This is the talk where I talk about the badge. Oh, wait, that was the last talk. Sorry about that. No, I'm Ryan Serra. I'm Mike Zero Romeo Yankee Sierra. You'll see me drink a beer at strategic points on the stage just because it's a very emotional talk. And I happen to drink beer at my last EMF talk. So it's really interesting. I've been a licensed ham for a few years now. But my enjoyment of ham radio actually spend probably maybe 25 years. And it was 25 years ago that I was a budding kid. And I had a next door neighbor. His name was Chuck. And Chuck had so many antennas. And he had a fascinating wall, a beautiful wall of radios. And it was just amazing because I was a kid. I like these blinking lights. And that was just something so cool. And I thought, wow, you could talk to anybody. And strangely enough, I had these dual hobbies at the same time. And in 1986, you still had the requirements that you had to know Morse code. Oh, pardon me. I'm burping out. It's the beer. So this is terrible. But it's normal ham hijinks. So it's just, you know, actually quick question. How many of you in the audience have an amateur radio license? Oh, geez, wow. Okay, so this is fantastic. It's wonderful to be amongst all of you. And I'm hoping that you had a wonderful time here at the conference. Now, this is talking about rebooting the hobby. So for a moment, well, let's go back to 1973. And look, here are some wonderful people that are probably around our age today. What we have here is you have two dead people. You have Paul Homer, G4BXT on the left. He's doing some Morse code in a field that would be very similar to the field just up the way. Then in the middle, we have Roger Kennedy, G3YRO. And he's having a good time with a portable radio, obviously very, very portable. And then at the very end, we also have another silent key, Brian Potter, G3ZQX. Oh, sorry, ZQX. It's my septic accent, getting in the way. And during that time, you see 73 because these photos were taken circa 1973. I think of 73, so most of you in amateur radio, you know that as a nomenclature, as a Morse code shorthand, short script for best regards. It's not 88, it's not love and kisses, but it's 73, it's best regards. And you might almost think that maybe 1973 was the height of classic amateur radio because we had all of the surplus from World War II at our fingertips, so we could actually take those radios and start tinkering and play with them. And it was a wonderful time because you could actually get very excited and make connections with cultures that you would never be exposed to. But you know what? It's a little bit different. It's a little bit different now because, well, we have access to a lot of different tools and mechanisms and things to tinker about. And you know what? The statistics actually show that young people are not so interested in amateur radio. So you look at the statistic, you see 410 people signing up and getting licensed for amateur radio in 2011. And just last year, it's only 234 people. And that's quite sad because I know many of you that have the amateur radio license, you love it because the idea is this was a venue. This was an opportunity. This was an idea to be able to say, ah, I have a desire to be able to tinker, to play with, to explore, and to understand this technological world that I don't quite understand on my own. And so we have all these choices, choices. Well, if people want to do that, which is what the original RSGB survey was, why are you interested in amateur radio? We wanna know technical things. Well, where did those people go? Well, if you're a new technologist, typically, if it was 1973, you had one option. You would go to your radio club or maybe you would sneak into some electrical engineering courses at the local university, but really that was your own path. So now, if you want to get your information fixed or you want to get your tools, you can't go to Tandy or Radio Shack anymore because those venues are closed down. You can't go to those radio repair places because those don't exist anymore. So the idea is that you get your fix on the internet. And the internet, it's a dual, it's a double edged sword. It has so much information, but it also has so much information kind of in isolation without even touching the radio. And also, the idea is that if you want to play with connectivity, if you want to play with innovation, if you want to reach out into the world, what is your, what is the lowest hanging fruit? What is the easiest method possible? Well, that's really just using the internet. So people kind of go, well, yeah, you know what? I'm just gonna use my Zigbee or whatever and I'm going to have a load of library using MicroPython and I will have my EMF badge that can reach out into the world and everything's perfectly fine. And you know what? If I wanted to actually meet with people, if I wanted to connect with them, I would just go, oh, I'm going to sign up for a hackspace. I'm going to go to a meetup. I'm gonna go to EMF camp. I'm going to go to all of these workshops. I don't necessarily need to go to my local amateur radio club. And you know, it ends up being, if I'm technologically curious and I want to make some brilliant things, well, maybe oftentimes the whole world of software is more meaningful for us than maybe a little bit of burnt hands or the expense of actually having to build these circuits themselves. So it ends up being, and how many of you know this guy with a handout? Yes? Those of you that don't know, this is Dave Jones. And he's a... Most annoying voice. Yeah, yeah, yeah. So I can do, I can do, probably impersonate his annoying voice.  And I can't do, I can't really do an Aussie voice, but he said, oh, I don't know, I get this question quite constantly. Am I going to get one, an amateur radio license? And the answer is probably no, because I don't necessarily like the idea just to say I've got it, you know, just like a trophy thing. I don't have the time, inclination, I use it probably, but I don't know. If anyone can convince me otherwise, oh yeah, maybe I should do it, I should get my license. Maybe you should, maybe can you choose your call sign? The K2 EEV, perhaps? Hmm. So hopefully that was an adequate approximation of Dave Jones, but the idea is that what is his excuse to use amateur radio when he has access to all of this hardware, all of this communication? And you know what? Maybe good enough is good enough. And the idea is also the follow the path to release resistance, or following the path of most interesting, because the idea is that amateur radio to some of us that are still joining is that there are very interesting things. How many of you went to the Dave Roundtree tracking satellites presentation? Yeah, that was cool. That was quite amazing to actually see him on stage saying, here's an antenna that I built, let's have some volunteers up, and let's actually track a satellite that's going over our heads. That's kind of crazy. The idea that we have awareness of all these things that are going around us and that we can actually talk to them, that's a very powerful thing. That makes it interesting. And that's what's interesting about amateur radio is not that, oh, you know, there's so many other things that can duplicate it. It's that we can do things that are probably a little bit unique. And so, okay, so I talk about kind of the old world of amateur radio, but I also want to say how on a hackspace, which I was very involved with, how we actually were able to kind of bring people into the hobby and how we did it. What we actually did was we said, okay, hey everybody, people want to learn to solder, for example. So what we did was we said, okay, we're not going to be anti-internets. We're not going to do all that. So we actually speak to everyone. We actually have a very, very busy IRC channel and some of these other things. And we say, okay, let's talk about some of these things because you know what? For a long time, amateur radio was the hobby of very lonely anti-social people. And what I mean by that was the idea is you would build your radio, you'd use some intellect to do that, but you would want to reach out and actually speak with people because ultimately we're social people.  It was a perfect way out for people that might have been a little bit shy or a little bit less prone to talking to people. And so now that desire to kind of speak or broadcast out, that kind of desire, that kind of desire to be connected, that's almost being satisfied with Facebook, with Twitter, some of these other things. So now it's almost like we've kind of milled down the rice to get the essence of the protein, which is the people that are very interested in the experimentation part of the hobby. So what we wanted to do is we also wanted to make it relevant to people. People wanted to do, okay, I'm a person who has never soldered in my life but I don't know where to start. This is actually an excuse to be able to do that. So using the first license, the foundation license, we were able to get these people that were already technically literate very up to speed, very, very quickly, doing your practicals test, having an exercise of making contacts over the air and then getting doing the exam at the very end. That was perfectly fine. We did very, very well on the foundation course. When we went to the intermediate course though, what we ended up doing is we ended up kind of experiencing this notion of kind of a hackathon. It was a physical hackathon where we had stations and we were all building these different parts of the practical together.  So fitting a plug, soldering circuits, having some literacy of what the circuits are about, having understanding of safety and basically being able to understand kind of the relevance of radio into the real world. So what we did was we kind of said, all right, here are all the things that relate to the real world, which is basically doing soldering, connecting, and doing all these different things, and this is how you'd actually apply it to amateur radio, which is what we did, and we actually did it very well. But another huge thing is that all of us involved in the education of the trainees, we didn't bring in the cultural hang-ups that have existed, I think for a long time, because any nerd culture will have their prejudices and their ideas, and they'll kind of say, well, you know, I know Morse code because that's the original digital protocol, and so I'm better because of this, or I spent all this money on this radio and that whatnot. We worked really hard to actually remove that prejudice, and in fact, there are a couple of legacy aspects where people actually took great offense at this, there's the notion of, and I mentioned Morse code, there used to be these things like F-B-O-M, that's short for fine business, old man, and people kind of go, well, why does it have to be old man? And then when you would refer to women, you would refer to them as YLs, young ladies, and you kind of go, well, is this necessarily inviting, and I didn't bring up the statistic, but it was something like 98% men and 2% women in terms of being already existing in the hobby. So we wanted to get rid of that, and we kind of wanted to wash that clean, and so this is where we actually started out, and we said, look, this is a very open kind of a safe place. Now, this is not like overly PC or super, super PC, it's super, super PC, but the idea was