My name is Warren Rushi. I'm the, my title is the Extension Feedlot Specialist at South Dakota State. But for a, to a large extent, this is sort of like going back home a little bit in terms of topic area. I'm an accidental PhD. I'm an accidental feedlot specialist. My kind of core was cow calf production, cow calf science.  So this has been fun. And you know, and it was opportunity for me to kind of share some of the insight we've got in terms of how we manage cows. So as a bit of a background, I already mentioned, you know, I've got a background and my start was in the cow calf system. Home for me is about three and a half hours almost straight south of here. I grew up on the eastern fringe of the James River Valley and Kingsbury County, South Dakota. We had kind of a mixed typical operation for that part of the world, foreign beings, sometimes some small grain, hey, cattle backgrounding yard and a cow calf operation. My wife and I came back to that operation in our late 20s with the idea that we were going to raise cows, raise a family the whole bit. And very, very quickly we ran into the obstacles I've got lined up in terms of pasture and forage availability. In our little corner of the world, you know, we quickly outstripped our ability within our family to run as many cows as what we needed to do to make a living. Plus my dad realized that I've got some additional help. I should buy more cows too, because we didn't have a lot. We'd really soiled off our family's cow herd in the 80s. So we rebuilt it in the late 90s. So I'd buy some cows, he'd buy some cows because I got him to help me. And really rapidly we had used up all of our family's capacity. So now I've got to go into the land rental market. And I miss a lot of things about production ag. I do not miss that roller coaster of trying to figure out how to finance cows and rent land at the same time. In our little corner of the world, everyone has 100 to 250 cows. I can count on one hand and within 20 miles of my house, I can think of at least five people that at that time had 1,000 cows or more. And if I go out another 20 miles, there's another half a dozen. So the competition for pasture is fierce. So what we, our solution was, we went an hour away from home or an hour and a half found pasture and hired trucks. I joked that when I started that, I had a full head of hair and when I left, I didn't. I've always been envious of people that could simply open up gates and move cows from one pasture another and do all these cool rotational things. And that wasn't the hand we were dealt. So really all of those things, those issues that I've got outlined in terms of why the competition for pasture is so challenging, it comes down to in our area, access and affordability where Dr. Shike is, it's really simply availability. He doesn't exist, but I don't know of it, relatively few places where it's simple and easy to access more pasture. And certainly not in the part of the Dakotas that I call home and that we're at today. So what I'm gonna talk about is how do we stretch those forage supplies? Dr. Shike's shared a lot of research data. I'm going to be very light on research data today. I'm really gonna approach this as if one of you are coming, give me a call and say, what are my options on how to feed cows? I'm gonna focus on the winter cow feeding period, legislation and in early lactation, mostly because that's the stage of production that's really applicable to almost everyone in terms of feed needs in the Dakotas. If whether we're a full confinement type system where we're obviously feeding cows all winter or a more traditional system where we graze as much as we can and then feed cows, or even in some of the approaches where we're pushing the envelope and what we can accomplish from grazing with stockpiled forages, bale grazing, et cetera. In this part of the world, we all have to be ready to implement the winter feeding program when we get one of those good old fashioned Dakota winters with a couple feet of snow. So I think that's the reason I'm focusing on the winter feeding is because of how it applies in other places. As I analyze that, as I think about what our options are, to me, I have two different choices. I can either come up with some cheaper feeding gradients and do some substitution or I can try to make better use of what we already have on hand. And how we do that, there's a lot of different variations on those things, but it really comes down at least in my mind to those two approaches. So first, I'm gonna think about, well, what do we have that's cheaper? And so this is from my perch in South Dakota and you folks can tell me if I'm wrong in this area of the world, but in our location, we did in South Dakota last year, east of about highway 281, we did not have a good hay production here. It was just flat out too dry in May and June to grow much hay at all. So hay is expensive. If I look my favorite place locally to look in South Dakota for a hay price is the Korska Laxion because they publish it online and I can kind of get a snapshot. You know, last week, when I put these slides together, the average for grass hay was 115 to 190 a ton. I don't know what the 115 looked like. I don't know what the 190 looked like either, but it just told me that hay was not, you know, the competition for hay is pretty strong. Now, at least at home, and I'm guessing this isn't that similar though, that when we do get dry, assuming we can get some corn to come out of the ground, in a lot of cases, we have more corn, more feed than sometimes we know what to do with in the form of things like corn silage, corn residue or corn grain. And that's the case this year for us. We had the opportunity to put up a lot of corn silage. Now, I know there are some, and with a PhD, I ought to use all these sophisticated ways to evaluate and tell you what corn silage is worth. But my experience has been that if I take the price of corn, multiply it times 10, I get awfully close and that's really easy to understand. And so that's what I use. And I used a little maybe higher than that. And so our, you know, I'm pricing this corn silage somewhere $45 to $55 a ton to account for the diesel fuel it took to get there. Got some shrink loss that happened between harvest and when we feed and some of the other things. But if I take corn silage and deconstruct it, a ton of corn silage is roughly equivalent to 400 pounds of hay and 400 pounds of corn. Give or take. If I'm going to go buy the hay and buy the corn to recreate corn silage using the feed market in my area, it's going to cost me 65 to equal something that I value at about 50. So right now, at least at home, we have a competitive advantage if you have corn silage and the ability to use it. And that's going to be kind of the theme of what I'm going to show, talk about as some alternatives. So my first strategy on this in terms of ingredients substitutions is do we have some opportunity to replace, you know, a moderate energy feed such as grass hay or a lot of our feed hay supplies with something with a bit more energy density like grains, silages, co-products. And so I've got about four or five different kind of scenarios I put together. And I'm going to say up front, these are not prescriptions. Don't necessarily take these and say, this is how we need to feed cows. This is as much of a guideline or some ideas as anything else. But what I used for my starting point, I used these values for foster feed. I used a 165 for grass hay because that's roughly the midpoint of what I see at home. I priced corn stocks at 75 because that auction, that market was, that's where they were pricing corn stocks. Corn silage, I used $50 a ton. I used 415 for corn price. And when I just looked up my local elevator at home, that's actually relatively expensive corn today. I used modified at 110. I priced wheat mids at 150. And that's because that's what Dr. Carl Hoppe wrote in some paper that came, article came out in January. That was my source. Cause we don't, I don't see wheat. We don't have real rarely F ever in South Dakota have wheat mids available to us economically. And then the beet pulp, that's because that's what a cattle feeder in Minnesota told me he could get beet pulp last week. So that's a real unscientific survey of feed costs. Carl's nodding his head. So that's either, okay. Yeah. And that was a delivered cost, which by the way on all these byproducts and hay itself, that's a big part of it. I learned that as a pretty young extension professional in a particularly bad winter we had in Northeast South Dakota that I could find hay for people a hundred miles away that sounded really good until I added in the cost to get it on truck by the fuel and get it delivered. And all of a sudden it became really expensive. So that feed, that trucking part of it really gets important with any of these prices. All right. So my, my base scenario is I used a 1500 pound Angus cow with 30 pounds a day of milk production. The 1500 pound cow, I picked that as a pretty reasonable approximation of what our cows are. If anything, I might be a little light in some herds. When I started out my extension career and I'd ask people what their cows way they'd all tell me a thousand pounds and they were all wrong. And no one's cows weighed, no one's cows weighed a thousand pounds in the early 90s. If I ask that today and I have people tell me 13 or 1400 they're also probably a little light. Our cows have gotten a lot bigger. As I said, I work in the feedlot world now and our average outweighed on Finnish cattle is usually around on calf feds, high 14 to low to 1500 depending on when we decide to pull the trigger on yearlings it's gonna, we're gonna ship a set of probably 1550s. If this last month of January didn't bite us too bad they'll be close to 1600 pound average. We don't make those kind of cattle on 1200 pound cows. We just don't. And I use 30 pounds of milk production because in the spreadsheet that I used to formulate these that's the highest option we've got. I firmly believe we have added an awful lot of production potential in terms of milk way more than what we sometimes realize. So whether or not we see it the potential is there. And if the potential is there that affects nutrient requirements. And then I set it up for a late gestation and early lactation diet and I use two ground rules because as you'll see these things I put it in together are not particularly precise. I don't have pounds per day out to the 10th because no one feeds like that. But what I did put together is say I'm gonna make sure we meet protein needs. So on the computer, the spreadsheet I had it has a protein ratio and that had to be a one or greater. The second thing is I, they're estimate on terms of average daily gain for the cow needed to be positive because I don't wanna be, I don't wanna have cows going backwards and I wanna make sure I've got some cushion to account for South Dakota, North Dakota kind of winter conditions.  