So, to overcome this problem with the ideal block cipher, FISTA will come up with some generic structure of ciphers, and it's used in the one that will go through desks. So, it's not a specific cipher, it's the way to design ciphers, the FISTA structure. And the approach is combining, as I said before, combining operations that substitute some characters with others and other operations that rearrange characters, transposition operations. And doing multiple iterations, substitute transposition, then repeat. Substitute transposition and so on. We saw this advantage of doing multiple iterations when we looked at the rose columns example. When we encrypt once with rose columns, we could see some structure in the output arrangement of letters. When we encrypt it again, that cipher text using a rose column, it looks more random in the output. So, by repeating the operations, it can improve. Of course, if you repeat the operations too often, your performance goes down because each operation takes time to implement or to execute. So, that's the basic concept. We'll see in the next slides the, well, let's see now the structure. And not so clear here, and in fact, you do not need to remember this. We'll see the structure with an example. It's a way to design ciphers. On the left-hand side here is the encryption, and the decryption is on the right where we go up. The idea is we take an input plain text at the top when we encrypt, we split it into two halves. So, we take our block of n bits and split it into two halves, and we operate on a half of the plain text at a time. We operate on the right half. We apply some function f using a key. So, we have a key as an input, but in fact, we have multiple keys as an input. We're going to apply operations and repeat them. We'll call them rounds. We'll do one round and then another round and another round, and each round we'll use a different key. So, we have what's called round keys, and we see here k1, k2, and this example up to round 16, k16. In fact, the users do not have multiple keys. The user selects one key and generates round keys from that one key. We have one key as input. We'll have some algorithmic such that we can calculate 16 different keys. They're called the round keys k1 through to k16 in this example. In each round, we take the right half, apply some function, and that's where we'll do our substitution, and use the key as an input, and the result we XOR with a left half, and then the original right half becomes the left half, and the output here becomes the right half, and we do it all again. We apply the same function with a new round key, XOR, swap the halves, and keep going. Until the end, we do a final swap and we get our psychotext. So, the swapping of the halves is doing a transposition. It's rearranging the characters, and it means we're applying some substitution, which is in the function, on different sets of bits each time. We'll see this more clearly when we go through desks. Importantly, the decryption is just the inverse or the opposite. We take psychotext and we apply the same operations, the same approach. Left half, right half, apply the same function, XOR, and do it in rounds. In the decryption, we use the same code as we use for encryption. We use the same operations. We, of course, have a different input. In the encryption, we have plaintext in the decryption psychotext. We have the keys, the same keys in decryption as in the encryption, but we use them in the opposite order. Here we use k1, k2, through to k16. In the decryption, we use k16 first, and then k15, and then finally k1 at the end. The practical consequence here is that, if you implement the encryption, your decryption is already implemented. You just need one implementation because it's the same code for encryption and decryption. So, that makes the practical implementation easier. The piece of hardware that does the encryption also does decryption. It's just the inputs vary. So, that's useful for ciphers because it cuts down on the cost and the memory requirements for encryption, for implementing the algorithm. But let's see some examples. What have I skipped? Ah, diffusion and confusion. The FISAL structure is applied in many ciphers today, so it's a way to design ciphers. It's not a specific cipher itself. We split the plain text into halves. We have round keys, or subkeys, which are generated from the original key. We have some round function, some function or operation. We do substitutions using an XOR and permutations or transpositions by rearranging the halves. It applies the concepts of diffusion and confusion, which are important in ciphers. The person who came up with a description of these concepts, you know him. You know him from ITS 323, Shannon. Remember the Shannon capacity? Shannon was a guy who came up with a lot of mathematics about data communications, how fast we can send data. Shannon capacity. And he also did a lot of things on cryptography. There's similar concepts. It's about manipulating information, manipulating bits. So he was quite famous, both for cryptography and data communications. And he described diffusion and confusion and the concepts. They're reasonably simple. Diffusion is this concept of, in the plain text, there's some statistical characteristics. I always use the example in typical English language. You count the number of letters. Approximately 12% will be the letter E, because the letter E is the most frequently used in English words. That's some statistical nature of the plain text. That's always there. Diffusion is about reducing that in the ciphertext. That's the idea. If there's some statistical characteristics of the plain text, diffusion reduces those statistical characteristics in the ciphertext. Such that, for example, in the ciphertext, there are just as many E's as there are F's as there are the letter X and so on. There are no, in the ciphertext, one letter does not occur more frequently than another letter. That's the idea of truly random distribution of letters in the ciphertext. An example is that, one way for diffusion is that we have one letter in the plain text impacts upon multiple letters in the ciphertext. In some of our classical ciphers, we saw that's not the case. We encrypt a mono-alphabetic cipher. We encrypt the letter A in the plain text and we get some letter Q in the ciphertext. This letter on the input only impacts upon one letter on the output. One way to achieve diffusion, to reduce the statistics in the ciphertext, is to have an algorithm so that one plain text letter changes many ciphertext letters. So if I change, let's say a different example, my plain text was hello and let's say I get using one cipher, some ciphertext Q, S, B, X, C. Don't care what the cipher is, but I have some plain text. I get some ciphertext. Let's take another plain text, different by one letter. Changing that one letter, if that gives us Q, S, B, X, T, for example our algorithm, this one letter changes just one letter in the ciphertext. That's bad from the diffusion perspective. What we'd like is changing one letter in the plain text to produce many changes in the ciphertext. For example, changing from hello to hells, changing one letter, changes multiple letters in the ciphertext. That's diffusion and that's desirable because it spreads out the statistics of the ciphertext. How do you do that? How do you achieve diffusion? One way is to repeatedly do a transposition, rearrange letters and then apply some function on those letters. We'll see the example of the function in des. Then do that again, rearrange the letters on the input, rearrange them, apply some substitution function, then do it again. Take the output letters, rearrange them, some substitution function and so on. Keep repeating that. The idea is then, by changing one letter on the input, multiple letters on the output will change. Diffusion is to get rid of the statistics in the ciphertext. Another concept, confusion. Make the relationship between the ciphertext and the key very complex. Remember, if we have the ciphertext, one thing is to find the plain text. Given the ciphertext, the attacker or malicious user wants to find the plain text. With diffusion, we make that hard because if we have diffusion, there are no statistics in the ciphertext. So just by looking at the ciphertext, it should be hard to find the plain text. But what if there's some relationship between the ciphertext and the key? Then what the attacker could do is look at the ciphertext and find the key. That would be bad. Confusion is making this relationship between the key and the ciphertext very complex. Such that the attacker, if they know the ciphertext, they cannot derive the key. Even if they can see some statistical characteristics in the ciphertext, even if diffusion is not perfect, it still should be hard to find the key. That's the idea. One way to do that, and we'll see the Fierce Destruction and Desk applies a complex substitution algorithm. You replace some characters with other characters. We'll see an example of why a nonlinear and complex substitution algorithm is useful. In summary, diffusion removes the statistical characteristics from the plain text when we get the ciphertext. Confusion makes it a complex relationship between ciphertext and key. As I've said, the Feistel structure is a design, how to design ciphers. It's not a specific cipher. There are many parameters unspecified, so you can get a cipher by setting those parameters. How big should the block be? Feistel structure doesn't tell us how big the block should be, but people have come up with reasonable values. For example, it can be typical values include 64 bits, maybe 128 bits. The larger the block size in the Feistel structure, the more diffusion is present. The key size. First, a key should be large enough such that a brute force attack is not possible. Remember, brute force, try all keys. 128 bits is large enough because, going back to some of our earlier slides, 128 bits, two to the power of 128 combinations, even with the fastest computers, not possible to break in our lifetime. So make it large enough so there's no brute force attack. And also, with the Feistel structure, the larger the values, the more confusion present. How many times do we repeat the operations? The more times you repeat, the better or the more secure the ciphertext. So the more rounds, the better. A typical value is 16. We will see that's a common value used. But the more rounds, the slower your encryption will take because every round takes some time to perform. And