So nearly two years ago I made you all a 60-day plan to promote your song. I heard from a lot of you how much it helped you and how many new fans you got to hear your music as well as how helpful it was to have a plan to stick by and build your own off of. But times have changed as well as the apps that can help to promote your music, so I wanted to update this plan. So in this video I'm going to give you a plan with some theory on how I would promote my joke fan in Cell Hypebeast's new hit song Industry Plant-Based God. I will show you what I would post each day of the signals promotion to be as effective as possible so you can draw from this and learn how to promote yourself. So before we get started you may at some point get confused because you may not know about my method of releasing a song every 45 to 60 days and why that is the most effective pace to release music. It helps to have watched my video on this but it isn't necessary but if you want to watch that it's linked on the screen now or in the description and will be even linked at the end of this video. Okay so let's make sure we got what we need before we ever start promoting. First and most importantly I would suggest that you have the next two songs you're going to promote, be produced, mixed, mastered and then you have the album cover videos, the lyric videos and music videos all completely finished in addition to the one we're about to start promoting. So that's three videos for three songs in total. For everyone who thinks this is unrealistic this video is exactly for you. This is because on this channel we're always talking about how consistent sustained promotion is one of the main keys to promoting your music and the way the consistent part of that usually fails is that you don't have a ton of content already made so that you're ahead when things go wrong. This truly is the most important factor of what we're about to do.  Hopefully once you get out of bed from the heartbreak you could stay on track with your music promotions because you were so prepared in advance and had all this content already done to make all of your promotions super easy so you could react to the flood of comments you're getting. But really what this also ensures is that when your directors a month late on your project you still have months to go before that project comes out. That way you don't lose out on how much consistency really helps you promote your music and helps perceive you as someone who takes your music seriously so your community gives you opportunities since so much of what we're doing is also that the powerful people in the music industry give opportunities to people who are making big consistent moves and that they see are always grinding on their music. But let's say you have all those music videos and songs ready to go and then you have a bunch of art and photos behind the scenes footage shot already and other things that you could promote to tell stories run well if you have all that well that means you have everything you need to promote your song and we're pretty confident that you'll be able to stay ahead of the curve if you start to get a lot of opportunities and you won't fall behind. So we're going to release your song on a Wednesday. I'm often asked what day to release your music on and my answer is always Tuesday through Thursday. Your favorite artists flood the zone with music on Fridays and your music is not going to be the fix someone is looking for. Since why would they search for new music with their fave has already put out an album of new music that day Saturday and Sunday less people are on the internet and social media so that's a bad idea to release that in general and people are listening to those new releases that came out on Friday still on the weekend Monday everybody who actually has a job I know some of you can't understand this everyone's catching up on all the work and emails that have come in that they're behind on so Tuesday through Thursday is your best bet in my opinion I should say you will notice this promotion plan is much more of a daily putting a small rock to build a big pile rather than all day grind so this matters but it's not the most important release day and music video release day are the only two days I really advise flooding social media and your community and instead all the other days is just steady reminders and storytelling that remind people to listen and give you deeper bonding to the song this lets your audience not be overwhelmed with your presence giving you time to work on building community and keep writing songs and this promotion plan starts on the day of releasing your song I know some of the absolute hacks who do these youtube release plans do 14 days of promoting your song before anyone can even hear it but as I explained in my video on why teasing your song is dumb which is in the description if you need to see it if you promote a song no one can hear for 14 days you don't build momentum you annoy everyone so as a bonus though I am going to tell you what I do before release day which is two to four posts the week before your song comes out that ask your biggest fans to pre-save your song since if they do this we can get their email since pre-save tools capture that and your email list is super important since email is the most effective marketing channel and part of getting your song into the Spotify algorithm and this is all leading me to say that also the follows you get on Spotify help you out to get heard by more people on Spotify and be more likely to get it spread in the algorithm but most crucially it's that you need to send out an email to your entire list at midnight that your song is out since that will send to people likely to drive up your popularity score as they like you enough to give you their email address and very likely to listen numerous times so get it right out at midnight on release day so it's waiting in your fans mailbox for them whenever they open their email okay so let's say it's release day day one and you're gonna put out your song to all the streaming services and release a single screen video to youtube aka one of just your album cover release day is your day to make a lot of noise I'm actually in a graze over this a bit since I made a whole video on how to make a huge splash on release day and to go over in this video would put another 10 minutes on this already long video and if you want to watch that video it's of course in the description so hit the books or videos but I do want to add to it since the last time I made a video like this we weren't in the tiktok era one of the things we have to remember about tiktok is it's so much different than the other social media platforms in that even if you have no followers your tiktok skates serve to people who've never followed you and it's highly unlikely that will happen on the day you post them most tiktoks are watched over time and day one is really not likely to be it but so many artists think they need their strongest tiktoks to be on day one but much like how I argue you shouldn't put out your best song first and build up momentum using focus tracks to your best song so you have momentum and more people hear your best song you should do the same with tiktok and if you don't know what I mean by that whole release strategy there's a video in the description yet again anyway it's the same with tiktok on day one let's get the song out there with a strong idea you have for a tiktok but if you already have a really great idea for a tiktok keep it in your pocket for a minute since if this tiktok you put out gets watched by a lot of people most likely tiktok will serve the really strong one to the people who liked that one and hopefully by then the earworm of your song will be familiar to them and they'll be more likely to watch it so what I wanted you to do today though is to put out a tiktok that has your song in it that feels strong but if you have no ideas feel free to just do a lip sync video or one where you perform the song but let's also remember on release day and for the entire first month of your release drive people to Spotify since if your song is getting listens on Spotify it's more likely to go into the algorithm we'll link to youtube later when you have a music video but the first two weeks of your song's release are super determinative if it gets to the algorithm so we want to try our best to start off strong and get it in there so on day two this is where most of you already begin to follow off it's a time to tell a story about the song on instagram we got to keep this going and maintain interest remember the game is to keep any conversations around the story of the song you're telling and you're going to try to make this a day where the socially skilled person in your group could stay up on comments and keep your posts spreading but I want to make a note about what somebody people mess up on day two with any luck people will mention your song and their stories but try to avoid over sharing those instead only reward the best few if that's a problem you're lucky enough to have and if you worry about disappointing fans who shared your song on stories instead all those people who didn't make the best story to share your song I would send them an audio message in their dms and personally thank them since that will be just as good if not better than a share and ramp up their enthusiasm to you even more but over on tiktok we're going to post another video of the song this could be a text overlay video if you have no other ideas and if you don't know what that is this is where you take the hook of your song and overlay your lyrics to the text on it using it as a background if you can't find a background that fits the emotion of your song that's interesting you can hit story blocks or invado or even artist lists which I just started using which is really affordable it has some more artsy type b-roll that's really moody or a free option is on splash or you can even type things into dolly two or mid-journey so you get something that feels like the mood of the song to make this with and remember we're going to use the same hook of the song over and over and over again in every tiktok every day of this plan okay day three it's now friday and you're fighting against all the other acts making music for attention today so that was a great time to update your spotify artist playlist where you put in some of your favorite songs and add some new releases that sound or some new finds you found of artists similar to you and promote that playlist is now updated since after all friday is the day to listen to new music let's tweet it out and share that playlist and tag the small groups on it on twitter and insta in your stories if you don't know about this technique that i use to build fans that's super effective spotify the video i made about that is also linked in the description and on this day after the song has been out i add that video you made of just your album cover to my playlist of all the singles on youtube and share that on youtube to remind people they could still listen to it on day three we're going to put up another tiktok and some of you are like jessie how many of these are we going to do and to that i say brah i don't know if you've received the memo but posting 30 to 60 tiktoks is breaking a lot of songs where the artists were totally unknown and now have hundreds of thousands to millions of plays and people interested in their next song so i'd be negligent not telling you to employ that since the fact is what's unique about tiktok is it will surface that video repeatedly and i've seen it happen before in fact this band on the screen now october drift have posted videos just like this of them going off to their song and it's gotten them some numbers i check them out because the hook of their song got in my head so we're gonna do this but it's time to make another i do a video where you show some behind the scenes footage or something fun that shows your personality while playing your song in it it's some of you are like i'm not doing that and listen that's cool it's your choice what