Hello, welcome to our first of our in conversation events here around the topic of material methods. My name is Sophie Woodward and I'm a senior lecturer in sociology at the University of Manchester. I'm also a co-investigator for the NCRN and I lead in the creative methods area. Hello, my name is Natasha Latskut and I am a lecturer at the Department of Educational Research at Lancaster University. So I think we can continue and start talking about material methods. So Sophie, what are material methods? Well, material methods are methods that are kind of speak to the relationship between objects and the research that people do. And as a term, it's not something that's been around for very long, although people have been doing material culture research for ages. It's actually a phrase that I created in the book I wrote recently. And the reason I created it was to really speak to this relationship between material culture and methods. So in my understanding of the term, it has two different meanings. And the first is it speaks to the methods that people use to understand material culture or materiality or even research into materials. So the idea that actually some methods will help us to understand that we're not just looking at people. We're looking at maybe people object relations or even understanding things themselves. So the idea that we can develop or change social science methods to help us do that. So that's the first meaning. And then the second meaning is for people who want to use object-based research to understand anything. So the idea is it's not just for people who are interested in materiality or material culture. It's for people who are interested in anything. So for example, if you're interested say in memory, you might think that actually I'm going to use an object interview because that will help me understand memory. So the idea then is that it's methods that use objects in some form in order to kind of generate different kinds of responses. So those are the two sort of different meanings. And I think then that has implications for who it's of interest to and who it's relevant for. Yes, of course it's relevant for people who do research in materiality and material culture. But it's also a relevance to any social scientist who's interested in just more creative methods of research. So in lots of ways, I think I would really love to see material methods become part of that broader rubric of creative methods. And I think that the other thing around that as well is that it kind of crosses disciplines. So obviously you and I are from different disciplines. And again, if you look at the people who do research within what we might define as material methods, I might not call it that, they come from all over. Sociology, anthropology, education, geography, art, design, really massive range of subjects. And I think that's what's really kind of exciting about it. And in terms of what material methods are specifically, it can be things like cultural probes, it can be ethnography, object interviews, kind of follow the thing methods. So some of them are more obviously material. So like an object interview is clearly it's got the word object in the title. That's the kind of clue. But even ethnography, which lots of people who do ethnography are not interested in material culture. But the idea is you can develop that method in order to speak to it. So that's broadly speaking how I understand material methods. Yes. And where does your interest in material methods come from? And I mean, there are two reasons. One is that I have personal reasons for it. And the other is a kind of academic reason. And obviously the personal is always academic given that I'm a researcher. But the material culture thing is partly coming from the fact that there's masses of research on the theoretical understanding. The materiality on material culture. There's also as a consequence, loads of empirical research. Now, some of this is being going on for, you know, centuries. Some of it more broadly comes within what we might call the material turn, although I'm slightly reticent to use that term because it implies that before that nobody looked at material culture. But there certainly has been like a massive expansion in the field of material culture since then. And I think what that is really interesting about that is that you get a parallel field of research in visual methods and sensory methods. So the methodological literature and there's loads of wonderful exciting stuff on that, but there's almost nothing that crosses the two on, you know, there's no kind of field of material methods as yet. And I think it really struck me as a kind of strange gap. And so people are clearly doing material methods because they've got empirical data on it, but there's a lack of reflection and development and expansion on that field. So you can find examples, but they are very few and far between. So I think partly I think it's a really important area to develop. But the other side of it as I say is a personal journey in it. For me it came from when I started started my research journey doing my PhD and that's into women's wardrobes and clothing. And it was a material culture project. I was interested in the materiality of clothing. And I realized I knew nothing about it. I'm a social scientist. I thought I knew nothing about. I didn't even know the words to use. I thought what words to use to describe clothing. And I was writing down about them and I knew nothing. And I thought I ought to understand this stuff. And so I think it made me realize that actually I really needed to think about methods for understanding this. And it wasn't just about going to material scientists and saying, well, you know about materials, I know about people. And it's also about thinking how can we expand social science methods to understand materiality. So how can we develop methods like observation and interviews in order to do that. And I think so for me personally it's been something that I became aware of my own inability to do something. And that's kind of been one of my real drivers over the years is to try and try and develop that. So it's been a life kind of career long interest, but it's only now that I'm starting to more explicitly think actually I'd like to see this develop even further. That's fascinating. So Sophie, could you then give us an example of how a material method would work? Yeah, sure. So for example, I mean I've done lots of different ones, but let's take ethnography because that's a method that's used in lots of different ways. So ethnography involves some participant observation, hanging out with people watching what they do. And if we were to do that in a sense of thinking really about material culture. Some of it I would see as kind of almost what we might call attuning yourself. So attuning yourself to what do people do with stuff. So the idea that what we're observing and participating in is not just people and what they say, it's also what are they doing with the objects around them. And also, you know, thinking about when they talk, how are they talking about the stuff around them, what are the things themselves doing. And actually that can really give you a very different perspective on what's happening. And so, you know, that's one way but also again in interviews I already mentioned that's possibly the most accessible to someone who wants to get into material methods, knows nothing about them when you're doing an interview instead of just talking to someone, asking them to bring along an object. And when they talk about that object, you start to realize that actually you're not just doing an interview about their memories. When you have an object with them, you understand that actually you're understanding how the object materializes memories as well and that will give them different memories, different stories that wouldn't have come had they not bought the object along. So I think the object interview is actually possibly the most accessible one sometimes for people to try. Right, and where do you see material methods going? So what is the future of material methods? I think the future is expansive and wonderful. I think partly I hope that in explicitly kind of naming it, that will in turn lead to more kind of explicit reflection and discussion around it. Because actually when we have something that's called material methods, people can start to recognize well actually that's something that I do or how could I reframe what I'm doing in that way. And I think one of the big possibilities I see is around interdisciplinary, interdisciplinary, sorry, collaboration. So the idea that actually, as I've already said, lots of disciplines already do this. How can we think about this together and develop dialogues around it? And so one of the possibilities around this is around the reframing of existing methods. So the idea that actually, as I've already said, lots of people do visual methods but thinking about the ways in which actually these are also material quite often already their