indicator of strength. Traditional Mbana life requires great strength and endurance, work in the fields, trips to the forest, carrying burden baskets of crops. I asked a middle-aged man what makes a good wife once upon a time. He told me, look at the calf. If it is strong and powerful, that is a good wife. It is skinny and not muscular, not a good wife. So the woman becomes pregnant in her calf, the symbolic source of her strength and a major of her power and prowess. Therefore, Western listeners can only approximate the true semantic and symbolic significance of the narrative's dramatic scenes because of the nature of all this collective assumed knowledge. It is similar in concept to the image of a Western visitor on an Mbana hunting trip. The visitor sees a rainforest within a geographic and ecological context. The Mbana hunter sees oh so much more, a complex interaction of natural, supernatural and animal spirit actors all conspiring to ensure or negate the opportunity for a successful hunt. The weather alone provides the Mbana hunter with a host of knowledge through which the hunter engages a complex playbook of where to go, what to hunt, how long to travel and how many other relevant variables such as the likelihood for an encounter with a poisonous snake. Clearly, the spirits will let us know if we only listen to them correctly. A small, significantly insignificant bird call may have dramatic effect on the hunter, even to the point of causing him to abandon the hunt and return home without delay and to hunt on another more propitious day. Of course, in our society specialized knowledge is highly heterogeneously distributed too. The professional farmer sees far more detail in a country landscape than a city visitor because his vision is so tightly woven into the specialized knowledge of crops, weather, ecology, soil, micro geographic conditions and the site and crop suitability. Any farmer worth his salt could discuss for hours the implications of a single pastoral view. And of course it is the shaman that is helping maintain the equilibrium with the supernatural forces. So I would like to say in conclusion to the discussion about the meaning and some of the ideas behind the story, and so it is with Hinupoto that there are many layers of meaning. Quite frankly, I don't know what it all means. I just have some insights after spending many years with the Mbana of attempting to understand the cultural details associated with the narratives and some of the cosmological concepts that keep appearing over and over in their stories. And I also have some Mbana language skills and I've had many years to think about what this story and others like it mean. I do feel that the story transports the observer, both Western and non-Western, into another world deceptively hidden behind everyday life. We can peek behind the curtain of Western physical reality into the indigenous view of the universe. Certainly there is not one or even a correct meaning to the story. I suggest it is more like a code that provides a vehicle for delivering Mbana cosmology and its attendant lessons in an easy to consume and reproducible package with potentially many layers of meaning and interpretation. The element of the code resonates with the constant level of knowledge of the listener. Each listener, of course, with its own ability to understand the details. And this was especially true for me. In my first year, I understood certain stuff. And then in second year, oh, I threw out a lot of the things I believed and replaced it with new beliefs. And the third year and fourth year and fifth year, there were massive transformations for my understanding of Mbana culture and appreciation for the detail and profound nature of their cosmological beliefs and their subsistence technologies. So it is more like a code than that provides a vehicle for delivering Mbana cosmology and its attendant lessons in an easy to consume and reproducible package with the potentially many layers of meaning interpretation. The elements of the code resonate then with the constant level of knowledge of its listeners. Like all good stories, each layer of meaning envelopes and articulates with the personal experience, social and cultural matrix of the listener. Certainly the story is entertaining to the assembled listeners that is the family that are listening. The importance of telling it well is evident as the comments of the audience indicate. There are also those elements that are difficult to capture in text. That is the nature of the delivery, the onomatopoeia that they continuously use, the nocturnal context in which the night sounds of the old that are so close on that rainy evening in the Darian when Elipio told the story. All do not translate well into the written word. The story contains all of the introductory conversations from the listeners and the narrator that was on the tape to give a sense of how the listeners themselves approach the telling of the story, not withstanding that some of the comments are quite embarrassing to the ethnographer. It is interesting that throughout the entire story, the Imbanar trying to get rid of Hennupoto by providing him with impossible supernatural tasks that should have resulted in his death. But unlike many Western stories where there is generally a resolution or positive resolution in the end, there lies a great ambivalence. And Hennupoto's ironic role as he consistently executes the impossible task to avenge his mother and never seems to tire as the elders redirect him to his next mission, even though he realized that they have previously tricked him. All the while as he rid the world of the most dangerous demons, he himself is treated as a nuisance by the Imbanar. So there we go. Those are my words about the nature of the story. Are you ready for me to tell the story now? Let's see. A nuisance hero. Yes. Okay. So now you know a little bit about the story, the nature of assumed knowledge, the mythical past, some images of Imbanar culture, the ritual supernatural processes and so forth, correct? So the subsistence technologies are hunting, which of course it is said that a good indigenous hunter spends more time training to be a good hunter than any engineer in our society. It takes that long to learn to be a good hunter. And then the fishing technologies, they have many, many ways of harvesting riverine resources, which are numerous in the Darien. The tropical rainforest rivers have a great diversity of fish species. And it might be worth mentioning that the Darien is and the Choco of the of the department of Choco is the most