Hello, I'm Hugh Downs, and today we're going to look at Medicare in simple terms. Now I can almost hear the groans from here. Many people think that the words simple and Medicare are a contradiction in terms. It can be complicated to get help and to find answers to questions about this big, complex program, but there are easy-to-use resources to help us. What are they? Well, here's one right here. The Medicare Handbook. Now to be honest, I've read through a lot of this booklet, and while it's full of valuable information, I don't remember much of it. But then I don't have to, because this booklet is for reference. It's like a dictionary or a telephone directory. When I need to know something, I can look it up in here. The index helps me find information quickly when I need to find it. But there are other sources of help, too. You can call for it. There are nearly 40 teleservice centers operated by Social Security throughout the country, but you only have to call one number, 1-800-772-1213, or, as I discovered, 1-800-SSA-1213. The SSA stands for Social Security Administration. Let's try it. 1-800-SSA-1213. Social Security, Miss Mayfield speaking. How can I help you? That's all there is to it. We've asked one of the thousands of teleservice representatives to answer a few questions for all of us today. Miss Mayfield, you provide information about a wide variety of social security topics. What kinds of Medicare questions could you answer for us? Well, we can answer questions about your Medicare eligibility, for example, and provide you with information about how and when to enroll in Medicare. And if you've lost your Medicare card, we can see that it gets replaced. And if you have any other general questions about Medicare, or if you need to replace your copy of the handbook, we'd like to help. And if your problem means that you need to see your local Social Security office, we can set up an appointment for you. Now, many people have had frustrating experiences with long delays in calling those 800 numbers. What can we expect from you? Well, certain times of the day are busier than others. And if you call during those times, there can be a short wait, but I can give you a couple of tips on how to get your calls through much easier. Please do. Okay. Well, first of all, you can call us any workday between 7 in the morning and 7 at night. But if you want to get your call through to us quicker, call before 9 in the morning and after 5 p.m. That's when we're the least busy. Anything else? Well, if your question can wait, it's better to call after the first week of the month. Social Security checks go out during the first week of the month, so we get a lot of extra calls about that. It's less busy after the first week. Good tips to save time. Thank you, Ms. Mayfield. Thank you. But what if your questions have to do with a specific claim for a doctor's services or a Medicare decision about your stay in the hospital? For questions about doctor's claims, you can contact the Medicare carrier in your area. You'll find them listed in the Medicare Handbook. Now, if a state has more than one such number, like this one, find the carrier in the county where you receive your doctor's services. Now, a carrier is simply an insurance company hired by the government to process claims for anything covered under Medicare's medical insurance, which is called Part B. George Banks works for Massachusetts Blue Shield in Boston, and he's with us now at his firm's processing center. Mr. Banks, what can you tell us to make things simpler for us? Well, first of all, you can save time by contacting the correct carrier. It should be the carrier in the state or county where you actually receive your Medicare services, even if you don't live there. Now, this is our processing center, and from here we issue payment checks and send you a form called an explanation of Medicare benefits after processing your claim. Now, this is not a bill. It's simply a summary of Medicare decisions and payments. It also shows your carrier's name, address, and phone number at the bottom. Now, the back of the form tells you how to appeal your decision or ask for a review if you disagree with something. What kind of questions can you help us with? Questions about claims, but only claims that concern Part B services, such as doctor services, lab services, or medical equipment. Also, questions about how to appeal or questions about possible fraud or abuse of the Medicare program. Contact us also if you have any questions about this form we just looked at, the explanation of Medicare benefits. And this can come in handy. Ask us for a free copy of this directory. It lists all the participating doctors and suppliers who agree to accept Medicare's approved charges as payment in full. Thank you, Mr. Banks. Thank you. I now have standing by Mrs. Gladys Hazen, a Medicare beneficiary in Dayton, Ohio, who has discovered another way that Medicare has been made just a little bit simpler. A new rule says that doctors and suppliers must now file Medicare claims for any Part B services performed after September 1, 1990. Mrs. Hazen, how is this affecting you? I know some doctors have done this for a while, but I always had to fill out my own claims for medical services and send them in. I like the idea of not having to do this anymore. I can't remember the last time the government did something that meant less paperwork for me. Thank you, Mrs. Hazen. Well, beneficiaries like Mrs. Hazen and you will have a little relief from the paperwork. We've learned that the carrier can help with questions about the medical insurance part of Medicare, but how about the hospital insurance part? What if Medicare disagrees with my doctor who wants to hospitalize me for cataract surgery, for example? Can I challenge that decision? Again, in the back of the helpful Medicare handbook, there's a directory of organizations called PROs. It stands for Peer Review Organizations. These are made up of doctors and other healthcare professionals who are paid by the government to review these kinds of Medicare decisions and to investigate your complaints about the quality of care. There is one in your area. Well, our last guest today is Mary Price, a hospital social worker. Mary, if I went into the hospital, I probably would have forgotten to bring along my copy of the Medicare handbook. What would I do then? Well, don't worry about it. If you're a Medicare patient, you'll receive a special notice when you're admitted to the hospital. It's called an important message from Medicare. It explains your rights as a hospital patient and has other information you need, too, including the name, address, and phone number of the Peer Review Organization in your area. There's a copy of this notice in the Medicare handbook. Thank you, Ms. Price. Thank you, Hugh. The handbook also tells you how to order other helpful literature, including this guide for people with Medicare. It has useful tips on how to shop for insurance to supplement Medicare, so-called Medigap Insurance. Well, what have we learned about Medicare? Well, help is just a phone number or a few flips of the page away. Call the Teleservice Center at 1-800-SSA-1213. And we'll help with your questions about Medicare eligibility, enrollment, replaced cards, or any other general Medicare questions. Contact the carrier in the state where you receive Medicare services, and we'll help you with your questions about claims. Remember, the rule says your doctor files your medical claims now. When you're in the hospital, the information you need to have is included in this important message from Medicare. Remember, the Medicare handbook is packed with information, phone numbers, addresses, answers to questions, and you don't have to remember these things. Just know how to use the handbook and keep it where you can easily find it. Well, this has been our look at Medicare in simple terms. I'm Hugh Downs. Thank you for watching.


Great relationships are difficult to build and they typically take a lot of time. You can't have one by waving a wand over people. It is really not that simple. Relationships require a strong commitment and time and emotional investment over some time. People who desire to have relationships with others are kind and open-minded. They are also very patient. People make mistakes from time to time. If you are not patient, no one can write of something that could have become a very fulfilling relationship over something that wouldn't even matter in a couple of days, are you currently in any relationship? Some behaviors strengthen already existing relationships and some can weaken the same. If you have a knack for telling lies, you would probably not last in a relationship over someone honest. In this video, I am going to share with you 9 behaviors that destroy relationships. 1. Chronic lying. It goes without saying that all liars are doomed to mistrust from people they care about and everyone else in general. Your relationship should not be lying to people. The trouble with lying even once is that if you are found out, it will call into question even the true things you said. It will make you always defend what you say and you would never truly be free from suspicion. Lying can operate the foundation of every relationship which is trust. Where there is no trust, there is really no relationship. If you want to keep your relationship, be honest, it will surprise you how accommodating people can be. If only you are honest with them, everyone has one thing or the other that bothers them. When you share yours with them, they feel like you entrusted them with a very secret part of your life. They feel special because you did not entrust the information to others and you trusted them with it. This can actually endear them to you and strengthen your relationship with them. 2. Being selfish. Everyone has a life to live, problems to attend to, and fun to catch. If someone chooses to make you a part of their lives, don't take it for granted. Everyone does not make everyone a part of their lives. Did you invite all your classmates to have dinner with your parents? I would be extremely surprised if you did. If you have a relationship with someone, learn to be considerate when dealing with them, do not be interested only in what they can offer you. A selfish person thinks of opportunities for themselves and sell them for the people they are together with. They can quarrel with you simply because you don't agree to do things their own way. If you want to know whether you are selfish or not, ask yourself. Do you care about your friend's interest? Do you even listen to your friend's opinion? Do you always expect them to listen to yours? Do you always want you guys to hang out at your favorite part? Do you always insist on watching your favorite shows when you are with your friends? When was the last time you called your friends first to check on them? You may be super selfish without even knowing. It starts and becomes normal over time. No relationship that is that way will last. No one likes selfish people. Luckily, there is remedy for this. If you listen more than you speak and become more honest with people, you will feel better in the relationship, learn to share and show support for the things your friends are interested in. Number 3. Poor communication culture. Human thelopathy, no thanks to technology, has not evolved. We have not come to a stage where we can understand what others are thinking by looking at them. In other words, people need to speak up more. If you are in a relationship with someone, learn to communicate your feelings, reservations and fears. You need to understand, your friend cannot know what is going on if you don't tell him or her. Not communicating can cause you to overreact over things that you haven't talked about. It can make you appear unstable and this can strain the relationship. People also have stuff going on for them. It is unfair to lash out at others out of personal frustration. No one deserves to be treated that way. If you even need some time away from the relationship, it is better to communicate this than to subconsciously start pushing the other person away. It takes courage to communicate how we feel to the people that care about us. But if we want them to stay, we have to. 4. Being very secretive. Lying is an extreme case. However, being too secretive can be a problem too. If you are in a romantic relationship, this is especially problematic. Do you always take your phone when your partner reaches across the table for a cup of coffee? What do you want your partner to think in such situations? There's really nothing wrong with having secrets. We all have secrets. Having too many is the problem, especially if the person in question is very open and honest. Taking clandestine phone calls that change your mood that you never talk about, saving people's contacts with different names and going away for a period without telling anyone where you are going are some things that can be seen as secretive. If you keep it up, your relationship may not be great anymore. The thing about being secretive is that it also makes you start telling lies to cover your tracks and lies are not compatible with relationships. According to Scientific America, secrecy is associated with lower well-being, worse health and less satisfying relationships. No matter how many secrets you have, bringing in a friend and some of them that are not crimes will give you an ally in your struggles. Is it drug addiction? Your friend can recommend rehab and not judge you for your decisions. 