Welcome to our final segment on the Milky Way. In this segment, we'll go over our current understanding about the structure and size of the Milky Way as a whole and our place in it. We'll examine the galactic center with its supermassive black hole. We'll go a little deeper into the nature of a black hole. We'll explore the galactic disk with its spiral arms, and we'll cover the latest information on the galactic halo. And, as usual, we'll discuss how we came to know these things from our viewpoint deep inside the galaxy itself. On January 1, 1990, from its orbit around the Earth, the Goddard Space Flight Center's cosmic background explorer created this edge-on view of our Milky Way galaxy in infrared light. Here's a newer inside image of our galaxy. In fact, it's the most detailed map ever made. It was released in 2018 by Gaia, the European Space Agency spacecraft, that recorded the position and brightness of 1.7 billion stars, as well as the parallax, proper motion, and color of more than 1.3 billion stars. The map shows the density of stars in each portion of the sky. The galaxy has a center with a central bulge, a disk of rotating stars and dust, and a halo without dust clouds and peppered with globular star clusters. The disk is at least 100,000 light-years in diameter, and the halo is much larger than that. We'll go into each of these galaxy components, starting with the galactic center. We'll cover how images like these are created from inside the galaxy and how impossible it is to get an image from outside the galaxy later on in this segment. The world's great space observatories, Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the Chandra X-ray Observatory have collaborated to produce this unprecedented look at the central region of our galaxy. Hubble documented vast arcs of gas, heated by stellar winds from very large stars. Spitzer's infrared picked up the pervasive heat signals of all these stars, and Chandra detected X-ray sources from ultra-dense neutron stars and small black holes. Together they produced this spectacular image. The central object in the Milky Way is known as Sagittarius A-star, or SAG A-star, for short. It is surrounded by so many stars and gas and dust that it is almost impossible to see. Teams of astronomers and astrophysicists have been working on understanding Sagittarius A-star for over 25 years. The UCLA Galactic Center Group, along with the Keck Observatory on top of the Mauna Kea and Volcano in Hawaii, and the European Southern Observatory and its array of very large telescopes in Chile, and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany and many others have made dramatic progress in advancing our understanding of this critically important part of our galaxy. After decades of careful observations, the speeds and orbits of around 45 stars around Sagittarius A-star have been calculated. This enabled measuring the precise location of the point they are all orbiting around. The measured orbits also identified the gravitational pull from this point, which in turn gave us its mass at 4 million times the mass of our sun. But when we look at this point, we don't see anything. This was strong evidence that Sagittarius A-star was a black hole, because stars are known to be unstable at much smaller masses. The star S2 is of particular interest because it passes closer to Sagittarius A-star than any other. It is a single main sequence star with 10 to 15 times the mass of our sun. The space of the star showed that its orbit took it to within 20 light hours of Sagittarius A-star in 2002, without bumping into anything. That puts Sagittarius A-star's 4 million sun mass into a very small place. For many astrophysicists, this constituted proof that it was indeed a supermassive black hole, but others pointed out that an extremely dense dim star cluster could produce these results. But if Sag A-star were a cluster, S2's orbit would wobble. It did not wobble. This was the final proof point. 500 years after Copernicus put the sun at the center of our solar system, this team identified Sagittarius A-star as a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy. But we weren't done with S2. Its orbital period is 16 years. Following the 2002 passing, a major effort was mounted to upgrade ESO's very large telescope array to enable the precision needed to reveal the true geometry of space and time near this object and test Einstein's theory of general relativity. These new instruments followed S2 very closely. At the start of 2018, it was accelerating towards Sag A-star, reaching relativistic speeds. On May 19th, it reached the closest approach, Perry Center. At that point, it was traveling at 7,650 kilometers per second, or 4,753 miles per second. That's almost 3% of the speed of light. Its distance from the black hole was just 18 billion kilometers, or 11 billion miles. That's only 120 times our distance from the sun. The separation on the sky between the two points was just 15 milli arc seconds. It was also reddening in color as the black hole's gravitational field stretched its light to longer wavelengths. The color change in this illustration is exaggerated for effect. The actual reddening is quite small and would not be visible to the naked eye. S2's velocity changes close to the black hole were an excellent agreement with the predictions of general relativity. In addition, the change in the light wavelength agreed precisely with what Einstein's theory predicted. But understanding what is happening this far away is always prone to errors. I remember when we thought there was a gas cloud, G2, that would be entering the black hole in 2014. This never materialized. In our current case, some astronomers point out that massive, non-luminous objects such as stellar mass black holes might be present and could affect the orbital dynamics of S2. More research is needed to rule out this possibility. Here's a full dome illustration that shows how SAGA star might look to viewers on a planet orbiting S2 as it orbits the black hole.  But first we'll cover how the ESO, very large telescope, actually measured the minute distances associated with S2 and SAGA star 26,000 light years away. The Hubble Space Telescope can resolve angles on the sky as small as 50 mArch seconds. The angular distance between S2 and SAGA star at Paris Center was just 15 mArch seconds. That's 42 billionths of one degree and three times smaller than Hubble can resolve. To follow S2 as closely as they did, astronomers had to use a stellar interferometer. These kinds of telescopes can resolve images 30 to 40 times smaller than optical telescopes. This makes them extremely important tools for studying the galactic center, as well as exoplanets. They can even resolve sunspots on nearby stars. So to understand how we know how close S2 got to SAGA star, we need to understand how these stellar interferometers telescopes work. In the Speed of Light chapter of the How Fast Is It? video book, we covered the Michelson interferometer used to measure minute distances in the lab. Interferometers can measure distances on the order of a few nanometers. Michelson immorally used it to show that the speed of light was a constant. In order to create light interference, Michelson illuminated the interferometer with fully coherent light. Light has a common frequency and phase. It always produces interference patterns on the far side of a double slit. Fully coherent light, like the kind that lasers create, will produce regions of fully destructive interference. That is the dark regions have no light falling on them at all. Partially coherent light will produce regions of partially destructive interference, meaning some light falls in the dark regions. And incoherent light will not produce interference patterns at all. We find in nature that waves can start out as incoherent and become partially coherent as they spread out. Watch how these ducks start with a chaotic mix of water waves as they enter the pond. But as the waves move out, they become quite orderly. This is a geometrical effect. The further away one travels from the source, the less significant the distance between the individual wave generators becomes. A point source for starlight would produce coherent light, and at any distance from the source the light would create interference patterns. But there are no point sources in nature. Stars have a diameter on the sky. An extended thermal light source would start out with incoherent light, but as the light moves away from the source, its coherence increases just like with the ducks on the pond. It is fascinating to note that incoherent light waves, created by excited atoms in stars 20 billion kilometers apart, can travel for 26,000 years and still carry the remnants of that starting condition. A large enough stellar interferometer can use the visibility dimming of the interference pattern created by the light to detect the original star separation. See how the amount the image fades is greater the further apart the two stars are. The math involved was developed independently by Dutch physicist P. H. van Sittert in 1934, and F. Zernick in 1939. It's known as the van Sittert-Zernick theorem. From antiquity, it was believed that the idea of empty space is a conceptual impossibility. Space is nothing but an abstraction we use to compare different arrangements of the objects. Concerning time, it was believed that there can be no lapse of time without change occurring somewhere. Time is merely a measure of cycles of change within the world. Then in 1686, Isaac Newton founded classical mechanics on the view that space is real and distinct from objects, and that time is real and passes uniformly without regard to whether anything moves in the world. He spoke of absolute space and absolute time as a stage within which matter existed and moved as time flowed at a constant rate. It was understood that space and time tell matter how to move, but matter has no effect on space and time. The idea that space and time act on matter, but that matter does not act on space and time troubled Einstein, noting that light curved in a gravitational field, Einstein proposed that the mass of an object does indeed act on the space and time it exists in. Specifically, he proposed that the presence of matter curves space-time. This led Einstein to his theory of general relativity, which predicts the existence of black holes as objects so massive that light itself cannot escape their gravity. You'll recall explosions at the end of life for stars less than five times the mass of the sun leave behind a white dwarf. In these stars, electron exclusion pressure is enough to counteract the inward force of gravity. Supernova explosions at the end of life of stars more than five times the mass of the sun leave behind a neutron star. In these stars, electron exclusion pressure is insufficient to overcome the force of gravity, but neutron exclusion pressure is. But if a star is greater than 30 times the mass of the sun, even neutron exclusion pressure won't do the trick. In fact, there is no known force that will counteract the inward force of gravity for such a supernova or hyponova exploding star. According to Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, the star will collapse into zero volume and infinite density. This is called a singularity. This defines a black hole. It gets its name from the fact that such a singularity would create a gravitational pull that not even light could escape. The object literally becomes invisible. In 1916, Carl Schwartzschild, contemporary of Einstein, solved his equation for the special case of a non-rotating sphere. He found that although the diameter of the singularity is zero, the radius at which light would be captured depends entirely on the mass of the black hole. This is called the Schwartzschild radius, and it defines the event horizon. It would be the rare