if you keep repeating that, it increases the time to encrypt your data. In each round, we need to generate subkeys or round keys. How do we do that? Well, we need a complex algorithm for doing that. And each round we apply some function f. What is it? Well, we'll see an example. It should be complex. A key point or a key trade-off we see and we see that in all of this course is the trade-off between security and performance. To get a more secure ciphertext, we use a larger block size, a larger key, more rounds. But making each of these values larger leads to poorer performance in our implementation. More rounds means more time to encrypt. Larger keys, larger to distribute, again longer to encrypt, and larger block sizes, normally longer to encrypt. So that's a key trade-off with security. We either get very, very good security, very hard to find the plain text, but at the expense of it takes longer to encrypt. And in practice, that's important. We need to consider practical implementations, not just security. We'll not go through the example. What we'll do is use the data encryption standard as an example. So the FISL structure has been used. The people who designed the data encryption standard followed the FISL structure to design how this specific cipher works. Death, it's a symmetric block cipher. So it's a block cipher, not a stream cipher. Symmetric, what does that mean? What's a symmetric block cipher? A symmetric cipher. Same keys. The person encrypts has a key. To decrypt, you need the same key. There's just one key. Both sides use the same key. Later, after the midterm, we'll see an asymmetric cryptography, an alternative. In death, there is 64-bit, it's a 64-bit block. So there's 64-bit input plain text, 64-bit output cipher text. And the key length, the effective key length is 56 bits. In fact, the key is 64 bits. It's just that eight of those bits are used for a parity check. They're not used for the encryption. So effectively, the key from a security perspective is 56 bits. But the key that you must choose as a user is 64 bits. But you don't use eight of them in the algorithm. It's one of the most used ciphers in the world. It was developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST. So the US organization that creates standards there. And they've created many security standards. It was actually designed by IBM. They come up with a cipher. It was called Lucifer. And NSA had an input on that. And it was eventually standardised by NIST. So using the IBM design. And the principles that in DES have been used in other ciphers. So even though DES is not recommended for use today, we'll see why. But it's still used or the principles in other ciphers like triple DES and IDEA. With a 64-bit cipher, we cannot go through examples on the board. Because I cannot write 64 bits down and show you all the operations and go through 16 rounds. So to demonstrate some of the concepts and some of the algorithms used in DES, we're going to use what's called simplified DES. It's a cipher that uses the same concepts as the real DES, but it's just smaller. Instead of 64 bits, we have a smaller block size. Smaller key. Everything's shrunk. It's only used for teaching. It's not secure. It's only used to demonstrate the concepts of DES. You cannot go and implement. No one uses simplified DES to encrypt data. We just use it to demonstrate how DES works. So from now on, or for the next few slides, I'm going to demonstrate DES using simplified DES. So we'll go through the algorithm of simplified DES, and then at the end, we'll come back and compare that to the real DES. And you'll see how close they are. And with simplified DES, I'll go through an example. So real DES, 64-bit input, 56-bit key, simplified DES, 8-bit input, 8-bit plain text, 8-bit output, 10-bit key. Of course, subject to brute force attack, 10 bits is easy, a thousand possible keys, but it's just for teaching. It's just so I can do some examples on the board. And just two rounds. Instead of the 16 rounds that DES has, it just has two rounds. In this, we'll see that we need to generate sub-keys in this case. So we have a key of 10 bits. We'll see when we compare back to the exact values that DES uses, the correspondence. It's, the values are chosen so that we can apply all the operations of DES, but just use smaller values. Let's go through it. The example I'm going to go through, I'll go through on the board. I think you have it somewhere in your handouts. Let's hope so. Hopefully, at the end of the DES lecture notes, maybe not. Anywhere at the end of the handouts. Okay, if you don't have it, then, in fact, it looks like you don't have it. It's on the website. I'll put it in the copy center. It's just a single page. So if you miss something on what I go through on the board, then you'll get it there. We're going to encrypt some data with simplified depths. Just to demonstrate the steps. This is the algorithm for simplified depths. And here's the encryption. Focus on the encryption first. These steps. It's a block diagram. We take, as it input, eight bits of plain text. We're going to apply some operation. And in this case, IP stands for not the internet protocol, but initial permutation. A permutation is a rearrangement, a transposition described. So initial permutation. That's what it is. So we're going to rearrange the eight bits in the initial step. And then we're going to perform our round operation. So we have two rounds. One, two. We're going to apply some function. That function will take, as an input, a key, K1. Then as the output, we're going to swap the halves. SW swap or switch the halves. We're going to have two halves and just move them to the other side. And then we'll apply the same function, F of K. But use a different key, K2. Then we'll take the output and do the inverse of the original initial permutation. IP to the minus one, the inverse operation. That's encryption. And the result will be eight bits of ciphertext. I will go through and explain what each block does. This is just the algorithm at a high level. Decryption is the same. We see that we start with a ciphertext, initial permutation, same function, swap the halves, same function, F of K, inverse initial permutation. It's the same as encryption. The same steps. Except we use the keys in the opposite order. Here we use K1 and then K2. In the decryption we'll use K2 and then K1. So this is the concept in DES as well. Decryption is the same steps as encryption. So you just need one piece of code, one piece of hardware to implement that. We have a 10-bit key as an input. Where do we go? 10-bit key is an input, one key. In each round we use what's called a round key or a subkey, K1 and K2, a round keys. We need to generate them. So there's an algorithm that we use at the start to generate the keys. So we start with our 10-bit key and apply some steps and we'll produce K1 and K2 as an output. Then we'll use them to encrypt. We'll use the same values to decrypt. And the algorithm to generate the key, the keys, P is a permutation. So P stands for permutation. Transposition, rearrangement. P10 will define what the exact permutation is. A shift, we'll see it's a left shift of our bits. Another permutation, another shift, and another permutation. We'll define those steps in our example. Let's go to our example, this one. Let's check it's the same one I've got. So we have some plain text that we want to encrypt. The user has a key, a 10-bit key. We're going to encrypt that plain text with a key and everything. If we go correct in the example, we shall get that ciphertext as an output. So I'll show you the operations using this example. What do we do first? I want to encrypt the plain text. What am I going to do? Again, split them up. You're too far ahead. What do I need first? Well, actually you could, but the first thing we need to do in fact is to generate the keys. So I think before we encrypt, we do this middle part which is the key generation. We have one key. We're going to need k1 and k2. The key generation algorithm, these steps, is the same at both encrypt and decrypt. So let's go through the first step of key generation and it's a bit more detail here. How to read this diagram is that we have a 10-bit key. This line, this arrow with the slash and the 10 means the number of bits that are passed along that arrow. We start with 10 bits. We apply a permutation, p10. That is, we rearrange those 10 bits. The rearrangement is fixed. Whenever we have some 10 bits, we always rearrange them in the same way, according to p10. What is p10? What is that rearrangement? It's defined here. This is p10. The way to read that is that we have 10 bits on input. The first bit becomes the seventh bit. The second bit becomes the third bit. The third bit of our input becomes the first bit of our output. That's how to read this diagram, the permutation. It tells us when we have 10 bits of input how to rearrange those 10 bits. That's fixed for the algorithm. The attacker knows that, so everyone knows that, and it's always the same. The same in real desk. There's a permutation. It's much bigger. It's not on 10 bits. It's much bigger, but again it's defined and fixed, publicly known. Similar, we'll see some other permutations, p8 and p4. Let's do it, p10. We take our key and apply permutation to p10. We'll do it slowly at the start. I need it, so I can remember. The definition of p10 is take the third bit becomes the first bit. This is p10 we're doing here just to make it clear. The third bit becomes the first bit. The fifth bit becomes the second bit. Bit five, and then we have the second bit. Bit two, bit seven, which is here. Bit four, 10, 1, 9, 8 and 6. 