that, hey, if we can kind of get rid of stuff that's kind of admired in the past, the idea of this radio that got inadvertently bolted to my hip, it's a very cheap 20 quid Chinese radio. Those of you that are amateur radio people, how many of you have a cheap radio like this? Yeah, so there are many, many people. There is a culture of kind of old-school hams that kind of feel, well, I used a term that was probably a bit crass in my other EMF talk, so go ahead and look that up if you want, but the idea is that they had, they took Umbridge at the notion that new hams can get involved in the hobby for so cheap. It makes me want to drink. So yeah, and you know what, in fact, actually, this whole impedance mismatch actually kind of goes the other way too, where we had somebody who, I'll call her Mabel Grebel, and Mabel Grebel was, she was very angry that we were kind of an unconventional hamshop. I mean, she was like, ah, where are the guys? I want to be trained, and she would just say, ah, ah, and you know, the thing is, these spelling errors are hers, they, I don't spell pizza as pizza, but the idea is that, you know what, this is a cultural shift, and we're having to realize that, you know what, we're going to live in a world where the internet will augment our experience, it's not going to be separate from that. And so this is, maybe it's good for the new kids, but, oh, oh, J.J., someone's calling for you on the radio. So, yes, sorry, that's preserved for all times on the stream. So the idea is that, you know, in continuing on with that, we actually, we did really well, like we actually got the 2015 RSGB Club of the Year, we were so proud of that, because we worked really hard, and we got a little award, and we tweeted about that, and we were saying, hey, we're all cool, cool, cool, but because we are so young in terms of presenting and dealing with that, that we actually had, you know, other lives to attend to, and so we weren't able to actually dedicate that rigor and consistency in order to actually keep people licensed, but had we actually had that consistency, we probably would have had 100 new licensees in the year, and that's just one club. And, you know, this is London Hackspace, this is London, so it's not necessarily people that have easy access to fields and hills and be able to speak quite a bit. It was just people that wanted to understand about technology and say, ah, well, let's see what we can do with that. So the idea also was, oh, everybody's talking to each other, so, sorry about that. Yeah, the idea was that we wanted to be able to make it a shared resource and actually be able to explore. So we actually took a disused cell phone comms check from the roof of the building at London Hackspace, and we turned it into a radio room that was available to us at 24 hours a day. So if we were all living in luxurious shoe boxes in London somewhere, we would actually have somewhere to go and have a nice beer and also be able to potentially make contacts. And actually, the idea of building antennas, building infrastructure, understanding how things fit together, it's actually been a really good experience for me in terms of my technical literacy. I think that I would say that for everyone else that's been involved, that it's also gotten licensed up, it's the idea of being able to say, hey, I can build this, I built this, and I can make this better. And so that's what, it's been quite significant. But you know what, also, I propose some ideas that are actually probably a little bit upsetting to classical amateur radio groups because this is old economy, Stephen, he comes from the 80s, he never had it, he never had a tough situation. But the idea is that we need to change a little bit, we need to evolve our ways of being able to do training and examinations. And the RSGB has actually done a really good job in removing some of the artificial encumbrances in terms of dates for certain types of exams. So you used to be able to only do the full radio license six times a year, and that was a little bit, that was a bit constraining because some people couldn't do that, they just removed that very recently. But you know, there might be an opportunity to actually evolve that into a venue where maybe we use computer-based training, maybe we actually can figure out a way that kind of gives us a little bit of gratification and doesn't necessarily denigrate the institution of amateur radio but rewards people on their technical literacy that they might have already acquired outside of the amateur radio world. And that's one of the wonderful things that we've had at London Hackspace is because people have this innate understanding of a lot about technology and electronics they don't need to be trained over and over again on the stuff that they already know. And you know, I think one of the huge things, and this is actually quite heartbreaking to me, is that these amateur radio clubs have resources, have people with technical literacy, have an understanding, but they can't seem to get new people to come and join and participate. And the reason why that is is because they don't know, people don't equate to amateur radio with tinkering and electronics curiosity and being able to do some of these amazing things.  A rag-chew is basically conversing on and on and on. The idea is that they learned their technological literacy, but they don't necessarily want to pass it on to others.  It's a little bit sad because, hey, it would be wonderful to have the actual hobby exist, but the hobby has to change. And it has to change into radio experimentation. It has to be more relevant into the world of Raspberry Pi's, Arduino's, and hackable badges. So this is very interesting. So the idea of being able to leverage amateur radio to do some more appealing things, to be able to say, ah, okay, we can take advantage of the 2.4 gigahertz allocation and be able to extend that value and that interest from those things like ZigBee and be able to extend and do really cool stuff. And I think one of the really bright spots that we have here is, you know, we were talking about, I mentioned earlier, the idea of the people that were living in a software-only world. And these people are doing wonderful, brilliant, beautiful things in their software-only existence. I'm sure they might have something to show for it graphically or something like that, but the idea is that now we have enough interesting hardware that we can actually do software-defined radio. And for IT people who are so used to software-defined networking and software-defined this and software-defined that, when I told them, ah, the really exciting thing in my hobby is software-defined radio, they all kind of ground. But the idea of being able to buy a device that is multi-purpose and really can do anything, this is really, really cool. And you can get started for, you know, under $20. So this is absolutely, I wouldn't say that it's a game changer, but it's something that actually brings more relevance actually into the hobby. Because if we don't make things accessible and relevant to those that are out there, we're not going to be in quite a good situation. Yes, how many of you know about WebSDR? That's a huge, huge thing. I mean, to be able to understand how the radio waves actually show up on your screen, you can click around and do that. For those of you that don't know about WebSDR, you can go to WebSDR.org and just click in various different reasons. And you can actually tune in to radio waves, radio stations, and just various signals completely on your browser. You can do it on your phone if you wanted to. And the idea of being able to see those radio waves to experience that, that is something that's very, very new that never existed, you know, 10 years ago for the common person. But now it's available, it's easily accessible, it's something that we can actually do and play with, and it's something that's just enough, just interesting enough to go, okay, well, I understand how to receive this information, maybe I want to start interacting. So it's the device on the top that just does receiving only, but the HackRF, which the author is actually here at EMF, I don't know if he's left or not, but you can actually do receiving and transmitting. So if you wanted to spoof a Wi-Fi signal and if you wanted to experiment with that on the handbands, you could do that, or you could start playing and exploring that. So there's so much interesting exploration to be had, it's just that we don't know what we don't know. So this is the idea of being able to bring it back and bring it more exciting. And, you know, I think that actually in the future, you know, one of the things is Dave Rountree spoke about, you know, his demonstration of the satellites, and people were asking about, you know, the amateur satellites that exist today are not in a geostationary orbit, so you always have to follow them and explore them, but there are actually amateurs that are sending out geostationary satellites now, too. So the idea of being able to have a satellite that's right above there and do some pretty amazing stuff that, you know, huge, huge companies with lots and lots of capital were only able to do years prior, this is kind of the empowerment, the idea of using technology to be able to do some cool stuff. So I think that, and this is an Oscar satellite, Oscar 7 operating mode B, I imagine, but this is a satellite that has been around since the 70s, it's still up there, it's still working, and you know what, there might be an opportunity for you to be able to say, okay, I wanna build something out, I want to make something interesting, and I want to say, ah, maybe I can change the world, and maybe amateur radio is possible for that. In the world that we live in, where the internet is paid for and controlled and regulated, the airwaves are ours, and for us to be able to claim those airwaves as our own, we have to exercise that right, and so if we don't exercise that right, if we don't have our license and actually play with that, then we might actually lose that, and we don't wanna lose that, because we always hear about the government putting on more controls and more controls, so we need to reboot this, and we need to reclaim the airwaves before some other entity does on our behalf, so if you feel, I know many of you are hams in the audience already, I know that many of you that have been hams probably understand some of the challenges that we have as amateurs, knowing that the great majority of the licensees are growing old and will die out, what do we do with that responsibility that's been passed on to us while we need to reinvigorate the hobby? These are some of those ideas, and if you have any other ideas, I'd love to hear from it, I will turn the radio back up a little bit if you have any suggestions. If you have any resources, and if you want some resources, you can take a look at this, I can tweet out the links. One of the great ways of exploiting stereotypes is having a little bit of a laugh. If you want to laugh a little bit and cringe and cry a little bit, I recommend the Silent Key podcast, but there's a lot of fun to be had still, and we're in kind of an interesting time. We're in the new normal, and so the future's bright, but it's interesting to see where we've come from. Does anybody have any questions? All right, so I'll bring it around so you don't actually have to call in if you