black hole that doesn't spin. In 1963, Roy Kerr developed a general solution for spinning black holes. It showed that there is a second region beyond the event horizon that defines a volume around the black hole called the ergosphere. In this region, space itself is dragged around by the black hole's spin. It's called frame dragging. Also, in this region, light can enter stable orbits around the black hole. This would produce a photon spherical shell encasing the black hole with the light from all the stars in the universe accumulated over the entire age of the black hole. It would be a sight to see. One of the things all rotating black holes have in common, besides the fact that we can't see them, is that matter flows in via an accretion disk. The exact mechanism is not yet fully understood, but we know that gamma ray jets shoot out at the poles carrying a percentage of the falling matter with it at speeds approaching the speed of light. In late 2018, ESO's gravity instrument observed flares of infrared radiation coming from the accretion disk around SAGA star. These flares came from clumps of gas swirling around at about 30% of the speed of light on a circular orbit just outside the event horizon. They indicate that SAGA star is spinning with a full rotation every 11 and a half minutes. This makes the 4 million solar mass SAGA star a supermassive curr black hole. This new information also enabled calculating the distance from SAGA star's center to its event horizon at around 10 million kilometers, or 15 times the radius of our sun, and the distance to the photon sphere at around 17 million kilometers. To illustrate how a black hole might look, we'll build SAGA star. Here we are viewing it from the equatorial plane and the object is rotating in on the left and out on the right. Its center is dark out to the event horizon. This thin ring around the black hole just outside the event horizon represents the cross section of SAGA star's urgosphere with a shell of orbiting light. What we'd see is the light that leaks out in our direction. The observed flares indicate that SAGA star has the remnants of an accretion disk that is no longer feeding the black hole on a regular basis. The massive amount of light rays emitted from the disk's top face travel up and over the black hole, and light rays emitted from the disk's bottom face travel down and under the black hole. This combination gives us the full image of how the black hole would actually look. There are three classifications for black holes based on their mass. Stellar, with masses up to 10 times the mass of our sun. Supermassive, with millions or even billions of times the mass of our sun. And Intermediate, with masses somewhere in between.  In March 2018, the Japanese instrument MAXI aboard the International Space Station recorded an extremely strong X-ray outburst. NASA's NICER neutron star instrument, also on the space station, focused on the outburst for days and watched it fade. In addition, the Gaia mission was able to locate the X-ray source companion star and determine its distance at 10,000 light years. Analysis showed that the X-ray object is a black hole, with a mass of around 10 suns. The X-rays are generated as matter from the star feeds the accretion disk around the black hole. Some astronomers calculate that there are as many as 100 million stellar mass black holes like this one in our galaxy. Most of these are invisible to us, and only about a dozen have been identified. For more information on black holes, see the General Relativity Effects segment of the How Fast Is It? video book. The number of stars in the Milky Way is very difficult to determine, but based on detailed analysis of star distances, star motions, hydrogen radiation from spiral arms, galaxy rotation curves and mass, including dark matter, astronomers currently believe that the galaxy has a relatively flat rotating disk, 100 to 120,000 light years wide and 1,000 light years deep, with some 100 to 400 billion stars. This image, out of the Spitzer Science Center and the University of Wisconsin, represents an attempt to synthesize over a half century of work on the galactic disk structure, based on data obtained from the literature at radio, infrared and visible light wavelengths. The galactic center itself, with the supermassive black hole that we discussed earlier, is shaped like a bar. Although most parts of the Milky Way galaxy are relatively uncrowded, roughly 10 million stars are known to orbit within just a single light year of the galactic center in a region known as the central bold. Recent surveys discovered the two three kiloparsec arms, named for their length. They are now generally thought to be associated with gas flow, roughly parallel to the central bar. Using infrared images from Spitzer, scientists have discovered that the Milky Way's elegant spiral structure is dominated by just two arms wrapping off the ends of the central bar. One is named Scutum Centaurus and the other is named Perseus. Each of these major arms consists of billions of young and old stars. Three thinner arms spiral out between the two giant arms. These are called Sagittarius, Norma and the outer arm. These are primarily filled with gas and pockets of star forming activity. There is also a spur off the Sagittarius arm called the Orion spur. It's 3,500 light years across and approximately 10,000 light years long. We are located on the inner edge, halfway along this spur, around 26,000 light years from the galactic center. When we fill the space between the arms, we get the full picture. It's interesting to note that the number of stars per unit volume of space in the region between arms is the same as the number in the arms themselves. What distinguishes the arms is that they have a far greater number of younger stars. In fact, all the known H2 star forming regions in the galaxy exist inside the arms. We don't see any in the area between the arms. If we lay a grid over the galaxy, we can locate some of the stars, nebula and H2 regions we have seen in this chapter. Actually, all the local neighborhood stars would fit into the red circle I used to locate our solar system. That would be stars like Wolf 359, Altair, Vega, Polaris, Capella, Aldebron, the Pleiades, and Betelgeuse. They are all with us in the Orion spur, as is the Orion, Horsehead, Cone, Witch's Head, Vale, and many other nebula. In Sagittarius, we see the jewel box star cluster, and the Trifid, Omega, Lagoon, Eagle, and Cat's paw nebulas, among others. In Perseus, we see the Rosetta, Heart and Soul nebulas, as well as the crab supernova, to name just a few. In fact, except for the hypervelocity stars and a few of the supernova remnants, everything we have seen in this chapter is within this red circle. As vast an area as we have covered, it is only a fraction of the Milky Way galaxy. Another point that ought to be covered is that we cannot see through the galactic core into the other side. The core is simply too dense with stars and gas and dust to penetrate, so this slice of the disk has not been seen or analyzed. What our understanding of spiral galaxies is that they are symmetric, so this picture makes that assumption and fills in the blanks accordingly. Here we see the Sun's orbit around the galactic center. Our orbital speed is approximately 230 kilometers per second, or 143 miles per second. That's fast, but it takes us around 213 million years to complete one orbit around the galactic center. The last time we were in the same place in our orbit, dinosaurs were just starting to appear on the Earth. And we have traveled around one ten thousandths of a revolution since the origin of humans. Here's a look at our solar system's ecliptic plane with respect to the galactic plane. It's just over 60 degrees off. We see that the solar system is quite out of alignment with the galaxy's disk. Earth's 23 degree tilt to the solar plane puts us at an almost 63 degree tilt from the galactic plane. This is why the Milky Way appears at such a strange angle across the night sky. Also, as the Sun orbits the galaxy, it oscillates up and down relative to the plane of the galaxy. It does this approximately 2.7 times each time around. Astronomers estimate that we are currently at around 75 to 100 light years above the galactic plane and moving down. This estimate has us crossing the plane again in approximately 30 million years. Before we leave the galaxy's dusty disk, we'll take a closer look at the dust itself. It's critically important for calculating intrinsic star luminosity, and it's the only galaxy content that we can see to accurately calculate the galaxy's rotation curve. That's star velocities as a function of how far from the center of the galaxy they are. The Milky Way's rotation curve is one of the reasons scientists have proposed the existence of dark matter. The dust is made of thin, highly flattened flakes of graphite and silicate, that's carbon and rock-like minerals, coated with water ice. Each dust flake is roughly the size of the wavelength of blue light, more smaller. The dust is probably formed in the cool outer layers of red giant stars and dispersed in the red giant winds and planetary nebula. The dust absorbs and scatters the light that passes through it. The further the light has to travel, the more of this dust it encounters and the dimmer it gets. Astronomers call this extinction. Due to this extinction effect, stars in the galactic disk can lose up to half their luminosity every 3,000 light years. Only the brightest stars can be seen more than 10,000 light years away. These clouds are best viewed using radio astronomy. This is because gas clouds radiate radio waves, and radio waves pass through dust particles untouched because their wavelength is much larger than the size of these particles. What's more, the hydrogen in these regions emit a spectral line in the radio frequency band, and this spectral line exhibits Doppler shifts, enabling us to measure the cloud's radio velocity relative to us. In this line of sight reading, we see a number of peaks. Each one represents a cloud. Peaks have different frequencies because the clouds have different radio velocities. The maximum peak is from a cloud that's radio velocity is close to its total orbital velocity. The best way to map out the rotation curve for the galaxy's disk is to measure the orbital velocities and distances of gas clouds and star-forming regions across the galaxy. These are the H1, H2, and molecular clouds we covered in our segment on star birth nebula. These are the best objects to analyze for three reasons. One, they trace out the spiral arms. Two, we can see them clearly at great distances using radio astronomy. And three, there is a good way to calculate their distance for the inner part of the galaxy. So for clouds closer to the center than we are, we can scan the sky bit by bit and create a map of the rotation velocity and distance for the inner galaxy. This map can then be used to find distances to all the clouds and the stars they contain as long as they are closer to the center of the galaxy than we are. For clouds further out, there are no tangent points. For these, we have to use weaker methods for determining distance and rotational velocity. We then do a best-fit line for the collected data. Here's a graphic superimposed on our galactic curve that indicates the accuracy of methods used to provide the included data points. The vertical lines through each point represent the range of possible velocities for any given distance. Notice that these lines are quite long. Rotation curves give us a measure of a system's mass. And at the outer edge of the disk, the star mass density drops off dramatically. That's why in the 1970s everyone expected to see a rotation curve that looked like this. But what we found is that where the velocities were expected to fall off, they remained relatively