Just in case YouTube was crazy and take it away. You've got it. Great. Thank you so much, Sean. Welcome everyone to the identity. Special interest group for June 1, 2023. Thanks for joining us today, everyone. My name is Shara Howland, and I'm a co-moderator of this group with Bippin Barathon and Tim Spring. And let's see today on the agenda, we will go over working group status updates as usual from progress in the community. And then we will hear a presentation from our speaker, Wenjin Chu, on the Open Wallet Foundation. So really looking forward to that. Let's see, we are in a Linux foundation call. So we are following the antitrust policy, of course, and the hyperledger code of conduct, which are written and linked here as well. This call is being recorded and streamed to YouTube and I will post that on the meeting page later today. And let's see. We can go over any introductions now. If there's anyone who would like to introduce themselves, this would be a great time. I would love to hear what you're working on in this space and Wenjin, feel free to introduce yourself now or when you start your talk either is great. I'll pop a hold on. When I talk, I can spend a little bit of time on that. Sounds great. Yeah, Daniel, I see you have a note in the chat. You'll moderate an Open Wallet keynote at Identiverse. And yeah, thanks for joining before that. We're glad you're here. It is my sincere pleasure. And if it makes sense to join again and to coordinate it, I would be thrilled to do so. I just, unfortunately, because I'm moderating, I have to prepare the panel and really have a hard stop in 26 minutes. Yeah, absolutely. Definitely understand what we're here every every two weeks at the same time on Thursday, so you're welcome anytime and very encouraged to join. So thanks for joining today. Thank you, Tara. I'll introduce myself. So for those of you who don't know me, I think I know most of the folks on the call, but my name is Tracy Kurt and I am the technical oversight committee chair for the hyperledger foundation. I am also the technical advisor council chair for the open wallet foundation. So wanted to join in the call. I know that there has been some conversations between the two communities of hyperledger foundation and the open wallet foundation. And wanted to just be here to make sure that I was adding support on both sides and also answer any questions as we get to the topic on the open wallet foundation. Thank you so much for being here Tracy. Great to have you and I'm not sure we've met directly yet but I've definitely seen your name around the community so great to have you on the call. All right, any other introductions anyone would like to make. We've also got just a couple announcements in June, early June there's the digital identity on conference in Europe. Next week and then as well the did hack decentralized identity hackathon looks like there's a need for an areas developer to monitor discord to answer participant questions if anyone is interested in that or know someone who might be interested. Are there other announcements or anything else anybody would like to to say before we jump into our working group updates. Sure, I have two really small ones number one yesterday we had the non creds workshop which is really well attended really well received. Stephen Karan, Redulf Miranda and Patrick San Luis did just a fantastic job over three and a half hours walking folks through it on creds. That has been recorded to YouTube it's up on the hyper ledger YouTube now and the wiki page has all the links and the labs and the directions and the prep so if you want to take it along with the folks who did it yesterday you're more than welcome to. So in the planning stages of a areas framework JavaScript workshop for later in June, I'm coordinated with that team, but they've got a new release coming out shortly 0.4.0. And so we're really excited to support them in that workshop and the minute I can. This is a me problem not that team problem and then I get that date locked down on my side. We're going to let folks know about it. Great. Thank you for mentioning those the sound. I was able to catch some of the non kids workshop yesterday and it was really well done. So, yeah, thank you for those announcements, and I also will drop the wiki link into the chat. If you would like to put your name down on the attendees list that would be wonderful. And for my co chairs VIP in and Tim, do you have anything to say or add before we jump into the working group updates. I would like to say a couple of things. One is, I did see engine at the Dublin, then ranging to at Dublin and I mentioned to him about the identity working group and so glad that he's here. The other thing is this is now a conjoined version of two parallel streams. One is, of course, the strategic outlook, which means not just focused on identity but how it's used in the real world, which is very important, I believe. And that is was the original identity working groups of aims. The other, of course, as ably led by char and by team spring was the implementers working group. That was also part of the identity working group. Now we have joined forces as the identity sick, and we do not have split meetings anymore. And I'm so glad that char and Tim are taking leadership over this. Thank you. Yeah, thank you, but then it's, it's great to have joined forces and merged our groups. And, and thanks for that introduction I was looking at the, the wiki and just realize, Oh, this name seemed to be going in alternate. Thanks for that background introduction. And it was very nice meeting you there in in in Dublin. So taking me a little bit but you know I'm here today. We're really glad you're here when Jen and looking forward to your talk. So thanks for taking the time. All right, unless anyone has any other announcements or introductions to make we can jump right into the working group updates. The Indy contributors call on our latest call last week we reviewed open issues on indy node and plenum part of a larger project to clean up the indy be both and so discussed and commented closed those which was good progress. Let's see. The areas working group. Let's see I see Sam joined would you want to give a brief update on the last couple meetings in that group. So the last the call yesterday was mostly focused around more like an update from a philosophical perspective of all versus agent scope work, etc. And the, the call or two previous that was mostly focused on discussions around the open law foundation which we'll hear from Jing about today. Great. Thanks for those updates. Let's see, did anybody on this call attend the areas by fold user group. This week. Looks like they're going over had a talk about the by fold updates, working on cleaning up some technical debt and bugs and then expert working on accessibility and documentation. And then as well the status of the npm publishing update. So, in the cloud agent Python user group. We gave a quick update on the BC gov code with us to update acobi to use the hyper ledger and non cuts. Implementation. We updated the amount cuts RS build. We've also updated some tails file handling which solved a circular dependency problem that we were encountering really close to MVP on revocation working with issuance and presentation so that's the final bits there. Also did some merging and talked about converting from unqualified periods to did peer three. All right. Anybody attend the areas framework JavaScript meetings last week or the week before looks like in that group as well they've been talking about the future of areas and discussing as as well the recent topics and the areas working group calls that Sam mentioned, as well as how to, how to create resources that make getting started with AFJ, most helpful and and welcoming to newcomers. Also working on iOS support, it looks like on the, they got a status update on the shared components. And oh it looks like they also had a presentation from I believe, Karim of animal on the future future architecture of AFJ. All right, anybody attend the any recent or some meetings I guess I'm not sure they've had any recent synchronous meetings. I do know that the end of life PR got merged in. It was on Tuesday. And so now that now Ursa is in the hyper ledger archives, but those new repos have been created under hyper ledger the Indie BLS signatures RS the wrap the Python wrapper for that as well a non cred CL signatures and areas BBS signature so those are all moved into their respective projects. And the hyper ledger and non creds meeting last week. They of course had the big workshop yesterday but they've also been talking about about, they got an update from the non kids the to working group looks like next week they're having a presentation, or they're talking about presentation data models and they also had a presentation of a generic research group on a revocation scheme. Specifically, the be revocation. The veto. I definitely not saying that revocation, which is a dynamic accumulator based revocation schema, and there are slides there. You'd