All right, so I'm hoping this is readable in the back of the room for everybody but my number one is kind of my, this is my base, grass hay modified distillers. And I think for grass hay I use something around 8% crude protein. So kind of try to hit middle of the road not assuming we had really great hay but it's not junk either. And with 30 pounds of grass hay three pounds of modified meeting protein needs. The book says they ought to gain around half pound a day so they're in mild temperatures. So we shouldn't lose weight. They're eating around 2% of body weight which I'd buy that in late gestation for that diet. And my cost a day using those figures is about 265 per day. I didn't include anything on hay waste I didn't make any assumptions there. So if anything, this number actually probably gets inflated because we're gonna have to, there's few ways we can get zero hay waste on feeding cows regardless of our method but that's what I came up with. My other options were then I took grass hay away entirely and used corn stocks as kind of the extreme example of if hay is expensive and sometimes hard to get corn stocks might not be or I could have also used wheat straw perhaps different prices but the same nutritional principle applies. In that case I had to feed a little more distillers and I fed silage back to that energy dense, less expensive. In this case they say they may have gained because of that extra distill I needed the distillers for the protein and the corn silage to make up for the fill and it says it's gonna gain just a little more weight and they're gonna be slightly eating slightly less what I plugged in results in a slightly less dry matters per cent of body weight. These cows might be slightly hungry but the cost difference I'm shaving off more than a dollar per day. Using the values I just put up on that screen previously by using things that were less expensive than hay. Here would be some of the options that we don't have at home that usually the ability to use but people in this part with access to those processing plants might. This is corn stocks and wheat mids or corn stocks modified and wheat pulp. Performance not that different than when I was using corn silage cost per day not that much different either. Roughly a dollar per day different compared to the grass hay distillers option. So back to I think Dr. Scheik made the comment of you use what's available. This is a good example of that. If you have these feeds available and you can get them in economically it's usually there may be some rare instances where it doesn't work to do that but more often than not if we can use a byproduct some under industry as a feed source for beef cows it probably is going to pay if we have to feed them in general. Lactation diets, the trends stay the same it's just the amounts change because we've got an animal with greater requirements more milk which is gonna need more protein more energy has the capacity to eat more feed about a dollar 20 per day difference between a grass diet, a hay diet at 165 versus some of these less traditional crop residue and annual crop based kind of for diet options and similar kind of spreads with using things like different co-products wheat, mids or beet pulp. On occasion we've got a lot of diversity in the beef industry in terms of size of operations and capital available and all kinds of things but I was very quickly doing the math on some of those price spreads and perhaps they're not there cost spreads maybe they're not there every year but right now at a dollar a day if I have a hundred cows and if I'm in a situation where we're gonna feed cows for say 150 days that's about $12,000 by my calculation probably actually more than that probably closer to 15,000 I can probably make a payment on a mixer wagon to be able to do some of these things perhaps not but at least it's got something to work with in order to do that. All right so what about some of the approaches that Dr. Scheich was talking about where I would classify what I just showed you as slightly limit fed but what about something that may be a little more restrictive taking advantage of relatively low corn prices comparison to hay. So what I did in this case we're definitely not feeding the appetite but I use the same kind of targets but instead of using corn silage I use corn and what we're trying to do with that is well number one we're gonna use feeds that because of energy density they are a lot cheaper per unit of energy than hay would be we're also gonna be able to use some of the biological efficiencies of limiting intake. Dr. Scheich talked about that earlier we've seen that in our shop on feedlot cattle where we are restricting feed intake by eight to 10% and we're seeing some really nice responses in feed efficiency. I'll know more in about a week and a half whether we hurt harvest quality or not by doing that but at least from a gross feed efficiency standpoint limiting feed intake does reduce maintenance costs for a whole lot of biological reasons related to gut mass liver activity, all kinds of things. Again, same scenarios before I did feed 1% of body weight as roughage for one I really don't want to run the risk of doing some things on gut health also keeps cattle somewhat more satisfied and I use the blend of grass hay and corn stocks. What I ended up doing was I fed about 17 pounds of roughage from those two sources through in seven pounds of modified and five pounds of corn grain. Actually, because I use the grass hay the cost advantage wasn't as great as it could have been if I had not used the grass hay and fed corn stocks instead but we were only feeding it 1.5% of body weight. These cows are going to be hungry doing that. And then this is what it looks like on an early lactation diet just a little more corn, a little more distillers but almost a dollar a day difference in terms of feed costs per head. So, and I- How many hours a day assuming all cows have that state? You know, that's a great question. So the, I think everyone heard that as we're repeating it but the, you know, I'll double check the question was how many hours a day does it will those cows take to eat that? You know, that's going to depend a little bit on how, you know, what that restriction looks like but it's probably only two or three hours tops.  Dr. Scheig talked about three hours and they're with their limit feeding. I would expect that would be pretty similar on those kinds of diets that, you know, they're going to be, they're going to be wanting to get slicked out up fairly rapidly, which really brings me into the slide in terms of bunk space. I borrowed these from Carla Jenkins at the University of Nebraska, you know, using things like their recommendation was at least two feet of bunk space per cow with an additional foot for calves because their observations have been those calves will come up and eat some of the TMR as well. The other part of that then is we want to make sure we got a consistent feed and routine and knowing exactly what we're feeding in terms of a moisture content, nutrient composition. I'm going to foreshadow a little bit of Dr. Carlson's slide, but he talked about, you know, especially if we're doing limit feeding during the summer, we're, you know, we're switching the mindset away from, you know, a traditional, maybe ranching approach to management to a bit more of the feedlot approach in terms of feeding deliveries and so forth, especially if we're going to do things like limit feeding a high corn diet. You know, the things like the bunk management and timing all become more important. Also becomes important as we use a lot of things like corn stocks, one of the things I don't like about feeding corn stocks, if I feed a lot of it, they can really do a lot of sorting and really changing what that, you know, there's the diet I made up on paper and then there's the diet that the cows actually eat. And if we're not careful, they can get vastly different with something like corn silage. The other part of that is, and we've touched on this a little bit and we'll talk about it a little more through the course of the day, if we're going to do, especially as we start replacing pasture, you know, think about where and where, what places are we gonna feed these cows and what does that yard condition look like? At home, we're certainly dealing with a lot of mud issues, you know, muds, I heard some conversations on the side when we're getting ready talking about mud season, it's coming off a lot earlier than what we were ready for. And, you know, that becomes a real challenge, you know, and it's probably a cost that, while I could show you all those feed cost differences, if we're going to really go into this in any kind of permanent kind of plan, we have to start thinking about concrete and some other things, you know, I've yet to talk to a cattle feeder that's ever told me I poured too much concrete, I overdid it, I've yet to meet that person because we just, for whatever reason, and that gets into some other side issues I don't wanna necessarily talk about, but that mud challenge, at least in where I live, has become more of a concern. We've always had mud, but it seems like it's worse. Or maybe it's because I'm getting old and I don't like dealing with it anymore, but it's something we have to think about is cattle comfort, especially as we, or we have to think about alternatives, like in some of the things that Kaley's gonna talk about in terms of sacrificed pastures or cover crop options that give us some opportunities to get cattle off of mud, but before we have to go to permanent pasture. I think that's a real key point of all of this is how we integrate all that rather than just use a one size fits all recommendation. I did not talk about minerals and vitamins and that's on purpose because I am not a vitamin and mineral expert by any stretch. One