In this module, we shall discuss various aspects of transmission system. In particular, we'd look at what is the role of multiplexers vis-a-vis the transmission systems. We'd also appreciate the concept of network budgeting in terms of service provisioning to a certain number of users. And then we'd also look at some design trade-offs which are always carried out by telecommunication investment companies. The transmission systems are essentially media which carry signals over distances, either short distance or long distance. These signals are carried either as electrical signals, optical signals or radio signals. Especially in long-haul transmission, there's a requirement for these signals from various users to be multiplexed onto a limited number of medium. So the concept of multiplexing is essential to a transmission system. Principally speaking, these multiplexers take inputs from each user one by one and then pass it on to the transmission system in an interleaved bit stream or a byte stream. Doing so allows multiple users traffic to be carried simultaneously onto a single medium or more than a single medium. The concept of multiplexing can be best understood using this diagram. Here you can see we start from the left-hand side. We have sources numbered from 1 to n which are interested in sending their transmissions to their respective destinations as shown in the form of users from 1 to n. On the sending end, multiplexing takes place thereby taking traffic from every user in a round-drop in kind of manner and putting it on the transmission system. The transmission system carries it on a communication channel from point A to point B where a de-multiplexer takes this single long stream of data and de-multiplexers or extracts individual user data and passes it on to the right destination. These multiplexers are deployed in the transmission system at some cost. Usually speaking, the transmission system is only a part of the complete telecom system, the other one being the network elements. Network elements including the multiplexer, the switching elements such as routers and the switches, all these comprise the transmission system. Here through empirical and physical deployments, a thumb rule has been coined that is almost double the investment is required for the transmission system because you can understand laying the cables by doing a lot of digging and passing it over the head in the form of poles needs mega investment. If you look at the price, it is usually double as compared to the network elements. So a smart choice is for the network designers to think about ways where more investment on the end network infrastructure could be done to compensate and give an overall saving by reducing the costs incurred in the transmission system both in terms of the capital cost and the recurring cost. This leads us to a very important concept of doing a design trade-off. Let's look at the design trade-off from the technology perspective first. Sometimes providing a service means compromising on certain technical parameters like if you really want to minimize the delay you may be required to reduce the error detection mechanism for an outgoing stream from the sender to the receiver. So this is a technological design trade-off. In all practical sense the design trade-off for technology is not a big issue because in real world making a design choice is heavily dependent upon the business perspective it is concerned with. So it is an important question to ask whether or not a service could be provided to a majority of population using technology A or technology B and so forth. It means making the choice that allows the minimum capital investment and minimum recurring investment should be the choice in terms of the investment.


Hi! In this video, we will discuss some selected aspects of syntax. The practical is associated with the unit, language and linguistics. Here are three present-day English sentences. Can you describe in what way they are strange without going into linguistic details? The first sentence involves an example of ambiguity, that is, it has two meanings. Either the relatives are boring, or it is boring to visit them. The second sentence is syntactically fine, that is, the word order of present-day English is adhered to. However, the sentence is almost meaningless. Normally, ideas do not sleep, let alone furiously. Ideas have no color, and if something is green, it cannot be colorless at the same time. At first sight, the third sentence seems to be meaningless or even ungrammatical, but it is not. The problem is that it involves a reduced relative clause, which can be shown by adding who was. By default, however, we tend to analyze asked as a finite verb in the past tense, but here it is a past participle.


A new advert from the CIA, the Central Intelligence Agency, has sparked a debate about how identity politics can be mobilized by establishment institutions. The ad is called Humans of CIA and is delivered alongside the hashtags Know Your Worth and Women in Intel. When I was 17, I quoted Zora Neale-Hurston's How It Feels to Be Colored Me in my college application essay. The line that spoke to me stated simply, I am not tragically colored. There is no sorrow, damned up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all. At 17, I had no idea what life would bring, but Zora's sentiment articulated so beautifully how I felt as a daughter of immigrants then and now. Nothing about me was or is tragic. I am perfectly made. I can wax eloquent on complex legal issues in English while also belting Guayaquil de Misamores in Spanish. I can change a diaper with one hand and console a crying toddler with the other. I am a woman of color. I am a mom.  I am intersectional, but my existence is not a box-checking exercise. I am a walking declaration, a woman whose inflection does not rise at the end of her sentences, suggesting that a question has been asked. I did not sneak into CIA. My employment was not and is not the result of a fluke or slip through the cracks. I earned my way in, and I earned my way up the ranks of this organization. I am educated, qualified, and competent. And sometimes I struggle. I struggle feeling like I could do more, be more, to my two sons. And I struggle leaving the office when I feel there's so much more to do. I used to struggle with imposter syndrome, but at 36, I refuse to internalize misguided patriarchal ideas of what a woman can or should be. I am tired of feeling like I'm supposed to apologize for the space I occupy, rather than intoxicate people with my effort, my brilliance. I am proud of me, full stop. My parents left everything they knew and loved to expose me to opportunities they never had. Because of them, I stand here today a proud first-generation Latina and officer at CIA. I am unapologetically me.  Know your worth. Command your space. Miha, you're worth it. Now, that video went viral largely after it was tweeted by some left accounts, including Ayesha Ahmad, a PhD student at Oxford. Now, alongside the video she wrote, actual quotes from this new CIA recruitment at, I am a woman of color. I am a cisgender millennial. I have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. I am intersectional. She says, I think it's safe to say the contemporary American left has failed. What do you make of that video and do you agree with Ayesha Ahmad that it is proof the American left has failed? Welcome to intersectional rendition, baby. We're going to waterboard you, but we're going to be sensitive of your identity and marginalization while we do it. Only macroaggressions here. Only macroaggressions here. Rest assured, I will not touch your hair as I hook electrodes to your nipples and put your feet in the water. Okay, so what's going on here? Is this a failure of the American left? Is this pointing to the inerrant decadence and individualism of identity politics? Well, a bit, yes and no. The reason why this language has made it up to the CIA is because it's already been used in corporate diversity and inclusion measures. So this is something which has already been appropriated and taken very, very far away from the kinds of contexts of grassroots organizing in which it first emerged. And I think that it does speak to some weaknesses in terms of the politics of it that something which did come from these radical spaces has been transformed into simply rhetorical and aesthetic gestures which communicate a sense of political identity, but actually are completely devoid of political principles or any kind of structural critique. So yeah, it does speak to a certain weakness within the politics that this was able to happen. But look, it's the American Empire. They've managed to appropriate all sorts of progressive movements and languages and discourses in order to further the goals of domination and pursue American foreign policy goals. So cast your mind back to the war on terror. It was absolutely drenched in the language of liberalism and also in some cases, the language of feminism. I remember seeing one of those posters of female American fighter pilots and the tag line was, hey, Taliban, look at the sky. Your women can't drive, but ours can. So would you say that that means that feminism just needed to be chucked in the bin? No, you can have an awareness of how these things are appropriated and still maintain a sense of well, no, like anti-racist, discourses are unbalanced good. So our ones around transgender rights, our ones around gay rights and acceptance of marginal identity is generally, that's a good thing. It doesn't mean that it can't be appropriated. It can and it will be appropriated. And the American status is, I think, in some ways uniquely good at that. If we said that the moment someone bad uses the framing, you have to drop it, I mean, we don't have to drop working class long ago because, I mean, Donald Trump used that to promote American empire. I mean, he wasn't the first person to do that either. So I think that was a very nuanced take that even if that was one of the grossest two minute videos I've probably ever seen in my life.


Welcome to All Hands Update. I'm Petty Officer Brandi Wills with your headlines from around the fleet. Naval Education and Training Command recently announced more than 200 opportunities for reservists to fill instructor billets at training commands. All applicants must qualify or currently hold the 9502 Navy Enlisted Classification Code. For more information contact the representative at the training site you're interested in working. The Navy successfully conducted four long-range land attack projectile guided flight tests at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The projectile is designed to support land attack and naval surface fire support operations on the Navy's new DDG-1000 ZoomWalk class destroyers. You can read more about these stories at Navy.mil. From All Hands Update, thanks for watching.


Riki Rick flaunts his wife's beauty on her birthday. South African rapper, Riki Rick celebrates wife, Bianca Nadu's birthday in a lovely way. Taking to social media, Riki shared her photo, and she's seen dressed in a beautiful white dress. Celebrating her day, he pens down a very short but heart-melting note.  Thank you for saving my life. I love you. Happy birthday, my squeeze, he said.