don't want to. Thank you very much, very interesting. I got my call sign in 1961, I believe, I'm Gore of Three Oscar Victor Hotel. Now, lots of my friends got amateur call signs then, and you've gone over many ways that the hobby is fantastic now, I love SDR and satellites and stuff like that, but can you explain why when I go to my hack space in Leicester, I say I'm doing an amateur radio competition, I can't come tomorrow, and they look at me like I've crawled from under, you know, I'm an alien from another planet. Where's the publicity gone wrong? Because there weren't all those outlets when I was 14 and got my amateur radio license, but everybody I knew was into amateur radio. Now, they don't even know what I'm talking about. So I know we shouldn't look back, but maybe we need to look back to look forward because there's so many opportunities. Where's the publicity gone wrong? Yeah, I think the fact is that historically we had this excitement of wow, I meet so many contacts in a certain amount of time, this is the amount of kilometers that I've hit, I think that there's a little bit of unfascination with what is abroad because now that we live in a instant gratification society, global society, there's really nothing that's kind of exotic or impressive. I mean, if someone says, ah, I went to a Korean Lebanese Italian fusion restaurant, maybe 10 years ago, people would go, wow, that's kind of cool, but now we live in a world of hyper-multiculturalism, so the idea of doing contesting, while it's really exciting and you can rack up a point and you can say, wow, Mike's signal did an aggregate, I went around the globe three times with my messaging, people kind of go, well, so what? I think the idea might also be, is the tweaking of the message saying, look, I didn't use any internet, I didn't use any connection, and I was able to still pump out all of this information using 10 watts or something like that, so you have to, you almost have to change the way that you're presenting it, and some people will get it, some people won't. It's a challenge because that, you combine this hyper-multiculturalism with the instant connectivity of the internet, the idea that the phone call locally is the same cost as a phone call globally, you have to bridge the gap and sometimes people think in kind of unsympathetic terms because they want that lowest hanging fruit, so it is a marketing issue, it's a branding issue of how do we compel, but the way that I would say that we would change that would be basically, to describe it, basically as a battle between the elements of the earth, and we're actually dealing with coronal mass ejections and we have to deal with solar weather reports, and you have to point some of these other things out that are just kind of, they're nerdy and esoteric, but they're all kind of like, what do you mean by that? Solar weather reports, I've never heard about that, and then you can talk about the Monder Medium and other things that drive me to drink, so I think that we just have to tweak it a little bit to the more exotic that they have to think a little bit about it. They have to go, ah, okay, you have to make a little bit of effort to get your signal over to Indonesia, not that it's not difficult to contact Indonesia now because we have so many redundant means of communication that way. Another? Okay, one more question. Oh, only one. Damn, in that case, I'm better getting my slight rebuttal into that as well. One of the points that I found when I started looking at amateur radio stuff was whenever people, for instance, at the Hack Space, said, oh, I was playing around with this SDR and I managed to do this, or I'm using Powerland Ethernet over Power and the local radio people jumped down the throat and it's like, no, no, you shouldn't be doing that, and I think that's possibly part of where the publicity's gone wrong, is that the first instinct of a radio person is get out of our airways. Yeah. But my, I've lost my question. I did have a question, but I'm afraid it's gone. Sorry, can we sneak in another question? Uh-oh, G4GRS is over there. All right, I'm just gonna get one behind. I'm gonna make it short. Yeah, I still haven't heard you talk from last year, so whatever, I got licensed in 1976 and I'm gonna, there's always been a boring old fart element in amateur radio. There always was, there always will be people who know so much better than, you know, they've got their little niche, their little clique and they won't communicate it outside and there's always been a problem with internal communications, but that's what happens when you people are dealing with dare I say geeks, you know, communications are not our strongest. Yes, the irony that communication is not our strongest because we're surrounding ourselves with radios that can allow us to be able to communicate better, I suppose. But let's get excited about it. There's all sorts of new things using the internet, using new satellites, and yet we are gonna have a geostationary satellite, by the way. Yeah, when's this happening? First quarter of next year. First quarter of next year. Yeah, awesome, really cool. Some of us here were in Guilford last weekend for the AMSAT colloquium, and how many people who are radio-hams here didn't even know it was going on, so there's very bad internal communications. So we need to address that. Sorry, the radio was making a connection. I'll ask the question again. So what was your actual question? My actual question, I don't have one, I think. Yeah. All right, well done. Thank you, G4GRS. I've just had a rant, thank you. Sorry, I'm gonna have to wrap it up. I guess you can call him if you have any more questions, or if you're like me and have no idea about him, and I think it was good that you dispelled a few myths for me, come and talk to him outside the tent after this. Thank you very much, Ryan. Thank you very much.


If you have ever tried to use the inverse functions of cosine and sine on your calculator, you might have come across the following problem. Your calculator gave you an answer, but then that answer was not the correct answer. So, what is going on here? Is your calculator lying to you? No, the calculator is not lying to you. What happens with the inverse cosine and sine function is that the calculator only gives you one solution. However, there are multiple solutions and that one solution, maybe depending on the problem, is not the one solution you're looking for in the problem. Let me give you an example. So, let's say you have the following problem. You are given a function of the form x as a function of time is three times cosine of 0.1 t plus pi. In physics, this could be the equation of a simple harmonic motion. And the question is the following at what time bigger than zero is x equals 2.5. So, you might have started solving this thinking, okay, this is easy. So, all I have to do is I have to plug in right 2.5 is equal to 3 times cosine 0.1 t plus pi. Then you went on and you solved for your time. So, we did 2.5 over 3 is cosine of 0.1 t plus pi. And then you know if you want to do the inverse of cosine, you have to do the r cosine on the other side. So, we have r cosine 2.5 over 3 is 0.1 t plus pi. Now, after hours of looking for the r-course button on your calculator, you have finally figured out that this one is actually labeled cosine minus one.   And what you get is time is equal to minus 26 ish seconds. Now, you submit that to your teacher and your teacher goes this is wrong because I want the t is bigger than 0. So, what is going on here and how can we solve this? Now, what you have to realize first is by asking the calculator to give you the cosine inverse function of 2.5 over 3, you're actually asking the calculator for which angle, if I do cosine of that angle, we get 2.5 over 3. 2.5 over 3, if you don't really like this, that's by the way, that is equal to 0.83. So, the cosine function looks as following. If we plot cosine of an angle theta as a function of theta, we will start at 1, go down to 0, come back to 1, and so on. And it will also extend on the left side. Now, what you're basically asking your calculator by typing this one here is, okay, so for what angle do I get 0.83? So, 0.83 is about here.  I have one here, I have one here, I have one here. Now, your calculator, however, it keeps things simple. It will not give you all the solution, all the calculator does, it gives you the solution between here and here. The calculator just gave you was that we're going to get one solution, which is theta 1, which is, in this case, 0.585 rats, because I had set my calculator to radians, so he spit me out the answer in radians. If you put it in degrees, the calculator, of course, will give you the answer in degrees, but the problem here is exactly the same, you will only get one angle, but there are several possible solutions. So now, how do we get the other solutions? Well, the key to that here is a sketch, and you look at the symmetries of the sketch. Here, I had another one, let's call this theta 0, that will simply be my other angle inverse. So, this one here was theta 1, which led me to a time 1, then I had theta 0, which is the same number, but negative, minus 0.585 equals to 0.1t plus pi, and then I will get a t0, which is equal to, what will I get, minus 37 seconds. That's even worse than my first one, I even get more negative. So, what about that one here? This call is theta 2. How do I get theta 2? If you look at the distance, well, there are several ways of solving it. One of them is, for example, if you look here, the link between my theta 0 and theta 2 is plus 2 pi rat, if you're calculating invadence, or 360 degrees, if you're calculating in degrees, or if ever you're actually calculating in the time domain, this will be plus 1 period. So, the period here has an angle either in 2 pi rats or 360 degrees. So, what I could do is I can do, okay, my theta, this was theta naught, so this my theta 2, would be my minus 0.585 plus 2 pi equals 0.1t plus pi, and then I solve this and I will get my third time is plus 26 seconds, which will be my first positive answer, so the answer to this problem. So, before I mention something about the period, if this is simple harmonic motion, then we can calculate the period as being 2 pi over my angular frequency, which is the 0.1, so 2 times 3.14 divided by 0.1, that gives me about 63 seconds. Now, I could check, according to my sketch here, my result that I got from my second angle would be my 0th angle, the one before, plus 2 pi, or for times, the one period would be the 63 seconds. So, is this plus 63 seconds? And it is. So, what was to be shown, quote, era demonstrandum. So, little rewrap, your calculator for cosine will only give you the one answer between 0 and pi rat, or 180 degrees, if you're in degrees. Similarly, the sine function, for the sine function, your calculator will always just spit you out the answer between minus pi half or 90 degrees and plus pi half at 90 degrees. And similar as we just did with the cosine, what you always have to do is make yourself a little sketch of this and figure out where are my other solutions. For example, here I had one, here I had one, and then use the symmetries in your cosine or sine functions, use that the function repeats itself at fixed intervals to figure out what are the other solutions, and then you have to think which one is the solution that actually solves your problem.