biological diverse terrestrial systems on the earth. And they have the highest rainfall differential of any place on earth as well. And you can find things on Google that refute that, but if you really do a close investigation, I think that you will come to this conclusion. So this is a very, very complex ecosystem. And so gathering plants from the forest from this very diverse ecosystem, you can imagine the ethnobotanical and medicinal knowledge of the Imbanar is huge. And it includes the use of a theogenic plants like ayahuasca that is used in their in their shamanic rituals. Let's see now if I have my up to date here. Okay, so let's tell the story. So I'm going to try and tell the story in a way that an Imbana person might tell it. But if you want to see what their language looks like, this is what the alphabet that we use. And let me just say a few words. So the language, of course, has nothing to do with romance languages. It is related to an isolated tree of Native American languages. And it's not going to be in Google translate that is for sure. This is an unwritten language when I first started doing my research and I was involved in helping design the alphabet that is used now to buy some folks to record the Imbana language. And of course, this is what they're saying. The very next day very early in the morning, he sit out with all of his lunch at once he began to kill the snakes with his arrow, blah, blah, blah. Okay, so the stories themselves are numbered. So there's sections and lines so you can compare each line of the English version of the Imbana version and of the Spanish version for those people who are interested in the original. Okay, here we go. Am I up to date with chat anything? I'm glancing at chat glancing. I guess I'm okay. No one's pinging me and saying that I'm crazy. Where did this stuff come from? Okay. So a beautiful Imbana woman becomes pregnant as a result of a union with a creator spirit. And it is conceived that her calf actually she was fertilized between her toes by a beam of moonlight that came through the thatched roof and caused her to become pregnant as a result of the cosmic sperm from the supernatural being. And as the child grows in her leg, her friends and family become very concerned because they feel that her welfare is in jeopardy. And of course, they're right. She gives birth to a part human and part supernatural creature and new photo and a new photo causes the death of his mother. And because new photo is part spirit, he has some strange habits. And one of the things that he needs in order to thrive is chicha, but not the corn chicha that is used in the ritual context that we discussed previously. But he requires blood chicha and he needs the menstrual blood and the afterbirth of women in order to thrive. It is his supernatural sustenance. And when he can't get it, he goes out and kills snakes and snakes are large snakes are thought to have a lot of blood and he drinks that blood as a second hand replacement for his blood chicha. And of course the women all consider him a nuisance and they're always trying to figure out ways to get rid of him. And of course the elders are you can imagine the women lobby with the elders to get rid of this of this creature who is continuously demanding blood. And of course blood is such an incredibly powerful metaphor in every society and this is certainly true in indigenous society. So Hennepoto is always asking who killed his mother.  And as we've already commented the moon is a powerful ecological metaphor associated with femininity, waters, rain, menstruation and pregnancy. And of course it is the moon being that fertilized his mother in the calf that ultimately resulted in his death.   And of course the elders get all excited and upset by this and they send the squirrel to gnaw on the ladder so that it will tumble to the ground. But the squirrel doesn't do a very good job. So they send the woodpecker Zoray to peck the bamboo ladder and the woodpecker is able to pick through the bamboo ladder right before Hennepoto is reaching the face of the moon. Of course this is going to cause a huge upset to the natural order of things. But the woodpecker saves the day and Hennepoto falls from the sky. And as he's falling he calls out mohopono, mohopono, mohopono, which is the flower of the balsam tree. And this converts him into a flower so he's able to float around on the air currents. But eventually he tires of floating around and then he cries out again, mongara, mongara, mongara, which means rock. And he converts to stone and he falls back to the earth. In fact he falls with such force and with such gravity that he falls into the underworld beneath the earth. And so Hennepoto discovers in the underworld the amurukos.   And they defecate out their ear. And so they're watching Hennepoto and they see him eating food and they're amazed that he can eat. And they realize that Hennepoto eats and he's able to defecate through his anus.  So can you help us?  But eventually he figures out how to do it correctly and he's able to poke them with the stick so they can eat food and defecate. So the amurukos, these supernatural beings are indebted to Hennepoto. But the amurukos are attacked by a variety of different animals and they kill the amurukos.  These are not killer animals. These are game animals. We are going to capture them and I'm going to show you how to cook them and eat them.  And they're so grateful because their population was being decimated by these game animals. So he taught the amurukos to hunt and he taught them how to cook a game. And so eventually Hennepoto gets bored with the world of the amurukos and he returns to his regular world. And then he goes to the elders. He had many adventures and this story is long but I'm only just going to tell you the highlights. And one of the adventures is that the Yembana tell him that the hay killed his mother. And the hay is this giant aquatic snake-like creature. It looks like an anaconda or a boa constrictor but it has antlers like a deer so it has a terrestrial component.  