like to learn more. And then also getting updates on the non cuts RS implementation progress. All right, looks like those are all of our hyper ledger groups that we keep an eye on moving over to the trust over IP foundation. As far as I could tell, there haven't been meetings in the last two weeks from the all members meeting student committee, but for those from from to IP on the call, feel free to jump in and correct me. Let's see. So it looks like governance stack working group had a recent meeting. Two weeks ago did anybody on this group attend that meeting. It's a presentation of the Rosie system, which is a documentation system targeted towards governance. It's an automated content management system that unifies and maintains concurrent decentralized authentic content across ecosystem. So sounds like a really interesting presentation. Technology stack working group and the, the many task forces underneath that. When Jen it looks like you're involved on the technology architecture task force. Yes, and I believe in the last maybe more than two weeks, three weeks potentially. There's been mostly a lot of people are traveling in conferences. So this is hopefully the last week after the anniversary, I think we will start to have new updates again. Okay, thank you. Yeah, seems like it is conference season. That's going on at once. It seems yeah. Great.  I'll go back a little bit there. The governance architecture task force had a meeting last night that I attended. I haven't been there for a while but they were, they were talking about some great things regarding and a little bit about governance. Sorry, what's the governance where it's all automated in your code, and they had some comments on that so if anyone's interested in, and in some of that there was some some great contributions and conversations and not sure I agreed with all of it but it was, it was interesting and and fun to hear what they had they say about trust and a little bit about trust registries and some of the some of their comments on the governance work that in DCO is working on so if anybody's interested to go, they have a recording of it. Oh, great. Yeah, thank you for mentioning that if you happen to have a link to that recording. I'm going to send it my way and I can put it on here. So thank you for mentioning that. All right. Let's see it looks like there's lots going on in these technology stack working group task forces. Looks like and Lynn correct me if I'm wrong looks like the utility founder group is still on hiatus working, working currently with the governance architecture task force. Cool. And let's see anybody attend the ecosystem foundry working group or concepts and terminology meetings. All right, it looks like the ecosystem foundry group hasn't met this past month but concepts and terminology has been talking about the terminology engine v2. And then as well the terminology design workshop for the trust spanning protocol and the to IP glossary workspace. Are there any to IP announcements or updates that anybody would like to give. All right, moving on to the centralized identity foundation. Looks like the, the did come spec working groups since they meet on the first Monday of every month we've reported on on their recent goings on in our last meeting. But it looks like there was a May 22 meeting from the user group. Was anybody able to attend that one. Sam were you involved in that one. I was there wasn't one on Monday, but there was the previous week, and we talked about a number of things including some marketing efforts around did come as a technology as well as the potential, or actually this is actually, perhaps to happen, even independent of an OWF move but just more did come protocol work happening in the user group, rather than in areas where some of it has happened traditionally. Interesting. It's good meeting. Great. Yeah, thanks for that updates. Let's see in the diff interoperability group they met recently looks like it was mainly introductions of new people to the group and kind of free form discussion. And let's see. Anybody attend any recent IOT special interest group meetings. Sorry, did I hear somebody speak up on that. And then lastly, we have the W3C standard on the did working group or community credentials group anybody attend any of these calls who would like to give a brief report. Any other general working group updates, feel free to jump in. Before we move on to the next segment of our call and Lynn thank you for. Thank you for dropping the link in the chat so I will make sure to add that to the meeting page. All right, if that is sufficient time for people to jump in with anything else they wanted to say. I think I will go ahead and turn it over to Wenjin for your presentation. Let me give up the screen share for you if you'd like to use it. All right. Thank you. All right, so probably, you know, a quick introduction to myself. I a senior director on technology strategy at future way. And I'm going to reuse some of the exact slide deck I just used in open source summit. So my work probably intersect with lots of you on here in hyper ledger in trust of IP. And hopefully in open water foundation as well as my most of my work is in open source or sometimes standards organizations at at future way. The little bit of a quick history on. Open water foundation. And I want to, you know, thank you for for this opportunity to come here. I think there are many organizations and communities working on very closely related problems. And I think we should do more of this and and hope in the future will have more regular interactions like this. The open water foundation. I think Daniel is still here. And Tracy. How this start probably first gathering would be the OSS EU in Dublin. This is September of last year. And then quick forward to the official launches in February of this year so it's a very new organization. And Daniel really is the key for us to, you know, have a foundation at all. And his energy and vision really bring all of us together. And I want to say that from that day in Dublin for fast forward all these several months on the way. I personally learned so many different aspects and feel that a lot of the issues become much more clear. These four open water becomes much more clear over these, these months or hopefully I would share that with you all today, and also want to say that most of the, you know, that the material will be very much like, you know, we've been discussing in open one foundation. Anything I could, I will try to add my personal view as well but I will try to keep the balance between the two and maybe reuse mostly exiting material and then later in open discussion, you know, share what I think that some of the, you know, questions there maybe the open wide foundation is also part of the Linux Foundation digital trust initiative so that was announced in Vancouver as well. And high pleasure Dave trust of IP and C to PA for example and other confidential computing is another one or in this space showing you how interdependent and related they are. So I have some sponsorship and community membership. That is, this is probably one month old. I don't know whether new ones, but basically, you know, a lot of the names that you would recognize and some of them very respected and active in this, you know, larger community. What is wallet and an open wallet. So this is my understanding this is a a diagram with a bit older or a presentation I used back in open source finance forum in December last year, and I was trying to see in very high We have wallet that proprietary and that's very commonly seen in both iOS and and Android ecosystems. And also we have open source or and open standard based the wallets so that's one way to think about it. The other way to think about it is of a specialized wallet versus a general purpose wallet. So, in, I think in both cases for for these two wallets shown there are general purpose you could have multiple type of things or assets or object types in the wallet. And then on other side that you may have a very special wallet that's designed for a specific purpose. It could it be, you know, from a single bank, for example, or it could it be, let's say, only to show a certain type of ID. And so that will be, you know, one way to look at it I think that open wallet fund is trying to look at a more general purpose and also open source and open standard based. So this diagram would have showed the, you know, all the many different purposes, different asset types within the wallet container itself so one way we'll look at it would be a wallet as a container. But also many different assets or object types that's within it. So the when we look at the scope. I think I read about, you know, the, the debate in in a hyperledger on wallet versus agent. And I think the way we use the word wallet is a more in in time to say I guess so you would mean of course the agents and other functionality or standards for example protocols behind it that support these data types right. So from a consumer point of view it will be seen as