Volume III. CHAPTER XVII. of Emma by Jane Austen. RedfrielyBrivox.org into the Public Domain. Mrs. Weston's friends were all made happy by her safety, and if the satisfaction of her well-doing could be increased to Emma, it was by knowing her to be the mother of a little girl. She had been decided in wishing for Miss Weston. She would not acknowledge that it was with any view of making a match for her, hereafter, with either of Isabella's sons, but she was convinced that a daughter would suit both father and mother best. It would be a great comfort to Mr. Weston, as he grew older, and even Mr. Weston might be growing older ten years hence, to have his fireside enlivened by the sports and the nonsense, the freaks and the fancies of a child never banished from home. And Mrs. Weston, no one could doubt that a daughter would be most to her, and it would be quite a pity that any one who so well knew how to teach should not have their powers and exercise again. She has had the advantage, you know, of practicing on me, she continued, like La Baronne de Almanne on La Comteuse d'Ostalis in Madame de Jean-Louis Adelaide and Théodore, and, wish en assie, her own little Adelaide educated on a more perfect plan. That is, replied Mr. Knightley, she will indulge her even more than she did you, and believe that she does not indulge her at all. It will be the only difference. Poor child, cried Emma, at that rate, what will become of her? Nothing very bad, the fate of thousands. She will be disagreeable in infancy and correct herself as she grows older. I am losing all my bitterness against spoiled children, my dearest Emma. I, whom owing all my happiness to you, would it not be horrible and gratitude in me to be severe on them? Emma laughed and replied, but I had the assistance of all your endeavours to counteract the indulgence of other people. I doubt whether my own sense would have corrected me without it. Do you? I have no doubt. Nature gave you understanding, Miss Taylor gave you principles. You must have done well. My interference was quite as likely to do harm as good. It was very natural for you to say, What right has he to lecture me? And I am afraid very natural for you to feel that it was done in a disagreeable manner. I do not believe I did you any good. The good was all to myself by making you an object of the tenderest affection to me. I could not think about you so much without doting on you, faults and all, and by dint of fancying so many errors have been in love with you ever since you were thirteen, at least. I am sure you were abused to me, cried Emma. I was very often influenced rightly by you. Oftener than I would own at the time. I am very sure you did be good. And if poor little Anna Weston is to be spoiled, it would be the greatest humanity in you to do as much for her as you have done for me, except falling in love with her when she is thirteen. How often, when you were a girl, have you said to me, with one of your saucy looks, Mr. Knightley, I am going to do so and so, Papa says I may, or I have Miss Taylor's leave, something which you knew I did not approve. In such cases my interference was giving you two bad feelings instead of one. What an amiable creature I was! No wonder you should hold my speeches in such affectionate remembrance. Mr. Knightley, you always called me Mr. Knightley, and from habit it has not so very formal a sound. And yet it is formal. I want you to call me something else, but I do not know what. I remember once calling you George, in one of my amiable fits, about ten years ago. I did it because I thought it would offend you, but as you made no objection I never did it again. And cannot you call me George now. Impossible! I can never call you anything but Mr. Knightley. I will not promise even to equal the elegant terseness of Mrs. Elton by calling you Mr. K., but I will promise, she added presently, laughing and blushing, I will promise to call you once by your Christian name. I do not say when, but perhaps you may guess where, in the building in which N takes M for better, for worse. Emma agreed that she could not be more openly, just to one important service, which is better sense would have rendered her, the advice which would have saved her from the worst of all her womanly follies, her willful intimacy with Harriet Smith, but it was too tender a subject. She could not enter on it. Harriet was very seldom mentioned between them. This, on his side, might merely proceed from her not being thought of, but Emma was rather inclined to attribute it to delicacy and a suspicion, from some appearances, that their friendship were declining. She was aware herself that, parting under any other circumstances, they certainly should have corresponded more, and that her intelligence would not have rested, as it now almost totally did, on Isabella's letters. He might observe that it was so. The pain of being obliged to practice concealment towards him was very little inferior to the pain of having made Harriet unhappy. Isabella sent as good an account of her visitor as could be expected. On her first arrival, she had thought her out of spirits, which appeared perfectly natural as there was a dentist to be consulted. But since that business had been over, she did not appear to find Harriet different from what she had known her before. Isabella, to be sure, was no very quick observer, yet if Harriet had not been equal to playing with the children, it would not have escaped her. Emma's comforts and hopes were most agreeably carried on, by Harriet's being to stay longer. Her fortnight was likely to be a month at least. Mr. and Mrs. John Knightley were to come down in August, and she was invited to remain till they could bring her back. "'John does not even mention your friend,' said Mr. Knightley. "'Here is his answer, if you like to see it.' It was the answer to the communication of his intended marriage. Emma accepted it with a very eager hand, with an impatience all alive to know what he would say about it, and not at all checked by hearing that her friend was unmentioned. "'John enters like a brother into my happiness,' continued Mr. Knightley, "'but he is no complimenter, and though I well know him to have, likewise, a most brotherly affection for you, he is so far from making flourishes that any other young woman might think him rather cool in her praise. But I am not afraid of your seeing what he writes.' "'He writes like a sensible man,' replied Emma, when she had read the letter. "'I honour his sincerity. It is very plain that he considers the good fortune of the engagement as all on my side, but that he is not without hope of my growing in time as worthy of your affection as you think me already. Had he said anything to bear a different construction, I should not have believed him. My Emma, he means no such thing. He only means—he and I should differ very little in our estimation of the two,' interrupted she, with a sort of serious smile—much less, perhaps, than he is aware of, if we could enter without ceremony or reserve on the subject. "'Emma, my dear Emma—oh!' she cried with more thorough gaiety. If you fancy your brother does not do me justice, only wait till my father is in the secret and hear his opinion. Depend upon it, he will be much farther from doing you justice. He will think all the happiness, all the advantage on your side of the question, all the merit on mine. I wish I may not sink into poor Emma with him at once. His tender compassion towards oppressed worth can go no farther.' "'Ah!' he cried, I wish your father might be half as easily convinced as John will be of our having every right that equal worth can give to be happy together. I am amused by one part of John's letter. Did you notice it, where he says that my information did not take him wholly by surprise, that he was rather an expectation of hearing something of the kind? If I understand your brother, he only means so far as you are having some thoughts of marrying. He had no idea of me. He seems perfectly unprepared for that. Yes, yes, but I am amused that he should have been so far in my feelings. What has he been judging by? I am not conscious of any difference in my spirits or conversation that could prepare him at this time for my marrying any more than at another. But it was so, I suppose. I daresay there was a difference when I was staying with him the other day. I believe I did not play with the children quite so much as usual. I remember one evening the poor boy is saying, Uncle seems always tired now. The time was coming when the news must spread farther and other person's reception of it tried. As soon as Mrs. Weston was sufficiently recovered to admit Mr. Woodhouse's visits, Emma, having it in view that her gentle reasoning should be employed in the cause, resolved first to announce it at home and then at Randall's. But how to break it to her father at last? She had bound herself to do it in such an hour of Mr. Knightley's absence, or when it came to the point her heart would have failed her, and she must have put it off. But Mr. Knightley was to come at such a time and follow up the beginning she was to make. She was forced to speak and to speak cheerfully, too. She must not make it a more decided subject of misery to him by a melancholy tone herself. She must not appear to think it a misfortune. With all the spirits she could command she prepared him first for something strange, and then in a few words said that if his consent and approbation could be obtained, which she trusted would be attended with no difficulty, since it was a plan to promote the happiness of all, she and Mr. Knightley meant to marry, by which means Hartfield would receive the constant addition of that person's company, whom she knew he loved, next to his daughters and Mrs. Weston, best in the world. Poor man! It was at first a considerable shock to him, and he tried earnestly to dissuade her from it. She was reminded more than once of having always said she would never marry, and assured that it would be a great deal better for her to remain single, and told of poor Isabella and poor Miss Taylor. But it would not do. Emma hung about him affectionately and smiled and said it must be so, and that he must not class her with Isabella and Mrs. Weston, whose marriages, taking them from Hartfield, had indeed made a melancholy change. But she was not going from Hartfield. She should always be there. She was introducing no change in their numbers or their comforts but for the better, and she was very sure that he would be a great deal the happier for having Mr. Knightley always at hand, when he were once got used to the idea. Did not he love Mr. Knightley very much? He would not deny that he did, she was sure. Whom did he ever want to consult on business but Mr. Knightley? Who was so useful to him? Who so ready to write his letters? Who so glad to assist