And you can let the software do the calculations and then double check the calculations with the formula, which allows you to kind of go back and forth and try to understand what is happening and then plug it into the software and see what is happening. So this is a formula that will actually create a whole worksheet in Excel, a worksheet that we can use to learn. But it's also a great worksheet that I used in practice so that I double check my numbers. I still use it when I double check tax returns, meaning if you're doing the data input into tax software, for example, because there's no double entry accounting system, you might want to have a worksheet that's also in a formula format and do the data input into that as well so that you have, and maybe even if you have a firm have two different people do the data input, one into the software, one into the tax into the formula in Excel. And that way, if those two things reconcile, then you can say, okay, I feel pretty comfortable about that. Or you can look at you can look at the differences and it'll try to it'll start to drill down on on why they're different. And you'll get into these phaseouts and stuff like that as to what the differences are, which you can then understand a little bit better. And you want to understand things better because the software might be able to do the calculations, but you as the tax preparer still have to explain it to people, right? So even if even if you can do the data input without understanding, which I wouldn't really recommend because then you can't tell if something is wrong. But even if you were able to do that, it's going to come up that the the client's going to say, well, why, why is that the case or something like that? And you can't just say, well, because the software, that's what the software did, right? I mean, you could, but that doesn't sound doesn't give a whole has ring with a whole lot of confidence when you're the client. So what our approach that we will take is we'll try to look at break down this income tax formula and then concentrate on each line of it because because each line of this formula has a lot of things included within it. So for example, income question, what's included in income? What isn't included in income? So that's a whole section in and of itself. But when we visualize the formula, that's the question we're asking. If someone saying, I, I receive, I found $100 on the ground. Do I have to? What is that? Well, that's a, that's a question about the income line and what will that do? Now in a broad sense, this formula, you can think of it as basically a funny income statement. So we'll go over it multiple times, but we have an income tax. So we have an income statement and you would think it would just be income.  So this is basically the income statement format that would get you to taxable income. That that would be the general idea. You think you'd be basically done there. Then you just multiply it times the tax rate, but it actually gets a lot confusing even after you get to the taxable income. Why? Because we don't have a flat tax. We've got a progressive tax. So the tax rates confusing. And then we don't just have an income statement. We have deductions, which are kind of like expenses. And then we also have credits that we deal with, which is a whole nother thing, right? A whole nother kind of animal, which is now below the tax calculation.  Therefore we have to deal with the payments and how the payments were made, where they withheld from W2 forms, 1099 forms, did they make estimated tax payments? It's a little bit more complicated than that because you have income. The income statement is not just minus expenses. The expenses are in the form of adjustments to income or above the line deductions. That gets you to the adjusted gross income. And then you can take the greater of either the standard deduction or the atomized deduction. So these are kind of like the expenses, right? Would get you to that income. And then you have the credits and whatnot. So this formula can look a little bit confusing at first, but after we break it down section by section, then I think we'll be able to visualize basically this formula in general. And then we'll work with it in Excel. Once you can visualize it in a formula, you can predict what's going to happen in the software and then use the software to create the forms to see if what you think should happen did happen. So here's the form 1040. Now you can get the forms on the IRS website, irs.gov, irs.gov. And you could just look up form 1040. All the forms are there. The instructions are there. So you have all of that. If you have the software, then you can generate forms with the data input on the software as well. Whichever way you want to work with as we go through the practice problems, that would be fine. Notice that with the forms, there's a whole lot more detail. So you're probably not visualizing the form unless you have some weird photographic memory. If you talk to most tax peoples, they're not just visualizing the form oftentimes when they're trying to calculate a scenario, right? They're probably visualizing more of a formula in their mind and approximating what the form is doing. So again, we'll touch in on that as we go through the practice problems. But looking at the forms is, of course, important because then you can, once you have the formula idea, you can go into the more detailed forms and then start looking at them line by line and seeing what is actually happening, going back from your Excel sheet to the tax return to get a better grasp of what's happening in the more detailed format. And then we have software. Now the software, there's two major softwares. There's software types, I would say. There's software that is for tax professionals and softwares that is for individuals. So the software for tax professionals will typically be a little bit different in the data input. The data input will not be in an interview format, but just in a quick, you have quick fields that you can go to to do the data input a little bit faster. With the individual software, then that type of style of software will typically have like an interview process. So when you do the data input, it's going to ask you questions to try to understand what is happening in a similar way as though you might be in an office with a tax preparer asking you questions to try to get the information necessary to pick up the return. Whereas with the professional software, the assumption is that the professional is doing that and therefore you want to make the software as easy to do the data input as possible. You don't want to have to redo the interview to do the data input. I just want to do the data input, right? I don't want to go through like a half hour interview step by step, screen by screen, you know, when I'm trying to do the data input. So the professional software is really good for practice problems because it's really easy to go back and forth from the data input to the forms and see and see the results. But both both softwares, I would highly recommend using a software, at least whenever doing tax preparation, because you want the internal control. I'm going to use LASERT primarily here because that's the software I've used most. It was bought by QuickBooks, I mean, not by Quick, but into it, the owner of QuickBooks a while back, a long time back, I guess now, but it's a good software. But there's other softwares that you can use as well. The concept will be similar, but just note that you can kind of categorize your softwares in these two major types of software. If you don't have LASERT, you might be able to try a free trial, which we might touch on a little bit more in a later video, and that would be a great tool to be able to practice with. Or you can try other softwares as well, which should have a similar functionality so we can practice. The data input screens will not be exactly the same, but you can use them. And when we do the practice problems, if you don't have any software, you can just simply download the forms from the internal revenue website with the PDF forms and follow along with the tax forms on your end that way, which can be a useful tool as well. So we'll touch in a little bit more on the different softwares in future presentations, I believe.


Everybody forced here ripping 20 22 3 and 2 baseball hobby 10 box case number 13 random divisions Check out their results right here and anytime late sports cards calm. Thanks for joining everybody. Good luck. Let's go Vaughn Go golf. Oh boy Cool to see and beat the Niners and San Fran that's a tough task Big measuring stick for both. Yes Bills are easy Pats beat them last night bad. That's true Dude we whooped them last night Mac through for like 500 Yeah, dude had 200 yuck rushing Good luck everybody got Vlad jr. 11 out of 15 a least Purple rookie Bryson stott 2 of 2 and Elise nice stott rookie And all hands team The kid Ken Griffey jr. 102 150 al west rookie quad relic spencer torkelson 42 of 49 al central dual relic auto Chipper jones and at least chippa 44 49 dude big chipper ice cream sandwiches I would I would destroy what I would eat like three bites and deal with the deal with the brain freeze. Yeah all day I'm down with that no patience with those those things are so good What do you guys think is the best ice cream sandwich? Listen at my daughter's work? They make like fresh ones For us Was a nice real big chopper. Where does she work the the porch long one? Oh, yeah, you told me that before Yeah, Vaughn. It was awesome. Yeah, then when I stopped playing mad and I watched a real game and it was rough Uh, I got devbers at 99 a gold foil tyler mcgill number to 12 rookie for the nle east and a Hapa one of 50 nle sultans Guy belongs in a red sock. Yes. He does Uh Quint relic full count swatches Kirby Puckett Those will all be game war in 22 of 49 al central Kirby Puckett He was awesome And nl west rookie patch auto andre jackson I'm burning six of 10 Let's go mark. That's my boy mark right there Let's go golf I'm gonna have no fingernails for that game You know the patch josh Allen to order on 20 years ago I mean pats won a Superbowl while josh Allen was in the league Paul wainer 18 out of 32 nl central Prospects Kyle Harrison three of five for the nl west And all rookie team nl central o'neill cruise 31 to 50 A quint relic full count swatches alfonso soriano for the al east. That's yankees alfonso soriano 49 to 49 So hush talking to my stream sandwich I'm gonna have to get get them all take them home and then you need like a blind taste test or something We were supposed to do that with something else a blind taste test. I forgot what it was though Wonder franco day one auto redemption al east There you go al east Sorry, uh rogers they go I don't really want to play the one game right now Go golf The sun is a big one golf. I think that's the biggest game this sunday in my opinion that in chief's bangles Those are those are those are big ones right there Gary Carter 23 25 for the nl east Montreal goes to the nationals there Who's the prime time game some trash game like that always is. Oh, no, wait, it's Who's sunday night? Oh, I don't know might be trash 33 and 99 nle is william burgola And full counts ernie bank's nl central 19 of 150 Big peanut butter cookies just right from sandwich. Oh, that is a mule subtles jumbo swatches jumbo bat relic Newark, I don't think he has an mlb Team designation I don't think he ever played mlb Let me check Right, so that's a