And he gets swallowed up by the hay who is this huge monster and he is in the belly of the hay. And he sees all kinds of ambana and they're dying of hunger. But there's all of these food plants as well. There's all of the seed and these food plants like the plantin and the banana and the sweet potato and squash and yams. And beans. So he sees all of this inside the hay and he says to the people that are dying of hunger. Don't worry I'm going to help you. I will feed you. And so he goes and takes out his knife, cuts out the monster heart of the hay and he drinks the blood. Of course remember that the blood is his special supernatural chicha and he builds a fire and roasts the heart and feeds the people. I will get you out of here. So once he builds the fire he propped open the hay's anus with logs. It's so big. And then the hay expels all of the contents of his stomach and the people that were dying of hunger are freed along with all the many different food plants and other animal creatures that form the bulk of the subsistence technology. Agricultural horticultural technology of the Mbana. So he's freed up all of these very important plants that form the basis of Mbana subsistence to this very day. And of course he has many adventures with many different creatures. But in the end the elders say to him, the hambuima killed his mother. And the hambuima is this rather vampire like terrible demon that is extremely powerful.  And he goes and he raises his spear and in some stories it is a bow and arrow to kill the hambuima.  And he drops his spear instead of throwing it and killing the hambuima as he's done with a pantheon of demons previously. He just drops his spear and he permits himself to be attacked by the hambuima. And the hambuima attacks fiercely and rips his throat out and tears his body into parts.  And so Hinupoto meets his ultimate fate. And he says in the story according to Elipio, I will turn into different types. In an instant I will turn into blood suckers.  And in the rainforest there's actually quite a few of these things. The many species of ticks, vampire bats, the different leeches, they're biting flies, there are chiggers which are arachnids, mosquitoes, sand fleas, assassin bugs.   And this has a very interesting epidemiological concept of course from our point of view in the scientific world.  Like vampire bats, rabies and of course yellow fever and malaria and so forth from mosquitoes. So there we go. That's the story of Hinupoto. So if you want to see more details about this you can actually go to the website. And it is worth mentioning again that Shafil has done an excellent job of reading the stories and we had long discussions about what details should be in the diagrams. And he faithfully represented in acute ethnographic detail the information that we both thought was appropriate to include in the different plates. So there is the story of Hinupoto. Questions? Questions in chat? I wasn't watching chat very well so if anyone had a question previously that I didn't get to take a look at. Umuntu says, Nexus, the notion of mythical time for the Ambanon. I wonder if that is a relation to the past or does it also resonate with notions of an imagined future? For instance in Swahili time is measured by seasons but backwards numerically and in many Bantu languages there are very little notions of the future, no future tense linguistically. I wonder if it's similar or could be completely different, not sure. Well that is an excellent comment and an excellent question. It was really difficult for me to kind of get a handle on this mythical time. As I mentioned it is considered something in the past but there are some folks that I talked to. I said, could Hinupoto be in Columbia right now in some river? And they said yes it's possible and so these supernatural creatures are not just relegated to the past. They are enduring principles that get renovated throughout time. And Hinupoto is not a very good example of this but there is another concept. Behind every major animal is a spirit master. And this spirit master represents the sum total of awareness and capability and spirit nature of the animal. So the deer has a spirit master and the jaguar has a spirit master. And this spirit master endears forever no matter how many jaguars are killed or how many jaguars are born. Into each jaguar is born and imbued content from this spirit master. So this is an enduring relationship from mythical time when jaguars could actually talk to people. But it exists in the current day and in the future as well. So the concept of past, now and future is not so precisely identified as you wisely recommended in certain traditional cultures. There is a more cyclical concept of time where the renewal of natural resources takes place on different cycles. And the lunar cycle is one of the most important cycles of that particular process. So I think that traditional societies throughout the world have very different concepts of the nature of temporal, of time passing and temporal stuff. So it's a great comment. Okay, anything else? Let's see here. Okay. Life never, yeah, but only transforming. Yes, tagline. From one form comes others. Yes. Yes, and that's certainly the transformation that occurs from Hinoopoto. He built all of this cosmological energy from all of the blood chiecha that he drank from all of the different creatures.  Very weird concept. Something else on your mind? In Norse mythology, the story of the end of the gods was told in detail at the same time as they were worshiped as living beings. What does the story of Hinoopoto tell us about the Ambanac culture and does it tell something about us? Well, I don't know, sis. I think that storytelling is a way of encapsulating such a broad range of knowledge and our stories do the same. If you go to any movie, you can write a dissertation on almost any movie. Even a bad movie about the complex communications that occur, the nature of assumed knowledge, the glances, the difference between the wink and the blink, so to speak. So in our society, if you wink at someone, that is imbued with all kinds of cultural meaning and it depends upon the context in which it occurs. But if you just happen to blink, which is nothing more than a physiological reaction, you don't want to confuse the two. So the context of how things occur is so important. And one of the problems about appreciating traditional cultures is it just takes so much work to be able to understand and appreciate the complexity of what the traditional people are trying to say. Okay. Now I'm curious what the Ambanac make of Western science fiction and what they think of Western obsession with the future. Well, there are now Ambanac that have gone to college and have studied to be hydrologic technicians and forestry technicians. As I mentioned, Nilsa's daughter is now a medical doctor. And so I think that the conversations that I've had with educated Ambanac, there's actually two kinds of branches of thinking. A one branch converts to Christianity and accepts some of the religious concepts of some of the more organized religions and others embrace the