material, but equally they can be developed and expanded in that way. So I think some of it is actually just about the reflecting differently on existing methods, but some of it is about developing new methods. So one of the new methods I've been interested in, for example, is around methods around, for example, inventories and collections, because actually that can allow us to think differently about things in relation to like wardrobes and attics and stuff like that. But it's not just about new methods, it's also just about reframing stuff that people already do. And so I think that actually for me, one of the most interesting areas is around this dialogue between the kind of material methods and also the sensory and the visual as well. And I think in a lot of ways that's why this in conversation event becomes interesting. So obviously, I think that kind of leads a little bit on to you and what you do because, you know, I think a lot of it, there's a lot of scope for thinking about this kind of inquiry graphic based method that you're interested in. And then thinking about what how that can help us sort of develop new material methods. So, I mean, it might be useful perhaps to just to start with a basic question, what are inquiry graphic methods. Yeah, so inquiry graphic methods use visual media, such as photographs, videos, drawings, sketches, and in research pedagogical as well as analytical processes. And in that way they're also types of visual and multimodal methods, but we're inquiry graphics and methods differ from their relatives is in proposing relational thinking as its key principle. And what I mean by relational thinking is actually relational thinking, I guess that there is an intrinsic link between what is traditionally known as abstract theory or concept or idea from one side and then embodied image from the other. So whether it's an external picture or image or we're talking about picture sensation imagine in one's mind. So it does relate also to you can say that it relates to other embodied sensations because we can talk about concepts and also sensations on the other hand. And so this image concept or concept sense connectedness is explored and analyzed in a manner that is inspired by Charles Sanders person semiotics and his triadic sign relations. And that I mean that that's interesting. Could you say maybe a little bit more about about that, what you mean by that and then maybe what that makes the kind of you about the method. Yes, of course. So this triadic sign or design triad and would work something like they so let's sense something. So for example, I see an image and then the sense thing is is one side of the triad. So so that's an image form with its content and its medium. And so what the image refers to or what it represents is another triadic component and and how someone's mind interpreted is the third component. So that's that forms a triad. And these triadic relations, they happen simultaneously in everyday life, you know, when we just go about our lives and and we look around ourselves and see the world and we interpret in this kind of triadic way. And so, but as components, they are not the same, and they're not insignificant. And so it helps if we dig deeper and understand both the parts and the whole. So, and for example, we usually interpret images by just jumping to to what they mean symbolically. So, so what they remind us on and but but the photograph does not only really or it does not really show these things that we interpret the photographs shows something that we have learned to interpret and you know, influenced by our socio cultural environment and context and and and then we interpreted and give it some symbolic meaning. So this is actually where inquiry graphics and differ from other visual methods by acknowledging these different levels of interpretation and also following in a person's science triad. And so, so it, it links the meaning of the picture content to the meanings of any idea or concept that is being explored. And so I'd say that it encourages participants, but also learners because you can use it as a pedagogic method to think deeper to think in an analytical way and also think critically and and to consider the represented content and as an inspiration actually for ideas for kind of analogical and associated thinking. And so by, for example, by considering and its quality and and you know the social culture history of the things that are represented as an inspiration as a trigger for reflection. So I'm packing these triadic relations via in choreographic methods and analysis can actually help explore how we form how we translate understand negotiate and materialize concepts so that you can see the connection between you know images and materiality. So what I mean by concepts, you know, we all talk about these grand concepts and experiences that we call in a culture society economy and ideology politics justice, and so on so in that way, graphics of such as photographs can help actually connect these big seemingly abstract concepts to how they are represented or materialized by photographs. So basically what I was going to show how theoretical concept, let's say in education psychology, and I can give an example of constructivism could be explored by an image. And and and that that you know that can actually help participants or learners think deeper about the concept. Another thing I can say is that inquiry graphics invite participants and learners to pay close attention to the nuances of visual interpretation and treat them as triggers for held beliefs, you know, for uncovering, you know, subconscious beliefs and knowledge, prior knowledge, as well as for new insights that would not be possible actually without the image content. And that's why they can be useful for any researcher in any field and discipline as as you were saying earlier, or for any activity that aims to understand how participants or learners conceptualize and interpret a topic or an issue, or a challenge disciplinary concept. So there are particularly useful for example in participator and action research in reflective creative and critical thinking pedagogy and in order to illuminate you know differences and similarities in opinions and beliefs. Yeah, I mean, I think that inquiry element the thing you're talking about the triggering is really interesting because actually one of the things about object interviews is around how actually an object can kind of jar people into thinking differently or so that inquiry element I can see some real connections there. And so that's really interesting. Could you, I'm kind of interested in how that works in practice. Could you kind of maybe give an example to elaborate that a little bit more. Okay, so, um, so let's say you are interested in understanding how a group of people or your learners perceive and understand a concept or a problem or an idea. So, for example, okay, what is what is your experience of shopping, or what is their experience of personal identity, or, you know, now very topical of the coronavirus lockdown. Or, or of higher education because my field is educational research and higher education education in general, you would then engage this group of people in reflection or conversation around images that they, for example, created or they chose, but also around any kind of tailor made images of your own chosen, of your choice, you know, it's your own chosen topic. And that really, you know, relates or positions in choreographics very in a very close relationship with well known visual methods such as, you know, photo elicitation and photo voice. And so you would do that then you would talk with your participants or with with learners. My inquiry graphics elicitation interviews, or you can also organize in choreographics focus groups and with the questions that actually follow these triadic and inquire graphics model. And so that's where the inquiry graphics as the kind of species of both material methods and visual methods differing from from those other methods. And, or you can also think about how people can for example, capture and document their experiences over time. So they might use mobile phones for an image collection, or they make, they might want to make notes about those images, and that will all of course serve the purposes of the research or the purposes of teaching and learning. So in the educational pedagogical context, students will reflect on key concepts in their domain by choosing or creating an image and writing an analytical and effective narrative around that image. So this approach basically celebrates participants creative agency and their personal and prior experiences, you know, in their worlds and interpretations. Interesting. Yeah, I mean, I can already see quite a lot of connections between what I've said around material methods and actually one that strikes me as one thing I think and written about material methods is the ways in which they can be provocative and how actually things can provoke people either in terms of what they