We're here to talk about the road to Beyond Corp and how to get to Beyond Corp. So as we just introduced, I'm Maya. I'm a product manager at TailScale. TailScale is a wire guard based mesh VPN. And yes, I do have stickers. Lots of stickers. Lots of stickers. Yeah. And I'm Eric. I'm a security engineer on the Enterprise Infrastructure Protection Team at Google. We deal with Google's corporate security, which relatively relevant to what we're about to talk about today. Yeah, exactly. So what are we going to talk about today? First, we'll cover what we mean when we say both the words Beyond Corp and zero trust and why those are important, and particularly pointing right now. Then we'll dig into what Beyond Corp is to better understand its components and what is needed for that to function. We'll talk about what companies have typically done or tried to do to adopt controls like Beyond Corp and what steps you can take towards, is zero trust architecture. And we'll wrap up with going over the long tail of problems you're going to hit by trying to make something truly zero trust. So to jump in, zero trust. Zero trust is a very trendy phrase these days. But in addition to coming from lots of vendors and analyst firms and yes, conference talks, it really does seem to you like the concept of zero trust has become particularly trendy and mainstream like very recently. And that's probably due to what just happened south of the border. In late January 2022, the US government published a memorandum on zero trust principles and about moving the US government's institutions and networks towards zero trust. And this was kind of surprising, although maybe not that surprising, because this was after in May 2021, the US government also published the executive order 14.028 for improving the nation's cybersecurity. And this is a fall onto that. So as a result of this memorandum, by now US federal agencies have adopted their zero trust plans into their cyber plans and they have to implement what they've decided they're going to do by the end of 2024. So I guess this is just how we do security trends now. So how are zero trust and beyond-corp related? Let's start with traditional networks. In the traditional network architecture, you rely on a network perimeter to delineate between trusted and untrusted users, such as trusted employees inside a firewall versus potentially untrusted employees outside or untrusted actors outside of it. By moving to a zero trust architecture, the location of an individual, specifically what network they're on, is no longer solely what determines whether that individual is trusted, but other context is used to determine whether or not they can access a given application. So with the zero trust architecture, there's no longer such a thing as a privileged physical corporate network. One thing that zero trust doesn't mean though, and people get confused about this, is that VPNs are bad. And I have to say that despite the fact that I work at a VPN company. There's nothing inherently wrong with VPN, but there is something wrong with assuming that because someone's on the VPN, they're trusted, or that they're on the corporate network, they're trusted. So it's more like VPNs that have no application level, access controls are bad, sure. Beyond-corp, introduced in a paper in 2014, is Google's specific implementation from which the broader zero trust principles emerge and zero trust architecture emerges. Yeah. And so beyond-corp is fundamentally an access question. This could be an access to something like your internal corporate wiki. And the way it determines if you, the user, making that request have access, is it considers two primary principles. One is pretty classic, right? It's who you are. What are your credentials? Can you get into this wiki? And then more novelly, it also considers what device you're coming from. So a really good example might be a personal versus a corporate device, right? You might be able to have your credentials on your personal device, but that doesn't mean we necessarily still want you to be able to access the corporate wiki from that device. A really important thing that's just not even in this slide is any discussion of networking. You're talking about VPNs a little bit before, and that's kind of dominated the conversation. And I think that networking is interesting, and your network topology kind of falls out of trying to get these core things. But ultimately, what we're talking about today is access to users and devices, and trying to harden those as much as possible. So first, I said this before, users, we're all kind of familiar with that, right? You are the user, you've done an OAuth dance, you have some credentials, and so on and so forth. So it's pretty much what you'd expect out of any normal application level access question. A few things we will be talking about today is how to harden that. So how do we actually get strong user-first identity and then what are the properties of a strong credential? Because this is fundamental to the access question. Having a strong credential results in stronger access, access decisions. And then the next one is we're gonna talk about devices. So we've discussed stuff like, is this a personal but it's a corporate device? But once you start thinking in that direction, there's a whole kind of different set of questions that you might be interested in asking, right? What is the patch level of that device? Is a really good example. And then how do you store this information? What kind of inventory do you have? And then once you have all of this, how do we again, in the same way that we're gonna think about users credentials, how do we think about device credentials? How do we harden the identity of those device credentials and the storage of them and so on and so forth? And then finally, access is the terrible nitty gritty of given these two pairs of credentials, how do we actually make an access decision? This looks totally different depending on what protocol you're actually using. So as an example, if you're gonna go visit the corporate Wiki, that's gonna look like a very different access decision from a technical perspective of if you're gonna SSH to a prod box. But we actually really do still care about that combination no matter what protocol you're using. And then again, because we now magically have all of this device information, what kind of device information can be used to make an access decision? So if you're trying to get to BeyondCorp or a Zero Trust architecture, how can you actually go about doing it and how do you know how far along you are? So Eric and I have put together a roadmap or a maturity model, whatever you wanna call it, for how you get to Zero Trust. As you go higher from left to right, your organization has more capabilities in terms of how it secures its users, devices, and access to applications on the network. Basically, the more that you harden, the more you're doing Zero Trust. So your first step on the road to BeyondCorp is level one is having an inventory of your users and your devices. At level two, you have a way to measure most of your security controls and enforce some of them. You're able to segment access to specific applications. At level three, we have what's typically called Zero Trust in the market today. It's tiering users and devices based on measurements and enforcing access based on these measurements. So like Eric said, a device that's patched might be treated differently from a device that's not patched. And lastly, level four is what people think they're being sold. It's being able to have dynamically changing risk-based access to applications. This is incredibly hard and something that's not really available in the market today because there are a lot of edge cases. It's what we should be aspiring to as an industry, but we're all still working on the details. So we're going to go through each of these level by level. So level one, as I mentioned, it's about having an inventory of your users and devices. To inventory users who are accessing applications in your environment, the easiest thing to do is to use a single sign-on identity provider, SSO. It's also a great simple security improvement for your organization. This is typically tied to your HR information system. So when a new employee joins, changes teams or leaves, then their identity and so their access to business applications can easily be updated. Even if you have an SSO, you might not be using it consistently. Unfortunately, a lot of SaaS tools charge you extra for the ability to use SSO with their application known as the SSO tax, or sometimes charge you extra just for the ability to enforce SSO for their application. And so for applications where you're not using SSO, you should ask employees to, say, use a password manager, but that's also not something that you can enforce. At this level, you probably also treat employees and contractors' identities the same way, although you might not give contractors access to all of the same applications. In terms of devices at level one, you have a device inventory and some way to manage devices. This can actually be pretty complicated depending on if you have a mix of both company and employee owned or BYOD devices. You probably have a wide mix of operating systems, especially if you support BYOD devices. I think one of my colleagues runs his own OS. You might also support mobile devices. So that makes your life a little bit harder. So although your corporate policy might be to give employees company-owned MacBooks, if you let them BYOD their own mobile devices, you've already added a ton of complexity to what you need to manage. In terms of keeping track of company-owned devices, you ideally have a device inventory of who you've bought what device for, though this is not necessarily more complex than a spreadsheet. And before you let a user connect to a network, then you might have some manual verification that that's actually the expected device. And then at level one in terms of access, it's that flat sort of traditional network where if you're on the network, you're trusted, like a traditional VPN. You know and ideally can control what users and devices are on the network given that you have these inventories, even if it's manual, but you're not segmenting users or devices any further. If you're only dealing with corporate devices and only self-hosted applications, then this, like having a VPN plus an SSO was a pretty good initial set of tools to limit access to your internal applications. And now we're gonna start talking about not just knowing and enumerating but actually measuring and starting to ask questions from, I don't wanna say our users, but our devices at the very least. So this is the slide where I just tell you to use security keys. There was a conversation this morning, hand wave, this is a conversation this morning about passwords and all of the terribleness and I think the password list phrase got thrown out or something like that. Security keys are effectively un-fishable from a browser context. You can go in the technical details of everything, but in terms of producing a good security control that ensures that the initial authentication of your users is strong, there is nothing that compares to just using web-authent-based solutions. So please, I think that's the whole slide. Just use security keys. Oh wait. Oh yeah, and so then we also have things like user properties, right? So this is more classic, right? You want some sort of grouping system like Active Directory. You want a way to say the properties of a particular user, are they an engineer, are they an SRE, so on and so forth because we're gonna wanna use that access information or for access decisions later. And then at level two for devices, we're gonna start thinking about management of devices. Now you can initially start talking about things like MDMs, MDM solutions for mobile devices, but it doesn't actually need to be that complicated. I know plenty of people in playing organizations where it's like, yeah, we just have a script that we run and it checks in occasionally or maybe they use something like Puppet. The ability to just say, ask your device what its patch level is or say later on you might want to force it to update. Having those basic capabilities is fundamental because if you don't, you just can't advance past this particular point. And then yeah, there's someone else on our panel today who is gonna, I think of a OS query sort of training. OS query is a great example of a tool that is open source that you can use that you can install an agent on your devices and then you can start asking questions of your devices. You also want to start thinking about less of like here's this key that I gave you that may be a shared between a bunch of things that lets you on the VPN and start thinking about per device credentials that you can actually associate with the device. This is also where the spreadsheet isn't gonna cut it, right? Like you do need at this point to not think of your inventory as something you only update when you onboard or off-board a device but as something that is continuously living because you're going to be profiling and gathering information from all of your devices. And then level two is of access management is now we have to start thinking about not just having one single policy for all of our applications but we might want to start doing this at a per application level. And there are plenty of open source sort of solutions that do something like this. You know, some engine X plugins go quite a long way. There's also things like the OAuth proxy but the level seven HTTP proxy is a really good way of achieving this because you can't always make the assumption that all your apps are gonna perfectly understand, you know, your format for your user's credentials or your format for your device credentials. And then you also have to start thinking about what are your strategies for non-browser traffic? So this again might be SSH or command line tools. While we generally think of BeyondCorp as a solution for like your browser based traffic, the being able to SSH to a prod box is also something you definitely want to have a strong authorization decision for. And you can't just ignore these sort of access requests because they're not your classic HTTP browser traffic. And then this is where we also are