9, 8 and 6. So let's just rearrange those bits. Any questions on that? Because we'll use the same concept in other permutations, and I won't go through it in all the detail. So the output of the p10 operation is the 10 bits, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0. Nothing complex about that. Just make sure you understand the notation we use on the slides. Okay, easy. Not easy. Why? Rearranged 10 bits. It's one of the easiest things you'll get in this course. The ordering is told to you. That is in the exam, I would give you this information in p10, so that's given. You don't have to remember the exact rearrangement. It's defined as part of the algorithm. It's a transposition, similar to the rose column cipher, the rail fence cipher. They just rearrange the letters. This is just rearranging the bits. Of course on its own, there's no security value in it, because on its own, if the attacker has this and they know the arrangement, they can easily get this. But we'll see as we go through, as we apply multiple transpositions and substitutions, it should be hard for the attacker to work out, given the cipher text, what the plain text is. So let's keep going. What's the time? We'll go through for another 20 minutes or so, this example, and then we won't get through the end. And then at the end, I'll give it another example on our steganography, see how far we can go. That's p10, this step. And now we split it into two halves, the left and the right half. So we're going to operate on each half and we'll do a left shift by one position. LS means left shift. So as simple, you've seen these in computer hardware courses and so on. We just shift all the bits to the left by one position. Of course, the leftmost bit wraps around and becomes the rightmost bit. Try it. But do it on five bits at a time. That is, do a left shift on these five bits, and then do a left shift on these five bits separately. So this was p10. Now we're doing a left shift. What's the first? What do we get? So the second bit becomes the first bit. So it's just this. And the leftmost bit becomes wraps around to the rightmost bit. Everything shifted left. But you do it on the two halves separately. Then do it on the second half, the right half. It becomes 1100. And that becomes at the end 0. And then we join them together again. We've got the 10 bits back together and apply p8. P8 is both a permutation and a selection. Note there are 10 bits in 5 plus 5, 10 bits in, 8 bits come out. So 10 bits come in, 8 bits come out. We rearrange and discard 2 bits. And it's defined here. 10 bits in, the 8 bits out, we get rid of bit 1 and 2. So apply p8 on these 10 bits. What do we get? We get bit 6, 3, 7, 4. 6, 3, 7, 4. 8, 5, 10, 9. 8 is 0. 5 is 1. 10 is 0. And 9 is 0. So that's p8 being applied. We rearrange those bits, but only 8 of them. Bits 1 and 2, we discard it. And now we have k1, the round key for round 1, or the subkey k1. That's the output here. So this value is k1. We'll use that later when we encrypt and also use it when we decrypt. The next step, if we go back up a bit, the output of our left shift, those 10 bits, we perform another left shift on each half. LS2 means a left shift by 2 bits, 2 positions. So take this 5 bits again and do a 2-bit left shift. And same with the right half. So this was LS1. And now do LS2 on these and see what you get. And to finish, do p8 again. Tell me what you get. Do p8 and you'll get the k2, the second round key. Yeah, LS2, we apply on the... This we're finished with. We don't use this again. It's k1. We see here, we take the output of the LS1 and input it into LS2. And same with the right-hand side. It is take these 5 bits and do a left shift by 2 positions. Shift everything left and we'll get 00100. Let's just make this clear. And then apply p8 on those 10 bits and you'll get the final result. So the last 10 bits, we apply p8 again. We'll get rid of bits 1 and 2 and rearrange the other 8 bits. And the result is k2, the second round key. You can try it and then we'll check our answers. Okay. And I'll just make some space and I'll clean these off. So p10, rearrange the first 10 bits, a left shift on each of the halves and then p8 gave us k1. And then going back to these 10 bits, we apply a second left shift by 2 positions and then p8 gives us the k2. This is p8. So let's record k1 and k2, the round keys. We've just done the middle part, these steps. We now need to encrypt our plain text. With our encryption, we take our 8-bit plain text, apply some permutation. Again, that's defined. It's just another rearrangement shown here. It's an initial permutation. We just do it at the start and we do an inverse at the end.  So let's first do the initial permutation and then describe the function. Take our plain text, 0111, 01. There's our plain text. Apply ip, the initial permutation. We get the second bit, bit 2, bit 6, bit 3, bit 1. So reading through here, bit 4, 8, 5 and 7. 4, 8, 5 and 7. That was applying ip from our plain text. That was this step. 8 bits in, 8 bits out. In fact, we have a more detailed description here. This is the detailed encryption algorithm. It shows us the function f of k. This dark gray box on the, the larger dark gray box is f of k, a function that takes a key as an input. Takes 8 bits in, takes a key as input and produces 8 bits out here. Then we'll do swap the halves and then we'll apply the same function. Take 8 bits in, k2 as an input. We'll get 8 bits out and then we'll do the inverse initial permutation and get the ciphertext. So we've just done ip at the top. Now we need to go into the details of this function. We see it involves multiple steps. Let's describe them. The first step, again, we, as in the FISAL structure, we operate on the left and the right half separately. So we split our input into two halves. And you see here, the left half, follow this line, 4 bits, the left half is not used until the end. We do all of this on the right half. So the rightmost 4 bits. We take the right 4 bits, ip, expand and permutate. We take 4 bits in, we're going to get 8 bits out. Permutate, we'll rearrange as well. We'll define, it's defined on the previous slides. Then we'll take those 8 bits and exclusive all with the key, k1, which we just calculated, the round key. Then we'll take each half, so we have 8 bits, so 4 bits at a time, and apply an s-box. And this is not an x-box, an s-box. S stands for what? S stands for what? Substitution box. This is our complex substitution, s-box. No, this s0 and s1. P is permutation or transposition. We've called it transposition in the classical ciphers. So two main operations in ciphers. Rearrange, P, permutation, or substitute, which are the s-boxes here. In fact an xor also does a substitution. But we'll see that the s-boxes are the complexity, the non-linear substitution. So we'll describe them. We take the outputs, a permutation, xor with a left half, take 8 bits, swap, do it all again. Do an inverse initial permutation, and we get our ciphertext. Let's just get started on this block in here. So we take 4 bits. We're just going to operate on the right half now. That's, we're at this point, the 4 bits here. And we're going to go into this light gray box here, where we first expand and permutate. It's defined here. We take 4 bits in, bit 1, 2, 3, 4, and we get 8 bits out. Bits 4, 1, 2, 3, and bits 2, 3, 4, 1. We took 4 bits, and we get 8 bits out using the EP operation. That's this. We repeat, we repeat the bits 2 times and reorder them. Any problem so far? Always an exam question. Encrypt this with simplified desks, or even quiz questions. Next. Exclusive or with k2. So we've got 8 bits. Exclusive or with k2. Sorry, k1, k1. Xor with 1, 0, 1, 0. 0, 1, 0, 0. This is our input. This is k2, k1. Why am I confused? We're going to xor. What's the answer? So perform the xor. What's 1, xor, 1? You've got two choices. It's not 1. Exclusive or 1, xor, 1 is 0. 1, xor, 0, 1, 1. Did I get that correct? 0, 1 gives us 1. The other just gives us 0. So simple, exclusive or. And we're now about to start our S-box. We split that into two halves again, two 4-bit values, and we feed the left half into what's called S-box 0, S0, and the right half into S-box S1. What are the S-boxes? Well, we're going to substitute some values with other values, and they're defined where? They're defined here. So let's first consider the left half. The input is 0, 1, 1, 0, and the input to S-box S0. There are two S-boxes. So we first take the left half, 0, 1, 1, 0, and it's an input to this first S-box S0. The way to read this, we can think of it as a matrix where we have 4-bit input, bits 1 and 4 specify the row, and bits 2 and 3, the middle two bits specify the column and simply look up the matrix and we get the output value. We'll have 4-bits in, we'll get 2-bits out. We substitute some 4-bits with 2-bits. Note that, of course, remember the index in the array we start, in the matrix we start with rows 0, 1, 2, and 3. We're using binary, so if we use these values to determine an index in the matrix, then bit 1 and 4, in our case, bits, bit 1, bit 4 tells us the row, our case, 0, 0, and bit 2 and bit 3 tells us the column, 1, 1. In decimal, row 0, column 3, assuming our index starts at 0. What's the output? Row 0, so be careful. Row 0, 1, 2, 3, column 0, 1, 2, 3. Now just look up row 0, column 3, output is 1, 0. So be careful with the indexes here. Our index starts with 0s. The index to the matrix starts with 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, not 1, 2, 3, 4, because with 2-bits we cannot get the value 4. And then on the right half we had over here, 0, 1, 1, 1, we apply that on S-box S1. So try that. So what we just did was for the left half here on S0 and take the right half and input into S1. Try it. So take those 4-bits and use them as the indexes for the index to find the element of S1. And the output, we get row 0, 1, column 1, 1, the middle 2-bits, and simply look up row 0, 0, 0, row 0, 1. Column 1, 1 is here. 1, 1 is the output. So that's how we use the S-boxes. And these are a substitution and an important part of the algorithm. Note that if you look at the values, they're designed in a way such that it's hard to go backwards. To give them one of these values, tell us what the input was. So given, if I give you 1, 1, what was the input? Well, it can be many possible values. So going backwards, there's no way to find the exact value, the correct value going backwards. If you knew that the output was 1, 1, the input could have been for this value, this value, this one, or this one. But that's one of the features of the S-boxes. I think what we'll do in the last 10 minutes, we'll try and finish this first round and then we'll leave it till next week to show the steganography example. Where are we going? Where are we? We are here. 2-bits as the output of each of the S-boxes. Okay. And now you need to do P4. Try it. We have 4-bits, 1, 0, 1, 1. We took the 2-bits from S0, the 2-bits from S1, and now apply P4. P4 is defined for us somewhere. 2, 4, 3, 1. 