various type of wallet implementation or products that's based on these core component and that they implement some, you know, combination or subset of these potential these types, and they can show up in various formats, whether it's on, you know, a mobile phone, or he says or some kind of hardware token or desktop cloud, all those are valid, you know, variations. And so the analogy in you know it's not perfect one we always get to is a browser construction. And again the browser typically have a good quality open source engine as a starting point. You know, when we dig deeper of course these analogy don't work that well but hopefully the idea is the same that you have standards you have, you know, open source source implementations and potentially various kinds of application can come out of it. So one thing I would add myself would it be like instead of just browsers, these engines are actually commonly used for various applications that people don't necessarily link that back to browsers right so this is quite common nowadays to build the application whether it's mobile or on desktop side or server side that is essentially behind the scene there's a open source engine of some kind of browser engine running there. So, so that would be perfectly good way to think about this as well. And so we want to sort of position open wallet as a, as a neutral place that these type of open source software implementations can happen in open source, which will support various kinds of standards. I think these names are just, you know, pick that certain time, but there's quite a bit of different kind of stands which will support different type of, you know, I've been calling it a digital assets or object types. There's a another instance of rules or regulations. So this one, I think we are still experimenting or understanding what exactly it need to be, and how this may be implemented. And I think if you mentioned in the update on qips governance structure of automating, you know, policies when all governance rules, right. So those rules and how that should be programmed how that should represent is a very interesting and new areas that we need to tackle on. So this is, you know, explicitly recognized that is a, is an important task that we need to do in a normal water. And so this has been, I saw this has been, you know, posted in the monopolies. We're trying to come up with a simple mission statement is probably not as easy as it is. The task we have so far. And there's a, you know, a few I think important point one is collaboration and and to drive for global adoption. So interoperability and the ability to adapt to different regions, different regulations, while keep open secure and interoperable those are important goals to have. And as a part of that challenge that we thought a governance advisory council would it be very useful and we Daniel will say we model this on the ITS and you know icons similar structure so hopefully involvement of these governmental entities in the in this console would help us to at least recognize and hopefully help solving the problems that combine governance and the technology solutions together so that's that's one aspect of that. The other things also quite interesting or important to understand its goals and scope is the last statement, you know, about the best practices on these with standard based that issuers wallet providers relying parties, essentially all the parties in the ecosystem why for for a solution tend used to bootstrap their implementations for for their products and that preserves user choice security and privacy. So this I think this implies that the scope is a lot bigger than a narrow sense of a wallet, we also needed the things that was inside the wallet but also other tools and infrastructure systems that maybe needed in order for this to work. So, anyway, that's my reading of like sort of understanding of what the mission statement look like. The structure is very, very similar. So probably scan most of this is very similar to high pleasure. I think this must be copied from the pleasure. The primary, I think a new thing here is the government's advice console that we mentioned before, the rest of the setup, I think look very similar. The difference is that we've chosen to host this in Linus Foundation Europe itself a very new thing. And this is to recognize that there are a lot of European efforts trying to get a digital service. EIS and others and, and there's a consulate, you know, a organized effort right in Europe, European Union, to push for a standard way of doing digital identity and many of to support many kinds of digital services so for that reason for many other reasons in order to sort of diversify our membership base, you know, being more welcoming and avoid any kind of a geopolitical concerns that some of the members may have. We've chosen to host it in Europe. Okay, so. So far from this slide and forward are my personal understanding. So just want to put that forward and welcome any input and feedback. We think to wallet is really important in the future digital economy. Because it is a key component to overall trust framework. It is a very general sense of, you know, we look at the world wallet what does it mean it means I think it's the original meaning is that knapsack is something we keep things valuable. It's quite open, open ended thing right and so the. It can be credential money that sort of thing but also can be any type of digital objects. It's also a place for people to exercise control so you know for example consent selective disclosure signing. It is a, it's a, it's a way to exercise control. And both of those things are very important. And so it's not just sort of a safe, a secure storage but also, you know, how do we use these things in order to enable applications and enrich the digital services much safer and privacy concern convert conserving. So those are, I think, a one way to look at them and then it is also the most direct personal interface. What do you think we're going to have. And so it's very personal right it is a, it's a, it's a, it's a mean for, for people to take, take control better control of their digital life. So it is for that matter it will be very important for, you know, for agency for the sort of convenience of use, which is, I think, equally important so I think the burden of so called choices and complexity is a impediment to a lot of these goals. And so those, I think, to me, right, I think it's important to fall into the scope as well. And, and so, and so that the wallet therefore holds the key to this trust and all the new wave of occasion that we need that trust. It can be more very well lined in the privacy centric, and give us the authenticity of the authentic wisdom high level of trust. And so those will be like I look at what is wallet and what we need to do. I hope these are more maybe imprecise, but hopefully more open and broad view of what wallet need to be. It's a better way to, I think, describe the scope. I have probably, let me see time to to one or two more slides. One thing I want to also show is in terms of the importance of a wallet is this diagram, which is from the ARF is the architecture reference framework of the EU's digital identity, where the pink governance rose. So we've talked about governance and why it's so important. So these are, for example, national accreditation body, right, that will be a governmental probably organization there. And then the yellow or the primary rose. So these would it be a, a provider will be a provider for accreditation or assertion. Sorry, a test station, sorry, right so credential issuers. The crime party is on the right side. And then wallet provider will be, you know, our customer who, sorry, our yeah customer of our community who would it take to be open source code and produce these. Those will be the providers and device manufacturer and user in the middle. So you can see the diagram shows both the sort of production of a wallet but also the use cases around it. But the center around all of this is this purple and that's the wallet. So hopefully this graphically shows the central role that a wallet will play. I really like this diagram as you know that deep into it it shows a lot of relationships and what the wallet need to do. We've got a huge amount of experience and learning from DC government. And they're, you know, this, this, this is a love to see them order presentations in Vancouver. And a proper functioning wallet that you can download and be able to, you know, support all these features. So as a great example of that, have a slide going to many different kinds of things we think the open source wallet can help to, you know, help implement implementers as well as the employers to really make this ecosystem work. And so that's the, you know, different kind of applications we're looking at. There's a lot of new opportunities once a such a wallet will be in billions of people's hands. I think they opens up a lot of new opportunities to this. So the last two slides I want to basically report back a little