say how they reflect what they write so I can see a lot of kind of synergies there already. Could you say a bit more about what what do you think the, you know, how do you think these methods relate to material methods. Yes, of course. So, so inquiry graphics. They do relate really well to material methods, I'd say, and they're part or species of material methods and this is because visual media are in close relationship with the world's materiality, and either as representing this materiality, or being connected to some materiality where it's organic or otherwise. And so such as hand, you know, paint, pencil, digital mouse or body movements. So, in that way, photographs, videos, sketches, paintings, graphic novels or comics can all be part of inquiry graphics methods and they basically capture they can capture not all of them but of course, you know, a lot of them. A lot of them can capture and do capture the world's external reality and materiality, as well as ideas, beliefs, imagination and metaphors. And this helps actually investigate this materiality and its relationship with the ideas they're connected with or affiliated with or that we actually connect this materiality to those ideas. And how we do that and why we do that. So, you know, it actually acts in different and versatile ways. In that way, inquiry graphics are related to material methods. I can just mention in one of my recent articles about critical media literacy, I actually explained this connectedness between world's external materiality and photographs. I'm interested, you mentioned sketching actually because the research center I'm in the Morgan Center, we had a resident sketcher and she worked with me on some things. It's really interesting way to think about materiality that. And so could you say then what you think the kind of, you know, possibilities and futures are for this method. Sure. Yes. And just to link to your comment. Exactly. And I think the role of people of artists, you know, who can sketch or as you say resident artists, resident sketches is there is a huge potential but it's still an underexplored and not that well understood area. So that would be a good way forward to think about that. So what are the possibilities or futures for inquiry graphics methods. Well, and I do hope I hope that there are many researchers and teachers who can relate, you know, to inquiry graphics and who would like to use, adapt, you know, appropriate these methods in their own context for their own purposes and in their own ways and principle in core graphics approaches are. This is this is actually a both both a conceptual and theoretical approach because it builds on on semi optic theory. It presents this image concept body mind abstract concrete relationship so that's more kind of conceptual and theoretical and it is an and it is a pedagogic and research method as well so there are inquiry graphics methods as I mentioned earlier I talked about them earlier. So possibilities to apply them are numerous and versatile, I think, not just in social sciences, but across disciplines and and and specifically as I mentioned before and participatory research but also in pedagogy. So many fields could be linked to these methods and approaches and you were talking earlier about material culture but there's also socio materiality and critical theory, social practice theory and identity theories, even things such as, you know, cultural historical activity theory, educational theories and more I think, I think, you know, this is, this is really the reason in a way, no and where you can stop so yes, let's do this together. Great yeah so I mean that leads on to then kind of the purpose of this in conversation series and I think in many ways it's partly for us to think about the possibilities of what we can do with material methods and how that can link to other methods. And I think that in a lot of what we're interested in developing is this idea of interdisciplinarity. So the conversations between disciplines about different kinds of methods, but also about developing connections was I said at the beginning about there's this kind of visual sensory, you know, thinking about actually material is also part of both of those and we've hopefully established today about the kind of connections between these inquiry graphic methods and material and you can start to see really interesting synergies and I think, rather than standalone it's through conversations that these connections and synergies emerge and how we can start to think about, you know, possible futures but also I think about establishing material methods as a, as a bigger area so although, as I said before people have been doing material culture research for a long time, we can start to think about what might a field of material methods look like and how might we develop this in collaboration and in discussion with different different kind of areas. Absolutely and what we are trying to do in our series is we're talking with, we want to talk with national and international colleagues whose work relates to material methods across, you know, visual, tangible, digital domains and how these different domains actually relate to material methods and so in that way we're developing and further we're developing further this field as you said of material methods and also network for and with anyone interested in these types of methods so this is one of our in conversation series or episode and, you know, this is a part of the creative and innovative methods strand of the National Centre for Research Methods and so we hope that it was useful and that you enjoyed it.


APC crisis gets messier as faction nullifies boonies chairmanship and Aldo declares himself CECPC chair and the right group centre for democracy and development so security agencies have killed over 13,000 Nigerians since 2011. Well this is cross-policy. I am Mary-Anna Cohn. The crises of leadership in the ruling all-progressive Congress APC took a turn for the worse following the purported disbandment of the Governor-May Malabuni-led CETICA Extraordinary Convention Planning Committee by one of the support groups of the party. Now the Progressive Use Movement PYM has named its leader Prince Mustafa Aoudu as chairman of the new CECPC with mandate to conduct the party's national convention come February the 26th of 2022. Well joining us to discuss this is a former member of the Lagos State House of Assembly Honourable Babatundi O'Gala he is a S.A.N. and Political Analyst Biodom Shomey. Thank you very much gentlemen for joining us. It's my pleasure meeting you. Great. I'm going to start with you Mr O'Gala because you are a member of the all-progressive Congress. Why do you think or what do you think is responsible for the infighting at the national level? Especially from the Zamfara state's access? I'm more than a position to tell you what exactly could be responsible for whoever feels disaffection. Of course politics is a contest of a lot of factors that come into play including the power play. And perhaps in Zamfara from what I read in the papers the faction feels dissatisfied. That's the Yari Marafa faction about the conduct of the Congress. And they are not satisfied with it. And if I hear they may have gone to court and they are expressing their dissatisfaction. But so far as to say that these are normal practices in any political setting any context for power at any level, be it in the clubs, be it in our church societies people would always agree and some will not disagree. And I'm sure some will along the line they will also find one way or the other to resolve their differences. And I can only speculate on what I've read in the papers about what the Zamfara group that says is not happy or not accepting what is playing out as stated and it's always done to the Congress, the conduct of the Congress. So I'm sure the party at the various levels or through the courts would find a way to resolve these disagreements. Many have speculated that this infighting is a result of positions that people are positioning themselves for a higher office. We all know that Mr. President gave a nod to the party to conduct its convention come February. And the CECPC has had its issues over and over again. We've seen a senior advocate of Nigeria who's in your party first as Kayamu had called on the party leadership to do something to plug our loophole so that there will not be continuous court cases affecting the leadership of the party. But other than the fact that people are positioning themselves do you also hold that position of first as Kayamu about plugging loopholes to avoid court cases? What I recall first as Kayamu said was that first as Kayamu spoke after the judgment of the Supreme Court in the Zamfara case and if it might interest you to know I first came up with that position which first as Kayamu himself also aligned with me and then what we warned about at the time was that the party should take a period he will eat from the decision on the tenure of the Governor Boone sitting as the CCA and the