him? Who so cheerful, so attentive, so attached to him? Would not he like to have him always on the spot? Yes, that was all very true. Mr. Knightley could not be there too often. He should be glad to see him every day, but they did see him every day as it was. Why could not they go on as they had done? Mr. Woodhouse could not soon be reconciled, but the worst was overcome. The idea was given, time and continual repetition must do the rest. To Emma's entreaties and assurances succeeded Mr. Knightley's, whose fond praise of her gave the subject even a kind of welcome, and he was soon used to be talked to by each, on every fair occasion. They had all the assistance which Isabella could give by letters of the strongest approbation, and Mrs. Weston was ready, on the first meeting, to consider the subject in the most serviceable light, first as a settled and secondly as a good one, well aware of the nearly equal importance of the two recommendations to Mr. Woodhouse's mind. It was agreed upon, as to what was to be, and everybody by whom he was used to be guided, assuring him that it would be for his happiness, and having some feelings himself which almost admitted it, he began to think that some time or other, in another year or two perhaps, it might not be so very bad if the marriage did take place. Mrs. Weston was acting no part, feigning no feelings in all that she said to him in favor of the event. She had been extremely surprised, never more so, than when Emma first opened the affair to her. But she saw in it only increase of happiness to all, and had no scruple in urging him to the utmost. She had such a regard for Mr. Knightley as to think he deserved, even her dearest Emma, and it was in every respect so proper, suitable, and unexceptionable a connection, and in one respect, one point of the highest importance, so peculiarly eligible, so singularly fortunate, that now it seemed as if Emma could not safely have attached herself to any other creature, and that she had herself been the stupidest of beings and not having thought of it, and wished it long ago. How very few of those men in a rank of life to address Emma would have renounced their own home for Hartfield! And who but Mr. Knightley could know and bear with Mr. Woodhouse so as to make such an arrangement desirable? The difficulty of disposing of poor Mr. Woodhouse had always been felt in her husband's plans and her own, for a marriage between Frank and Emma. How to settle the claims of Enscombe in Hartfield had been a continual impediment, less acknowledged by Mr. Weston than by herself. But even he had never been able to finish the subject better than by saying, Those matters will take care of themselves, the young people will find a way. But here there was nothing to be shifted off in a wild speculation on the future. It was all right, all open, all equal. No sacrifice on any side worth the name. It was a union of the highest promise of felicity in itself, and without one real, rational difficulty to oppose or delay it. Mrs. Weston, with her baby on her knee, indulging in such reflections as these, was one of the happiest women in the world. If anything could increase her delight, it was perceiving that the baby would soon have outgrown its first set of caps. The news was universally surprised wherever it spread, and Mr. Weston had his five-minute share of it, but five minutes were enough to familiarize the idea to his quickness of mind. He saw the advantages of the match and rejoiced in them with all the constancy of his wife, but the wonder of it was very soon nothing, and by the end of an hour he was not very far from believing that he had always foreseen it. It is to be a secret, I conclude, said he, these matters are always a secret till it is found out that everybody knows them. Only let me be told when I may speak out. I wonder whether Jane has any suspicion. He went to Highbury the next morning and satisfied himself on that point. He told her the news. Was she not like a daughter, his eldest daughter? He must tell her, and Miss Bates being present it passed, of course, to Mrs. Cole, Mrs. Perry, and Mrs. Elton immediately afterwards. It was no more than the principles were prepared for. They had calculated from the time of its being known at Randalls how soon it would be over Highbury, and were thinking of themselves as the evening wonder in many a family circle with great sagacity. In general it was a very well-approved match. Some might think him and others might think her the most in luck. One set might recommend they're all removing to Donwell and leaving Hartfield for the John Knightleys, and another might predict disagreements among their servants. But yet upon the whole there was no serious objection raised, except in one habitation, the vicarage. There the surprise was not softened by any satisfaction. Mr. Elton cared little about it, compared with his wife he only hoped the young lady's pride would now be contented, and supposed she had always meant to catch Knightley if she could. And on the point of living at Hartfield could daringly exclaim, rather he than I. But Mrs. Elton was very much discomposed indeed. Poor Knightley! Poor fellow! Sad business for him! She was extremely concerned, for though very eccentric he had a thousand good qualities. How could he be so taken in? Did not think him at all in love, not the least. Poor Knightley! There would be an end of all pleasant intercourse with him. How happy he had been to come and dine with them whenever they asked! But that would all be over now. Poor fellow! No more exploring parties to Donwell made for her. Oh no! There would be a Mrs. Knightley to throw cold water on everything. Extremely disagreeable. But she was not at all sorry that she had abused the housekeeper the other day. Shocking plan, living together. It would never do. She knew a family near Maple Grove who had tried it and had been obliged to separate before the end of the first quarter. CHAPTER XVIII of Emma by Jane Austen. Time passed on. A few more tomorrows and the party from London would be arriving. It was an alarming change, and Emma was thinking of it one morning, as what must bring a great deal to agitate and grieve her, when Mr. Knightley came in and distressing thoughts were put by. After the first chat of pleasure he was silent, and then in a graver tone began with, I have something to tell you, Emma, some news. Good or bad, said she quickly, looking up in his face. I do not know which it ought to be called. Oh, good, I am sure. I see it in your countenance. You are trying not to smile. I am afraid, said he, composing his features. I am very much afraid, my dear Emma, that you will not smile when you hear it. Indeed, but why so? I can hardly imagine that anything which pleases or amuses you should not please and amuse me too. There is one subject, he replied, I hope but one, on which we do not think alike.  Does nothing occur to you? Do you not recollect? Harriet Smith. Her cheeks flushed at the name, and she felt afraid of something, though she knew not what. Have you heard from her yourself this morning, cried he? You have, I believe, and know the whole. No, I have not. I know nothing. Pray tell me.  Harriet Smith marries Robert Martin. Emma gave a start, which did not seem like being prepared, and her eyes, in eager gaze, said, No, this is impossible. But her lips were closed. It is so indeed, continued Mr. Niley. I have it from Robert Martin himself. He left me not half an hour ago. She was still looking at him with the most speaking amazement. You like it, Emma, as little as I feared. I wish our opinions were the same. But in time they will. Time, you may be sure, will make one or the other of us think differently, and in the meanwhile we need not talk much on the subject. You mistake me, you quite mistake me, she replied, exerting herself. It is not that such a circumstance would now make me unhappy, but I cannot believe it. It seems an impossibility. You cannot mean to say that Harriet Smith has accepted Robert Martin. You cannot mean that he has even proposed to her again yet. You only mean that he intends it. I mean that he has done it, answered Mr. Niley with smiling but determined decision, and been accepted. Good God! cried she, well, then having recourse to her work basket, an excuse for leaning down her face and concealing all the exquisite feelings of delight and entertainment, which she knew she must be expressing, she added, Well, now tell me everything, make this intelligible to me. How, and where? Let me know it all. I never was more surprised. But it does not make me unhappy, I assure you. How, how has it been possible? It is a very simple story. He went to town on business three days ago, and I got him to take charge of some papers which I was wanting to send to John. He delivered these papers to John at his chambers, and was asked by him to join their party the same evening to Astley's. They were going to take the two eldest boys to Astley's. The party was to be our brother and sister, Henry, John, and Miss Smith. My friend Robert could not resist. They called for him in their way, were all extremely amused, and my brother asked him to dine with them the next day, which he did, and in the course of that visit, as I understand, he found an opportunity of speaking to Harriet, and certainly did not speak in vain. She made him by her acceptance as happy even as he is deserving. He came down by yesterday's coach, and was with me this morning immediately after breakfast, to report his proceedings, first on my affairs, and then on his own. This is all that I can relate of the howl, where, and when. Your friend Harriet will make a much longer history when you see her. She will give you all the minute particulars which only woman's language can make interesting. In our communications we deal only in the great. However, I must say that Robert Martin's heart seemed, for him, and to me, very overflowing, and that he did mention, without its being much to the purpose, that on quitting their box at Astley's, my brother took charge of Mrs. John Knightley and little John, and he followed with Miss Smith and Henry, and that at one time they were in such a crowd as to make Miss Smith rather uneasy. He stopped. Emma dared not any immediate reply. To speak she was sure would be to betray a most unreasonable degree of happiness. She must wait a moment, or he would think her mad. Her silence disturbed him, and after observing her a little while he added, Emma, my love, you said that this circumstance would not now make you unhappy, but I am afraid it gives you more pain than you expected. His situation is an evil, but you must consider it as what satisfies your friend, and I will answer for your thinking better and better of him as you know him more. His good sense and principles would delight you. As far as the man is concerned, you