bit on where we are. So these slides, let me stop the slides and probably would go to a page here as how to get involved. So this is the open wallet foundations, GitHub page, and the best way to really get involved would be these ones. So you have mailing list, discord, GitHub, special interest groups, task forces. Since the, let me see, the February to now, we've set up most of the processes. Our first two projects just got approved. The main process on the life cycle goes. Hopefully we very familiar to you as well into these three stages so that will be labs growth and impact. We have two lab projects. Let me click here. And the sponsor page we are by. Sorry, this is what I'm trying to look at where our membership overlap. Let me see. Okay, so I don't have open here, but we'll probably go into there. And let me. This is the current lead both of our projects are in lab stage. So here are the two of them. Oh, Tracy. Okay, yeah, so we have. Yeah, so we have the job. And the second one is is the job. Python, correct. That's correct. Yeah, we're waiting on the Python one to get things like DCO set up on the repository before we transferred over. So we're working with the in the open wallet foundation labs area. Exactly. And there are on running special interest groups. I think the one I want to highlight, which I was doing earlier is the architecture sick, and it's having many of the meetings and you will recognize many of the topics as well. And so that will be, you know, for a general audience, this will be really good place to get started. The tech meeting and all others are I think it better to look for in this page where I was earlier on the on this list. So we use discord. Have we created the okay we have. We have the architecture special interest group and a credential format comparison special interest group love to see that to get started that's brand new and just approved yesterday. We are still growing and I hope if I could go back to the page I think there's a interest in seeing more sponsorship and community, our community, I think overlap very much a lot. And, but we will see, hopefully in the next few months or so that our support group or grow and, you know, the community gets more organized and more mature. And I think I want to stop here and maybe see Tracy and if Daniel still here have anything to add. I think those are good sorts of overview. I think Sandy has a couple of questions that he's put into the chat that is probably good for us to talk through and answer. So I'll just say do you want to do you want to ask them verbally. No, not that crazy. Thank you. I think my just put my questions over there for this week and get them when you get there yet. Yeah, let me see the two questions one is what's been done to looping current major players like Google pay Apple pay Samsung PayPal and so forth. So the current foundation I in Python. Oh, sure. Yeah, I will get to the second one for us this first one is a little bit but so the second one on current to the two projects in Python, I caught on for SD jot for anyone who's not familiar. So it's a self this, sorry, selective disclosure is SD. And so it's a job based Web token based mechanism to support selective disclosure of credentials. And that's the current the two projects. We expect a lot more projects would join us. That's more broad and potentially give the coherence, for example for the supporting structure of a wallet, etc. And so until those happens. Currently these are the two projects you would see in our website. Good website. There are tons of, you know, major players. If Daniel's here then you can say more. Are you still here. It looks like Daniel had to drop. Okay, so I want to say that we have very productive and active discussions with some of these. We have very positive response coming from them. So we hope to have at least some of them major ones join us in the in the near future. We're looking forward to that we are in active discussion and learning quite a lot about, you know, different aspects of this ecosystem where are they from. We also in naturally very closely discussing many of the large number of parties in the use digital identity effort there. And so we also in very close contact with those groups and Daniel, you know, would be able to say much more eloquently on the progress there, but I would say that we definitely looking forward to those changes. Tracy also mentioned that we are not leaning and your only and if you I can go back to this picture right because the way we define wallet to be very much general purpose and an open and again similar to a browser engine. I think part of the problem of today's open source browser implementation is that it's too monolithic it has lots of things packed into one so using them as a embedded component tend to be was a very heavy weight at least and couldn't be difficult. So we want to, you know, hopefully avoid those problems and be more modular and the operating system we're looking at different not enjoy only we hope for that can be going to both the sort of GMS, you know, featured enjoy solutions as well as all the other more open source solutions can be supported. And we will see how iOS will work and there's a probably very interesting question on where those framework will look like for supporting different operating systems in the mobile side, but also on the non mobile, you know, on the web cloud and other hardware and devices as well. So those are the Let me see we would. Yeah, so we would definitely hope to parties to join us on supporting other operating systems. And I think I've been at least personally been talking to quite a few of them that have expressed a very strong interest in doing exactly that. So modularity will help us and the framework will help us to hopefully better solve that problem. Any other questions for me. This is a Tim here I have a question. I'm something caught my eye on slide seven I think it was talk about a government I may be wrong. There was one side talked about the structuring of a government advisory on government technical advisory. Yes, so I'm sorry. I was curious about how you get how to possibly get involved in that I think government has very unique requirements around the issue of credentials that are very different from from sort of private private sector. And I don't know if you have any insight into how that that council is formed or what the what the process is. Yes, so we've had several discussions and there's a proposal. I think being reviewed several times already so we will hope to public announce it right away and if you could send me your contact me directly. I would introduce you to this, I will wait for the governing board to approve the, you know, the charter and all that. Hopefully very quickly very shortly, potentially next meeting I believe, and, and get us started so we are in the, you know, preparation stage of that. Awesome. Thank you very much. Yeah, great project. Absolutely, we want to get that you know as broad representation as possible in this space so we've looked at it how other group trying to run this and learn you know the best practices and experience from those groups. And if anyone has a suggestions or recommendations or feedback, how to better to do that we all ears, which we're trying to get this started as soon as possible. Do we have time for another question. Wait, wait, wait, wait. Okay, I think somebody else has gone gone. Yeah, sorry about that. A couple sides down you had a diagram with a list of things that walls do in the middle, and then things I don't remember which slide it was. But I had a question about that the the. It was supposed to black and white keep going. Keep going. Yeah. So that's the bottom. Let me go backwards. I'll go up further and I just missed it. Keep going. Not this one. No, it was a it was a whole long list of all the different types of things that walls hold that one right there. It's five. Oh, number five. Oh, this one. Oh, yes. Okay. Yeah. So the question I have is that the list of all the things in the middle here are all what you might call credential focused of one form or another. Meaning it's a, it's a piece of signed data that is more or less and being a little bit imprecise here but it's a little piece of signed data that is then passed to held and then and then acted on by the by the user that holds it in their wallet and none of the things listed here are separate from that. Meaning there's no user to user communication or other types of interactions that might be between different parties in the ecosystem but but don't necessarily focus on credentials. Can you comment on the scope of the open wall foundations goals as it relates to non credential related activities. Yeah, I think this, this problem comes up quite a bit I remember in the choice of IP discussion as well because you know in trust IP, they want to say that the scope in their technology stack is not purely for credentials, and people with difficulty is trying to sort of put a name on those things and they not be credentials. And so this is not a