5. Not staying within your boundaries. When you are in a relationship with someone, learn to respect their boundaries. Everyone has a personal space, a place that holds sacred. A topic they never discuss and things they never eat. It differs in people, really. If they have told you, respect it and don't bring it up. Don't open their computer to play video games because you know the password. Don't use their wifi without telling them. Don't make physical advances without their constant. Don't walk their dog or eat their sandwich in the microwave because you know it is there. Don't even visit unannounced unless it gives you a key. Respecting their boundaries can really endear you to them. When you don't, even if unintentionally, they can assume that you are disrespectful and write you off. If everyone thinks you are this way, you may have a serious problem on your hands. Nobody wants to hang out with someone who doesn't respect boundaries. 6. Not keeping your promises. If you want to build trust in any relationship, if you say you will do something for them, do it. Don't just do it. But do it at the exact time you promised you would. You would be amazed at what this will do for you. If people's general impression of you is reliable, you are already on your way to success. Not keeping your promise is another way to kill of trust in any relationship. If your friends can rely on your words, it is a big problem. 7. Complaining all the time. No one wants to be friends with someone who only sees what is not working in life. Such people are very negative people. To succeed, you need a lot of positivity and a gratitude attitude. Hanging out with someone like that will do you no good. People who complain hardly do anything about anything. If you are friends with people, try to encourage them instead of complaining and killing their dreams. If a friend abandons an idea that someone later pushes to success because of you, they are unlikely to stick around in the relationship. 8. Working all the time. Working around the clock and having little time for your friends will suddenly not help your relationship. They also have work to do when you are always canceling on them for work and never showing up for important events in their lives. Don't expect magic from them. They are humans. When they don't bother to invite you anymore, don't take offense. You had it coming. 9. Being manipulative. Are your friends valuable to you? Do you care about them? If you care about people, why manipulate them? It seems like you are in charge until you are found out. It is easier to forgive someone who lied than someone who manipulated you for your selfish interest. Those behaviors, if you keep them up, can leave you very lonely. Friends are humans too. Treat people the way you would like to be treated and you will be fine.


Let's get it boys Somebody break legs bouncing off the blue strips Move Chris, she don't even know she my new bitch Somebody pullin' her back row, seein' all the bright lights Bouncin' off the blue strips, my life's a movie I got it in cruise control, I saw me super froze Feel like I'm Tucci bro, look like I'm movin' dope Everything boomin' though, I'm singin' two cause the 42 Julio I know they proud of their kids I kinda want to not count it again Use a gun low but it's lightin' the bend My tank is on E but this hour's lit I caught a play on the west King James in the flesh She done told me just sittin' in the benzo It's not pray for begets, gotta watch y'all move I'm noticein' change, money and stash It's the only thing safe Get paranoid when I go in the bank They tellin' my teller that I'm rollin' with dang They know who I am when I walk in the room Now you know how I sound when I spark in the booth Better not show me, need all of the loot Only time I round up when I'm callin' the troops, bitch Everything boomin' though, I'm movin' I count it up twice, I cannot do it soon When you know who I ride with, stop the confusion Scheme on the law, I been playin' the blueprint Reappel, stay low when I'm hooked on the gun Just upgrade the bends, I'll be lookin' at standards Could never see myself pushin' a hundred Somebody fell in when I'm countin' up to thousands They lights patsin' off the blue strips I cook up, respect me a good luck I'm tellin' the truth, big slime ain't worked out in years But I know he gon' push up This the result of some cushlums Duck if you look up, ready for war, yeah I need mine, you know what I drive Only time you see peace signs Upgrade the bends, that's a musk like a mela Goin' against me, then it's fuckin' B.I. Always seppin', it's gotta respect it Trash bags full of bands coming in hefty Rooftop if you like, I'm runnin' for present I stay low, I'm playin' for keep Blowin' on strong, the same for the weak Got a beard drawn with me, never makin' a scene My level movie could play like a screen King Johnny got me glowin' dog Diamonds flooded, needin' know it's off If I'm steppin' out, I gotta show em' off In the front bustin' like I'm Rosa Parks Hit a leg, I'ma blow it off I'ma read this shit up, pay the soldiers off I don't speak rap or condone the dogs Only cashin' knees if my phone gets caught Bring me!  It was makin' a win, I'm breakin' a bread I pray for baguettes, gotta watch how I move I'm noticein' change, money is stash It's the only thing safe, get paranoid When I go in the bank, they tellin' my teller That I'm rollin' with dang, they know who I am When I walk in the room, now you know how I sound When I spark in the booth, better not show Me need all of the loot, only time I round up When I'm callin' the troops, bitch Everything boomin' the comments are movin' I count it up twice, I cannot do a sum When you know who I ride with, stop the confusion Scheme on the law, I've been playin' the blueprint Re-up and re-up, I cook for the guapa Gotta stay low when I'm hooked on the ganja Upgrade the bends, they'll be lookin' at standards Could never see myself pushin' a hundred Somebody break lights, bouncein' off the diamonds Somebody fillin' when I'm countin' up the thousands Somebody bouncein' off the blue strips Somebody branch out, I cookin' Respect me a good luck, I'm tellin' the truth Big slime ain't worked out in years, but I know We gon' push up, this the result of some kush lugs Duck, if you look up, ready for war, yeah I need mine, you know what I drive, only time you see Peace signs, upgrade the bends, that's how much you like a me-line Goin' guns, measin', it's fuckin' B.I.


Family Theatre presents Grace Kelly and Edmund O'Brien. From Hollywood, the Mutual Network in Cooperation with Family Theatre presents Stopwatch Finale starring Edmund O'Brien. And now, here is your hostess, Grace Kelly. Family Theatre's only purpose is to bring to everyone's attention a practice that must become an important part of our lives if we're to win peace for ourselves, peace for our families, and peace for the world. Family Theatre urges you to pray. Pray together as a family. And now, to our transcribed drama, Stopwatch Finale starring Edmund O'Brien as Ed Gibson. Concerning Edward Gibson, legally tried and condemned to death in the Riverton Death House, there are these unusual facts to remember. No word from the governor yet. Time's gone fast, Warden.  Can I get you any magazines? No, no thanks. I think I'll just wait. What's the time? Oh, exactly four minutes after five. That makes it six hours, roughly. Right. Six hours to live. I wouldn't keep thinking about it, Gibson. You wouldn't, eh? I'd do something.  What, for instance? I'd read the Bible or something. You're asking me to read a Bible, and I've got six hours to live? I can't figure a better time to read one. Yeah, I know. They all do it, I suppose. If you want, I'll get the chaplain, too. You don't need chaplains of Bibles, Warden, when you don't believe in God. Gibson, you wouldn't be trying to fool me, would you? I think you're a pretty decent fellow. Decent fellow, eh? Yeah. When they tried me and found me guilty, you'd still say that. That's right. Well, thanks anyway. That's one of the reasons why I mentioned the chaplain. You've got six hours to live. Roughly five hours and forty minutes, Warden. All right.  Just a plain blackout? That's right. They throw the switch on you, and then it's curtains. It's quick. You get cold. It's over. Nothing more? Nothing more. Just curtains. In other words, you just don't believe in God. Warden, how much time did you say I had left? Five hours and forty minutes. Five hours and forty minutes. Warden, if I had five years and forty minutes, five hundred years and forty minutes, I still wouldn't believe in God. That's on the level, Gibson? Sure. Why should an electric chair make me change my mind? Well, bye and see you again, Gibson. Thanks, Warden. How are you doing? Okay. Want anything to help you pass the time? No. No, thanks anyway. I appreciate it. Don't mention it. What's the time now? Seven-twenty-three. It leaves me about three hours and a half. Three hours and a half to live. I can stay here if you want and talk to you. Warden. Yeah. What would you do with three hours and a half?  I'd probably get a few stiff hookers into me. Yeah. Yeah, I could get a drink, couldn't I? Anything you want, Gibson? To be honest with you, Warden, I never cared much for the stuff. Maybe a glass of beer now and then. You want beer? I can get you. No, no. That's something I can't explain. Yeah, I know what you mean. How'd you like the dinner we sent over? Oh, good. A swell dinner, Warden. You didn't eat much? I just wasn't hungry, that's all. You got a cigarette? Sure, sure. No word from the governor yet? Nope, nothing. Here's the pack. Thanks. Light? Yeah, thanks. Cigarette tastes good. I like the smoke, Warden. I always like the smoke. Honest, Gibson, I wish you had a million years to smoke. Yeah, a million years. There's nothing else I can do for you, is there? Sure, sure there is. You can give me the keys and let me walk out the front door.  You think so? Yeah, I followed your case. Oh, yeah. The whole country followed my case, according to my lawyer. It's a pretty good show, you got to admit. Maybe if I'd never gone into that. What's the matter? That's nothing. I just keep thinking that's all. Sure, sure, I know what you mean.  