nature of the traditional beliefs. And it's not incompatible with Ambanac thinking to be able to embrace aspects of Christianity while at the same time maintaining traditional cosmology and traditional beliefs. So that's a very complex issue and it would be something that would be interesting as Ambanac become more acculturated. Of course, they have cell phones today. They now have political structure. They are now integrated into aspects of the Panamanian technology economics and they have suffered severely under the crisis of COVID because of their, because of the nature of their isolation. So there's a lot of things going on in the modern aspects of of Ambanac life that we don't get into, of course, in this talk, but it's certainly something that we could talk about it some future. Okay. No more questions. Okay. Well, thank you very much for coming and thank you for your great comments. And of course, thank you for taking time out of your lives in this terrible crisis to come escape into the rainforest of Eastern Panama. Okay, here we go. Here's the, here's the exhibit of two cultures ethnographic cultures and and the story of a new poto is in there, but there's a whole bunch of other stuff including the information about the mola technology which we discussed at a previous science circle presentation. Okay. Oh, yes. Thank you. Shantel that that's the the all of the documents associated with the new poto, including all the graphics in this presentation. Does he wink or blink. Yes, Shafil is a great artist. Okay.


Let's talk about right angles and straight angles. This will also help us understand the directions and sentences where these two terms are used in math. So for example, the right angle is of 90 degrees. So if I say I'm looking towards this direction here, which is east, I'll just quickly draw the direction map east, west, south at the bottom and the north at the top. So I'm looking towards east and if I turn anticlockwise by 90 degrees, I have eyes towards north. So these are eyes. So this is how I turn and look at north. So I would say I have turned anticlockwise by 90 degrees or through a right angle. Similarly, what happens if I turn myself by a straight angle? Straight angle is of 180 degrees. So I'm turning completely by 180 degrees and if I have eyes now towards west, so I have turned anticlockwise in a straight angle and I would look at west and through a diagram, this is the angle that I've turned in. So right angle is a 90 degree angle and a straight angle is a 180 degree angle. But when do we find applications of terminologies like right angles or straight angles? So when we have to describe the directions through which objects are moved, for example, let's take example of a clock and I'll draw 12, 3 here, 6 at the bottom and 9 towards left and let's draw only one hand because we are just interested in the rotation of one hand. So let's say a minute hand is at 3. When this moves to 9, it completes one half a rotation about the clock and it has turned in 180 degrees. So we would say that the minute hand has turned clockwise in a straight angle. So this has completed one straight angle. What happens if it rotates completely and again comes back to 3? It completes two 180 degree rotations in that case and that would mean it will be completing two straight angle rotations clockwise. What if the minute hand was at 6 and then it rotated three-fourth straight angle? And we already know that the clock hand is going to move clockwise. So we go about this, three-fourth of 180 degrees is what we need and that is going to be 135 degrees. That's basically completing 190 degree rotation and then completing a half 90 degree rotation. This is 90 degrees and this is 45 degrees and that makes up 35 degrees and then you would say this is three-fourth of a straight angle or three-fourth of 180 degrees rotation. You can count the number of right angles moved or straight angles moved when a minute hand of the clock or the hour hand of a clock moves for any time duration. So there is this question in 24 hours, how many straight and right angles are moved by the minute hand? Note that for every 15 minutes, it will complete the movement of 90 degrees. So use this information and try and answer this question. Pause this video to solve this question before I share the answer on the screen. So in 24 hours, there are 24 full rotations and we know that one full rotation is worth two straight angles. So 48 straight angles are moved by the minute hand and since one straight angle include two right angles, 96 right angles, 96 right angles were moved from the original position by the minute hand in 24 hours.


Hello. How are you guys? Having a good time? Wonderful. Okay, cool. So let's start with headless CMS showdown. We do a lot of live demoing today. Four different CMSs, headless CMSs and we compare it. Strop, sanity, contentful and Drupal. Before I start, I actually want to know who's using Drupal. Okay. Who's using Stroppy? Oh, two, three. Hands. That's nice. Four hands. Who's using sanity? Two. Well, we are at the Drupal con, that's for sure. Contentful. Couple. So you will learn some new things. So agenda today. So we'll do a brief introduction of what headless is actually all about and then CMS overview and a live demo, how we build content models in all these solutions.  And also, and that's the goal of the presentation, what can we actually learn from these new systems? Strappy, for example, is pretty new. They got an investment of about, I don't know, $50 million last year or this year. So they are growing rapidly and we wanted to know why they are becoming popular and what we can learn as a Drupal community. So let's quickly introduce us. So hello. I am Natalia. I am from Spain, from Barcelona. And I left Spain 10 years ago. And since five years, I am living in Switzerland. And I work at Netnode as front-end developer. Yeah, I'm Lucas. I'm the founder of Netnode, digital agency in Switzerland. We are doing Drupal projects in since about two years, mostly decoupled solutions. And, yeah, we built Node Hive up a headless CMS solution on top of Drupal. And we will also demo that as part of how Drupal can be used as a headless solution. It's fully open source. Node Hive core is the project page on Drupal.org. So let's start with the introduction. First of all, we want to give a bit of content of what is headless and what is a headless CMS. So a headless CMS is a content management system that separates the presentation layer, where the content is served from the backend, where the content is managed. So the content is managed