you do here it's just a guide of what i would do if you really want to go hard but it's impossible to deny tiktok is the biggest mover of what breaks music today and you ignore it at your own peril by also respect your decision to do whatever you can handle and that's fine and this plan can still work for you okay day four and five i'm going to combine since it's the weekend since as i said less people are on the internet and social media so the weekend is the most effective time for promotion so i try to keep promo light and one of the reasons i'm releasing a song on wednesday instead of friday is you don't get the uphill battle of having day two and three of your promotion beyond the weekend now is a great time to do some personality posts and even if they are from the past show yourself and your insta stories and share the pics on twitter but particularly say the emotion that people would feel if they streamed your new song like if it's a party rock anthem show you turning up on the weekend and show how they would feel if they listen to that song so for me and my song industry plant based god we're going to try and make content here that's fun for those who follow you with less over promotion since we don't want to waste time doing pure promotion so the key to these posts is to show people how they could be feeling if your track was playing if it's a slow classical piano piece maybe post a beautiful video of some rain on a glass and if it's named something like industry plant based god it's time to post a rager of you getting fucking slizzard bro okay but now that you know you're gonna be posting a lot of tiktoks let me give you the formula i like to do for the first 30 videos we're gonna do five to ten lip sync or performance videos i like to get these out in the first two weeks especially since they're doing really well on tiktok right now and a lot of rs can make them in a few minutes and anyone could do them you could see the some right here on the screen now and if you're a band perform all together or not then we're gonna do five pov videos which are those videos where you play the hook of your song and say with the caption point of view you're listening to industry plant based god and you show the emotion someone would feel if they were listening to your song like for example then we're gonna do five behind the scenes videos that are just showing you goofing off or doing something fun or showing your lifestyle to people while your song plays in the background then we're gonna do five to ten concept videos these are videos where you study tiktok as i've described in previous videos and you come up with potential videos that can turn your song into a trend or you follow a trend that already exists you try to take the lyrics you're singing and make scenarios relatable where other people will make videos similar to them if you need to learn more on this hit the description and watch my guide to tiktok that's in there so then to fill the rest of the days we're going to make one to ten overlay text videos that i talked about earlier aka the ones where you just caption the lyrics of your hook over some stock footage or b-roll hoping to reinforce the hook of the song into the algorithm there's no order to post these in after the first days just cycle through them as much as you can and keep pushing the earworm of your song into the algorithm now on day six let's make a facebook post and we're going to share it on your instagram stories with a picture of it since we always want to be reminding your fans that they can get more of you or follow you on their preferred platform especially if it gets them off of facebook to twitter instagram or tiktok but we're posting a tweet on your instagram story is a great way to drop a hint that your fans should be following you on twitter as well here's how i like to see youtube shorts and instagram reels so what i like to do is each week i look at what did best on tiktok and post it to youtube shorts this way it won't cannibalize tiktok if someone watches both shorts and tiktok if you post it a week or more later it will still be timeless enough that you could post it for youtube's algorithm which also i should say works totally different than tiktoks literally every what i talk to if it does well on tiktok it probably bombs on youtube and reels and all around vice versa but of course you want to know about instagram reels i like to do a one week delay and post to reels whatever you posted to tiktok seven days before and mirror it exactly since let's be honest reels rarely work better for artists but can help spread your song instagram is where people go to learn more about you and then if they want more they follow you and keep up with you there and they're gonna be forgiving if they've seen this reel before i should say in the coming weeks there'll be separate videos that go even deeper on this plan on what to do on spotify on youtube and an even more detailed one on tiktok because it's too much to cover in one video which is also why you should be subscribed and have notifications on and after i release all those videos i'm going to put out a full calendar for everybody on my mailing list that you can download down what you should put out every single day of this and ideas for it all throughout that you can customize to your own so be sure to sign up for that in the description now day seven we need to shed more light on the story this can be behind the scenes videos are talking more about the story of the song as i told you you should write the stories you have down in five different ways it's time to tell the story of the song another way so let's post that story and then put it in some of our socials i know some of you are new here and you're like what the hell is this guy talking about with stories story tell you is how you actually blow up on social media if you don't get that there's another playlist in the description like i said it's day seven so let's see which of your videos did best and schedule them to go up on youtube as shorts a week after they were released day eight your song has now been out for a week and if you really want to get engagement tell people something vulnerable they can latch on to and tie it back to the song for example when i wrote industry plant-based god i realized i was engaging in a lot of self-destructive behavior and while i really did love my life i wasn't acting like it and had to change my behavior to reflect that see that was vulnerable day nine this is an important day let's find some other way to contextualize the song grab some imagery that you have and post it in your story while your song plays so we could keep reinforcing the hook this could be you doing something or even a scene from a movie or a meme and attach your music to it so that way we could keep playing your hook for your followers and get it in their head and don't forget it's a day ending with why so post on tiktok and repost a video from the week before on reels day 10 it's friday and i would make one of those spotify music and talk episodes and play some music you like and talk about it be sure to do what i suggested in my video on these which is linked to the description and tag the smaller groups you play in them on instagram and twitter hell even facebook show some personality and let people bond with you and hear some new music day 11 and 12 it's the freaking weekend and it's time to do what we did last weekend some more but here's going to be my little tweak if you happen to be up late around 10 or 12 or you want to schedule a post post your song then many people are alone and vibing and one of the weirdest phenomenons i've seen when i've tracked clicks is that you could get weird spikes off sharing at this time for people who are just hanging solo since no one else is promoting their music on the weekend late at night and there's so many people who are home alone bored doing nothing day 13 another monday now enough time has passed that people are hopefully are vibing to your song very hard ask for a follow with a hyper follow link and some idillect of your own and no idillect is not you talking like an idiot it means the unique way in which you speak try to capitalize on people's enthusiasm and get that spotify follow so you get a more release radar playlist when your next song drops also if you've had any press by now this is a great time to share it as you've probably gotten some momentum and you could really try to convert those people who aren't taking it seriously that they should listen to the song day 14 so that story you shared on day one let's bring it back a variation on it and change some of the words and details and try to keep getting some traction here with this story and tell more of it so people can keep going deeper with you if you're a mean person let's make some memes about the song and put it in your stories or even on grid and if you're a visuals person let's make some beautiful imagery and put your song behind it and keep giving people new ways to feel the emotion of the song i hope you're still posting a tiktok a day and to your reels day 15 it's time to release your lyric video or visualizer so let's talk about the visuals or the mood of the song single out some lyrics and expand upon them if you don't feel like explaining your lyrics talk about lyrics and other people songs and drop back to your song like i do here it's another week so we need to look what's been working on tiktok and schedule the greatest hits for youtube shorts you now have 14 candidates and whichever is doing best of those 14 that you haven't posted should go up and don't forget to do your weekly delays of posting everything a week later on instagram reels day 16 it's time to remind people you just put up the lyric video and then drop it in the playlist of your own discography on youtube and let everyone see that playlist link and also make sure your song is in all your spotify playlists including your artist playlist and your discography ones and share those two days after the lyric video drops i replace it in my playlist and talk about another song that my fans hopefully will enjoy since nothing else gets people listening to a song like thinking they're going to get an emotional feeling from a song they already liked day 17 it's friday it's time to share your playlist of music that you've been enjoying of similar artists to you and tag them in it just like we did on previous fridays let's also make sure to share each time your hook happens in your lyric video and post it to tiktok for as many days as that fills up on day 18 19 it's the same drill as the other weekends but this time we're going to schedule a tweet in instagram for super early in the morning on sunday and try to catch those early birds who are up reading social media on their phone use the schedule function in facebook creator studio for instagram and facebook and twitter can be scheduled using tweet deck and let's try to catch a different crowd that we've been catching day 20 let's do an instagram live with everyone who worked in the song with you or another artist if you do it all yourself and get someone else's audience to get hip to you the idea is their followers will see you talking and hopefully discover you and you should definitely play the song in your stream day 21 get creative here let's find a fun way to talk about your song that's different than the other ways we've been doing it could be a story from recording wikipedia is something you reference in the lyrics and explain it talk about some aspect of it you haven't before day 22 let's zone in on a lyric from the video and tell a story about it in fact let's google variations on the lyric and make some jokes about some other songs that have lyrics similar to yours and maybe find some playful way of mentioning the lyrical theme you have and how other people have talked about it so if they like that song it could bring them back this idea is super popular at tiktok right now and can get people to pay attention to your song to hear the end if you do it right and of course we should go through tiktok and find one that