I'm here in this death house tonight because I walked into a restaurant one day. Would you believe it? A restaurant? Yeah, I wouldn't be here if I hadn't walked into that restaurant. What happened? Well, I can trace it right back to that day in the restaurant when she said... May I take your order, sir? Yeah, I'd like a steak, Miss Porterhouse, and make it on the rare side, huh? Vegetables? Yeah, spinach and potatoes, only no cream on the spinach. Plain, spinny. Yeah, that's right. Coffee? Yep, you can bring me a cup of coffee, too. Yes, sir. It began with something as simple as that, given an order to a waitress. She wasn't what you'd call a beautiful, kind of a short girl, brown eyes, dark hair, Latin type you'd call her. I fell for a warden. I fell about as hard as a guy could fall for a girl. What happened then? I married her. We went together six months, and we had the wedding. It was okay, too. Real church wedding, bells, organ, rice, you know. Yeah. Yeah, we had good times together, too. Louise and I had a good job. Bricklayer. Had three kids, too. I just can't figure it out. I mean, it should have worked the other way. What do you mean, Gibson? What other way? I mean about the house. We figured it was just about everything we wanted. You know how people like to get out of cheap flats? You figure if you have a nice house, good big rooms? Well, it's a place you can be proud of, a place you can invite people to, your friends. Louise always wanted a nice house. I see. And I got her a house. Boy, Warton, you should have heard of that first day when I showed it to her. It's beautiful. How do you like it, Louise? Doesn't it got everything I told you? Oh, it's beautiful, Eddie. Come on, let's look around. Hey, you can't compare this with that old flat, can you, Louise? Look at those walls. Solid. And Eddie. Tile in the kitchen. Green tile. Yeah, you like that stuff, huh? I knew you would. Oh, this is first class, honey. Oh, Eddie has so happy. Hey, when do you see the rooms upstairs, Louise? Are they big? Big. You get lost in there so big. And the windows, they'll knock your eye out. They open sideways instead of up and down. And the kind of windows that go in a house like this. The stairs, they don't creak. Creak? Well, you can fall down these stairs and they won't creak. You don't think I paid out cash for a matchbox, do you, honey? And honey, honey, look here. Brass knobs on a door. First class, huh? Oh, Eddie, it's wonderful. One family suburban brick model one. It cost me about all I had, too. It was a good investment, Gibson. Yeah. That's what everybody said. See, you don't have to listen to all this, won't you? I appreciate you coming here like this. Oh, it's all right, Gibson. Go ahead. I don't mind. Talk all you want. My time's my own. Yeah. Time. Time and talk. Doesn't do much good talking, does it? That was about the time you met this Jordan fellow, wasn't it?  Yeah, that's right. Jordan. Jordan lived down the street. I commuted with him practically every day in the 816. I never really understood Jordan those first six months. A quiet kind of fellow, almost lonesome. One day I invited him over to my house. They sitting around that night, and before I knew it, we got to talking on religion.  Everyone sooner or later bringing in religion. Now, please don't misunderstand me, Gibson. I'm not trying to disparage any man's belief. You and Louise happen to be well like my own folks. They went to church, too. Respectable, conscientious type of people. Well, that was their like, their belief. And I take my hat off to them. Yeah, I understand that, Jordan. But you say this religion stuff is a lot of malarkey. Am I right? That's putting it a bit too roughly, Gibson. Yeah, but you said that. I merely said that I don't believe in a God. Oh, you really don't believe in God, Mr. Jordan? That's right. Now, let me get this straight, Jordan. You don't believe in God, you don't believe in heaven, you don't believe in heaven. As I see it, Gibson, God, heaven, hell, and all the assorted angels, archangels, and devils, are merely ancient superstitions which persist in disturbing the modern mind. Now, understand, I don't question the convenience of having a religion. The convenience? Yeah, the propriety. The usefulness of having a religion. It keeps a lot of frustrated people happy. The reward motive, you know. And you don't believe in prayer? Well, if there's no God to pray to, why should I believe in prayer? Or a soul, either. Yes, what about the soul? Just a minute. I do believe the soul factor. It's the principle of activity. Dogs have them, cats, caterpillars, and even man. But when you start talking to me about an immortal soul, well, that's where I draw the line. Where do you draw the line, Jordan? Six feet under the daisies when my time comes.  What? Mr. Jordan? You really believe that, Jordan? I believe it. I not only believe it, I preach it. It's a hobby of mine.  Well, I mean, if there's no God, as you say, then, well, what about the commandments? Oh, the commandments. Well, they're an unusual code of the mores, allegedly dictated by some almighty Jehovah person with appropriate thunder and lightning. No, no, wait a minute. You mean the commandments didn't come from God like it says in the Bible? Well, if there isn't a God, I don't see how they could. Oh, but Mr. Jordan. Excuse me, Louise. Oh, yeah, yeah, go ahead. Well, you see, it's a picture. Now, just hold on a minute, Jordan. Boy, I'm telling you, you got me in a state where I don't know whether I'm coming or going. I mean, well, everything I ever knew about the commandments and, well, sin. See it. Eddie, sin is merely being caught at what society says we ought not get caught at. Society? That's my opinion. And if you're not caught, Jordan? Well, if you're not caught, Eddie, well, then you're a free man. They caught me. But what else about this Jordan fellow, Jordan? Well, he had me mixed up ever since that talk we had in the house. I was trying to figure out some arguments, you know, proof about the things I used to believe in God and things. But I wasn't too quick on the trigger. Well, that Jordan was a clever egg. I had to admit it right to his face. Jordan, you certainly can dish that stuff out. Boy, you got me bamboozled. Maybe you're beginning to see the light, Eddie. Well, I don't know. I'm all right. I begin to think of those... Say, tell you what?  Where? Jefferson Circle. I have a regular audience down there every Thursday night. You mean you really make speeches in Jefferson Circle? Oh, it's a real study. The faces of the people, Eddie.  How do you mean the works? I call it my stopwatch finale. Stopwatch finale. That's what he called it. What did he mean stopwatch finale? Ah, it's an old gag wordin'.  The time's really gone, isn't it, Warden? My God, I'm talkin' as if I had a million years to live. Did you hear what I just said, Warden? You mean the above? Yeah. I said, my God. That's a kind of habit, I guess. Gibson, are you sure you don't want me to get the chaplain for you? No, I'm walkin' out on my own steam, Warden. Where was I? You were sayin' somethin' about a stopwatch. Oh, yeah. Well, this Jordan used to go down at Jefferson Circle every Thursday night. Get up on the platform in front of the people and he'd say... And he had a swell voice, too. He'd say...  I now serve notice on His Majesty if what I say is not true. Then I defy God to strike me dead on this platform within five seconds. I'm timing you, God. Do you hear me? I'm givin' you five seconds to strike me dead if what I say is not true. One, two, four... So that's what he called stopwatch finale, eh? Yeah, yeah. Well, you know the rest of the story happens to thousands of people, I guess. You're going along, living, working, trying to raise kids, live normal, and boom, it's like lightning the way it hits you. You don't figure on it. You're just... Just a simple headache. That's how I came to know first. I had a headache that day, and I left the job early. I went home, opened the door of my house, and I heard the laughter in the other room. I opened the parlor door, and my wife jumps out of the chair like a scared rabbit, almost. I wondered why she was so nervous all of a sudden, and I looked at it. Jordan. Your wife is really a sketch, Eddie. Most delightful sense of humor. Oh, Louise. You're home early, darling. Yeah, I got a headache. The old sinus trouble, Ed? No, it's just an ordinary headache. Mr. Jordan dropped in for some tea. Yeah, that's fine.  You're not sick, are you, darling? No, a couple of aspirins will fix it up. Go ahead. Don't let me disturb you. That's what I thought wouldn't a couple of aspirins would fix it up. I couldn't get that other feeling out of my head. I thought about it for weeks. Maybe I was wrong. I hope maybe I was wrong, and that Louise was only... then Jim Holloway, he's my brother-in-law. Jim came up to me one day. You working hard, Eddie? Yeah, they keep me going when the weather is right. You know how it is with brick laying, Jim. What have you got out there in the backyard? Oh, I'm building a little garage laying the bricks myself. Didn't Louise tell you about it? No, that kid's sister of mine never tells me a thing. You know, some of these days, Jim, I'm gonna get a car. Louise and the kids will enjoy a trip to the beach to the country. I think Louise ought to get out more. She ought to have more fun. You know how it is with women staying home all day with the kids. It's no fun. Kind of washes them out. After I get a car, you know... Ed. I came over to see you for something special. You don't mind if I tell you something? No, go right ahead, Jim. Now, I don't want you to get excited.  What do you mean? Maybe I should keep quiet.  What's on your mind? Now, it may be only rumors. Yeah? Yeah, go ahead. Well, if I were you, I'd keep my eye on that guy, Jordan. What do you mean? I mean Louise. So that's how you first found out about it, Gibson. It's a dangerous thing going around with stories like that, even if it's the truth. Jim thought he was doing right. I don't blame him. What happened after that?  First, I thought I wouldn't say anything to Louise, but that night in the house, I came right out with it. I told her everything that Jim said. I could still see her face getting white. Looking all right. All right. You know everything now. What are you going to do about it? Louise, tell me it's... Tell me it isn't true. It is true. I love him. You snooped, you found out, all right? I love him. What else do you want me to say? Louise, the kids, our house. I'm fed up with it.  