in one place at the backend. And you can deliver this content via an API. So there is no default front-end. So do this reason. It's very flexible and you have a lot of options. So it's front and independent. After this short overview of what is a headless content management system, we ask ourselves if, as a Drupal agency, because we are in our daily business working with Drupal, if Drupal is still relevant in a headless CMS world. So for this reason, we wanted to see which are the new options at the market to explore a bit that and to test it and see where Drupal is and what will bring the future to us. And we are at the point that we want to see how are others doing and what we can learn from them as a Drupal community, how we can improve Drupal, because there is other solutions they are solid to, and we want to see what they are doing and what we can take from them. So that is the reason why we will show you today how others are doing and maybe there is new options that we will discover that we could take that with us. So these are our fighters of today. First of all, we have Strapi, Sanity, then Contentful and of course Drupal, so they will take part of our headless CMS showdown. For this presentation, for the showdown, we have a use case to test the different options that all the content management systems offer. So we will build the presence for the green ball, it's a restaurant chain and we have like three entities, a restaurant entity with different kind of fields, then we have an employee entity that will be referenced by the restaurants and then we have a page entity to have a home page, a single page for the different restaurant chains. So we will show this project with every content management system. So let's start. Like our first fighter is Strapi. Strapi is a headless CMS, it can be self-host, it's built with Node.js and the API type or they offer REST API and GraphQL, it's extensible, there is a lot of plugins and you can extend it with custom controllers. The authentication is already built in, but you can customize it too. And the content modeling is very flexible and there is an active community and there is enterprise support too. And they offer free and paid plans. So now I will change to the demo. So first of all, if you want to start a project with Strapi, you can create the project and you can run NPM, run develop and then you will have a running application. They deliver the admin panel, so that's what I will show you now. If we switch there, then when you start the project, you have to log in and that's our dashboard page. So if we switch to the content manager, maybe that's the most important part for the editors because it's where they can edit the content. We have here different kind of collection types. I will show you first a bit the content of one restaurant. In this case, we have here the green ball of Lille. So we can see here the different fields, the detail, an opening hour field, it's a JSON kind field. We can reference here the team of this restaurant and then we can save our content very easily. We can hear that's very similar to Drupal because you can hear the model or configure the view mode of the edit page of an entity. So I will show you now how it looks an employee. It's like we have the three fields and you have the same options like in the restaurant. So now we will switch to the content type builder and then we will add a new field to the restaurant so we will see how it works and how it's the user interface for a side builder. So I am now at the restaurant entity and I will add a new email field. So you see I have here a model. There is a lot of field types and if I select the email field, I can add the content there. In this case, I don't want to require the field but you have different options there and I can save it and here there is a small reload of the page and after that we already have our email. So if I switch to the content to the restaurant, I have here my new field and I can like fill it and use it to expose it to the front end. So maybe interesting too, we have here like a media library, very flexible, you can edit the images and then the plugins. There is a marketplace they have 159 plugins and you can like copy the command or check the page of the plugin and add it to your project. So normally you have to follow the requirements of every model like in Drupal sometimes and here we have the settings where you can configure all the roles for the users, for the API that's very important because you can here for example for the public API, I can like say I want all the public users to find the content and find one content, one restaurant in this case but they can't create or delete content so you have to configure everything to expose the API to the front end. So that's like the simple or the power of Strapi without extensions and without customizations. And now I will show you the API, that's the API of Strapi, it's interesting that they don't deliver the fields that you are referencing so in this case you always have to add this parameter here to populate all the content but you can see here that I have the green bold link with the whole information that we saw at the content editing overview. So then we are here already ready to use it for our front end. So that's the overview of Strapi so we will switch to our presentation and that's what we like it and with the things that we found challenges with so we like it that Strapi has a modern front end, the user interface is nice, is simple, easy to use, the flexible data modeling is very interesting too so I showed the different kind of the collection types but they offer single types to components, they are like paragraphs, you can reuse them so it's very flexible. They already have built-in API end points that's always nice that it's everything already there, you don't have to do extra things or configure settings and they have a nice plug-in ecosystem and it's growing at the time and it sells host and open source and that's always a nice thing to have. And we found challenges with performance overhead so sometimes there is heavy overload time so that's not very nice. They offer by default SQL live database so for certain kind of projects maybe it's too simple so you have to customize everything, if you customize something then you are going out of the Strapi context so you have to carry with the consequences and Strapi is a younger ecosystem so that's a thing that it's a challenge for the moment so it's growing and there is a lack of enterprise features so that's the overview of Strapi, we think that it's ideal