Hey Psych2Goers and welcome back to our channel. It's only with your support that we can make psychology and mental health more accessible to everyone. So thank you for all the love that you've given us. Now let's continue.  Did it bother you or possibly confuse you about why they said that? You might be subconsciously doing certain things that make your personality come across as more intimidating than you want it to be. Please remember that many of these signs and behaviors aren't negative. And though they might make you seem intimidating, it doesn't necessarily mean you should change anything about yourself or who you are. Wondering if this applies to you? Here are 8 signs that your personality might be intimidating to others. 1. You're Snappy or Reactive? Do you snap at people easily? When you hear about something you don't like, do you react hastily? Being snappy can come across as intimidating because people may feel like you're unapproachable or difficult to talk to. Even when you don't mean to be. Having strong opinions and snapping at others when things don't go your way might make you seem intimidating. Next time you find yourself about to snap, take a step back and take a deep breath before reacting. You'll be surprised at how quickly you relax and how much more approachable it'll make you seem. 2. You think with your head? Are you extremely practical? Do you base most of your decisions on pure logic?  Though this quality in itself doesn't necessarily make you intimidating, thinking less with your heart may make you less emotionally aware in certain situations and as a result you may come off as having an intimidating personality. 3. You're Persistent? Do you set high goals for yourself? Do you work extremely hard to achieve those goals? If you do, you're likely a very persistent person, which can be seen as intimidating. Persistence and perseverance aren't bad traits. When you persist, it shows that you have great confidence in your abilities and it might be intimidating for others to see that side of you. But you just have big goals and won't let anything or anyone stand in your way. 4. People seem to tiptoe around you? Have you noticed that people tend to clam up around you and seem possibly afraid to speak their minds? They might be tiptoeing around you and are being cautious and careful about what they say while in your presence. If you notice this happening to you, it may seem like people go quiet, agree with everything you say and even apologize to you more frequently. 5. You tend to dominate conversations? When you talk with your friends, do you talk the most or the loudest? This could be a sign that your personality seems intimidating. Some conversations can look like talking excessively or more loudly than everyone else and cutting people off mid-conversation. When you dominate a conversation, it can make it harder for others to express themselves around you. This is a tendency that can happen subconsciously and it could even be a sign of anxiety. So if you relate to this, don't feel bad or like it's your fault. Instead, try and practice active listening in your conversations so you'll be more attentive and present than how you're acting before. 6. You speak in an aggressive tone? When you talk with others, how do you normally come across? Are you aggressive and direct? Or are you more light and gentle? No matter what you say, your tone of voice can make a huge difference in how you're received. When you speak with an assertive, aggressive or direct tone, this can come across as intimidating. This could take a toll on the way people perceive your ideas and opinions. Do you find yourself speaking with a tone that's more aggressive than you'd like? If so, how do you plan to become more mindful of how things may be received before you say them? It might take time, but gradually, you'll come across as more approachable with a more gentle tone. 7. You're critical of others? When interacting with others, do you tend to judge, dissect or criticize what they say? While you may come across as intelligent, you'll likely also come across as intimidating to be around. According to psychiatrist Grant Hillary Brenner, insulting others during a conversation, even in a joking manner, can make you come across as judgmental and competitive. Competitiveness can be off-putting, so if people feel that way in conversations with you, they may be less likely to view you as approachable. 8. You're straightforward. Are you unafraid to speak your mind? Speaking your mind outright and avoiding dancing around the truth is not a bad thing. In fact, it can improve communication in your day to day life. Speaking your mind is a good trait to have, as long as you make sure what you say is tactful and constructive. Did you relate to any of the points in this video, or do any of these signs remind you of someone? Do you have any signs of an intimidating personality that you'd like to add? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. Please like and share this video if it helped you, and you think it could help someone else too. The studies and references used are listed in the description below. Don't forget to hit the subscribe button for more Psych2Go videos. Thanks for watching, and we'll see you soon!