uncommon challenge and this diagram probably shows that as well. I would say that the, if you look at the some of the other slides I used. It's not the intent. So, when we come up with these names and examples, it might show a little bit that way, but it's not the intent. I guess I would say like, usually the answer is like, for example money is not so in an app payment. And credit depth because not credentials right so potentially the NFTs are not credentials. Nevertheless, I think you're right that it is sometimes hard to put other names in this so that will be very good to feedback I would like to, you know, maybe improve this diagram so we don't give that imprecise impression that way. And the, but I, you know, the way I look at the wallet. Again, it's not just a container holding stuff, but also a way to exercise control that could mean messaging couldn't mean, you know, just as a way to sign stuff. It could mean controlling your data so there's a various kinds of implementations I think proposes out there of how do I keep private data essentially have a direct control of how this private data are distributed and use the sector right so all those I would say in scope or this type of intent to show that may not be doing the best job. Thanks. And I hope that also put the question, the debate about wallet versus agent in some fashion as well. And clearly noted these objects in, you know, in the wallet app eventually work, or the agent potentially is probably the essential core of that implementation. And now, not every product need to include all the components in it but a, the agent potentially could be the center of it. That's the one that everybody would need to have. You know, you can imagine different data types or different protocols as a somewhat of a plugin into that overall implementation. And which produces these what we call a wallet is that it's beyond a secure storage but the actual engine for the application itself. So, what you know errors community call agent, I think naturally is the core of that wallet. And I would run out of time any other. Oh yeah, so Tracy mentioned is a sick. Diagram use case. Yeah. Yeah, I used to use that diagram as well which goes into these software structure. I don't know again. Show it quickly. Tracy that link doesn't work. Okay, anyway, just a dot at the end if you take that off the work. Oh, I see. Okay. Yes. Oh, I see. Okay. I think we're going to be fumbling into the wrong place. So if I could go there. Yeah, here. Okay, great. This is the first time it's seen this picture, but there's architecture picture in the same sense and this is really the use cases picture as well. Yeah, you're looking for when Jing was under the architecture folder there's a conceptual architecture diagram as well. Okay, here's the one I think it shows up relate to the design and wallet as you know storage and protocols and the policy agent I like this one dot dot dot. I think this is this a lot of interesting thing could happen here. So, again, you know, the, how do we express those policies and how do we actually make them become a pluggable component into the overall implementation architecture those are very interesting questions. Yeah, so I run out of my time and I'll probably stop here. If there are any other last questions. Yeah, it looks like it looks like we're at the just over the top of the hour. Unless anyone has any final questions jump in with our things to say. When Jim thank you so much for joining us and for a great presentation and discussion really, really appreciate you joining us this morning so thank you. Thank you all and I'm glad to be here. Thanks. I'm honored to present here for a bon wallet. And hopefully we can keep this conversation going. Yeah, absolutely. Absolutely. Thank you everyone else for joining and giving your working group updates and reports and we'll see you all in two weeks. Thank you. Thank you. Bye.


Hello, welcome back to the lecture series in NPTEL on animal physiology. So, we are in section 5 with the nervous system. So, one thing I forgot to tell you that there are almost 8 to 10 lectures dedicated for the nervous system, because of the wide control mechanism it executes. So, as of now we are done with the two lectures, where we have talked about the different kind of neurons, the classification of the neurons and how the neurons transmit electrical signals in the form of action potentials and the all or non property of action potentials. And apart from it, in the second class we moved on to the glial cells, the supporting cells or the second type of cells of the nervous systems and we talked about the complete classification of the glial cells and what are their individual functions. We talked about the myelination and few other details about the electrical activity comparison of glial cells and the neuronal cells. So, today what we will do is that we will talk about little bit about the neurotransmitters. I have just introduced the neurotransmitters. So, today I will talk about the classification of neurotransmitter, structure at the neuromuscular junction, nerve muscle because I talked to that there could be connection between neurons to neurons to transmit signal, there could be information to be processed, a neuron sends a signal to a muscle and according to the muscle twitches or move. So, we will talk about some of these small circuits today and from there we will move on. So, let us start the class. So, we are into the section 5, this is the third lecture out of the 8 to 10 lectures which are dedicated to this section. So, first thing I will do is we talked about this synapse in the last class, I will again revisit the synapse. So, I told you that the possibilities are there that neuron may form synapse on another neurons or it may form on muscles. So, historically speaking the first of the synapses which were kind of discovered and people understood the most where between the nerve and the muscle which were the neuromuscular junction. So, we will take that example. So, I am putting the muscle in greens for example, this is the muscle in probably in the last class what I will do in the sorry in the next class what I will do, we will talk more about the muscle structure and everything that will help you to understand some of the features out here. So, this green color is the muscle and these are the nucleus of the muscle, this is the connection where. So, let me highlight the connection in a red. So, these are the zones where synapses are formed electrical connectivity have formed. Now, if I blow up this picture it will be something like this. So, let us move on to the next page let me blow up this picture. So, it will be something like this I will talk about what are these invaginations and everything and imagine the other side. So, in this case it is muscle and if it is the neuron that it will look like something like this another membrane out here. It could be a neuronal membrane here I am drawing the neuronal membrane it could be a muscle membrane if I just continue. So, what exactly is happening? So, I have already shown you that electrical impulse reaches all the way to the end then what happens this is the most important part. So, few specific terminologies this gap is called synaptic cleft synaptic cleft this is the small gap between one neuron and another neuron or between one neuron and their target tissue which may be a muscle or something else and I express you guys go through the nodes and just check what is the nanometer difference between the two it is a very small gap and this is one exercise I wish you guys carry out. So, in this zone where the axon is making synapses there are lot of mitochondria these are the mitochondria these mitochondrias are power generator or energy generator of the cell there are enormous amount of mitochondria out here. What the electrical signal does when the electrical signal reaches here say for example. So, I told you that there are several kind of neurotransmitters and one of the very widely red neurotransmitters is called acetylcholine. So, soon after this we will come to the classification of the neurotransmitter, but before I go to the classification just assume that this is a neurotransmitter one of them is acetylcholine. So, that will help me to explain how the synapse really functions. So, once the electrical signal reaches out here the next thing happen is this electrical signal leads to entry of calcium ion from outside and in this zone what you will see you will see a lot of vesicles like this and these vesicles are filled with likewise these vesicles are all filled with neurotransmitters these reds are the neurotransmitter molecules in this. So, these the closed ones are the vesicles. So, ignore the one I have just drawn slightly in advance I will come to that. So, look at this synaptic left. So, there are two options the electrical signal may jump to the next one through gap junction we have talked about that in the electrical synapse, but in this case that is not happening in this case there is a physical gap. So, you have to