constant. If our current theory of gravity holds up for galactic distances, then this curve tells us that our model of the Milky Way is missing something. In order for objects far from the center of the galaxy to be moving faster than predicted, there must be significant additional mass far from the galactic center, exerting gravitational pulls on those stars. Not knowing what it is, we call it dark matter, and it extends way into the galaxy's halo. At the turn of the 20th century, astronomer Harlow Shapley, studying a large number of R.R. Lyra stars inside globular clusters, found that the center of the galaxy was far from the Sun. He mapped 93 globular clusters. They formed a spheroidal shape with their own center, not near the Sun. It concluded that these giant clusters formed the bony frame of the galaxy. This area around the disk is called the galactic halo, or corona. It holds a large number of old stars and 158 globular clusters. The galactic halo itself has a diameter of at least 600,000 light-years based on the locations of the globular clusters, although it may extend much further. In 2007, using 20,000 stars observed by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, an international team of astronomers discovered that the Milky Way halo is a mix of two distinct components, rotating in opposite directions, the outer halo and the inner halo. Then in 2018, a team of astronomers analyzed 7 million stars from the Gaia mission and found that 30,000 of them were moving counter to the normal Milky Way flow. Star motions and composition profiles indicated that they came from a different galaxy. They called this new galaxy Gaia Enceladus. Using computer models for galaxy collisions, they estimated that it collided with the Milky Way around 10 billion years ago. This is a computer simulation of the merger. Here we see that Gaia Enceladus is now our galaxy's inner halo. On September 24th, 2012, Chandra found evidence that the Milky Way galaxy is embedded with a large amount of hot gas in the halo. Counting this vast amount of gas, the mass of the halo is estimated to equal the mass of the stars in the galaxy. But as massive as it is, the amount of matter in this hot gas is not nearly enough to explain the galaxy's rotation curve. Dark matter, or a new theory of gravity, is still needed. In 2018, using both Hubble and Gaia data on globular clusters, sizes and velocities, the mass of our galaxy was estimated to be at least 1.5 trillion times the mass of our sun. This is more than previous estimates and indicates that the Milky Way is among the universe's larger galaxies. Let's take a closer look at how an image like this is created. From orbit, we point the camera at the center of the galaxy and then turn it 180 degrees to face away from the center. We're now looking through the plane of the galaxy away from the center. Then we scan the camera clockwise, taking hundreds of pictures along the way. We continue the rotation through the center and all the way back to the starting point. Note that the stars on the right edge of the image taken at the end of the rotation are adjacent to the stars on the left edge of the image taken at the beginning. In other words, the entire right side of the image borders on the left. Now we rotate the camera up a bit and repeat the process. We do this over and over until the entire northern sky is covered. The last shot is taken with the camera pointing straight up perpendicular to the galactic plane. We then repeat the process for the southern sky and we have the entire picture. Once we have all the pictures covering the spherical surface of the sky all around us, we map it to a flat surface. There are a number of ways to do this. Always use the elliptical projection method because it maintains the relative size and distance between celestial objects. You may have seen maps of the earth that use this technique. We started with an image of the Milky Way constructed within the galaxy. Whenever you see any picture of the whole Milky Way from outside the galaxy, remember that it is an artist's drawing. The size of the galaxy is so large that the distance one must travel to see it all is way too far. Here's what I mean. If we assume that our field of view is 140 degrees, we can use trigonometry to find the distance to a point where such a picture could be taken. That point is approximately 301,000 trillion kilometers, or 187,000 trillion miles from the sun's current location. Voyager 1 left on its journey in 1977 and is traveling at 61,000 kilometers per hour or 38,000 miles per hour. It has already gone 21.2 billion kilometers, or 13.2 billion miles. If we aim it at the photographic point, at its current velocity, Voyager won't reach this point for another 562 million years. In our chapter on the Milky Way, we studied the nearby stars where parallax told us how far away they were. We developed the HR diagram as a way to calculate luminosity based on temperature and spectral analysis. We covered key standard candles such as Cepheid and RR Lira variables, as well as Type 1A supernova.  This distance ladder took us all the way across the galaxy. In our next chapter, we'll use all these techniques to move out into intergalactic space.


Let's see if we have the sound working and everything else video should be fine, sound in OBS says ok, but I don't actually know until it's coming into my ear, it is now. I can stop monitoring, hopefully it will remain the same. I'll just get back to where we left off, making an ACG feature extract web application using Flask Neurokit to NumPy. It should look something similar to this. The only difference is that the different ACG waveform components should be labeled, so there would be some labels over the PQRST, so PQRST waveforms, so peaks and troughs of this signal and there will be some parameters to control the algorithm and try to make labeling work better. So far we have this code that is working fairly well, the PNT marks are a bit off, QRS labeling is working correctly, so we'll try to improve on that as well. This one here is not a Flask application, we turned that into a Flask web app and it's currently only accessible on local server, but hopefully soon enough it will be available to you as well, however we have this couple of errors that we need to solve first. So first of all is this NumPy data array object has no attribute strip and GPT is suggesting us to transfer it to LIST, so let's see where is the data, should be the JSON file, turn data points, data, data, data, side packages, where is the actual page that the data is going from, it can't have that many lines, side packages, side packages is strip, anyhow it's in a Python code somewhere, where that variable, we call it twice, that's what's turning JSON and we have to convert it to LIST, the problem best place to do it would be over here, let's see if it works now, no it doesn't, same problem, so we are turning data into LIST, that's obviously not it, haven't solved the issue, the changing, changing to this, still, still gives this NumPy data array object has no attribute strip error, let's see what else we can do, yes let's tackle it systematically shall we, great idea, overpassing the data to essentially turn it into JSON array, to make sure that all the data can be serialized into JSON format, the funny thing is that we really solved this problem, similar problem before, but that part of code just disappeared, no where it went, chat GPT just decided to ignore it, that's okay, because we generally have the thing working, I know it's working, it should be a fairly easy fix, now it's doing all this troubleshooting, so before return JSON file, I want to print explicit response creation, creating response explicitly, so is it instead of a JSON, so I want to add response, it's not being currently used, that's fair enough, and now we need to instead of JSON, where was it, JSON file, I'll come more, where is our JSON file, here is our JSON file, I think this will be happening instead of JSON file, sure, return, return, this need to be identical to that JSON, wait, JSON file, so we're still using JSON file, ECG to list, so do we still need to turn data to list, because ECG is already being turned to list, I'm confused now, return, we can't have two returns, is that one, we'll have to go, have just the one return, we're using response data, leave the print there, pretty sure we don't need this one, because it's got replaced by that one, we do need to identity that way, I'm pretty sure, still part of that if request is post method, returning response data is JSON file, try that, whoop, whoop, the big chunky error, big chunky error resource, let's see if it picks on anything that is wrong, probably will mistake the flow of your root handler, you're using response only in post, yeah, why is it get, but when trying to return it for both get and post request, this would throw an error during get request, since responses data wouldn't have been defined, you should correct the flow of your function, correct the flow of your function now, okay so we have post duration hard rate, it's an integer, duration is float, okay shouldn't matter, we do still need that line, that's okay, printing, that's fine, get rid of that, now we have response JSON file ECG, that's the same error in message stream, what, haven't seen any of those before, hopefully that response was complete, so we're returning else return, who, index HTML just happened, we just use copy and it deleted my chat, why, I won't leave the website or something, let's regenerate that just to make sure that response also seemed to have been cut out, it's also pretty slow getting the same error, okay now we fix the theme, let's go here, copy all that, copy pasting is a skill you must have, we're still getting this error, let's see what it says, hopefully it's also responding quicker, okay what's going on, before the conversion to list types, when numpy is using miracle operation the nums in the numpy array might not be standard byte and integer of loads but rather numpy specific types, okay I didn't actually have to do that, which line of code, this actually gets triggered by actually getting five, is this with 500, is 500 and is it an error, no, I should be 200 ideally, no it is an error, no that's okay, so that's an error and that's the actual explanation to the error, how come the data type wasn't printed out or what, so sometimes code type ignore that in hopefully it will have a better idea of what's going on, make response as if it were a string, string, it's not a string, it's a response that a certain response, the first response is to generate hd here, should be a string containing the JSON data but there's just a receiving number seeing a numpy data array, ensuring the JSON server before passing the response, ensure the response that is indeed the JSON string passing to response is that note you need to import JSON, import JSON, just dumping it into JSON, need to import JSON, it's JSON, it's just JSON or is it important from a flask, port, assume, in JSON, JSON dumps, check the directory returns them and review, the function should have no directory return, print data, I don't want to print data but let's say absolutely have to, before calling JSON5, I thought I'm not using JSON5 anymore, before passing the response ensure it's indeed JSON string, check the return statement, inspect, generate this function double check, generate this gdata function and ensure the both return values data and ECG need numpy arrays before calling JSON5, so I still need JSON5, do some debugging over here, pretty sure we had too many prints now, type data, get the new printouts, still getting that 500, still getting 500, pop the whole thing in, see if it picks up on any mistakes, yeah, suspected to begin with, I did comment it out to begin with, didn't I? So if I could then again using JSON5 on the