Kumail Nanjiani has been plastered over the news these past few days for his dramatic transformation. Kumail Nanjiani, known for Silicon Valley, revealed his new muscular look for the Marvel movie Eternals earlier in the month. Jaws dropped when actor Kumail Nanjiani revealed his newly chiseled physique to the world last week with many wondering how the future superhero beefed up seemingly overnight. Kumail Nanjiani's thirst trap photo is getting him some interesting job offers. It's been a weird week for the Eternals star. The actor posted a shirtless selfie on social media earlier in the week to show off his radical body transformation for the Marvel role. Kumail Nanjiani exposed his hot furry yesterday and we're still out here making articles about it. And I'm sure there's dozens of these celebrity examples where they are suddenly a Marvel statue after a few mere months of exercise. Kumail gives credit to the usual. I would not have been able to do this if I didn't have a full year with the best trainers and nutritionists paid for by the biggest studio in the world. He wrote, I'm glad I look like this, but I also understand why I never did before. It would have been impossible without these resources and time. You know, I wonder what resources he could be talking about. I've been a personal trainer for a few years professionally, have had plenty of clients that were working with nutritionists and keep in mind, very wealthy and educated clientele. I have never had a client look like that at any point in time. A natural person will never be capable of this type of transformation, especially over that period of time. In fact, even with steroids, the right diet, a personal trainer, it's not going to happen. This is expert level steroid usage, copious amounts of performance enhancing drugs. The routine and diet comes secondary. Several types of steroids were definitely used, dosed by a very experienced person that has done this many times, probably with celebrities, actors, whoever it may be. Very clear they have a formula that works. The reason I am able to make dramatic progress over a few months is because I have muscle memory from weightlifting for eight years, as well as the mind muscle connection that comes with that. Once you spend a few years in the gym, some time researching fitness, you realize pretty quickly what is capable naturally and what is not. The majority of the population doesn't have that experience and they want to take things at face value in a positive light. When you have 19 year olds deadlifting 700 pounds, 55 year olds deadlifting 700 pounds and people believe they are natural, it really devalues what a true natural is. These make his muscles grow much quicker, allowing for the establishment of this mind muscle connection. Basically mind muscle connection is your ability to stimulate the muscles while exercising. But if you have no muscle mass, like he did when he started, it's hard to stimulate something you don't have. This is the biggest challenge for the novice weightlifter and many don't optimize this despite years of training unless you stick a needle in your tushy. Once you have a base of muscle on every part of your body, it's so much easier to go in the gym and take those muscles to failure. Unfortunately, it's like this about everything when you try to have a conversation with the average brainwashed person. Imagine if I go into a sports bar and start explaining to people that every single professional football player is on steroids. And then you have the taboo that steroids are illegal, wouldn't go over too well. Are steroids really that magical? Absolutely. Especially when you consider how most men have very low testosterone due to all of the estrogen we are exposed to in our modern lifestyle. Estrogenic herbicides like Atrazine in conventional animal products, meat, eggs, dairy, birth control in our water supply, phytoestrogens in soy products, BPA contained in plastic is estrogenic, artistosterone is under attack, has been under attack for dozens of years.  And by using steroids, Kuman Nanjiani isn't only getting muscular, he's reversing the estrogen epidemic affecting us.  And the root problem with everything, the reason we aren't happy, healthy and thriving is because there are people that will lie to put themselves ahead of other people. Whether it's using steroids, stealing other people's information, getting paid by special interest groups to say certain things, if somebody is willing to lie about something like that that's clearly not good for you, what else are they willing to lie about? Everything. As you guys know, people are not smart enough, they're not educated enough, they are very naive, they are unable to see the clear special interest funding. And 99.9% of people, especially in America, go through their entire lives without thinking outside of the echo chamber that is modern life. Thank you guys for joining me. If you could please like the video, subscribe if you haven't, definitely hit that bell icon. Of course, share the video if you can. If you guys would like to support me further, I just released my book. The Ancestral Indigenous Diet. Check the link to that out in the description. You can also go to Frankie's Rearrange Meat for high quality animal foods, Frankie's Naturals for minimal ingredients, minimaling processed hygiene and cosmetic products, as well as frank-to-fano.com for fitness and nutrition consultations.


Chat the one-piece cast did a video on YouTube us versus Japan versus Mexico snack battle Hey, we're the cast of one piece, and we're here at the Netflix to do me vent in Brazil Hey, where should I go? Where should I put myself down here? I'm going to be trying some snacks from each other's country I bet I hear no complaints because these came from around the world and they've weighed a lot in my bag I can't wait to see if we get to a season two who is cast as Robin What do you think would be a celebrity that would make a good Robin? Gushers USA wait, that's the snack they pick for the for the America. Why gushers? I feel like there's so many more that describe. I guess she's a pretty cool He's never had him Gushers are good America's bad candy. Wait, why I think our guys good candy, right? Zendaya would be a good Robin Your mom. Yeah, dude. I feel like low-key.  I Pop tarts, okay, but they're about to eat these straight out the package and pop tarts are way better whenever you throw them in a toaster Man, this is not fair Oh brown sugar cinnamon is still good though even even not toasted Why is Sanji given Nami that look wait, he's already like way too in the role watched it chat watch put on your binoculars is watch this Dude Bro turn it down a notch. Holy It's called method acting Yeah, where is he from where's Luffy from Has Zoro said a single word he's from Mexico, okay Yeah, I guess it yeah, no wait. He's method acting to wait. This is incredible Well, wait Luffy is like the curious one. That's like pretty much the loudest Sanji oogling at Nami Nami trying to explain things Zoro being completely quiet now We just need Usopp to like fall down. That is a that's a giant ring. Oh my gosh, bro is blinged out Oh wait TBD cheetos. What are wait? What is a TBD cheeto look at Nami? Oh my gosh That's a huger ring. Oh, it's like a giant ball It's Wait that could actually like unironically be what that ring is like I'm not even joking that could be what it is Fanta Japan is Fanta big in Japan wait is Fanta from Japan. Yeah, I don't think Zoro said a single thing He's probably just a shy dude No, if there's one man I just lost another game of overwatch NTSU that's not the problem problem is that you're playing overwatch up on a real man's game like tuned down a roblox, all right KSC is a pretty famous thing in Japan Was that like a slogan or something Zoro said wow wait, oh We got a voice line As in the will of D sunny is a thousand sunny the ship I've seen this in Mexico, but um it looks like those cheetos, which I do know Oh the foreskins sunny D. I don't think you I don't I don't think you know what you're saying You cannot separate KFC from Christmas in Japan. Are you wait really?  