could not wish your friend in better hands. His rank in society I would alter if I could, which is saying a great deal, I assure you, Emma. You laugh at me about William Larkins, but I could quite as ill spare Robert Martin. And having now brought herself not to smile too broadly, she did, cheerfully answering, You need not be at any pains to reconcile me to the match. I think Harriet is doing extremely well. Her connections may be worse than his. In respectability of character there can be no doubt that they are. I have been silent from surprise, merely excessive surprise. You cannot imagine how suddenly it has come on me, how peculiarly unprepared I was, for I had reason to believe her very lately more determined against him much more than she was before. You ought to know your friend best, replied Mr. Knightley, but I should say she was a good-tempered, soft-hearted girl, and not likely to be very, very determined against any young man who told her he loved her. Emma could not help laughing, as she answered, upon my word I believe you know her quite as well as I do. But, Mr. Knightley, are you perfectly sure that she has absolutely and downright accepted him? I suppose she might in time, but can she already? Did not you misunderstand him? You were both talking of other things, of business, shows of cattle, or new drills, and, might not you, in the confusion of so many subjects mistake him? It was not Harriet's hand that he was certain of. It was the dimensions of some famous ox. The contrast between the countenance and air of Mr. Knightley and Robert Martin was, at this moment, so strong to Emma's feelings, and so strong was the recollection of all that had so recently passed on Harriet's side, so fresh the sound of those words spoken with such emphasis. No, I hope I know better than to think of Robert Martin, that she was really expecting the intelligence to prove in some measure premature. It could not be otherwise. Do you dare say this? cried Mr. Knightley. Do you dare to suppose me so great a blockhead as not to know what a man is talking of? What do you deserve? Oh, I always deserve the best treatment because I never put up with any other, and therefore you must give me a plain direct answer. Are you quite sure that you understand the terms on which Mr. Martin and Harriet now are? I am quite sure, he replied, speaking very distinctly, that he told me she had accepted him, and that there was no obscurity, nothing doubtful in the words he used, and I think I can give you a proof that it must be so. He asked my opinion as to what he was to do now. He knew of no one but Mrs. Goddard to whom he could apply for information of her relations or friends. Could I mention anything more fit to be done than go to Mrs. Goddard? I assured him that I could not. Then he said he would endeavor to see her in the course of this day. I am perfectly satisfied, replied Emma, with the brightest smiles, and most sincerely wish them happy. You are materially changed since we talked on this subject before. I hope so, for at that time I was a fool. And I am changed also, for I am now very willing to grant you all Harriet's good qualities. I have taken some pains for your sake and for Robert Martin's sake, whom I have always had reason to believe as much in love with her as ever, to get acquainted with her. I have often talked to her a good deal. You must have seen that I did. Sometimes, indeed, I have thought you were half suspecting me of pleading poor Martin's cause, which was never the case. But from all my observations I am convinced of her being an artless, amiable girl, with very good notions, very seriously good principles, and placing her happiness in the affections and utility of domestic life. Much of this, I have no doubt, she may thank you for. Me! cried Emma, shaking her head. Ah, poor Harriet! She checked herself, however, and submitted quietly to a little more praise than she deserved. Their conversation was soon afterwards closed by the entrance of her father. She was not sorry. She wanted to be alone. Her mind was in a state of flutter and wonder, which made it impossible for her to be collected. She was in dancing, singing, exclaiming spirits, until she had moved about, and talked to herself, and laughed and reflected, she could be fit for nothing rational. Her father's business was to announce James's being gone out to put the horses to, preparatory to their now daily drive to Randalls, and she had therefore an immediate excuse for disappearing. The joy, the gratitude, the exquisite delight of her sensations may be imagined. The sole grievance and alloy thus removed in the prospect of Harriet's welfare, she was really in danger of becoming too happy for security. What had she to wish for? Nothing but to grow more worthy of him, whose intentions and judgment had been ever so superior to her own. Nothing but that the lessons of her past folly might teach her humility and circumspection in future. Serious she was, very serious in her thankfulness, and in her resolutions, and yet there was no preventing a laugh, sometimes in the very midst of them.  Now there would be a pleasure in her returning. Everything would be a pleasure. It would be a great pleasure to know, Robert Martin. High in the rank of her most serious and heartfelt felicities was the reflection that all necessity of concealment for Mr. Knightley would soon be over. The disguise, equivocation, mystery, so hateful to her to practice, might soon be over. She could now look forward to giving him that full and perfect confidence which her disposition was most ready to welcome as a duty. In the gayest and happiest spirits who set forward with her father, not always listening, but always agreeing to what he said, and whether in speech or silence, conniving at the comfortable persuasion of his being obliged to go to Randalls every day, or poor Mrs. Weston would be disappointed. They arrived, Mrs. Weston was alone in the drawing-room, but hardly had they been told of the baby and Mr. Woodhouse received the thanks for coming, which he asked for, when a glimpse was caught through the blind of two figures passing near the window. It is Frank and Miss Fairfax, said Mrs. Weston. I was just going to tell you of our agreeable surprise in seeing him arrive this morning. He stays till to-morrow, and Miss Fairfax has been persuaded to spend the day with us. They are coming in, I hope. In half a minute they were in the room. Emma was extremely glad to see him, but there was a degree of confusion, a number of embarrassing recollections on each side. They met readily and smiling, but with a consciousness which at first allowed little to be said, and having all sat down again, there was for some time such a blank in the circle that Emma began to doubt whether the wish, now indulged, which she had long felt, of seeing Frank Churchill once more, and of seeing him with Jane, would yield a proportion of pleasure. When Mr. Weston joined the party, however, and when the baby was fetched, there was no longer a want of subject or animation, or of courage and opportunity for Frank Churchill to draw near her and say, I have to thank you, Miss Woodhouse, for a very kind, forgiving message in one of Mrs. Weston's letters. I hope time has not made you less willing to pardon. I hope you do not retract what she then said. No, indeed, cried Emma, most happy to begin, not in the least. I am particularly glad to see and shake hands with you and to give you joy in person. He thanked her with all his heart and continued some time to speak with serious feeling of his gratitude and happiness. Is not she looking well, said he, turning his eyes towards Jane, better than she ever used to do? You see how my father and Mrs. Weston dot upon her. But his spirits were soon rising again, and with laughing eyes, after mentioning the expected return of the Campbells, he named the name of Dixon. Emma blushed and forbade its being pronounced in her hearing. I can never think of it, she cried, without extreme shame. The shame, he answered, is all mine or ought to be. But is it possible that you had no suspicion? I mean of late. Early I know you had none. I never had the smallest, I assure you. That appears quite wonderful. I was once very near, and I wish I had. It would have been better. But I thought I was always doing wrong things, and they were very bad wrong things, and such as did me no service. It would have been a much better transgression had I broken the bond of secrecy and told you everything. It is not now worth a regret, said Emma. I have some hope, presumed he, of my uncles being persuaded to pay a visit at Randalls. He wants to be introduced to her. When the Campbells are returned we shall meet them in London and continue there, I trust, till we may carry her northward. But now I am at such a distance from her. Is not it hard, Miss Woodhouse, till this morning we have not once met since the day of reconciliation? Do not you pity me? Emma spoke her pity, so very kindly, that with a sudden accession of gay thought he cried, Ah, by the by, then seeking his voice and looking demerit for the moment. I hope Mr. Knightley as well. He paused. She colored and laughed. I know you saw my letter, and I think you may remember my wish in your favour. Let me return your congratulations. I assure you that I have heard the news with the warmest interest and satisfaction. He is a man whom I cannot presume to praise. Emma was delighted and only wanted him to go on in the same style, but his mind was the next moment, in his own concerns, and with his own Jane, and his next words were, Did you ever see such a skin, such smoothness, such delicacy, and yet without being actually fair? One cannot call her fair. It is a most uncommon complexion, with her dark eyelashes and hair, a most distinguishing complexion. So peculiarly the lady in it. Just colour enough for beauty. I have always admired her complexion, replied Emma archly, but do not I remember the time when you found fault with her for being so pale. When we first began to talk of her, have you quite forgotten? Oh, no! What an impudent dog I was! How could I dare? But he laughed so hardily at the recollection that Emma could not help saying, I do suspect that in the midst of your perplexities at that time you had a very great amusement in tricking us all. I am sure you had. I am sure it was a consolation to you. Oh, no, no, no! How can you suspect me of such a thing? I was the most miserable wretch. Not quite so miserable as to be insensible to mirth. I am sure it was a source of high entertainment to you, to feel that you were taking us all in. Perhaps I am the reddier to suspect, because to tell you the truth I think it might have been some amusement to myself in the same situation. I think there is a little lightness between us. He bowed. If not in our dispositions, she presently added, with a look of true sensibility, there is a lightness in our destiny, the destiny which bids fair to connect us with two characters so much superior to our own. True, true, he answered warmly. No, not true on your side. You can have no superior, but most true on mine.  