same data and so we're done, because here we have the print over there, so which one are you using, definitely don't need, don't need this, I need two prints, do I? This is the same thing, endpoint mismatch, your client-side JavaScript is making a post request too, but make sure you're consistent, okay, JSON5, generate ECG data, handle this endpoint is generate ECG data, make sure they're consistent, yeah, we have to do this first, just need more information on that, and yes, instead of JSON dumps, we use JSON5, I think it will work better, I'm not sure, we can try, compare between the two, see what difference, it's funny how most of the time if you give it the same sentence that it generated that becomes very apologetic, the root and the function name flask can be different without any issues, one thing is that the client-side request matches the defined root in the flask, why do I even have both post and get show, so if request is post, we do that, else just return html, turn that conversion, the main issues of if they're done in the JSON conversion and this pawns creation, please make sure that the client JavaScript makes post request too, JavaScript, post request, this is going to this URL, I don't think it's a post request, it's cool, it's fine, it's also if you if you bias the language, like if you actually ask how to modify, it is JavaScript, it will actually tell you how to modify, but if you ask, I suspect if you ask, oh is this correct, it might just say yes, it's correct, well I mean a bit like humans do, it doesn't, you can bias their responses fairly easily, to modify their blog.tcg function, you can just directly edit the code, you want to change the URL endpoint, what, new, what, and it doesn't seem, it's not right, that's not correct, just go here's the example, no asking specific, I think it's giving me something more general, let's stop generating this function error, don't have a function error, but that's should be okay, don't understand, is this, is this correct, is this, yes, JavaScript prevents post generate gdata endpoint, which matches the flask endpoint you defined in, so why am I still, why am I still getting the error then, data post specifies the htp method which is post, specifies the endpoint URL that matches the flask live app, don't check, generate dcg data method post, specify the endpoint matches the root, so that's okay, why am I still getting, so why am I getting all this stuff still, something to do with the type, it's not directly related to the mismatch and the endpoint scenario response construction, flask, flask is attempting to treat a numpy array object as a string which causes an error, okay, how do I fix it and data ecg and data to list, in particular there is something with how you are constructing the response data that flask doesn't like, let's refine the way you're creating JSON response to avoid this error and ensure that the values you're passing into JSON5 function are valid, JSON serializable types, ensure that when constructing the response you are not accidentally passing a numpy array, you have some print statements which I haven't actually made sure that the output of this print statements are types that are JSON serializable, at least in this case, then in your response construction, points, response data, make sure that the ecg to list and data are actually list and not numpy arrays as instead of, can simply, since JSON5 already prepares the data as a flask responsive application JSON, but I'm not, I'm still using the JSON dumps, I'm still having to answer the question, I don't even see those printouts, interesting I'm not getting the reach limit of prompts reached, even though in the past I'm pretty sure if I send this many prompts I would have got that error already and GPT would have downgraded me to use 3.5 instead of GPT4, your code seems appropriate, you're using flask response object and specifying the content types application chain manually, it approaches fine, okay, endpoint mismatch, ensure that the JavaScript Ajax request is making post request to the correct endpoint which you have defined, I think this is the correct endpoint generate ecg data, you've printed out the types of the data in ecg variables to ensure that they are of type list which is good, did I, actually why don't I see that printout, I don't know, response creation using the response object you have done should be suitable, however JSON5 is more straightforward and that's okay, it's just seeing here please provide the exact error message you see and that's the, it's clear, clear this for a sec and that's the error message, control shift c, current when making post request and not some other part of the application ensure that the data you are sending from the client side JavaScript matches that the flask endpoint expects, one more thing, while debugging might be helpful to add an error handling to your flask up to give more instant potential issues, smooth return errors and error messages response when there is 500 internal error, first this is the error I'm getting, error handler who just popped this, it needs to be in the event list now, so we'll have to it's probably in the beginning somewhere or here decorators, is this a thing, it is, oh wait, oops, I was trying to put it in the JavaScript, yeah we can put it at the beginning, I'll put it in here, oops, have to have that line first, in this case they shouldn't like supplication, they are caused by flask trying to treat response, the code of the problem lies in the flask return response is what you can do, it's just what, this is just forcing 200, okay, I didn't know you can do it, I already converted your data JSON format string, this means that response is already a string, should it be returning the response object correctly instead of above line directly return a response object, so is this the same line, yes, but returning a status of 200, by specimen status 200 you explicitly telling flask the response was successful, what did we do, what did we change, that can be reached, it's probably because it's not actually running, need to run the application, still getting the same error, okay it's not happening for us during this stream status 200, should this of the still encountering area might be something outside causing the problem, no I'm pretty sure it was working okay before, what am I doing, using JSON dumps should be okay, still using JSON file, this is quickly ridiculous, this is ridiculous, let's ensure we're not returning numpy array, generate this gdal function returning two objects data points and ecg, we're confident that that points is a list of dictionaries, however ecg might be a numpy array, we are converting this to list using ecg in list, are we, yes, but let's double check that this conversion is successful, the area using typically riser flags makes a response function tries to handle return that it doesn't understand, if response data is genuinely a string, as it should be after using JSON dumps, I feel it should be a string, JSON dumps shouldn't be having this issue, let's focus on the return statement, however since we're using JSON file, we are not using JSON file, it's commented out automatically serializes, try changing the return statement, we're now using, yeah we're not using JSON file, should we be using JSON file, okay let's some comment this, a comment that, a change in return statement to just returning that, so if we do this, we don't need that for this, this eliminates the needs for manually creating response object, okay we got rid of it, still getting the same error though, this doesn't solve the issue, print the types, just before the return, sure everything you expect, right, so before this you can print all the types, type, type, type, clean this for a sec, over 5, what's the output, so I don't see, oops, I don't see, I don't see the print out values of the types, I'm having some serious issues with the whole structure, the thing is all this stuff should be in the generate ECG data, why it's in this root instead, will it pick up on the problem, yes I know what it does, but it needs some serious restructuring, know what the code does, does it need any restructuring, provide a fast way, some improvements, suppression, logic, move the ECG generation and processing logic to a separate module or file, what just happened, it's happening quite a bit today with GPT-4, you know some problem on the server or something, it's generating also, can't stop the microphone from doing speech to text, yeah there is the should be error handling, okay it's not generating what they expect, there's some problem with the shell script, if anyone knows what is it I'm doing, wrong place to let me know, like half a minute, 60 seconds or so, 40 seconds in this stream because we're not going over one hour, the thing is that it used to just work before, GPT actually stuffed it up for me, should be an easy fix and let's clear this last time, generate the error again, yeah now I can turn it off, messages in the chat, please do go check out this site, let me know if you have any comments, it's all open source, so obviously you're not gonna get paid for that, yeah and hopefully after this tool starts to work the ECG feature extraction should come back, so this is what it eventually should look like, but this is not the flask application, so I can't publish this, and unfortunately, okay so it's a numpy array instead of a string problem, yeah but instead of catching exception why not just fix the problem, can start a new chat quickly, okay let's do it, let's do a quick one over time, that's okay, should have another 15 minutes or so, start the new default GPT4, start with index HTML, just so it has some context, we'll ask it as well, to not generate any code, not generate any code, then we do the JavaScript and the Python application at the end, just trying to solve this tiny error, the JSON file is not a text but a numpy array, not generate any code, this is for reference only, we have this Python script, to not generate any code, this is for reference only, forget to turn the microphone off so it will keep writing everything I say, this is probably actually good because I can then tell if I'm talking clearly or not, okay whenever this finishes, when it's closed is run the application again, so we have the error message, this is where the problem starts, oh come on, hitting ctrl c instead of ctrl shift c, in the following error, when running the last application, do I solve it, okay if this doesn't work, I give up, okay this is a good sign, it gave me a solution, comment it down to Jason, right, Jason, Jason, get post, if post, get the values for duration and heart rate, generate ECG data, this will return data in ECG data to least, response data, we've already done this before, in doubts there, keep suggesting doing a Jason dumps return response data, else template HTML, and what's up with all that, we've already done this just before returning the response, return the just as a response, yeah we have import Jason already there, also ensure the generator is still done, returning the proper data can be converted to at least, okay I think that's where the problem is, that didn't help, can we use a different approach, this flask application was working just earlier, I've got to turn off the microphone again, actually can we regenerate this response, so first let's bring back what we had before, because there's nothing wrong with it, okay maybe I went too far, now that's okay we'll keep it there, but let's regenerate this, yeah this should just be good enough, this line here, now ECG and data points that are coming from generate ECG data, okay I kind of give up, yeah we'll try again later, I thought we could publish the application today, probably so I'll see you in a bit, please put your comments, questions, check out bodykills.com, you know what to do.