That's why he almost doesn't talk and doesn't appear on any pictures. Wait, what is a strict contract because he's a Japan idol Why is your heart rates a lot because it was ups on screen man. I like those more Like The name of this is great Sponge punch This is very similar to one in Mexico, so it is if I'm not wrong It's it's like the same thing. It's just a different name. I just like a little cake or something Those of you at home that I've never had these This is what it looks. Oh my gosh. That looks so sweet.  Is he has a strict contract But you're not right those are delicious and I can't wait to have more Japan wins So he's like a Japan idol he's an idol there what is his name that's kind of crazy I didn't know that Thanks so much for snacking with us He's talking That was a cute little video I like seeing all them interact it's a it's a it's a cute dynamic between them all I don't think it's very awkward. I mean now that I know why he doesn't talk much that makes way more sense But I feel like they all I feel like they're all very about it. You know I mean Mac in you Yes, he cannot post whatever he wants on Instagram without Boeing approves by hit being approved by his agency and stuff like that Look up Zoro's actor singing. Wait, they did heads up too. Yeah, we'll watch that too wait Mac in you singing Famous action movie actor. No way. That's crazy Dang, that's a big pull then to get him a Zoro. No, if he's that famous in Japan What would you equate him to and in terms of like? American actors like how famous he is Tom Cruz JK. I don't know. Okay.  Do you think they watch one piece? I mean I'm sure if not then once they were cast or found out about the casting they buzzed straight through it I'm sure they probably already were familiar. They've probably spoken on it Emily Rudd does there you go I mean, I don't think you have to do have been cast but I'm guessing that like I mean usually when you get cast for something and it's based off something else you watch what it's based off of like What's the guy that just replaced Henry Cavill as the witcher? He's like reading the witcher books now Liam and not nice in the Hemsworth. Yeah, did he just say it? And the food video the very beginning Zoro mouths. Oh, because of Luffy wait what? We're the cast of one piece Netflix to do me vent in Brazil actually cannon Dude there was so much that went into the snack video and then this one they're like hey, Saaji Can we use your phone for this one like we don't got much else. Can you download this app really quickly for us? Those are cute videos. I like seeing them together


4 Ways How Games Can Enhance Your Lesson. Games have proven to be a useful approach within a classroom environment when teaching English. In this essay I will be discussing in further detail, why it is beneficial for the teacher to use games as part of their teaching practice, and the different types of games that can be played. 1. Set up a comfortable environment. Games are exciting and fun, they are a good way to break the ice and engage students. Games can help build good relationships between students and the teacher because they are informal, so this creates a comfortable environment for students to make mistakes without feeling the pressure of answering questions correctly. Studies have shown that when students feel at ease, they are more likely to join in whilst gaining confidence with the language. 2. Build a team. Games also help with team building, respect for others, good sportsmanship, and creating a sense of community within the classroom. They add an element of humor and bring out the personalities of the students. This helps the teacher to understand the dynamics of the classroom which benefits the students in the long term. Games can also introduce practical real-life situations which brings the language to life. In most cases, such benefits are not found when teaching from a standard coursebook. Another factor to take into consideration is total inclusion. Most students will participate in a game because they are used to playing games in their native language, so there is an element of familiarity. When playing a game students are more likely to stay focused. Games introduce a competitive element to teaching which motivates the students to support each and promotes peer learning. 3. Help to get flexible in class. There are many different types of games that can be played for different objectives, and can be used for any part of an ESA lesson plan. For example, bingo. Bingo type games are good for teaching grammar and vocabulary. For example, ask a grammar question, and the students have to mark the right answers to the question on the sheet, only have the answer on their sheet. All sheets are different. This game is a good game to play in the engaged phase of an ESA lesson, as it gets the students' thinking in English, and also recaps on previous lessons. Guess who? Playing guess who in pairs is a good way for your students to practice describing people's appearance, colors, and items of clothing. For example does he or she wear glasses? Is he blonde? Is she wearing a blue hat? This is a game you can play in the first part of the study phase either in pairs or in groups. Playing in larger groups or even splitting the class in half, is a good way to play if the class is at a lower level and you are trying to elicit new words. Students should keep a note of all the words that are used, so that in the second part of the study phase, the teacher can explain and help with spelling. There could also be a discussion around any new words that could be used to play the game in the future. Role play? Role play games can help students feel more comfortable in real life situations. For example going to the doctor, booking a bus or a plane ticket, or buying clothes from a shop. Depending on ability the teacher would start off by getting the students to write basic scripts. One plays the role of the customer and the other the member of staff. Once they have completed that task they would act it out in front of the class. Finally you would ask the whole class to give feedback. You could also ask questions to make sure they understand and are participating. Role playing games are good for the activate phase, as they use the words they have learned in the lesson. Imagination games? Playing games such as, in my imaginary house I would have, a sofa, king size bed, and a pool table, etc. Reinforces learning and vocabulary. This can work as a drill exercise as the students have to say, what the other students have said before them, and then add a new word to the chain. This game is perfect to elicit new vocabulary and encourages repetition. This game can be changed to other subjects, for example when I go on holiday I would take with me. Hangman. Hangman on the whiteboard in front of the whole class is a good way to practice spelling and the names of the letters, as well as the new vocabulary they have learned without picking on individual students. Some games might be harder than others to use in the classroom due to space or equipment, for example computers might not be available for everyone. 4. Help to review the material. Games can help the teacher to go over previously covered subjects, and check the students progress on a subject. They are a less formal way of testing and help the teacher to see, how well students are doing and if any individual students need more help. Games can be played competitively in groups or individually, they are also especially good for children and beginners. However games can be changed to suit the level of the students. Games don't just have to be played in the classroom. They can be played anywhere, even at home with their family. Do you want to teach English abroad? Take a TEFL course today. In conclusion games can be played in the classroom for many different reasons, and can be used for different topics, objects or levels. It's important to play games to keep the students motivated and makes learning fun. Games also help the teacher assess the class level, progress, and performance. Thanks so much for watching. We are ITTT, the leading provider for TEFL and TESOL training courses. If you liked this video, please subscribe by clicking that button down here and click on any of the videos here on the left for more interesting teaching tips for getting certified to teach English abroad and online.