random to all at the end this one right here mule subtles And chicago patch out a 125 andrew vaughn al central There we go Colts cowboy sound on that football. Oh, dude See i'm saying how's that cowboys cowboys cowboys gonna have that game wrapped up by like the early third quarter I guess we'll all just be watching to see if the cowboys will lose against another bad team They'll beat the good ones and lose the bad ones every time. It's really weird What's up mars? The m&m though those ice cream i'm an ice cream sandwich cookies are pretty good too as well I don't think they're quite as good as the the toll house or the or the or the mayfield. I'm with you 100 to evade pudger Rodriguez al west There are go lots of 32 nl east And moments roi haliday nl east that has no hitter in the playoffs Crazy man crazy r.i.p doc haliday a rookie quad patch matt brash four of seven al west matty brash And another torkelson here al central rookie jersey out of this is a gold one to 10 or no to 30 That for sure looks like gold foil. I'm sorry. It's 12 to 30 though al central again How you doing remars Colts are such a good example of like getting all this They drafted well for a while and then just it all fell apart quick a rod al west to 99 got brice elder 14 and 99 rookie nl east and bobby wit jr al central 64 150 prospect dual patch al west dustin harris 10 of 10 That's a 10. Okay, so the foils are just are just just random. I don't know Three color patches. They're very nice and a Ozzy albies superstar auto numbered five out of 10 nl east on the albies paid many curse golden broncos. I guess so They really haven't been well the Colts were decent after they they were pretty good for a few years of luck After many other Broncos really have not been good since manning less Not even a little bit right like they've been okay a couple years, but They drafted like paxton lynch and What's the guy's name is seattle now the backup to gino block yeah yell it's nl central 13 to 32 nl central christian hernanda is to 99 And johnny my's That is new york giants. I believe the 150 so that would be nl west giants go to giants same franchise Johnny my's yep giants so nl west on the my's Uh dual relic auto jackson job al central 27 at 35 And dual auto kumar rocker jack lighter. That's really cool A couple of vandy pitchers first rounders that goes to the al west. They're both rangers That is really cool 13 out of 32 Lane would probably like that one a lot Oh, there he is There he is there's lane lane Just cool names too kuma rocker should have been a red sox Al Simmons 73 out of 99 for the nl east There's Simmons would he it's al Simmons. Is that his name? Yes, he is an a so he is a philadelphia athletic I'm glad I checked out it looked old enough to be philadelphia a's that is a's that goes al west philadelphia a's became the oakland a's jack lighter eight of eight al west And sultans drunk all those stants and 53 of 150 for the al east Uh full count swatches air your done al west al west do about 34 49 We have a big hit coming I think oh, that's really nice actually hessing Kierstad patch auto 10 of 15 Al east, you know Blake says this is the best hitter. He's faced Is hessing Kierstad really? Yep He was the number two overall pick behind torkelson in 2020 and then he's he was injured for a while and now he's back just mashing nice Kierstad Manny machado 23 at 25 and al west jeremy peña rookie at 25 al west Sweet peña and a full count al west A big show 74 of 150 Yeah, I saw that lane Good deal for the uh for the mariners in my opinion dual patch Loller to 10 nl west and a Steve carlton auto legendary nl east Is that that's like a line down the card isn't it? Yeah, I'm gonna send a boxer rapper with this one three of three on the carlton But it does have like glue or something down the center Or some sort of light damage Yeah, I'll send a boxer rapper for the nl east I saw walm was traded. I didn't know who it was for Our mariners eating some of that contract they gave winker or that winker had I guess I imagine a hashing part of it No way brewers brewers don't like to pay guys a ton. So no way he's getting that Vlad Guerrero senior montreal goes nl east 1 of 15 kevin al kintara 8 of 25 nl central And robinson cano for the nl east that is a met robinson cano 9 of 50 last two Hey, those are for sure cubs relics on this yankees card. So al east anthony rizzo 64 of 75 those are for sure light blue pinstripes And patch auto al central george valera Awesome prospect patch auto four or five prospect patch autos were great in this case And that is gonna do it. Thanks again everybody. Let's do this random I'm not gonna recap this one. It's a pretty quick break. Let's go ahead and do the random though So as mule subtles bat relic, he has no mlb team affiliation three times Whoever's up top one two three luke s Thanks again everybody football coming up next


How's it going guys? Welcome back to another JHR review. And if you guys recognize these, you've probably been here since the very beginning where you watch a lot of my videos. I reviewed these within the first week of starting up my YouTube channel. And it just so happens that I've gotten a lot of requests now that the Phase 3 Part 2 has come out. And it just so happens that I got that on my birthday. So without further ado, let's go ahead and move these guys out of the way. And show you the final of a very long running movie series. Thanos Snap. And here we go. The Marvel Cinematic Universe Phase 3 Part 2. And right here it says it comes with Black Panther, Avengers Infinity War, Ant-Man and the Wasp, Captain Marvel, Avengers Endgame, and Spider-Man Far From Home. It also says that this is a six-film collection. It comes with collectible art cards and postcards, plus two bonus discs, so that's pretty cool. Before we get into looking at this completely, let's remove this plastic wrap on the side so we can get a good look at the box. Alright, I went ahead and removed that plastic wrap. So let's go ahead and zoom in on here a little bit. So we have some familiar heroes here on the front, along with this beautifully detailed and colorful Thanos gauntlet. And if we turn to the side here, we have kind of a, let's go ahead and zoom in on that logo. Kind of a 3D-feeling Cinematic Universe logo, along with some bluish-purple kind of galaxy on the side. If we zoom in on the back right here, we get a good idea of what's going to come inside. And then the same side on this side as well, the logo along with it saying Cinematic Universe. So as with all of the other ones, we're just going to grab from the top and slide up. That is very satisfying. And this time we are greeted with Thor, Iron Man, and Captain America. How nice is this? Look how shiny it is too. It's almost like a holographic Pokemon card. It looks really nice. And then on the side right here, you can kind of see Thor's axe coming through, kind of connecting it into one single picture, which is nice. Same logo on this side. And then on the back we have Hawkeye, Hulk, or Bruce Banner, and Black Widow. Now let's go ahead and open this up. So right here, as you can see in shiny print, it kind of gives all of the different movies that are in here. But as always, it comes with a very nice little secret pack of stuff that you get to undo, which that's what we're going to do first. This is the Cinematic Phase 3 Part 2 posters and whatnot. And it says Open Immediately. So let's set that down and then move this to the side temporarily. Hopefully we have enough space for this. I made it work when I first started making these videos, so I'm assuming I can do it again. Let's go ahead and slide this out. There we go. Alright, so the first thing we have are the cards right here. They come with some very nice art cards. So this one's for Black Panther, Avengers Infinity War with Thanos, Ant-Man and the Wasp, Captain Marvel, Avengers Endgame, Spider-Man Far From Home. That one hits home. We love you 3000 Marvel Studios. That's so nice. I like that. Move this out of the way. And now we have a collection of the official movie posters. So let's see how well we can get these all opened up to show you guys. So right here we have Black Panther. Very nice. Oh yeah. The Infinity War poster. You've probably seen this in the movie theater. I really like the color combinations on this one. This is one of my favorite posters. We have the Ant-Man and the Wasp, Captain Marvel. I also really like the color combinations on here as well. We have Avengers Endgame. Kind of got a little bit darker. Kind of the same setup a little bit, but a lot darker. As you can see. And then this one should be Spider-Man. Yeah, there we go. Spider-Man Far From Home. Funny story about this is I was at Disneyland with my fiance. And we noticed all of these crowds of people around. And it was actually because Tom Holland and Zendaya were actually there doing an interview. And we were probably about, I'd say, 10 to 15 feet away from them. And we were able to see them pretty up close, which was really awesome. And we got some pictures of them as well. Obviously we couldn't do any meter greets or anything, but it was actually a day where he dressed up in his Spider-Man suit and walked around Disney, which was really cool. But yeah, cool little story right there. And now finally, let's go ahead and see the disc art. So first of all, we start off with Black Panther. I never like it when my discs are crooked. Sometimes it's too easy, but too hard to rotate them when they're in there. And then we have Avengers Infinity War, Ant-Man and the Wasp, Captain Marvel, Avengers Endgame, and a bonus content disc, and then Spider-Man Far From Home. And I believe there's another bonus disc right here. And if you see, you can see the Infinity Stones floating in the background on here too. Very nice, very colorful. The only thing I'm not a super big fan of in this one, and this is just personal preference, is that... I'm going to close that all the way. There we go. All the discs are yellow. Not the biggest fan of the color choice of yellow and purple together, but that could just be my personal preference. But yeah, this has been a long time coming. I've been following these since I was a child, basically, and to have the entire first everything wrap up in such a kind of climactic way, I feel like they really pulled together everything. I really enjoyed it, and it's the end of an era, basically. A lot of the people in the theaters were saying that it feels like part of their childhood had just finished some kind of such a long running thing, almost like when Harry Potter finished, and I felt that too. Kind of like a solemn yet happy nostalgic feeling. But yeah, back in here we go. It just slides right back in. And with this, we end my series of the Marvel Cinematic Universe Original. And if there are more box sets in the future, you will see them on my channel. But yeah. In the link in the description below, I'm going to go ahead and put together a playlist, or maybe in the comments, of my original ones, and then this one in addition to the playlist, so you guys can check out all those ones as well. But thank you guys so much for watching. And today we have another clown storage smart camera. Now this is another wireless security camera that I'm going to be testing out. And right here at the bottom it says that it is, if we zoom in right there, it is P2P HD, and it also has EXIR, which I'm not 100% sure what that is. It says, the right choice for your security camera system. IP surveillance