realize. So, this is the basic difference between an electrical connectivity and a synaptic connectivity there is a physical physical gap in the range of nanometers. Whereas, in the case of electrical synapse if I have to draw it just side by side it will look something like this if this is the upper one and this is lower one the one which is receiving there are physical tubing between them likewise this is what is in a electrical connectivity through the in the form of gap junctions. Whereas, in the case of synaptic cleft there is a gap. So, now the red color what I showed you the electrical signal is reaching this is the electrical signal which reaches as the electrical signal reaches at the terminal there is an entry of calcium ions these calcium ion leads to couple of events which takes place here these vesicles they bound to this membrane. So, you see that these look at these vesicles they are bound like this and now you recollect back you remember I in the beginning of the transport phenomena and membrane physiology I taught you people about exocytosis and endocytosis. I told you one of this process helps you to you know throw away something outside the cell throw away. So, what happens this membrane this vesicle which is form of a small membrane this vesicle binds to the master membrane which is. So, this is filled with neurotransmitter and imagine the membrane underneath where it is binding. So, it is binding to this membrane like this. So, next thing what happens these two membrane merges which two membrane merges like this part of the membrane and this part of the membrane they merges and what happens eventually is something like this well they are merging there almost there. So, the next thing what you see is that mind it and this is all filled with neurotransmitters. Then this opens out on the outer side like this and this happens in pico or femtosegans range and these neurotransmitters are given out into that cleft. This is the next step what happens now if you follow this what is happening out here now.  Now, these neurotransmitters once they are into the cleft and in this case we are assuming this these all these rates to be acetylcholine acetylcholine. Once these neurotransmitters are in the cleft the bind to the target membrane it could be a muscle it could be another neuron or whatsoever. So, once they start binding along this. So, you see them all of them like on top of these red lines or you know all over this surface and as soon as they bind they open up a series of cation channels and in terms of from the outside to inside if something has to move. So, this leads to the opening of the cation channels and this promotes the entry of sodium inside the cell in a plus in a plus in a plus from all over the place and mind it this is happening in a femtosegans or a pico second time interval this is very fast. So, these neurotransmitters bind and if you have a confusion out here that I have drawn these on the surface. So, these are on the surface mind it these are not inside the cell inside the receiving cell they are all on the surface. So, if you have a confusion you can rub these off. So, that you should not have any confusion out here that these just for your better understanding let me redraw this. So, they bind to the surface of the membrane and opens up the cation channels and all these cation channels lead to the entry of sodium and as the sodium enters. So, mind it this cell is setting at say minus 75 millivolt negative with respect to E m the membrane potential is minus 75 millivolt minus 75 with respect to the outside. So, as soon as there is the entry of these sodium ions from minus 75 it starts to shoot towards the positive direction and as soon as it reaches something around minus 40 millivolt it shoots up an action potential. So, now from one action potential which was generated out here this action potential is transmitted to the second neuron and the second neuron again carries the same process and wherever it diverges and whatsoever it does. So, still the story is not complete story is not complete because what is happening to these red molecules which are bound out there because if they are bound the next series of signal which is going to come what will happen to that because those neurotransmitters which will be ejected out from the sender neuron would not find a place to bind to the the one where the message has to be sent and just to for the technical terms the one which is sending the signal is called pre synaptic and the one which is receiving the signal is called the post synaptic. In the case of neuromuscular junction muscle surface or the muscle membrane is called the post synaptic membrane and this whole phenomena is called the synaptic event and this is the you can say the central one of the central theme or the central procedure because the way I am drawing it is very simple but think of it when this was discovered this was this was something one of the most part breaking discoveries of discovering synapse in the biological system and for last 70 years people are rigorously researching upon the structural details of this and the features and everything using electron microscopy patch clamp electrophysiology intracellular electrode extra cellular electrode and a whole series of bioelectrical techniques are being employed to understand field effect transistors and likewise. So so what will happen to these neurotransmitters which are present here these neurotransmitters have to be removed immediately otherwise the next signal would not be able to do and these are again I am repeatedly trying to tell you that this is all happening in a picosecond femtosecond femtosecond level domain. So what will happen is that now let us do bit of a small chemistry out here what is happening. So let us make this diagram little bit more simple so that we can appreciate what is happening out here and just make the synaptic cleft slightly bigger because I have to put some of these features out there. So now imagine this vesicle has given the neurotransmitters send out this acetylcholine out here so simplistic only one vesicle bind to it.  So what will happen there is an enzyme which is present in the synaptic cleft and that enzyme is called acetylcholine esterase this enzyme immediately come and what it does is it splits this molecule into two parts one is called acetate one side is called acetate the other is called choline. So here is your acetate part which gets metabolized and the other one is called choline this choline is immediately taken back by the cell it goes back inside the cell now you see exocytosis while acetylcholine is being given out by the presynaptic membrane into the synaptic cleft now you see another molecule a part of that molecule is taken back by the cell inside the presynaptic membrane. So that is how the choline gets back inside the cell once the choline gets back inside the cell what happens simultaneously I told you that there is a there are lot of mitochondria out here which are the energy rich or the energy producing machinery. So what it does this gives out an acetyl moiety out here acetyl CoA acetyl coenzyme A. So acetyl coenzyme A with the choline moiety coming from this side forming acetyl coenzyme and that CoA goes back to the mitochondria and this acetyl coenzyme now is packed. So this is a very complex process where it is packed in packaging of acetyl coenzyme into packaging in synaptic vesicles and then this stuff comes here and it is now filled with sorry filled with acetyl coenzyme and it comes here and it bounds again likewise and then again it is being sent out. So this whole complex even has to take place in order to ensure and this is all happening at a very very narrow time window and this is like think of it a neuron in the central nervous system is synapsed by a single neuron is synapsed by 10,000 other neurons. So in other word there are minimum if assume that one neuron from one synapse with another neuron so at least 10,000 but actually one neuron from multiple synapse on another neuron. So think of the complexity of information transfer single neuron receiving inputs from 10,000 other sources at one point of time I mean this is something which is unfathomable this is unfathomably complex and one of the phenomenal network where you have thousands and thousands and thousands of such a neuron in the nervous system and they are continuously based on your experience the informations are getting stored in this form of you know electrochemical mode. So it is believed that all your memories all your information are stored in this wonderful zone the synapse this is a region where it is just like the only any something similar to that you can think of is a membrane of a CD or a surface of a CD or a membrane of older days audio tape where you have the scratches taking place well the sound waves are getting stored something of that kind but how this structure persist how our informations are being stored in the system. So we will come to this section with memory and everything while we are talking about learning and memory