And now, stay tuned for the mystery program that is unique among all mystery programs. Because even when you know who's guilty, you always receive a startling surprise at the final curtain. In the Signal Oil program, the Whistler. Signal, the famous Go-Farther gasoline, invites you to sit back and enjoy another strange story. By the Whistler. I'm the Whistler. And I know many things, for I walk by night. I know many strange tales hidden in the hearts of men and women who have stepped into the shadows. Yes, I know the nameless terrors of which they dare not speak. And now, for the Signal Oil company, the Whistler's strange story. Devoted couple. The big house on Orange Grove Drive seemed to reflect the merriment inside. The new Mr. and Mrs. Walter Blake were at home to friends following their honeymoon. And it was truly an occasion. Mrs. Blake had lived quite alone for several years, a widow, with only a servant girl as a companion. And now it was all changed, and Claire Blake's friends were pleased. Pleased for Claire and pleased with the charm and manner of her new husband. The wealthy eastern sportsman, Walter Blake. Yes, an occasion. Good cause for laughter, happiness, and congratulations. Oh, and Claire, darling, to think how it was such an accident that you two met when you all simply made for each other. Thank you. Thank you, ma'am. She's right, you know. And I'd say you both made a fine catch. Well, I'm the lucky one, Mr. Shelling. Oh, make it, Bob, will you? After all, Walter, the husband of our dear friend, Claire. Oh, yes, sorry, Bob. But I repeat, I'm the lucky one. Claire's the sort of person I've been searching for for years. Thank you, dear. Mr. Blake, sir, the telephone. Oh, excuse me, dear. Everyone, probably some long distance congratulations from my side of the phone. I'll be right back. Hello? That's right. Congratulations. I'm afraid... Who is this? The name is myself. So? Quite well informed. What are you driving at, Spiker? You'd better talk to me. I'll meet you in the garden and back of the house. Ten minutes. Hello? Hello? Well, Walter, who is he and what does he want? The questions race through your mind. You can't place the name Spiker, not at all. But you know one thing, you have to meet him. Have to watch your opportunity and slip away from Claire and her friends. And make your way out into the garden and back of the house. Over here, Mr. Blake. Oh, Spiker? That's right. Over here, I don't want you to get the idea that because I've come out here like this... That you're worried? Scared? Oh, no, Mr. Blake. Not that. Come on, I have much time. What's this all about? What's it all about, eh? It's all about you, Mr. Blake. I know all about you. You see, I was paid my regular fee just to find out all about you. Your regular fee? I'm a private investigator, Mr. Blake. A private investigator? Then checking on you for several weeks now. Hired by the present Mrs. Blake. Claire? Claire, hired you? Yes, to look into your background. Find out the truth about you before she listened to your proposals when I had with the marriage. I don't believe it. Because she went ahead with the marriage, you mean? No. No, simply I don't believe that Claire would stoop to such... Oh, come off it, Mr. Blake. Oh, Walter. No time for pride. If it'll help your feelings, Annie. Her attorney did the insisting, but the fact remained. That you investigated me. Found out? Found out that Walter Blake, wealthy sportsman, is about as wealthy as I am. Then why on earth did Claire go through with it? She said nothing. Why did she marry him? Mr. Blake, I dreamed up a beauty. Handed you a character, bank accountant, background that made it ridiculous to even thank you at anything but love and devotion.  Not too. Let's just say I'm human that I had myself in mind, wanted my share. Of course. What else? How about Mrs. Blake? Quite well off, isn't she? Yes, she's very well off, as you put it. The sort of person I've been looking for for years. Here. My card, Mr. Blake. There's an address. Not a very fancy place to be sure, but a place to hang my hat. And a place where you can start sending money. Starting, say, tomorrow. All right, Spiker. Starting tomorrow. You have a partner, haven't you, Walter? An unwelcome but full partner in your carefully prepared plan to acquire the wealth belonging to your new wife, Claire. The problem is on your mind all evening, through the remainder of the little reception party. And you're thinking about it later as you drive Claire's friends the Shelly is home because their car is stolen. And then, then alone in the car on your way back home to Claire, you hit upon a solution. Yes, Walter, you find the only kind of answer to this sort of thing. The only kind of answer you know. The next morning at breakfast, Claire seems disturbed over a little item in the paper. What is it here? You have an odd expression on your face. Have I? Something in the paper? Well, no, not really. It's just a, well, an accident victim, dear.  