is the highest resolution video security technology available. Alright. It says, advanced night vision mode, two way audio for greeting family, smart motion detection and alarm system, intelligent motion and sound detection. It supports a micro SD card and cloud service. It supports AP hotspot connection and mobile phone remote control. That's cool. So yeah, without further ado, let's go ahead and open this up and see what it's all about. Looks like it has a standard pull tab. And we're greeted by a little hole to slide it out. Actually, it looks like a little accessory kit. We'll check that out in a second. And then it says cloud Wi-Fi camera instruction manual. And then down here, it comes protected in a nice little layer of foam. And then if we set it down, this is what it looks like. I like the shape of this one a lot more than the previous one I reviewed. It was just kind of like a box. And if we remove this, we get a good look at what the camera looks like. So that's what it looks like right there. It looks like this is where this speaker is for two-way audio. And then on the side right here, if you want to hook it up through Ethernet, you have the option. And then right next to it is that micro USB. And then on the back, it looks like we have something right there. I'm not too sure what it is. It might be some kind of adjustment. What's really nice about this one too is it has a thing for a tripod. So if you wanted to hook this up to a tripod, you could really easily do that actually. I have a tripod mount right here. As you see, you just have to easily turn it on there. See, it's already attaching. So if you wanted to just put it on a tripod and kind of keep it, you know, not mounted to a wall or things like that. Or maybe you just wanted it to be higher up so nobody could like, you know, get to it. You could definitely do that too. Plus there's tons of different types of tripod mounts. What my camera is on right now is actually a clip-on tripod mount for my desk. So tons of different options right there. Let's go ahead and set that to the side. Now let's go ahead and look at this box right here. It looks as though it comes with some hollow wall anchors. A USB charging dock. A little thing to go on the wall. It comes with a thing right here that I believe slides into the bottom of these two pegs. Yeah, right there.  Or maybe into maybe like a desk or something. So it doesn't fall off so you can have it to where it is more safe. Because I don't know how often you drop these if they even survive one fall. And then it comes with a nice long micro USB. So yeah, I'm going to go ahead and get this connected to my phone and then show you some footage of what it looks like. So go ahead and stay tuned. Alright, so I got the camera all set up in the app open. Pretty simple process. Very similar to the last one. We're going to move this over here. So what I really like about this one is when you tap on the screen, you get this layout and you actually have a joystick on here rather than just swiping. So you just use it like a joystick and you can move it left and right. And then you can also move it up. And you can move it down. So it still has about 360 degrees of movement. So you'll be able to kind of do whatever you need to do. You know, if you want to have it in your backyard or check on your cats or maybe you want to use it as a baby monitor, it works really well. And I think that the little operating system on here with the little toggle-y thing, the little joystick makes it a lot easier to move around compared to the last one that I tried out. Though I like the other one too. It's kind of hard because they're very similar in the way that they perform and also in visual dexterity. But I really do like the little joystick because the other one, it was kind of hard to gauge whether or not you were like moving the thing because there was a little bit input lag. But this you get to see like, you know, that's definitely the direction you're pulling. And if you want to take it off of full screen, you can go back like that. There we go.  So you can record. You can create a cloud album. You can also set like areas to where I believe it'll record like motion and stuff so that you can actually have it to where you'll get notifications on your phone if something like suspicious happens or something like that. But yeah, I think this is a really nice camera right here. And I definitely was just checking it out. I'm going to go ahead and put it in the link in the description below. But tell me what you guys think. But yeah, one other thing I wanted to kind of show you guys before we end the video is that if you move the camera up right here, this is actually the slant that you can put in your micro SD card. And there's also a reset switch right there. So that's really handy. Pretty cool. Nice and hidden. You don't even see it when it's like actually doing its thing. Very nice and discreet. I love that kind of engineering. But yeah, and today we're going to be looking at these dreams come true ZT digital sports headphones. Now if we turn to the back right here, first of all, I want to say I really like the premium kind of a gloss that they have on the front. This is matte and this is like a nice gloss coating. Let's go ahead and turn that around. If we zoom in here at the bottom real quick, we can see that it is an ARC design. It has built-in wireless microphone, waterproof and sweat resistant. You can control your music and the calls via the button. And it says high fidelity wireless music. It says the frequency response is 2.402 or dash 4.40 gigahertz. I was at 80 gigahertz. I thought it's a little bit small. And yeah, so that's the frequency right there. I'm not really sure how that ties into it. I think it's just the latency or the frequency response, I guess they would call it. But it seems good to me. We'll test it out. Let's go ahead and lay this flat. And let's just slide this top box portion off. There we go. All right. Move that to the side. And then here are the headphones. They're kind of in this nice little foam and casing. Let's go ahead and pop these out now. They have a very flexible kind of silicone feel to them, which is nice because if you're going to have these around your neck all the time, you don't want them to be super tough and rigid, you know. Let's just pop that out. It looks as though the extra wiring is underneath the foam portion. And then let's just take a look right here to see if there's anything underneath. And... Oh, I was not expecting that. That's nice. Look at this, guys. It comes with its own little leather bag that you can keep them in to keep them nice and safe. And if you look on the inside right here, it has a softer material too. So that's cool. Let's go ahead and pull these out real quick just to see what we got before we inspect the headphones. This is their contact card. Looks as though it folds up like this so you could put it on your desk or something like that. It's kind of a cute idea.  Let's go ahead and open this up every five seconds. Well, let's go ahead. No, it's my video progression sentence. So right here we have a micro USB to charge the headphones reasonably long. And then I'm assuming these are different sizes. Wow, there's a lot of them in here. I wonder what these things are. All those little clips. Let's go ahead and zoom in on that. So it comes with these little clips in here that are used to cable manage, I believe.  They go into the end of the headphones right here if you have a bigger inner ear area so that they will fit better.  A lot of different sizes for a lot of different ear shapes. Really small ones with a little wider point. And then some of these larger ones, too. And I think that's it. I think there might be one more thing inside of here. Yeah, we have a little instruction booklet probably for how to pair it. Sorry if my light's a little wonky. I'm getting used to my new lighting setup. So here is the instruction booklet. Basically the simple instructions. You know, hold down the button most likely to start pairing to your phone. And then, you know, plug it in and charge it. So let's go ahead and set that to the side, along with all these guys. So here are the headphones themselves. So that's kind of like a nice gold kind of cap at the end right here. That looks nice and premium. And then we have these kind of, I'm going to say recessed, but the buttons themselves are inside, so they're kind of, but on the outside we have this kind of over layer of like silicone plastic to press on the buttons right there to turn the volume up and down. Looks as though this might be the area that has microphone in it, too, to your friends or your family. This side right here just says wireless stereo.  I love you can see that. It's kind of small. And then of course this is kind of like a stringy noodle. Very comfortable, very flexible. So it's going to go around your neck and just kind of lay there. And since these right here at the top are kind of weighted, you're not going to have to worry about them falling off of your neck. I believe it says it's waterproof, too, to a certain extent, most likely. But that means we have this little cover right here made out of plastic. It goes and you push it in here to cover the charging port. So let's say it's raining and you're taking a jog or something, you might be able to do that with these. Don't take my word for it. So easy enough to just plug it in. Unless I'm doing it the wrong way, I always put it in the wrong way. There we go. And you just plug these into your computer or if you have another like phone charger laying around. Most likely a 5 volt charge. And then let's get over here to the headphones themselves. Ooh, that's interesting. Look at this. They're magnetic. That's really cool. Yeah, that's really cool. I'm pretty sure those are meant to be magnetic, too. I mean, every speaker has a magnet in it, but that's a pretty strong magnet. If you look in here, I don't know if I can get the lighting right. But yeah, there we go. We have like this golden grill. Yeah, there we go. We almost got the shine on it. There we go. Right there. There's like a golden kind of grill on the inside of that to keep stuff and debris from your ear getting inside of there or dust. So that's a nice feature. Then we have their symbol right there. Pretty cool design symbol. Better than some of the other ones that I've seen. I'm sad that these don't retract into here, but it's not that kind of hard shell design. It's more of a flexible one. So that's probably why you can't do that. But I really liked the other ones that I reviewed. I forget what it was by. I think it was like Armona or something like that. And they sucked the headphones back up inside of the actual band itself. So that was cool. But let's go ahead and turn these on. I'm assuming there's some charge in them. And then sync it to my phone and see how they sound. Assuming it's this one. Yep. And now we're doing the blink. So let's go ahead and grab my phone and sync it and see if we can get some sound out of these guys. Let's just do some no copyright right here and pulling up some music real quick. And let's go ahead and turn up the volume. I'm going to test out the headphones real quick and let you know how the bass and the sound quality is. Wow. This has the perfect amount of bass and tempo. That is really nice. And the band on the back of the neck, since it's made out of a silicone type material. Let's go ahead and put these over here real quick. Since