chairman of the party. That was what first as Kayamu said that was in view I shared also being a past national legal advisor of the party because I'm the middle past national legal advisor of the party and we did advise that the party should take a hint and go back to conduct our affairs in accordance with the constitution of the party the Electoral Act and the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. I also did write on that and that's what first as Kayamu I recall also spoke about simply put what we advised was that the party should be run in accordance with its constitution. Is that being done as we speak? Well, I'm not in a position to tell you from outside but from what I've seen it would appear our advice has not been heated or the CCCPC is trying to put structures in place to hit the advice. Perhaps that is what is also forming the need or the move to ensure that the party has democratically elected leaders as prescribed by its constitution, the Electoral Act and indeed the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Mr. Showami, let me come to you there seems to be no love lost between Governor Boone and Senator Marafa this has been an ongoing battle between the two big weeks within the party in the state many would also point to this bad energy or the bad blood between them as some of the drawbacks within the party now we also know that there are issues that have not been addressed between them if these issues are addressed I'm asking you do you think that this might one way or the other bring some peace and calm to the party especially in Zanfara state? Yes, it's quite clear that there's an intense battle going on in Zanfara state over the heart of ABC who controls the ABC as a political party within the state not only the structures but define the future the immediate future of the party within the state so within that context we've seen some other actions of the Boone led Boone as a factor in that battle and also Marafa there have been several interpretations of what has been going on involving also the leading opposition party so within that context one is likely going to conclude that it seems the Zanfara case is getting more complex therefore it may not necessarily get resolved as expected or as hoped either by the courts or through the party the Boone parties, the two opposing parties are bitterly opposed to each other and it seems very determined to start it out to the end how that will work out, we don't know but what seems clear to me is that it is most unlikely that the party leadership will be able to resolve this issue simply because Boone himself is a factor in this very dispute so therefore who else will resolve it other than Mr. President Mr. President in all good intents and purposes or as perceived by many is most unlikely going to get involved in resolving issues like that at the party we've seen examples in the past where Mr. President either stand aloof or will not play a significant role in resolving issues like that is most likely going to give the politicians to slug it out so if you look at those two viewpoints it is more likely that this issue will not be resolved by the party or by the courts but more likely that it will end up leading to a split in San Francisco APC but we already see that split as we speak and that group, we don't know how powerful they are but they have already decided that this is going to be their leader but let me take you back to the elections in 2019 what the APC in Zamfara State suffered this was also as a result of disagreements within the party now we're here in 2021 where the party's convention is a few months away from now should the APC have not learned something from what happened in 2019 let's not forget almost the same thing happened in river states that is still brewing as we speak the party at some point said that they were going to the APC reconciliation committee had assured members that there was going to be fair here in order to be able to deal with this issue but months down the line it seems that nothing has been done and just as you have said it might continue to linger but does that mean that this might cost the APC again some seats if not all in Zamfara State come 2023 well we should always understand that there's opposition parties in the country within the same party you have people of different opposing views on issues you also have major issues like presidential elections coming up politicians are likely going to meddle into each other's affairs with a view to achieve their own purposes so what you see going on despite the fact that we knew what happened in Zamfara how they lost after the past election we also saw the problem in rivers and all that but in the way of politicians that is not an issue for them it's a battle lost only to get ready for another battle another day and that is our politics our politicians view the issues like that there seems to be so deep heated division in the way that I do not think it really matters to so much then about whether they will lose the control of the state again to opposing party those who are in this they've allowed ego to come into heat other issues so they can't believe before that too much like many other party members or many observers that look have we not learned anything when ego comes into it then he becomes a friend and particularly there's a second agenda it's a plan to ensure that the state's APC party is not allowed to to remain as one then the other opposing parties are likely going to meddle into it and you have things more protected than what you respect so in any case whatever be that as it may one would expect APC to put their house in order you would have some areas where this would be possible it's the same story with PDP you soon begin to hear the same story about PDP the infighting within the party and the inability of the national leadership to put it together but I guess this is the way politics is played in our own client let me go back to Mr Gala of course again as a party member it's interesting just as Mr Shobanya said the intrigues and the intricacies and how politicking takes place within the different political parties but the APC rose to power by a coalition movement of sorts coming together with people and agreeing on a particular thing and that's why the APC was birthed now 2020 is around the corner campaign season is next year and there like I said there are competing problems that should not be again resurfacing but we're seeing it over and over again I want to take you to River State the case between the Magnus Abbey faction and the Minister of Transportation Rotimiya Meshis faction it cost them the tickets all of the seats in the 2019 election if I'm not mistaken and they're still having that same issue as we speak if the APC must be a formidable party not just at the national level but at all levels what do you propose needs to be done to address these teething problems which might become a big monster that might not be able to be tamed? Incidentally the cases you have mentioned both in Rivers and Zamfara happened under my tenure as the national legal advisor of the party so I saw it all first time I think we have connection issues there so I will throw that question back to Biyadu Mr. Xiaomi Yes I think you just help us answer that question until he's back Yes Can you repeat the question please Well I was talking about the fact that there seems to be a repeat of what's been happening over the years especially for the case of Zamfara and River State and I'm saying that the APC came together as a coalition of people who agreed for a certain reason whatever the reason had been maybe to unseat the former president or to give Nigeria a better face but they did have an agreement of sorts Now the APC to become a formidable party again in 2023 what do they need to do to address these issues you've said Mr. President may not step into the matter but what must they do in other not to lose all of these seeds come 2023 Yes I think we should not forget one thing that different backfellows came together when the APC was being formed we had a fashion of PDP you know called the new PDP the market APC CPC and I think one of the I can't remember whether it's one of the tendons APC you know a fashion of it so having you know merged together and it then became over a period of time we began to see some trends we began to see people developing along the lines of whether you are from the ACNM Congress fashion of the party or from the CPC fashion of the party even presidential decisions were being interpreted along that line at a point in time it means the unity was mechanical you know it was not a genuine unity it was a mechanical unity which was born by the desire to drive away the PDP and take over the party the leadership of the country now having achieved that we are now having a different situation where the leadership of the party at some states have been able to bridge the gaps and this has led to intense repeated intense division and loss of power in those states in rivers and in Sanford