His name seems familiar to me somehow. Oh, what is the name? Spiker, Harry Spiker. No, I can't face it. How can I? Oh, may I look at the financial page, dear? You know, friends, in addition to being summer, this is also the time of year when more and more drivers switch to signals. The famous Go Father Gasly. Vacation minded folks just naturally go for signals good mileage. But mileage, mind you, is only half of signal story. Just you talk with a few signal customers, and you'll find they're equally enthusiastic about signals' performance. After all, in order to give you such good mileage, today's signal has to help your motor run more efficiently. And when your motor runs more efficiently, naturally you also enjoy quicker starting, proud pickup, and smooth, purring power, the things that make driving more fun. So to get the most out of your vacation dollars, make the friendly signal stations you'll find throughout the Pacific Coast States, your headquarters for happy mileage. And even if you're not planning a vacation trip, well, any time is a good time to power your car with signals. The famous Go Father Gasly. It's going well again, isn't it, Walter? The weeks that follow the little incident with Mr. Spiker are uneventful, comfortable. Also, you managed to earn some profits for your wife, Claire, on a number of minor business investments. She has full, unquestioning confidence in you, hasn't she? Of course, Claire has no way of knowing, or any reason to suspect, that the profit you've shown for her on her money are false profits. You're using your own money, what little you have left of it, for the purpose of winning her good will and faith. Yes, Walter, you've got to spend money to earn money, as you so often tell Claire. Oh, Walter again?  Just pointing the way for you, my dear. Later on, I'll run across something where you can splurge, make a tremendous amount. You see, actually, Claire, you've got to spend money to make it. Anything you say, dear. My, even if we couldn't afford it, we've made enough to spend weeks at the beach. Take a cottage, a nice one. Walter, you're a genius at business, a wizard. Well, there's nothing magic about it, dear. Just the right move at the right time. What about that beach cottage idea? I think it's wonderful. Yes, Walter, you're sure that before too long, Claire will be turning everything over to your management. Giving you power of attorney. It's perfect, isn't it? Going more smoothly than you anticipated. At the beach, Claire's confidence even inspires her to hire a social secretary. Your new wife is blossoming out, Walter, taking an interest in things. But you find another kind of interest in her new secretary. A girl with teetian hair and laughing blue eyes. And it all begins on the day you first meet her when you drive back to the beach from town. Go for an afternoon swim, out to a raft just offshore.  Oh, I didn't notice I had an audience. You swim very well. You're Mr. Blake. That's right. Oh, and you're Nadine Wilson. Yes, I'm Mrs. Blake's new secretary. Oh, my, I wish I could swim as well as you do. Oh, not as good as I used to be. Out of shape, I'm afraid. I wish you'd help me. Glad to. It's the stroke. I just don't get that overhand business and the breathe in and breathe out. I keep drinking in half the ocean. Well, we'll try to correct it. Yes, we'll try to find some time together every day if you wish, Miss Wilson. It'll be a pleasure. That was the beginning, Walter, but only the beginning. First the lessons every afternoon, and like you said, a real pleasure. Then later a chance meeting one evening when Claire retired early. A stroll along the beach, quiet conversation lulled by the gentle lapping of the waves against the beach. Just the two of you, you and Nadine. Soon it's a nightly thing, a silent agreement that you two will meet and walk and talk. And suddenly you find yourself discontented. The thoughts of Claire's money aren't enough, are they? They're new thoughts, thoughts of you and Nadine. Until finally you can stand it no longer. You're wondering what to do and when to do it. Until suddenly Nadine brings everything up short. Mr. Blake. Please, Nadine dear. Walter's been quite good enough for a week now. Surely you're not going to change something that's... Mr. Blake. I've wanted to say this before. Now I have to say it. I simply must. What is it, dear? Maybe I will sound mid-Victorian or something, but I don't care. I don't know what's got into me. I've never acted this way before. I mean, with a married man. It isn't fair. Isn't it, Nadine? No. Mrs. Blake's been very decent to me. I feel all wrong about this, like a cheat. I see. Please, Mr. Blake. Say you understand that you don't think badly of me. I mean for, well, giving you the wrong idea, perhaps. You see, I do... You do care for me. Isn't that what you were going to say? Yes. Yes, I do. But this is insane what we're doing. Insane, unfair. Neither of us can help it. Neither of us can do anything about it. No, please don't say that. We can do something. I can. I can leave. I can go away. No, Nadine, don't do that. It won't be necessary. You mean you understand? If I don't, my dear, I'll make every effort to.  Let me work this thing out properly, decently. I'll do it, I assure you. The proper decent thing that you promised Nadine would involve a divorce, wouldn't it, Walter? Yes, complete freedom from Claire, divorce. That would clear the way for you and Nadine, wouldn't it, Walter? But you don't intend to take that step, do you? Divorcing Claire would leave you penniless. And that doesn't fit in with your plans. Plans that will make you a wealthy man on Claire's death. The following evening at dinner, you're thinking about your next move, paying little attention to Claire's constant chattering. That is, until something she says causes you to look up at her. What? What was that, darling? The Granger's, darling. I promised marriage we'd drop over this evening. Oh, I wish you hadn't, Claire. Well, I didn't know you had plans, Walter. Well, it's just that Emerson is coming over here. Emerson? You introduced me to him at the country club last month. Oh, yes, of course. He's in insurance or something. Yes, insurance. That's why I asked him over. Well, darling... It's the sensible thing to do. If anything happened to me... Darling, don't talk like that. Really, Claire? Now, let's face it. Right, of course, but I just don't like to think of those things. You don't have to, darling, but I do. It's a responsibility. I owe it to you. Oh, really, Claire? I feel much better about everything.  