thing though to keep in mind, if we're starting to think about implementing some of these strategies that involve feeding less ingredients than we otherwise might, is we gotta make sure we've adjusted some formulations. Cattle don't have a requirement for a percentage of calcium or phosphorus, they have a requirement for a fixed amount. And then it's our job to make sure we get that. And this was personal communications from Dr. Jenkins. In her operation, her family does a lot of dry, a lot of cow work on some of these harvested and crop residue type systems. They've increased the amount of vitamin A they provide simply because as they've replaced some green forages, they've found that their cattle benefit from that. And then there's some things peculiar to grain and co-products that play a role in terms of how we formulate mineral supplements on calcium and phosphorus. This came up, Dr. Scheick talked about a little bit and this also came up with one of my friends that we've worked together for a long time and he worked with his rancher clients on limit feeding cows at attitude problems for lack of a better word. The kids would say they're hangry, they wanna eat more but we didn't feed them enough. And that is a, it's a roadblock or it's a challenge and it's real because as the owner of the cows and you drive by and you know on paper we satisfied them or we should have but they sure don't act like it. So how do we deal with that? Well, one of the approach I used in our operation because we did a slight limit feeding, I fed a lot of corn silage, I fed distillers and I fed whatever we could run through a tub grinder that approached hay, straw, crops, corn stocks, ditch hay, whatever. Our approach that worked pretty well was I fed those cows on a quarter section of crop ground. Every other year it was corn, sometimes soybeans and we let them run the whole thing. And it was kind of girls, we gave you enough feed, now go out and pick whatever you can. And it kept them reasonably satisfied until the grass started greening up and then there wasn't a fence we made that could keep every single one of those cows in but that's a whole different issue. The other approach, and I called it, I nicknamed it the iPad solution because my kids are 23 and 19 but I'll freely admit that when they were little, there were times when our youngest, here, here's the iPad. Go entertain yourself for another hour because we got stuff to do. And that might not win me any parenting awards but it kept peace, it kept them occupied, it kept them out of trouble. Which is sort of the approach of what I'm thinking about on if we're feeding cows in a pan. And honestly, I somewhat stole this idea from Dr. Vernon Anderson because I think this is the approach they used at Carrington. They fed a TMR in the bunk that met most of 95 plus percent of their nutrient requirements. And in the back of the pan, there's a hay rack filled with whatever is cheap. And that, to me, is the key word. It has to be cheap because they're not gonna get a whole lot of use out of it. They're probably gonna waste quite a bit of it but that's the place where things like the cattails and the reed canary grass and the CRP hay that's not very good or corn stocks or something that it's safe but not particularly palatable or valuable from a nutrient standpoint. But it has the attribute of they gotta chew it, they're gonna spend a lot of time doing it. Keeps, gets them satisfied and with the idea. And if they're wasting some, that also provides some bedding which in some of these systems could be real important. Yon, I think also on part of this as we start programming feeding or limit feeding or prescription feeding, whatever buzzword we wanna talk about, it's important to understand precisely what exactly are we dealing with from a both a feed and a cattle standpoint? Those first three bullet points in terms of moisture, protein, energy estimates, fairly easy to get at. There's all kinds of labs, there's technical support out there that can help people determine exactly what are we dealing with from a feed standpoint. I think sometimes in some cases how those ingredients interact with each other, we have to consider, we know that if we combine something like a wheat star or corn stocks and with a protein supplement, those two, we end up with an increase in digestibility and increase in intake that we don't have if we feed corn. So we need to recognize that now we're feeding corn as the energy source and the roughage is scratched. We need to make sure we're understanding that difference. The other part is, what do we know? Make sure we're accurately describing the cattle. I talked about already the cow size and the cow milk production. I think our cows are simply way heavier and have way more production than we give them credit for. We don't always necessarily see it because of some of the things Dr. Scheich talked about in terms of differences in feed availability and nutrient quality, but from a requirement standpoint, those differences are real and are there. And so everybody manages cows, sells cull cows, use those weight slips as somewhat of a gauge say, what is most of us don't routine, if you do, you've got that data. If you routinely weigh cows, but a whole lot of us don't, I never did. Other than I know what they weigh when we sold them off the scale, but you can use that as a bit of a gauge to say, all right, what is my mature cow size? If I sold a load of tested open cows that are close to right on condition, maybe a hair thin and they weighed 1475, my average cow size is probably not 1400. We've probably got some bigger cows in this mix that I need to account for when I'm setting that up. I don't know if it's possible to give, or at least I never did, give a cow calf nutrition presentation without using some picture of a body condition score because that, in spite of all our technological advances, our best gauge of energy status on a cow is just like our grandparents did. Go out and look at them, tell me if they got some covered. The difference in the challenge is sometimes my body condition score five might not be quite the same as yours is. We've all heard that message that our target is a five, we just have to make sure we're using the same vocabulary to describe that. And just as important, what direction are things moving? Are we, I don't mind cows losing body condition and into going into weaning, especially if I'm weaning early enough where I have the advantage and the opportunity to use crop residue or something relatively cheap in mid gestation to put it on. I get more nervous as we start seeing them going backwards. If I didn't have them already pretty fleshy, I start seeing them declining into calving and into the breeding season. So the next part, and should maybe pause, are there any other questions in, okay. The next part of what I wanted to visit about was, how do we optimize what we already have on hand? Because the reality for those of us in the beef industry and this part of the world is in a lot of cases, the crop and livestock enterprises work together and what we raise is what we feed and we get the situation where this is what we produced. So this is what I need to use. How do I make the best of what we have and turn that into cash using it through the cow herd? One of the things I think, and I think this is underutilized and it also fits if we're doing some of these programs involving totemics diets is the use of ionophore, specifically rumensum. And so how that works, it works on the rumen bacteria. It changes fermentation. I could go into a long technical discussion, but essentially what it does is it changes the products of the fermentation so that the animal captures more energy from that. The folks at Oklahoma State did a really nice job of summarizing some of the data on different projects, different trials that they have been done in universities using rumensum in mature cows. The dosage, the range in their study that they used was from about 125 to 200 milligrams per day. And what they found over those different research trials was they saw a reduction in dry matter intake by about 8% with no difference in cow gain or pregnancy rate. If you're using a mixed diet, this is a really pretty simple practice to implement. We're already mixing the feed. Ideally, we're probably force feeding the mineral, probably make some sense. And so it wouldn't be that much of a step to add a dry or liquid supplement that contains this ionophore. Different story for not, because that is not labeled for self-fed supplements. So if we're not using some kind of either hand feeding or mixed diet, this is going to be really difficult to implement and probably wouldn't work. But if we have gone through, made the investment in a mixer wagon, already starting up the loader to grind hay and fill up the feed wagon, this isn't something that would be terribly difficult to implement and would potentially save us on the feed cause side. The other part of this would be, how do we process and handle some of the feeds? And this was a, I've got two parts, two different parts of a study that my friend Alfredo DeConstanza did at the University of Minnesota that I thought was interesting from the standpoint of minimizing hay loss. And he looked at, this particular first one was, he looked at differences in hay processing and how the hay was fed. And so in this study, you saw it on some mature cows. The hay they used, I didn't put it on the slide, but it was approximately 10 and a half percent protein and about 62% TDN. So pretty good hay that they were used in this particular experiment. And what they did is they ran it through a bale processor. I think it was a hay buster, but it really doesn't matter. Or, and they fed it either on the ground or they fed it in a bunk or in hay rinks. In other words, they tried to use some kind of tool to restrict access and control feed loss. So on the top row, and so I've got it grouped up into long hay and a ring, long hay ground, fed on the ground, bale processed in a bunk, bale processed on the ground. Feed intake, and they did a bit of a back calculation. They measured the area that was covered in waste hay, sampled about a portion of that, weighed it, dried it and used that to estimate waste and then use the subtraction technique to come up with the estimate of intake. It's not necessarily ideal, but it's not, it was the only place I've seen where it says, how much hay did you use? It's hard to put a bale in a hay ring. It's hard to measure. We know they're wasting some, but it's really hard to measure how much. And so this was their approach of doing it. But so what they saw was with going from a hay ring to the feeding long hay on the ground, there's about three pounds per, three pounds a day waste hay, taking a bale process, going to the ground, almost about three pounds of waste, less waste if you could bale process it. What I thought was interesting was this intake. And I think it's, which you would expect, I would actually have expected that that processed hay, they would have ate more of it because that's kind of the typical response when we, why would grind hay? For whatever reason, and that might just be some noise, but here they actually ate less of it. And I think it's because it's on the ground, that I'm guessing this number is probably low and that we've got more spoiled cows didn't, if they didn't slick it up fast enough, because they, we've got some that's either urine, fecal losses and whatever else. So, but here were the differences in costs. And I used 165 a ton for hay costs again, and I added five tons for processing. I don't know if that's the right number. I know it's not zero. It costs some money to start up the tractor, it costs some money to own that hay buster equipment.  