it's made out of this kind of rubbery silicone material, it keeps them nice and cool. So it's nice and cold on the back of your neck. So you're not going to sweat on these as much. Let's go ahead and put the speakers right here, these next to my microphone and see if you guys can hear the sound. Alright, so hopefully you guys really would hear the music pretty well on there. But yeah, the headphones feel pretty premium and I'm really excited to start using them. I use these kind of headphones primarily to sleep because they wrap around your neck and they stay there all night. And I like listening to white noise while I'm trying to sleep. So yeah, definitely would recommend them. And I'm going to put them in the link in the description below so you guys can check them out as well. But yeah. And today we're going to be looking at the Maono Professional Condenser USB Microphone Set. Now this is the AU PM421 version. It's the Professional Audio Innovation Series. And right here, as you can see, it comes with a nice microphone stand that hooks up to your desk, along with a desk kind of stabilizer so you don't get any noise when it shakes. And a pop filter that is also extendable as well. Let's go ahead and turn this around and take a look at the back. If we look right here, it says that its polar pattern is carteroid. It has a frequency response of 20 to 20,000 Hz. It says its sensitivity is minus 47 decibels to 29 decibels plus 3 dB, which I think is 3 decibels. Its bit depth is 24 bit. Sample rate is up to 192 kHz. Power requirements is only a USB 5 volt. And then it says SN ratio is 74 dB. And then maximum SPL is 125 dB. And then there's a microphone gain that's a knob, LED indicator, and a USB cable. And then it shows what I mentioned on the front. So it also shows a bunch of features down here as well. But let's go ahead and open the microphone. Let's not spoil everything on the box. Before we do that, this is what the side looks like as well. And the box feels really premium too. So without further ado, let's go ahead and open this up and see what it's all about. This time I'm using my ultra-wide angle because this box is really big. So I want to be able to get all of this on camera. So let's move this back. We tilt it forward right here.  And then right here we have the manual. And then we have a little bit of a wind blocker that slides over the microphone itself. This is kind of the same thing as this a little bit for the Puzz and the S's and stuff. But also if it's really windy outside too if you wanted to use this outside. And then right here we have the pop filter. This is to remove even better all of those P's and S's and out like kind of noises. That's probably what I'm going to be using for my microphone setup because I actually don't have one of those. And if we remove this right here. Move that out of the way. Here's the stabilizer. It has like all these shoestringy kind of elastic pieces to kind of help balance it out. It's not really attached to anything besides these as you can see because it kind of the elastic helps absorb the vibration if you hit your desk or you know something rumbles. And right here we have this little thing that you turn and this goes onto your desk like this. You screw it and it gets really tight on here. And then you slide the microphone right here and then tighten it up the arm right here. And then you can position it any way you want and it's really nice and versatile these things. I actually have one of those for this microphone and it's nice that I'm going to be able to have a secondary one as well. Give my other one to my fiance so she can use it with the snowball ice. And then it comes with two little things right here of Velcro so you can kind of cable manage which is nice. It uses a printer port type cable. Pretty decent length as well. And then it comes with these all this is just the throwaway stuff for oxygen I believe. And then we have the microphone stand itself which expands and then this portion at the end right here is what goes into the little desk mount. And then we have the thing that screws into the bottom of the microphone. So let's put that out of the way real quick. And then right here we have the actual microphone so let's go ahead and move the box out of the way. Slide this little cellophane off of here and then let's go ahead and zoom in. Alright so this is the look of the microphone. It's a very nice sleek looking design and if you notice on the front right here it actually has a touchscreen mute button so if you want to mute yourself if you're on like discord or maybe on stream you just tap that real quick and it will turn itself off. It also has an adjustable gain right here as well. So if you want to turn it down or adjust it accordingly depending on your environment you can do that as well. And then right down here we have the connector for the printer kind of port cable. It's very nice and shiny and kind of like really metallic and heavy too which is nice. It has a good weight to it. It feels premium. And I noticed that you can't see through this so there's probably a layer of foam in here already so that already will help get rid of some of those P's and S's noises that sometimes get picked up. I'm kind of wondering how this would be for like karaoke or singing too. But without further ado let's go ahead and hook this up and then do some microphone tests with it. Alright guys so I'm just doing an audio test right now that I'm going to be interjecting into the video. This is right now on max gain and now I'm going to turn it to medium gain. Hello hello hello and then all the way down to low gain back up to maximum gain and now I'm going to press the mute button to see if it works. If you didn't hear me talking that means that it worked. And yeah I think that it's really nice. This is without the pop filter right now so if I did like a pah pah shh shh and then I'll put the pop filter in front. So that's the sound of that. And yeah let's go ahead and get back to the video. Alright so that was the audio test and unboxing of the Maono AUPM421 microphone. I think the audio dexterity was pretty much on par with my blue snowball that I used for recording. So I don't know if I'm necessarily going to be swapping them out or not but I definitely could see myself using this for like singing or something like that or maybe just streaming or discord. So yeah I think that it's pretty good and I'm really excited to own it. And today we're going to be looking at cup of doodles. This is a doodle draw and create kit and it's kind of nostalgic. Kind of reminds me of when I was younger and basically this comes with a little kit of a bunch of stuff that you can do filling on the lines and I think even connect the dots as well. So without further ado let's go ahead and open this up and see what comes in this little kit. I love the colorful design. It says the piggy story on the top. I believe that is the brand actually. I'm going to open this. It comes with a few interesting things in here. Move that to the side. First of all it comes with a little book it looks like. So this is pretty cool. I really like alpacas. So if you look right here it has a whole little kind of color in alpaca like little scene right here with a cute little cactus and we're kind of wearing sweaters and stuff. So that's pretty cool. And the back is blank. Blind detail is done pretty good. We have a little bee. Interesting little zigzag lines that you can color in. Like I said the cactus actually has faces on it. Looks as though everyone's having a conversation of some sort. That guy looks like he has some kind of ear decoration. But yeah let's move that out of the way. It comes with some cute little crowns. We got a brown, green, blue, purple, red, and a orange. Kind of looks like a pinkish red almost. And then right here it actually kind of shows like the colored in scene the other page I just showed you guys. And this actually looks to be a little book. So you can fill in everything right here. We got a copy of, actually no this is a brand new scene it looks like. I like all the little smaller details right there. That'll be really interesting to fill in. You know coloring in the lines is still very very therapeutic even if you're an adult it's still very therapeutic. Looks like that guy's got an apple in his mouth.  Right here we have a connect the dot which was one of my favorite things to do as a kid. I wasn't very good at you know drawing. So filling in the dots or connecting them was something I really enjoyed doing. The next one right here we have another scene. Looks as though he's talking to the cactus. Says llamas and herbivores can you find them a good snack? We're gonna give them a turkey drumstick and a soda pop. And then this side right here has another scene you can fill in. A lot of cactuses mixed in here kind of interesting. Then the last one it says help the llama find clothing. And then it ends right here as the website right there if you want to check it out. Pretty cool. Very nice very colorful and very detailed book for coloring in. I'll actually probably take the time to do this honestly. Like I said it's very therapeutic and taking the time to just you know enjoy the smaller things is very nice. Another thing this has right here is a little pack of stickers as well which is really cool. So if we open right here looks as though we have multiple little stickers. There's one we have this one the last one right here. So what's really cool about this sorry if you can hear my train passing by next to a train and when it's cold sound waves actually travel farther. So what's really cool about these is this is all just reused drawings so you get an appreciation of all of the same art. But you get to see what it looked like if it was actually colored in. It's actually actually pretty cool. I'll probably give these to my fiancee because she likes cute little stickers like this. She can put it on some of her computer setup probably.  Or if you're still younger and you want to pick this up as well ask your parents about it. And today we got kind of a novelty funny one. I haven't done one of these in a long time. This is called Handicat by what's that say right there Archie McPhee Archie McPhee. So let's go ahead and look at this box. First of all we have a little bit of a tree and a kind of standard kind of classic you know picket fence area. It says on the side right here Handicat. And then on the back it gives another example of what it's going to look like on the fingers. Let's go ahead and open this up and see what it's all about. So it comes inside of a little plastic packaging. Let's go ahead and pull that out. Looks as though it's kind of stacked in here. We have a little cat head right there. As you guys know I love cats so I'm really excited to try this out. It's going to be kind of funny. Alright so we have these here now. I'm assuming that I just got to kind of put these on my fingers. I'm not sure which one's supposed to be the head though. I think the middle finger is supposed to be the head.  