Hi everybody happy Thursday. I'm Joe for jazby's case breaks calm coming at you with 2022 tops gypsy queen baseball Five box half case random team number. I think I'm losing my mind. I don't know why I crossed that part out This is my Friday ladies and gentlemen This is random team break number seven Losing it one spot gets you three teams So let's triple you up no vet common ship as you saw in the item description all 30 baseball teams are in no combos and Let's roll it randomize it five and a six eleven times one two three four five six seven eight nine ten and Once more eleven than final time We got Carl We got Harry top and bottom Just put them in the spreadsheet five into six eleven times for the teams one two three four five six and five more times seven eight nine ten and eleven and final time You got the white socks down to the cubs Now we will pause the video just for a moment and allow for some trades as well if you want Carl with the white socks Gary You got the tigers Harry with the J's Carl with the dime bags Gary with the Astros Harry with the pirates Gary with the Cardinals Nick with the Braves Gary with the Rangers Trent with the Nats Bill with the Mariners Harry with the Mets Bill with the Marlins Carl with the Padres and Royals Trent with the Phillies Nick with the Red Sox Carl with the Reds Harry with the Rays Carl with the twins Gary with the A's and the Yankees Carl You got my Dodgers Harry with the Brew Crew Carl my rivals the Giants Trent with the O's Carl with the Halos Bill with the Guardians Nick with the Rockies and Harry with the Chicago Cubs All right, let's sort by Sort by team and we're gonna pause video when we come back We're gonna see if there's any trades and then we'll have the break stick around. We'll see you on the other side All right. Welcome back ladies and gentlemen. No deals were done. So that list remains the same Here on Thursday the 26th 26 already Thanks, everybody for making this happen. I appreciate it. All right, so break seven is from a fresh case So pop this open Let's see which side we're gonna do or which five Yeah, I figure it would have to be a multiple team deal for that for that to work Multiple teams for one All right, let's select a die. Let's let the Dodger blue Flamingo die We'll go one two three for the left side and four five six for the right side And it's one left side. So this side we will save for next time and This would be random team eight. So we'll mark all of those eight Number eight. So we know they're from the same case. Those are what my eights look like Right and good luck, everybody. Let's see what we got here Got the sounds of a Yankees at-rays on in the background See We're gonna be finals today. Oh wow early game Cubs at Reds Reds beat the Cubs 20 to 5 with 20 hits I got Nick Sanzel Four for four day with an RBI Brandon Drury two for six with three RBI's Tommy Pham two for four three RBI's Tyler Stevenson three for five two RBI's Kyle Farmer Four for four with five RBI's Yeah, it's in a battle of two bad teams Matt was pointing out Hunter Green gives up five earned run. So it gets the dub. I think that's Justin Steele, right? Falls to one and five Two winning seven earned runs It's a rough day at the office for for the Cubs Reds improved 14 and 30 Logan's like, yeah Rex your Cubs stink. I Think they're all the other games are Have only just started Bottom of the first Guardians at Tigers 0-0 no hits At top of the first just finished up Rockies at National 0-0 And at the end of the second Yankees and Rays are still scoreless as well. All right. Good luck everybody We've got Clevenger to 150 and Anderson Teata to 150 two parallels back-to-back And the autograph Alec Minoa nice. I think he's having a pretty good year if I remember correctly blue Jays It goes to Harry. I'll do an autograph recap at the end of the break as well Obviously, that's a parallel. So that will ship.  I don't think I've ever I don't think I've seen those numbered, but Maybe they can be we just haven't seen one yet Shane Bieber to 399 Cleveland and we got a blue Christian pachet to 250. Wow Surprised me there autograph missing black plate parallel Bobby with junior. That's awesome for the Royals Carl with Kansas City So it's a blank back Bobby with junior. He's pretty good. There's your second auto of the box Yeah, we'll keep it out for those those 42 jerseys as well All right nice opening box next box and Bass is loaded to saying it's out of 25. Nice Great low number on that. What other games do we have going on today? We've got Royals are in Minnesota Brewers are in St. Louis Red Sox at White Sox Blue Jays at Angels Dodgers at Diamondbacks Rangers at A's Logan if you're still listen, I got a question for you. No, Logan's in Utah for states that don't have like a A baseball team What what is the what I guess what it's the Utah? Team like affiliation What baseball teams are people in Utah root for I'm I would imagine it's it's probably mixed right if you're Maybe on the southern part of the state You think it's Diamondbacks. You think it's or is it mostly Rockies? Okay, it's gonna be Rockies But the triple A team Angels interesting I was wonder that so like I wonder if like I don't know it does that go for like surrounding states Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, New Mexico. Are they all Rockies fans? What is Montana? You think Montana goes with the Mariners or you think they go with the Rockies? Faces loads that your kid was an Angels fan Since we lived in Florida where he was born. How did that work out?  There's Trey Turner to 150 little color match on the chrome card Angels surprising have a good size following nationwide. There's a wanderfrankle Set some of those aside too. Harry with the rays Like Lakers fans are loved everywhere. Are they? I guess they do show up at a lot of different games around the country I guess that makes sense Southern California so so so many people in Southern California You know, and I'm sure a lot of people like move out or go to college elsewhere and settle elsewhere and then they If they still keep their their fandom I'm sure Mike trout certainly helps Oh, yeah, he was He was about six or so in 2013 ish just like Mike trout Yeah You know player superstars like Mike trout definitely Will generate some fandom as well It's always interesting to see like what regions that don't have immediate Big league teams nearby who they end up rooting for California ended up For here in Los Angeles more specifically um Didn't have a football team for ages decades Right, so there's a whole generation of uh There's a whole generation of kids who have grown up in that era That uh were essentially NFL free agents. They they didn't grow up with a team Like a lot of teams like if you're born in LA in this area Or grew up in this area During the maybe a formative sports time of your of your lives Late elementary or something like that Next autograph, I think that's brian, right? Yeah brian de la Cruz For the fish that'll be for bill norton So yeah, it's interesting to see like all the different sporting fandoms and how they How a lot of the, you know, you were a free agent fan basically You know for the dodgers, you know Dodgers late because you're kind of born into it sometimes But with the NFL, yeah, it's all over the place. Some of some of it's like oh, I just like that player some of it so my You know, my dad was originally from pitster or something like that Yeah, my trout is pretty great Real humble real nice guy You know I see him I've been to some angels games where You see him just uh like After warm-ups He'll sign autographs for a dozen kids and then before he ducks back Into the locker room before the starting before the opening pitch Matt's saying I know before tv saturation was decided by which city had the strongest radio station It's all across the middle of the country. There were cardinals fans because the st. Louis signal went for Yeah, you know in the in the la market um in the la market I know I know like a small group of people ended up following the braves and uh The braves and the cubs because wgn Was out here Broadcast out here and would play cubs games all the time tbs had had the braves and they were broadcasting them all the time I know I remember watching a lot of braves or cubs Uh Because they would be the sunday morning game, I guess on the west coast they would they would those games start like at nine or Nine or ten in the morning in the west coast And so, you know, I would as a kid I would end up watching those games before The dodgers games which would be like 12 40 or 110 or something like that on a sunday Prushing is also saying that the cardinals were last to be shown on tv during those times So that's why many people don't realize how good stan musul was stan the man Do they though Crushing says I I'm not a cardinals fan, but I can tell you the cardinals fans have the best fans Baseball fans in the country. Maybe they do. I don't know. I've never I've never been to a game there. So I couldn't say but that seems to be The narrative that gets recycled all the time speaking of the braves. Here's william contraris That'll be for nick. Oh and a nice Chrome launder franco Yeah, matt wood is a cardinals fan. He doesn't he wouldn't agree A lot of them go but they and they like to call themselves that and then it gets a little bit cringy One of the only fan base routine they give standing ovations for great plays that are made by opposing teams. Very rare That other uh, see that is true They appreciate the game Paul says I got family in tennessee that are reds fans Yeah, it's always interesting to see like what In teams people end up supporting different markets non-baseball markets There's pose burrero to 1 at 99 Speaking of Cincinnati We got that No named front right here for jake berger Hmm burgers I think he had a nice game the other night jake berger Last night, maybe Willie Castro to 250 And the chrome zone jake cronenworth Carl with the padres I think he has t-shirts in san diego that says Chrome zone or something like that To that effect All right two boxes to go Wrong in the bottom of the first nationals I've gone off in four runs Hanging a crooked number already and they still have men on base first and third with two outs Tigers also scored a run too They're up 1-0 Philly's braves just started And the first no score Crushing and saying the box of gypsy queen got at our store Last we had three autos in it. So a three auto box is a possibility. We'll have to keep an eye out for that Paul's saying I'm a tires fan, but yeah I think a lot of people around the country experience the same thing all those cubs games on w n g n Did did make you somewhat of a fan of them Logan's saying since we only have one pro team in utah, we have utes stickers everywhere college is not logan's thing though ute stickers Going with the utes in utah utes The next box good luck eccentric mullins sepia 62 out of 99 for trend and the o's Yeah, actually we have not talked about it rex We leave to you to bring us bummer news and bring everybody down But yeah, no in all seriousness r.i.p. Ray leota passed away today Apparently he was in the dominican republic shooting a movie out there Um, carl with the diamondbecks seth beer I want to I want I want to see a beer and burger Duel auto that'd be great It's a good combo there But yeah, feel the dreams shoeless joe and feel the dreams Obviously henry hill in goodfellas great performance there and uh A ton of other stuff He's the update guy battle if uh If the algorithm is out of the rex algorithm is set to like bad news There's tommy fam Padres Every time rex is like hey you hear about this guy And i'm just like oh no the other shoe that's going to drop is they're dead. They're arrested They you know murdered someone Turned out to be a really bad guy really bad person Jeremy harder saying cubs might have to bring furgy and greg maddox back Yeah Steel did not have a good day today. Here's max munsey for the dodgers to 99 seven earned runs. I think in two innings Ray leota also underrated, uh, if you like goodfellas Uh the woman that played uh blanking on her name, but The woman that played carrant in goodfellas Those two actors ray leota and his wife and goodfellas. I think reprised their role not as those characters and goodfellas, but as a uh Husband and wife team in the movie blow. I want to say with with johnny depp I think he played their Their mom and dad And there's matt virlan for the fillies that'll go to trend Yep, I think he was he was in Hannibal, right? That's the one with Where uh julianne more I want to say plays clary starling. Yeah, that was that was a cool moment Iconic moment In the silence of the lambs trilogy My favorite movie of all time man I don't know what my answer would be to that um Sounds of the lambs is actually up there. I can't go wrong with Godfather one and two That's up there lore the rings that that's up there But of all time You would get sound of music. That is the only rogers and hammer scene Uh musical that I actually like Battle the rest not for me sound of music genius It's got I like world war two movie. So it's kind of got a nice world war two vibe to it you know idyllic austria before the ravages of war A lot of good catchy tunes prime julie andrews captain von trapp Ended up doing a lot of movies late into his late into his life great voice See the edelweiss at the end stirring But my favorite movie. No, it's it's it's up there. It's up there The I did a actually did a And this is actually ages ago. I did a rewatch of the movie uh There's a uh It's it's really long I I like forget some of the parts that were just Really long and you're like Did we need like 30 minutes of the uh of the wedding sequels? That was nice, but you know There's a curtis terry for the twins that'll be for carl um climb every mountain's kind of a kind of a drag as as as they're As they're climbing those mountains No way they survived that right weren't they weren't they trying to cross the alps? No way they survived that I think there's definitely a Donner party situation for the von traps I should take off my shoes for the rest of the night in the honor of shoeless joe Oh, because ray leota played shoeless joe. That's a stretch If anything, I should be Taking off my shoes on like shoeless joe's birthday or something like that. No name front the Dodgers Looking for one more autograph in here According to 250 for the rays Heat heats a good heat's a movie that I like a lot. We were talking a little bit about that last There's the autograph. Who is that? Who are you? That's brindella cruise rookie auto for the marlins billed with the fish 136 out of 150 And there you go ladies and gentlemen We'll recap here Rex saying that yankee sign Matt carpenter, huh? There's that bobby with junior autograph at the beginning. There you go Getting kind of desperate, isn't it matt carpenter? Aren't the best years behind him been around for a little bit No, maybe they'll catch lightning in a bottle with matt carpenter All right, i'm joe for jaskiescasewrakes.com the second half of gypsy queen in the store So check it out jaskiescasewrakes.com and i'll see you next time for the next baseball break. Bye.