2, 4, 3, 1. We get our output. We're now here. After applying P4, we get 4-bits. And now we take the left side from IP, which I just removed. What's the left side of IP? The left side of output of the initial permutation. When we did the initial permutation at the start, I had it up there. I removed it. We took the right side and now we take the left 4-bits from the output of the initial permutation and XOR with these 4-bits. What were they? The output of IP was 1, 0, 1, 0. This is the left bits out of IP. When you perform the initial permutation, you got 8-bits out. These are left 4-bits. XOR. And we're now here. And the right bits out of IP, the right bits, 1, 0, 0, 1. So the output of IP, we take the right bits and bring them to here. So we have, let's say, 1, 1, 0, 1 at this point plus the right bits from the output of IP, which is what? 1, 0, 1, 0? Again. One more time. 1, 0, 0, 1. This is the left, the right bits out of IP. That is, we did P4. We took the left bits from IP, XOR, and then combined with the right bits out of IP. And we are here. We're at the end of f of k, our function. We swap the halves, swap these two. So we end up. So again, we have 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1. And now swap the halves. And we now start round two. We do exactly the same from what's in the dark gray box at the top. We apply the same steps, but we just have a different input here. And the only difference is that we use k2. But the operations are the same. And you will do that and find out that the output here, you'll apply f of k. And you'll get, so from this point, we have these eight bits. We apply f of k, the lower case f, with a k, k2. And the output of that here is 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1. Then there's one last thing to do. And it's the inverse initial permutation. In the exam, you may see from last past year exams, then I've given you, for example, the pictures of the algorithm and the permutations. And it simply encrypt this, decrypt this. Usually it's not the whole step. It may be, for example, here's the input to this block. Tell me the output or the ciphertext. Takes you 10 minutes. Doesn't take long. You'll see from past exams. But I think recently I haven't given long questions on this. So in fact, each individual operation is quite simple. Permutate and the permutations are defined. And a substitution. Well, two things. There's XORs and there's the S-boxes. But again, quite simple on their own. Combined, without doing a brute force attack, if you have the ciphertext, you will find it very hard to get the plaintext to go backwards if you don't have the key. And so the algorithm itself is quite secure. Any questions on those steps? We're not going to go through the second round yet. How do we build an inverse? Okay. How do you do the inverse permutation? That will be your homework. Work out the inverse permutation. What do we mean by the inverse? Here it is. It's the inverse of IP. You work it out. Because I've given you the this is the input to the inverse. And the answer, the ciphertext is on the slides. You should get this as the output. So try and work out what do we mean by the inverse permutation. So try and work that out, that one. Any other questions on the individual steps? Sorry? For sure. Simplified desks, we can do a brute force. But simplified desks is simple for teaching. Real desks, 56 bit key, also susceptible to brute force. But it's no longer used. Because the same concepts are used in other ciphers. We'll look at the advantages and disadvantages of real desks next week. So next week what we'll do is summarize on simplified desks and more importantly compared with real desks and see the similarities. Five minutes, one last example. Here's a flag, a picture, a JPEG. We've got a picture. I want to apply steganography. So the concept or the idea is I'm going to send someone this picture and hidden inside the picture is going to be a message. That's steganography. And I've got some software that will do it. It's very simple. It's not that efficient. The program is, so I want a message. So we have our secret message and I'm going to save that in a file. So this is what I do as the sender. I create my message, save it in a file. Whatever we want to call it, my message. So we have our message in a file and then we use some program. The idea is to take a JPEG and a JPEG is an image is a set of pixels. And each pixel, each dot there is represented by some number, some integer, or some binary value. And the idea is that what we can do in the structure of the JPEG file is change some of the bits. It may possibly change some of the pixels, the exact values, but from what you see you will not notice any change. So change some of the bits such that we use those bits to carry the message. Because our message, if we convert using ASCII, we can convert to binary. My message is in binary and those bits are then encoded inside the JPEG image. So I have a program that will do it for us called out guests. There are others that do it. It takes as the input the message, takes my picture and produces another picture as the output, a second JPEG. It gives some statistics, not explained, but it shows some statistics about the bits that have been changed in there. 118 bits changed. And it's created an image. And then I take that second image and send it to someone. So I take the second image and I send that to you and this is what you see. So you receive this and when you look at it I'll just, what's the difference? So this is the first image and the second image. There's no difference in fact in this case. In this case because I think we have some extra bits that in a JPEG you can change some bits and not even change like any of the pixels because there's some extra information that we can change. So we can encode depending upon the length of your message. If you had a longer message then maybe some pixels that change. But again it would be very hard to notice. So we send the second message across the internet. Someone may intercept it but all they see is a picture. They don't know that it carries a hidden message. Except the person who receives it knows that it carries a hidden message and they use the software to take the received picture, the second JPEG. So we take the received picture and put the message into some file. Now you get some statistics and if we look at the file we get the message out. So the receiver has an image only and this program decodes or extracts the hidden message from that image and puts it into a file received.txt and it's of course the same message. Sorry? No, no. From I create, I take the original image, I encode the message in that original image and I get a second image. It's different. The bits are different but when I send that from the view of someone looking at it they cannot see the difference. You cannot perceive any bit changes but in fact the bits are different. The bits contain the message that was encoded. So the receiver gets the received message, decodes and gets the hidden message out. That assumes that of course we can use that image and change some of the bits without someone noticing. So long as your message is small you can do that. If the message was a 10 kilobyte document it would be much harder to do that. You may see the changes in the image. So that's a quick example of steganography. There's a link to that example so you can see the code or you can see the program on the course website. You'll find a link to that example. Let's continue next week.


They are great with kids and other animals require minimal exercise need minimal grooming snoring and slobbering add to their charm. Hello everybody, welcome back to another AI video on this one. I'm going to show you how to create a chat GPT AI avatar video. That's right. Instead of having to type in everything you want your AI avatar to say, you can use chat GPT and it is pretty cool.  It's for deep brain AI and then really just click on the front page here says create a free video or free AI video part of me. Once you do that, you get a few options. But let me click out of this. The one that you can select here is you can select all of these different styles. But this is the one we're working with chat GPT and it's going to create an AI avatar video. Now it says write a topic or question and here's where it gets really good. So I'm just going to write something like why are bulldogs great pets? Something like that. I have a bulldog obviously and he's a French English bulldog. So I'm going to ask chat GPT that the second step and it's really two clicks literally select a template. I kind of I don't know.  But I don't know. Let's select this one. Let's just go with one of these and then click on create your own video. So it's going to generate your video with chat GPT. It's going to take a few seconds. I'll come back when it's ready. All right, everybody, welcome back. That took about 60 seconds or so to create this. But here's the thing. It's literally done. Now I'm going to just show you a couple of things here. But here we go. I, as you saw, I wrote in why are bulldogs such perfect pets? Here it goes. Why bulldogs are such perfect pets? It's got some text in here and you'll see here it's also got audio. So I'm going to hit the audio preview and listen to this bulldogs are friendly, loyal and easy to train. They have a come temperament and love to cuddle. Incredible. And that sounds realistic and lifelike. And then if I wanted to go to the next scene, I'll just click over here. And then here's the next thing that I wrote for me. They're low maintenance bulldogs are easy to care for making them a great pet for busy households. All very true. Here's the third one. They're great with kids. Also true. This is pretty much awesome. The loved by celebrities.  So I would just go ahead and probably delete that slide. But that's all there is to it. Now, if you wanted to go, let's go back to the first one here and you wanted to change the background. This is the current background. If I just wanted to be a solid color, I could just click on something like this. And then presto. I've changed the background or I could change the position of the person. Just go over here to the right side, add text, add in some subtitles.  The point is, that's all it is to go ahead and make this the last final step is to click on export. And that's it. You got to sign up. I forgot to sign in, but literally that's it guys. It's not cheap. It's not expensive. I think it's like $29 a month, but they give you one free one to try it out. And it's definitely worth a look. Thanks for watching.