But, you know, so in the bunk, the difference is pretty minor for one versus the other on pretty good hay. I don't know if that would have been the same on poor quality, but what it shows to me is if we're gonna feed long hay, we probably need to think about ways to control feed waste, either by grinding it and feeding it in the bunk or putting it in a ring. The other approach, and it sort of touches on the question time of access and also on the limit feeding, but I recognize that not everybody has access to a mixer wagon because of, you know, takes, you know, that now we're dealing with daily chores and for a lot of our industry, the cows are a side gig. You know, we've got jobs in town and we're having some cows because it's an opportunity to supplement family income, use some assets we have existing but it's not enough to make a full-time job out of it and we have to do some other things to make a living and it's hard to justify some of this equipment investment on modest numbers of cows. But so a lot of people are, you know, you probably could listen to all the things I talk about and say none of this are things I can implement. This I guarantee almost anyone could implement if they're willing to do that and that's limit the amount of time cows have access to a hay ring. This is the work Alfredo and his team did. I know Dr. Lemonager at Purdue, they did something very similar to this with time access. But what they did is they used long-stem hay in hay rings and I think this hay was around 8% crude protein, about 52% TDN. So again, not terrible hay. Good enough for a cow in the later stages of gestation. And what they did is they limited access time that those cows had to those hay rings to either six hours, 14 hours or they had to run to the place for 24 hours a day access. They measured disappearance and waste just the same as I described earlier. They calculated how much the area had hay on the ground and sampled that and did the dry matter intake. But what I thought was really fascinating was when they made those cows gave them only six hours, they did not waste much hay. They ate 21 pounds a day and they only wasted a quarter pound per head per day. That's pretty good. If they gave them all the time they wanted, they ate 27 pounds. Cause let's face it, you give cow and let her stand there all day long. By the way, access was not limited. They had plenty of room. So she ate there, excuse me. She ate, she sat there and she ate a lot. Waste wasn't terrible at two pounds a day. It wasn't outrageous, but she just ate a lot more of it. Nearly a 60 cent a day difference in daily cost. Again, you're using 165 for hay cost per ton with no difference in cow weight. Carl, do you have a quick? There was no differences across those in terms of cow performance. So getting back to when I talked about limit feeding, we'd know it does some things with maintenance costs. I think that's what's going on. I also think some of this is more sorting and some other things happening. I think most of it is when we're limit feeding cows, we're changing what their maintenance cost is.  But as I look at that, it's 60 some cents a day. And if I'm feeding cows for 150 days, that's about $90 per head on a 500 pound basis of a feeder calf that's almost $20 a hundred difference. We'll do an awful lot of things to get $20 per hundred premium on a calf. I look at that and I'm not so sure that perhaps if I've got some kids at home that I can't tell someone to figure out our time window somewhere between maybe not six, but maybe less than 24, one of your jobs is to open up the gate. And your other job is to someone drives those cows back in and we're gonna, because we're gonna limit some access to reduce how much hay we're using, we're burning to save on some of the overall cost. This is, to me, it's an opportunity that's really independent of scale. It's more work and more hassle. Most things that save us money seem to either cost investment or time, you either invest time or invest money. I think this is at least a possibility. All right, I'm, how am I doing on time, Zach? Okay, I got just a few things left and it's back on that theme of, how do we optimize what we have? To me, this is one of the areas, feed shrink, is one of the areas that a lot of places we could improve on, including my families. We didn't always do this particularly well. We should have poured more concrete where we ground hay. This was a summary that Dr. Mike Brooke, it's got a little age on it, but I don't think any of this has changed. This was for a dairy audience, but their estimation of for a dairy for all the pounds of feed they bring in, anywhere from 15 to 20%, potentially they capture no value from because of these different losses, wind, wildlife, moisture, spoil, discard and spilled feed. I don't think we're that different. And if anything, in some places, it might be more than that, potentially. This also comes from a dairy publication or a dairy proceedings that I've used on some different conferences, and it compares feed losses with different storage methods, either the open uncovered pile, the commodity type shed or a closed bunk van. I don't think I'm gonna, I shouldn't really shock anybody when I say, well, as we provide more protection, we lose less. That's kind of a captain obvious moment, but the thing, and I didn't really, and the percentages, I'm not sure how they derive those, but to me, they make some sense that our ground hay covered open, we can have some pretty high losses. The one, and I hadn't really thought of this until I was going through and finding slides to use, and I thought of this one. For dry grains, they said if we have them in a bulk bin, we might lose two to 4%. There's always a little bit of loss anytime we store grain. The engineers will tell us that, and I think we've all probably unload enough grain bins and say, yeah, that makes sense. Their estimate was if I just put that out in the pile on the edge of the apron in front of the bunker silo that I'll lose 5% to 8%. Is anybody gonna do that with very much grain? With a big, I mean, the local elevators do, at least at home, of course, they also pay for it by adjusting our basis so that it gets super wide, and we, the people selling grain end up paying to do that, but almost no one, that's not a recommended practice very often is let's just dump grain on the ground and feed from that pile. But when we do the math, and I didn't think about this until just the other day, but using that 165 per tonne of corn silage, that's, or per tonne of hay, it's just a hair over 8 cents a pound. Multiply 8 cents by 56 pounds on a bushel of corn, and the hay is every bit as expensive as corn is, per unit of dry weight. Am I doing the math right? Pretty close. We would never treat corn like we treat ground hay. And our, and full disclosure, our family ground hay pile, you know, get a guy in at close to $300 an hour, and he grinds hay with a big cat mounted cat, he can grind an awful lot of hay, and we kept it in the wide open and let the wind blow in the rain and snow at everything else. So we weren't necessarily any, I can't hold ourselves up as the example of efficiency here, but I see that all the time. We put ground hay out on a pile. I think there's an opportunity to do some things that help us preserve some hay and keep some of that that we're spending money on, either raising or buying. This was not taken in North Dakota. This was taken in South Dakota. I see this too often on cover piles. I'm not going to ask anyone here if this is you, but if this is your neighbor, we're losing up to 20% of the dry matter by not covering. We did some of my coworkers. We did some little laboratory silos, essentially a PVC pipe, stuff it with silage and either left it covered or uncovered. And uncovered or covered with syrup from the solar plant didn't really matter. We lost 50% of the organic matter in the top foot. Oxygen is the enemy. Now I get how much work that is. I haven't helped cover a pile in quite a few years and my height, weight, proportionality might show that, that I haven't worked that physically hard in a while. But when I was doing it, I was the junior person on the team at the age of 40-something working with my 70-something dad and uncle. It's work, I get it. But that was one of the few things that my uncle and I would agree on is that we had very few opportunities to make as much money as we did that morning we spent covering the silage pile because of the amount of feed we didn't lose because of oxygen. So that is my contact information. You can find me and find our whole team really on the extension.sdstate.edu website. Be happy to discuss any and all things related to cattle whether that's cow calf feedlots or anything else. With that, I'll open it up for any questions people might have either live or on Zoom land. I know I am what's standing between us and lunch. So I fully understand if people maybe wait on questions till later, but we will be here for the rest of the day. Be happy to answer any questions people might have.