Hello everybody. Let me introduce myself. I am Jignesh Shirke working for Dr. Pataksar and I am working here as a junior software engineer for Java FX team and for Moodle as well. Last year I was the Moodle admin for the workshop and this year too I am the Moodle admin. So, let us start with the Moodle. Moodle is basically a course management system where teacher can create their courses and then student can log into the Moodle and access those courses then teacher can put online quiz where student can take that quiz and then teachers can grade them and Moodle can and then student can see their grades and all. So, let us start with the IIT Moodle. So, link for the IIT Moodle is www.itit.itb.ac.n slash Moodle. I hope everyone must have got their username and password with them. You have to use this link for accessing the Moodle. Then once you open this page, you will get this page of this is the home page of the DBBs Moodle and on the right hand side upper corner you will see the login block. Enter your username and password over there. Once your login you will see this page. This is my admin page. So, it will be different from your since you all are the students, you must be getting this kind of page over there right. So, to view the participants we can go to the participant link which is at the left hand side corner people participants. From here you can view all the participants in that course. You can view it by the current role of there like teachers are Abhilash K. Dr. Patak Mukta Atre and Suresh Kumar. You can view their more details about them. Then for accessing the contents of the course, you have to there will be links provided like this day one presentation, workshop schedule, day two presentation and assignment submission link. So, just click on it and you can save the presentations for assignment submission link. This will help you to upload your files, upload your assignment files. So, click on that then browse and go back to the home page. So, if you are the teacher you can view that whoever has submitted that assignment view submitted assignment. Then in Moodle there is an facility to group the students. So, you can create different groups and assign them to each of the student. I will create a group for IITB. Then this enrollment keys for when the students logged in means for the first time they can use this enrollment key to means by default they will be added into that group. So, I will keep it as IITB and save changes. So, the group is created then we can add or remove the users. So, I will just back to groups then participants. Now, since I have not set the group settings. So, see over here there are no groups there is a separate groups visible groups. In separate groups the group activity done by one group cannot be like visible to another invisible groups the group activity done by one group can be visible by the another. So, I will put it as visible groups then save changes participants say visible groups there are 4 participants in it. Now, we can send a messages to each of the participant send message review and send. So, time these users log in they will get this message on their Moodle page and the same notification will be given to into their email. Now, from teacher's point of view you can add different contents on this page for that you have to click on turn editing on add a resources link to a file or a website just give it at sample file then choose or upload a file then I will choose this file. Now, in common module settings you will see available for groups member only. So, if we choose the groups it will be available for that group only save and return to course. See over here the file has been uploaded you can change the positioning of the file that is done you can make it visible or invisible it will be invisible for the student now then you can add an activity there are various kind of activity advance uploading of files online text upload a single file offline activity. Now, advance uploading of files enables you to upload means more than one file and in upload a single file you can upload us only a one single file and there are chat option voice database feedback feedback is for like you can create a feedback page and then student can give their feedback on it and then forum for group discussion then lessons quiz yeah quiz is a very important aspect of this a moodle where teachers can create the quiz and student can take the quiz and it has this advance options of like grading the quiz and it is all done by moodle itself like if a user takes the quiz the all the marking and all is done by the moodle itself. So, let us create a link for uploading a file here you can put their grades then available from then prevent late submission yes then maximum upload size you can set it as 20 mb or 10 mb as per the file allow deleting yes student can delete that file then maximum upload number of upload files by default it is 3 you can set it as 9 or 10 then allow notes and this question mark icon gives you the what this allow notes does and means what each control does it each settings does. So, allow note if enable participants may enter notes into text area it is similar to online text assignment this text box can be used for communication with the grading person assignment progress description or any other written activity. Now, in common module setting you can set is that group mode visible groups and save and return. So, now once the link is created student can upload their assignments then teachers can view since admin has uploaded files it is not showing over there and over your administration tab you can see turn editing on by which you can enable various settings and all in settings you can change the settings of the course itself then in assigned roles you can assign different kind of role for the moodle user like there are 26 students over there and if I want to assign one of the students a teacher role then now in participants you can see the one more teacher has been given more nor has been given the teachers role. So, now he can change the course setting and upload their files and create links for submission in grades teacher can grade their student according to their performance and all in show groups here teacher can write the nodes and since there are no grades you can grade them teacher can write a note for the student then save changes and she can also upload her response file that is it I think I have cover up the basic part of the moodle like how to operate a moodle and configuration part will be done on the last day by one of our team members and that is it.


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Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's CaseBreaks.com, coming at you with 2023 Bowman Chrome Baseball, HTA Choice Edition, 12 box, pick your team, number 10. A lot of great stuff here, one pack per box, three cards per pack, all autos. And a very big thanks to this group for making it happen, appreciate it. Getting in on this, October already, crazy, if you got a rooftop next to your name, that means you won that in the team random that we did. So basically it's a hybrid pick your team and random team break. How have you got in? We appreciate you. Jonathan, you ended up with official last spot mojo with the Rangers. Away we go, good luck everyone. There's the case right here, empty box. There's all 12, and away we go. More plenty of baseball in this tour, we've got some mixers in there, and we got a homer for the brew crew, Tyrone Taylor with a two run shot, 105 mile exit Velo, 403 feet, no doubter. Eric Jennings, what's going on? Double J. All right, first one out of the gate is going to be a Mac Coyado, Coyado? Yeah, I'm going to go with that. That'll be for Adam and the Guardians, Cleveland, this is for you. We got Anderson de la Santos, nice mojo refractor, 102 out of 150 for the Orioles, David M with the O's, and then we got Diego Mosquera, 285 out of 299. Speckle for the Metz that's going to be for Dan. One that in the filler.  