Look at her. Is she not an angel in every gesture? Observe the turn of her throat. Observe her eyes as she is looking up at my father. You will be glad to hear, inclining his head and whispering seriously, that my uncle means to give her all my aunt's jewels. They are to be new set. I am resolved to have some in an ornament for the head. Will not it be beautiful in her dark hair? Very beautiful indeed, replied Emma, and she spoke so kindly that he gratefully burst out. How delighted I am to see you again, and to see you in such excellent looks. I would not have missed this meeting for the world. I should certainly have called at Heartfield had you failed to come. The others had been talking of the child, Mrs. Weston giving an account of a little alarm she had been under the evening before, from the infants not appearing quite well. She believed she had been foolish, but it had alarmed her, and she had been within half a minute of sending for Mr. Perry. Perhaps she ought to be ashamed, but Mr. Weston had been almost as uneasy as herself. In ten minutes, however, the child had been perfectly well again. This was her own history, and particularly interesting it was to Mr. Woodhouse, who commended her very much for thinking of sending for Perry, and only regretted that she had not done it. She should always send for Perry if the child appeared in the slightest degree disordered, were it only for a moment. She could not be too soon alarmed, nor send for Perry too often. It was a pity, perhaps, that he had not come last night, for though the child seemed well now, very well considering, it would probably have been better if Perry had seen it. Frank Churchill caught the name. Perry, said he to Emma, and trying, as he spoke, to catch Miss Fairfax's eye. My friend Perry! What are they saying about Mr. Perry? Has he been here this morning? And how does he travel now? Has he set up his carriage? Emma soon recollected and understood him, and while she joined in the laugh it was evident from Jane's countenance that she, too, was really hearing him, though trying to seem deaf. Such an extraordinary dream of mine, he cried, I can never think of it without laughing. She hears us, she hears us, Miss Woodhouse. I see it in her cheek, her smile, her vain attempt to frown. Look at her! Do not you see that, at this instant, the very passage of her own letter which sent me the report is passing under her eye, that the whole blunder is spread before her, that she can attend to nothing else though pretending to listen to the others? Jane was forced to smile completely for a moment, and the smile partly remained as she turned towards him and said it unconscious, low yet steady voice. How you can bear such recollections is astonishing to me. They will, sometimes, obtrude, but how you can court them! He had a great deal to say in return, and very entertainingly, but Emma's feelings were chiefly with Jane, in the argument, and on leaving Randall's and falling naturally into a comparison of the two men. She felt that pleased as she had been to see Frank Churchill, and really regarding him as she did with friendship, she had never been more sensible of Mr. Knightley's high superiority of character. The happiness of this most happy day received its completion in the animated contemplation of his worth which this comparison produced. End of Volume 3 Chapter 18 Read by Cibella Denton. For more information please visit LibriVox.org. Volume 3 Chapter 19 of Emma by Jane Austen. Read for LibriVox.org into the public domain. If Emma still had, at intervals, an anxious feeling for Harriet, a momentary doubt of its being possible for her to be really cured of her attachment to Mr. Knightley, and really able to accept another man from unbiased inclination, it was not long that she had to suffer from the recurrence of any such uncertainty. A very few days brought the party from London, and she had no sooner an opportunity of being one hour alone with Harriet than she became perfectly satisfied, unaccountable as it was, that Robert Martin had thoroughly supplanted Mr. Knightley and was now forming all her views of happiness. Harriet was a little distressed, did look a little foolish at first, but having once owned that she had been presumptuous and silly, and self-deceived before, her pain and confusion seemed to die away with the words, and leave her without a care for the past, and with the fullest exultation in the present and future. For as to her friend's approbation, Emma had instantly removed every fear of that nature by meeting her with the most unqualified congratulations. Harriet was most happy to give every particular of the evening at Astley's and the dinner the next day. She could dwell on it all with the utmost delight. But what did such particulars explain? The fact was, as Emma could now acknowledge, that Harriet had always liked Robert Martin, and that his continuing to love her had been irresistible. Beyond this it must ever be unintelligible to Emma. The event, however, was most joyful, and every day was giving her fresh reason for thinking so. Harriet's parentage became known. She proved to be the daughter of a tradesman, rich enough to afford her the comfortable maintenance which had ever been hers, and decent enough to have always wished for concealment. Such was the blood of gentility which Emma had formerly been so ready to vouch for. It was as likely to be untainted, perhaps, as the blood of many a gentleman. But what a connection had she been preparing for Mr. Knightley, or for the Churchills, or even for Mr. Elton. The stain of illegitimacy, unbleached by nobility or wealth, would have been a stain indeed. No objection was raised on the father's side. The young man was treated liberally. It was all as it should be, and as Emma became acquainted with Robert Martin, who was now introduced at Hartfield, she fully acknowledged him in all the appearance of sense and worth which could bid fairest for her little friend. She had no doubt of Harriet's happiness with any good-tempered man, but with him and in the home he offered there would be the hope of more, of security, stability, and improvement. She would be placed in the midst of those who loved her and who had better sense than herself, retired enough for safety and occupied enough for cheerfulness. She would never be led into temptation, nor left for it to find her out. She would be respectable and happy, and Emma admitted her to be the luckiest creature in the world, to have created so steady and persevering an affection in such a man, or if not quite the luckiest, to yield only to herself. Harriet, necessarily drawn away by her engagements with the Martins, was less and less at Hartfield, which was not to be regretted. The intimacy between her and Emma must sink, their friendship must change into a calmer sort of goodwill, and fortunately what ought to be and must be seemed already beginning, and in the most gradual, natural manner. Before the end of September Emma attended Harriet to church, and saw her hand bestowed on Robert Martin with so complete a satisfaction as no remembrances even connected with Mr. Elton as he stood before them could impair. Perhaps indeed at that time she scarcely saw Mr. Elton, but as the clergyman whose blessing at the altar might next fall on herself. Robert Martin and Harriet Smith, the latest couple engaged of the three, were the first to be married. Jade Fairfax had already quitted Highbury, and was restored to the comforts of her beloved home with the Campbells. The Mr. Churchells were also in town, and they were only waiting for November. The intermediate month was the one fixed on, as far as they dared, by Emma and Mr. Knightley. They had determined that their marriage ought to be concluded while John and Isabella were still at Hartfield, to allow them the fortnight's absence in a tour to the seaside, which was the plan. John and Isabella and every other friend were agreed in approving it. But Mr. Woodhouse, how was Mr. Woodhouse to be induced to consent? He, who had never yet alluded to their marriage, but as a distant event. When first sounded on the subject he was so miserable that they were almost hopeless. A second allusion indeed gave less pain. He began to think it was to be, and that he could not prevent it, a very promising step of the mind on its way to resignation. Still, however, he was not happy. Nay, he appeared so much otherwise that his daughter's courage failed. She could not bear to see him suffering, to know him fancying himself neglected, and, though her understanding almost acquiesced in the assurance of both the Mr. Knightley's, that when once the event were over his distress would soon be over, too, she hesitated. She could not proceed. In this state of suspense they were befriended, not by any sudden illumination of Mr. Woodhouse's mind, or any wonderful change of his nervous system, but by the operation of the same system in another way. Mrs. Weston's poultry house was robbed one night of all her turkeys, evidently by the ingenuity of man. Other poultry yards in the neighborhood also suffered. Pilfering was house-breaking to Mr. Woodhouse's fears. He was very uneasy, and but for the sense of his son-in-law's protection would have been under wretched alarm every night of his life. The strength, resolution, and presence of mind of the Mr. Knightley's commanded his fullest dependence. While either of them protected him and his, Hartfield was safe. But Mr. John Knightley must be in London again by the end of the first week in November. The result of this distressed was that with a much more voluntary, cheerful consent than his daughter had ever presumed to hope for at the moment, she was able to fix her wedding-day, and Mr. Elton was called on, within a month, from the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Martin, to join the hands of Mr. Knightley and Mrs. Woodhouse. The wedding was very much like other weddings, where the parties have no taste for finery or parade, and Mrs. Elton, from the particulars detailed by her husband, thought it all extremely shabby, and very inferior to her own. Very little white satin, very few lace veils, a most pitiful business. Selena would stare when she heard of it. But in spite of these deficiencies, the wishes, the hopes, the confidence, the predictions of the small band of true friends who witnessed the ceremony were fully answered in the perfect happiness of the union. Finis. End of Emma by Jane Austen. Read by Cibella Denton in Carrollton, Georgia in May 2008 for LibriVox.org. For more information, please visit LibriVox.org.