gonna start consuming device credentials. So MTLS is a really good place to start here, right? Give your devices a client certificate. You can, there are a lot of solutions for like Android phones or that kind of thing that I'll allow you to through a enterprise enrollment install client certificates that you use for your corporation. And now we're gonna finally get to level three which is sort of where we see as like zero trust today or whatever. So a very, very common pattern is you have a user and they have a security key and they have a really strong initial authentication and then they exchanged it for some token that is valid till the end of time that just goes on disk or gets thrown at some third party service, right? So IMAP is a great example, right? You have this strong initial authentication and then this device just have a credential that can read the email forever. So the really important part of user authentication is not just to think about the initial authentication but thinking about what are all of the other credentials that a user might have, right? Your SSH keys, your access tokens, so on and so forth and thinking about time-bounding those, right? If you have some initial login and you give somebody a cookie that lasts for 24 hours, that's great, but what other credentials have they also been able to grab from your institution? API access keys, another great example where these things just live forever. What we found very useful is to take weak credentials, maybe bearer tokens are problematic because you can't really hide the secret key, right? There's no secret key, you throw it at someone, you check it into GitHub and it gets on the open internet. We found very useful is to take weak credentials and bind them to strong ones. So for example, if you have a device credential, you might, when you issue someone an API token, put the hash of that device credential in that API token and now when you're making access decisions, you can sort of force a binding between a weak credential and a strong one. And speaking of strong device credentials, first off, we're gonna talk about active management. So this is where, beyond just measuring, we actually wanna start enforcing things. So force patching, great example. Force reboots are another great example where you might patch, but until you reboot, there's nothing that's available. This is also where you can start thinking about what are the other security-specific configuration on your devices, right? And do you want to force these clients to do this? Device-based firewalls, another great example. This is also where we can start thinking more ambitiously about how we are provisioning credentials to devices. So basically all modern devices, right? My laptop, my phone, so on and so forth, has some sort of hardware identity that magic pixie dust, yeah, doesn't change. So this device has a TPM in it. My phone has a strong box, is an Android phone, so it has a strong box as a hardware-based identity for the device. iPhones have the secure enclave. These are great because you can generally challenge them for the identity and then issue corporate credentials based off of them. And that's great because they're no longer physically and manually going and doing this, but you might actually be able to automate some of this. Also, all of these hardware-based identity mechanisms generally have the ability to store private keys. So now you're taking your MTLS certificate that just had a private key that was on disk and you are able to back it by one of these hardware-based solutions and now you have real strong confidence about when that device comes in to my network that it is that device and the request is coming from that device. And finally, we're gonna talk about access and there's a general term that Google has published called tiered access and the sort of summary I wanna give is this. We've talked about personal versus corporate, but anything beyond that, we're gonna start talking about device tiers, right? A personal device is interesting in a corporate device, but what about the patch level of that corporate device? What about other security relevant configuration if it hasn't taken up these particular things we've prescribed to it? Do we wanna continue to allow it access? So when we talk about tiered access, we generally talk about devices losing trust. So this is a device that is a corporate device that should have access, but doesn't because it hasn't done something we want of it. For example, it hasn't patched recently.  So level four. So what we're gonna describe at level four is what people think they're getting, right? So they think that something that implementing a zero trust architecture means that you have dynamic risk-based access to all of your applications for all of your users on all of your devices, and that's not real. That's not possible today. There's a long tail of things that are hard to get right or that are not yet solved for like a normal company to have a zero trust architecture. Specifically, there's a couple of things of the long tail that are hard, SaaS applications, truly risk-based access, device state, and just random network devices. So let's dig in. So this is a friend of ours, Matthew Garrett, who left Google to go work at a startup and realized, oh my God, all of the services my clients use are now hosted web services and starts to think, how do I do zero trust there? And the reality is that this is really hard when you can't put a service behind a proxy. And I think based off the second tweet, Matthew's solution, which I think is a good, if unsatisfying one, is that oftentimes your SSO, that corporate SSO that you paid extra to get, now becomes the access point. So when you go and log in through this and get bounced to your SSO provider that's run by your corporation, it now needs to make intelligent decisions about when I issue you that, Sammel, I forget the assertion or the OIDC token, does this device have a client certificate? Does it have, is it correctly patched and do I wanna now allow this to access the third-party SaaS app for some given amount of time? Yeah, and one workaround that I've heard and I really don't like it, but it's a workaround, is to have the SaaS app's peer-to-peer network so that Ingress traffic to the app is only coming from allow-listed IP addresses that are presumably your corporate network. So an employee who's trying to access Workday or Centifits, whatever happens to be, needs to pass their traffic through your corporate network out the other end to that third application. Some security teams like this because they wanna inspect the traffic or enforce certain things on that traffic, but it is kind of shitty for the user, right? It's like much slower. Yeah, anyways, so in addition to being slow, there's a couple of security downsides that are not great. This is completely a step backwards in time, right? Like you're going back to having a flat network and you're saying that anyone who's on the network can access these SaaS applications, which is not what we're trying to do. It requires the SaaS app to have this functionality. Not every SaaS application lets you have IP allow listing to a set of IPs. And you probably also want a way to correlate audit logs from the SaaS app to your audit logs to know who's actually accessing the application, what they're doing. And you also don't necessarily have fixed IPs, right? Your network changes, you migrate data centers, or more likely you're using a cloud provider, and then you're allow listing all of Google's public IPs or all of Amazon's public IPs, and that's not really closed anymore to anything. That's like you've allow listed a lot of the internet to talk to your internal applications. So relying on IP trust isn't the best way to deal with SaaS apps either. And I think the temptation with tiers is to have a lot of them. People want to do this. They want to say, you know, more than just you have privileged access plus some middle ground, plus no access. And this slide is sort of one of my friends who used to work in Mozilla was working on some of the ways in which they were going to allow, they allow individual applications to prescribe what the requirements are for their own service. So there's two main things that you hit. One is that every service now has to be aware of what tier level it accepts. This gets really messy when you think about things that also might have different levels of tier. A bug system is a great example where some of these might be extra restricted. Additionally, the more you measure, particularly from operating systems, the more you realize that everything is broken and filled with, like held together with duct tape. You know, the version number changed and suddenly all these people lost their access. These type of things happen regularly because ultimately OSPRI is cool, but like the operating system vendors should be providing us that information in a way that isn't gonna break because somebody tweaked, you know, a string. And then I put this in basically all of my slides as well. This is the NSA taking over a Cisco router and doing God knows what to it. State is great until your device starts lying to you, right? Hey, I'm patched and I'm cool and you can let me in. The reality is that there are device state attestation mechanisms. We talked about stuff like TPMs. They work really well for closed ecosystems, right? iPhones are pretty good at detecting if they're broken or not. For when you get into more open ecosystems, like Microsoft where they have to support all of these random devices, I've looked at TPM event logs and I have no idea like is this the thing hacked or is it not? Because to know that information, you'd have to work with one or two or three vendors just to get the right hashes as an example. And the last challenge we're gonna talk about is random network devices. Some devices like thinking of you, printers are just a pain to deal with and manage on your network the same way. Again, I'm still not talking about production network, still talking about the corporate network. It has a lot of devices. Printers don't have secure boot. Printers can't be managed by MDMs. The easiest way for you to set up your printer is with a fixed IP address and then scan your land to find your printer and then use it. But I can't, it's still a device on the network and I still wanna be able to verify and manage access to it in the same way, but I can't. This comes up more in Brownfield than in Greenfield deployments because maybe if you're at a startup if you're trying to adopt a zero trust model you can just not have printers. But existing legacy networks will have a harder time with dealing with these random other devices. So then kind of waving a magic wand and looking at ignoring those challenges we just talked about. If you could have level four, what would that be? It would, there would be a decent way to manage users and user access to SAS applications and correlate logs for when users access those applications. Probably there's only two okay partial solutions today. One is to host everything yourself, which is not super realistic, but you do see becoming more and more common with larger infrastructure tools that offer on-prem solutions. Or the second one and I'll add on to Matthew's list is you can be Google or you can be Microsoft and you can use your single sign-on to access everything. Fundamentally as an industry we don't have a way to deal with this and we need a better way to deal with portable credentials for third-party SAS apps. Ideally also including device credentials, as Eric has pointed out. In terms of devices, you would need to include all the devices that are on your corporate network because they're all a point of entry to your network. Usually the easiest way to address this is actually to move these devices off of the corporate network rather than do whatever they need to do and meet the requirements to remain on the corporate network. And as Eric explained, having hardware-based device out of station from a root of trust that you can actually trust, that's still a very hard problem. And lastly, with all that info-making real-time decisions that aren't just rule-based but that change based on what you know about the user device, quickly enough that the user doesn't notice or get frustrated. And so that's it, right? But as you've learned, that's not exactly easy. So to recap what we talked about today, we proposed different capabilities on your roadmap to adopting a zero-trust architecture that looks a little bit like Google's BeyondCorp. At level one, you are treating the VPN as an access control point for the applications on your network. You can enumerate users and devices. You're using an SSO to inventory users, and you have a manual way to list devices. These are table stakes, IT, and security capabilities. At level two, you have per-service authorization. For example, by using a proxy, you can measure and enforce, you can measure most and enforce some security controls. You have a VPN for your network, an MDM to track and manage your devices, and your users use SSO and MFA, ideally security keys. This is where most security-focused enterprises are today. At level three, you're all in on what the market calls zero-trust architecture, and you've maybe even bought a solution that builds itself that way. What you can do is enforce tiered access to applications based on device characteristics. At level four is what many people aspire to, but no one has yet to fully achieve. You want to be able to dynamically enforce risk-based access to applications, and there's a long list of user, device, and access issues, such as SaaS apps, that are very hard to get right today. I think the wrong takeaway from this talk is to look at this list and say, I'm gonna do a check mark and get to level X, right? BeyondCorp is never really done. It's more the friends you make along the way, right? Like... We're friends. You want to be focusing on these core pillars, and that's not a VPN. It's users, devices, and the way you combine those two pieces of information to determine their access. And that, in and of itself, brings a huge wealth of security benefits, regardless of what level you're at, or if you ever claim that you've accomplished BeyondCorp. And that's it. Thanks so much for joining us and drop questions in the slider. Thank you.