These slider boxes will eventually be recycled back to you. Our shipping team uses them, we use them during our breaks. Playoff baseball is underway, ladies and gentlemen, an exciting part of the sports calendar. Basketball preseason starting, hockey starting, baseball playoffs, going to week five of the NFL season, a lot of fun stuff. Here's Cave Hunter, that goes to the Red Legs, that'll be for David M. We got Jesus Bastinas for the Yankees, that's going to go to Brian, boom, boom, no, negatory. We've got Robert Moore, 153 out of 499, speaking of the Brewers who are up 3-0. Dimebacks unable to turn the double play. We've got the Brewers, Dan Tyson with the Brew Crew, one that team in the filler. That's it, that's our third auto of the box, it's quite a stat, I'm watching the Dimebacks Brewers game, I think they just flashed up a stat that says, in the last handful of years, didn't catch how many years, but teams that have, who have out-homered their opponents, have like an 84% and 1% or something like that. We got Adrian Pinto, that's for the Blue Jays, that's going to be for Matthew, I think he's actually, is he actually up? No, I'm thinking of someone, I guess there's, I was thinking of a different Pinto on the Rays, Rangers, Juan Olmos, Brian Crouch with the Royals, Eric just wondering if Council stays with the Milwaukee or goes elsewhere. Is Craig Council on the hot seat? Alright, and there's Jordy Vargas, nice color match, 92 out of 250, Purple Chrome for the Purple Mountains Majesty for the Rockies, that's going to be for Nick Galvin. Oh, it's the last year of his contract, interesting, no extension yet huh, interesting, it seems to me that front office is like, well let's see how this playoffs go, but they had a pretty strong season, alright we got Clark Elliott Elliott, Tristan with the A's, and the next one is more Jordy Vargas, 56 out of 150, Mojo Refractor, that's going to go to Nick and the Rocks, and we got a Yellow Refractor, Victor Isturus, 52 out of 75, Nephew of Cesar Isturus, and his uncle, Cesar and Meisser Isturus, do you remember the Isturus family? Adam, with the Guardians, Cleveland, this is for you! I see, so Eric's saying, Mets could be a destination with them hiring the former Brewer's GM, that's interesting, did that Brewer's GM, was he the one that hired Craig Council, that could be an interesting one, I feel like Craig Council is a solid manager, you know, and if he's managing a team with a big payroll, big stars, let's see what we can do with that, there's Dario Leverde, could be interesting, Eugene with the Angels, there's Jesus Galiz, 39 out of 150, Mojo Refractor, autographed Tim with my Dodgers, better than Solid J saying top five manager in baseball, is he? I guess so, and another Dodger, 116 out of 150, Blue Raywave, nice little color match, the Blue Wingado, nice Dodger for Tim, who are the other four? I guess I don't know my manager very well, isn't that crazy, three of the playoff teams had 100 lost seasons, just two seasons ago, all right more Dodgers, Chris Newell, there you go Tim, three Dodgers in a row, and we've got Christian Manna, that's gonna be for the White Sox René, got the White Sox in the filler, that's for the other printer though, yeah not for this one, and then we got Ricardo Oliva, Refractor, autographed 282 out of 499, that's for the twin, that's for Tristan, twins with a big win today, yeah Bochi, Roberts is up there, the Braves manager, Snicker, has got to be a top five manager right, yeah Council's got to be up there, yeah I think Council's up there, it's gonna go to Dan and the Brewers, there's Wickl and Gonzales for Boston, that's gonna be for Michael, won that team in the filler, yeah Kemp Cash, and down here is Everett Cooper, the third, he's a Roman numeral, 449 out of 4 and 99, that's Jordan, Jay, with the Nats, won that team in the filler, in the team random, it's Fox, we've got a Joey Ortiz, Baltimore, this is Baltimore gentlemen, look at that, Corbin Carroll with a solo shot, that's good for the hobby, I was about to say Corbin, do something good for the hobby, 443 feet, 107 mile per hour Exavilo 106.9, that's good for the hobby, oh is Marlins man in front row at the Brewers game, and there's Kennedy Corona for the Astros, it's gonna be for Jose, wow look at that, just like that the game is tied, we've got a Blue Rayway, Ronaldo Hernandez, 134 out of 150, that will be for Miami, that's gonna go to Brian H, I thought they were showing a replay, when I heard the sound of the ball off the bat, and I turned my head and I was like no there's Marte putting one in the seats, souvenir, it's refreshing, J with a little lime wedge, we've got a Daniel Mateo for the Texas Ranger, that's gonna go to Jonathan, last pod mojo strikes again, 70% of the time last pod mojo hits 100% of the time, we've got a Jacob Reimer, 16 out of 50 gold shimmer, those gold cards really pop, that's gonna go to the Mets, that's for Dan, he's from Redlands, it's about an hour, hour, hour and a half east, now about an hour east of us here, no traffic, Vincent Peruzo, another Met, I'm telling you, if you see the Mets in a group break, a lot of value there, it's a higher price, but they always seem to hit in these Bowman Chrome Breaks, so that's a speckle to 2.99, that's 138 out of 2.99, Dan got the Mets in the team random, we got Jacob Melton for the Stroes, that's gonna go to Jose, we got Axel Sanchez, Seattle, let's go to Craig and the Mariners, and we have a Purple Chrome Ricardo Oliva, 91 out of 250, going to the Twins, that's for Tristan and the Twins, two boxes to go, boys and girls, good luck, six autos, so still a lot of autos left, but fingers crossed, and at the end, Pax felt kind of weird, I feel like there's, I'm tripping myself out, Carlos Della Cruz, Phillies, Pax felt a little bit thicker, cards, with the Phillies, that's for Tristan, and the big guy here is 6'8", 210, one of the bigger prospects for the Phillies, nice hit Tristan, and we've got Luis Ferales, Boston Red Sox, that's gonna be for Michael, with the Bow Sox, I think there is an extra auto, so let's get the Refractor Auto, that's Marcus Lee Sang, another Phillie to 4.99, that's gonna be for Tristan, and I think it's one of those Under Armour, all American autographs, did feel, the pack did feel different, it's gonna be, it's gonna be Brennan Malone, nice, let's see who you played for, let's see who's he affiliated with, do you want to say Royals? No, he's a pirate, and that's gonna be for Alexander, with the Pirates, first round pick, late first round, compensatory pick at the end of the first round, so four autos in that one, nice bonus auto, and the final three, I said the final six autographs, but there was seven, I don't have seven autographs, four there and should be three here, unless we get lucky, good luck, this is Picker Team 10, HTA edition, appreciate everybody getting in, we're gonna close out with Andy Perez, that's for the Rocks, that's for Nick, ooh we got a nice gold shimmer, Ruben Santana, 11 out of 50, for Rob and the Diamondback, got the Diamondbacks and the Team Random, and then the last one here, purple chrome autographed 250, Trey Faltine, David M with Cincinnati, very nice, and there you go my friends, that is your break, that was 2023 Bowman Chrome Baseball HTA Choice, or Jumbo, whatever you want to call it, a lot of different names, 12 box, Picker Team 10, quick little recap, appreciate it everyone making this happen, thank you, got more baseball in the store, so go to jaspyscasebrakes.com, check it out, grab your spots, get your team before someone else does, grab your spots, don't wait for it to get close, just get spots now, keep the momentum going, appreciate everybody making it happen, thank you very much, I'm Joe, I'll see you next time for the next break, bye-bye.