I have, darling. It'll be the best investment I've ever made. Believe me. During the rest of dinner, you manage to keep the topic of insurance alive, don't you, Walter? And you can tell if Claire is interested. You almost know what she's thinking. Yet you're a little disappointed once dinner is over and she decides to go on to the Grangers alone. You'd hope she'd remain, sit in on your conversation with the insurance agent. You spend an hour in the study with Mr. Emerson discussing your insurance plans in detail.  Walter? Hey, in the study, darling. Ah, have a nice visit. Very. Oh, you were alone. What? Oh, you mean Emerson? Well, he left a few minutes ago. Oh, dude, I came back early hoping he'd still be here. Yes, I've been thinking things over, Walter, about the insurance. Oh, now, now, Claire, I've already agreed to take it. Well, that's fine, dear. But if you take out insurance for me, I want to take out insurance for you. Oh, now, really, I... No, please, I've made up my mind. You'll call Mr. Emerson in the morning and ask him to come out again, won't you, Walter? Well... Ask him to lunch tomorrow, why don't you? And we'll talk, hmm? All right, Claire. Whatever you say. It's happened just as you knew it, Walter. Claire fell for your insurance idea and insisted on taking out an equal amount of insurance on herself, just as you felt sure she would. Within a week after Mr. Emerson's second call to the house, the luncheon, you and Claire share a joint life insurance policy for $50,000. In addition, there's the rest of Claire's money that you'll inherit the day she dies. You haven't decided just when that will come about or how. Six months or so, a year, perhaps. But in the weeks that follow as you continue to meet with Nadine, you find yourself becoming more and more impatient.  Morning, dear. Good morning, Claire. Who was that? The taxi that... Oh, Nadine, she couldn't wait. Darling told me to say goodbye. Goodbye? Yes, the poor girl was so upset. Something was wrong the moment she bought the mail in this morning. Wrong? What do you mean? Bad news from home. Her mother's quite ill. Oh, I see. I do so hate losing Nadine.  Well, now I suppose I'll have to start all over again. Break in and use, Secretary. Really, it's so annoying. Wait a minute. You mean she's not coming back? No. No, I'm afraid Nadine's left us, Walter. For good. Didn't think I'd find you, did you? I didn't think I would myself... Walter, please go away. Please, I... I've been looking for you all week. Please let me come in. But I told Mrs. Blake that I was... That you were going east? I couldn't believe that. How did you find me? Through one of the employment agencies. Why, Nadine? Why did you run away? I just couldn't stand it anymore, Walter. Living in the same house being near you and yet... I've missed you terribly. Houses like a tomb now. Those walks at night along the cliffs. That's when I miss you so much. Walter, listen to me. It's no use. I just don't want things the way they are now. It's better that we forget it ever happened, forget each other. Just like that? Just like that. No. No, it isn't quite that simple. I am going away, Walter. I've got a new job. Where? What difference does that make? Where, Nadine? There really isn't a new job, is there? No. But don't you see, Walter, I've got to get away. A new city. I don't know where. A new job, new friends. They do wonders for girls, so I understand. Oh, look, darling, we can... Please, Walter, I've made up my mind. This is the way it's got to be. I don't suppose I'll ever see you again? I don't know. We'll see how it works out. Who knows, I might come crawling back on my hands and knees in a week. And perhaps not. All right, Nadine, let's see how it works out. But promise me one thing. Yes? You'll let me know where you are. You'll write. Please, Nadine, I must know. All right, Walter, I promise.  Once she's gone to another town, a new job, a new friend. Nadine's an attractive girl, and she'll find someone else. You're certain of that. Someone who'll help her forget you. But that isn't going to happen, is it? No. You're not going to give her the chance to forget you, Walter. And that means you've got to speed up your plans to get rid of Claire. In the days that follow, you carefully consider several ways in which you can bring about your wife's death. Consider and reject them as dangerous, complicated, and apt to cause suspicion. One evening, when you're alone in the house, you receive a phone call. Hello, Walter. Nadine? Yes, Mrs.... No, no, it's all right. She's out for a walk. I'm leaving in the morning, Walter. A job? In San Francisco. You at the apartment? Yes, I'm packing my things. I'll be right over. Walter, no, please! But I've got to see you before you go. I'd rather you didn't... Only for a minute or so. I won't answer the door, Walter. I swear on it. Nadine, I... All right, all right. I couldn't persuade you to change your mind about going. Nadine, this is crazy. Please don't go. We can work something out. Can't it's no use? Listen to me, darling, please. No, I'm going to hang up now. Nadine, wait. Goodbye, Walter. All right. Nadine! You replace the receiver, walk slowly across the room and step out under the terrace. As you light a cigarette, you notice your hand is trembling. And you know that the murder of your wife will take place soon, very soon. Hello, darling. You turn and watch Claire coming up the path toward you.  