Like this year, Girls in ICT Day will be celebrated on the 23rd of April. Celebrating our annual Girls in ICT Day is always one of the top events on my calendar. But right now, we face an unprecedented challenge. The COVID-19 global health emergency has turned our world upside down. And limiting the spread of this highly infectious virus demands radical changes in the way that we work. So this year, we strongly encourage you to focus your Girls in ICT Day around social media and virtual events. Let's turn this challenge into an opportunity that really demonstrates the power of technology to change our lives. Let's get creative on TikTok, Instagram, Snapchat, Facebook, Twitter, and other platforms. And if we can, let's take advantage of video conferencing to connect remotely for dialogues and debates on more effective strategies to bridge the digital gender divide. At the ITU, we're turning our own on-site celebrations in Samoa into what I think is going to be a fun and inspiring virtual event. And to support your activities, we've developed a special social media package that you can download from our website. Our Girls in ICT portal will continue to be the hub for sharing your activities with the global community. We'll also still be mapping our virtual celebrations, so please don't forget to tell us about what you're doing, about the unique ways that you're adapting to Girls in ICT Day for maximum outreach and effect. I wish you all an engaging, exciting, and inspiring Girls in ICT Day 2020. And of course, above all, stay safe and stay healthy.


Is Gen Z wrong about tanning beds? Zoomers are saying that they're switching from faux tan to the real deal to help with things like breakouts and psoriasis. And some probably just want a glow that doesn't wash off or ends up on your sheets. But are the alleged benefits actually real? As millennials who had stamp cards to the local tanning salon back in the day also claimed that tanning helped with breakouts, but we learned the hard way that wasn't exactly true. Tanning does dry out the top layer of your skin which could temporarily clear up those pimples, but your skin will then likely overcompensate by making even more oil, which can lead to more breakouts. When it comes to tanning for psoriasis treatment, phototherapy can in fact be helpful, but there are some things you should know, like the fact that it only works with UVB rays. And since most standard sunbeds you met mostly UVA light, you might not be getting the benefits you're looking for. If you truly need phototherapy outside of a doctor's office, make sure you select a bed with UVB lights and make a game plan with your doctor. And given that people who hit the tanning bed regularly are eight times more likely to develop melanoma, I think I'll stick with my fake tan.


All right. Hello everybody and welcome to creating better presentations with the Microsoft PowerPoint. I'm really happy for you to be here with us today. And we're really excited for Microsoft for teaming up with us on this webinar. A little bit about us. My name is Kyla Hunt. I'm going to be your facilitator today. I'm the webinar program manager here at TechSoup. With me today is Doug Thomas from Microsoft. Elliot Harmon also from TechSoup and Meg Krillman also from TechSoup. And you might see his name in the chat pane. William Coonan is going to be helping me out with questions today. So again, thank you all for all the presenters for being here with us. I'm really excited. So a little bit about what we're going to be covering today. Elliot's going to take us through a little bit about presentation design and smart art. And I know that Doug is going to be talking a little bit about the broadcast function, as well as web apps, as well as some other information. Web events made easy. Welcome to the webinar. You have entered in. And finally, Meg Krillman is going to be talking with us a little bit about the Microsoft software donation program. Before we get started, I do want to go ahead and ask a few poll questions. Just to get a sense of who everybody is. The first question is, how many presentations do you conduct per month? One option is none. One is one to two. One is two to five. One is five to ten. And one is over ten. So I'll give you guys a couple of seconds to answer that. I'll give you about five more seconds. So five, four, three, two, one. And it looks like about 48% of you do one to two presentations per month. And then about an even amount of people conduct no presentations per month or conduct two to five presentations per month. Then about 6% of you conduct five to ten and only about 1% of you do over ten presentations per month. So that's really helpful information for both me and for the presenters today. So I do want to do one other poll. And this is how do you conduct your presentations. And with this, the options are in webinars and online meetings, so virtual conferencing, at work meetings in person, so face to face, and at conferences, face to face. So I'll give you all a few seconds to answer that. And then I'll close this in five, four, three, two, one. Now it looks like the vast majority of you usually present face to face at work meetings or a slightly smaller amount of you present at conferences.  So thank you that actually will help the presenters in determining what to talk about in their presentation. And so with that, what I want to go ahead and do is give the screen over to Elliot so he can take you through the design process and talk a little bit about smart art. So Elliot, you can go ahead and unmute yourself and take it away. Thank you so much, Kylan. Thank you to everybody for attending. I'm excited to talk about this topic and I'm excited to talk with this audience and having talked already with Doug, I think everybody's going to be really interested in what he has to say. Okay. I'm going to be talking first about design basics and then I'm going to be talking specifically about smart art. Now if you're not familiar with smart art, it is a tool that you can use to snazz up your existing presentations very easily and looking at those numbers of the numbers of presentations that most of you do. I'm guessing that many of you kind of have your go-to decks that you reuse again and again for fundraising purposes or for whatever purpose you're presenting. And smart art gives you the opportunity to spice things up in a way that is really malleable so it's really easy to change in the future. And we'll dig into that in a second, but first we're going to talk a little bit about design basics. Now before I get started with this, I want to kind of manage expectations a little bit and say that I am not a professional designer even though I went to art school sort of. And also that we're only going to be talking about this for 5 or 10 minutes so there is not a whole lot that we can cover in the world of design which people devote entire careers to learning about. But my hope is to kind of peak some of your curiosity and maybe give you some new ideas about where you can look for inspiration for your PowerPoint presentations. I wanted to start with this quotation from Bruce Mao, for most of us design is invisible until it fails. And I think it's relatively obvious what that means in terms of industrial design or design of buildings and bridges when those sorts of designs fail is sort of the one time that design and architecture become mainstream subjects in the news. When design fails in your PowerPoint presentation I think most basically that means when the slide deck itself becomes the subject of attention as opposed to the words that you're sharing with your audience. When it distracts people from what you have to say to them because there's too many words for them to read or because there's something on the slide that looks confusing then your design has ultimately failed because it's not doing its primary job of underscoring what you have to say to your audience. Now when thinking of the way in which a lot of people use PowerPoint I found myself thinking of the television show for Asia and those title cards that show up at the beginning of each scene on the show. These titles are really interesting because they're very short, they're often funny, they're usually sort of cryptic. There is just enough information in them to pique the viewer's curiosity about what's going to happen in that scene. Now imagine that you are sitting down to watch a rerun of Frasier on the CW or wherever they play reruns of Frasier nowadays and instead of seeing this you saw a title card like this one. Now not only would it be impossible to read all of this in the 5 or 10 seconds that you have before the scene starts, but more importantly even if you were able to read everything on that card you would no longer be interested in watching the scene because you would have just read what's going to happen. Now thinking about PowerPoint presentations I think that so many of them end up kind of looking like this card. It's the same information on the slide that you're sharing verbally the result being that both messages, both what's on the slide and what you're saying get diminished. So when you're designing your PowerPoint presentation try to think about how you can make a slide like this, one that's just enough to pique the listener's curiosity and not one like this that puts it all on the table so that people ignore what you're actually saying. However this is not to say that a text heavy design is always inherently a bad thing. It got me to thinking of Dave Eggers' novel You Shall Know Our Velocity which infamously starts right on the front cover and does not take a break for things like the title or the Library of Congress information until the very last page of the book. This is obviously a very text heavy design and yet it is also successful at piquing the audience's curiosity. When you see this book on the shelf at the store or at the library you think this is not how a book is supposed to behave. What is going on here? It makes you very curious to explore the book and find out what Eggers is up to. This is the Fibonacci spiral. Most of you probably learned the Fibonacci sequence as children. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 I think. When you represent the Fibonacci sequence geometrically this is what it looks like. It is this successive series of boxes each building on the previous one. This is a really interesting shape from a design perspective and it's one that you see a lot in nature. You see it in seashells, you see it in pine cones and you also see it a lot in design. Look at these classic examples of the old penguin paperback books. These books are striking partially because you see that same arrangement of shapes that you see in the Fibonacci spiral and you don't actually see anything in those book covers that is completely centered. Everything is a little off-center and yet they are balanced into very striking, very visually pleasing covers. Now again, I want to say that just from having shown you a couple of graphics and a couple of book covers we certainly haven't all turned into professional designers in the past five minutes, but I want to make the point that by looking at things like this by looking at the way that elements are laid out on TV or on book covers or on subway posters or in movies you can start to kind of develop your mental collection of what you want to rip off in your own PowerPoint slides. And there are in fact huge communities on the Internet devoted just to this sort of thing. You look at websites like Tumblr and Pinterest and those sites are full of people who love geeking out about design and layout. And through examining what you like about designs that you like you can start to develop your own palette of what you want to rip off in your own presentations. And finally, of course, you can do the same thing when you look at presentations that you like. When you see a talk either in person or on the Internet or on a webinar that really, really works for you, that really communicates the information well then take a second after the fact to look back at the slide deck and say, okay, what are the tools that they were using in that slide deck and how can I try to emulate this in my own presentation? Many of you are probably familiar with TED, which stands for Technology, Entertainment, and Design, and I think it's a very famous worldwide series of conventions and you can go online and watch the talks from these conventions. I posted just two examples here, one by Steve Jervitsen and one by Justin Hall Tipping. And I used these two specifically because their approach to slide design are very, very different from each other. Jervitsen's lecture, the slides, there's literally not a word in the entire presentation. It is all photographs and short videos all underscoring his enthusiasm for the subject that he's talking about. Justin Hall Tipping's presentation, on the other hand, uses a lot of language. But the way that he uses the language in the slides helps the viewer understand the points that he's trying to make, the way that he places the text on the slide, the way that he draws attention to certain things in the text using color, using fonts, all of which underscores what he's trying to say as opposed to the deluge of text taking attention away from what he's trying to say. Here are a couple of examples from some friends of ours in the nonprofit community. On the left there is a presentation by DeVon Smith having to do with social media and ticket sales. And look at this slide. The way that there's only five words on it and those five words don't give everything away. There's just enough information to make you curious about what she's going to say. It's similar in that way to the Frasier title card that we talked about earlier. Bobby Newman's presentation. You can also go take a look at having to do with libraries and training. It's a really elegant presentation because it literally just has seven slides, each one with just one or two words about that point that she's trying to make with that slide. And it all adds up to something that's very elegant and very visually beautiful and something that underscores the points that she's trying to make rather than distracting the audience from them. So again, when you see a presentation that you like, look at what was successful about it and then look back at the slides and see, okay, how were the slides helping what the person was saying? How were they underscoring it rather than taking my attention away from it? Now we're going to slightly shift gears over to talking about smart art. Now if you're not familiar with smart art, there's a feature in Microsoft Office that was actually introduced in Office 2007 and it's also available in Office 2010 as well as the Mac versions of both of those products. And the basic idea of smart art is that you can take your existing bulleted list and you can transform it into a more informative, more visually appealing kind of diagram. So this is, again, you have your kind of stock presentation that you do for fundraising for your organization or whatever the case is. You can very, very quickly go through this and experiment and try some different graphical approaches. So we took this simple four bullet slide, four items, and we said, okay, let's try turning this into smart art. There's one example, the sort of four pieces of evidence converging on a single argument. Here's another one, the four steps, each one kind of folding into the next. Or maybe your argument is more of a pyramid with the four successive layers on it. Oh yeah, okay. As I was researching PowerPoint for the purpose of doing this presentation, I realized in the purpose that I should have started using smart art years ago because instead I've spent a lot of time putting visual aids together in Photoshop. Here's an example of one that I put together for a webinar that we did a couple of months ago. I put this together in Photoshop. It worked fine for the purpose of the webinar. Here's the problem with it. Let's say I want to make a slight change in the language. I need to go back into Photoshop, change the text, change the spacing. It becomes this whole ordeal. And similarly, when I've imported this into PowerPoint, this text is not in the outline. This is just, as far as PowerPoint's concerned, this is just a static image. Now let's say that I were invited to give the same presentation at, I guess it's a harvest festival, but I were invited to give this presentation somewhere with a different PowerPoint template. Now suddenly this visual aid looks really bad. I would need to go back into Photoshop, remove the white background, probably change the colors because then the orange on orange would be very distracting, and suddenly it's a lot of work. I thought it'd be interesting to see how smart art behaves with the different templates. So I just downloaded some templates from Office.com, and I just plopped these smart art graphics into them. And notice how elegantly it matches the color scheme, the fonts. And this is just by default. I didn't change a single thing about any of these, but it looks very professional, and it looks like it belongs in the same world as the template. All of this comes with a big caveat, which is that PowerPoint can't help you decide which smart art graphic to use. Smart art is just a tool. You are the one who needs to think about the points that you're trying to make and which graphic actually represents them accurately. I posted this on the TechSoup blog a couple of weeks ago, and it's kind of a joke. But how many times have you seen somebody use a visual aid like this? What does that arrow mean? What is the relationship that that arrow is trying to communicate among fundraising and communications and marketing? It's not clear. It's pretty, but it ultimately kind of fails as a visual aid. So with that, let's do a little experiment. So I'm exiting out of the slideshow mode here. There we go. And let's just try some different smart art graphics for this sort of standard April fundraising event slide, and let's see what we can find that'll be appealing. So I've clicked in the text box, and I simply click this convert to smart art. And there's an option, the simple list with the headings. There's an option too. And you see how each of these kind of has a different relationship that it's implying among these different bullet points. I go into more layers. This is very interesting, because here I can look at them separated by category, hierarchy, relationship, matrix. And I click any one of these, and I see a description here of what it's good for, used to show hierarchical relationships that build from the bottom up, et cetera. These are really, really useful cues to use. So here, let's try another one. Another thing that's kind of interesting is that you can insert graphics into these. So let's find a good one here. Here, let's try this hexagon cluster. And now for the 55 new clients, we'll get the sign up graphic for the donations. We'll get the tip jar graphic, and for the media coverage, we'll get the reporter. And suddenly, we have a kind of new presentation. And if you wanted to move it into the 3D mode, then the graphics will shift with it. And again, you can play with this, and you can find what will work for your presentation. There are several different options. There are, as I showed you a second ago, here I'll just come back to this. There are dozens of these available just by default within PowerPoint. And then if you click on Office.com here, these are new ones that have since been added on the internet, on the Office.com website, and those are available right from within the interface. There are also various websites online where you can download and experiment with other ones of these just made by individuals out there in the world. You might remember earlier that slide that I used here. I'll go back to it. This is called Word Snake, and this is just an example of a smart art graphic that I downloaded from somebody's website on the internet. Now if you download one of those, this is the folder where you insert those. It's a little bit different if you're on XP or Windows 7. And then after you do that, the new smart art will be available right there where it says Other. So it's very easy to find new ones of these on the internet and download them and play with them and find the right looks for your presentation. Okay, let's go back into the slideshow here. Okay, here are the references. There are the photos that I used. This over here, oh no. What happened to my drawing interface? Sorry about that. But anyway, I wanted to point out this in particular, this low-key three diagrams is a great example of somebody out there on the internet just making these smart art graphics and doing lots of creative and unusual things with them. There are those PowerPoint templates that I downloaded if you wanted to play with those. And finally, I wanted to direct your attention to this community profile on the TechSoup blog of the American Indian Resource Center. You can read the post there for yourself, but it's a really neat example of a nonprofit using PowerPoint in an unusual way that you might not necessarily expect. The woman there put together this PowerPoint presentation as sort of a game show for people she was doing a training program with. And it's an example of a really unusual and creative way to use PowerPoint from the community. So that's actually all I have prepared. Great. Thank you, Elliot. And I'm going to go ahead and... I was taking a look at the questions that had come and I know that somebody had asked if there are any free tutorials out there about smart art. And I know Doug put in a link to a tutorial, a 20-minute tutorial that's on Office.com. So you can go ahead and take a look at that link. Let me take a look at what other questions... There are also... We can put this in the follow-up information as well. But if you go to the blog post that I put on the TechSoup blog a couple of weeks ago about smart art, I linked to various tutorials there, including actually some right from Doug's colleagues on the PowerPoint team. They have a fantastic blog with ideas and templates and lots of interesting things. And there's also, for people who are brave and a little on the techier side, there's also some information about how smart art works on the back end if you wanted to create or customize your own. But I will warn you that that's definitely for people on the techier side of the