did well and put it into shorts day 23 let's yet again tell one of those variations on the main story of the song that you've been telling as i've said you should have five ways of tell the story of the song it's time to call it another one and pull it out and post it onto instagram on grid with a caption day 24 it's friday again let's update your music and talk episodes maybe bring on a guest and try to get their audience to hear your new songs and some other music similar to yours day 25 and 26 yep it's the weekend but to change up the weekend we're going to ask your followers a question to interact with on instagram and promote the song and the answers do a q and a and try to get some fun fan bonding going and do whatever you can with instagram's functions to try to drive some engagement and play around with this on the weekend while doing all the other things we talked about doing on other weekends day 27 let's do a flashback to your past and put it in context with your new song talk about how far you've come people love a hero's journey for your musicians so if you show them that they should be following along on your journey it will help keep them sticking around and talk about you and their friends and spread the word about you day 28 it's time to preview the music video with an image just put up something that's striking and remind people to listen to the song and hopefully get psyched to watch the music video but i want you to do something a little bit different here is i want you to look back at the tiktoks you've made so far and see what's done best and what you can reiterate upon and make a slightly different version of or even improve let's do something that's working let's start making those for this week whatever's working best let's try to do even better versions of them and post those in the coming week day 29 release the music video go wild like it's release day seriously treat this the way i suggested in my release day video and really bring the song to the full promotion it deserves i recently made a video on how to turn your music video into tiktoks and you can do just that to repeat the hook as many times as you can by pulling footage from it it's now been a month since you last promoted the song heavily and did a day of really non-stop promotion and this is the best time to do it since music videos offer the best way to interact with the song and have fans really build a relationship and give them something to tell their friends about with the song day 30 we just had the biggest event of the single release the moment we've been building up to so it's time to keep going wild let's really push this thing and be shameless two days after the music video drops i add the song to my music videos playlist i take the single screen of the lyric video out of any playlist on youtube i need to and then i tell a story about the video in my youtube stories day 31 it's time to update your similar artist playlist on spotify again and tag new artists in it and hopefully by now you've received some u gc which is sort for user generated content when you're talking to a nerd if you're getting u gc you can be stitching or reposting it on tiktok and sharing it across platforms to instagram twitter if it's really good but you should always review it and the rest of your tiktoks and reels and see what's doing well with users and build off of it and prove what's already being done to your songs yourself try to find patterns and similarities to what is done well and think how you can improve upon it and make those videos and post them each day day 32 to 33 if you've captured some of your behind the scenes footage from your music video share those over the weekend and in your stories and tweet them out here and tell a little story so that people watch your music video and really try to create curiosity about it by showing the imagery and what went into it day 34 today let's show some interactions if there's fun youtuber instagram interactions where you show personality or shed light on the song let's post those to twitter and instagram day 35 your fans have now had a week to watch your video and tonight we're going to go on instagram live with every one of the video the director any actors a photographer who is involved etc invite them on one at a time and talk about the song in the video and what else they're working on and most of all play the damn video i should say you can also do this on a tiktok live is that platform is doing better for you on this day you should launch an open verse challenge on tiktok where you play the hook of your song and an instrumental after which could be the chorus or the verse and allow it to be duetted on tiktok and hopefully users will create content to get your hook played and have other users spread your music without doing all the work which i am sure by now you'll appreciate make sure to hashtag it with the open verse hashtag as well day 36 your video has been out for a week let's talk about one of the visuals in it or give a glimpse on what's in it and make a post about it day 37 let's show a picture of you hard at work at an upcoming song but let's play up how this latest song is just the beginning and how the song you're promoting is influencing the new one day 38 and i know you're gonna be shocked here but we're gonna do another music and talk set and keep pushing your new song to music similar to yours so hopefully we can get some of those similar artist fans to hear your new song and build bonds with existing fans seriously it only takes an hour to do one of these it's such great promotion and then you can make a graphic for it on instagram to promote it and tweet it out day 39 and 40 and i know trust me this is getting long but let's just mix up some of those techniques we did on the other weekends look through your analytics and see if those morning posts or those late night posts work better than others and let's do whatever worked best again and push the music video on day 41 i want to make sure you've been posting some behind the scenes stuff of your videos onto youtube stories and i know we've been talking about just posting the greatest hits of tiktok but that should be getting littered throughout and if you haven't done that now that was a great time to start pushing it now that we're a little bit of time out we can keep building momentum on your music video and reminding people to take it in who are maybe busy the week before day 42 let's do the ultimate internet thirst trap post a picture from when you were younger and put up a hook of your song in it on your instagram story and you can do this on tiktok too since this isn't what always works best but it does work and we still want to keep finding other ways you can post your hook let's again review all the user generated content and look at what worked and reiterate upon it and make sure the best is getting posted on youtube shorts okay now we're going to wrap up with day 43 through 60 so either we start again right here or we release an alternate version of your song and keep promoting that alternate version of the way we did in previous weeks for the last two weeks promote your new acoustic version remix feature version of the song or whenever you're going to do to change the song with this technique let's sustain this until the next song comes out two weeks later pointing back to the music video and making content around your hook or alternate version if you're not going to do an alternate version of the song you can pick up from the last 43 days of promotion any of the things we just talked about and keep pushing the song until you release the next one but in the tiktok era pushing this song for an extended period really is everything as hopefully the wave of momentum of the algorithm finding people to serve is going to keep growing but the key is to just keep going and show people you're taking the song seriously and remind them to listen to it by now i'm sure you have picked up the rules and the patterns for the next two weeks and you should continue these patterns until you release your next song and then start the campaign on that one and i should say there's nothing wrong with if some good user generated content comes out from the first song during any other song's time feel free to promote it you don't need hard lines of eras here just keep reminding people to grow their relationship with your new music or make content that will hopefully bring it to new fans and while you just learned all this you should really study my video on what to do on release day since that day is hugely important it's on the screen now and you should make sure to learn that level up or if you go to the description dive into my 60 day plans for tiktok Spotify or YouTube if they're out already thanks for watching


Hello shipmates. Six months ago I talked to you from the John Stennis in the Strait of Hormuz. Today I'm back here in the region in Bahrain, where I've been in the region talking to my counterparts. I talked to the United Arab Emirates, I talked to the chief of the Omaniri Navy, I talked to the chief of the Saudi Navy, and of course the chief of the Bahraini Navy. This is an incredibly important region. Behind me now is a mine countermeasure ship, the Dexterus, and behind her a patrol craft. We usually think of those as enabling or supporting ships. They're very important to this region. They're very important to our mission. This region is incredibly important to where we're going operating forward in the Navy. We're going to build up on the capacity of these ships out here, and I want to thank you for what you're doing to support them and to support your Navy out there. So take care and I'll be seeing you out there in a fleet.


I am a United States sailor. I am a United States sailor. I am a United States sailor. I was appointed to the Constitution of the United States of America, and I obey the orders of those appointed over me. I represent the fighting spirit of the Navy, and those who have gone before me to defend freedom and democracy around the world. I'm Commander Wesley Bannister. I've been on board Enterprise for two years. I'm assigned as the Air Officer or Air Boss on board, and my hometown is Anderson, South Carolina. So I have the Air Department, approximately 600 personnel on board, that range in responsibility from aviation fuels to aircraft handling, to aircraft directing, to the arresting gear, and catapults. My watch station is as the Air Boss up here in the tower, where I help coordinate operations on the flight deck, as well as in the air controlling the airspace around Enterprise out to five miles and up to 3,000 feet. Folks that work in the Air Department are some of the hardest working folks that we have on board USS Enterprise. I always look forward to getting home to South Carolina and visiting family and getting together with friends as much as possible. My opportunities to get down are few and far between, so we try to make the best of it when we're there. Taking the family down, getting together with family and friends back home, I think is always great for any service member. I think for probably most service members, they could always say that there was a teacher or coach who helped lead them, get them where they're going, get them off in the right direction. A couple of folks that I would like to name would be Coach Harold Jones and a teacher, Harry Poll, who was a math teacher of mine in high school, as well as always family and friends. I have an older brother who was in the service as well, now retired as a captain who kind of laid a road for me and helped me understand and has been a mentor to me the entire way. I'd like to say hello to family, friends, folks who have helped me along the way. Any young individual who's out there who is looking for a life of service and something that is well spent, time, I definitely would recommend joining the service, whether it be Navy or any other service, but definitely a job with the United States Navy is a way to go. I proudly serve my country's Navy combat team with honor, courage, and commitment, and the fair treatment of all.