You wanted more time alone to think. You're back early. It turned rather chilly. I just came back from my coat. But I'll get it for you. Oh, no, don't bother, dear. I want to change my shoes, too. The path along the cliff is rather slippery. Oh? The rain today. Oh, yes. Yes, the path can be dangerous after a rain. Claire, I... No, don't fret. I'm always quite careful. It's as simple as that. I'll walk along the cliffs. Oh, uh, Claire. Yes? I think a walk would do me good. Mind if I join you? Of course not, darling. Love to have you walk with me. Be right back. Guides now being offered free by signal dealers are a must for anyone planning a vacation. The first is a 20-page guide to where to eat and sleep called Lane's Guide. This handy pocket-sized booklet includes a representative selection of eating and lodging places in 350 cities and towns throughout 16 western states. Prepared by an independent travel organization, it contains much useful information such as whether the lodging place has facilities for swimming, whether prices are low, medium, or high, and in the case of motels, whether kitchens are available. The second free travel aid is signaled state maps. In addition to the usual road information, signal maps contain handy extras such as a radio log showing where to dial the popular network stations as you travel, a list of interesting places to visit, a western state's mileage chart, and enlarged sections of metropolitan areas. Remember, both of these signal travel aids are free, the 20-page guide to where to eat and sleep, and the state maps. Remember where to get them from any of the friendly, independent dealers throughout the Pacific Coast states who feature signals, the famous Go Farther gasoline. The tragedy at the cliffs at first believed an accident had turned out to be something else, a clear case of murder. There had been a witness to the shocking affair who saw the victim pushed off the cliffs, and that witness now sat in a crowded office at police headquarters, white-faced, staring across the room at the killer. The alarm of conversation ceased suddenly as police Lieutenant Jameson re-entered the room. He stopped a glance at the stenographer's notes for a moment, and then he turned and faced the witness. Ms. Wilson, uh, near Dean Wilson, is that right? Yes. You were formerly secretary to Mrs. Blake? Yes. How do you happen to be at the cliffs at the term of the murder? Ms. Wilson, I ask you how you have... I went there to meet Mr. Blake. A meeting had been arranged? No. You see, I had planned to leave town, but the last minute I changed my mind. I wanted to tell him that. Mm-hmm. I see. I see. All right, I was in love with Walter Blake, yes. You knew then Mr. Blake was in the habit of taking a stroll along the cliffs in the evening, and, uh... Yes. I went there to meet. And I saw them together. Walter and Mrs. Blake. When I saw the killing. Thank you, Ms. Wilson. Mrs. Blake. Yes, Lieutenant? You, uh, knew about Nadine Wilson and your husband, is that right? Oh, no, I didn't know anything about that. Then why did you push him off the cliff, Mrs. Blake? Money. Money? But Mrs. Blake, your first husband left... He left me a great deal, yes. I spent it all. That's why I married Walter Blake. Recently, for many reasons, I began to suspect he had no more than I have. I see.  No. No, the insurance was his idea. Joint policy proceeds payable with the survivor was my idea. Why? Just a gesture of affection, Lieutenant. At the time, I still thought Walter was wealthy. Later, when I was sure he didn't have much money, I realized I'd allowed him to trick me into that joint policy for $50,000 a wife. I decided to make sure I would be the survivor. Let that whistle be your signal for the Signal Oil program, the Whistler, each Sunday night at this same time. Brought to you by the Signal Oil Company, marketers of signal gasoline and motor oil, and fine-quality automotive accessories. Many drivers, when buying gasoline, forget what a big part of the price goes for tax. In fact, every time a driver in the average western city buys a dollar's worth of gasoline, tax adds 33 cents to his bill. In other words, the tax you pay on free would give you a fourth gallon free. The future in tonight's story were Bill Foreman, Bill Johnstone, Mary Lansing, and Francis Robinson. The Whistler was produced and directed by George W. Allen, with story by Joel Malone, music by Wilbur Hatch, and was transmitted to our troops overseas by the Armed Forces Radio Service. The Whistler is entirely fictional, and all characters portrayed on the Whistler are also fictional. Any similarity of names or resemblance to persons living or dead is purely coincidental. Remember at this same time next Sunday, another strange tale by the Whistler. Marvin Miller speaking for the Signal Oil Company. This is CBS, the Columbia Broadcasting System.


Great job. Well done. Deposit the r-. Good job. Well done. Something is not right. One of those notes is out of tune. You may push the button again, press the blinking button again to verify your work. Great job. Bu-. Well done. That concludes your parts and services to parts and service. There have been cus-. Good job. Oh no! It looks avoid inhaling the chemi-spray. It's well done. Oh no! It looks like Chica needs another dose of the chemi-spray. Do not return the cupcakes to Chica's plate. Great job. Chica is ready to serve pizza and hugs to the kids again. Take a complimentary slice of pizza for a job well done. Delicious. Freddie's good job. Now place well done. Freddie's chest cavity is now open. Good job. Carefully place the music box. Great job. Now remove the child's shoe and place it in the lost and found bin. Well done. Return. Oh no! You seem to have mishandled Freddie's music box. This is not good. A replacement may be found on the work table. Crisis averted. To-. That concludes your time in parts and service. It looks like Foxy's proprietary servo motors are malfunctioning. Good job. Foxy has regained control of his legs. A gentle reminder. It is recommended that you're well done. The remaining chest fuses are located in drawers number two and number four. Fix both fuses to continue. Good job. Retrieve Foxy's eye from drawer number three. When Fox's well done. This concludes all your parts and service tasks. All your tools can now be reopened.