spectrum. Okay, great. And then one other question. Really quick, that Elliot you might be able to help with. Could you just go over again where to find smart art in PowerPoint? Sure. Sorry about that. I had myself muted. Okay, so the way to do this is... Now let's say... Let's just undo and get back to where we were previously. So here we have just this simple bullet-pointed list. And you can just click in that box. And then if you're on the home tab in the ribbon... Sorry, I forgot what the ribbon was called. You can just click this link here that says convert to smart art. And there you'll be given several options to see all of them. Click on more smart art graphics. And that's where you get this dialogue box with all your different options. And again, you click on any of these and you'll see the description over in the right-hand box there. And then click it and voila. Okay, great. Thank you, Elliot. And for all the other questions that have come in, we will hold those until the end. And again, if we don't get to any of your questions, we will follow up with you afterwards. But I do want to make sure that Doug has enough time to cover his sections. So with that, Doug, I'm going to go ahead and give you control of the screen. And you can go ahead, share your screen, and unmute yourself. Okay. Can you hear me? Yes, I can. Hello, can you hear me? Yes, I can. Okay, great. Hi, my name's Doug. Thank you. My name's Doug Thomas. I'm a Comprint producer at Office.com where you can find trainings and articles about things like smart art or getting started content if you're just starting in PowerPoint. You'll find 150,000 free images, hundreds of templates. I work in the help videos and also on the Office blog. Shameless plug there. And kind of continue what Elliot was talking about is dealing with slides and word, basically, in some of the design. And then I'm going to show you some of the tools that can help you with that. This is a very bad slide that I've made up. But if you're in corporate America, you have probably seen something like this at some point along the lines. Every single word that the person has said will be on the screen. There's some graphics sometimes at the right-hand side that is, it's too hard to see even if you're in a small conference and let alone a lecture hall. And what a lot of the stuff that we've been working on is trying to get words off screens as Elliot talked about. People use pictures and other things like that. But there's also simpler ways to do it. One of the theories that I heard one time and immediately stole from somebody was the fact that think of PowerPoint as your resume. You work really hard on a resume. You want to make sure it's a terrific piece of paper or something online that will help you get into an interview. But once you're in the interview, how many minutes are actually spent on the resume? A minute, maybe two? Because the interview is talking to you and about the job. So think of the PowerPoint the same way. Work really hard. Work on your slides. But once you're doing the presentation, that it's really you presenting that is an important part of what's connecting to the audience. Now this is a little different being online, but if you're in a room with folks, there's a reason why it's not an email. You're the person presenting. So to get powerful slides really help. And so a couple things to think about. I'm going to throw a couple of theories out there and some actually counter other theories, but to find something that works for you is just what we're trying to do here with SmartArt or other things like that, some sort of experience that you can show somebody. Seth Godin, who's a terrific entrepreneur, PowerPoint guru, has said something that there should be no more than six words on the slide, which is kind of funny because that's eight words right there. But what Godin is saying is that you should minimize. You should get the impact. My dad was in advertising for decades and advertising has changed so much over those decades, but the same thing, some rules like one message per advertisement is what you really need to get five or six or seven. No one remembers anything. Here is something clear and crisp and I can talk about Godin for five minutes or three minutes or one minute, but you get the point from just the simple words on the slide. Another rule is a guy Kawasaki who's another entrepreneur and a terrific presenter, and he has what's called the 10-20-30 rule. This is a terrific rule, especially if you have a group presentation where you're having folks talking. It's like, well, how many people do you want? Do you want slides? How long do I talk for? Here's a great rule to give all of them and simply the 10-20-30 rule is they can have no more than 10 slides. They can speak for no longer than 20 minutes and 30-point font size at a minimum on the slides. Now, this slide is 32-point font size, which is the default in PowerPoint. And as you can see, it doesn't allow a lot of words on the screen. You're talking about maybe 300 words for your entire presentation, which for a lot of people is kind of scary to think about. So, how can you get those words on the screen or how can you get those words that you might need or notes that you need? And that's where something comes in called Presenters View in PowerPoint. Now, I can't really show you Presenters View because I'm presenting right now, but this is where you would find it on the ribbon. It's in the slideshow, and I'll get to this here a little later. And there's a checkbox that you would check for Presenters View. Now, Presenters View is really tough because you can't do it right now on your computer. You have to be connected to another monitor or in the conference room. So, it's one of those things that I suggest getting in a few minutes early or coming early that morning and plug in in the conference room or a room that you can plug in your extra monitor if you happen to have one in the office. So, you can see how the tools work. But basically what happens is the slides, like you're seeing right now, go on the main screen. And what you see instead is a page that looks like this. So, just to kind of go over really quickly what's here, the left-hand side is the slides. Everyone else sees them. And you also have arrows that you can use to move your slides around. There's also some other tools that you can actually skip over many slides. You can actually go, if you have a 50-slide deck, you can quickly go to any of one of those slides instead of just going in order. You can also use markers and stuff like that, like we're using tools here today. On the right-hand side is your notes section. And you can have anything in your notes section. If you're creating a presentation that someone else has to give, they can give complete notes there. You can put facts and figures in there if you need them. So, it's a way to keep those notes in front of you, those words in front of you that you need to give your talk, but the audience doesn't need to see necessarily. Another tool we're going to talk about, and I'll do a little demo about this one, is broadcast slideshow. And that was new for Office 2010. And it's also in the slideshow tab. This is a way to do a remote presentation very quickly. In fact, instead of just looking at slideshow, let's get out of here and go do it. So, here I am in my slideshow. And I'm going to go to broadcast slideshow. Now, what this does is, and this is a free service for Office 2010. The great thing about it is, I need to have PowerPoint 2010, though any of you, this is going to broadcast on the web, so all you would have to be is connected to an updated browser, IE, Firefox, Chrome, doesn't matter, and connected to the Internet. So, when I start broadcast, let's see how fast this works here. You're going to connect to a service, and I'm wireless right now, so this might take a little longer than I'm presenting. So, it builds a URL, and this URL you can send out to anybody. So, this is really good for last-minute thing if you don't have something that you've done in advance with a tool like a go-to-webinar or a link or something like that. And this is a webinar that I can copy and send an email or I am to people. And then I just start the slideshow. Now, the audio is not picked up. You'd have to do that through a conference call. But you can do the images, and then people see them in almost real time. So, if you click a slide, the next person sees them. Now, I have all the links that are in the presentation that will be out about how to view this and how to see it. But I can just show you a still picture here really quick. Let me just stop the slideshow here. So, here's a picture of some guy, me. And basically, we have the slideshow. Here I have a laptop, a monitor, which I think might be connected to a PC or a Mac. I can't remember. We have an iPad, an iPhone, and a Windows phone. And as I present slides in this video, the slides move about the same speed. Some don't get all the animations. Some take a little litter to render than others, but it's a way to do a quick slideshow and broadcast it out to folks. And again, they don't have to have office. They just need to be connected to the Internet. And again, to show you where that is in the slideshow tab, it's under broadcast slideshow. And that was new for PowerPoint 2010. Speaking about sharing and doing it, I want to talk a little bit about SkyDrive and the web apps. And this is kind of shifting gears away from presentations into more storage and how you can use the Internet. Everyone talks about the cloud these days. When I talk about the cloud, the folks, it's the Internet. Think about it. We do our banking online. Most people store pictures online. This is the way to store and share documents online. If you do nothing else with this hour today, go to skydrive.com and sign up. If you have a Hotmail account or an Xbox Live account, you're already signed in. You just need to put your passwords up like that. It gets you 7 gigabytes of storage. And that's for anything. There's nothing for office documents. It can be for images, textiles, PDFs, whatever. But it's 7 gigabytes of storage that you can use and then share documents with. And some of the stuff, and then SkyDrive works on Macs, PCs, iPads, iPhones, androids, Windows phones. I'm sure there's something I'm missing. But because it's connected to the Internet, it's not based on what technology you have besides updated browser and connected to the Internet. So just to show you really quick, this is the homepage of Office.com where I said we have literally thousands and thousands of templates. You can click on a template and we've kind of rearranged this homepage that all these are all shared. So if I double click this template for the solar system, this will open up in an Office web app online. Again, I'm not opening this in PowerPoint. I'm here online. And I can download this template and then use it. Or I could just keep it online. Let me kind of show you. I'm going to click over to my SkyDrive once I sign in. And if you're on Windows Live, I'll just kind of show you that homepage, which that's where you get your email and all that. Up here on the right, there is SkyDrive. And SkyDrive is where you can store and share documents