I'm finished. Marriage? You mean it's off? Maybe it was never on. How can you say that, Louise? Louise, you're not going away with him. Yes, I am. I see, Louise. Everything was clear to me then. I saw the whole picture. So I walked out of the house. Sure. Sure I could see Jordan's point now. It was plain. Plain as the nose on your face. For the first time it clicked. I should have figured the angle long ago. It was an old game. Old as the hills. You could steal into a guy's house. The house he's paid for and sweated for. You could steal into his house and talk to his wife. Get her infatuated. Turn her head. Talk to his kids. Use nice words. Be a nice guy. You could talk a lot of big talk about religion and stuff. There is no God. There is no God. You could say those words. And because there isn't a God, you don't have to worry about a guy's wife or his kids or his house. All you got to worry about is don't get caught. See? Don't get caught. Society doesn't like it. Well, I wasn't worried about society. About what's right and what's wrong. Don't get caught. If that's the game Jordan was playing, then little Ed Gibson can play it too. I walked down a Jefferson circle at Night Warden. I saw him up on the platform. A couple of hundred people were there too. And Jordan was going strong. It was the same old stuff. And in conclusion, if what I say is not true, I defy platform within five seconds. Time, Gibson. I'm ready. I can still get a chaplain for you. No. I can make it alone. Okay. Just as you say, Gibson. Warden. Yes, lad? There's one thing I didn't tell you. Maybe you'd like to know about it. What is it? The night I shot Jordan. Yes. I ran to where he was lying on the platform. I see his lips were moving. Just whispering. And you know what he was saying? May God have mercy on my soul. He said that? Yeah. He said it. The guy who didn't believe in God. Here's the door, Gibson. Concerning Edward Gibson, legally tried and condemned to death in the Riverton death house, there is this other unusual fact to remember. After he'd walked through that last door, after the electrode was applied and shortly before the switch was thrown, he was heard to say, Oh my God, my God, have mercy on my soul. This is Grace Kelly again. A famous writer once observed that life is like a long, slow journey by train across an unknown land. At the start of the trip, we're all eyes and ears and fascinated by so many new sights and sounds, scarcely even caring about our destination. Gradually, we develop into seasoned travellers and more and more we begin to look forward to that day when the trip will be over and there will be no more summits to climb or bridges to cross. So it is to some extent with the journey of life, with the one difference being that journey we should be mindful of our final destination, eternal union with Almighty God. And there's a simple way to do that too, through prayer, daily prayer, and every day as we get closer and closer to our eternal destination, if we're to remember to offer a prayer to God, asking his help and guidance, depend on it. He will see that our journey is a safe one and here's something else we can depend on. The family that prays together stays together.  From Hollywood Family Theatre has brought you Stopwatch Finale, starring Edmund O'Brien. Grace Kelly was your hostess. Others in our cast were Jean Bates, John Larch, Tudor Owen, and Billy Bakken. The script was written by Timothy J. Mulvey with music composed and conducted by Harry Zimmerman and was directed and transcribed by Family Theatre by John T. Kelly. This series of Family Theatre broadcasts is made possible by the thousands of you who feel the need for this type of program, by the mutual network which has responded to this need, and by the hundreds of stars of stage, screen, and radio who give so unselfishly of their time and talent to appear on our Family Theatre stage.  This is George Crowell expressing the wish of Family Theatre that the blessing of God may be upon you and your home and inviting you to be with us next week when Family Theatre will present Citizen's Arrest, starring Bob Hope as the host. Join us, won't you? Transcribed. Broadcast throughout the world and originates in the Hollywood studios of the world's largest network. This is Mutual, the radio network for All America.


So, yeah, the next session is by Wautam Ulaman from MIT and the Broad Institute, and he's going to tell you about how you can take massive collections of Chromage Memo Segway tracks and make sense of them. Hopefully. Thanks, Anshil. Okay, so, yeah, so we've just seen these two pretty cool tools that are very useful, and if you haven't used them yet, I really encourage you to look at them. They've been extremely useful for me to, you know, take our large sets of data for encode or for roadmap epigenomics and kind of make sense of them a little bit better. So, this is typically what we start off with, right, in the most, in the sort of the best case scenario.  In this case, this is across 127 different epigenomes. We have, across the whole genome, we have a number of, you know, chromatin marks or epigenomic marks that we measure, and you end up with this sort of monstrous data cube that's not necessarily extremely useful. So, with these two methods, Chromage Memo and Segway allow you to do is essentially to sort of summarize it in that one dimension, right? So, you end up with like a 2D matrix like this instead. So, this is, in this case, this is the output of Chromage Memo, so for given genomic region, across all these different cell types, you see how they behave in terms of epigenomic marks. So, like Jason already showed you, you see a lot of green stuff here. That means it's probably transcribed. You see some red stuff or promoter stuff. You see some yellow for enhancers, et cetera. So, that means that the color you see here, any given color here, corresponds to a state there in the chromatin state model, right? And this is conceptually identical between Chromage Memo and Segway. The problem is, or this is where it becomes a little hairy, is that this is only a very small region of the genome. If you know which region you're interested in, this is great. You can pull this up in the UCSC browser, look at your region and see how that region varies across different cell types. But this is only less than 0.2% of the genome, right? So, if I give this whole matrix to you for the whole genome, good luck. Where do you start? Where are the interesting regions? Where are the regions you might want to follow up with in downstream analyses? At the same time, this is only a hundred and something cell types or different samples, right? I mean, it's very likely that in the very near future, this is gonna run into the thousands or even more, right? So, the problem is that this matrix is not as small as this. It's ever-expanding. So, we need a better method for sort of finding regions that are of interest or regions that are surprising, if you will. So, if you look at this matrix, and this is just a very small portion of it, you can sort of think of this also as kind of like a multiple alignment. So, in this case, this is like an alignment of a number of binding sites, number of CMIC binding sites, which consists of AC, GO, T. And just as this is kind of an alignment of a number of sequences where you don't have AC, GO, T, but you have yellow and green and red and whatever. So, we never show a CMIC binding site as this, right? There's methods we can use to summarize this, and they're called logos. So, we always show it like this. So, this tells us that the C is very well-conserved here, and indeed, there's a C everywhere, whereas, for example, here at the last position, GC and T, it's only GC and T, it's never an A, so we show this as a little bit less high position, right? So, it contains less information there. And the nice thing about these logos is that you can take into account sort of the background frequency of each of these residues, each of these nucleotides. So, let's say you have a very AT-rich genome, then you can sort of take that into account. Now, for nucleotide-based motifs, this is not necessarily super interesting because it's gonna be like between 20 and 30%, usually for each of the nucleotides. But for these chromatin states, it's very important because if we go back, you see that this is the genome white coverage of each of the chromatin states. You see that some states are pretty rare, 0.7% is in the active TSS state, whereas others are covering nearly 70% of the genome, right? So, the nice thing about these logos is we can try and take this into account. If I see a region with a lot of white, it's less interesting to me than if I see a region with a lot of red because red is a much more rare state than white. All right, so let's see how we can take that into account. So, if I show you the same, so, okay, so this is what we're gonna do. We're gonna take this kind of view and we're gonna turn it into a logo like we do for an alignment of nucleotide sequences, except we're not gonna use ACG and T, we're gonna use colors. So, this is the same view as I showed you before, that 2D matrix except squashed, because I wanted to show this zoomed in version here as well. So, it's over there. And now if we use this very simple principle, it's a very simple information theory transformation where you can just turn this into essentially a logo that turns into something like this. And this is what we call epilogos. So, imagine looking at this versus looking at these 2D matrix, right? You can now immediately see on the y-axis sort of the level of surprise or how much information is contained at any given position. And you can see that these kind of regions are not very interesting, but there's a lot of interesting stuff going on here because this particular combination of chromatin states at that particular position is something you would rarely expect to see by random chance alone. All right, so now you can look at this for the whole genome for as long as you want. And here in this case, it's like a silly movie where you show indeed like every color is a chromatin state and the height is sort of the level of surprise. And you can make it even more silly by sort of having the speed of this movie sort of inversely proportional to the amount of information.  It's a super interesting region that's why we're taking it slow, okay? But now, look at that, it's just a little silly gimmick here just to keep your attention here after this long day of tutorials. Now, one of the reasons I'm excited about presenting this today at this meeting is because many of you are the users of Encode data. So, hopefully, many of you are going to be the users of EpiLogos as well as we keep developing this. And for this, I would love to get your input. So, if you have a moment today, either during the talk or just do it during this like deep learning tutorial because you know, take a moment to go here and it's a very short like questionnaire thing just to sort of gauge your feeling of what kind of features for EpiLogos that I'm gonna go through in the coming couple minutes are sort of most interesting to you and we can sort of like steer our development efforts to watch those. Okay, so briefly, this is roughly how it works. It's a very, like I said, it's a very simple transformation. In essence, it's identical to what's being used for generating DNA sequence logos or amino acid sequence logos but you can make it more complex as you go along. So, basically what this tells you, this is sort of the 2D matrix I showed you before. This is the output and it's basically a relative entropy transformation and what that roughly means is that you have for any given position, let's choose this position, you simply tally up for each of the states. In this case, we're using a 15 state model. What percentage of cases is in each state? So, in this case, everything is red so 100% is in state one. Let's P here, okay. And as you can see, you can sort of see this as kind of like an observed over expected ratio roughly, right? So, we're gonna compare this what we observe to what we expect and what do we expect? Well, this is just a very simple way of showing sort of the average genome-wide frequencies of each of the states. So, like I said, the state number one occurs in only 0.7% of the genome and now all of a sudden we see it in 100% of them. So, that's a pretty large difference. So, this is indeed a very surprising position like you see here. It's higher than the other stuff around it, most of the other stuff around it. So, this is the very basic version of epilogos, right? It just doesn't, you know, it doesn't go much further than this, it just sort of assumes that everything is the same across all samples and across the whole genome and things like that. We're also developing more complex models that take into account similarities and expected co-occurrences between chromatin states as well as similarities between different samples you're using. For example, if you're building this based on, you know, 20 T cell samples and one brain cell sample then you kind of want to like weigh those samples a little differently, you know, and put too much weight on the T cell samples, for example. Anyway, so that's stuff we're developing. This is sort of the general concept of it. There's also, and basically it's a very simple model, this basic model, there is this prototype website out there that you can go to and it allows you to sort of generate these epilogos for different sets of samples, okay? So, the one I showed you before is based on all 127 roadmap epigenomes. But here on this website you can select any arbitrary subset of epigenomes. So, this table you see first is kind of like a number of pre-computed scenarios here. And if you hover over each of the cells you would be able to see which epigenomes are included there. And if you don't like any of these pre-computed samples then, you know, by all means scroll down and choose any kind of combination of epigenomes. Now mind you, this takes a little bit of time to compute about 10 minutes or something. So, you know, if you are interested in let's say only like blood and T-cell samples and you can just click the green area here and it'll automatically select everything.  