So I don't think I did this the right way. This is kind of terrifying. Meow meow meow. My paws are literally upside down. I do not think I'm doing this right. Okay there we go. And then we kind of, I don't know if I can turn my body around. Kind of do it from the front ways. Oh this is just not right. Oh man. I have it on manual focus right now so I can get the whole thing in there. So I think right here is clear. Oh this is so weird trying to like independently move my fingers. My leg is rocking on. Yeah. I'm so sorry. I cannot with this. This is hilarious. Okay that looks more like a cat. Hold on hold on let me see if I can puppeteer it. Now he's cleaning his face. Hold on hold on. This is disturbing. This is just one of those things that I cannot hold my composure for at all. Yeah that is something. But it looks the most like a cat when you kind of put all your fingers together like that. Very interesting. What do you guys think? Kind of getting a kick out of this. Might try to play the piano while wearing this. That'd be interesting just kind of be like the old style mean piano cat. But yeah. And today we're going to be looking at the Comica professional microphone. This is a micro directional shotgun microphone. Or I believe it's a Carter right microphone which records in a single direction kind of like a boom mic. This is the CVM VM 10 to addition. And it comes with a hot shoe mount which is a mouth that goes onto the top of a camera kind of where the flash goes. So that's pretty cool. If we look at the bottom right here and zoom in a little bit. It says that it works with a smartphone or a camera. And this kind of gives you an idea of the range that it kind of picks up. So if the camera was like right here in the center gets a little bit from the back but mostly everything's from the front. So like if you're interviewing somebody or something like that gets a little example of it on a camera too. And if we turn it to the side and focus in on this. It says that it's carteroid for a smartphone slash camera. It's shock absorbing and it's super anti interference. And it is mini and full middle which I like that. An example again of what it looks like at the bottom. And if you want to pause right here you can get a good look at the specifications. But without further ado let's go ahead and unbox this and see what it's all about. So it has a little bit of tape right here. So this is what the inside packaging looks like. Go ahead and turn it this direction. And it should slide out pretty easily. Let's go ahead and pop that to the side. There we go. So as we see on the front it already comes with a bunch of cool stuff in here. Now let's slide this extra piece of plastic out of here so we can actually get a good look at that. Looks as though I just dropped the instruction manual. Move that out of the way. And if we tilt this down you can see that it comes with a few different connectors. The first one it looks like is a standard one that goes into any kind of normal headphone jack. And then this one right here looks as though it has a three on here once for a microphone. And then I'm not sure what this one does. I think one goes into here and then one goes into the smartphone. And then we have this really nice kind of fuzzy muff right here. And this is used for when it's really windy outside. It also has a little plastic ring too. So it's not just the fabric it'll slide inside of there. There's also foam in there as well.  And then right here we have the microphone itself which looks really nice and has a decent weight to it. It's not really cheap feeling. This feels like it's made out of a plastic which is springy to shock absorb I believe. We can also take this off right here and take a little bit of a zoom in. And then this is what the microphone looks like. It has a little bit of a grill right there on this side and then the other side as well. It says right here the video microphone and gives the model number. And then it says Comica. It looks as though you can mount it via a standard tripod but you can also mount it using the hot shoe mount which is really nice. Very versatile in that way because a lot of the stuff that I use requires that. So yeah let's go ahead and slide this little foam protector on here. The pa and is kind of blocker. And let's go ahead and attach it and see if we can get some good sounds out of it. Alright so I'm recording with the Comica microphone. I'm about the same distance as I would normally record using my blue snowball. So this is about I'd say about 10 inches from my mouth. About 10 to 12 inches from my mouth. And now I'm going to lean back in my chair. Talking at the same volume leaning back in my chair. And now I'm going to talk really close up to it as well. But this microphone is usually used to get a pretty farther distance away. If you're like sitting maybe a few feet away. I'm going to go ahead and put on the wind muff now and see how it sounds. So this is the sound with the little furry wind blocker on. Not a super fair test giving the fact that it is inside and it's not windy outside even. But yeah I think that it looks pretty nice on there. Looks pretty professional and I'm excited to see how the audio turned out. Alright so I'm back on my blue snowball.  And I actually put it on this little clamp amount that is super strong. Has a nice spring in there and you actually can clamp it pretty good against your desk or anything else. And the ball and socket is pretty solid once you tighten it up. But yeah the quality is not too bad. Getting up close you do get some pops and stuff. I think that filter that I have on there kind of helped with that. But all in all I think it's a good quality microphone for pretty much what it's going to be used for. Which would be kind of like interviews or a little bit you know a few feet away kind of situations. But for recording how close I do I kind of need that extra bit of flexibility. Very nice. I like it a lot. And yeah I'll be putting this in the link in the description below so you guys can check it out as well. And today's going to be a really short video. But I wanted to show you guys this really cute sumiko garashi folder. I was sent by Modes4U. And Modes4U is a company based in Hong Kong. They do Japanese imports and distribute internationally. So I'll put them in the link in the description below. But as you know I've reviewed many gotcha little plush sumiko garashi merchandise in the past. So when I had the option to choose to order this from them as a sample product I was really happy. So let's go ahead and zoom in on here real quick. You see a lot of the familiar characters from the boxes. Little gotcha boxes. I actually got that one right there. And the story behind these guys is that they're all kind of trash food. Or the parts of the food that we don't eat. They get thrown out. And they turn them into characters. So this is a shrimp tail right there. And it was actually informed. I was informed by one of my subscribers about that a while ago. So I thought that was a really cute idea. Let me have some more over here. Everyone's kind of sitting together. Eating some kind of... Probably not a hot dog but to me it looks like a hot dog. If you know what that is let me know in the description below. Or the comments. Looks like we got like a little ice cream thing here. A little marketplace right there. And then there's a little dinosaur. I believe I got that one too. I think that looks like a ghost almost up there. But yeah, this is the folder right here. And then this is what the backside looks like. Very nice, cute little design. Everyone's sitting on a table and eating. Looks like a little rice ball right there. They're playing with a little sports ball. Or what do they call those beach balls? And then if we want to take a look at more of the technicals of the folder. It has tabs right here for you to be able to separate your work. So it has up to five tabs in here. So you can definitely put all your stuff, separate it nice and have yourself a really nice cute folder to keep with you. And yeah. Sorry I can't really get the whole thing on my camera at once. It's a pretty decent sized folder. But let's see if we can get a good zoom in on the top right there. Top to the bottom. And this is what it looks like. Very cute. I'm going to be giving this to my fiance. Maybe she can keep some of her work documents in there. I really, really, really like this. And just wanted to show you guys a huge shout out to my patreons. Thank you guys so much for your support. You guys are awesome. If you enjoyed the video, don't forget to comment, rate, and subscribe. And as always, I'll see you in the next video.


So I am back with a long awaited review of the Cantus Guava and Ginger Protein Mask. Now I purchased this product from my local Walmart and let's just go ahead and read some of the benefits. So again, it's made with Guava, Ginger, Rice Water and Rice Protein. It is supposed to strengthen and fortify your hair from scalp to strand. Now the directions say to dampen, cleanse and hair, distribute from root to end and allow to sit on your hair for 10 to 15 minutes. I will probably do that for about 20, 25 minutes to let you know. Let's jump into the consistency. This looks like it's about 14, 16 ounces, not even that girl, 12 ounces.  This thick product, the consistency is that if you would take the Cantu Leave-In Conditioner and put some butter in it, y'all, I'm always having my food, girl. So this is what the consistency looks like, very smooth, very creamy. All right, you guys, I'm going to go ahead and jump in a shower, cleanse my hair. I need to clarify my hair, my scalp, ridiculously a lot. I will hope to use this entire container. That's my hopes and dreams in life right now. Hey, you guys. So I just jumped out of the shower and taken off my towel.  And especially if you have a lot of hair like me, but I'm just being lazy to be quite honest.  Now, it is very, very thick. Even with the density of my hair, I found that, and I'm going to explain this later on, that it took a while for me to rinse this product out. If I were to do it again, I will warm up the product, possibly put it in some warm water to give it a little bit more thinner consistency, or I may pair it with another rinse-out conditioner. However, although I like that it didn't necessarily feel like a treatment, but it went on my hair almost like I'm going to even be bold enough to say if I were to take a deep conditioner and gum, like Elmer's glue gum, it gave me that type of consistency. So I'm going to hush up and let you guys enjoy the rest of the video. Hi, so I am out of the shower. I am done. It's not the product. Hold on, girl. My glasses are fogging up. I'm just going to explain to you how this product, it was gummy rinsing it out. Again, it's a thick product. It is gummy. It took a while to rinse out and to ensure that everything was getting all the way out. The pros, my hair feels very soft. It doesn't have that stripping feeling that often happens when doing a protein treatment or any type of just treatment in general. You know how it can feel like your hair is stripping and you've done something that you can tell that it's going to have some results later on. But my hair feels moisturized. I feel like it looks moisturized. It feels soft. I'm not a big fan, again, of the gummy feeling. But there are ways to get around that. What am I trying to say? If I were to do this again, which I will do because I have about 25% of it left, I would honestly pair this with another conditioner that is a little bit more creamier if that makes sense. So it just doesn't have that gummy or I would heat it up, okay? So this is what my hair looks like all the way around. Yes, it feels really good.  I will be linking everything below. I'm giving you the Aliyah side app because it's so glossy. But try it out. Let me know what you think. So that is it. Thank you so much for watching, everyone. Take care. Bye.