and also work on documents together. This will look like a Windows Explorer paying with folders and documents. You can create documents here for Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote. And again, these are all online. You don't have to have Office. Colleen, we hope you do have Office. But you don't have to have Office to do this. It's all online. So let me begin here to a folder and open up a document. So this render, and this will be an Excel document. Now the great thing about this, if I want to show this document to you, I can send you the URL. I don't have to send you the document in email, which might be a big document. I don't have to send in a PDF because I don't know what you have on your computer. You may not have Office. I just send the URL to you and then you're able to see this. So the fidelity is wonderful with Office pub apps. In fact, it's so good. All that color stuff you see there, that's all conditional formatting, one of the terrific features in Excel. You can't do that in a web app. But if it's in the document you open, you can use it. I mean, that's the great thing. It doesn't try to hide the stuff that you can't do in a web app. It shows those documents in a really rich format. There's options here, up on the left-hand corner. I can open this in Excel. So if you have Excel Office 2007, Office 2010, Office for Mac 2011, you can just open this and work on these documents seamlessly. So you don't have to think about going online. You can just store the documents there, open them in Excel, and when you're done, store them back online. You can also edit the browser, and that's what I'm going to do now. I'm going to click on that. Now, this doesn't give you all the full features of Excel. It gives you the powerful stuff you need to do. You can see this ribbon here has a lot of things with tables and numbers, formulas, inserting charts and the like. So you can get a lot of work done. Again, the fidelity looks wonderful from the actual chart that you have in Excel. Also, as you can see down here in the bottom right-hand corner, it says who's editing. That's me. I'm Doug TMS. I don't know what the TMS actually stands for. But I can also share this document. We can work on it at the same time. And this is one of the powerful things about online documents that instead of sending some file around several times, you can say, hey, let's move to a phone call, get on the line and work on the document together. The sharing function is up here in the ribbon. I'm going to click on that and show you some of the options here. So security and protection is a huge thing for Microsoft, but also anyone that's dealing in the cloud. You want to make sure this stuff can be seen by the right people and not seen by the other folks. So that's why there's several options here. You can send an email or you can send links to folks on IM. And we give you options. So if you just want someone to view this document, you can do that. If you maybe want to send that to a client. With your team, you want them to be able to edit the document so you can send them differently, and then they'll be able to edit the document. There's also a public option, which you've got to be careful because public means public. You can also post this to Facebook and LinkedIn. I don't think you'd want to post an Excel chart to Facebook. Let's say you have some PR announcement or something to deal with some function that you're doing, press release, or a small portfolio. You can post directly from the web apps into Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter. Again, all this is free. Just go to SkyDrive.com and sign in and use the Office web apps. And then one other thing that I've got time for, but I'll just let you know, another part of sharing is you can actually embed your Excel charts or PowerPoint presentations in a blog. This is terrific because if someone wants a presentation, you can send it out to them. That's a lot of files and all that. This way, they can view the files in your blog. Let's say if you have a library and you have a blog that has a presentation, you could do that. But that way, what I like about it is, when you send out a slide, someone could easily take your slide like that. They copy and paste it and reform that and they take more. If it's embedded in a blog, they can't do that. They have to cheat the old-fashioned way, which I used to do, which I have to write down something. So it's a little more protection. It's not a lot, but it's a little more than just a simple cut and paste that people have to do. So it kind of protects some of your work a little better. So that's part of here and that's an embedding too. We'll have links in the stuff that we send out from this webinar that has that. You can find some information at office.com. Let me just go back into SkyDrive one more time here. And again, it's free. It's a storage. If you want to do that, it's just a terrific way to do things. In fact, in for the PowerPoint, again, it's Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote. You can even start a slideshow and present right from a web app online. You don't need to even have a PowerPoint to present in PowerPoint. Just a little plug. I do also office 15-minute webinars on Tuesdays, and you can go to office.com and learn about that. The short URL is there, and we do 15-minute webinars every Tuesday on a variety of subjects fall in office. Thank you. Awesome. Thank you, Doug. I really appreciate that. So I do want to go ahead and tackle some questions. I think I'm just going to leave the control with you, Doug, in case that you want to show some examples for some of the answers. We did have a couple of questions about the Windows Live ID that you mentioned that you need to be logged in to use the broadcast feature. First of all, somebody was just wondering about it in general, and then somebody else was wondering if you needed to have a Windows Live ID to view a broadcast PowerPoint as well. Doug, are you there? We might have lost Doug. Let me verify that nobody else is here. I'm back now. Hello. There you are. Hi. Sorry about that. I just used to turn off the mic after that. So on PowerPoint's slideshow is independent of office web apps and Windows Live and SkyDrive. When I do a broadcast slideshow, I just start the broadcast and send it out, and all the people need is they just need to put in the URL like you would for any URL for any website. So that is independent of web apps. For web apps, you need a Windows Live ID, which you sign up for. It takes you maybe 90 seconds. We don't ask for blood or anything like that. And again, if you have a Hotmail account or an Xbox Live account, you already have a Windows Live ID like that.  Okay, great. Thank you. And then we also had a question asking if you could print documents from SkyDrive. You would have to download and then print. Okay. I'm going to double-check that, because one of the cool things about online features is they just update. There's updates. I think this year I've seen at least two or three things. There was a major change in December, which made a, let me see if I can go back to it, that made your home page, this page here. There's lots of options now that weren't there before. As you can see, if I right-click, I get all these different areas. So let's see. I don't want to create. I don't want to open it. Hang on. All right, the print you need to download and then print. I know it's one of the more asked for features. It's interesting to show a print family view, but it's not lighting that up, so it's interesting. So at this time, that's all I've done in the past is downloaded and then print. Okay, great. I also saw just in the general kind of design aspect of this, and either you, Doug, or Elliot, can chime in. They're asking what the recommended font size for a presentation specifically in a webinar would be. In my experience, I think it needs to be at least like 32 so you can actually read it. That's what I just did in the slide deck there, and I can do that. By the way, it looks like from where you can print a document. So again, that's the cool thing about web apps. When I looked this up a few months ago, you couldn't. Now you can. So that option is there. Let me just open up the presentation here really quick. There's 32 point font, which is the default in PowerPoint. Bigger is always better. And clear slides.  And then as Elliot showed, the smart art is really nice to have and kind of automatically formatting the words for the shapes and gives you a nice, crisp, clean design. So again, you're trying to be effective that you don't want small stuff. And again, the difference between working on a computer that's 18 inches in front of your face versus a room where it's six feet away or an auditorium feet away is amazingly different. So even though you designed great looking slides, even on some of the stuff with the smart art, if you're using a smart art that has several of those five or six or seven things, parts, that's not going to show well in a big room. That's for sure. Okay, great. Thank you. And then we also had a question on the presentation view. Do you enter your presentation notes while creating the PowerPoint presentation? And they wanted to know again how to enter those notes. Can I augment the notes while I'm presenting? Is that the question? It was asking when you would enter those notes. Sure. Actually, let me do this then. And I forgot to show that. So here I am in just a regular PowerPoint view when I'm creating my slides. And this area down here, let me get a blank slide here. There. You often see this a lot. This panel here at the bottom is actually the notes section. It's on on default, and most of the time all we see there is something that says click add notes. So that's where you can add notes. And as you see here, I've put in, here's a table of figures if I needed to talk about it. Here's just some talking points or if you wanted to put in a full, if you had to put paragraphs and paragraphs or something. And this is what I tell people if they have to, what I say, hand in their homework, I have to do a PowerPoint deck. I have to hand it in. But they need the proof that I did the work, right? Well, you could put it in the notes section. It's a very simple section. There's not a lot of things you can do with it. It's more of a text field than anything else. You can make the text bigger or smaller. And once you're in the broadcast in the presenter's view, all of these elements can be shrunk or more. So you can make the note elements bigger or smaller. The pane for the slides bigger or smaller, it's up to you. So all those, all those panes are movable in it. And you could edit the slides as you speak. Could you do that? I don't think so because this gives you control of the deck with these tools where the arrows are here in the red pen. You have tools that you can use turning the screen on and off from here using markers and highlighters to point out certain things on the slides. Great. And we did have a couple questions on where to find that marker. Sure. The marker, again, you have to be in presenter's view. And to be in presenter's view, you have to be connected to a secondary monitor. So if people are trying to do it right now at their