Okay, now what happens if you do that? So let's say we have selected the whole, all the blood and T-cell samples from roadmap. Then the result page looks a little like this. Here, again, sort of the, you know, chrome HMM chromatin state calls, like Jason also showed you in the UCSC browser. And in this case, this is restricted to only the blood and T-cell samples in roadmap. So that's what you're familiar with for a small portion of the genome. This is actually the WashU epigenome browser that's embedded in this website. So it just works exactly the same as the WashU epigenome browser. You can fill in different coordinates or different gene names or a snip of interest and things like that. You can use this to zoom in and out and slide across the genome and things like that. Now, like you already saw here, this is the epilogos version, the epilogos transformation of this set of chromatin states here. So you see that, you know, based on the genome-wide frequencies of the chromatin states, there's some regions that do not seem to be very interesting or surprising in some regions that seem to contain more information. Below here, there's two lists. These sort of make it a little bit more easy for you to navigate to, to jump to places in the genome that might be of interest, right? So here you see, so you're looking at this current window here. What this thing basically allows you to do is sort of find some interesting stuff that's over there or over there, right? Something outside of your current view range. It'll just jump there. So this is recomputed every time. So this is right now, we're at the current window centered here. You can jump something to the left, to the right and things like that. Now here, on the right, you get like sort of the genome-wide global scoring regions. So if you're just interested in like finding, you know, out of all these samples, what are the top 100 most interesting regions in terms of chromatin state variability, then you can look at this. And you can filter this in different ways if you're interested in specific states only. Okay. So this is the very basic version of the prototype website. Now we're working on a number of applications. And this is one of the reasons why I pointed you to that feedback URL because you know, we'd love to get your input on what you think is most useful. So we already looked at the interactive visualization using the WashU browser. One kind of cute application I think, it's a little silly, but as we're growing a number of epigenomes or as we're growing a number of samples, just like we have a reference genome, right? We might also want to generate at some point a reference epigenome. Like what does, in general, what does the human epigenome look like? Maybe. In any case, in some cases, you can think of scenarios in which it will be useful to not show, you know, 100 tracks in a genome browser, but just get a general sense of what does epigenomic data look like in that region. And just like from a motif, we can derive a very simple consensus sequence. We can do the same from a little piece of epilogos here by just reading off sort of the most informative state as we go along. It's kind of silly, but maybe useful. Something that I think is much more interesting is comparative epigenomics. Let me take you through that for a couple of minutes. So let's say you're interested in saying, okay, I have these chromatin state calls for all these roadmap epigenomes, more than 100 different cell types. But now I wanna find, in the genome, I wanna find the regions that are the most different between stem cells and non-stem cells, embryonic stem cells and other cell types, right? And this is something that epilogos is perfectly suited for. So here, these red rows here indicate the embryonic stem cell samples in roadmap. And we're gonna compare these red rows for the whole genome to the blue rows to sort of find regions that are very different between the two groups. So what we do is we select these two subsets, we build epilogos for both of them, and then we use a statistical test for every position to sort of assess how different they are. And in this case, I've conveniently also moved into a region that's already very different between the two. In this case, this is an anti-proliferation gene, B2G2, and you see that indeed in embryonic stem cells that are dividing like crazy, that's actually a repressed region here, the gene is repressed or poised, whereas here in non-embryonic stem cells, you see that the gene might actually be active. Okay, now this is one example where you could say, well, this is a little obvious, if I look here, I can already sort of see that that difference is there, right? But you might wanna use this a little bit more for like an exploratory data analysis. So let's say, you know, it doesn't have to be just like a group of cell types versus another group of cell types. You could do this for any kind of arbitrary subset. So let's do it like, again, red versus blue, okay? Now let's see if we can figure out what kind of comparison this is. So if we run this analysis, we build epilogos for the red rows, we build epilogos for the blue rows, and we start comparing them in every position. You can imagine that we have a plot that looks like this. Across the genome, for every chromosome, you can sort of indicate what the magnitude of difference is. This could be minus log 10 p-value. This could be some kind of test statistic or whatever, right? But let's just say that the higher the levels, the more significant the difference between the two groups are. So based on this, what would you say is red versus blue, any idea? So we're doing a comparison between two groups of samples, male versus female, I hear. Well, that seems reasonable because the vast majority of differences are in chromosome X. And if you look closely, you can see that there's this one peak here. It's like by far the highest scoring difference. And it turns out that that region looks like this. Now it might not be super clear to you that this is an interesting region just by looking at your chromatin state plot. But if you do this epilogos transformation, then you see it's very clearly that there's a huge difference between the two groups. And indeed, this is the exist locus. So just to show you that it's not just for finding differences between groups of samples or groups of epigenomes, it's also that the readout is very visual. It's immediately clear to you not just that there is a difference, but also why there is a difference. Like in terms of which chromatin states does it differ? Okay, so that's one example that one sort of application that I think might be useful. Another one is spatial pattern analysis. And you can sort of think of this as a little bit like de novo motif finding. So let's say you have, let's say you do a chip stick experiment and you have a number of binding sites for your protein.  So basically to sort of do a de novo discovery of what the motif, the binding motif of that protein might be. You can do a very similar thing in chromatin state space. Let's say you have a number of regions of interest in your cell type of interest. Let's say you've done some kind of enhancer essay and you found that there is these thousand regions of the genome that really seem to correspond to strong enhancer activity or whatever kind of experiment you're doing, tad boundaries or I don't know. What you can do then is you can take the chromatin state calls in those regions, those thousand regions and just use like GIP sampling or EM kind of approaches to sort of find common shared patterns in there just like you would do for de novo motif searching. And this allows you to actually find all these like mini epilogos. Mini like just like you would have like a sequence motif. You had like a very small like epilogos motif there. And the cool thing about this is that it doesn't just allow you to find these patterns. Again, it's a very visual readout of what the underlying epigenomes look like at those positions, but it also allows you to share them and more importantly scan unrelated cell types. So let's think about this. Let's say you do this crazy enhancer assay that costs a lot of money and you find a thousand regions that are very clear to a very clear enhancer activity in one cell type. But then you want to find other enhancers in other cell types and you don't want to redo this assay. And assuming that there is some kind of epigenomic signature underlying these enhancer regions, you can take your found epilogos where you found found spatial patterns and just scan other epigenomes. So scan other rows in your chromatin men matrix and find very specific instances for these. This one I'm going to skip over, but you can think of it in a similar way as you would do like an evolutionary sequence analysis. You could think of similar ways if you would sort of find patterns of chromatin state changes across differentiation or during evolution. This one I want to spend a couple of minutes on as well. This is to sort of start using your own data along with the data we already have in the system. And this sort of aligns well with your DNA nexus experience earlier today. So the idea is that, this is one of the questions we sometimes get is that if people go to the epilogos website they see all these roadmap epigenomes but they kind of go like, okay, so now how can I get my own data in there? Or how can I, you know, I have a bunch of T cell samples that I would like to compare to the roadmap T cell samples. How does that, how would that work? And the tricky part of that is that even if we would provide, which is something we are working to doing, even if we would provide the software for doing these epilogos transformations, it's still not the same as actually comparing it to the roadmap data because in order to be able to do that you need to process things as you learned earlier today, identically in terms of like read mapping, to the read filtering, QC, like we did for roadmap. So here's the idea. The idea is to actually give people the option of using their own data, this is over, using their own data and putting it in our sort of DNA nexus pipeline that really mimics the processing we did for roadmap. So they throw like 10 gigabytes of their data in there. We never have actual access to their data. This all goes through DNA nexus but the output is about a megabyte of chromatin state calls just for the whole genome for their specific sample based on the roadmap models it'll tell you for every 200 base per region what state it's in. And then of course the dream is to sort of feed