The Kraft Foods Company presents Willard Waterman as The Great Gilded Sleeve. The Sleeve is brought to you partially transcribed by The Kraft Foods Company and Kraft, you know, makes the famous pasteurized processed cheese food, Velvita. Velvita has a wonderful cheddar cheese flavor that's rich yet delightfully mild. It's delicious and it's the finest quality cheese food you can buy because it's made by Kraft. The name that for years has meant only the finest in cheese and cheese foods. Get a package or loaf of Velvita tomorrow and enjoy the cheese food of top quality. Velvita made only by Kraft. The morning when the Great Gilded Sleeve's house is a beehive of activity and the keeper of the bees is busy dispatching his swarm. Lira, you'd better be off to school. Goodbye. Goodbye, honey. I'll miss you. I'll miss you, too. This is important stuff. Just a minute, Leroy. I have to say goodbye to the twins. Here they are. Oh, birdie, two big arms full. Yes, sir. Yeah, two big sacks of sugar. Keep your shirt on, Leroy. Kiss Daddy. Goodbye, babies. He has to go to work. What did you say, Ronnie boy? He said that, Ronnie. Leroy, let Bronco talk to his son. What do you want Daddy to bring you? Well, I'll look around town, but I'm not sure they have any bicycles your size. Oh, the corn's safe. Oh, isn't that cute, Anki? Yeah. Yeah, I didn't think he asked for a bicycle, though. Sounded more like snow shoes.  She does? Oh, look at those big blue eyes. When she's about 16, she'll get plenty of attention. Well, her mother did. She did? No, Anki. Bronco, say goodbye. You mean he hasn't said it? Goodbye, Linda doll. Bye, Ronnie. Did you hear that? They distinctly said goodbye, Daddy. They did? Of course they did, Mr. Gil Sleeve. They distinctly said goodbye, Daddy. Now, wait a minute, Leroy. I'll be right with you. Goodbye, everybody. Goodbye, Daddy. Goodbye, darling. Yeah, that's quite a husband you have there, my dear. I think so. It's wonderful the way you two get along. Bronco's so attentive and thoughtful. Well, I don't know, Anki. What do you mean? Well, I've been waiting all week for him to remember something rather important. Who? I just hope he doesn't forget our anniversary. Your anniversary? You and Marjorie, you were married in May. I don't mean our wedding anniversary, Uncle. Hey, you what anniversary do you mean? Why, the day we had our first date, of course. Oh, well, Marjorie, is that so important? Is that important, Uncle Mort, you men? Why, if we'd never had our first date, we'd never have fallen in love. We never would have married. Well, that's logical. Yeah, I guess it is pretty important at that. Yeah, it certainly is. He hasn't said one word about it all week. He hasn't? I thought surely he'd mention it this morning. Should he have mentioned it this morning? Well, we should be planning something.  If it doesn't mean anything to Bronco anymore, it doesn't mean anything to me. You're now Marjorie. Perhaps Bronco plans to surprise you. Oh, do you think so? Yeah, I'm sure of it. Excuse me, I have to go downtown. I've got to find Bronco.  Gilday, wait a minute. Yeah, hello, Judge. My, my. Water commissioner's hurrying this morning. What's the matter? Is your reservoir on fire? Hello, Judge. I'm trying to put out a fire at home before it gets started. What are you talking about? You know, I've got to find Bronco. Have you seen him? Yeah, I've seen him. You have where? I saw him yesterday in front of the post office. Or was it the day before? Oh, my goodness. Judge. It was the day before. I remember distinctly because Bronco was working on the Red Feather campaign. Yeah, I know that, Judge. As a matter of fact, he took my contribution. By the way, Gilday, have you contributed to the community jazz? Yes, Judge, I have. But Bronco is facing a crisis. We all are. The need is greater than ever before. Judge, you don't understand. Yes, I do. The Red Feather campaign must raise 16.5 million dollars extra this year. More money is needed for the handicapped, youth programs, elderly people, families in trouble. I know one family is going to be in trouble if I don't find Bronco. What's this, Gilday? Judge, this happens to be the anniversary of the first date Marjorie and Bronco had together. Oh, isn't young love sweet? Two hearts that beat as one. Piddi-pat, piddi-pat, piddi-pat. Yulfer. Judge, stop mooning about love. If Bronco forgets this anniversary, there won't be any. You mean the boy has forgotten? I'm afraid so, Judge. He didn't mention it to Marjorie this morning, and this was the deadline. Oh, my. It would be terrible if Bronco forgot it. In the eyes of a loving wife, there's nothing so unpardonable as forgetting a sentimental occasion or getting the dates mixed. Gilday, you should stop whatever you're doing and go find the boy. Judge, what do you think I'm doing? Gilday, look. There he is in the next block. Crossing the street at the corner. Here, Bronco. Hey. Get out of the traffic. Oh, I'd better go, too. If he doesn't make it, maybe I will. Bronco. Here you go, Bronco. I'm glad I caught up with you. What's the matter? Something wrong? My boy, do you know what day this is? Yeah, sure. It's Wednesday. Yeah, I know that. Good thing now. Think. Doesn't it mean something special to you and Marjorie? Well, it isn't payday. Oh, hello, Judge. Oh, Bronco, do you know what day this is? Judge, I just asked him that. It's the anniversary of your first date with Marjorie. Judge, let me tell it. Push your goat. The anniversary of our first date? Today? I've been coming to town for you, Bronco, to remind you. And it was I who first spied you. Judge, please. Gosh, am I glad you told me? Well, I knew if you didn't remember it in some way. Marjorie, you'd be disappointed. Oh, I'll say. A man could lose his happy home over a thing like this. Mr. Gilder-Sleeve, I don't know what we'd do without you. Well, if I do say so, I'm the one who keeps the house on an even keel. I'm pretty alert about these things. I'm alert, too. I've already thought of an ideal gift for you to take to Marjorie. Well, if tonight's the night, I haven't much time to think about it. What have you got in mind, Judge?  Charm bracelet? Yeah, it's not a bad idea. Yeah?  That'd be four booties. Judge, we can multiply. I think Marjorie would like the bracelet idea. I'll get one and take it home tonight. I've also thought of an appropriate little verse to go on the card. How's this? Darling, though time is fleeting, I recall our first meeting. Yeah. Judge, don't overdo it. Well, I'd better get going. Thanks again, men. It's a great idea. Yeah, don't mention it. Glad I thought of it. You thought of it? Franco, I have one more suggestion for the bracelet. Oh? You would now, Judge. Buy a little silver faucet so you can turn off the water commissioner. George, I'm glad I found Bronco and tipped him off. Now, if I can sneak in the back way, I'll have Birdie prepare a surprise dinner for the lovebirds and everything will be great.  Birdie's feeling pretty good. Birdie, what's going on? I hope it's a little extra special, Birdie. Yes, sir. In fact, I came home to talk to you about preparing a very special dinner this evening. Especially... Well, tonight is no ordinary Wednesday. Where's Marjorie? She's upstairs with twins. You're good, then we can talk. Birdie, tonight is the anniversary of Marjorie and Bronco's first date. It is? Ain't that so?  Yes, sir, you gotta leave it up to Birdie. She'll put on a feed that's always looked just like an eye-way picnic. That's the idea, Birdie. So, it's the anniversary of their first date. Mr. Gillsleeve, how'd you ever remember? Well, Birdie, in many respects, I'm like an elephant. Yes, sir. You never forget. With that Bronco. I chased him around town all morning just to remind him. Sure is a good thing you did. If that boy had forgotten occasion like this, he'd be in hot water. Well, somebody around here has to think of these things, Birdie. Yes, sir, and you thought of it. Mr. Gillsleeve, I don't know what they'd do without you. You know that you mentioned it, Birdie. Neither do I. I don't know any man who thinks more about his family than you do.  Yes, thank you, Birdie. Yes, sir.  Well, what can I say? Mr. Gillsleeve, you know why you think of everything that I'll be thought about around here. Tell me, Birdie.  Hey, George. Birdie's one of the smartest women I've ever seen. I think I'll go up and reassure my tree. Look at that. What a picture. Little mother hen and her two happy chicks. How do you say daddy? He's cute. I wonder if he can do it. Marjorie does it well. Ronnie, you say daddy. That was close. Marjorie. Uncle Mort, I didn't see you standing in the doorway. Well, just dropped up to have a word with you. Well, come on out in the hall, Anki. The twins are ready to take their naps. Smug expression on your face, Uncle Mort. Well, Birdie paid me a nice compliment when I came in. Oh, for what? Well, as Birdie says, I always think of things that should be thought of. Well, I wish I could depend on that husband of mine to think of things. Yeah, Marjorie. Stop worrying about Broncle forgetting your first date. Well, I don't think there's any question that he's forgotten it. You? Uncle Mort, is that asking too much of a man? Well, no. After all, it's only been two years. If he forgets the time we met, why, he could forget our wedding anniversary. No, Marjorie. I don't think he cares anymore. Marjorie, he does too. No. He has not forgotten. Well, yeah, I know. You can take my word for it. So dry your eyes and be patient. Well, I'm sorry, Anki. I shouldn't have doubted Broncle. No, of course not. Why, he'd never forget our first date. How could anybody forget such a wonderful evening? We went to a college dance together, remember, Anki? Yeah. You and Miss Milford were with us. We were? Oh, yes, I remember. You two went along to chaperone us, and we ended up chaperoning you. Oh, yes. Wonderful. Falcon Broncle will ever forget it. Oh, it was the most wonderful Friday night of our lives. Yes, I remember. Friday night? Of course. That was the night of the dance. What's the matter? Oh, my gosh. Excuse me, Marjorie, I have to run downtown again. The great Gilda Sleeve will be back in just a minute. Hi there, Birdie. What are you so happy about? Hello, Mr. Heason. Birdie's happy because she's going to make Mr. Gilda Sleeve happy and Miss Marjorie happy and Mr. Broncle happy and Little Leroy happy. Well, that's fine. But how are you going to make him happy, Birdie? Well, sir, I'm going to fix them their favorite vegetable to eat. Cauliflower deluxe. Ooh. Yes, sir. You see, I just cook a head of cauliflower and then I make a smooth golden cheese sauce with velvita. I just melt a half pound of smooth melting velvita in the top of the double boiler, stir in a quarter cup of milk, season and zingo. I pour that nice smooth cheese sauce right over the cooked cauliflower. And that's cauliflower deluxe? Yes, sir. And