so the question is like you asked what needs to be done to ensure that we do not have the repeat of what has been the defeat of the party goes to states for me it is very clear it is most unlikely the principal actors will see this most unlikely the issue of talking about the division of APC is about trying to get a political or illegal basis to excuse themselves from the party they seem to have gotten to a point of no return then it has to be played out that APC is fractionalized now everything depends on one thing whoever emerges as a presidential candidate will decide will play a major role in rebuilding the relationship in those areas and I reckon that that may be the magic to resolve the problem until then I cannot see this issue be resolved because the issue of primaries will also for that decaying so at the end of the day we can only hope that once the presidential candidate matches it will begin the process of consoling all the factions and how is the party supposed to get to that point because of course the primaries whether at the local government or the states will be a building block for that presidential aspirant to emerge so of course if the foundation is broken but I quickly want to bring in the issue of the canoe APC between Ganduja and Shakao don't also forget that Lagos state we had the factional the congresses, the parallel congresses so it seems like everywhere you look there seems to be some parallel congresses holding every single in every single state if these issues are not agreed on how does a presidential candidate emerge at the end of the day do we see Chris Crossings starting all over again following the primaries when the APC had the elections the party leadership elections in different states we saw how the thing became so messy in some areas there were divisions in some states we were looking at it some of it are reconciling and some may not be reconciling some of them are people who are opposed to each other within the same ruling party over a long period of time and therefore it's a ploy to negotiate what will come to what's their own kind so it's not in all cases that the mission in APC amongst them fated to the party some is a part of the process of political bargaining amongst the political actors so I cannot see this this is the mission signing the the death knell for APC I don't think so I think just like APC, PDP is probably going to go through a similar thing and that is one thing we should not forget we should remember that both political parties membership are crisscrossed into each other at different point in time so they're likely going to go through it I cannot see the APC dying as an autopilot far from that we're likely going to see the two parties going through different crises and then imagine with their strong presidential candidate to face the elections as of today that seems to be the reality in my view I cannot see how that would be coming out Alright in closing I think we have Babatunde Ogala back here quickly I'll just wrap up the show with you so unfortunately the internet caught you off I was asking Mr. Sho we'll be about the APC in Lagos we remember the last primaries that were held we saw parallel primaries how united or how in agreement is the APC Lagos State being that the leader of the party the national leader of the party hails from Lagos Well for the APC Lagos we cannot honestly here we hear from like in every setting in all political countries there will always be disaffection there will always be complaints there will always be people who will seek attention there will always be people that will participate there will be people who don't want to rub on the back a part on the back rub on the head so I think and I'm convinced that the APC in Lagos is as strong as ever that is not to say there are not members who feel stronger by a few things who compare about what they but not too far I have not heard or seen anybody who has because of all of these the thought of having the party is the greater and one of the biggest complaints in Lagos who wants to be integrated we are not being carried on you know what you are about to possibly call it they are just people who feel okay just put us together so for Lagos I do not we have just one single leadership so far we cannot say that we have any functional chairman and then with the national leadership of the party both in the past and in the present our focus are there just one single leadership for the party and it is that leadership that as we run us through elections we run by elections we just recently had local government elections just a few months ago and we just also had our world local government a state congress so for APC Lagos we are going to show you it is as together as together can be it is as strong as it will always be and it is in working as it will be preparing for the next round of election in Lagos everything you can take that to the bank to not have any major crisis or any thing that is threatening us that is just some one trick like I said we always have complaints we always have difficulties we have complaints we always have people who face can get by a few things as long as it is where we are everybody has a right to prove to each other so for Lagos I think you can go to sleep and be assured that the party in this state is as strong as ever I mean you look around you which opposition even though you may consider you think I am disenchanted none of them will try to sabotage the party none of them will say I am leaving the party and none is taking any step to sabotage the party none of them is even contesting anything any kind of law we have to go thank you very much and by the way thank you very much and here by the show of meat is a political analyst thank you so much gentlemen for being part of the conversation thank you we will take a quick break and when we return we will look at issues surrounding police brutality seems to be a front burner issue in the country as of today when we come back we will talk about it


Please join me in welcoming Board of Supervisors president David Chu Good morning everyone I Am so delighted to be able to welcome you on behalf of the city and County of San Francisco And I hope over the last 24 hours you have been eating at our restaurants Drinking at our bars playing at our nightclubs and sharing your money with San Francisco. I Also want to welcome you to San Francisco because we are the capital of many things We are the capital of marriage equality of universal health insurance of being on the cutting edge of the environment And I believe we are becoming the capital of the sharing economy And let me tell you three reasons why I think San Francisco is becoming the capital of the sharing economy The first is we are a city that has an ethos when it comes to sharing We're the city of the summer of love. We have 10,000 residents that attend burning men. Maybe including someone on this stage We are a community that wants to foster trust Among strangers to build what I think of as one of the most amazing cities in the entire world But we were also city that's expensive. The rent is too damn high We have skyrocketing mortgages credit card debt student loans And we need and we understand that keeping up with the Joneses may not be the way to go In fact sharing with the Joneses. I think is the better path And we are also city that stands for the environment I've passed a half a dozen first in the country pieces of environmental legislation and we know that Rather than buying that good that car you use once a week the clothes you wear once the book You haven't finished reading. It's better to share The third reason though that I think San Francisco We're becoming a capital of the sharing economy is We are a city of innovation and we've been a city of innovation ever since the Gold Rush Since the first comm era since the current tech boom that we're in now in 1999 I helped to start an online communications company And in fact if I hadn't been for the last six years running the San Francisco Board of Supervisors I might be sitting where you are right now Because I have a couple of personal Details about my life that I usually don't share but I feel very comfortable in front of this crowd Let me share with you two things first of all. I'm one of your elected officials who doesn't own a car and This is how I get around this is my keep fob to city car share I'm also and this is probably a slightly more embarrassing detail I'm a tenant and my wife and I believe I'm the only elected official who still has a roommate beyond my wife We share a living room. We share a refrigerator. We share a big TV because this is the San Francisco way This is why it has been important for me as an elected official to really think about the sharing economy And how it fits into our city a couple years ago I have been a champion of car sharing in fact We passed legislation to require new housing developments to have car sharing spaces and I also pioneered for those of you who've seen the hundreds of Zip car and city car share