for projects that require a highly customizable self-hosted solution and that they want flexibility with API options and of course it's open source so that's beautiful. Perfect so then we will switch to our next fighter, it's Sanity. Sanity, it's a headless MS, it can't be self-hosted so it's cloud based, it's built with JavaScript React, they offer GraphQL but they have more options so you can extend it, they offer plugins and custom entity widgets and they have authentication, it's built in and you can extend it with three party services and they offer a flexible content modeling and there is an active community official super too and they offer free and paid plans so we will switch to Sanity, here I have like my Sanity application and then you can start it with NPM Randev and then you have your running application, it's interesting because they offer like two products, they have Sanity Lake or Sanity Lake, it's where your database is based so you can host it by yourself so here we have the whole information of the database of our project and then we have Sanity Studio and that's the dashboard for the editors and for the users that want to use our self-content with Sanity. So that's our backend, it's very simple, I have to say I extended the backend with the media plugin to see how media works but by default you don't have that so we can see here the restaurant entity like in Strapi so we have again the green bowl lill with the different fields and you can for example reference something and publish it, yeah it's very nice that you have already here all the revisions so you can switch back, you can see when was everything done so it's a nice overview of the workflow and now I will show you an employee so we have here employee entity with the different fields and maybe what's interesting here is that you can hear, you don't have a content modeling overview, you can add new fields at the Sanity studio so it's a content management system, more focus for developers because you have to extend everything by yourself so I will show you how to extend the different entities, I will switch there to Peace Code, I don't know if you can see it, not very good so okay, okay maybe I can switch to another color theme better, okay perfect so we can see here the restaurant entity and to create new entities you have to define a new schema, they are documents and here I have the components, they are like the paragraphs that you can reuse so I will show you the restaurant entity, we have here the details so they offer different type fields but you can extend it by yourself so you can create your own file types for example in this case I was not able to use a JSON field so I created an object with the different opening hours but I can like create an opening field type to reuse it for other entities so it's very simple the schema and I have here you can add validations in this case there is no email field but I have a validation to check that the content that you are adding is an email so I will uncomment that and we will see there is a reload tool and now if I go to the restaurant entity we can see there that I have the email field so I can add the information and publish it so the overview is very simple and we have here the media so we have here the different assets that I extended that with the plug-in so it's not by default but you can it's very easy to extend you have to extend your code to allow to have the different plug-ins and now I will show you the API because they offer they have a known query language and they offer this overview the name is vision so you can test here your queries in this case I will expose everything and we can see the output of our content so I am exposing everything we see here for example an employee or I have maybe there like other information like the restaurants so that's an important point to know that you have to learn this query language of sanity to use it so I will show you perfect that's the overview of sanity and maybe I can show you to the page type because I haven't showed that for the for a strappy here is like it's the same but I wanted to show that you can create the slack fields and you can generate the slack so that's nice to that you already have that and you can reference the content so I will switch to the presentation and that's what we like it and what yeah we we the things we found challenge with so we like it that there is real time collaboration I was unable to show you that but that's a very nice feature maybe you can check it later but you can edit the content at the same time so that's very nice it's highly customized so you can customize the whole back end and they offer portable text so when you use a rich editor all the content that you are adding to the rich editor it's a structured data so that's very nice for developers and then we have a strong query language that you can use with a strappy that allows you to filter a lot and to you have a lot of options it's it's very nice to have it and it's well documented and we found challenges with the lack of no code features so if you are not a developer maybe it will be difficult to start with sanity at the pricing model to because they have they offer a free plan but if the project scales it can be expensive and the other thing is that they offer content like that you depend on third party services so you can host sanity and that's not always nice because maybe there is clients clients that doesn't want that and it's like a private private enterprise and if they don't want to offer that anymore then you will have a problem there and we think that the query language is a challenge too because if you don't know the language then you have to learn it only for sanity. So we think that it's well sweet for dynamic projects where collaboration is a key and where you need to create content structures in an efficient way. So that's the short overview of sanity and now we will switch to contentful. Yeah let's talk about contentful. Contentful is a headless CMS obviously. It's not possible to self-host so it's only available as a source and API type is you can access the content through REST and GraphQL. Extensibility is quite limited so you have to build apps so it's not how we are used to as Drupal developers and yeah content modeling is also very active and yeah there is also a pricing in place about contentful. So I will also do a short demo. So when I log in to Contentful this is the dashboard and then I see at the top three tabs so I first open up content. I get a list, an overview of all contents I created for example the restaurant