that's cauliflower delicious because velvita's got the swellest, rich, yet mild cheddar flavor you ever want to taste. Oh, I know, Birdie. And don't forget, craft smooth, melting, pasteurized processed cheese food will make that cauliflower extra nourishing, too, because velvita's rich in important food values for milk and, of course, velvita's as digestible as milk itself. Yes, sir. I know. I use velvita sauce to deluxe lots of different vegetables. Really, Birdie? Why, sure. I melt delicious velvita to deluxe lots of vegetables. That's fine, Birdie. Mr. Eaton, you know what Birdie does to deluxe lots of vegetables? Yes, Birdie. That's right. Birdie melts delicious velvita. It's the little things that are important to women. Marjorie was afraid that her devoted husband Bronco might forget the anniversary of their first date. When the Great Gildersly found out about this, he promptly assumed the role of Mr. Fixit. He fixed it. He told Bronco the anniversary is tonight. Now he's just discovered it's Friday night. How was I to know if it's Friday instead of tonight? It was a natural assumption. Marjorie was so concerned about it this morning. Hey, Elk, where are you going? Downtown Leroy. I'm going over to Piggies. I'll walk with you. Well, I wasn't planning to walk. I'm on the run today. Yeah, what's up? I've got to find Bronco. I've got to tell him that he and Marjorie had their first date on Friday. You've got two days to tell him that. Yes, but I've already told him it's today. What's so important about their first date? They hooked each other. Why don't they forget it? It doesn't pay to forget these things, Leroy. You realize that someday when you're a family man. Not me. Leroy, you don't think of money where sentimental things are concerned. Your quarter? What for? This is a piggy. I want to buy on a soda. Leroy. I'm going to see Bronco in all the jewelry stores. I think I'll stop in Piggies for a coke.  Hello, Piggie. Hello, Mr. Gillifrey. What can I do for you this afternoon? Fix me a coke. Will you, Piggie? Very well. Yeah, I have to hurry home. Knocking off work a little early, are you? Well, I have to see Bronco before Marjorie does and tell him tonight isn't the night. It's Friday night. Okay. He is the anniversary of Bronco's and Marjorie's first date, Piggie. My, my. And Bronco has a present for her. But if she finds out he doesn't remember the date, she's going to be pretty upset. Well, women are sticklers for things like that. I recall the first time I got a little confused about Mrs. Piggie's birthday. Oh, you did? I got off on the wrong foot when I told her, told somebody that Mrs. Piggie was five years older than she said she was. Well, that could lead to trouble. That's what I see. And then I got in deeper and I couldn't remember which day in July was her birthday. So I did what I thought was the smart thing. What was that, Piggie? I brought home a present every night. Yo. How long did that go on? Well, it developed that Mrs. Piggie's birthday wasn't until late August. Oh, my goodness. I'm glad Bronco doesn't have any such problem as that. Hello, Mr. Piggie. Hi, Mr. Gildersleeve. Hello, Bronco. Bronco, I've been looking for you. Again? Mr. Gildersleeve was just telling me about your anniversary. Oh, yeah, I got the charm bracelet. Yo, that's fine. I want to do this up big, so I thought I'd stop in here and get a box of candy to take to March tonight. Not tonight, Bronco. No? Tonight isn't the anniversary after all. As you remember, it was a dance on Friday night. Miss Milford and I went with you. Say you're right. It was a college dance on Friday night. Oh, that was close. Thanks for putting me straight. Yo, that's all right. I'm glad to do it. Well, this gives me plenty of time to arrange a little celebration. I know, but go dancing again. Mmm, that'd be nice. Well, Bronco, whatever you do, don't let it go until the last minute. That's what upset Marjorie this morning. You hadn't mentioned the anniversary. Well, don't worry. I'll let Marjorie know I'm not forgetting our big Friday night the minute I get home. What kind of candy would you suggest, Mr. Piggie? Well, a bonbon should do the trick. That's what kept Mr. Piggie happy through July and most of all this. I'll be fine. Wrap up a box for me. Very well. You're clicking, Bronco. Mr. Piggie, I want to buy a good cigar for the man who understands the feminine mind better than anybody else. Well, thank you, Bronco, but I don't smoke. Piggie! He's talking about me. Did you tell Mr. Bronco, Mr. Killsleeve? Yes, I got him all straightened out on the date, Bertie. Yes, sir. Then we'll have the big dinner Friday night. You bet. This Marjorie sure was upset thinking he might forget the date. Well, I've covered every base, Bertie. I told him to let Marjorie know he's planning for Friday night the minute he gets home. He's loaded with gifts, and he's taking your dancing. Oh, Marjorie? Yeah, Marjorie. What's this about dancing? Dancing? Who said anything about dancing? You're talking about Bertie's cousin in Lansing. Who? Yeah, Bertie, let's not pretend you don't know him. No, sir. Dancing Lansing. I ain't got no cousin in Lansing. Well, Marjorie, have you been feeling better this afternoon? Oh, wonderful, auntie. Of course, I still feel a little guilty about doubting Bronco. Believe me, my dear, that boy isn't forgetting anything. Oh, I know he isn't. Uncle Mort, am I being silly placing so much importance on our first date? You're just in love. Well, silly or not, I'm so excited I can hardly wait until Sunday night. Yeah, Sunday night? Well, not like you said Friday night. Oh, no, our first date was on October 21st. It just happened to be on a Friday night. We went dancing. You bet, Marjorie. The day to remember is October 21st. And that's next Sunday. Our day. Excuse me, Marjorie, I have to run downtown again. Too late. Hello, Bronco. Hi, Marjorie. Say, do I have a lot to talk to you about? Oh, you do? How can I make him keep his mouth shut? I've spent the whole day making a few plans for you and me in the very near future. Eh, Bronco? No, Mr. Gildersley, let me have a word with my little wife. You bet.  Boy, is his face gonna be red? Oh, I'll never forget, Bronco. For a whole semester, I'd been sitting across the aisle from you in biology class. Of course, at that time, you didn't know I had my eye on you. Oh, yes, I did. Pardon me, Bronco. That's all right, Mr. Gildersley. We'll excuse you. Yeah, I don't want to be excused. Marge, I finally worked up enough courage to ask you for a date. Oh, and I couldn't refuse to go out with such a handsome boy. Oh, Marge. Bronco, why don't you ask her for another date, such as Sunday night? Mr. Gildersley, don't try to confuse me. Yes, but... Marge, would you be interested in having a date with a fellow biology student? Well, my uncle is very particular about my boyfriends, but what do you have in mind? Bronco... I want to take you out on Friday night. Zeke. Friday night? That's right. To celebrate the anniversary of our first date. Oh, my goodness. Marge? Marge, what's wrong? Oh, I get it. You're happy because I remembered. Well, I do, so it was on a Friday. Wasn't it, Mr. Gildersley? Well, yes, I thought so. But Marge, you brought up a very interesting point. If you remember that our first date was October 21st. Marge, it so happens that I distinctly remember it was a Friday night. Oh, Friday night doesn't mean anything. You don't celebrate Christmas on the same day of the week every year. It always comes on December 25th. You're right, Bronco. Mr. Gildersley, don't you have to go turn off somebody's water? Oh, Bronco. But the twins want to see their mom and papa. Hello, kids. Margery, believe me. Why didn't you do it?  Look at that.  The important thing is that you met. Yeah. I think you. I never saw a girl look more like her mother. And a boy look more like his father. Two fine children. We make much difference when we had our first date, does it, Bronco? Well, there's one date I'll never get mixed up on. The day these little rascals were born. Huh? Huh, baby? Yes, sir? Washington's birthday. What did you say? I said they were born on Washington's birthday. No, they weren't. They were born the day before, weren't they, Yankee? Pardon me. I have to go turn off somebody's water. The great Gildersley will be with us again in just 30 seconds. If the folks at your house eat lots of sandwiches, make sure they have the best sandwich filler you can buy. Keep stock with Velvita, Kraft's Golden Pasteurized Processed Cheese Food. Velvita, with its fine, rich yet mild cheddar cheese flavor, gives you a delicious sandwich. And Velvita makes sandwiches mighty nourishing, too, because it's rich in important food values from milk. So make it your handy helper for hearty, good-eating sandwiches and snacks. Get the cheese food of finest quality, Velvita made only by Kraft. Hey, whiz, huh? What makes marjoram Bronco act so goofy? What do you mean, goofy? Well, get more excited about remembering some old date. They've got rocks in their heads. Oh, my boy, let's be tolerant. After all, marjoram Bronco are young. They're just inexperienced, excitable kids, that's all. Oh. Certainly. They do silly, childish things. He doesn't until a person reaches my age that he gains a full measure of poise. Good sense. Look at me. You don't see me fluttering around, getting excited about trivial things. I'm a rock of Gibraltar. Yeah. Fire trucks. Fire trucks? See? They're going down our street. Hurry up, Leroy. Get into the lights. Grab some coats. Let's see where it is. I'm coming. Hilda's Leave is played by Willard Waterman. The show is written by John Elliott and Andy White who is partially transcribed.  Musical compositions by Jack Meakin. This is John Heaston saying good night for the Kraft Foods Company, makers of those famous Kraft quality foods. Be sure to listen in next Wednesday and every Wednesday for the further adventures of The Great Hilda's Leave. You know, it takes three things to make a sandwich. The bread, then meat or cheese or egg, whatever you like best in between. And the third thing is, mmm, a touch of real mustard. For when you add a little mustard, you add a lot of tang. That is, if it's Kraft's prepared mustard. There are two kinds, you know, Kraft's salad mustard, mild and delicately spiced, and Kraft mustard with snappy horseradish added. Have both on hand for different tastes, different uses. Remember, when you add just a little mustard, you add a lot of tang. Get Kraft's prepared mustard. Groucho Marx, you'll bet your life he's next on...