So, today we get started with the basic concepts, so this is going to be the first part of the course, in the basic concepts what we will be doing is this, we will start with some of the basic definitions, there we will cover what we mean by an argument, and since each argument consist of a premise and a conclusion, and then we are going to talk about what constitutes a premise, and what constitutes a conclusion, and then when the premises are leading to the conclusion is the one which we will be interested in. So, first we will talk about some basic definitions, then we will talk about certain things which are which come under the category of non-arguments, so basically they are non-inferential passages, and then we move on to two different kinds of arguments, one is deductive argument, another one is inductive argument, basically we will be interested in studying the difference between the inductive and deductive arguments, so once we find out the deductive and inductive arguments, then we will move on to some of the basic and important properties of logic, so they are validity, validity talks about how the premises is leading to the conclusion, so after all logic is all about what follows from what, in this case the premises how the premises are leading to the conclusion is studied by what we call it as validity, it is not just enough that the arguments are valid, so it has to be sound also, for example if you have, there are many arguments which are valid but does not make any sense, for example if you take into consideration all circles are squares, the other way round it is all squares are circles, all circles are parallelograms, then all squares are parallelograms, although the conclusion seems to be true, but the premises are false enough, so soundness will take care of the fact that it is not enough that the argument is valid but your premises of your argument also has to be true enough, so in the argument that I explained the premises are false but the conclusion is true enough, so we want to avoid such kind of arguments in which the argument is valid but it is not sound, so we will talk about soundness of deductive arguments and then when it comes to inductive arguments we will talk about whether they are weak or whether they are strong etc, so then there is an important method with which you will come to know the invalidity of an argument, so that method is called as countering, counter example method, so what we will do in the counter example method is this that we will create an instance where you have true premises and a false conclusion, so if you can come across with an example where you have true premises and a false conclusion then the argument is invalid. So then one of the important things which we are going to study is one important model of an argumentation, basically we want to know when an argument is a good one, when an argument is a bad one, so if you want to study in detail what constitutes a good argument and what constitutes a bad argument then you need to know about it is one of the one model of an argumentation. So one of the important models of argumentation is due to philosopher his name is Stephen Tulmin he has come up with an interesting model where he talks about a model of an argumentation, so we will talk about the model of an argumentation at the end of this thing, after all this course is all about logic it is an introduction to logic course and basically logic is basically considered as a study of argument and reasoning, these are the two important things which will be interested in logicians would be interested in, so systematic study of arguments and reason. And one of the definitions which is given in one of the popular books of introductory introduction to logic by Patrick Hurley is this is the following, logic may be defined as an organized body of knowledge or science that evaluates arguments, so it is important to study arguments, what we mean by an argument and what constitutes argument and all. So one of the important questions that we will ask before going further is what is logic is one of the important most difficult things to define, it is not just like you know defining physics or defining mathematics such that such as this thing logic is almost everywhere it is used as basically a justificatory tool and all, so traditionally logic has been considered as the most general science is deals with the arguments and the task of logic is basically to discover fundamental principles for discover for distinguishing good and bad arguments, so we have good and bad arguments now how do we distinguish between good and bad arguments, that is what logic will take care of it. So the other thing is that the study of though it also talks about the study of those general principles that make certain patterns of argument valid and other patterns of arguments invalid enough, so this comes under the category of formal logic, there are certain arguments which are valid by virtue of the valid form and there are certain other arguments which are invalid just because it has got an invalid form and all. For example if you have A implies B and then A then B follows from these two, so that argument is a valid argument since it exhibits valid form, so the other case of invalid argument is that A implies if A then B then not A and then not B, so this is called as fallacy there is something mistake in the argumentation and it is an invalid form that is why the argument is invalid, so logic is also a study of those general principles that makes certain patterns like A implies B and A B follows from that which makes it valid whereas A implies B not A and then not B follows from these two things which is making this argument invalid. So logic takes studies about the distinction between these two different patterns of argumentation and all, one is valid another one is invalid and all, invalid because of the case that it has invalid form and valid because it exhibits valid form, so we are talking about the study of argumentation after all these arguments are composed in the language and then we have three different functions of a language, so logic is after all it is viewed as a language, it has three basic functions, so the first one is the logical function, language has the logical function especially when it is used to convey some kind of information. For example if the sentence uttered can be spoken as either true or false then these kinds of things are called as declarative sentences and all, so especially when the language is used to convey some kind of information and that information can be considered as either true or false then it is used in the logical sense and all, for example if I say there is only one door in this room and all, so this sentence can be spoken as either true or false and all, there is no middle value between this thing, you cannot say that it is neither true nor false or something like that, so this kind of a sentence can be spoken as either definitely as true or false and all, since there is only one door for this room, so the sentence is true, if there are no two doors and all then two doors are missing then it is considered to be false and all. Another historical thing is on September 1939 Adolf Hitler's army invaded Poland and all, it is an historical fact, of course we can verify with our historical facts and we can say that the sentence is true or false. So what is clear here is that the language is used to convey some kind of information that information is it can be spoken as either true or false, so language can also be used in an expressive sense, in the sense that it is indicative of some kind of emotions feelings etc. Example when you come across some kind of dirty cockroach or frog or something like that, immediately we will express our emotions etc by saying that it is dirty cockroach or something like that, so it is used in a sense of expressive sense and all, language can also be used in an evocative sense, the examples are like this, language is employed to evoke response in others and all, somebody is talking to someone then the other one person tries to evoke some kind of emotions in others and all. So for example you say if you are in a danger then you will cry you will shout and say save me and all, pardon me etc and all, so save me pardon me etc and all, these statements cannot be spoken as either true or false and all. So for example the other things which can come under the category of this thing is there are certain types of questions like what are we doing here etc and all, so these cannot be spoken as either true or false. So what we will be considering in this course is that those sentences which can be spoken as either true or false are the things which we are going to take into consideration, these are the basic units of our, the sentences are the propositions are the basic units of logic and all. So what are these propositions or what are these statements and all, so there is the precise nature of proposition is a matter of some kind of philosophical debate there is no consensus on what exactly we mean by a proposition and all, but if you take into consideration the Oxford English dictionary and it is proposition is considered to be a noun which is considered to be a statement expressing a kind of judgment or an opinion or it is a proposed scheme or plan or a matter to be dealt with or a formal statement of a theorem or a problem. It looks like that there is a last one a formal statement of a theorem or a problem seems to be coming closer to what we mean by a proposition. So in this course what we take into consideration is that a proposition is a simple sentence which can be spoken as either true or false. So it can also be called as a declarative sentences declarative sentence etc. So propositions statements sentences etc all these things are used in the same sense especially in this course. Since a proposition is also used as a claim or an assertion that affirms or denies that something is the case and all for example if you say that it is raining outside then suppose it is actually that is a fact that it is raining outside then the sentence is true otherwise it is false. So all propositions are either true or false and no proposition can be both true and both false are neither true nor false and all these things which we leave it out. So there are other logics which takes care of this particular kind of things and a sentence can be neither true nor false or a sentence can be both true both false will be taken care by some other logics which are which come under the category of non classical logics. The logics that we will be studying at least come under the category of standard logics or the classical logics. Another definition of propositions are these that propositions are the soul bearers of truth and false. Other things which come under the category of not under the category of propositions are these things questions commands exclamations usually they do not express any preposition because suppose if you say that what is your name and all if you ask someone what is your name and all that kind of sentence cannot be spoken as either true or false or if you say that shut up your shut up and all suppose something you say like this then that that also cannot be spoken as either true or false and it is not a declarative kind of sentence. So those things that do not come under the category of propositions. So now so far what we have said is like this that a preposition or a statement or sentence all these things we use it same kind of thing. So preposition is a sentence which can be spoken as either true or false. The examples of prepositions are like this all triangles have three sides it is a mathematical fact. So for example if you say Akhilesh other who is the current chief minister of Uttar Pradesh or if you say if today is Friday then tomorrow is Saturday all these things can be spoken as either true or false. So now we come to so far we have we talked about the basic units of an argument the basic unit of argument is the preposition a statement or