but at this point what is most important for you to understand is this this is the central very core to the nervous system I mean there are enough detail I can go into it but at this point what I expect you people to understand the very basic fundamental synapse which are present and from here we will talk about before I move on to the classification of the neurotransmitters we have talked about acetylcholine so I will talk about this information processing part in a slightly more detail. So think of it there are multiple options so once again let me go back to the slide to tell you so the information from if this is the presynaptic membrane and this is the post synaptic membrane. So there are multiple options here so in terms of information processing one option is this that this one this sender say N1 I call this and I call this as N2 N1 sends an excitatory signal. So if N1 sends N2 an excitatory signal the signal is getting transmitted but think of it if N1 from here sends an inhibitory signal in other what is an inhibitory signal say for example N1 leads to the secretion of a neurotransmitter which upon binding to the post synaptic membrane leads to the opening of chloride ions or chloride channels. So what will happen so before this I told you the cations are moving so sodium are moving from outside because outside the cell the sodium is higher inside the cell sodium is lower so by the diffusion gradient sodium will gushes inside the cell. But think of the reverse it is think of the another situation say for example instead of acetylcholine there is another neurotransmitter which upon binding say XYZ neurotransmitter upon binding to the post synaptic membrane leads to the opening of the ports which allows the entry of chloride ion inside the cell if the chloride ion enters inside the post synaptic cell or the N2 what will happen so say for example this cell is sitting at minus 75 millivolt. So from minus 75 instead of going up which was happening in the case of excitatory this will go down to say minus 90 millivolt. So the signal which is coming from N1 to N2 will stop there for some XYZ reason or part of the signal will remain part of the signal will get stop or may be at same point of time to increase your complexity of thought this may receive an inhibitory signal and an excitatory signal and based on that it does a computation and it decides what to transfer. So what will happen is this so the excitatory signal minus inhibitory signal or inhibitory signal minus the excitatory signal will decide how much signal will be transmitted to the next neuron. So think of it now just to help you to think more complex imagine here is one neuron sitting and this is receiving at one point of time at one point of time say for example S1, S2, S500, S2, S3, S4. I am not adding those and up to say S10,000 and S stands for signal at one point of time at time t at time t this cell is receiving 10,000 inputs 10,000 inputs could be excitatory could be inhibitory could be silent could be anything and everything which we do not know based on that in a fraction of a moment this cell makes and complete algebraic addition of this signals and that is what we call as neuronal computation it does all this all this computation with all this and all this all this different signal and decide a lumped up signal what has to be transmitted. So the output signal is decided out here output signal this output signal decides wherever it sense it senses to the muscle sense it wherever x y z target organ decide what is to do it is that level of complexity we are dealing with the best computer in the world the best computer the best super computer what we call that can never ever match this complexity because another important thing if a computer has to do this much calculation the amount of heat it is going to generate it will be enormous but when the brain does this computation it does not generate heat it functions in a totally different way. So in other word you can call those were for electrical or have some bend this is the classic situation of low power electronics where everything happens at a very very low power and this is very very very important for people to appreciate. So this excitatory the number of currencies are very few so this is one way to you know look at it now while I was introducing you there is excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. So think of it that is another way of classification or which adds up adds up to the complexity of this whole procedure that whether it is inhibitory whether it is excitatory what kind of neurotransmitters so that is why we have to come to that classification of a neurotransmitter classification next I told you at delta time t all these things are happening but think of a situation where say for example I have the time t 1 second t 2 second t 3 second t 4 second t 5 second or even less than a second maybe femtosecond or picosecond the signals are coming to this to this target. So there will be a different kind of addition that is called so if this one is in the same space in the same location they are all coming at the same time same time mind it all the signals are coming at say now all the signals are coming likewise that is on this part so that is called spatial summation. Summation is only a function of a space spatial summation whereas think of the another situation where signals are coming like this over a period of time so it means my is a signal likewise these are the signals so they are coming over a period of time so those kind of signals what happens say for example think of this situation one signal so all the signals are coming at the same time on a target this leads to a spatial summation now think of it here is the base t so that y axis x axis is time here is the time so signals are coming like this or maybe you know different amplitude different magnitude different time window so and your y axis is a signal amplitude of a signal so if this is a temporal this is a spatial summation spatial SPATIL spatial summation this one is called temporal summation this is even much more complex so 10,000 inputs over a period of some few femtosecond or a picosecond or a nanosecond is coming think of it so this is the level of complexity a nervous system harbors it is a very very complex and it is a very very interesting system that is why as they call it that our next code so we know in biology there is something called a genetic code where we know the how the genes demonstrate a function or a protein or our phenotype now the next code which will be the next frontier on one of the very profound frontier will be the neural code what we mean by neural code this is something very important for you people to appreciate before we go in depth with the nervous system so say for example someone must have taught you someone must have told you that this is a cell phone this is a cell phone who taught you this is a cell phone you saw this and you figure out so if you see another cell phone like this you will say oh this is a cell phone I know this is a cell phone fine so whenever we tell that this is a cell phone now let us take another example this is say for example a notebook we call this is a notebook so somebody must have taught you that this is a notebook so what I meant by that or say for example I say oh this looks like a pen or say for example I am a mic here so by looking at it I can say oh there is a mic so this is very important if I call I never call this cell phone as computer or a cell phone as calculator I never call this notebook as something say stool or something I never say this why I do not say this because this is very important for so my system whenever I look at say for example I have an apple out here so for example I have an apple out here while we were small kids someone has taught us that this is an apple and if this is an apple then it has a neural code it has a neural signal which is a stored in your system as an apple whereas if you see say for example mango so this is a kind of a people writing out of mangoes nowadays so somebody must have taught us that this is a mango and it has a different kind of signal same way everything what we see has a correlated neuronal code and that code teaches us that this is a mango this is an apple this is a cell phone this is a book this individual is your mother this individual is your father this individual is your sister this individual is your friend this individual is your wife so there are informations which are stored in the system so if some way or other I know I know that this signal is a signal for apple now say for example somebody does not have an eye who is blind and if I could feed into that individual's brain that this is the signal of an apple the person should technically should be able to visualize that in other word could we use could we see a song you understand what I meant that this means like this if this is your brain this is your brain and it has different areas which is a storing different kind of information so there are visual areas there are all factory