spots around the city We've put those on the streets because we believe and know that for every car that is shared We're taking seven off our streets Last month I became the first legislator in the country to propose carving out legal spaces for shareable housing Those who use Airbnb home away VRBO and I want to just talk for two minutes about our experiences and rolling out this legislation When shareable housing started a few years ago No one noticed that someone was renting out a couch here was lending out a room there Even though it was violating city laws around planning and zoning taxes pesky taxes rent control landlord tenant rules Today we have over a hundred thousand instances of shareable housing in San Francisco And this has created a little bit of a challenge in the midst of our affordability housing crisis shareable housing has both helped as well as exacerbated our crisis on the one hand We've had some bad actors who have cleared out entire buildings of San Francisco residents I'm not just talking about owners who have evicted dozens of tenants But tenants who have multiple leases living in one place Renting out for as bed and breakfasts on Airbnb On the other hand we have so many San Franciscans that are struggling to get by who need a little bit of extra income The working family that's going away to visit grandma during the holidays the students away for the summer Workers traveling for their jobs seniors with the spare room So I proposed what I thought of as a reasonable balance to address the affordability crisis To require that only permanent residents who live in their homes for at least nine months of the year engage in this activity To have a level playing field where folks have to pay their taxes and liability insurance to have accountability with registration a Complaint system etc. I Thought this was a reasonable solution, but two weeks later. There was a major press conference to attack it In part. This is politics. I'm in the midst of a race for the same for the state assembly this year My opponent is has supporters who have been protesting the Twitter headquarters throwing rock set Google commuter shuttles vomiting on Yahoo buses referring to tech workers as nominal San Franciscans At this press conference a few weeks ago His political allies proposed a ballot measure for November to effectively shut down shareable housing in San Francisco They are calling for war on you even though they don't realize that what you are doing Is helping to make sure that we're addressing our income inequality. We're empowering everyday people by building community and using technology Let me close with three quick suggestions for you to think about one All of you need to get involved in the political debate You're busy trying to change the world But status quo interests are actively working to ship you to Menlo Park Oakland and San Jose Secondly for those of you who are starting the next shareable economy great company think early about how your paradigm meshes with Existing rules and laws we have to make sure that everyone is playing on a level playing field that we're addressing issues of legality and taxation We're reconciling what you're doing with the needs of our cities and our country and then thirdly Go change the world. We like to say in San Francisco as goes San Francisco. So goes California as goes California So goes the rest of the world. You're changing the world. You're here in San Francisco. Go out and change it. Thank you very much


Gonzaga's Chet Holmgren is one of the more unique prospects that the NBA draft has seen in quite some time. A shot blocker on defense and a three point shooter on offense, Holmgren stands over seven feet tall and weighs just 195 pounds. Not to worry, he can alter the game at both ends of the floor. He shot 39% from three last season and also blocked 3.7 shots the game. Holmgren in total blocked 117 shots last year at Gonzaga and Gonzaga's next best shot blocker was Drew Timmy at 25. If the physicality of Holmgren's body can withstand the beating that he's expected to take on defense, he can be a mismatch nightmare on both ends of the floor. Think Evan Mobley for Chet Holmgren at the next level because of his ability to protect the front of the rim and also extend the defense.


First, the official 1987 report of the Boy Scouts of America.  The official report will be given in just a second. I'd like to comment on two items. One, for the eighth straight year, we've had increased scouting membership. And second, what our good turn is this year, it's the 4 million of our boys will be out on the mission to get food for the hungry. Oh, we're looking forward to that. And to present our official report, it's Jeff Mosier, National Chief of the Order of the Air. President, the 1987 National Boy Scouts. What's in here, and I know the progress the scouting has made. I also know about your drug abuse and that you've reached a great pleasure to welcome. And I'd like to ask O'Brien Beckham, the food maker. Thank you very much. Thank you very, very much. I think there's something else coming and I'm going to need my hands. Mr. President, this is a real unique opportunity for us to recognize the First Lady with a silver buffalo for the role that she played at our National Jamboree and the role that she's played with our drug program, Drugs of Deddy. The silver buffalo was studied in about 1926 to recognize distinguished Americans. And we do have a group of distinguished Americans of which you, Mr. President, happen to be one. And this will be the first time that we've had the great pleasure to recognize the First Lady of the United States of America with a silver buffalo. So it's our pleasure. It's a pleasure. It's a pleasure. It's a pleasure. It's a pleasure. We have to read a citation first. President Theodore Roosevelt, one of the scouting staunchest supporters during the infancy of the Boy Scouts of America. Described the White House as, quote, a bully pulpit. Our President Reagan and his First Lady have aptly demonstrated the truth of that description. The President and you, Nancy Reagan, have used the bully pulpit to lead a vigorous and increasingly successful campaign against drug abuse among our youth. Your admonition, just say no, has strengthened the resolve of tens of thousands of young people to resist peer pressure to try drugs. You have taken the just say no campaign to countless meetings and conferences in more than 40 states. Following your leadership, the Boy Scouts of America launched a major anti-drug campaign two years ago. We were gratified to receive a strong endorsement from you and President Reagan for our drugs, a deadly game program, which has touched the lives of more than 8 million Americans through brochures and leaders guides, a videotape and drug abuse awareness rallies. Thousands of our law enforcement explorers have brought the anti-drug message into the nation's elementary and middle school classrooms. The results have been heartening. While drug abuse remains a serious threat to young Americans, there is evidence that the tide has begun to turn. Your leadership has played a critical role in educating the nation's youth on the dangers of drug abuse and has helped millions of youngsters to know that saying no to drugs is the right thing to do. Your concern for the well-being of all Americans is not confined to the just say no campaign. You've also been active in the causes of Vietnam veterans, senior citizens and emotionally handicapped children. You have given vital aid to programs seeking force to grandparents for handicapped children and you are honorary national chairperson for aid to adoption of special kids. The esteem which Americans hold you has been shown by your selection to the list of the 10 most admired and most influential women. A wife, mother and first lady, you have set a sterling example of courage, graciousness and concern for all of our people. For all of these reasons, but especially for your leadership in the battle against drugs, the National Court of Honor of the Boy Scouts of America takes much pride and pleasure in presenting to you, Nancy Davis-Riggan, the Silver Buffalo Award. My, not the first woman, honey, the first first lady. Right? I've had my lines wrong. The first first lady, all right. Thank you very much. Yeah. Okay, sir, next, sir, by the back, okay, great. Scout to Americans. Scout to Americans. Scout to Americans. I just want to tell you, I was at this meeting and the second I went back before they named the Illinois Avenue Friends of America. We didn't get to say this. This is the first meeting with the honorary vice president for the Scouts of America. The next meeting. There he is. Thanks again for everybody, River. Very, very, very happy to be here with you. Yes, yes. Thanks, Russell. Can I ask you a question? Nice to meet you. Can I ask you a question? You want to ask me a question? Yeah. What do you think about not necessarily the news? What? Do you know the challenge about not necessarily the news? Not necessarily the news? Do you succeed?