a sentence there are one of the same. So now what we mean by an argument so again if you refer to Oxford English dictionary it is also considered as noun unfortunately in the dictionary it is used in a negative sense usually when we mean when we say that you are arguing with someone else then it is usually considered as some kind of heated exchange of diverging or opposite views for example child is arguing with his father for something then there might be some exchange of words etc or a set of reasons in support of something that seems to be a better one which we can make use of. So this is not the one which we are going to talk about that means argument we mean it is not an exchange of heated exchange of diverging or opposite views. So what we mean in a mean by an argument is that it is a collection of statements that means those sentences which can be spoken as true or false leave out all the commands and other things and all questions etc it is a collection of statements called premises and I will talk about what we mean by premises and the final statement is what we call it as a conclusion. So the structure of an argument is this that it consists of a premise and it consists of a conclusion and especially in philosophy an argument is a group of two or more propositions that express some kind of inferential process and all the kind of inference and all inference is a mechanism at which you know you will come to know how the premises are leading to the conclusion. So what is an inference and inference is a mental process of linking propositions by offering support to one proposition on the basis of more other propositions and all suppose you have two propositions which serves as premises the other one is also another kind of proposition which will serve as a conclusion and all. So in an argument we need to distinguish what is a premise and what is a conclusion and all because ultimately the premises has to lead to some kind of conclusion and all if any one of these things is missing then it is not called as an argument and all and no argument you will not come across an argument which does not consist of a premise and it is in consist of a conclusion and all and there is something it is like some kind of description or something like that. So what we mean by conclusion is that conclusion is that single kind of proposition which is supported by the other propositions. So there are in an argument what we have is at least you know three propositions out of these three propositions two seems to be supporting the other one and all the one which supports the other proposition is called as a conclusion and those things which are going to support they are called as premises and all. So what we mean by a premise is a proposition that provides basis of support for the conclusion. So what I am talking about is simply this that in an argument we have a conclusion and we have a premise and all. So premises usually support the conclusions or conclusion is supported by the premises. So now what we mean by a support etc and all when I talk about validity etc I will talk about what exactly I mean by and a premise is supporting a conclusion and all. So usually in the beginning we said that logic is also a study of good and bad reasoning and all I mean good and so we need to talk about what we mean by a good inference. Good inferences are those in which the premises provide adequate support for the conclusion and the bad ones are those in which the premises are inadequate to this task and all. So in an argument we have we find found out that there are premises and there is a conclusion and if the premises are supporting adequately supporting the conclusion then it is called as a good argument and the premises are not adequate enough to believe the conclusion to be true then it is called as a bad argument. So then we basically we just we are talking about some of the basic definitions of basic concepts of logic and in that you know we need to talk about all these things. So then the next concept which we need to define is the inference. So again if you refer to Oxford English dictionary it is also considered to be a noun inference is a kind of conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning. So the process of relating the conclusion by some kind of inferring so in a technical sense it is the reasoning process expressed by an arguer in an argument. So the reasoning process employed in for example if you say all men are mortal, socrates is man and socrates is mortal then in that socrates is mortal is inferred by these two premises that you know all men are mortal and socrates is man. So this process of moving from all men are mortal, socrates is man, socrates is mortal this process is called as a kind of inference process. So then once we identify this arguments and all then it is important to distinguish between formal and informal arguments and formal argument is like this. Suppose if you say the IITK administration must either energetically support the development of battery powered autos in the campus or else suffer increasing atmospheric pollution and the premise to says this IIT Kanpur must not suffer increasing atmospheric pollution. So it is denying the in the first premise the first line suggests that it is an antecedent and the second one suggesting us that it is a consequent. So the conclusion is this that the IIT Kanpur must energetically support the development of battery powered autos in the campus and all. So this particular thing has this particular kind of format the format is like this, so this has this particular kind of structure. So the first one is A and the second one is B and then we are denying the conclusion and then you need to deny the antecedent. So this argument is by virtue of the form it is valid kind of argument since it exhibits valid form it is a valid argument for example if you say that A implies B and then not A then if you infer not B then this is not a valid argument. So why it is a case I will explain it little bit later but this is a valid form and this is an invalid form invalid form since it exhibits invalid form it is an invalid argument and it is interesting to note that in an invalid arguments which usually exhibits in invalid forms irrespective of what you take into consideration for A and B whatever you substitute here for A and B they are just representing some kind of prepositions. So whatever you substitute for A and B that is going to be since it exhibits invalid form and all it is going to be invalid. So the example that we spoke we are talking about come under the category of the first one this. So the IITK administration must either energetically support the development of battery powered autos in the campus or else suffer an increasing atmospheric pollution and all. So actually this is usually represented as PRQ that is the first thing and then just once again then it is IITK must not suffer an increasing atmospheric pollution so this Q is represented this thing then this there is a rule in logic which says that PRQ and not Q then leads to this. So this is the one which we have to represent it for this example so the IITK administration must either energetically support the development of battery powered autos is represented by P and or else it will suffer increasing atmospheric pollution is represented as Q. So now the second premise says that IITK must not suffer increasing atmospheric pollution that means it is not Q. So then PRQ and not Q is the case then obviously Q is ruled out so P has to be the case so IITK must energetically support the development of battery powered autos in the campus. So this comes into the category of disjunctive syllogism so this is going to be valid whatever you substitute for P Q or which constitutes prepositions and all in this particular kind of case and all. Suppose if you look into the other one the one which I showed it on the board the argument 1 numbered 1 so A implies B and not B and not A so that is also come under the category of valid arguments and all since it exhibits valid formula and the second one A implies B and not A and if you say not B then it is invalid argument one example which we can take for the second argument which is called as which is considered as invalid argument you can say that if the grass is wet then if it rained then the grass is wet for example it use this thing for the second one if it rained grass is wet this is the first sentence which we are talking about you are talking about example 2 and all so this is the third example if it rained then the grass is wet obviously if it rains in a grass will be wet only so this is represented as A and this is represented as B so now not A is it did not rain it did not so now from these two arguments if you infer that grass is not wet grass is not if it rained then the grass is wet and it did not rain then the grass is wet so suppose if you have said that if it rained in the grass is wet and it indeed rained and all then you can say that grass is wet so in the second example we can come up with some kind of counter example with which you know your premises are true and the conclusion can be false so this is an invalid form so that is why it is called as invalid kind of argument if it rained the grass is wet and all so it did not rain then suppose if you infer this particular kind of thing in second suppose if you say even this also grass is right for example if you take this example into consideration aim plus B and not a and then if you infer B and all so then you will see the difference that it rained then the grass is wet that is obviously true suppose if it did not rain that also is a matter of fact and all then you look at the conclusion grass is wet and all so you can come up with a counter example you know grass can be wet in several other ways also so you might it might be the case that sprinkler might be on or somebody has poured some kind of water into it or some water has come from somewhere etc and all apart from rain and all so what is clear from this argument is this that if you write aim plus B and not a and from this you infer B and all this is clearly an invalid kind of argument it is invalid argument in the sense that it is invalid form and all and even in the example also you can clearly see that if it rained the grass is wet may be true it did not rain is also true then but still it is difficult for us to believe that grass is wet and all because of the fact that grass can be wet in several other ways so the sprinkler might be on or may be some other reason and all so that means we have come up with some kind of counter example in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false and all so especially when the when it is a case that a premises are true and conclusion is false and that is called as an invalid kind of argument I will talk about the validity part little bit later but what I am trying to say is that just by seeing the form itself we can say that it is kind of formal kind of argument and all because the arguments that I have expressed on the board has a clear cut form and all we can talk about validity are invalid a little bit later and all all this the ones which I have expressed on the board I mean they are all formal kind of arguments and all so then what are considered to be the informal kind of arguments and all so informal arguments are those arguments in which they do not express specific kind of form and all then you need to analyze the content of the argument and all so what is important here is that formal arguments exhibit some kind of form and all just by the virtue of form you can say that this is a formal argument so for example in this case PRQ or not Q and P the example that we have mentioned earlier but look at this other example which is there here suppose if you say this particular kind of thing somebody is trying to argue in this way so you saying this thing why do I have to study logic a question mark and then N he says he goes on and says I am going to be either a movie star or a contractor like my dad he goes on and