Thanks Loc. Good morning. It is a beautiful day And today Daniela and I are gonna go get coffee with Meredith Rawls. Should be fun I'm always down for coffee Yeah, we can make that happen I know it's sunny out. So of course we're all wearing our raincoats Because you can't trust it. That's right. It's true. All right, so we're gonna go get some coffee Except for are we actually getting coffee? I'll get coffee.  It's a famous on the internet This one and then you go to the actual musicians. They just happen to be famous on the internet. I like Yeah, it's like it's like you but a musician you're famous on the internet, right? I'm not famous on the internet I am a postdoc here at UW and I work with the LSST did management groups Large synoptic survey telescope. This is a giant telescope. They're building in Chile It's gonna take a high-resolution movie of the whole southern sky Probably not Correct that is very true Yeah, so this is a kind of unique postdoc and working a lot more of as a software developer with a little bit of research on the side but mostly what I'm working on right now is Processing the images from like the telescope takes a picture and it has a bunch of garbage in it that is not I think having any to do a science right has cosmic rays that made part of the image really bright What do you do To the field of view at Alice's There are a lot of really interesting we're gonna 3.2 giga pixels, I think yeah, it's it's it's ridiculous. I downloaded the The wave of Kepler picture yesterday. Oh sure and it's so the whole so one picture was 406 Just for one picture and that's because it's in raw right like it's not in JPEG astronomers shooting But we don't call it that yeah Fits that's the real deal But way also I'm excited because it's like actually taking shape like where you can see the construction kind of happen right well time-lapse videos Which is really fun because it's like this real thing. That's actually do you think we can find one and include it in this Episode probably good. I believe in you time-lapse now. Wow. That's cool Movie magic or if we didn't find it we'll delete this so you made the transition from science to Software plus science yep PhD was about Astero seismology, which is Starquakes and binary stars, which is two stars orbiting each other and having Starquakes at the same time Which is fun to kind of disentangle. Let's do a lot. How many students are you working with? three Yes, three. There's an undergrad here at UW. There's a grad student here at UW And then there's a grad student in Vanderbilt. Did you work with students during your entire PhD or did something you started? No, this was like at the very end of my PhD She came to my office when I happened to actually be in town and said I'm trying to use your software to do Something and I was like all my software is horrible. I'm so sorry And then we started collaborating Like I want to use your software the usual common is my software is terrible I don't want to use my software. I true story. I got a sticky note on my door this morning From Locke. Oh, yeah, they did a whole undergrad sticky note information program. I got one too. It's amazing Yeah, I was very uplifted by the sticky note. So thank you for that But the sticky note said thank you for making your code open source and I was like, oh, no That's very true. My code is an open source bear trap You are free to put your foot in Yes, I've learned a lot about properly structured packages in my phone, for example I can say just a script that does everything at once and there's no functions. There's no modules. There's no classes There's none of that. It was just Meredith wants to do some things and now she's doing them one after another and everything's Hardware to less of that how much your time is spent doing documentation versus coding More should be meant to spend documentation Three things you like about LST. Oh No pressure there But your boss may see it top three favorite things about LST actually funded and happening I'm honestly really excited for the surprise discoveries So money the unexpected I like this multi-fill multi-filter multiple colors Top three things they're paying for Couple My favorite things are they have been helping fund so money as well They have been helping fund the hack week or hack days And so thus helping change the culture of astronomy and how we get projects and how we collaborate to I like that The code base is open source from the go and number three I like that they're here at UW. I like that. It's it's something we've been involved in from day one and I'm a I'm a longtime husky. So I got hometown pride. Goodbye to these trees They I think they're gonna get destroyed One time I saw a tech pro here


Sound off for Chesterfield. Chesterfield, first cigarette in America to give you premium quality in both regular and king size, brings you dragnet. Ladies and gentlemen, the story you are about to hear is true. The names have been changed to protect the innocent.  You're assigned a homicide detail. A nightclub manager has been robbed and killed. The killers made good their escape. Their identity is unknown. Your job, get them. The documented drama of an actual crime. For the next 30 minutes in cooperation with the Los Angeles Police Department, you will travel step by step on the side of the law through an actual case transcribed from official police files. From beginning to end, from crime to punishment, dragnet is the story of your police force in action. It was Wednesday, April 7th. It was warm in Los Angeles. We were working the day watch out a homicide detail. My partner's Frank Smith. The boss is Thad Brown, Chief of Detectives. My name's Friday. I was on the way back from R and I and it was 1.46 p.m. when I got the interrogation. Find anything? No, they're checking it now. Mr. Seaton? Yes, Sergeant? I wonder if you'd mind going over all that happened just once more. You might have forgotten something, some little thing that might help us here. All right. Where do you want me to start where I came in this morning? Well, I came in to work about 8.30. Is that the time you usually get there? Yes, sir. Depends on what time I catch my bus. Usually it's about then, though. Was Mr. Kelby there then? Yeah, he usually gets in around 8 or so, comes in and looks a place over. You know, checks the register, liquor supply on the bar, stuff like that. Then he goes to his office to count the money for the night before he gets the deposit slip ready for the bank. That's what he was doing this morning when they came in. You see him come in? Yeah, I was in the kitchen when those two men came in. First, I thought they were salesmen. Both of them were dressed kind of nice. A lot of salesmen come in to see Kelby that time in the morning. I didn't figure anything was wrong. They say anything to you, these men? Well, no. Not at first. They just stood there looking the place over. I went on peeling my potatoes.  Go ahead. Well, first, I didn't know quite what to do. I asked if they were kidding, not to pull jokes like that. I told them if it was a joke, it wasn't very funny.   Well, you just know it wasn't about to cause any trouble. Did Mr. Kelby know they were in the place? No, not then. You see, he keeps the door to his office closed when he's counting the money, and I thought about yelling to him. But then when I looked at those two guys, I thought about what they'd said about killing me. I decided not to. The tall one walked over to the door of Mr. Kelby's office and knocked on the door, and Mr. Kelby said for him to come in. They opened the door and walked in. He saw the guns, asked them what they wanted, told them they'd better get out of there with those guns, not to cause any trouble. The little one laughed at him and said they wanted the money and that Kelby was the one who shouldn't cause any trouble. I see. Well, the little one started to pick up the money, his stuff in his pockets, and Mr. Kelby told them they'd better leave it alone, and he had friends to take care of, and the two of them said something they couldn't hear. The little one told Kelby that his friends wouldn't do him any good. And that's when they shot him. Which one actually shot him? Oh, the little one. He's the one who said that thing about the friends. Well, did you try to do anything to help Kelby while all this was going on? Well, what could I do? I told you what those guys said. Kelby wanted to be a hero. Say, the money, fine, I wasn't his money, he belonged to the owners. Look, I tell you, Sergeant, money isn't worth that much.   What'd these two fellas do after they shot Kelby? Well, the big one was real surprised like he didn't know the little one was going to do it. It was a good fool. Those were his exact words. That little guy finished getting all the money and then they ran out. Well, I'll tell you, I was scared to death.  It looked like it for a minute, too. How do you mean? Well, when they ran through the kitchen of the back door, little one stopped and asked what they were going to do about me. I thought, sure, my number was up. The big one said not to make it any worse to leave me alone, then they ran out of the place. And boy, that's when I called the cops and those other guys, you know, had one of these men before. Well, sir, I'm pretty sure I haven't. I wonder if you can give us some kind of a description on these two men. Yeah, the big one was about six feet two, maybe three. Weight about 180, 200. Dark. Black curly hair. Anything special about him? The way he talked, any scars, anything like that? No, nothing. How was he dressed, can't remember? Yeah, he had on a gray suit. Glenn clad had kind of red in it, you know. The suit looked expensive. Oh, he was a little one. Five, six, or seven. 