good looking asian guys are freaking evil 10 of us are getting through now great i'll take it i think you saw the 30 year old asian girl had whitewash 1.0 and then the 20 year old asian girl had whitewash 2.0 did you all date like the same dude what asian women slandering asian guys on tiktok once again is this a trend or what yeah it's like the world's tiniest vialing thing all right everybody we had a couple toxic shameful asian tiktoks that were sent to us this week we're gonna analyze them because they sparked a discussion they're getting some views and man oh man we gotta watch them oh man anytime it's asian american women versus asian american men it just goes viral run the clip asian gullies get so much for going for white men however we are failing to consider that attractive asian men are evil they're freaking evil yeah freaking good looking asian guys are freaking evil they're evil like you know asian girls do go for white guys but there's a reason it's because the good looking asian guys they're evil yeah the hot asian guys are evil but the six out of 10 asian guys have like great hearts and they're great people and a hard working but i'll never touch them i'll never touch them yeah only the hot ones so the hot ones burn me so i'm gonna move on to other types of guys who is a belly orange man i think she ended up deleting her entire tiktok account she felt shameful of it guys let's give her some credit so let's not hey guys she already whatever whatever retreated from this stance but i'll say this this is kind of reflects like a new type of white wash mindset that i started to notice which is white wash 2.0 where it's like instead of writing off 100 of asian guys you just write off 90 of asian guys and then the 10 of asian guys that are level eight nine or 10 out of 10 you're like yeah those are the ones that i go for the ones that are seven and below are still like slugs invisible slugs to me they could have the best hearts in the world but still slugs so hey guys don't get mad at me i still date asian guys 10 of us are getting through now great i'll take it i mean listen guys i just think tiktok it's like you can just take from whatever like moment you're feeling you know like maybe she got a text message or she got unfollowed by a hot asian dude that they got together or whatever and then she dissed him and she's just like you know what all good looking asian guys are freaking evil so let's just go for that six foot tall beta you know tech looking white guy you know like your zuckerbergs this is a very common type of white guy that asian girls get with you do you think the hot asian guys are like uh dude we like just started getting attention and now we're evil all of a sudden i don't doubt her experience i'm not gonna write it off obviously i think maybe she messed with like three of these hot asian guys and then they did her wrong or kind of like ghosted or whatever and so she's like they're freaking evil freaking freaking evil and then there's like 2 000 comments from other i presume asian women who are like agreeing with her and i'm like wait did you all date like the same dude but you know what i noticed is that the asian women were all like pretty much like around 20 years old so this is like i said white wash 2.0 it's a new version of it it's still like i said leaves out the average asian guy from i guess even being part of the discussion but i guess it's different than the white wash 1.0 and or which is the what the other clip that we got comes from all right let's watch this second tiktok or i should say tiktoxic what do you guys think about asian boys look over there what do you guys think about asian boys look over there this one was crazy because non asian women started getting involved in this and you know especially like some black activists they were like girl you need to check your white supremacy your self-hatred because other groups like latin women and black women we would not say this about our men so you need to stop this immediately yeah i'm not saying obviously a lot of asian women even feel this way but like it's okay to like talk crap about asian dudes but like to do it publicly for clout is like next level like slander right why why you want to do that it's almost like if the power dynamic is organically this way we can you know it is what it is life is how it is right all people do better than short people whatever would rich people over poor people if the power dynamic is like in america is asian american women here in asian american men are here not in all circumstances i'm not talking about enclaves and stuff like that but like like you just don't don't try to boom boom boom to a boom boom boom right just don't try to take the power what is this a vibes cartel song boom boom boom boom boom boom i mean honestly this was like super interesting because it's kind of like a vietnamese asian stepmom who seems like she has a 16 or 17 year old white adopted stepdaughter because maybe she like married a guy who was divorced previous it was like 40 years old and white or whatever but it's like it was just wrong for her to take her micro sort of like leanings and preferences and they just try to blanket across like everybody you know it was like i guess like that's the messed up part as far because she was like oh do you like asian boys and then her daughter's probably thinking like uh bts is okay no i'm talking about this guy this is what all asian boys turn into this guy right here first of all shout out to that guy and he's just sitting there talking on the phone he's gotta get called out but i will say this this asian stepmom uh clearly is not that much older than her stepdaughter but she kept this video up it's her highest viewed tiktok she turned off the comments but she's standing by she's like yeah i want people to see this because it was fun better she waited out and she took the clout over the community telling her she's sold out long story short man and what are your major takeaways from these two tiktoks because like we said tiktok's silly like let's say for example the first girl she just got dissed she's in an emotional state so she's just taking her brain putting it up there that momo girl she's just like seeing one unattractive asian guy in a restaurant taking it from here putting it out there she didn't have to load it in a final cut didn't have to rent it by her editors didn't have to rent it by you know her mcn or whatever like that like there's no like ways of filtering you know you don't make money off tiktok so she some people are really like looking at the currency as clout anyway which is views so i mean is it bad is it good or what is it it's raw and unfiltered and so in a sense i appreciate it but obviously my overall takeaway is that one if you're a 10 out of 10 or nine out of 10 asian guy you rank that high you're kind of above these problems one you're the type that this first girl is gonna like date or go out with and then though she's gonna call you problematic after it happens right right repeatedly probably fall under that and then you don't fall into this category of i guess unappealing uh less than average asian guys that is depicted in this tiktok right yeah i think that the really good looking asian guys that were like 40 years old still fell victim to that 1.0 version yeah he was probably like damn he's caught me at a bad time i would have the itis man like i was just like slumped over after eating a nice meal and then i'm getting called out i agree with you that guys that are right now ranking eight nine out of 10 or out of 10 i agree that really good looking asian guys are like having an easier time in 2022 though for sure they're they're less subject to the version 1.0 and especially 2.0 i mean all the first girl had to do to make it a community positive post which i don't think was her goal ever right she could have just been like oh my gosh these hot asian guys are freaking evil that's why i gotta focus on the regular looking asian guys they're the good steel yeah yeah i can't with them if she would have even said six to eight like you know what i mean a six to seven point five or something like take a look at that range i might have some good values hey man this is why i tell asian guys man if you can't you got to travel out man you got to meet different types of women different types of people yeah i do think that there's something weird in the asian community right now where the guys who are eight or nine or ten out of ten ranked are getting like just super crazy ranked yeah i know there's a lot of selection issues we could get into the sample sizing and all these distributions hot asian guys you need to date out two man try that at the end of the day i think you saw the 30 year old asian girl had whitewash one dot oh and then the 20 year old asian girl had whitewash 2.0 obviously the 2.0 version theoretically is better because it includes more people but of course people don't really like to see these dynamics but at the end of the day for me as it like somebody who works in media representation i want to see the raw uncut things straight out of people's minds and hearts all right everybody that wraps up our thoughts on it please let us know in the comments down below what you think about these tiktoks were they really that bad or should we ever take tiktoks seriously and what do you also think about us standing up and doing this format and yes sorry i did lose my voice but please hit that like button check out other episodes of the hot pop boys and until next time we out peace


Y'r wir ydych chi'n gweithio yma yn ei fath rywbeth, ac mae i'n ddych chi'n gweithi'n'r cyfnodi'r gwiks byteg yma i'n fath. Iechyd y data rydyn ni'n cyfrifio a i'n dyma yw fath yw i rhan fath yma hefyd lle mae'n mynd i'w gweithio'n gofgwls, mae'n rhan i'w peth i fyny rydyn ni'n paremddiol ar fy modell. Yn hynny mae'n gweithio, rhai'r ystod i'w loff sy'n cerddion, i ni'n dwi'n mynd i'r legion. Mae'n mynd i'ch gweithio'r cwpio'r baig i'r cyfnod hybrid ac y Pinh yn ei ddysgu'r ddysgu'r ddysgu fi, oedd ydym, mae'n gweithio'r cyfrifiwn i mi, ac rwy'n ddim yn ddysgu'r gwpio'r cyfrifiwn i mi. Yr hyn, mae'n ddysgu'r ddysgu'r cyfrifiwn i mi, a'r cyfrifiwn i'n 23.5 o wg ddysgu'r cyfrifiwn i mi, a'r cyfrifiwn i'r 25 o rhan. the first 15 years I started hitting and collecting data with that club and I have to say it's performed incredible well. It's strong lofted for a 5 iron so it's a fairly hefty number that we did in terms of carry and I'll look at that data very, very shortly and then wanted to put and pitch a barometer against that 5 iron and I went into the 4 hybrid. The 4 hybrid of Ping is 22 degrees in its standard loft but I cranked it up by a degree and a half to bring it up to 23 and a half Felly eich clywed o'r perthwynt ymlaes, rwy'n ardal siwr cwylio'r llos. Rydych chi'n ddaint o'r dda ni i'r ddeud ac yn trefnod y ball? Gydwch chi'n ddweud o'r ddweud o'r dweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud? Rwy'n golygu'n gwneud eich ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Rwy'n golygu'n gweithio? Mae'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'i ddim yn cael ddweud o'r 5 i amwens, Mae'r unig yng Ng fearfflu G425 sy'n ddau nhw'n penderfyn i'r ddoarl wedi'i gweld ti'r ddweithio. Rwyf meddwl, mae'r ddau sy'n gyffredin ar y G425. Ac y gallwch gweithio y dyfodol yn eu cyffredin. Mae angen ffan o tan cyffredin yn meddwl. Mae'n brif, yn y ffyrng. Mae'r ffyrng arwaith ans yht wir. but real differences and variables that you'd want to consider