says that he could not factor his way out of brick and all so there is no need to study logic in so in this particular kind of argument it does not exhibit any specific form and all like the one which we have earlier we have PRQ and not Q and P but in this second example we do not have any specific form which we can see in this particular kind of argument unless and until you analyze the content of the argument you will not be able to conclude anything this particular kind of case so those things which those arguments which requires the analysis of content they are called as informal kind of arguments and all so now it comes to the important question that how to distinguish form and content of an argument because we are saying that any argument which exhibits special specific form and all like the one which you showed it on the board they are formal arguments and the other ones are informal kind of arguments and informal arguments are those arguments which can be for which requires the analysis of content so what is form of an argument and all so the form of an argument is this logical structure or the manner in which the premises offer support to the conclusion and all if you look at any one of these examples 1 2 3 and all forget about whether it is valid or invalid but they exhibit some kind of form and all so PRQ and you deny the deny Q and then obviously it leads to the other possibility in the same way in the first argument A implies B and if you deny the consequent you have to deny the antecedent also where A is antecedent and B is the consequent here so in the second example A implies B and not A and if you say that B follows and that is also exhibit some kind of form and all but it is an invalid form that is why it is invalid argument we will talk about validity little bit later but at this moment we are trying to distinguish between form and the content of the argument. So now form also describes the relationship between the premises and the conclusion so you have to note that an argument that means the formal structure which is exhibited by 1 2 3 which are exhibited on which are shown on the board they are not considered to be true or false and all an argument cannot be true or false and all an argument can only be valid or invalid and all in the same way if you look at look into the prepositions then a preposition cannot be valid or invalid a preposition can only be true or false. So this is a common mistake which most of the students make it and all so that is this that I have to clearly note that an argument cannot be true or false an argument can only be valid or invalid or may be sound may be strong or weak in case of inductive arguments. So only prepositions can be both can be true or false suppose if you say this particular kind of thing this argument is little bit funny and all suppose if you say if elephants can fly then the rocks can float in water so you know that elephants cannot fly that is why you know you are saying that rocks can float in water. So elephants can fly then the rocks can float in water and all so these are the examples which are far away from the reality that we come across in day to day discourse. So but the thing is that these kinds of arguments still exhibit some specific kind of form so they are considered to be in this case if elephants can fly then the rocks can float on water can be represented as a implies b and the elephants can fly is represented as a then the rocks can float in water is represented as b. So a implies b and a and from this b follows so this is a perfectly valid kind of argument and all but it does not make any sense to us so unless until you know the arguer is trying to make some fun out of fun of someone else and all or something like that you can use make use of this particular kind of argument but you have to note that this argument exhibits some kind of valid form that is why it is a valid kind of argument. So if you take the other thing into consideration content of the argument the content of an argument is the group of actual prepositions that comprise the argument so it is with respect to the content alone that we may consider its truth and falsehood of the preposition. So these prepositions are true or false with respect to some kind of context etc and all you have to analyze the content of the preposition so that then only you will come to know whether it is true or false you have to put it into the context and all. Suppose if you take into consideration this one this is a very funny example key is better than nothing obviously anyone who is hungry and all if he has nothing and all if he is presented with key and all obviously you will be very happy then the second preposition is this that nothing is better than eternal happiness and of course everyone is in this world is craving for is striving for some kind of eternal happiness after our purpose of life is to be happy enough. So nothing is better than eternal happiness if these two are considered to be true then obviously you infer that key is better than eternal happiness here is just some kind of material kind of need which we need it and all for coming out of hunger etc. But that may not give us some kind of eternal happiness. So clearly if you do not analyze the content of the argument and all that means the premises that you have used here this argument seems to be perfectly valid kind of argument. So unless until you analyze the content of the argument you will not come to know whether it is valid or invalid and all. So these arguments requires the analysis of content only if you can analyze the content of the argument and you will come to know that this is valid or invalid kind of argument and all. So at least you know we will not believe this particular kind of thing key is better than nothing nothing is better than eternal happiness then key is better than eternal happiness and all. Suppose if you follow some kind of formal structure for this one A implies B B implies C then A implies C you know but you know the argument if you do not take into consideration the content of an argument then there is no way to judge whether this argument is at least a good one or bad one and all. So now the second issue is that we have said that logic is a systematic study of argumentation and it is also a study of different forms of reasoning and all. So that content can deal with anything that is it can be mathematics, it can be cooking, it can be physics, it can be ethics and whatever. So logic is basically used as a tool a justificatory tool you know which appears in all the subjects and all. So that is why you know it cannot be studied separately independent subject and all but it is part and parcel of all these things and all. So let us use tools of logic, physics also use tools of logic etc. So when you learn logic what you are simply doing is learning the tools of reasoning that can be applied to any subject and all. For example the rules that I have used on the board there are inferential rules which can be used in any subject matter, subject matter can be anything it can be mathematics, it can be cooking, it can be even physics etc. So basically logic is used as a justificatory tool. So now we have said that an argument consists of premises and a conclusion. So now we will go into the details of what we mean by premises and what we mean by a conclusion of an argument and then how to identify premises and how to identify a conclusion in a given argument. So one of the definitions of premise is that premises are the statements that means the sentence can be spoken as a true or false that is the meaning of a statement that set forth reasons are evidence you know. So the statements for example if you are given a passage which consists of different group of statements. So in the passage suppose if you want to identify the premises and identify the conclusions then we need to define what we mean by premises. The premises are those statements which set forth reasons are evidence. So if you take into consideration Oxford English dictionary it says this thing and a conclusion can be treated as this thing and end or a finish or summing up of an argument or a text or a judgment or a decision reached by reasoning the settling of a treaty or an agreement etc is called as a conclusion. But in the course in logic what we use is this thing a conclusion is statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply a particular kind of thing. So premises set forth reasons are evidence etc and all and that is these premises support some other kind of proposition the other proposition which we are calling it as a conclusion. For example if you say all metals expands upon heating and iron is a metal then iron expands upon heating in this particular kind of argument iron expands upon heating is a conclusion whereas it is supported by these two premises and all metals expands upon heating and iron is a metal. So the premises seems to be supporting the conclusion if it adequately supports the conclusion it is called as a good argument if it premises are not adequate enough to believe the conclusion to be true then it is a bad argument. We are not interested in good and bad kind of things we are subjective kind of judgments but we use a different kind of term and all validity etc. So what are the questions that we need to ask ourselves to identify premises and conclusion in a given English language passage and all first we need to identify what are premises and what are conclusions then once you identify premises and conclusion then you will look into whether the premises are leading to the conclusion whether the premises are giving sufficient evidence to believe the conclusion to be true or not is the one which we will think of. So now the most important question that we will ask is how do we recognize arguments that means recognizing argument in a sense that we need to recognize the premises we need to recognize the conclusion and then how these premises are leading to the conclusion is the one which we need to see. How one distinguishes arguments from non-arguments suppose in an English language passage and you found out some premises and your conclusion then the premises are leading to conclusion then you call it as an argument and it has a specific structure and all the structure is that it has premises and it has a conclusion and there is an inferential claim made in the arguments and all suppose if this kind of inferential claim is missing in some kind of passages let us say a group of statements leading to another one and all but this inferential claim is missing then it is called as a non inferential passage and that comes under the category of non-arguments. So basically what is that we are trying to do is that we are trying to distinguish between arguments and non-arguments. Arguments exhibit some specific type of structure whereas non-arguments we do not have such kind of structure. Arguments are inferential whereas non-arguments are non-inferential so we talk about what we mean by inferential and non-inferential little bit later. So only when an argument has been identified we will be able to critically examine in a clear and objective fashion is the task of a logician to identify what he means by an argument what he has to come up with some kind of arguments then only he can judge whether he can start criticizing that particular kind of argument you can say that the argument is not good enough or you can say that argument is strong weak or all these things you can come up with for that you need to have you need to come up with an argument for an argument what we need is premises and conclusion. So first and foremost thing which we will be doing is we will identify the conclusion and all. So the conclusion there are some indicators for identifying the conclusion in a given English language passage and all. So what is happening here is you know you are given an English language passage which consists of group of statements and all it is covered with so many other things and all exclamatory or languages used in so many