desk, that's not going to work because they will say, hey, wait, I'm looking for a second monitor. So once you do that, this is the default of what it looks like once you open the presenter view from the slideshow. So that marker is just that red marker that's by the arrows. If you clicked, and unfortunately, again, this I can't try to do this right now. I don't think you can do this because of the webinar part. This white card next to the red highlighter, if you right-click back, you use several options of skipping slides. Go to slide 41. Go to slide 21. You can go forwards and backwards, and it gives you other options there. But again, presenter view only works when you're connected to a secondary monitor. OK. Great. Thank you. And we did have a couple of other questions about smart art. So either Elliot or Doug could probably answer either of these. The first is, is there any way to add smart art to PowerPoint 2003? No. And then the other question is, can I use smart art to create posters for my library? Sure. I can't think of a reason why you... Yeah. I mean, again, it's just a PowerPoint slide. I should also say that smart art is available in Word also. They don't want to make sure that's true. I'm pretty sure. So it's another available program. It was one of the things they did for the suite in 2007. So you certainly could do it. And it's, again, it's a nice clean way of doing some interesting designs. What I like about it, when Elliot showed you the gallery of all the different types, and you just kind of scan over and you see what it looks like. So even if you don't have an idea against a great idea generator of how to use space for the things that you're looking on to put the slide or a poster. Okay. Great. And then I do want to make sure, because we do have our presenter, Maggie, who's going to talk a little bit about the Microsoft software donation program. But I do want to ask you one more question before we get to that. And this is, and I think both Elliot and Doug could probably chime into this. It's how can I make a slide presentation that is, one, interesting for the audience. And two, at the same time, helps guide the facilitator through their presentation, almost like a script. And this person is referring to a classroom situation for teaching communication skills to couples. Earlier during my presentation, I accidentally showed how bad I am at that because I skipped to the next slide because I couldn't remember what I was supposed to talk about next. Ideally, the ideal would be to either use the features that Doug was demonstrating or literally a paper script to remind yourself of the things to talk about. Again, thinking about using the slides themselves as advertisements for the talk as opposed to transcripts for the talk. That's my suggestion. Great. Thank you, Elliot. Yeah. I mean, again, if you can get into the presenter's view, you can put the notes in there. The problem with putting on the slides, there's ways to do it with right-hand side and putting bullet points in and you go through each bullet point, which I think kind of is you can keep some attention. But the thing is, if you put too much of the information on slides, if the person's presenting from a laptop, their tendency is to turn the neck around and talk to the slides in that classroom. That's the main thing about having this notes page. I mean, I've done a whole webinar about if you're in a conference room, you want to talk near the monitor, not in the middle of the room, but at the end where the monitor is. So you're facing your audience and they're seeing you in the slides at the same time.  Great. Thanks, Doug. But that, I think I'm going to go ahead and give control over to Meg in just a moment so she can take about five minutes and just talk a little bit about the Microsoft software donation program in case you're interested in trying to get Microsoft products including PowerPoint through that program. But first, I do want to thank both Doug and Elliot for their really great presentations today. And if anybody, if we did not get to your question, just know that we will follow up with you within a week or so after the webinar. So never fear. We will attempt to get your question answered. So with that, I'm going to go ahead and give Meg control and unmute her. OK. Hopefully everybody can hear me now. All right. So what I'm going to cover very briefly is you've discussed how PowerPoint can help presentations. Now the question is how do you request specifically through TechSoup? So I'm going to go ahead and start my little slide show from here. There you go. All right. I don't know if this is a way or not. Apologies if my citrus thing is still showing here. Anyway, so what we have here is this is the basic TechSoup home page. And you notice it has all the lovely links at the top including how to log in. And if you notice, there is a column on the right-hand side including find solutions and the two drop-down menus. The second one is browse by partner. And what this does is that it will take you to the screen where it will allow you to go ahead and it will drop-down menu with all of our partners available. Specifically what we've been looking at is Microsoft. So I'm going to show you what the Microsoft page is. So this is the Microsoft donation page. It has our standard greeting. Microsoft is pleased to partner with TechSoup. And you notice it has a very long list of items that you can request. And these are general product groups. They're not specifically the title groups which I will get into in just a moment. And in fact, I'm going to break out of my presentation and show you the actual website. Hopefully everybody can now see this. And you notice that right now only one of them is in fact shown as before. This one is Microsoft desktop application software because this is where you find both the office suite and the office individual applications. PowerPoint is an individual application. So you can request PowerPoint without needing to request all of Office. You notice that I've opened up Office individual applications. I am now going to scroll down and show you here is PowerPoint 2008. And if I go on to next, you can see there is PowerPoint 2010. I'm going to go back and show you where to find. Okay, here is office suite. And you notice we have Office 2007 standard, Office for Mac, Office 2007 professional, and 2010 both professional and standard. I'm only going to open up Office 2007. But you see this is what the partner screen, this is what the product screen actually looks like. And if you scroll down, you can see that it includes PowerPoint. So now going back to our PowerPoint presentation here. Okay, so you now know at least a little bit about how to navigate through. Now the delivery for the software. When you request Microsoft, you will add the item to the cart. I don't have a screen here with the cart, but you add it to the cart. And at that point, it will allow you the option to request DDT if on the product page. It specifies that that is available by the format. And in some cases, that is the only way that you will receive the item. You will not be able to download the software. And this is not the license of, it's the actual software. But on items like Office Professional 2010, and this includes Office standard, and both the versions of 2007 and the version from Mac. The DDT ROM is available by request. And you must select that during the checkout process, which hopefully everyone is currently familiar. Now, you will receive the confirmation that your donation has been placed once you go through the donation request. And your, if you request the media, DDT, it will be delivered. Usually we give a 7 to 10 day window, but the critical thing, that you will receive another email with this information. This is some of the fulfillment email information that is sent out standard, because all the license keys are actually delivered from the Volume License Service Center, which if you notice is listed up here. So you will be given information on how to log into the Volume License Service Center. If you already have a hotmail or a Windows Live email address, you use that to log into the Volume License Service Center. If you do not have an email address as either Windows Live or Hotmail, we do include the link on how to create one from the Windows Live site. Use your existing email to log into the Volume License Service Center. And these are the basic instructions on how to retrieve the license keys. Again, this site will be available. And this information is also included in the fulfillment email that is sent with every Microsoft request. But the basics of this is that you will actually need to retrieve the product keys from the product key link that is on the Volume License Service Center. And in essence, by submitting information to the Volume License Center, you have requested that your licenses for your software to be sent to you. It will be sent via email directly from Microsoft. And the reason we are telling you this is there is a lot of confusion regarding Microsoft donations. Most of the time, with our donors, we send the email with the license keys to Microsoft. They are released directly from Microsoft. It's actually a good thing because then there is less likelihood that the license keys will be corrupted and the information will be lost. So this is basic rundown. And again, if you have any questions of my own, please call TechSoup and we will be happy to answer every question for you regarding the Microsoft donation program. And I am now going to go ahead and here and give it back over to our lovely Kyla. And I'm getting out of here now. Thank you, Meg. And again, thank you to all the presenters that helped out with us today. Thank you to Elliott. Thank you to Meg. Thank you especially to Doug. And everybody from the Microsoft N. Just a little bit about who TechSoup is. Again, we are in that 501C3 nonprofit organization just like so many of you out there. And we do try to help you fulfill your organization's mission by providing technology and technology resources that you need to do that. And again, thank you all for being here with us today. Thank you to Microsoft. And thank you to everybody on my end. If you want to find out more about TechSoup, you can go ahead and go to our website, techsoup.org. Check out our Learning Center articles. Check out our blog. You can go ahead and find solutions and products through our donation programs. And go ahead and subscribe to our TechSoup newsletters by the cup and new product donation alert while you all find all kinds of information on the various resources that TechSoup offers. So again, thank you everybody. And thank you to our webinar sponsor, Citrix Online, who does provide this photo webinar account for us. And again, I hope everybody has a wonderful day. We will be sending out a recap of this webinar along with any resources, a recording of the webinar, et cetera within at least a week of the presentation. So thank you everybody. I hope you have a great day. And if you could take just a couple of minutes to go ahead and fill out our survey that should pop up after you exit the webinar. This does help us to improve and to create additions to our future webinar holdings. Have a great day everybody.