This is your morning jolt. I'm Scott Gamm with the streets executive editor Brian Sazi. Alright Brian, big changes coming to the Facebook news feed. What do we need to know? From an investor standpoint if I've written the stock up 50% of the past year I'm concerned about these changes as Zuckerberg put forth they're putting more preface on your friend posts instead of advertised in other media companies. I don't want to see my ugly cat from my friend post. If I'm an advertiser I want to see that Clorox ad. I don't know if I'm getting it here. And potentially big implications for the advertisers. Facebook stock top. Here we go baby. Alright meanwhile bank earnings out this morning JP Morgan Wells Fargo. Yeah they look cool to me. You know the first move on JP Morgan was down. Stock has come back. Overall I like JP Morgan which is an action learners plus holding compared to what Wells Fargo put up all to me. I'm trading retailers off of these numbers. Card revenue strong. Alright finally the Detroit auto show. What should we expect there? NVIDIA. NVIDIA. NVIDIA. You know they'll be there. Our man they were Brown, Brett Kenwell who'll probably be talking to them. I'm excited about the new Ford Mustang. A new bullet Mustang might be unveiled. Vroom vroom baby. Alright everyone should sign up for Morning Jolt at TheStreet.com.


Right, here we are. My name's Peter Harib. I'm Chairman of ID TechX and I'm going to interview Robert Wildman of CareStream Health Incorporated and he's in Market Segment Manager and he's going to tell us about some very fascinating new technologies which we think can be applied to a wide variety of new industries. In other words, this is not unusual at this show that we have someone that has a product that has applications that are not yet being exploited. So could you fill us in a little bit? Yeah absolutely, thank you Peter. So of great interest is multi-layer coding capabilities that CareStream is a world leader in and that really springs from our history of Eastman Kodak, which is the founding of our company. We were spun off in 2007. We're the world leader in medical imaging and through that medical imaging as well as photographic films, we've honed the capabilities around multi-layer coding to allow us to simultaneously put down discrete layers onto flexible substrates. And so we've applied that in a couple of different industries and we see as broad applications for a lot of other industries such as as we're showing here energy storage such as multi-layer electrodes where you could put down a primer layer and in multi-layer electrodes solving some problems of today's batteries through design freedom that multi-layer structures offer at no additional cost because just like a single layer you can put down multiple layers at the same time as opposed to needing to run through the machine many times. So this is interesting you don't use the term there but I think you said to me earlier there's a term slide coding. Correct that's the that's what the one of the methods this is called or cascade coding it sometimes referred to is referred to as slide because a lot of people are similar with familiar with slot die coding which you kind of think of these as individual slot dies where there's a cavity to uniformly distribute the fluid so you can get a uniform thin layer of fluid but then the real trick associated with this is that as they cascade down one on top of the other you create a discrete package that you still bead code here at precision backup role similar to slot die coding. So it's certainly true that we've noticed that so many of these industries use slot die coding a very old technique very crude technique that's very slow relatively to multiple coating and this multiple coating is not just a case of faster it could be a better integrity coating. Correct we can get to you know with the appropriate focus and write material sets on the order of 1% uniformity which is the common target for batteries and we can do that for each of the layers as well as the stack on whole and again the concept is that it really opens up opportunities to to solve some of today's battery challenges as well as it could be applicable as to barrier coatings where there's a dyad approach of multiple alternating layers you know in lighting there's other opportunities for for different kind of you know light enhancement films things of that nature so and when we come to things like super capacitors and hybrid super capacitors with battery technology as well or battery technology itself and that means lithium post lithium and a whole host of technologies we often have a separator and you have some dream that maybe you could do the separators of course they vary from something very crude and very porous to something that's an iron exchange membrane we can talk about lithium metal we can talk about fuel cells sure is that part of your dream yeah I think there's some potential there as well with the right material science and the right system to your point you know in addition to possibly using ceramic particles to to kind of replace the separator there's also technologies that with the right polymer based structures and the right chemistry and the right processing you can get self-generation of pores just through the coating and drying process so there's potential application there and you mentioned like solid state batteries you know I think that there's a good potential for that in the future as well as the interfaces are really a critical issue associated that technology and so if we can employ this type of of coating process to enable the multiple layers to have the conformal you know intimate contact of interfaces for solid state I think there's a real opportunity there as well and a lot of these things are really almost just party tricks on a very narrow web like two centimeters or something right you I think are in a different league tell me do correct yes as I've said we've really cut our teeth on this technology over the last you know 20 years or so where we've made over a billion square meters of x-ray film for you know very demanding markets and we do that at about a meter and a half y or so so you know it's not just an idea this has been a proven concept like I said for medical films as well as photographic films as well as some other applications that we've made billions of square meters and really proven the ability to do that at large scale to supply films around the world organics and in organics correct and these would be different solvents for different layers so they don't in mix or correct so that's part of our key key capabilities and know how that we bring you know in terms of partnership the expertise that we bring to the table it's the management of the things like how you get this package to be these discrete layers is really function of both the chemistry the formulation of that chemistry as well as the process and that's the know-how that we bring of how to manage those material sets in order to deliver you know the functionality that you're looking for I think that's formidable I think the width of the web is most unusual I think that the versatility of high speed and improved integrity of the films is very unusual and from our point of view we think you're onto something we think that you have something that could apply to a very large number of industries and we wish you well so is there anything else in your dream you can share with us or well I guess I would just say that really we're actively searching for partners at this point that really see the same benefit that we do in multilayer coding and you know the what we see is a way to move forward is that you know as a partner we bring the the expertise in multilayer coding from the processing side of things and our partners bring the expertise on the material set and product structure of interest whether it's batteries or fuel cells or you know display films whatever the case may be and together we can co develop some you know new technology and proliferate the application of this you know well proven capability to new new processes I mean new new products and your substantial company so we're able to be a strong partner in that sense is that right absolutely yeah we're a 1.5 billion dollar company annual revenue we sell into about 160 plus countries around the world got a global supply chain and footprint and both in US Central America Europe and Asia so we can we can really bring that to bear as well extremely impressive thank you for your time yeah absolutely thank you Peter