areas which you can smell there are hearing areas where you hear where the sound informations are being coded so these are the different areas of the brain say for example so let us take the example of this say for example this is the say I call this as a visual area so in terms of the visual area I told you that there are signals which says that this is an apple fine this signal is for an apple now if imagine this is a sound area where sounds are decoded after all end of the day that is nothing but an electrical signal which is reaching out here now if I feed this signal the signal of an apple to the sound area what will happen a very fundamental question if I feed the signal of it of the sound of the apple of an apple that electrical signal to the sound area could we hear an apple I may sound very bizarre I may sound very like you know am I mad to tell could I hear an apple but think of it that is what exactly I want prompt you guys to think that could I hear an apple could I see the sound because in the visual area I am feeding a sound signal something which is sound could I see the sound because as of now you are hearing me you cannot see the waves could I see the sound could I hear the apple these falls under one of the most beautiful and challenging area of nervous system called neuronal code what are those codes which ensures that we identify our parents we identify the roads to which we are travelling because errors in those leads to dreaded disease like Alzheimer's disease some of the disease like Parkinson and will come to those what is dementia and all other aspects of so this is called the neural code so coming back so there are couple of more things we talked about the spatial summation we talked about the temporal summation now we will talk about another set of summation where say for example information are coming see these are neurons they may converge at a point or what may happen is a signal coming and it is getting you know split up into likewise these are called divergence circuit what you see here the signals are getting diverged one signal or it could be a convergence circuit out here so this is convergence and this is called divergence so this is another mode by which signals are getting computed say for example one unit signal comes from here two unit comes from here they may add up to three unit or there may be inhibition of road server so for example 50 unit comes from here and you know it is getting divided equally unequally at these different nodes then it may again divide equally unequally likewise and that is how the signal is getting diverged into different networks and this is how it happens because think of it whenever you remember something you do not remember with one feature you have multiple feature say for example you see a building so suppose you have come to this building previously how will you remember the building you remember it is that building is somewhere in this location then you remember whom you met in that building then you remember what was the color of that building then you may remember how was the building smelling so think of it smell of action color of visual whom you met is emotional so all these different things gives you a complete picture of that building so in other word all the informations you are gathering at one point are being discretized into different component a visual component all factory component a sound component a consciousness component an emotional component and then when you recall you recall all of them as one unit or part of it some of them missing some of them you may have forgotten or something and what is forgetfulness why we forget so how we acquire information is the most so if I had to say what are the challenging problem of this century what are those kind of million dollar problems memory what is memory what is learning so we will come in depth into those memory and learning but for now just as I told you that we will talk about the classification of the neurotransmitter let us come to the classification of the neurotransmitter and then we will again come back to this debate neurotransmitters are wide range of chemicals so it may sound bit of a drab to go through this classification but it is really essential so the first one which you have already dealt is acetylcholine acetylcholine second one bigger group is called biogenic amines under this you have nor epinephrine epinephrine then you have dopamine and you have serotonin well talking about serotonin those of you who take antidepressant or something like prozac zoloft paxil they are nothing but all serotonin okay so paxil zoloft prozac is the buyers product okay then you have histamine in that okay then coming to the third one is the excitatory amino acids excitatory amino acids includes glutamate and aspartate I kindly want you people to go through these structures just for the curiosity sake then you have inhibitory amino acids which are opening up the chloride channels inhibitory amino acids which includes GABA gamma the full form is gamma amino butyric acid glycine is a fifth class which belongs to neuropeptides right this is one of the very emerging classes of it substance p and opoids endorphins enkephalins and dinorphins then you have some specific gases one of them already won a Nobel Prize carbon monoxide nitric oxide because these gases does not need any kind of getting they could really go through the membrane as we have already discussed this and other synaptic chemicals like ATP, GTP hormones will come to this okay and something like prostaglandins okay so for example okay so these are the broad classifications of the neurotransmitters so after giving you this broad classification of neurotransmitters and as mentioning you about that prozac paxil and all these kind of drugs which are so in other word what does this mean say for example if I have a some way to define say for example let us think of it okay this is the brain and this is the spinal cord likewise okay now if some way or other say for example this is some kind of a circuit which is governed which is governing our you know multiple processes coming through and like you know there is lot of network okay so imagine this is the circuit which I have put in red is dictating that this person is getting more activated whenever this circuit is getting more activated this person goes for a depression in other word some way or other if I could modulate this circuit with some x y z component so whenever we talk about depression or you know high or anything you know what does that essentially means is this in a very simple term if I had to in a very most fundamental term if I had to tell you your depression your happiness your everything lies in this zone this is where all these behavioral traits of individuals are being regulated so if you could modulate this you can modulate several things but to modulate this is a very very challenging task so at your synapses lies that in that particular so coming back where I was was trying to draw the circuit okay yeah so all the synapses which are involved all this pathway are ensuring that this person goes in some form of depression or something okay so this kind of circuits leads to an you are continuously fed with some specific kind of neurotransmitters there so now your option is that either you may oppose those neurotransmitters by some x y z chemicals or if the cases reverse that there is a lack of those neurotransmitters that is why this person is suffering from x y z kind of disease then you enhance the amount of those neurotransmitters and will come to this in terms of Eldopa and the Parkinson and everything okay so this is the overall understanding what I expect from this class for you people to understand that end of the day it is the brain which dictates several things all our behavioral traits all our patterns all our behavior how we react to situations this is all governed by the brain and it is governed through the most simple yet most complex structure called a synapse and the network of synapses and by this time I believe you people must be trying to appreciate that if at one point of time or over a period of time there are 10000 inputs coming to an individual neuron and there are 1000s and 1000s and 1000s of such neuron what a complex super computer are we talking about or not even a computer it is above that it is one of the bionic computation machine which helps us to be what we are it is that complex and that serious okay so with this I will close on this class and we will come to the next class where we will be talking about the neuromuscular junction in depth about how the electrical signal is being translated into a mechanical signal so before we start that what we will do we will talk about the structure of the muscle so then the next class we will talk about three circuits we will talk about reflex circuit and what is the reflex circuit we will talk about the neuromuscular junction we will talk about the how the electrical energy is translated into mechanical energy okay thank you guys for your attention.