senses and all that is what we have seen earlier. So how to identify a conclusion in a given passage and all English language passage suppose if you are reading a newspaper reading something else science scientific text or something like that. So how do you identify the conclusion in group of statements and all. So usually conclusion indicators are these things. So the statements which which and begins with so therefore consequently accordingly thus hence the most basic commonly used one is therefore and consequently and all this is the one which you usually come across in most of the English language passages. Suppose if you come across another word which begins sentence which begins with hence or it can be inferred that suppose it begins with a phrase it follows that or from these facts it can be concluded that and then so and so and all or if you say that this implies that something follows after that this entails that it follows that etc. All these things are will come under the category of conclusion indicators and you should note that this is not an exhaustive list. So there may be several other indicators and all which connotes the some of the meanings of which we have used already it might come closer to maybe thus or hence or something like that therefore etc there may be many other phrases which come under the category of conclusion. So now once we identify with the help of a conclusion indicator that here is a conclusion in a given English language passage then the next question that we need to ask is what are the premises what are going to be the indicator phrases for identifying the premises. Premises can be identified by these indicators and again the list is not exhaustive and we are not saying that these are the only things which constitutes the premise indicators there may be many things which comes closer to one of these things. So just you know this is our task to identify the premises in a conclusion once you identify the premises in a conclusion then we can say that this is the presence of argument and all once you have an argument then you can start criticizing it and all. So after all we are all talking about critical thinking so what is the premise is a previous statement from which another statement is inferred and all what is inferred is a conclusion and the previous statements are all premises and all. There are many phrases and words that provides clues to the presence of a premise and these are the indicators and all because for since the most basically most commonly used word is since and all whenever you come across something which begins with since or given that for the reason that as from the fact that etc or for the following reason this follows from a seeing that etc all these things comes under the premise indicators once you identify one of these phrases and it begins with these kinds of sentences which follows after these things and we can say that premises are present in a given passage and all. So here are some of the examples in which you know we can identify what are premises and what are conclusions in all so the first look into the first example IIT education is a good thing but costly somebody is arguing like this a lot of students depend on bank loans scholarships to pay their tuition fees etc now suppose all of a sudden if banks discontinue loans scholarships and that would mean that fewer students could afford this IIT education because it is costly and all of a sudden they stop this scholarships etc and all they will know way in which they can they can pay the tuition fees and all. So now in this kind of English language passes the one which we have said earlier is that you have to identify the premise and conclusion indicators so now the first thing which you need to find out a strategy is to find out the conclusion indicators so now we can clearly see that in the last line of the first argument therefore is there so whatever follows after therefore is considered as a conclusion so hence the conclusion here is this thing discontinuing bank loans and scholarships would be a bad thing so that is called as a conclusion now once you identify the conclusion you need to find out what supports this particular kind of conclusion because what supports this kind of statement are considered to be the premises in all so the one which is previously followed by this conclusion are said to be the premises in all for example all these things IIT education is a good thing but costly a lot of students depend upon bank loans scholarships pay the tuition fees etc discontinuing bank loans etc all seems to be supporting this the final fact that bank loans discontinuing bank loans and scholarships would be would be a very costly if I become costly for the student. Now consider the second example with this we will end this first lecture so smoking is bad for your health so now the one in the bold letters is a premise indicator so because it destroys the healthy functioning of your lungs anything that destroys the healthy functioning of your lungs is bad for your health so now the first sentence smoking is bad for your health why it is the case you know is your it is supported by the statements which followed follows after the phrase because so that is why smoking is bad for your health is a conclusion and then whatever follows after that seems to be supporting why smoking is bad etc so in the same way in the third example punishment does not deter crime unless it it is swift and certain unless until you give some kind of strong punishment and all this crime will continue and all the punishment is not shift swift and and certain in the justice system of India therefore whatever follows therefore the punishment does not deter crime in the justice system of India that is seems to be the conclusion and whatever is before that the punishment does not deter crime unless it is swift etc they are all considered to be premises so in this lecture what we all considered is simply this that we have identified what we have talked about what we mean by an argument we said that argument consists of a premise and a conclusion then we also talked about how to identify premise and a conclusion in a English language passage we said that whenever you have a premise indicators you say that the English language passes consist of a premise and if you have a conclusion indicator then you can say that there is a conclusion present in the given passage now so now the next question which arises is that suppose if the premise and conclusion indicators are absent in a given English language passage how to identify that it is an argument or in the next lecture we will consider what we mean by a non-argument how to distinguish arguments from non-argument and what kind of specific structure argument will have all these questions which we will try to answer in the next lecture.


Live from Las Vegas, it's theCUBE. Covering InterConnect 2017, brought to you by IBM. Okay, welcome back everyone. Live in Las Vegas, the Mandalay Bayworth, the IBM InterConnect 2017. This is theCUBE's exclusive coverage of three days of wall-to-wall. Day three, winding down here at the event. Great show about cloud, data, and blockchain. Our next guest is Marie Wieck, who's the general manager of the blockchain group with an IBM, and Greg Wolfond, who's the chairman and CEO of Secure Key Technologies. Announce a partnership with IBM, a lot of great success of blockchain. It's now a business unit in IBM. Marie, great to see you. Congratulations on the new role. Absolutely, we're really excited. We've seen so much momentum in blockchain that we really are investing heavily, created a new division, part of our industry platforms team, and we're off to the races. So six weeks in the role now. Six weeks, I guess the business model is keep running hard, because you guys have made great success. We had Ramesh, one of your workers in your division on earlier. He came from the labs, or the research team, and now he's in solutions. The traction has been pretty amazing. So take us through from a business standpoint, obviously you're now got the P&L output running, you're going engaging customers and use cases. Where did this progress come from? Was it just the internal coalesce of IBMers and customers coming together? Give us why this is at its point today. I mean, I think the most important point about blockchain is that it really is a network effect. The whole idea of a shared distributed ledger where everybody has visibility to the appropriate parts of data that they want gives you some really interesting new business models. But you can't have a network effect. You can't have a community and an ecosystem if you don't have a common set of standards and a way to drive interoperability. So just 15 months ago, we launched with 30 other people the Hyperledger project in the Linux Foundation. It's been the fastest growing open source project since the Linux Foundation started. So really impressive momentum. And if you think back just a year at Interconnect last year in February, we had this little demo of trading marbles. This year, fast forward a year, we have a new division, we have 400 clients that we're working with on real production level use cases. We have eight networks in production. We've got now version one of the standard, which really brings a lot of the enterprise requirements. And we're seeing all kinds of new use cases. Supply chain, healthcare, government, financial services, all where we're really talking about being real now and trusted for business. And I would add that Ginny Rametti on stage, hammering home the focus. Exactly. Like big time. At a Watson-esque level. Absolutely. That must be mobilizing the IBMers, obviously a new division. What's the buzz internally, right? People want to come work for you in your division now. It's like, I mean, what's happening? I do get an awful lot of emails from a lot of people who are very interested, but I always know when there's real momentum, when there are people who are doing it, that we didn't tell to do it. So we're starting with a pretty small team internally. My group itself, DirectLine, is about 200 people. There's about 600 people in the extended team across the different functions across IBM. But when I do a search on our internal directory and search for blockchain, there's over 1,000 people who have that name already in their title or in their description because they're working on it and they see the power of it. Innovative people get intoxicated by blockchain because they can just see the disruption elements. Greg, I want to ask you because you're actually doing it, not only intoxicating to kind of grok what blockchain can be, is some real use cases right now really jamming hard on blockchain with the ledger? Can you just share quickly how that's playing out and in context to IBM and in the marketplace? Yeah, so we're, SecureQ is a digital ID company. So we started in Canada years ago doing this login service for government. You show up, you want to see your taxes, your unemployment, your pension, any of 80 different departments. We made it easy for citizens to go there. You can redirect into a federated login with your TD login or your Royal Bank login. We have millions of Canadians who use that and we had hundreds of thousands a month but it's really a login service and it saved the federal government, I think, $800 million to get that done but we wanted to move to the next step which is sharing identities, so digital identity and how do I share my attributes from TD Bank or Royal Bank or my data from Equifax or Trans-Engine in a trusted way with parties I want to and not share it in other ways and we couldn't do that without Hyperledger. So we can talk a little bit about why we went to it but we have a network in Canada we tested already phase one we're launching later this year with Royal Bank, TD Bank, Bank of Montreal, Scotia where a citizen can show up at a telco to create a new account is it okay to share my name and address and my credit score, yes, done. Counts open in seconds. FinTrack changed