this automatically back into the epilogo system so that you can then, just like you would select any other kind of arbitrary subset of roadmap epigenomes, you could actually select your own sample as well. And this would actually allow for, the first time an actual integration of your own data or other third party data with roadmap samples. Oh, yeah, there's something there because DNA nexus was kind enough to already sponsor this kind of processing. So hopefully at least if we would move forward with like actually rolling this out, the analysis you would do through this. So actually putting your, reducing your 10 gigabytes of data to a megabyte of chromatin state calls would actually be free to you. That's some overview of a couple potential uses of epilogos. So I wouldn't say it's up to you but you definitely have a large amount of influence in this. Go check out the website if you want to and please also if you like fill out the short feedback questionnaire. Any kind of feedback you have is super helpful and appreciated. Thanks to, yes, thanks to a lot of people. Most importantly, these people were awesome. These are my students who started working on building this web application prototype and also Ting Wang and his people from the WashU browser for help with integrating it with epilogos and you for being here and of course filling out the questionnaire. Thanks. Yeah, so if you're gonna follow up the analysis with something like DeNovo motif calling you could imagine computationally trying to do both things at the same time. Have you thought about what the advantages of either approach might be? Does that make sense? So basically what's happening here is you're first gonna do a phase of unsupervised learning where you learn some chromatin states and then maybe then you follow that up with something like DeNovo motif discovery. But you could imagine some kind of algorithm which is taking both levels of analysis into account simultaneously and have you thought about whether that is appropriate for kind of Yeah, totally, so yeah, absolutely. So I guess you're saying to sort of like build a chromatin state model sort of have it guided by finding patterns across multiple samples across multiple regions. Yeah, so I would say that's a little bit outside of the scope of this particular project. This really starts at chromatin state segmentations, right? It just builds on top of that. I mean, I'm sure it would be interesting to sort of think of ways of training chromatin state models to find specific patterns you might be interested in, but I think that's a little bit outside of the scope of this, could be interesting. I actually have a technical question for your relative entropy equation. So at the denominator, you have QI, which is the abundance of those state calls throughout the genome. But when you have different genomes, those percentages are not the same from genome to genome, so what do you do? So for the basic model that I showed, it's just an average across all cell types. Okay. But like I said, we have additional models that actually take in which Q is not a vector, but Q is actually a 4D array, in which we take into account all combinations of samples with samples, and also all chromatin states with chromatin states. So then you actually take into account very specific occurrence frequencies for every combination of all things. Yeah, so that's when I mentioned that if you would build an epilogos for 20 T cell samples and one brain cell sample, you don't necessarily, they're not necessarily the same background frequencies. You want to take that into account. Yeah. But we have that as well. Yeah. Okay, cool. Let's thank Walter again for his awesome talk.


Ukraine criticizes the U.S. State Department's decision to order families of U.S. embassy workers to leave as fears of a Russian invasion grow. In Burkina Faso, people celebrate in the capital, Wagadugu, after reports say the president has been detained by rebel soldiers. Chinese officials order mass COVID-19 testing in a Beijing neighborhood after reports of infections ahead of the 2022 Winter Olympics. And in Norway, Afghanistan's Taliban and Western diplomats begin official talks for the first time since the militants took power last August.


.. not know what is happening here. These places is the Awoya Road, where you guys will send your people, they will, come, I don't know the contractor you gave this walk.  After they scatter the road, they will leave it, you won't see them. See the kind of traffic and suffering it causes human beings. They've been looking for their votes.  Nobody is doing anything.  Do you know the health cost of this kind of problem? Do you know the high blood pressure, the negotiations are suffering? Mr. Sewalu, please, I am begging you, the contractor that is handling this project, Look at the nonsense, the three you come for the votes of people, you are give pressure, the contractor, zero. What is the problem? Alright, thanks for staying with us. Referencing a punch article from 2017, lawlessness reigns on Nigerian roads. Now, evidence of this reality is provided daily on major highways and cities. When the Lagos Ibarra Express was locked down for an entire day, the main reason was not just the bad portions of the road ongoing constructions and broken down vehicles or religious activities. It was also caused by the manic drivers driving against traffic unchallenged despite a multiplicity of members of law enforcement agencies. Now, yesterday we talked about legal state government, functioning of impounded vehicles and touched a bit on Undukwe's who's vehicle was impounded by the legal state government for flaunting traffic laws. Today we're still on that topic of lawlessness in Nigeria and we're asking, is it possible that we can actually curb lawlessness? But this time around we want to look at it from someone that has also been part of a government system. Now, please, let's hear what you have to say. Remember you can join the conversation, send us an SMS or WhatsApp to 08-1-803-4663. You can also tweet at us and we should have gone with the hashtag we should. I'll bring in Olajide Oduya in a minute, but like that you were not here yesterday and you had an opinion about the conversation. What are your thoughts? Do you think it is possible for us to rise above lawlessness? Now, given that this video, this one, this lawlessness is on the part of government themselves because I don't understand why you bring in excavators.  There's no, you can't have like options. Legos is just one way and once you are there, you are locked in there. If anything happens, I mean I told you of one time I saw a man, they carried him, four people had to carry him one hand, one leg, one leg, like that to take him to the hospital. Because he was, I think he had passed out because there's no way to get out of the traffic. But let me hear your thoughts quickly. Is it possible for us to be able to curb lawlessness in Nigeria? I say yes and the reason I say yes is I was old enough and wise enough to see what happened when we were under the war against indiscipline error with Buhari, I believe. And people conformed like what he said yesterday and without wasting too much time. Consequences without using draconian rules, let the punishments be, you know, commensurate with the offence and then make sure people are getting the consequences immediately when everybody starts getting punished, everybody will conform. Okay, let me read Daniel's message from yesterday. He says it's going to be my dear beautiful sisters of water. Are you saying lawlessness can be curbed in Nigeria? The answer is yes. According to Sister Uti, on the other hand, the truth is that being lawless is in our DNA. Anyone that is lawless should be made to face the music. This was from Daniel Illo yesterday.  There's a bit of dynamism in all of this. There's a mixture. So if we are having lawlessness just on the part of one party, maybe it's easy. But now this thing comes from all parties. There's a part of the government place. There's a part that the citizens play. There's a part that people are supposed to be taking care of like contractors and all of that. They have their role. So it's very complicated. So that's why I'm wondering if it's possible. Yesterday we established that if the lawmakers or the law enforcers themselves are not held accountable, then there's chaos everywhere. Everybody is going to be affected one way or the other. The important thing is that like I mentioned yesterday that humanity, I don't agree with Daniel that it's in our DNA. It was learned behavior. And we've learned this behavior over a period of time. It will take us on learning this misbehavior and learning how to do things properly. When we put humanity in what we're doing, it's not just about our citizens. No, no, no.  If you know the right thing to do and you're considering your next neighbor, then you will do things properly. But if at the end of the day, you choose not to, you will also know that there is law, there are enforcers and nobody is above the law. I'm Lucy Pepe. ʻOla Gide Oduyo. He's a friend of the house and was the former GM of Legal State Traffic Management Authority last month. And he's currently the MD CEO of the House of Transport System. And he's joined us live in studio. We're super excited to be here. And he got the memo. And he got the memo. Thank you for joining us. Thank you for having me. So where do we start from? This conversation is endless because like every single time there is anything going on on our road is almost like a complete lockdown. And I remember saying yesterday that it's like our law enforcement agencies, right? They actually derive pleasure in saying the chaos because that's the only way they know that some people will get some loose nuts off their head. And then break laws and then they now eventually generate that as revenue generation. Okay, this is the question. Is it possible for us to get to that point in Nigeria where we begin to curb lawlessness, especially on our roads? Is it possible? You've been there. They've almost jammed you before. No, not that they've almost. They actually jammed you twice. Wow. Sent to hospital. Wow. If I was convinced I was good, that was the end. Wow. That was how bad the impact was. But the point is, yes, it is possible to curb lawlessness. But right now I was at the conference today, online publishers for security networks supporting enforcement officers. So I would turn what is going on if I was to write a book just like my sister was just saying. We are all guilty. The government is guilty. The people are guilty. Those who are given the powers or the opportunity to enforce the laws are guilty. Now let's start and begin to break things down in critical mode. In the 60s, 70s, early 80s, every family was an enforcer. If you find a young lady dressing badly on the streets, every parent had a right to tell her off. You need your parents. Not your parents. Any parent. Even if they didn't do that. Any parent. So you had police everywhere. So every move you made, there's someone policing you. You go to secondary school, you're being policed. So we had an acceptable behavioural character then. But things have changed. And it's all like, oh, I've travelled to the United Kingdom, to the United States. Don't touch my child. I'm a 1990s parent. All sorts of things. So the lawlessness has just crept up, increased over the period. That is now behavioural pattern. Like you said, it's not in our DNA. Do you know that there are some Nigerians, they will save up money, they live abroad.  