130, 35 pounds. He was dark, too. Black hair, real short. How about his clothes? I had on a blue suit. It looked like a Gavardine. Single breasted, light blue. Had on a yellow shirt and dark blue tie. Would you know if there were any marks or scars on him? Oh, yeah. He had a little tiny scar right here. On the edge of his mouth. Made him look like he was smiling all the time. He helped us a lot here. Yeah, well, like I said, I wasn't about to be a hero and try to stop these two, but I knew that you'd want to know what they looked like so I tried to get all the dope I could. We understand. And during the hold up, did either of these men use any names? What I'm calling the other by a name, anything like that? Let me think about that. Yeah. Yeah, there was something. While they were in the office, while a little guy was picking up the money, the big one said, hurry up, Deuce. Yeah, he called him Deuce. He asked the stats office to make a run on the descriptions in the MO for us. Check the oddity in the moniker file in the R&I office and see if they can come up with a deuce or anything on the scar. I'll be fine, thanks a lot. Hey, you got a cigarette, sorry? Yeah. There you go. Thanks. How about a match? Sure. Thanks. Yeah, it's a terrible thing. You know, Kelby being shot, I'll probably lose my job. Not those guys. Well, those are the breaks. You said that when these men came in, the door to the manager's office was closed, is that right? Oh, yes, sir. Mr. Kelby always kept it closed when he counted the money, just like I said. Well, it looks like the men knew that Kelby would be checking the money at that time, doesn't it? That they knew the layout of the place when they came in. Yeah, you know, I never thought of that. My gosh, that's what must have happened. They sure seem to know what was going on. What was going on at that particular time? No, there's nobody else around. But I don't think that Mr. Kelby kept it a secret about the money. Was Kelby conscious of all after he was shot? Do you remember that? Not more than a minute. I ran over to him right after the men left. I wanted to see if I could help, you know. He was shot pretty bad. They'd hit him in the stomach. He was all doubled up, terrible. He looked up at me and said, I know, and his voice kind of trailed off. That's all, just, I know. I don't know what he'd be on the suspects. Nothing that matches the name Deuce, nothing on the scar. Anything from the crime lab, yeah? No, checked by the office. While I was there, Murphy called from Georgia Street. Anything? Yeah, not good. Kelby died and never regained consciousness. With the death of the victim, any information he might have given us about his killers was gone. The one witness to the murder was shown the mug books, but was unable to identify the suspects. Sergeant Skelling Senus and Danny Galindo canvassed the neighborhood and came up with the driver of a bakery truck who thought he'd seen the killers leave the club. He told them that two men answering the description given us had walked out of the club and gotten into a late model Mercury sedan. He'd not been able to get the license number of the car, however. He was brought into the office and shown the mug books, but he was unable to point out the killers for us. In checking the neighborhood, and Senus and Galindo had come up with a waitress who had seen two men answering the description of the killers loitering around the area. She also described the Mercury sedan, but she hadn't paid much attention to it. Because of the smoothness with which the hold-up men had operated, indications led us to believe that they'd been tipped off by somebody working for the club. Proceeding with this theory, we checked with a club owner, a Mr. John Watson. We found him in the kitchen of his home. Hope you don't mind if I finish up here, officer? No, not at all, Mr. Watson. I guess it seems a little silly to you for a man to be in the kitchen, kind of a hobby of mine, cooking. Yes, sir. Making a cheesecake. Got some friends coming over tonight, just to ask you. Not the robbery? Terrible thing. I don't understand why Calvi just didn't give him the money, not give him any reason to shoot. Does he have any idea who might have known that the money would be in the office at the time? You know, almost everyone was working the place, not making mention of the salesman that came in. Do you have any of that rolling pin over there? Yeah, here you are. Thanks. Trust with cheesecake is important. That's one of the reasons I make it myself. Can't stand a soggy trust. Are there any of your employees that you think might do a thing like this? I found the club much. Once in a while, I'd drop by and chat with Calvi. He did the hiring and firing. As long as the place made money, I didn't interfere. Well, the way it looks, it could be very likely that one of the employees did it. The men who pulled the job seem to know just what they were doing. That's right. I wonder if we could look through your employment records. Sure, of course. Anything I can do to help out with these things? Would you hand me that pan over there? This one? Yeah. Thanks. Sure, you can look at the records. Don't see what that's going to show, but you're welcome to them. What kind of a car do you drive, Mr. Watson? New Lincoln. Just got it a couple of weeks ago. Any of your employees drive a late model Mercury that you might know of? No. Like I said, I don't really have a lot to do with the actual operation of the club. Calvi took care of that. Good manager. Get a fine job. Can you tell us how much money they took, sir? No. That was in checks. You know that we cash for our customers. Well, that finishes that. Get this together. Now I'll get it in the oven. Looks good, doesn't it? You should taste it. Set it for 350 for 25 minutes and that does it. Now then, can I get you offers or anything? A cup of coffee or something like that? No, sir. If you just arrange for us to check your employment records. Certainly. I'll call the club right away. My brother-in-law is down there looking after things now.  Never could get a job on his own. I only hired him because my wife and sister done it. Yeah, he probably botched up the whole thing. Usually does. Well, if you'd call him, sir. How's Calvi's condition? Going to be laid up long? Well, Mr. Calvi's dead, sir. We thought you knew. No, I hadn't heard. Oh, I can hardly believe it. Such a ruthless thing. Just terrible. Calvi was such a good man. Didn't have an enemy in the world. He had too. We went back five years into the employment records of the club. There were over 200 names. Each of them had to be checked out. Frank and I spent two months running them down. In all instances, the people interviewed had alibis or else they could explain their action at the time of the robbery and killing. In each instance, if the person owned an automobile, it was checked. A broadcast and an APB had been gotten out of the model mercury scene at the club, but there had been no answers. No replies had come in on the descriptions of the two suspects. June 17th, we were checking out the last three names on the list. One of the three, a David Adams, listed a rooming house on West 34th Street as his home address. We checked with a landlady, Mrs. Elvia Collins. Adams? Sure, he lives here. Second floor front. I wonder if we could talk to him, then. Sure, I got no reason to say you can't come in. Thank you, ma'am. He isn't in right now. I hope he gets it. He's a couple of months behind in his rent. Sit down. Just take any chair. Thank you, Mrs. Collins. You officers like anything? Mint on the table? They'll help yourself. No, thank you. Adams give you any idea when he might be back? No, he didn't say right out. I expect he'll be here by six. How's that, ma'am? That's when we served dinner. Mr. Adams hasn't missed more than four meals since he's been living here. Exactly. He baked his birthday cake last Wednesday. Forty-six candles and one for luck. About how tall, would you say, ma'am? Five-six or so. How about his weight? Maybe 120, and that'd have to be soaking wet as a real little man. Is he dark or light? Big pardon? His hair, is it dark or light? Oh, light. A real silky hair. What little there is left of it. Funny the way he combed it. Never could figure it out why a man had combed his hair that way. What's that, ma'am? One side, he lets it grow real long, and then he combs it all the way over the top of his head so it'll look like he's got a lot of hair. It really doesn't, though. It's silly. He's pretty vain about other things, too. Does he have any friends in the building, Miss Collins? Well, there's his two cousins. They've moved, though. How long ago did they move? Must have been about two, three months ago. Yes, that much, anyway. What did these two cousins look like, Miss Collins? Can you describe them? You just bet I can. I struggle with them two always drinking. The first one, he was a big one. Six feet, anyway. Had dark hair, weighed maybe 200 pounds. Miss Collins, how about his complexion? Dark. Anything outstanding about him? Well, now, what do you mean outstanding? Well, I mean anything about him that struck you as being different, maybe anything that attracted your attention, something like that. No. What about the number two man? How old was he? Well, he was a little younger. 35, or maybe 37, around there. Five, four, six, or seven. How much do you figure he weighed, would you know? 130 pounds or so. How about his complexion? Dark, just like the other one. Anything outstanding about him? Scars, tattoos, maybe anything like that? Yes, yes, he had a scar right on the corner of his mouth. Made him look like he was smirking all the time. It was a real dirty look. What are these men's names, Miss Collins? Well, now, the big one is called Al Evans. A little one's name was Bill Evans. They were brothers. Did they have a car? No. No, I'm sorry, but I can't tell one kind from another. She was a nice looking one, though. A lot of chrome all over it. Do you have any idea where they might be now, where they moved to? No, I haven't. Well, Mr. Adams can probably tell you, though. I see. Oh, that might be him now, I'll see. We'll go with you, ma'am, all right? Are you expecting any trouble? What's this all about, anyway? Mr. Adams done something wrong? Oh, I do hope not. It's awfully nice. We just like to talk, don't we? Oh, I sure hope they won't be in the trouble. Oh, Mr. Adams. Yes, Miss Collins. These gentlemen would like to talk to you. Oh, something I can do for you? Are you David Adams? Yes, sir, that's right. We're police officers, Mr. Adams. My name's Friday. It's my partner, Frank Smith. How do you do it? What is it you wanted? Well, it might be better if we talk in your room. All right, but I still don't see what it is you want. I'll be able to take care of that matter by the first next week. Oh, it's all right, Mr. Adams. I understand. This is it. It's not much. Sit down anywhere. Thank you. You want to tell me what this is all about now? What it is that you want with me? Well, we'd like to talk to you about the robbery of the Pink Rat Cafe last April. The Pink Rat, yes. I worked there a couple of years ago, but I don't think I've been in the place since then. I lost the job.  I also wanted me to pay for the dishes. I didn't feel it was my fault. I told him so. He had a few words. Nothing serious. So why? Mr. Kelby was killed in the hole up at the bar. Yes, I know. That's too bad. But you surely don't think I had anything to do with that, do you? Well, that's what we're trying to find out. Well, why do you think I'd have anything to do with it? I haven't been in the place for a couple of years.  