where... perhaps even you'd want to end at a 6 sign looking at that data and I'd go straight into the 4 hybrid as opposed to using that 5 iron. But they were the first differences that surprised me a little and realized that tweaking this club or perhaps another maybe a fairway would was going to be needed to bridge that gap. So next up was to strengthen the loft and go the opposite end in terms of the 4 hybrid i'w ddweud y cwbl i gafodd i wneud ar y roi ar y cwlll 205 o bobl iawn. Felly mae'n ddweud yma ar y 5-ion. Felly mae yma'r hunain. Maint i'w ddweud am y ystod, fel yna'n gweithio. Dyna'n gweithio am ychydig yw ym 1.5 o ffyrdd, oeddwn ni'n 23 o ffyrdd. Dw i'n gofio'n 1 o ffyrdd a'r hybydd o'r hyffordd 21 o ffrdd, ac mae'n gweithio'n 2.5 o ffrdd o ffrdd o gafodd i'w ddweud yw'r 5-ion. a dwi'n gweithio i chi'n gweithio'r gaf. Can we get this up? It's a considerable jump forward to be honest with you. You've seen from the numbers that it produced in terms of in that 23.5 degree setting. It was actually shorter than the 5 iron. So I'm going to be surprised if this jumps up enough to make the difference that we're going to need. It's a good solid ball. I don't think I can do much better than that. What do we get in terms of data? I mean we've got 198 carry by cranking this thing up into 21 degrees. So already we haven't got enough difference. Now it's a few more balls and see what happens but I was pretty much as good as I've got. I'll be surprised if I get much more out of that. I'd be worried I'd drop the other way in fact. So clearly already we've got now two and a half degrees worth of difference in terms of this four hybrid and I'm worrying that this isn't the next jump up in the bag for me. Right, so what I'm going to tell you is this. That didn't work and even adding another degree we were still only, it was surprising to be quite honest with you, the thing I learned that even though we were suggesting with that adjustability we're adding an extra degree or two and we ended up with a degree and a half under so what's that from 22, 19.5 and still wasn't getting enough distance to give me a gap between that five iron and into the hybrid. Right, so at this stage I was a little confused and when I go back to the beginning of the intro of the video I said this was not the planned video. The idea was to see how we could gap that bag from five iron into the hybrids into the fairways and when I checked out Ping's website what I seen was that what they're suggesting the equivalent hybrid and fairway would in relation to iron, it didn't really work out for me. I'm not saying that would be the same for everybody but if you take a look at this chart in front of you now a five iron is the equivalent to a five hybrid four hybrid, four iron, three hybrid, three iron that wasn't the case for me from the five iron testing even when I strengthened the loft of the four hybrid up to 20.5 degrees you still see I still can't get the gain that I needed to make that step up from five iron through to the next club in the bag. So it's really important for me first of all to point out if I was buying online now based on looking at lofts and based on suggestions from Ping's own website I wouldn't have had a difference in the bag I would have had two clubs that did exactly the same thing and that's a major error so the next point was to see how we could get a gap and what club it required to find that gap so it's going to be and moving in I'm going to try the seven wood the seven wood standard loft at 20.5 degrees but how does this now work bigger head, bigger mass, slightly longer shaft is that going to give me the difference that I need in terms of that next club forward and how much again this loft situation how much impact and all the other variables that go into it like I've just mentioned size of head, length of shaft are they the real things that make the difference in terms of the distance that I'm going to go out there we'll find out, let's give it a whack while we're on camera these are hit off the deck we're not using a tee peg but that's how the five iron was hit it's almost a point where the five iron may be solid again so impressed with the seven wood it launches so high it's an incredible ball flight but let's have a look at the data on that one we've got some difference there we've got a 206 carry that one that's in this standard setting at 20.5 so don't forget we started up for that five iron 196 if I remember rightly in terms of that carry a huge carry in terms of five iron and as I just said arguably just that little bit too long maybe and in this instance for me on a personal level I might even cut that out of the six but if I was going to make that jump we're going from a 23.5 degree five iron and into a 20.5 degree seven iron right so that's testing done three clubs we've gone five iron, we've tried the hybrid and a number of different lofts and then eventually went up to the seven wood and I still don't think we've got a perfect gap in I think we could probably tweak round just a little bit more and this video would go on forever but for me as it stood right now it would very much look like we'd go from five iron into a seven wood or perhaps into a three hybrid which would be the equivalent as Ping suggested to the three iron so we've almost as would be the seven wood so we've almost skipped out that four iron completely I'll just show you these numbers up to confirm sort of what I'd collected in terms of averages and where it left us the higher launching ball came from the iron which surprised me considering again what you'd expect in terms of the CG placement ball speed 128 peak height of 94, 191 carry on average of 4.4 spin really good numbers across the board for a five iron but then like I said in some ways it almost went too long because stepping up into the next set of numbers I collected was the hybrid and the hybrid cranked up to 20.5 degrees so now we're three degrees stronger than what the five would is but the numbers were virtually identical slightly lower launch you're now at 12.6 but a peak height of 95, 134 ball speed crept up a bit off that bigger mass 195 carry on average of 5.2 spin so we gained what was like sort of four yards and nowhere near enough to gap us the next club up and then as I say we went to the seven wood lofted at 20.5 degrees launched 12.2 peak height in terms of where it got to 97 feet 138 ball speed again the faster ball speed is off the seven wood don't forget the longest shaft into that seven wood as would have been in the hybrid as well we got to a 206 carry and 4.7 spin so a really good number but still we've got to jump now of 191 into 206 that's quite a bit of a leap but I'm sure that a little bit of a tweak and maybe add a degree into that seven wood and you'd probably get a sort of a ten yard average which is what perhaps you'd look for I thought this would have been a lot simpler of a process when I was recording the video very much for my own benefit if you like in terms of how to gap the bag but the message I think from it all was it's not as simple and as straightforward as you always think and like I said looking at lofts as being or the gap in lofts as being the way in which you'd gap your bag is not necessarily the case and there are lots of other things that come into play and in this case like I said starting off at the last club in the bag in terms of the irons the five iron was probably performing a lot better than perhaps out of it expected it to and therefore had that knock on effect in terms of gaping into those next clubs in the bag so interesting for me on a personal level and I hope you've got something from it we went through a fair bit of testing to get this data put together and as always the message would always be where you can at least is to go and try and get custom fit and make sure you will you make the adjustments and that's what this ping range does or any adjustability again the second part of the message would be by hybrids and fairways that have adjustability in them because that's where you're going to in the main get their best options to get that gaping right in the bag right as ever thank you for watching we're getting settled in here we've still got a lot of work to do I keep saying that we're sort of trying to do bits and then keep the videos going out at the same time but we're getting there so hit that like button comments down below subscribe if you don't already and I'll see you all very soon


There we are. We're doing laundry for all the Afghan evacuees on a daily. We're doing several hundred bags daily. They're so excited to get a clean bag of clothes and it just keeps us going. It's their long hours but it's it's it's worth it. We assign each family a bag and it has their name and number on it. They'll bring their clothes in. We count the items. Make sure we have the same amount of items that go back in the bag once we take them to our wash. We wash all night long, bring them back in the morning. They're ready for them the next day.  The necessity of clean clothing is just brings joy. I mean no matter where you are. The joy when a kid receives his clothes back clean and folded for free really really just you can't describe it with the words. It's just a really good feeling. I have a team of roughly 50 receiving doing and giving back the laundry. It is long hours but the payoff really isn't the smiles when when the guests receive their laundry back. I would say the amenities being offered are that of a five-star hotel. It's very rare you would check into a hotel and have your laundry clean folded and returned to you. That's just top-notch service. I've learned a lot that I didn't know especially from the evacuees that can speak some English. They've told me what it's like in their country and coming here and the differences and it just makes you feel like you're making an impact on their daily lives just to have fresh clothes.


What's up everybody Jason from Jasper's case breaks calm this ran a number block randomizer for the Patriots Cowboys Eagles sells out impeccable football Three box case break pretty soon number two on our website and again guys the way this works is you get around a number from zero through nine And we go by the first number on the left side of sir number dash So those are your examples right there if the card is numbered what you get number any non-redemptions go to spot zero for these teams Any one-on-ones go to spot one and of course even if the Redemption's a one-on-one it'll still go to spot zero and any non-numbered cards are randomized To the group at the end of the break so here you go guys Here's the dice roller customer names mark down to Chris and we got zero through nine boom roll it We got ourselves a Three and a five eight times good luck One two three the round door is pausing right now four Five Was it eight right? Yeah Five six seven and eight. All right. There you go eight times Chris at the top down of Paul Norton. Sorry guys. My computer is kind of lagging right now. All right eight times here One two three four five six seven eight There you go eight times Eight eight four down to eight. All right, so Chris you have spot four Jennifer was spot nine Danny was spot seven gay will spot two bow at spot six Steven any one of ones will be yours Chris Hansen any redemptions be yours mark with five chat with three and Paul with eight So there you go guys and again guys in a separate video now will be the break of impeccable and Good luck to everybody in this random number block.  Appreciate it