Good afternoon and welcome back to this session on peer instruction. So, this morning we have looked in detail about what is active learning and what are its features, what are its elements and we also looked a little bit into how to implement active learning in your class. And in the second session in the morning you actually learnt about one specific technique called think pair share which is one of the active learning techniques. So, what we will do now is look at one more such strategy and it is something which you may be familiar with we in fact, did a little bit of it in one of the morning sessions also and this is also an active learning strategy and its main intention is to promote students conceptual understanding. So, let us actually dive into one example right away. So, what I have here is actually one peer instruction question. So, what I would like all of you to do is hopefully by now you got your tablets with you. We will launch the question on the student response and the clicker student response system. So, we would like you to use the tablets that you have the aakash tablets that you have to actually answer this question you can do so individually there is no talking at this point you will soon get to talk to each other. So, individually please answer this question you have a minute to answer this. So, individually please vote on which you think is the most likely outcome.  So, it looks like about 650 of you responded and it shows the distribution of your answers and the other thing it says is that 85 percent of you were wrong. So, what I would like you to do at this point is discuss with your neighbor firstly in your class find somebody who has a different answer than yours. Discuss with your neighbor you already are being told by the clicker system which is the right answer. So, discuss with your neighbor and try to figure out why the answer that you see in front of you is the right answer. So, I am still not telling you exactly what the right answer is and why, but discuss and we will do one more round of vote let us see. So, this is the time where you are doing a peer discussion you are talking with your neighbor trying to figure out why your answer was wrong or your Debra's answer was wrong. Okay, if you want what you can do is use the chat window to tell us why you think number 4 is wrong. Number 4 was that each of 1, 2, 3 above is equally likely. Here is a question and you did one round of vote where 85 percent of the participants got it wrong and many, many said that number 4 is the right answer. However, number 4 turns out to be the wrong answer. So, try to find out why. It is okay if the quiz was not launched the first time. Okay, we all know that 3 is the right answer, why is it the right answer? That is the part that is the point of this discussion now. Okay, so let us see what you would do as a teacher here. So, this is a question on counting and probability. When you are asking a question like this it is very likely that a large number of students will pick number 4.  And many people are likely to think that number 4 is the right answer and you do one round of voting. Then what you do is you can ask your students to talk to each other and there will be some discussion that happens and they will try to figure out what are the different possible outcomes. So, here is a hint if you simply write down the different possible outcomes you have two coins each coin can take a head value or a tail value. So, there are 2 times 2, 4 possible outcomes just list the outcomes and you will know what the right answer is. So, this question was in fact an example of this technique called Pierre Insta. So, what I would like you to do at this point is think a little bit more examine a little bit more closely what exactly did you do you were the students here. So, what did you do not just in the first round of voting, but if you took this entire process where you voted then you saw the answers sometimes the teacher might not show you the answers and might ask you to discuss with your neighbor. And then you thought about the right answer once again what was it that students were doing in this entire activity. So, in a pair turn to your neighbor and write two specific actions that the students that is you did do not simply say you solved the problem or you voted, but what were the actions you were taking do this is a pair and then we will go to the next part. For those of you who are still voting before you vote please consider the four different cases you have two coins and each coin can either take a head or a tail. So, you have four possible occurrences write them down miss them down and then you will see what the right answer is. So, the teacher is in fact making the students do all these tasks in order to answer this question. Okay, some of you are saying that the students were writing the possible outcomes they discussed with each other. Did any of you change your answer after talking to your neighbor? How many of you got convinced of a different answer than what you initially voted? Once you have it with your pair what you can do is actually it looks like people are already doing the share phase. So, I will just leave this slide for another minute or so and then we can go on. Okay, so what it looks like now is that I am getting a lot of answers which say that we calculated the probability we discussed with our neighbor why four is the wrong answer and so on. Initially the only answers were four. So, what is happening with the class which is you at this point is that you think you have some answer, but the moment you start talking to your fellow participants what you see is that you are talking you are listening you are arguing about what is the right answer, you are reasoning you are trying to solve the problem maybe some of you are doing some calculations. So, this entire process where a teacher poses a multiple choice question students answer it then students discuss sometimes they vote again that determine the reasons that entire process is called peer instruction. So, I think you can stop sending your answers over chat right now because we will now look into this technique a little more closely. This technique is called peer instruction. So, in peer instruction what students do is that they are talking, they are arguing, they are listening, they are writing, drawing which means they are actively engaged remember we talked about this earlier this morning they are learning from each other and they are teaching each other and from your responses it looked like a large number of you were in fact thinking reasoning and answering it is not just three people in a class of 100 it is a large number majority of the class is engaged. Since it is a multiple choice question people can people are in fact encouraged to take a chance even if they are not sure of the answer and if some of you had wrong answers which a lot of you had the idea is to get your answer out and try to confront it and resolve what was wrong. From the teacher's perspective also why it is extremely useful is that it is immediate feedback to the instructor. So, if you look at what happened just now 85 percent of you said that 4 was the right answer if I were actually teaching you probability I would know immediately that a large fraction of the class is not yet clear about the concepts. So, it is immediate in time real time feedback and the teacher can do something at that point to address students difficulty. Students see that everybody else is also having a hard time. So, they are trying to build an argumentative yet a friendly scientific atmosphere and as a result of all of it the communication in the class the argumentation skills and the convincing skills also improves. So, this method is really beneficial both for students and for teachers and more than anything it is a very short activity takes maybe 5 minutes to do and it has been shown to have a lot of benefits in terms of conceptual understanding and getting feedback. Okay, so let us move on here I just want you to recall the different requirements and elements of active learning. Instructor creates carefully designed activities. So, this question was thought about and written before coming to class. It requires students to talk, write, reflect and express if they are thinking you already did that most of the students go beyond listening and copying of laws. Similarly, if you recall the elements of problems of active learning students were engaged in problem solving during the class then student ideas are brought out and their students are asked to figure things out for themselves. So, all these elements of active learning strategy that we discussed in the morning you can see it being operationalized through this peer instruction question. I just want to comment on this last point students receive rapid feedback on their work. So, if you give a question on an exam until the exam is graded and three weeks later the students see it they do not really get feedback whereas here they get instantaneous feedback and they can correct on their feedback. So, what is peer instruction? It is a classroom based active learning strategy based on well designed specific questions. Peer instruction is not just a multiple choice question. It is a question students voting discussion voting discussion teachers summary all of it together is peer instruction. So, the way peer instruction should be implemented we will see if we can do it for one more question little later. The teacher asks a question poses a multiple choice question and before that the teacher in fact creates this question. The teacher asked students to vote individually then they discuss with each other and usually there's a second round of voting which we skipped just now but usually here when before they do the peer instruction the discussion with each other they do not show the answer. After that the teacher does a summary and debriefing and then resumes with the lecture. So, how do you implement peer instruction? You all had clickers. So, that's one way to implement peer instruction where the students vote. What you have to remember however is that the clickers themselves are not peer instruction. What's peer instruction? The central part is the discussion. Students are talking to each other. So, let's look at this. This is clickers are one way to implement peer instruction. What happens if you don't have clickers in your class how can you do it? Does it mean you can't do peer instruction? The answer is no you can actually do peer instruction with a very simple technology using your fingers. What you do is ask your students to hold up the answer not here because you don't want others to see it but ask them to hold it in front of you like this. So, if their choice is one they do this if their choice is two they do this and when a student is doing it as a teacher you can see all the students but students can't see each other at that point. So, this is one way to implement peer instruction without clickers. There's another way to implement peer instruction without clickers and what you do there is you take a sheet of paper.  Each student carries a piece of paper like this. So, they can make their own or you can give them and when students vote they simply take their piece of paper and they hold up what they think is the right answer. If they think two or one is the right answer they just fold that paper and they hold it up again. So, using sheets of paper you can do it as A, B, C, D or one, two, three, four it does not matter. That's another simple way of implementing peer instruction in your class. So, you don't really need to have clickers but if you have clickers the advantage is that you'll be able to see, get a histogram of students answer right away. But since the discussion with each other is the core part it's completely okay to do peer instruction with these. Okay, so why peer instruction? Why should you be doing this? I think by now you already have some answers especially if you recall this slide here. The slide that we discussed earlier gives you a lot of reasons as to why peer instruction. What we discussed in the morning also gives you a lot of reasons. But there's another set of reasons and the next slide will be there on the slide for you to look at. I won't explain all of it but all I'll say is that there's a lot of research studies, educational research studies done on this technique of peer instruction. So what's actually done is that one class is taught with peer instruction and another class is taught without peer instruction. And then the researchers they look at the learning outcomes between these two classes. And it was found that in all the classes the learning outcomes and students engagement in fact improved with peer instruction. So another reason why we should all believe that this is a good strategy is that people have done careful scientific studies in a variety of environments. And here are some studies. I'll just leave this on for a few seconds and later it will be there on the slides which will be implemented in moodle. Okay, the quiz we'll launch after sometime. A lot of people are asking on chat to launch the quiz again. We will do this after sometime. We'll in fact look at ways to write peer instruction questions in a programming class. So please don't ask us to launch the quiz right now. Instead let's look at what are the elements of peer instruction and how to implement peer instruction. And then we'll launch another quiz. Okay, so now as a teacher you have two main roles. One