Because those same things are breaking, they cannot ever try over where they are. And that is the truth. They have enough money to say, at the end of the day, So that is what is inside. Because we have taken this place like no man's land. When I say this place, I mean the whole country, it's not just about legals. Before anybody is saying, it's because of legals, whatever. So what it is like, the government now, they are guilty of negligence. And I will say that because I was in there. The government is not acting like they really care about the people. They pretend sometimes that they have. And I give an example of just to say the roads. Okay, so you have the Legals Express Road. It's the only outlet from all the major estates that are coming up there. Now there are two things. So you need to improve the road condition to make it okay for the people that will apply the road. Otherwise it deteriorates, it deteriorates, it deteriorates, whatever. So there is a catch-law situation. So the government instead of trying to do the right thing in a proper way to accommodate the usage. The government wants to appear politically righteous and sort of make a big fanfare, grand fanfare. Where when I say they are not responsible is that the government does not see itself as servants. The government sees itself as facilitators, as if doing that road, paying for a mission, it's okay. It's as if they're doing the people a favor. And that is the wrong approach. You see, when you do a good thing as government any which way, right? Your think you would come in whichever way. You don't just because you're a public servant. And the money that is being spent is not your father's money.  So what exactly are you doing there? Whose money are you spending? So we've gone into this situation where we give too much reference to government people and that is why they sit down and they lack like all the people. They should be thankful. Grateful and they were even doing the road. So instead of making sure that you and the contractor are locked in on agreement that the funding is there, you can guarantee because you know if the fault is, it's going to affect the people. So if you know you cannot afford to repair this road, don't start it. Don't start it.  Listen, we would love to do this thing, but we cannot afford it. Be open and transparent, explain to them, talk to them. So even if the road is still manageable, they know that you're saving up. Now in the next two years, right? It will be done and then the money is sorted out there. You're waiting for a location, you're waiting for oil price to go up, you're waiting for some which is the way budgeting goes sometimes. The point is, what is the risk factor analysis that if this money does not come in, how does it affect this thing? So you've got to weigh these things, right? So right now the people like that gentleman, he just saw the pain. He doesn't understand what is going on. He's pointing fingers at the contractor that he does not know. He's pointing fingers to government that he has not seen. All right? And even though it is the problem, what he was saying is like, he's looking for enforcement agencies to control the traffic and he can't find them. That's another bit there where the contractor goes out on a public highway, does not understand the pain of the people. So when he's supposed to pay, when he's supposed to pay and implement traffic management system, traffic management system means you're talking to the users of the road. They know that between this time and this time I'm going to be there, I'm going to restrict a three lanes to two lanes so you can plan your journey. They don't bother.  And then they do all that doji, doji, doji, doji. They won't pay last month. They will do nothing. So last month was going to say, oh boy, you've collected billions for this thing now. We had a meeting that we're going to be there. You said you're going to pay for this to buy cars, to buy signs, to do all these things. And then you renegade on that and you don't pay nothing. And then you expect last month to come out in the middle of the night in the rain in this weather to come and suffer. And then by the time it's done, when the work is done, guess what the contractor is going to do? He's going to make you come and beg him and his whatever support from the government system to beg to pay the person that has suffered all night, left his children at home and wife to do this work. And so this has happened over the years. So there's no trust and there's no work in between the two. Absolutely. Let's take a very short break. This one, you just opened the can of worms. All right. Thanks for staying with us now. If you're just tuned in, we're discussing the topic part two. Can lawlessness be curbed in Nigeria? And we have with us. Do you have a day now, please? Let's hear what you have to say. Remember, you can join the conversation, send us an SMS or WhatsApp to the red one, 8034663. You can also tweet at us at Weissho, after one of the hashtag Weissho. Lighting had a question. Yes. You remember that when you said last night, I moved and I was like, oh, is that where he's from? Now I'm thinking you were there in 2019. I think we are saying the same stories that we said back then. Could you enlighten me about what you were able to achieve in your term? Well, I'll tell you something, right? We need to have an understanding of how government works and government agencies. How I was able to was very difficult and so reason is, I got into an agency where all its offices are employed through the civil service system. And in a nutshell, even as the GM of that agency, I didn't have a single power to employ or to sack anyone. That's a shame. All right? And that being the case, there are officers that have been there for 15, 20, 25 years. So unfortunately, some of them saw me as an outsider and as the enemy that wanted to come and make a change to the system that they've been used to. It's so bad so much that even the hierarchy, said they say, ʻʻōjide o loʻiʻbu, ʻjiʻam o loʻiʻbu, that meant like I'm trying to bring changes to the system, a foreign thing and I don't understand what's going on. And so it brings us back to this lawlessness thing. That when I say we are all guilty, we have set of people in this our environment that they are enjoying the chaos. You see because if there's no chaos, all right? And if the roads are nice and clean and the road markings are there and all the traffic signs that are supposed to be there are there. There will be less revenue generation. There will be less infractions of traffic law. Because people now will be aware and because the purpose of a sign is to talk to me and tell me what you would like me to do, all right? But if that is missing, you're not leaving it to me to interpret what I'm supposed to do. Then if you're an agency who is just there to come and grab and to punish because the person who has employed you has given you the authority or the power or the avenue to do that, then you're waiting and looking in the shadows waiting for me to make error and then you pounce. Now that is not public service. So when I was there trying to change that I was still silent, but I had to do my job. I was, I mean I don't like to use I, but what I did then part of what you're asking is any officer or any report that we got or that I got of someone oppressing a motorist like they are now wearing everything. Once I investigate and I found you wanting as an officer the first thing is if there's any money that has changed you must return double of that money. I was able to do that within the authority. Since I know I'm not going to be able to sack you because really that is a sackable offence. But the process of sacking an officer who is politically connected is a long thing. Let's be honest. But I return that money. So that was gathering information like that GM if you collect money I will report you. So that changed a bit. But then I was still the enemy. And I can just imagine in every other areas of work agencies if you go there to go and change that you're not part of the political system you're not part of the elite political system you're really on your own. And that is why lawlessness is that's why even in the building industry, in the permit industry I tell you how do you have a corridor you don't have different access to road in case there are emergencies. And then you're given one part of government is given permit to supermarkets to banks to these without adequate all street parking spaces whatever and then you're not putting in the traffic management system to accommodate to cater for all that. How does that work? Because if I hear you correctly I want to come to normal because it seems like the entire structure of Nigeria as a body is structured to thrive in lawlessness because if I hear you correctly that's what I'm seeing. And there's one major factor it is oppression. We scream a lot about slavery of black people we scream a lot about people using discrimination for what part of the country you're from but I'm telling you there's something that is worse than lawlessness inside us as we speak now we enjoy oppressing on each other in whichever way the way some people drive and use police force to just it's oppression. Psychologically you're affected you're telling me that I am not worthy to be on the road so that when you come with a policeman, escort, whatever what are you driving because you're driving you're driving a 570 or g-wagon and then you put your flashers on and then you cover your plate number with black leather in this same environment but some of them would say that they are unsafe and that's why they're using unsafe but then you're also asking the question that if things were done right we would not have need for such display in the first place you are very right so how can we start doing things properly if we're going to make any headway by facing the truth and I tell you the truth is difficult to face if you're looking at yourself individually I take myself for example if I'm looking to gain a political appointment for example it would be difficult for me to come in this kind of space that's the way I'm talking you're going to be talking differently I'm going to have to be very quiet I'm not going to say anything against the government there's no way I'm going to even tell the government that they're guilty but you see the government people are forgetting that their human being is like the four of us they're forgetting that at one point in time they were not there they didn't have that position and at one point they wouldn't be there they keep on forgetting that everybody was born with any title even the Mr and Mrs you were not born with it and so we need to shift away from that fear factor of what you're going to get you see without sacrifice you can't make again so we need to start championing the truth amongst ourselves we are oppressors government people oppress everybody else downfall drivers because they are politically connected they drive and behave it's not because they are not afraid it's because they have powers that support them so they oppress last man will come he probably doesn't even know the traffic law that he's trying to put at that particular time because he's there each one is oppressing see my uniform police man comes he slaps you first and you think he wants to slap me he feels like he can get away with it why would a corpora would come and slap someone with a phd could I ask you this please why did they bring you in if they wouldn't let you do the job because they do that a lot to save face I know so in the beginning it was like oh you know they've done well they put the right the right peg in the right hole everything was fine and everything and so the chances are like I would just probably just to the line of they would just just really not like I should be grateful because number one I'm not from Lego state so I shouldn't feel like it's my entitlement because not and so I really should just be shaking and be shaking shaking but I wasn't looking at I was just looking at I couldn't bring myself to