Hello friends, welcome back to another episode here on the channel. If anyone new to the channel, my name is Lee, also known as Osiris. And in today's episode, we're going to be talking about something a little different to our usual content. And that is regarding a big VGC competitive circuit that we are about to launch. It will be starting on the 1st of February, and it is the Flinch Squad Championship Series. It will be the 2021 series that we are running. And we've run this for the last two years. It's an incredibly fun circuit. It gives players the opportunity to have regular competitive practice against other players online and with some nice pricing on top of that and some nice end goals at the end of it. We'll get into the bare bones of the tournament in a minute, but I just want to give you a quick overview about today's episode. We're going to be discussing weeklies as well because weekly tournaments are something that will be arranging over on a Discord server that you can access and have on top of the Flinch Squad circuit. And it doesn't require anything. Just hop on over and join in the Discord as all you would need to do. And all the information for the weeklies, ongoing weeklies will be over there. Getting into the Flinch Squad circuit. As I say, we've run it for the last two years. Basically, it's a big year long circuit where we organize a bunch of events throughout the year and every event gives out pricing and flinch points. And those flinch points are what go towards a end of year invitational for our highest ranked players. So after you hit a bar of a number of points, X number of points, you will get an invite to an invitational, which is a big year end event, which is live stream. We'll have commentary and it's just a place for us to showcase our best performing players throughout the season and kind of top off the season in general and see who our overall season champion is. Now, each season is split into three series. We run three series, which always start with a circuit, which is a Swiss week by week, Swiss round tournament and that will then lead into a top cut. We also have majors and minors their weekend tournament. So they'll predominantly be run on a Saturday and Sunday and obviously they'll be just Swiss rounds and then a top cut following that and all will mirror the official VGC rules, which are on the ranked ladder. So currently we're going into series eight on the 1st of February. That's when our tournaments kick off and hopefully our series mirrors all of the rule changes along the way, which is going to take us really to into November just before potential remakes are dropped. But we haven't gotten news officially on those yet, but that's what we're kind of planning to do. So let's take a deeper dive into the circuit itself. So as you can see, we're over here on the patron. Now, the tournaments are tied to the patron. So you would have to be a member of the patron to access the actual championship series. There will be additional entry fees on top of that, but the entry fees will all be going towards prizing. There is an administrative fee. We have mods that actually run the tournament for us. So it's only fair that they get paid, but it's all detailed in this document here. Now, this is the document, the master document of the Flinch Squad circuit. It's got all of the information that you're going to need to know about the circuit, how it runs and overview of it, who can play the structure of the season. We've got all of the separate tournaments that will be running within the circuit, their point payouts. We've got all of the dates. As you can see, series one signups have begun already. They're over on the Discord server right now. And then the circuit one starting on the 1st of February with all of the additional dates for our majors and minors throughout the season, all listed already with dates with our invitational on the 6th of November 2021. So a long time away from now, but plenty of Pokemon to play between now and then and we also have a last chance to qualify as well. The doc explains all of the flinch points as I've mentioned as well. You're going to be acquiring flinch points throughout all of these tournaments throughout the season with a bar of 250 points to really get into that invitational at the end of the season. So there's plenty of opportunities there and we also have weeklies as well, which I go into in a moment, which are free to enter tournaments for anyone. No one needs to be a member of the Patreon or the YouTube channel to access those they're going to be open to anyone on the Discord server and they will be weekly tournaments, but they will also tie into the circuit give our players just a weekly kind of a tournament to take part in for that regular practice that I think is so important and so beneficial to players when they are competing in this series. So the invitational, like I said, is the big end of event. The big end of year event. We stream it. We have casters. We showcase all of our players live playing these events and then you can see the entry fees for the tournament. Now the tournament, although you are exclusively getting involved in the tournaments with the patron, you will have to pay an entry fee for each circuit. Now the circuit is $15 to enter. There is a 10% butterfly surcharge obviously on top of that. We want to be as transparent as possible with these these fees, especially when we're talking about money and there is the cut. So as I say, we've got Worms Eye and Krim who are a min admins who run the entire circuit. I don't really do too much. I'll obviously help out in the back end of things, but they're primarily doing it and there's been a long, long discussion in the community about Tio's getting a cut of pair and I think it's only fair that these people are putting in work running these things. They get a cut of it. I'm taking nothing from this pot. This is solely for them. So 30% of all entry fees taken will be split between those two. Just to make that super transparent, then the rest of the pot will be split between the pricing for that particular event and then a portion of that will be taken and put into the Invitational Prize pot, which will be at the end of the year. So there the pricing, but like I say, you can have a deeper look at the dock, which will be linked down in the description to take a look at how things are running. The team sheet information is all there. Like I say, the rules are there. Rules regulations for match scheduling, signups, everything like that is all in this dock and then there'll be additional information on the circuits when they are launching the signups, the miners and the majors and all of this information will always be posted in our Discord servers as well. So there is that information, but I just wanted to make you guys aware of it. We've had a really successful past couple of years where we've run the circuit with our players and we've seen a lot of our players really excel, really progress in their playing and it's all to do with, you know, that consistent regular competitive practice that you get through these tournaments and I think it's a really nice way to now. Actually, this is the first year will be offering cash prizes maybe earn a little bit of money towards other things when real life events come back and things like that. So it's a nice incentive there as well as trying to get trophies and stuff like that, which will be funded by the patron membership from my end of things. So that'll be an additional cost, but that will be covered by the patron membership, which is really there to kind of support the channel, but it will also kind of be contributing towards a circuit and obviously the rules are changing every three months. So we'll stay fresh as well, but what we're doing on top of that is keeping team records of every single top performance team. Like I mentioned with the weeklies, we'll be doing that to make sure that we've got that really good, concise progression of the format and you can see that with the results posting every week and that is exclusive to our patron discord server channels that you'll be able to have access to as well as well as the team archives and things like that. There are all in there, which is a really good resource. It's a really nice community and it would be great to have you involved. So if this is something that you think you would like to get involved with, if you've got questions, leave them in the comments below, drop me a DM either on discord or Twitter, wherever you want. There's plenty of places to get a hold of me. If you've got questions or concerns about this, I just really wanted to put this video up today to make you aware that the tournament will be running. There is a lot of