Somebody had to give the layout, tell them that Kelby would be in his office with the money at that time, at all points to somebody that either works there now or doesn't work there. Now, Adams, you got any relatives in town? Not now. I had a couple of cousins. They were out here for a while. What are their names? Allen Bill Evans. Mind if we look around your room? No, I got nothing to hide. Go ahead and look around. You won't find anything. Hi. What is it about my cousins? You figure they had something to do with the thing? Well, we think they might have. Their descriptions match the ones we got from the witnesses. You've been talking to Mrs. Collins. This is somebody else's business. Oh, harpy. Joe. Yeah. Look at here. What's this gun for, Adams? You never know when somebody's going to try to break into the house. It's protection, that's all. You never had it out of the house, huh? Not since I bought it. It's a 32, though. What are you so interested for? Kelby was killed with a 38. Well, he was, wasn't he? Seems to me I heard it on the radio or read it in one of the papers. No, you didn't. I mean, we better talk to you downtown, huh? You're going to arrest me? Just like to talk to you downtown. Let's go. Well, sure, but I got nothing to hide. Well, you still got to come up with an explanation for knowing about that gun. Description we got matches your cousins. You know about the gun. You got a lot to explain. I don't want to go to jail. It's too bad, Adams. You should have thought about that before you got involved in this. Well, if I tell you, if I help you get the guys that did it, will you give me a break? We can't make any deals. Well, I don't want to go to jail. You can't do anything for me, huh? All we can do is see that the district attorney's office knows that you've helped. But you will tell him, huh? If I give you a hand? He'll know about it. Okay. I got claustrophobia putting me in a solid driving nuts. I'll tell you who did the job, more than that. Yeah. I can show you the gun they used. You are listening to Dragnet, the authentic story of your police force in action. Listen to what the nation's press has had to say about Chesterfields. Atlantic City Evening Union. Wholesalers and retailers report an extraordinary demand for Chesterfields in both sizes and sell-outs in many instances. Cleveland Press. Dealers everywhere report the big-pack sale phenomenal. Last week in Cleveland, some areas reported the long-sized Chesterfield outsold all other brands. And from all over the country, we're getting reports from dealers telling us no product they ever handled has grown so fast in so short a time as king-sized Chesterfields. Yes, with a buying public today, high quality for the money is a must. And that's why so many smokers are changing to Chesterfield. First, cigarette in America to give you premium quality in both regular and king-size. King-size Chesterfield is exactly the same as regular Chesterfield, except it's larger. Contains so much more of the same tobacco, it gives you a 21% longer smoke, yet costs very little more. And the tobacco in king-size Chesterfield is of better quality and higher price than the tobacco in any other king-size cigarette. Try Chesterfield. Either way you like them. Regular or king-size, they're much milder. Chesterfield gives you the best possible smoke. We took David Adams back to the office and checked the gun with pawn shop records. It was clean. We printed him and checked him through R&I. We took him over to Westlake Park and he showed us the approximate place in the lake where the gun had been thrown. He explained that his two cousins had talked him into helping them with the robbery of the club. He also said that as soon as he found out that there'd been a shooting, he'd washed his hands of the entire affair and told them that he'd have nothing more to do with it. The loot from the robbery had been divided between the two cousins, Adams taking no part of it. It took us two hours of searching before we were able to find the gun. It was turned over to Russ Camp in Ballistics. He fired test shots from the gun and comparison with the death bullet showed that it was the murder weapon. Markings on the shell casing found at the scene of the crime were the same as those left on the test casing. Adams told us that Bill Evans owned a late model Mercury sedan and that the two brothers had left for St. Louis in the car. He also was able to give us the license number. We checked with DMV and they told us that the legal owner was a finance company on Crenshaw. The manager there told us that their payments were up to date. They were able to give us a St. Louis address used as a reference by Bill Evans. We called the St. Louis Police Department, gave them a rundown and asked them to pick up the Evans brothers for us. The witness to the killing was unable to identify David Adams as one of the holdup men. He was taken to the main jail and booked on suspicion of 287 PC. Frank and I waited for word from the St. Louis Police Department. They're all the same, aren't they, Joe? What do you mean? They'll put any of them in a tight spot and they'll spill all I know to save their skins. Well, it seems that way doesn't it? Adam seems pretty sincere, though. Seems like he does really want to help. We'll know more when we hear from St. Louis. You figure that Adams is telling the truth? I don't know. The story seems to check out about how he laid the thing out for him. Showing us where the gun was. Being that far back in his room, I didn't make that part about him not taking any of the money fit. I'll get it. Homicide Friday. Yeah, I'll take it. Mellow. Yeah, we've been waiting to hear from you. Did you pick up the Evans brothers? Uh-huh. Yeah, wait a minute. All right, go ahead. Uh-huh. What was that again? I didn't... Yeah, I got it. Okay, thanks. Anything we can do for you, give us a call. Yeah, sure, we sure appreciate it. Right, bye. What does it mean? St. Louis checked the address. They'd been there all right, but they left this morning. Any idea where they went?  They left the forwarding address. Motel out on Ventura Boulevard. They had a reservation for June 24th under the name Evans. She told us that they'd be in Cottage 12. In view of the fact that the suspects had not been alarmed, we decided not to put out an APB on the car. We felt reasonably sure that having made the reservations, they'd keep them. But in the event the suspects arrived earlier than expected, a surveillance was placed on the motel 24 hours a day. Sgt. Howard Hudson and Bill Cummings took the period from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. Frank and I covered the other 12 hours. Directly across from the motel was a used car lot. We talked to the manager and he gave us permission to sit in any one of his cars while keeping the place under surveillance. As we relieved each other, the police car was taken back to the city hall so there would be no indication that the place was staked out. Four days passed. No sign of the suspects. June 23rd, 4.32 a.m. Ciao. Yeah, Mercury sedan. Licensed checks. Two men. Stopping at the manager's cottage. They're ringing the bell. They're on the register. Must be. There. He's giving them the key. All right, let's let them get to the cottage we told her we would. All right. There's the landlady's signal. Let's go. All right. This is the manager. Gonna have to move your car. Huh? You gotta move your car. Put it in the back. They want. There you go. Get the animal. Yeah. Go in no place, mister. You can't get over that wall. Throw that gun out here. You haven't got a chance. Do you see I got no gun? Get a doctor for me. All right. Yeah, we'll call one. You didn't have to shoot, did you? No, it was a deal. You didn't have to shoot. You didn't give me much choice, mister. I wasn't trying to hit you. I was just trying to scare you. That's all. I didn't want to hit you. I'm a good shot. I knew what I was doing.  What do you mean? When you killed Kelby. You just heard was true. The names were changed to protect the innocent. On October 4th, trial was held in Superior Court, Department 87, City and County of Los Angeles, State of California. In a moment, the results of that trial. Nose, throat, and accessory organs not adversely affected by smoking Chesterfields. First such report ever published about any cigarette. Yes, and it applies only to Chesterfield. A responsible consulting organization has reported the results of a continuing study by a competent medical specialist and his staff on the effects of smoking Chesterfield cigarettes. A group of people from various walks of life was organized to smoke only Chesterfields. For six months, this group of men and women smoked their normal amount of Chesterfields 10 to 40 a day. 45% of the group smoked Chesterfields continually from one to 30 years, for an average of 10 years each. At the beginning and at the end of the six months period, each smoker was given a thorough examination, including x-ray pictures by the medical specialist and his assistants. The examination covered the sinuses as well as the nose, ears, and throat. The medical specialist after a thorough examination of every member of the group stated, quote, it is my opinion that the ears, nose, throat, and accessory organs while participating subjects examined by me were not adversely affected in the six months period by smoking the cigarettes provided, unquote. Now remember this Chesterfield report. It's the first such report ever published about any cigarette. Nose, throat, and accessory organs not adversely affected by smoking Chesterfields. Buy Chesterfield either way you like them. Regular or king size. Chesterfield gives you the best possible smoke. William M. Evans and Alfred T. Evans were tried and convicted of murder in the first degree. They received life sentences in the state penitentiary. Because David R. Adams had turned state's evidence, and since he was not actually involved in the crime, in the interest of justice, the charges against him were dismissed and he was released from custody. This program is dedicated to the 59th annual conference of the International Association of Chiefs of Police held in Los Angeles this week. We've just heard Dragnet, a series of authentic cases from official files. Technical advice comes from the Office of Chief of Police, W.H. Parker, Los Angeles Police Department. Technical advisors Captain Jack Donahoe, Sergeant Marty Winn, Sergeant Vance Brasher. Heard tonight were Ben Alexander, Virginia Gregg, Jack Krushen, script by John Robinson, music by Walter Schumann, Hal Gibney speaking. These great programs sound off for Chesterfield. Radio, Dragnet, the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis show, and every weekday Arthur Godfrey time, on television, Dragnet, gangbusters, Arthur Godfrey and his friends in the Perry Como show. Tomorrow you'll want to sound off for Chesterfields because either way you like them, regular or king size, Chesterfield gives you the best possible smoke. Chesterfield has brought you Dragnet, transcribed from Los Angeles. This is NBC, the national broadcasting company.