role is to actually implement peer instruction in your classes. Your other role is to write effective peer instruction questions before you go to the class. So in a way writing the peer instruction questions is the first task you will do. But we talked about what is peer instruction and how to implement it first because so that you get an idea of what actually happens in the class. Okay, so before you sit down to write a peer instruction question you need to know what is a good peer instruction question. Now how do I write it so that it's actually effective? And we have many guidelines for this. So here is a list. We'll keep coming back to the list. But let's spend some time on some of these bullets in this list of what is and what is not an effective peer instruction question. So the example you saw was that a peer instruction question looks like a multiple choice question. It has a question which is called the STEM and it has about four or five choices. But it's really important that the peer instruction question is conceptual and it does not involve lengthy numerical calculations. So if you take a regular long numerical problem and give it as a peer instruction question it doesn't achieve its purpose. Instead you have to think about the conceptual the concepts underlying some problem and pose that as a question. Peer instruction is based on students' existing thinking. So you know often after five or 10 years of teaching practice you know what are the different what are the difficulties students have and what points they have difficulty in solving problems. So what you should do is frame a question based on such ideas. The distractors in the PI question the four choices should be believable. You should not make only the right choice to be believable and all the other choices to be complete nonsense. Then again the point of the question is lost. I think that's something all of you do anyway when you write multiple choice questions. A good peer instruction question these are some examples which we'll start looking at in the next few slides. You can ask students to predict results of an experiment if you're doing some other course or of a program in a programming course. You can ask students to apply ideas in a new context. So for example in the probability question all students and all of you knew about probability and outcomes and all but suddenly there was a new real life context. Two coins are tossed and you were asked to make a prediction of what happens. So such questions are good they're useful for PI questions. So peer instruction questions are these are obvious points but I'll let them stay there. The question should not be ambiguous. It should not give away the right answer and it should not be very trivial. Okay so now I think with this let's actually jump into the different examples of peer instruction questions for a programming course. Okay so since all of you are asking for a quiz let's do this question as a quiz. So here is a small part of a code. It's a for loop for calculating the factorial of a number. The question says how many times is the set of code executed based on the values given in the program. So let's launch the quiz. You can actually vote using your tablets and clickers since we have enabled it just now. Okay so one minute is up and we have a large number of correct responses and we have a large number of wrong responses as well. So out of 178 responses we find that nearly 55% are correct and 44% have got the wrong response. Maybe I'll just wait a few more seconds for the responses to stabilize. Okay so even after 1600 odd responses are in we find that about 50% are correct and the other 50% 44% have got various of the wrong responses. Okay so there are responses like one time n times n minus one times and n plus one times and one of the key things that we want to illustrate using this question is the fact that when we are doing a for loop the for loop runs as many times as the condition. So for i is equal to one as long as i is less than or equal to n. So there are a couple of things to notice here. One is if we were initializing an array then I would start from zero and second is it is not i less than n but i less than equal to n and the third thing to keep in mind is that the for loop semantics is that it will execute as long as the condition is true. So the moment you realize that so it's possible that students who have some misconception may look at this less than or equal to n and say that okay it will execute n minus one times or some of them may count it as they are used to seeing loops going from i is equal to zero so they may say that it will actually run for n plus one times. So which is what seems to have also happened among some of you. So this is one good reason why peer instruction questions are useful. So what you could do is now in this case we know that the answer so it has shown in your remote center it has shown the summary and it has shown the green bar as option B right which is n times so in this case the students come to know the answer straight away. However what you could do is like what has been explained you could not disclose the correct answer and have students discuss with each other convince each other that their answer is correct and then have them vote again. So that is one possibility of how you can implement peer instruction in CS 101. Okay so what we'll do in these examples we'll show you number of examples and you will be switching your role between that of a student and that of a teacher. In the sense when you're answering this question you're actually testing your domain knowledge and you're trying to see which is the right answer how should I calculate the answer to this program and so on. But ultimately what you would be doing is writing such questions for your own course. So if I say become teachers what you need to now start thinking about is what kind of questions should you be writing so that students actually are able to do the conceptual reasoning and so that their attention is focused on possible places where they can go wrong and so on. So just now what was explained to you is why this is a good peer instruction question because students will need to know when exactly does the for loop keep getting executed how to write the semantics and so on. So let's go look at one more question and we'll see. So the next question is about trying to determine what this piece of code will do. So here are the different answers and you can use your tablets again and answer what this code does. Again we have 1600 odd responses and this time surprisingly the number of correct answers is much smaller. So we have 27% of the people giving the correct answer and the others coming up with one of the other options. Okay so what this tells you basically is that even for people who know the subject clicker questions is a good mechanism for identifying where the misconceptions lie. So for example here when we do the discussion phase peer discussion phase of these questions then what we can find out is that the reason for why somebody has said that two is the correct answer or four is the correct answer. So those are things that we can determine when we do the peer discussion phase of the peer instruction question. So in this case the correct answer is three as you can see basically the first for loop is initializing the array and the second for loop is printing the array and then later on you can discuss with the students as to how this question helps them to determine what the code of a small piece of code does. So again now as teachers what you can see is giving a question like this where you give a small piece of code and ask students to determine the purpose you're not asking them to predict the output of the program but you're asking them what happens after this code executes what is it supposed to do. So this in fact helps students get to a very high level of thinking where they have to read the entire program they have to comprehend all the different parts of the program put it together. So they're doing a deep analysis of the program without actually doing any nitty-gritty calculations. Asking a question like this is in fact a very useful way to help students be able to trace code and understand the logic behind the code. Okay so now let's look at another type of question each of these type is an example. In the previous one you were asking students to count iterations in a for loop or a while loop here you're asking students what the code does in another type of peer instruction question you ask students to predict the output of a program. So you give them a small piece of code or maybe don't give them a very large program but a few lines of code and ask them to predict the output what actually is will the computer output at the end and here are the choices. So this time we will let you take a look at the slide first make sure that you choose your answer and then we will launch the poll on the clicker so that you don't need to look at the clicker for the question itself you can use the clicker only to send your answer. So now this time what we will do is we will not go to the summary responses we will not display the summary responses but we will go into the peer discussion phase. So you can please turn to your neighbor and check whether your neighbor had the same answer as yours. So right now what we can see is about 40% of the people have got the correct answer and 60% of the people have got the wrong answer. So what we want is that discuss with your neighbor what is the answer that you have got and why your answer is correct. We'll give you another one minute for the discussion to take place and then we will come back and talk about the actual answer. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to launch the same quiz again. So this time you can, this time for only 30 seconds because you can, you would have already discussed and now let us see how many answers are there in which category. So it's the same quiz now. So this is the post discussion phase. I've launched the same quiz again. Okay, so what we see now is the fact that initially we had 40% of the people getting the correct answer and 60% of the people getting the wrong answer whereas now the numbers are almost flipping around to saying that 60% of the people are getting the correct answer and 40% for some reason are still getting the wrong answer. Now what you can do as a teacher is you can have students do a hand execution of this program. You can have students say that, okay, create a box which has A, create a box which has B and you can say that let's create a place for a pointer. Let's create an arrow for P pointing to and A. Let's create, let's see what happens when we say star P is equal to 13. So when we say P is equal to Q what happens is initially P is pointing to A and then when you say P is equal to Q now P is pointing to B and when you say star P is equal to 13 it's the contents of what P is pointing to so which is actually B which is getting modified and so that's how you can have the students hand executed have them draw the memory locations and thereby you can get them to see that the correct answer is two. You can always ask a question like this in any topic in programming. Give a part of a code and ask students to predict what will be the output of a code. So a question that follows this format is something that you can use regardless of the topic and it's again one type of question where students actually can go through the program understand its logic and this time they're also being made to execute it. Okay, next question. So once again we'll do the same thing. We will display the question through the A view window first for you all to take a look at and then we will launch the quiz through the clicker, okay. So the question here is there is a function definition which takes one parameter value X as the parameter that is passed to the function FUN and inside the function all that is done is it sets the value X to five and then in the main program there is a variable which is set to three and the function is called with that variable and then you're checking what is the output of the variable. So now the question is there are two types of function calls in the first case the function is being called as FUN int X which is being passed and in the other case the function is being called as FUN int and X which is being passed, okay. So what I will do is I will now launch this quiz for the same two minutes, okay. So we are starting to get the responses and a large number of people have said that C is the correct response. So this question is a good example for discussing with students the validity of option three. So why is it that option three is the answer and why is it not option four is the answer. So we see that many people have got option three as the correct one and some people have also got option four which is not a small number it's very few have got A and B as the answers. So now we look at the options and we look at the program and we can use this as an example to reinforce the concept that when we are passing a parameter by value versus when we are passing a parameter by reference what happens. So you may have taught the concept of parameter passing in the previous class and this is an excellent question for you to start the next class with which is actually a revision of what they did in the previous class of ensuring that they have understood the concept of parameter passing by value versus parameter passing by reference. Okay so we