things planned for our discord server concerning competitive, regular competitive content over there. So do join. The links are all down in the description and as I say, if you've got any questions, but thank you. If you've come to this far in the video, I appreciate you sticking around. Hope it's something that does interest you. If you want to just put your feet in the water, dip your feet in the water with it, try the weeklies out first. The circuit, as I say, is running from the 1st of February right through with numerous tournaments to November. So there's plenty of opportunity if you like the weeklies, if you like the community over in the discord and you think I want to get a bit more involved in the actual circuit, maybe try and earn a little bit of money along the way. It's not really about that, but there are trophies up for grabs as well and things like that. So there will be a lot of opportunity for you to get involved if you do like the initial bit with the weeklies. And the weeklies, as I say, we're going to be running from the 5th of February starting. It will be the first series eight tournament that will be running will be kicking off with that after the rule update on the 1st of February. So it'll be very exciting and there's lots going on. Check out the overall rules doc over on Patreon. And as I say, if there's any questions at all, let me know. But the basic premise of this whole circuit is to create a really consistent grassroots tournament that is occurring evergreen, you know, every year we're going to run this circuit and it's going to be the same structure will be different sometimes depending on the rules and things like that, but we want to start and really make a good grassroots tournament that is there and really valuable for the newer players and older players coming in. You know, it's a nice entry level tournament setting. It's very friendly over on our discord and we want to kind of keep it that way. And it's a nice good base for competitive Pokémon to kind of kick you off. And a lot of our players have been doing very well and other big tournaments as well. You know, I could shout to the Hill about some of the players that we've got on our discord server about how good they are and how good they've become since joining the circuit. And it's not just down to the circuit. Obviously, it is a lot of work that they put in outside of that, but being able to see these players come in and see their development as players, it's incredibly nice to see and I feel very privileged to be in that position. And you know, the support that you get through the community as well is really nice throughout the whole season. And we've got a really nice close knit group of friends there. So if you do feel like you're interested in it for the third time and this is the last time, check it out, ask questions and I'll catch you all for another episode. Thanks so much for your time. Take care and bye bye.


My Chromebook is old, small, and slow. It uses a weird charger that I currently can't locate. I don't use a Chromebook as my main computer, but I do keep this Chromebook around so that I can use the same device that students and other teachers use. And Google keeps adding new features to Chromebooks that I want to explore. Fortunately for me, Lenovo contacted me and asked me if I would be interested in reviewing their IdeaPad Flex 5i Chromebook. In exchange for posting about it on social media, I could keep the Chromebook and accessories. That sounds good to me. I have the IdeaFlex 5i right here. I'm looking forward to exploring what a modern Chromebook can do. I can already tell that the screen is large and the keyboard is one of the best I've ever typed on. I love that it uses a standard USB charger. Stay tuned for my full review and my ideas about the Lenovo IdeaPad Flex 5i. Thanks for watching!


o iimajin. Kenya hizit that corruption steals 250,000 jobs for the young people because if you steal one cent, that cent could also as well employ another one person somewhere. Therefore, I believe the consequences of corruption should be very dire and we have had several members of parliament, I remember Dindi Nyoro from Kiharu, who proposed that let us make anybody who steals suffer the consequences as an economic crime because let us look at corruption from these three angles. Number one, we have bribery. Number two, we have contractual agreements. Number four, we have what they in simple terms, what they normally call, I know you have had them, kickbacks. We also have inter institutional corruption. That one tells you that from looking at it from different angles, several people including we the citizens have in one way or the other precipitated corruption in Kenya. Therefore, that one tells you that the backstops with each and every person, the moment Amatatu driver decides to bribe a police officer even when their cars, their Amatatu's are in order, that one tells you the sense of irresponsibility in the citizenry. I normally like quoting an African socialist by the name Thomas Ankara. He was one of the revolutionists of Bukinafaso. He said that a citizen without patriotic education is a potential criminal. So how does patriotism at a global age help citizens to think into their mind and digest corruption and reject it with all man as possible right now? Briefly. Let me make that final point. How many people have bribed to get their children admitted in a county school and they were called into a sub county school? I can bet they are very many and they are the ones out there making so much noise about corruption. It begins from the family set up. Daniel, do you think the constitution or the law should be revised to ensure people who are convicted of corruption suffer a long loss of financially and even embarrassment of a long time actually? And can it work? That's what I said before. Right now it's quite difficult to what do you convict somebody on corruption unless the conviction goes through economic crime the way it's mentioned. Because anybody who is taken to court over corruption the penal code or all these laws refer that to an economic crime and that is the only point they can use to refer. But that's what I said. There is elaborate measures to deal with that if. So when we are able to describe corruption as a public theft then we know how to deal with it. The penal code is very clear on how to deal with somebody who is a stolen from the public coffers. Well comparatively like we are mentioning our history denotes that these has been here with us since independence and it's something that is embedded in our culture. Because like my colleague has mentioned consciously or unconsciously we socialize our children to corruption. When you send them to a shop you give them kaperimende. And you see we never realize that at that level we are bringing up a generation who would require to be you know. But I think that is appreciation. No. Why would you appreciate a child for sending him or her on something that would be helped. No. You would want to bring it differently. So this is why I'm saying it's so helpful. It's the way we are brought up unconsciously we are socialized to corrupt activities. And it takes a lot of time for us to undo or to relearn some of these behaviors. But then I was just thinking loud when it comes to our... And I wish that would be very brief because I'm told you are out of time. Probably we started late. But then Mujiri has made some proposals. The countries where you see you've had people's hands chopped off. Countries like in Arabian countries. When you just there is an evidence of awareness about it. Some even resigned even before. And you've had countries where even just a train derails. Before even call for a public inquest the minister of transport resigned automatically taking that responsibility. Our country needs a bulldozer. A bulldozer for a leadership and as a president is the way we are seeing it in Tanzania. When it comes to corruption we need somebody to bulldoze. But if we are taking time being alphabetic and being fabrication about corruption. It's a long time. Lastly we cannot forget this is youth television. It is young people who are suffering the burden of corruption. Why would you follow young people defaulting on help? But we have gone a lot of billions and billions that have gone the drain from the coffers. It is sincere. It is really one of things that we really don't expect in this country. Many thanks. We are out of time. Many thanks for coming and sharing your opinions and sentiments on how we should fight corruption. They have been my guest Daniel Orogo and Gunjeri Kariuki, both political analysts. My name is Dereva Hilary. Coming up next is Waimashariki. Stay tuned. I'll see you on Friday. Have a good night.