entity and so this is the editor. I can link other content so I can select existing content for example if I want to link a gallery I can do that and then I can publish it immediately. Let's go back. What's a bit strange as a Drupal developer? They combine everything so whether it's an entity or let's say a paragraph for example a gallery for them is just yet another entity basically. That's it. Then there is the content modeling. That's actually very powerful so let's go and extend the restaurant entity. So it's very nice, very clean visual. I can add a new field. Let's add a new text field and then you also have several types here. You can add additional settings like validation settings also the appearance and then you can simply create it and then save it and then it's available in the content section. So yeah that's the core functionality. Then obviously they also have a media library here. You can add assets very quickly, single assets, multiple assets and then there is also apps. I said before it's a little bit weird how they make let's say your custom functionality available through apps so it's not very flexible. You actually have to self host your own apps and use API calls to go back and forth so you cannot really access the code APIs if you want to say like that. What's interesting about Contentful they offer compose and launch. So basically compose is an additional let's say view on top of the headless content if you want to say like that. Compose is intended to be for content editors so it's even cleaner and simpler. So here you only have stuff that actually appears for example on a website which with a slot and can be accessed. So here again I have for example the restaurant entity and I can start creating that and it's really only made for editors. What's also powerful they have a feature called launch. Launch is intended to create kind of releases of content. So if you want to update your website and you change like say 100 pages and then you want to release them at one point you can organize this with releases. So content staging is one key feature of Contentful and also very powerful. So that's this. And then I want to show you the API as well. So the API is actually very simple. They offer a content delivery API. It's similar to JSON API in Drupal. So you also have to include stuff and this is more or less the output. So yeah you get the data out of it and then you can parse it in your prompt and then work with it. So let's go to the presentation. So we liked what we like about Contentful these content environments. That's actually one of the core features. So staging content is one of the key features Contentful offers. It's ass-based so it's really very simple. You go on Contentful, you log in with your Google credentials, you start your space or environment and then you can start building your content models and you can start building your frontends. So the content delivery is very powerful and they also offer a GraphQL API plugin. So you have options there. And also the media handling is very powerful and makes it really stand out. Obviously Contentful is not open source. So it's not an option where you can self-host it. And as I said before, custom code is only possible through apps and this is not really practical. So that's Contentful. Now I want to show you Drupal with our extension, the Node Hive Core extension.  So this is how we build decoupled or headless sites, admin interfaces based on Drupal. And actually when I log in, after logging in, I arrive at the dashboard and what I see here is I see the Node Hive Spaces, we call it, a space you can imagine like a website basically. So when I go there, I have an overview of what's available in that space and if you want to create a new restaurant, so let's say we open up a new restaurant, I can do that and create my node. You see I can link it here with the specific space. So I go back to the space. Then what we focus on, Drupal out of the box, offer the menu and we completely switch that. So we completely replace it and we also rename the terms of Drupal, for example, content, we call now data and then you have access for example to all your media or all spaces or all taxonomies, whatever. So we really copy what we learned before from Strapi or Contentful. And then you also have data models, so if you want to create a new content type, you simply go there and you can add your content type, right? Yeah, that's it. And then about Chasen API, I mean this is really simple in Drupal, you know, you can access slash Chasen API and then you have access to all the end points and basically use it. Out of the box it's without any authentication. There are many options to do that. So that's it from that point of view. So in general, what we like about Drupal obviously is it's highly flexible content architecture. Just one example, in Drupal we know the Chio field. In Contentful they also offer something like Chio field but Strapi as we said it's still young, they don't offer something like a Chio field. Drupal offers Chasen API out of the box in core and have many options in contributed like GraphQL and others. Lots of modules, so Drupal is really scalable because of its long history, even in a headless context. What is challenging, obviously it's the UI, it's not a single page application, it feels a little bit slow. And also what we found challenging is that Chasen API documentation is not very well done. So when you, let's say, new to Drupal and you want to use it as a headless CMS, it's actually very hard to understand how Chasen API works with all the includes and sub requests so we can definitely do a better job there. So let's come to a conclusion or maybe an overview of comparison and learnings. I mean who's the winner? I don't know, I mean, of course Drupal, yeah. I mean when selecting a headless CMS, obviously I have to consider different things, the project scale, complexity of your content models, also technical expertise, not everybody has a Drupal developer in-house. And also how important are features like real time collaboration, media handling and self-hosting also. So each solution offers a blend of these capabilities and you have to decide on your own. We are from Switzerland so we have to say it very neutral. But what can we learn and maybe also copy from Strapi, Sanity and Contentful? Well, definitely it's the UI. Drupal lacks of a fast and modern UI, even if you use Chin. Strapi as well as Sanity, they offer single-page application feeling, also patry laws are very fluid, also the concept of auto-saving, for example in Contentful, you