know that I'm a public servant and the things I'm doing is against the same public that I'm supposed to serve I just couldn't find some back and obviously that is a conflict among certain people who are born or precious who feel Lego is a place where any small offense or whatever instead of educating the person you just punish right there was one video that went viral that someone had gone when we were repairing Thornton bridge right the guy had missed his way he missed the timing so he had to drive against traffic between that shift over between the southbound and the northbound thing and then I thought it was so I chased after him when I stopped him I was asking him what have you done whatever and he's excused that the car broke down so the time factor caught in so he couldn't go this way he had to go back that way alright and the next thing now someone that was older than me was now prostrating on the ground now for me for anyone to go that low to do that it means like you saw it from inside of you and I'm like I just educated him and I told him to go but wait now let me bring a comment that we got yesterday it's a big matter it's a in my opinion one of the biggest being of our lawlessness as is the presence is the use of this word as a people check most that you use the word lawlessness and corruption is always present with them you know you're driving you now finally jam my car you now come and lie down prostrate on the floor to the extent that some foreign immigrants have to print please know a beg before you enter their country imagine burning the word a beg from our vocabulary maybe sanity may begin in the country this was a comment from yesterday benson because what she just said now alluding to the fact that an elderly person coming to lie down because this is also what I'll bring it back to what we what even started this conversation of the PDP person gubernatorial candidate and this deputy visiting one of the people that his cars was impounded that went to jail because he infringed a traffic law almost like endorsing that it was okay that's the impression you understand that's the thing you were endorsing his actions because somebody lost he's going to do it again yes because we are so somebody else will not we are so so that is no empathy right that is you accommodating and encouraging lawlessness so when you use that word a beg and somebody comes and lies down and whatever how does that how would it ever translate into people actually doing the right thing when I know I can just beg you and I will be able to go for that shouldn't we start to look more into yes I accept your apology but you still need to there are laws that you must you must consequences yes consequences yes sir before you answer I wanted to say about the oppression thing that someone was saying people use the policemen and everything because they feel unsafe I think they feel unsafe because of the games they play with one another absolutely number one because if the prime minister of the United Kingdom can ride bicycle and get on the underground if because of what you know you are doing wrong exactly that is making you afraid if I didn't do anything wrong but I'm not trying to kill somebody for a position why should I be afraid to walk in the streets and then again database being well put in place so that we can send fines to people's homes without even accosting them on the road putting CCTV this would all take everything away but the reason why they don't invest the money someone has chopped down money I'm sure they've released the funds for such things more than once in this country but knowing who we are somebody has chopped it and the money they find the funds coming their way they won't let it go the right way because those funds stop when the eating is sorted once and for all I think there's a conflict because someone would ask what right has the government got to punish a road offender for certain things especially like maybe let's look at bad driving driving against traffic against traffic so somebody will come and say you go to some area like Feistock or the Ojo area and your whole side of the road is so bad like you know if you go there you're not coming back except maybe you're driving SUV with giant wheels all right and so you're forced to go to this side sometimes enforcement officers would allow you to do that but there's no sign of consistency so next time you just assume that since I was allowed to last week I can do it so there's all these things going that's what I said about the irresponsibility part of government to clearly communicate what you said about it horrible no sign none whatsoever you must communicate you must tell me when it is okay or not okay whichever way and you must invest in it because if you do not invest in talking to the motorists you do not have any moral right to come and punish me and yes I agree we must eradicate this begging thing and the begging thing comes because someone hit my car begging for what and then all that nonsense of like you're bigger than please don't talk to me about my bigger than anything because someone like me I look after my clothes so I have clothes of 10 years and it should still look good I have nobody in the last year because I don't have money to buy new ones so because you're looking at me you've already assessed like oh this one is big money I have money no I don't have money because you don't have access to my account now you're supposed to have insurance we just exchange details this third party I am third party you can coverze you yes he covers me so you hit my car what do you want me to go and use my money to pay for what you've done it's a bad situation for us and you know what it is it's still the same oppression even the poor oppresses of us any opportunity I use emotional pressure then we use that and guess what they're going to say say oh then you know first of all say shebi don't beg you oh my good name shebi will and I'll be begging him and when you're begging you'll be begging him again you can say it's all too much now what do you want to carry on and go now thank you now what did you so we have issues but you see but if we do not insist on our rights and you're right if you keep on accepting, begging begging, begging we're not going to get you tried people will continue to be that is why the Danful drivers behave the way they behave because they can get away with all sorts of nonsense and nobody wants that's why when they form My wife even fights with me like Just leave them You can't change the country But somebody must make a stand Let me tell you what I did one day Very briefly On that road, that one-year road that leads from four points To the one-year market You know it's two lanes And then some side streets coming in So normally when you're coming out to join the road You do a swing A swing rather So they cut themselves in the lane that they weren't supposed to be They obstructed the people that were going the right way They refused to move back Now I don't have authority But this is where Nigerians have to start taking laws into their hands As tiny as I am I got down and told the guy that was in the wrong Reverse He was looking at me at first Reverse And then the person was trying to accommodate me wrong I said stay where you are It is your right Reverse As God will have it as the angels of heaven will back me I am telling you Military men came down And started slapping the face of the man that I told to reverse That was happening Somebody backed me up But Nigerians have to start doing it for one another I said we are oppressive human beings And exactly what you are saying is Let's just say somebody is forming a third lane And I am in the right lane So I shifted a little bit here To stop him from continuing to do that And guess what The person who is behind me Instead of supporting Guess what he is going to try to do He is going to try to overtake me and take my space in front And leave me in limbo To look like a fool Since you are the one that knows what you want to change We are not okay We are not okay Let's take questions I think the court take a way is education We need to continue to enlighten citizens We have a second to ask him what he suggests We can do in training Let's quickly take the comments Carbon lawlessness in Nigeria Must be a deliberate effort of the leadership To make citizens the real owners Of the entity Nigeria Today leaders in Nigeria are like emperors Loading on their subjects Is it loading or loading Loading Loading on their subjects with impunity Because my mother said You did that Alright Bobby Kennedy from Djalingus says The issue of lawlessness in Nigeria Once again can be curbed The government are the major culprits And government solu Or governor solu Should know That he is still going to contest in the next elections I am just wondering What he is going to tell the people Anyone found wanting To be dealt with severely And else Or else we are doomed Great one tonight And then we have this one from Daniel And he says good evening My dear beautiful sisters What are you saying hashtag ways Can lawlessness be curbed in Nigeria We can curb it with the help of ourselves And total cooperation So I don't know why you had to apologize For not reading my comments yesterday It was not your fault It was your time and I understood perfectly You have never ignored my comments before The ladies of ways are just simply The best One love at a show Thank you Daniel You are always very consistent So that was why I had to apologize We look forward to seeing you one of these days The question lady asked And to wrap up with what Norma was saying If we really want to start to Make a change Where would be a good place to start We have like barely two minutes I think communication And education of the public Transparency Because there is lack of trust I was telling the police formation today When they are saying can citizens Help them in gathering information And everything I said yes they can But that is if they trust you And what is the trust that if I give you information And you are supposed to keep me anonymous I need to be sure Otherwise I am not going to offer you anything So we need to trust The people that say they are government Like are you real Is your yes yes Are you pretending or you are just saying this Just to exactly Are you Do you mean well Are you doing me a favor or are you just doing your job I must trust that And once we begin to educate ourselves I am trying to see the implications Of what we do Then that will change But you see the people Must also understand That for every oppressive behavior Inside you To another person that calls yourself Nigerian It means you do not love your country Because the country is about The people that says I am Nigerian There is no geographical boundary That can be held or changed by any human being But the people are the ones that are Nigerian For every day you oppress me You don't love your country So don't come and lie to me That you are a patriot or whatever As long as you are chasing You are oppressing And you are trying to humiliate someone That has not had the opportunity that you have Absolutely See how we love him And he is a friend of our house Thank you so much And for every time we call him He is always present Thank you so much Now thank you ladies Peace Before we go follow us on Instagram Twitter everywhere You can interact with us further Drop a comment and most importantly Follow all our engagements on social media Like share and invite your families and friends to watch And follow the conversation Now if you missed today's quote heritage again Injustice and lawlessness Is the greatest terror A government can ever enforce On its own people We can't say it's We'll see you guys live at 8pm tomorrow As a ladies night As we bring another great conversation To your screen Bye