Going on everyone Sam here with late sports cards rip in 2023 Panini Phoenix football hobby Four box break number three picker team style names and teams here. We got Anthony N with the Panthers Brad are Titans Brandon I patriots Brian L jets Suki M Raiders high made the Seahawks Jason K. Bill's Jonathan M. Commanders Jonathan H Eagles Broncos Josh W. Browns Josh s Falcons Justin R. Chargers Justin K. Steelers Kevin W. Bears Kevin H Ravens and chiefs Logan H with the Bucks Louise L. Cowboys Marcel K. Rams Matthias and Texans Nicholas U. Saints Peter B. Lyons Ricky S. Colts Robert S. Dolphins Rory C. Giants Ryan C. Bangles Serapie Packers Sebastian a Vikings Shawna H. Cardinals Steven v. Niners and Thomas W. Jags. So good luck here everybody Brandon. How we doing buddy? Three to go on the next one everybody three to go on number four chiefs Giants Steelers three to go Yeah, good luck here everybody. I know thank God apparently spectrum went out in the area Three to go on the next one everyone three to go. Let's get ripping on this good luck here everybody three to go on the next one Got the trash list in the middle Okay, you're good. Got you Brandon got you buddy Go Finn's I'm in on an odd chain for you here, but Bobby. Let's do it dude. Hell yeah, man silver barrel a Odell Beckham fire and ice to 35 on the Thunderbirds the Vens and ETN color burst of Jamar Chase And one per box lava Jamiro Gibbs the 150 175 just kidding silver fire forged of Eli man Sydney Brown jay caner to 299 rookie Jersey auto that'll be going to the Saints Congrats Saints very nice very nice and Mike Evans You can chat picking up the Steelers the next one she's in five appreciate you buddy so to go in the next one chiefs and Giants, I believe silver is Zach Charbonnet a James Connor to 175 Kyler Thank You mr. Chad Appreciate you buddy to go in the next one to to go Silver fired up of Zay red Jalen Carter contours to at 199 silver Kirk Devon witherspoon and is a filler red juju to 199 and AR fire forged Then that's Jalen Carter to 150 Somebody knew you were coming in Did not offer Joe Cedric Tillman 17 at 25 two-color patch congrats on that one. They're Browns very nice Cleveland very nice very nice Cooper Cup to 175 and Sam LaPorta DK Not numbered Kurt Warner Nice on the mythical patch auto for the Rams That's awesome and 25 and 25 congrats Los Angeles Rams are stacked in this man. They are stacked in this Cooper's in this of course. They've got Eric Dickerson autos Kurt Warner Silver Adam feelin Orange Javante Williams to at 99 Mac Jones. Yeah, that's pretty cool man. That is awesome Orange or bronze Kyler for the Cardinals and Tyree Wilson contours rookie insert Pukin a kua rookie that is gonna be a Debo Samuel Is that the? Dream weavers. I believe that's the dream weaver super short print right there Congrats on that one. They're Niners on the dream weavers Super short print very cool, man Stetson Bennett Red to what 199 to 250 just kidding and Buddha Baker. That's cool, man. I like the dream You could go to dream weavers and that's pretty cool man. I like that. I like that a lot Yeah, it's crashing out twice to me now crash twice, and it's only 11 53 Spectrum shout out over yet shout out on those two and the ass where she writes rookie There's two at 299 Turner McKee rookie Jersey auto for the Eagles and Devontae Smith silver Abahora that is a deontage Johnson to at 175 on the pink and Yeah Zay Thunderbird silver red hot routes Mike Evans to at 199 and Desmond Rear Elijah Kansy orange jared golf 75 and So the genies is a super short Zay flowers Dorian Williams 250 rookie and JK all day Disappointment I see Cam Smith 20 or 72 is 75 Luke schoonmaker on the purple Good stuff there for the Cowboys. Thank you Anthony pick up the Giants in a five fire nice QJ Quentin Johnson to at 50 and that was Goddard silver Russ AJ Brown Three of ten on the auto nice one there for the Eagles Color match green good stuff there Philly. That's actually pretty sick I'm in on that. I'm in I'm in and Justin Herbert so the job, bro Sam LaPorta To at 175. That's a nice one there for the for the Eagles for sure And then on that we're lagging again ready for it to crash. Let's go dude whoo Josh Downs rookie fire forage is Bryce young. It's not like there's bad weather in the area. It's two ninety nine Well, I know it's gorgeous out actually and Justin Jefferson or a Jordan as in Jordan as in J.J. There's a yellow Dak Prescott to at 75 Thunderbirds mark Andrews who just got activated to 175 playing this week and Stroud fired up Oh mark Andrews playing this week. Come on, baby. Let's go. I think that helps you guys silver DK. Oh, yeah Baker Mayfield to at 199 And Josh Jacobs is Byron young Stetson Bennett to at 150 on the teal and QJ Quentin Johnson That's huge for the Ravens dude huge Jeffrey H with a one-on-one spot. Thank you, buddy. All right two to go on the next one chiefs and Giants chiefs and Giants Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa get him out. Get him out. Get him out.  There's nothing worse than that I hate Ravens fans, dude I cannot stand Ravens fans and there's a lot of people that are like, okay We have to trademark Andrews because Isaiah likely played really well, and I'm like, let's pump the brakes here everybody That is a Chase Brown Congrats on that one there on the jersey Jake Booty to 250 and Jalen Carter Did you get time? No, you didn't get timed up, right? What happened was it not showing? Thank Dell, Jalen Waddle. That is a Zay flowers rookie jersey auto for the Ravens to 150 Get him up. I hope so. I hope so. I have a deal. I really hope so He might not be wrong Silver Decay Kyler Murray to 50 on the Thunderburns and Mahomes And give you an error message Schoonmaker we got an orange pukin a kua fire forage to at 99 Silver Dude get Steve out of here man. Steve's got to go bro Steve's got to go. Thank you. Shady picking up Washington in seven and Raymond picking up a random team spawns go shady. Thanks, buddy Probably do need to mix a water in with tight coke run through my veins the 175 concave raise young fired up Silver Thunderburns of DK Cooper cup to 175 on the SP and Silver or not just a base. Oh, I do like that Diet Coke guy. Oh, I can't stand it. That is Christian McCaffrey. Do you like regular coke? I do? I love regular coke nice one there Mitchell shite. How we doing? to up to 199 B John Silver Lucas Van Ness Deontay banks Silver a rookie auto that'll be going to it the Giants nice one there Giants and say flowers Katie picking up the Seahawks and nine Thank you Appreciate that very much You're you shite Dye soda you get this guy out of here. It's B John Silver Tay banks Joe mixing to 125 Aaron Rogers Silver Tony Pollard a Jalen Carter to 175 fire forage and Silver Jerry at Judy Jerry at Judy J. Caner Will Anderson read it to you up to 50 that is Nick Chum my dad is the same way.  I don't even care at this point to it. I already got enough problems man Might as well add some more in at this point With a two liter at any function to 125 red is a Ty J Spears Tank Dell to 150 and Sam Halsey. I'm not that addicted to it. I love diet coke, but that's that's that's wild Silver at Jimmy G CD lamb two of ten on the Paragon patch auto for the Cowboys Congrats on that one Dallas. That's disgusting. See in some CD autos this year. I love it man. Jim here gives That's awesome. That is awesome Sava Jalen waddle. Oh, he's doing the waddle celebration too. That's sick Christian Watson To 175 and Josh Jacobs Probably for the best probably Wally. Yeah, I'm trying to cut down on the energy drinks more to CJ Stroud at 2150 Silver is patch my homes as well Dallas Derek Henry 250 and QJ Silver Marquise Brown Thunderbird orange of Dakota to 75 And Gina I think mr. Derek picking up a Yeah Giants in number four so we're down to just the chiefs one to go. Thank you Derek one to go Well, exactly man. There's certain like this. I have to live on caffeine doing what I do here There's Deontay Johnson to 175 Ryan Tannehill and Christian Kirk Diacoke thinking I was just up now. I'm addicted to diacoke. Jokes on you. Ha ha gotcha Ain't no coddle BJ. Oh, Jalari to 50 Congrats on that one right there. Very nice Falcons gone in six. Thank to Clayton Daniel Jones Try drugs met for Mickey the ultimate breaker That is a Byron young Think big speed to at 199 Of nicotine and monster mine is a mix of nicotine and caffeine. Yes, Mike Evans that is Dallas Goddard to 99 and CJ Stroud Bryce young to 99 And base I can't do caffeine. So I just got to go through life raw. That's rough on that's rough That's rough Will Levitt's rookie that is an awesome Echler to 125 and a base of Mike Parsons Drink would drink them through them like 20 ounces. Thank you. Thanks, sir All right, dream weaver Short print of diva Pukin to Kua these are to 99 Bryce young Dallas Goddard Bryce young Devonte Williams to 75 I believe yep shoemaker Dak Michael Wilson to 50 Now still 75 Jared Goff and Dak Prescott to 50 Quentin Johnson Collard Mary Derek Henry to 35 OBJ and then to at 25 is Cedric Tillman. That is an auto of Tay banks 10 of a key Jake Hainer Zay flowers VJ Ojolari Kurt Warner sick one there man AJ Brown and a CD lamb to 10 that'll do it for the break everybody. Thanks again for the fill up next number