click on the title of the entity, you are not going to the node view, what we call, they directly go to the edit and then it's auto-saving. So when I change the title, it's immediately saved. So I go back and forth. So that's nice. It's also the simplicity out of the box. So the admin menu in Drupal Core is, to be honest, a mess and we can do that much better. And also, I mean, in a headless context, the backend can be much, much simpler because you don't have to configure all the whatever functionality you want to offer in a solution, in a Drupal site, for example. I said that already, headless documentation is obviously much stronger with Contentful and the other headless solutions. Drupal really lacks that or I haven't seen it, maybe it exists, but it's really not good. And also, something like an API explorer would be nice. So JSON API in Drupal is powerful, but how do I actually load paragraphs and media items within a paragraph? So this is not very self-explanatory, so we can do that much, much better. And we are actually working on an auto documentation feature within Node-Hive, so you can click on API docs and it will auto generate the API request for you. Also, starting a project in Drupal, we think it's still hard. So when you are used to, let's say, the NPM world, it's much easier. You simply start the project, NPM run dev, and then you're off and go. And also standard features are relatively clunky in Drupal, like working with revisions. It's not intuitive, but we saw the different solutions before. They have a very nice interface. It's easy to switch between revisions. We can do that better. Also, image handling in Drupal, like cropping features or even image editors. There are solutions out there, but it's a little bit clunky. It's not like, oh, wow, that's nice, and let's use it. Also, duplicating content in Drupal, it's doable. But it's not, you know, it's not like smooth. And also, the slash, admin slash content view in Drupal out of the box, we can do much better. I specifically like how Contentful is doing with this search box at the top, and you can filter and search very quickly. And if you have a large site with a lot of content, it's very easy to find and start editing your content. So lots of stuff to learn from these systems. One word about visual editing.   And Stropi as well as Sanity and also Contentful, they partner, for example, with Wurcel. Wurcel is a frontend hosting service, and they start to integrate these headless CMSs, and they offer very nice editing features, even if you have like a structured headless CMS in the back. So that's very, very powerful. Basically, the idea is you click on an element, and then you have similar to maybe Gutenberg and other editors. You can directly edit your content on the fly. This means additional integration on your frontend application, and also how it's connected to your backhand. It's not easy to do, but this will evolve over time. So I expect that, let's say, if you build a new site and client says, oh, we want to host it on Wurcel, do you offer Wurcel CMS integration? Can we do that with Drupal? I think we should think about that as well. How we do it with Drupal and specifically No Tive is actually when you, that's an example, so we show an iframe in the Drupal interface, and then you can click on, this is a paragraph, but it can be any entity inside Drupal. You click on it, and then in the sidebar, you get the form, the Drupal form, and then you can save it, and the frontend will immediately update. So that's very powerful. I also have a video on node-app.com, which you can see how that works and how easy it is. So conclusion, Drupal is a very strong option in the CMS world, and especially it's scalable beyond simple content models. So let's think about web forms, web form functionality we couldn't find in Stropi and others, and there are many modules in Drupal that are well-established, offers headless APIs, and there are all these newer, younger CMS systems not there yet, right? So Drupal is there far ahead. But JS-based solutions are coming strong, and we should really have a look how they evolve and what we can learn from them. Yeah, that's it. We have to show this slide, come to the end, and then we have to look at the contribution, then sprints, and with that set, we are finished with our presentation. Are there any questions? Thank you. I think there is a, ah, there is a mic in the center, sorry. Yeah. The presentation was very, it was really good. I was wondering if you had had an opportunity to look at the Next-Drupal project that's out there. Yeah, we use it. That's cool. Thank you very much. Yeah, you should check out the Next-JS-Drupal integration, wonderful solution. Thank you, Chapter 3 and Shazian. Hello, FGM from Ozynet. In the event as a session announcement, you mentioned that directors, but you didn't talk about it. Can you tell us something about directors? So you're specifically asking about permission and how that's happened. Oh, yeah, actually we have, yeah, during the presentation, we have to include contentful instead of directors. Sorry about that. Yeah, sorry. We couldn't change the session description. I'm sorry. Friends, I would just like to know if it's possible to get those slides somehow. Sure. Yeah, yeah, we can publish it somewhere. Okay. Maybe through the app, but I don't know exactly how that works, but of course, we can do that. Hi, I'm Luca from Smartfabrik. Did you try multilingual features of those other CMS? How does it integrate? Actually, no. I mean, we never built a real project with contentful and the other options we show. So we cannot really say about multilingual features. But as I know, all of them offer multilingual features. But as I also know, multilingual is not easy. So it would be very interesting to see how they handle, you know, is it always in sync or is it not in sync to translation? How would they handle that? But all the options offer multilingual support out of the box actually. We have a question. What is the best way stack from your experience to build the front with Rupal as API? So what we did that, you'll know, was to build the applications with Next.js so we used the Next Rupal extension that Chapter 3 mentioned. And it's a very nice document of well done. With Next 13, we switched to an on solution because I think there is like this new server components that it's not yet available with Next Rupal. So that's the best way to start with, I think, to test the extension to use it in all cases with Next.js and to use JSON API, I think it's a very nice solution. So thank you very much.