Hello and welcome to the session in which we would look at the manual versus automated system of controls or a computerized system of control. Now bear in mind the goal for both an automated system or a manual system are the same or we can say similar but the risks inherent in each system is different because the control procedures are different of course whether the control is a manual control versus automated which is a computerized control. So in this session we're going to discuss some of the key differences between a manual and a computerized system and we're going to summarize them into the following different types of errors and segregation of duties simply put the type of segregation of duties and segregation of duties is a very popular internal control concept if you don't know it make sure you go to the internal control section the audit trail different levels of automation and initiation different levels of automation and processing different data storage and accessibility different audit and monitoring capabilities so we're going to summarize them into those six different levels and obviously if you know farhad if you know anything about farhad once i have a list of things i will go over each one separately before we proceed any further i have a public announcement about my company farhadlectures.com farhad accounting lectures is a supplemental educational tool that's going to help you with your CPA exam preparation as well as your accounting courses my CPA material is aligned with your CPA review course such as becker roger wiley gleam myles my accounting courses are aligned with your accounting courses broken down by chapter and topics my resources consist of lectures multiple choice questions through false questions as well as exercises go ahead start your free trial today no obligation no credit card required starting with segregation of duties i'm gonna have i'm gonna break the screen into two parts the left part will be for the manual system the right part will be for the computerized system so this is the computerized starting with the computerized for the segregation of duties how can you implement segregation of duties in a computerized or a computer based system well you can give access to user access control what does that mean it means you can restrict access to the system to authorized users only assigning different level of access based on the job function so if you work in accounts payable if you if you work in accounts receivable well you only have access to that application for example you cannot go to the cash application you cannot go to payroll you cannot know how much other people are making so on and so forth so you would you would have user access control also something similar to it is role-based access assigning specific tasks or transaction to different users roles such as data entry system maintenance and reporting now also within ap you might be able only to do data entry you cannot do system maintenance of course you should not be able to you should not be able to prepare reports maybe only data entry maybe i give you access to all three or maybe not maybe i'll give you access to certain transaction below a certain amount this is a role-based access what i'm doing is i'm limiting your access and by doing so i'm segregating you segregate in your ability to do other things segregation of duties is itself the concept is assigning different roles and responsibility to different individuals of group such as separating the responsibilities of data entry from those data review same basic concept auditing now in segregation of duties you have to be able to audit to review what other people did will be discussed this in a separate on a separate slide because auditing is important also you could have a dual control what's dual control implementing a dual control mechanism for sensitive information because you don't want to implement dual control for all transactions if you do so you're going to see it defeat the whole purpose of an automated system you want to have a automated system to speed up the process not to slow it down for example requiring two two two authorized persons for any transaction above a certain amount so if the transaction is above ten thousand dollar well guess what it can you cannot access it you will need approval this is what what's called dual control on the other hand we have manual control now bear in mind segregation of duties and manual control they meet they may be non-existent so if you have a small company small organization for segregation of duties to work you have to have a lot of people a lot of a human to separate the process of the process is manual now if you could automate the process we showed the benefit of automating the process but in a small company is what end up happening the manager slash owner usually usually it's the manager that's the owner is the manager involved in every transaction will compensate for this now enlarge and medium organization it's a possible with investment it means you have to have people if it's a manual system for example the person that receives the cash should not be be able the person to record the cash should not be the person to deposit the cash should not be the person to reconcile the cash so this is what we mean by a manual segregation now you're assigning different people in the process manually to do so now what's the problem with manual segregation or any manual control we're going to see this again and again it's a prawn to human errors typos miscommunication misinterpretation of instruction tiredness laziness so on and so forth and the problem with the manual is override or collusion simply put you don't do what you're supposed to do or if there is a person above you that's supposed to look over your shoulders that person is colliding with you so defeat the purpose now bear in mind also that a computerized system could be overrun as well you could override the internal control and subject to hacking audit trail so we're going to look at the difference between an audit trail and a manual system versus a computerized system starting with the manual system in a manual system usually the audit trail what is the audit trail simply put if you want to go back and see what happened can you find out what happened well if you have a manual system usually the audit trail is the manual documentation actual paper written records or logbooks somewhere recorded those also could be in electronic form and for example you could record stuff on an excel sheet or a database but in a sense it's a manual because you are doing so manually it's not being generated automatically because they are being generated manually they can be prone to errors that are typically and are typically more time-consuming to create maintain or review so that's the problem with the manual system of audit trail and a computerized system the audit trail is generated by a computer system by the by the computer system and software I can tell you for example I teach a course called accounting information system and in that course we use a software called QuickBooks believe it or not this company FTX this multi-billion company they were using QuickBooks as a software which is it should not be used by large companies it's usually for small and medium-sized companies but in QuickBooks what I can do let's assume a student is is completing the work on QuickBooks I have the access since I am their accountant and an accountant in a sense that I can see what's going on I can see go in there and know exactly what time this individual logged in what did they exactly do and what are they doing incorrectly that they are not getting they are not following the the the instruction in the book or in the homework because I can see I can audit I can see what how what they did the system automatically record the transaction and other activities as they occur and store this information in a centralized location so I can see it and they cannot change it basically it's a long okay there are those type of audit trail are typically more accurate and efficient than manual audit trail because I know exactly what you did you cannot override the system I cannot override the system it's easier to review for me easier to analyze and the data can be easily query sorted and filtered for example in my class I could have 30 students I can just pick one students and know exactly what that student did I could have many logs many audit trail but I can sort it it's easy to sort it's more comprehensive much much more accurate so we're looking here at a more detailed data that can be used to track activities even in real time I can ask the students if I'm with them on the phone go ahead process this transaction and as I'm on the phone I can go in refresh my screen and see if they did it correctly or not and this could help the organization detect and respond to any issue or anomalies more quickly assuming again assuming the system has some sort of an alert system so if something goes wrong in the audit trail something unusual it will trigger what's called an exception report and send it to management now bear in mind all system are subject to tempering or hacking but audit trail this is the manual and this is the computerized now let's take a look at transaction processing in a manual system there is a computerized system again a manual system you're always subject to human errors and variation in process execution in other words this transaction means you are doing the work you are processing transaction here what we're discussing is journalizing entries posting to the general posting to the ledger adding receipts so on and so forth it's always subject to some sort of a clerical error you could be adding the wrong number you're using the wrong tax rate journalizing but not posting not even journalizing forgetting to journalizing or posting but not carrying into the financial statement so on and so forth now in a computerized system computer program are executed according to algorithm which can be precisely defined and followed and this could lead to an increased processing consistency compared to a manual system computer system don't get tired they keep they keep doing what you're supposed to do now the only thing you have to keep in mind is it's important to know that the accuracy and consistency of any computerized system is as good as the algorithm as the program it's following okay if the algorithm or data is flawed and this is always a problem in computerized system the system output would also be flawed for example if the sales tax program at 2.3 it's supposed to be 3.7 that could be a systematic error and we could have a big problem okay this is called the systematic error and this usually happened in a new system or if the company don't have a proper change of control in a system where people can change the rate without even proper transaction so this is the computerized system transaction initiation basically the same thing but basically when you start a transaction rather than processing the transaction we could have human errors again typos miscommunication misinterpretation of instruction being tired being lazy we could be inefficient this could be time consuming and labor intensive and it's called slow down business operation if you want to initiate a transaction it may need several approval and there could be lack of consistency lack of scalability you cannot process many transaction because people get tired they get overwhelmed with the volume of transaction could it could lead to delays in the business delays in the productions backlog so on and so forth also lack of security we could be vulnerable to fraud or other type of misconduct especially if those initiation of transaction are not properly documented authorized and approved in a computerized system we could have an efficiency by automatically generating transaction for example when specified conditions are met for example places like wal-mart a purchase order for a product is initiated when the quantity on hands fall below a third an amount it trigger a reorder point so at wal-mart they could have in the program something like once we have five units of this product for the store automatically generate an order so this way if the manager is tired the absent forgot to do it the system will do it it reduces the time and effort required it increases the speed and accuracy of the process and the speed of business in general which is good you time is money now this type of speed may not be subject to oversight or documentation as manual transaction so that's kind of basically you have to have the pros and the cons now to mitigate this risk okay someone should review and report on the automated transaction that are generated by the system maybe the manager should review all the orders at the end of the day or every week or every two days depending on what's needed okay and this can help identify transactions that are unusual or unexpected and take appropriate action maybe reprogram the system to give us exactly what we need okay the transaction robust system in place for monitoring login and auditing activities related to to automate it so you have to have some sort of an audit or a logging system and not login basically tracking of the transaction also we could have different data storage and accessibility between a manual system and a computerized system starting with the computerized system the problem with the computerized system with the data it's the ability to remote access the data and network environment increase the risk of unauthorized use and potential breaches breaches of security so you could have someone from eastern europe and i where i say eastern europe because usually the hacking comes from eastern europe or russia that could be from anywhere the potential from damage from a successful breach is much greater because once they have access they have access to everything in a manual system you're going to have paperwork in in new york some paperwork in florida some paperwork in california but in a in a computerized system well they have access to everything okay and especially if it's a cloud system there's a decrease in human involvement in transaction processing also decreases the chances of observing and detecting fraud or errors now obviously we're going to be able to store more we're going to be able to analyze it better but those are the risks okay in control additionally errors or fraud may occur during the design or maintenance application program which can further increase the system vulnerability and this is always a problem in any computerized system if the if the program is flawed from the beginning it's going to give us problem down the road now in a manual system typically the data is stored in a paper form and are less accessible to remote users unless they physically access them with their higher there's a higher risk of theft arson uh fire this this is meant to be fire so on and so forth monitoring capabilities in a manual system we have fewer monitoring capabilities of transaction because it's time consuming and costly you need someone to sit down and review and monitor so it's not a good good internal control in a computerized system it gives you more opportunities for data analysis and management reporting by increasing the availability of fraud data in a computer system you'll have access to the data so you'll be able to monitor what's going on often time in real time then you could create those dashboards audit procedures also could help you can embed audit modules that can inside any application for the program itself to monitor the transaction for you and give you any exception report any red flags and this could help mitigate the additional risk associated with computerized processing by providing increased reporting and review of processing statistics and when you embed this system it's constantly reviewing the transaction giving you feedback it's a form of monitoring and internal control now bear in mind any computerized system will have risks but i'm going to summarize here the risks that are basically common to all computerized system and you need to be familiar with them first is the loss of data that's important especially if you're in the cloud flawed system or software the system is this is not designed properly that's always a risk sometimes the system is designed properly but the hero it could happen maintenance failed to implement necessary update or maintenance to the system well then your system becomes flawed unauthorized access to data resulting in destruction or alteration rather than using it they could go in there and change it okay or somebody with false or unauthorized go ahead and process false or unauthorized transaction unauthorized changes to master file system or software that's always a risk in any computerized system and always manual intervention is a problem because you could always override the system whether you are inside the company who's an insider and more more problematic if someone outside the company was able to penetrate your network and go into the computerized system what should you do now go to four head lectures look at additional mcqs this topic is covered on the cpa exam that could be covered on other professional certification that could be part of your accounting information system course invest in yourself invest in your career it security that's the future i would strongly suggest you invest time invest in your career invest in your opportunities good luck study hard and of course stay safe