the rules in Canada so you can open a bank account. Can I show up at a bank and share my attributes from the province and from a credit agency and create my bank account in seconds and we've all had this problem, right? We don't talk to my wife. We live it every day, I mean identity theft like I think front and center in mainstream life everyone's have either someone close to them or themselves get the phone call. The credit score is dropping or hey, someone's had my identity for a couple of weeks this is brutal even the credit cards are getting. It's funny when I started this business two of my friends had their identity taken over and someone put mortgages on their homes and I said there had to be a better way to do it. But if you, with blockchain if we can take data from different sources that the bank knows it's me and I can log in right now that I possess this phone that the province knows it's me and I can turn on the camera and check it's me we can raise the ID validation score for everyone in the whole industry from healthcare to government to banking and we not only raise the ID validation we also raise the off score because I'm not just logging in with my bank I must have this phone with this imminent and if it's canceled it's not me and normally people would put that through brokers in the middle but NIST in the US said we don't want brokers in the middle they could peak they could see your data I have single points of failure if this is identity for health et cetera it goes down I have honey pots of data people are collecting all of my stuff in one place it's encrypted but the bad guys going to get that right they could go after the person and say I need the keys I have a member of your family I mean we're living in a world in the cloud we know Marine knows there's no perimeter anymore and the security experts that are state of the art right now are saying even say in the Cuban day one here it's data is the new perimeter so there it is right this is fundamental what you're saying this is the new perimeter the data and you distribute it so no broker right means less of a threat matrix for people to hack right no you don't need a trusted third party to arbitrate there shouldn't be you shouldn't have to get other credentials and things to go right if I can log in at my bank right now and prove I've got the mobile device can I release data from different sources can I you know 10% of Americans move every year if I show up in an apartment can I share that I'm Greg and my bank says I'm me that I have this device from my mobile company can I share a background check to say that it's me we're going to do that in about eight seconds as compared to the landlord having to go and pay a real estate agent one month's rent to vet you and then when you do that imagine the power now right would you like to sign up for internet share your data yes click would you like content insurance click totally taking friction out for consumers but making sure that the parties who provide that data whether it's my bank whether it's my government they can't track me I don't want my government or my bank knowing if I go to mental health or if I go to a cancer clinic really important they don't know yeah healthcare I mean I know it's like in Canada but certainly in the United States you can't get information about yourself and and it's a perfect connection to blockchain because the whole notion of blockchain in our mind is about a trusted network and how do you get trust if you don't know who the people are who are participating so we signed an agreement with the Food and Drug Administration in the United States to focus on leveraging blockchain for exchange of information around patients privately and securely for clinical drug trials you know it's just one example of now you bring that trust element that's built on a blockchain already as a new interoperable component of these new supply chain networks whether it's around around supply chain and global sourcing whether it's the provenance of food or diamonds there's some really interesting aspects that you can now add on top and we're now even connecting you mentioned cognitive you know now apply Watson on top of that how do you increase the trust level in our new version one delivery of hyper ledger on the IBM cloud we actually provide a trust score for the network scale of one to a hundred you know what if Watson could actually look at your use case and hear the recommendations and suggestions for how to improve the trust level improving it means getting more members so it's more distributed and there's more sharing of information but they're not going to want to share that information if there isn't a trust model so give us a glimpse as to sort of your business you got 200 people but you've got thousands of people within IBM that you can tap in addition to the huge portfolio of things like cognitive so you get this the startup right inside of IBM so what do you do are you building out and you said it's inside the industry platforms team so what is that and what are you actually building out so we're we are building we're taking and contributing we're investing really in the Hyperledger project ourselves we are one of now 122 members of the open source and open community project and we're actually developing and contributing content there big committer and we provide a support model for anybody who wants to use just Hyperledger but we take Hyperledger back and now we're delivering it as a secure platform on our high security network that is production grade enterprise strong would be Ginny's word for that right and delivering that on our cloud or letting you take a container and put it on your own enterprise if you really want your own private cloud but we're also building industry solutions on top of that so we announced a partnership with Maresk for global shipping on global trade digitization to provide greater visibility but on that deal just to interrupt that Ramesh was pointing out that wasn't a solution specifically for them that was an industry scope solution so it's really a partnership so in this case again it's that network effect it's that ecosystem it's not Maresk the customer it's Maresk and IBM the partners who are now bringing forward as the anchor tenants in this new network the rest of our ecosystems and we were interested because we have a big supply chain business for all our hardware as well and you're selling a SaaS product is that right so it's a subscription based model and then services on top of that and services both to develop new blockchain applications we've had a number of our clients here from the 20,000 and interconnect that have come up with new ideas we're going to help them build that in a services kind of model but many of these are going to be essentially SaaS networks where either they're going to pay a membership fee or they're going to pay per transaction a percentage of the price or they're going to participate in the savings because this is actually going to streamline the opportunity in the case of Secure Key the model we see customers willing to buy the validation of an identity for an individual if they're participating in a critical transaction a bank would certainly be willing to pay to increase the confidence that Greg is Greg if he was applying for a mortgage online and the consumption is through the IBM cloud correct and that's yeah so there's a toolkit where big believers in open source it's open at the ends really easy using things like BlueMix to connect to the endpoints and for us it's just a magnificent coming together because things like the high security network to turn banks on quickly where they trust it and they can put their data in a secure and trusted way make this all go faster but that's the only place in the world I can get this correct? it is certainly the only place that you can get that level of security in a blockchain from a competitive standpoint somebody else has to build this out and create as a competitive product as IBM has and run it on somebody else's cloud for them to compete correct? that is correct the strategy is not to spam the world's clouds it's to say hey we've got this solution here's how you get it here's how you consume it and we really firmly believe that if this isn't an interoperable set of standards there will be other networks there will be other participants we want them all to be interoperable we want a global identity standard for interlocking networks because that is actually the tide that raises all boats so if they want to take hyper ledger and put it on their own private cloud or somebody else's cloud we support that thoroughly we think that the most enterprise grade cloud though is what I'm saying you just got thousands of people doing it and you say go for it exactly bring it on baby well I mean first of all you had me at blockchain in the interview so I love blockchain and I think it's very intoxicating from a disruption standpoint any entrepreneur, any innovator just this is a bulldozer on existing business models and business, how people do things so I'm sure the organic growth that you guys see is proving it internal, IBM and external how do people get involved what's your plans on building the ecosystem out because you got a tiger by the tail here as the GM of this division now you got to run hard you got to embrace people you got events what's your plan and how do I get involved if I'm someone watching and we want to get involved so great simple ways to get involved you know the developers we want them to be involved directly through the cloud and through developer works you get free access you can get started quickly in three clicks you can have a four-peer hyper ledger network up and running on Bluemix and you can start your own services and create if you are a customer what we're really suggesting is come and bring us your use case bring the participants in your network as well come into one of our IBM garages and we'll work that out for you and I think it's important that we think blockchain has a huge potential or I wouldn't be in this new role but we also think it's not for everything you know it's not the panacea for every business problem we want to make sure that people are using it in the right way for areas where it really makes the most impact and then we'll help you implement that and develop it and then we really see the whole ecosystem around our partners you know you're going to onboard people into a blockchain network you're going to have to integrate with your back ends you're going to extend your mobile devices to provide these new services through apps so our GSI community is really helping with the integration and the onboarding our ISVs are developing new services that run on those blockchain networks and we just launched our new IBM cloud for financial services has a blockchain zone for all those fintech startups to get access and reuse components so that we can accelerate the effect alright well congratulations we're grateful to see you in the new role congratulations thank you super excited for you and looking forward to getting the update soon at our new studio we'll try to rope you into our new Palo Alto studio Greg great to hear your success this is the Nirvana I mean secure ID is like the big I mean easily not like with some either token or you know engineered identity system and this is a home run it's privacy and it's as we talked about before the broadcast Facebook would you trust Facebook to go see your medical records would you unlock your title using Facebook you want things that are private where people aren't tracking you and are more secure than that so this is really Don Tapscott called Facebook data fracker they're like we provide all our data for Facebook they've gotten billionaires on it thanks so much for spending the time blockchain revolution here inside the cube bringing you really trusted content here on the cube distributed around the world I'm John Furrier, Dave Vellante thanks for watching more great footage coverage coming up here stay with us