will do one more question which I think is the last question for the ticker pole. So this question is as you can see on the slide there is a value which is being assigned and there is a switch statement so you can ignore the capital I for the int and the capital S for the switch assume that there is no syntax error in the program. Now the only thing that has happened in the program is that the break statement in case five has been missed. So I am going to launch the quiz and give you a minute to do this quiz. Okay so once again what you can do is before you see whether your answer is correct or wrong you can just turn to your neighbor and tell your answer to your neighbor and see whether both of you have the same answer. If you don't have the same answer see if you can convince your neighbor that your answer is the correct one and why it is the correct one. If both of you have the same answer then turn to the other neighbor and see whether that neighbor has a different answer. Okay so once again when we see the responses this is what is being displayed we find that about 67% have got the correct answer 67% of nearly 2000 people have got the correct answer while 32% have got the wrong answer in the sense that most of them have opted for D as the other answer saying that it will print five four default while some have in fact also said that it will give a compiler error or it will print only five. So now this is a good time for you to go back and talk to the students and recap what is the effect of missing the break statement. Basically what happens when you miss the break statement is that the execution just falls through into the next case. So since the break statement at the end of case five has been missed the execution will continue to case four and it will also output four after which there is a break statement. So now the switch will break it doesn't matter whether the break statement is encountered in the case that you want or in some other case. So after that the switch will break out of the switch and so that's why only five and four will be output. So this is one way in which you can incorporate clicker questions or peer instruction questions into your classes and these are usually they are very useful for beginning the class discussion with where you talk about either some recap of what was done in the last class or you can use it as an initialization for some topic that you want to do in the current class. The other reason why it's important for you to think about these questions is let's say you do a question and 70% of your students get the wrong answer. So at that point you can actually do a little bit something different than what you had planned. You can explain the concept again or you can try to find out where the students are having difficulty and help them through the difficulty because see finally it doesn't matter as much as so much what you actually tell them but what really matters is how much they're able to do. So if we find and if we get evidence right away that they're not able to do what we want them to do then that's the best time for us to take corrective action. So having said this and having shown so many examples I think what you can do next is actually a little bit of experience writing such questions right away. So here is an activity. I think what you can do is pair up with somebody in your center and together choose a topic in the intro to programming course. You saw a variety of topics and a variety of questions and pick any one topic and pick any one of these question formats. I'll just run through those again so that you remember what those are and write there's a typo here. Write just one peer instruction question in that topic for any of these formats. Right now it's time to think more in terms of a teacher and see how to write these peer instruction questions. So choose one topic first choose a partner then choose a topic and write one peer instruction question in that topic. When you write the question you need to include the main question such as this part and you need to include choices. So you can include anywhere between three and five choices. When you write the question make sure that all the criteria for effective peer instruction questions are in fact satisfied. So we encountered these in a previous slide and I've put it up again here right now. So this is one example one instance of a PI question that you'll write what we've done is posted a moodle assignment where you will write one PI question for each of the formats that you just saw. So we saw five different examples. In some students were asked to predict the output of a program and others they were asked to debug the program and so on. So in the homework assignment you'll pick a topic and for each of those formats you'll write a particular question. What you can do now is pick any one of these I'll just go through all those five so that you get an idea and write the questions. You can spend about 10 minutes or so writing the question and after that we'll go to the concluding part. So find a partner and start writing your questions. Let me simply go through these slides once again to give you an idea of what they look like. Counting iterations and for and while loops or other loops. What does the code do? Show a code and ask what it's supposed to do. Predict the output of a program. What will happen if something is changed in a program to something else? Finally some case where something is forgotten or something was written wrongly. So it's like debugging a program. So pick any of these and write one PI question. Spend about 10 minutes on this activity. Right in the morning we mentioned several times that you will be able to benefit from this workshop when you actually do the activities. Similar to when you do active learning strategies in your class your students actually should be doing those activities and participating in them. So right now is the time for you to be doing the particular activity shown on the slide where you're supposed to be writing a question and then you can actually use this question in your class when you go back. So please make sure you spend time writing this activity it's not a break yet. You'll get a break in about 20 minutes. After the evening session what you can do is go to Moodle you'll see an assignment where you have to write five such questions and that's the assignment that you can upload. So keep this question with you right now and this can be part of one of your five questions that you will upload in Moodle later. Okay so we talked about how to implement your instruction questions and also about how to write these questions before you come to class. So the next thing is when to implement these questions in your class. So let's say you have a one hour class. Should you do it in the beginning? Should you do it in the middle? Should you do it in the end? How many should you do and so on? Because as a teacher you need to have guidelines about this. So it turns out that here instruction questions can be implemented before you actually start the main part of your class. So you can do it in the beginning of the class or the beginning of a module. You can do it during in the central part of your instruction in a class or you can do it towards the end of the class. But if you look at this diagram it tells you that the type of questions and the purpose of questions you write whether when you do it in the beginning, middle or end is actually different. So if you're giving questions in the beginning of class the goal of the questions and the type of questions should be such that it helps to motivate students or it helps them to recall the knowledge from the previous classes. A lot of questions we saw today can be used at the beginning of the class after you do the instruction on that particular topic. Or it can be if you do the instruction in the first half an hour you can interrupt your one hour lecture and give a peer instruction question on getting students to predict the output in the middle of the class itself. When you're doing questions related at the end of a module or towards the end of a topic then you can try to write questions where multiple concepts in the topic are synthesized together. So the questions in the beginning can be easy and straightforward and the questions in the end can relate to the entire picture. So you can use these questions anytime you want you have to plan them however before you come to class and depending on where you decide to use them the type and the goal of the question is different. So finally what are some problems you may face and how do you address it and what are best practices for using clicker questions because what we expect is that at the end of this workshop you will already have written five peer instruction questions. So hopefully you will be using at least one or two in your classes when you go back to your teaching. So I'll just walk you through some challenges that people have reported and also some solutions to them. So these are common challenges where nobody in my class is speaking and a parallel challenge is that too many people in the class are speaking because when you have students to a discussion it can get a little bit noisy, not a lot but just a little bit. So what the recommended strategies are is that if the class is too quiet in the beginning it's okay people do need some time to get used to it and that's why we impressed very often this morning that this is not a one time thing you do. You won't get the benefits and your students won't get the benefits if you do this only once. Instead you do this more or less in every class but spend a small time spend a short amount of time five minutes in each class doing one PI question or if you think of doing the other strategy that you learned like a flip classroom you can do that maybe once a week or if you're going to do a flip classroom as all of you will likely be doing you can use these strategies there. You have to be a little patient initially and after let's say two or three instances students get used to it and they in fact enjoy doing this. If you as a teacher feel that the class is too noisy you're coming to the second problem that's completely okay. Usually this noise is good because students are engaging on the content and if you want to be sure of that you can just walk up and down the rows and make sure that students are engaged on the task. What will you do if students don't participate? You may find this in the beginning in fact and again this will improve but it's useful to keep explaining to students why you're doing this and why this is important and how these interesting questions will benefit them. Like we said in the morning explain often why you're doing this and also demonstrate it often. And finally what will happen? Suppose you give a peer instruction question and there's a lot of animated discussion what do you do then? You can occasionally use a cue like you can clap your hands you can use a bell you can do something like this do any cue you want and if you make it a little humorous people will get back again that's and if you repeat that students will know that that's the cue for them to come back to the lecture. So each of these PI questions can be about three to five minutes if you do two rounds of voting it'll take a little longer maybe seven minutes or so and it's recommended that you do I would say one to three questions per class so even if you do one or two per every class you've actually gotten students to do a lot of active learning in your classes. Best practices I'll leave these on the slide there are some practices on how to write questions what to do and what to avoid the main thing is even though there are multiple choice questions do not give questions where students can answer using memorization instead give questions where students have to reason and work through the program and maybe have to calculate something and so on. In the classroom itself the main part is the discussion between students it's not only the voting so don't skip this part because that's where the benefit lies. Focus on students reasoning even if you tell them this is the right answer spend a little time explaining why the others are not the right answer and for learning benefits it's recommended that you don't assign marks for these questions at most you can assign something like participation marks but don't assign marks for right answers or wrong answers in which case students will only start thinking in terms of the rightness or wrongness and they'll stop thinking about the reasons. So what we do here even in large classes because we've implemented this in classes as large as about 250 is when students are doing the discussion we walk around we help the groups come up with the right reasoning and that way you can give individual attention even in a large class. All this happens in the one minute or two minutes that students are in fact voting. So this slide we've already put up earlier today morning and if you want to use this in your classes there are plenty of resources available both for how to implement it which is on the first bullet and also some examples. These days even many CS instructors have posted questions and secondly by doing the Moodle assignment right after this you will be creating a bank of questions which can be used as community resources by the other instructors in this community. So as you go back to the lab log into Moodle do that assignment and we'll take it from there. Right now the next step is a T-brick.