to Hello, everyone Hello, and welcome Hello, everyone these these be seated these get settled in we're gonna start pretty soon You can fill up from the front. We've got plenty plenty of seats here in the front area and on the sides and the wings We'll get started in another two minutes They got two minutes to get seated. All right. I'm gonna ask if everyone can get seated, please We're gonna start Everyone can get seated, please We are about to begin All right. How is everyone enjoying this wicka mania so far glad to hear it? Get my notes ready This is the first plenary address of this year's wicka mania We've specifically chosen this one as the first one It because it provides an important layer of context for this year's chosen theme Martin Ditas will be presenting on knowledge equity and spatial justice on Wikipedia and I want to give you a quick bit of background on our speaker today Martin Ditas He started off life as a programmer and developer He then fell into accidental academia becoming an accidental academic Obtained his PhD at University College London and he is now a data scientist at the Oxford Oxford Internet Institute Please welcome Dr. Martin Ditas Thank you Douglas. I'm I'm Martin. I'm incredibly happy to be here for a whole bunch of reasons I think also maybe as a way of Of saying hello, I want to acknowledge that Wikipedia is an incredible and an historic achievement and I'm incredibly proud to be here today because I think I feel strongly about the significance of that achievement and I think it's worth highlighting on one hand It's the achievement of the of the scale of the amount of knowledge that's captured in it but for me personally also one of the things that Is maybe even more important is the significance of the collective venture that is Wikipedia how you Wikimedia Wikipedians come together across your differences and in an ongoing process find a collective purpose and Produce a collective output at a scale that as far as I know is in mankind's history is unprecedented So I think you should applaud yourselves Today I'm going to do three or four things I'm going to tell you give you a brief introduction to information geography, which is a strand of research That is concerned with the relationship with the digital and the physical world And I'm going to show you how that relates to Wikipedia I'm going to show you some of the research that has happened and information geography relating to Wikipedia I'm going to show you some previews of of new work that we're currently working on and Finally, I'm going to close with some reflections on this term knowledge equity that the Wikipedia coin community term coined last year to give you some thoughts on Of myself how I think about it But maybe also some of the questions that are associated with it this year is a Wikipedia page of a place in this case It's a castle in Germany One of the things that is worth highlighting when we when we look at Wikipedia pages of places is that a Lot of the time Wikipedia pages about places now have coordinates. These are highlighted here with the red boxes They are geo tagged is the technical term This view tagging allows for a number of things to happen. It allows Wikipedia to put a pin on the map So you can see in relation to other places where in the world it is But also it allows you to then link that location to other kinds of things for us as researchers It becomes really in it becomes a really important resource to try and understand where in the world have Our places that people have written about on Wikipedia 10 years ago my colleague my collaborator mark Graham Produced this map. It was one of the first times maybe the first time that people had produced a map of the geography of Wikipedia So he took all those geo coordinates all those geo tags on Wikipedia Identified the countries that they were they were based on and then produced this map So this map shows on one hand Wikipedia did at the time ten years ago It did arguably cover the world, but it also showed great inequalities It showed that certain countries like the United States like Central Western Europe have asked the more content relating to their size than than other countries of the world than the global South particularly Africa Did not had to have a lot of Wikipedia articles about places So we might call this an information desert This is a map that mark and his colleagues produced a few years later. This shows the same data the same The same geography of Wikipedia in much more detail in much more richness and on one hand we can we can see that Of course in Africa and many other places of the world are not necessarily populated So you can see the the the black spot of the Sahara desert for example at the same time you see that in in the places where Where people live in in urban regions? There are often articles about places that maybe didn't exist a few years earlier But people are starting to write about these places Wikipedia is growing and its geography at the same time There's still a great inequality Europe is incredibly. It's a it's it's rich with content and Many other places of the world are not as well captured This year is just another way of expressing that here. There's a map It has a as a weird Map projection. It's a geodesic projection where you put the world on a globe and then you kind of cut it open and flatten it This is the nerdy thing that geographers or cartographers do in order to reduce map distortion But the point behind this map is to emphasize the the difference in coverage between Europe which has an incredible amount of Articles about places and the rest of the world So the point that is being made here is that within the circle There's there are more articles written about the places within the circle than about the entire rest of the world This these are all examples of information geography to put To establish a relationship between the things that are digital that we think might be in in their own space Might be virtual might not be fully real and then demonstrating the the very tangible ways in which they connect to the physical and connect to the to the real to Establish these links between the physical and virtual attributes of the things that are now around us because our world is increasingly digital is increasingly Overlaid with with virtual information To try and understand what do these links mean what are these kinds of complex relationships between the physical and the digital One of the central questions that emerges out of these maps is on one hand What are the reasons in the world where we have this richness of information and this absence of information? Well, who are the haves and the have nots and On the other hand, of course it prompts us to ask why do we see this imbalance? Why do certain regions do so well and others are still struggling to be to to capture their knowledge to write about their world as It's been interesting for me to to participate in and today's Conversations and also the conversations of the last few days during the pre events because it's it's really apparent that the Wikipedia community is now well aware of a lot of the barriers that that are In the way to contribution to to participation I think ten years ago. That wasn't the case But I think now people are clearly aware and of course one of the biggest barriers is just the mere cost the mere economic Barrier to participation. This is a map of the cost of broadband access in relation to the average income and We see there is again. There is a vast difference in affordability of online access throughout the world in Certain countries of the world. We don't even think twice. We might get to broadband connections We have a mobile phone. We have a broadband at home, and we don't think twice about it and in certain parts of the world It might cost More than your monthly average income to go online at the same time Regions that are online don't necessarily participate so this map here shows The proportion of people who are on among the people who are online in each country How many of them how many Wikipedia edits are being produced relative to the proportion of to the number of people online in each country? And here we see that again certainly the global north certain countries in the global north relative to their Degree of online access that produce a large amount of contributions and other countries in the world where there might not be a lot of Connectivity there's even less content being produced So I think one thing we are starting to earn is broadband access is maybe necessary, but it's not sufficient in order for people to contribute in the process so one one of the studies that Mark Graham and and collaborators published in the last year was on this with what they coined the digital divisions of labor But also the informational magnetism and I'm going to speak about this in a second Is is the realization that there are inequalities in how the capacity to connect Is distributed, but they're even beyond that there are still differences in how people then participate And they're they're quite complex links and relationships across the world so here here this bar chart here just shows the vast difference and for for Regions in the world Asia Europe Latin America the Middle East and North America Sorry, the Middle East and North Africa North America Oceania and Sub-Saharan Africa the amount of content that local people are producing on Wikipedia about local places We see there are these towers of Europe of North America to the extent of Asia and then these tiny slivers of the rest of the world So these are regions that that might have access, but they don't they don't necessarily participate proportionally Additionally, we're finding a Number of effects that that were surprising that make this even worse One of them is that certain countries in the world Proportionally our much are incredibly active writing about other parts of the world. So we see here From North America these arrows pointing at other regions of the world This is the amount of contact content the amount of edits that North America is producing about these places in the world So here we can see that North America is a net exporter There are a lot of North Americans that are writing about other parts of the world Which isn't necessarily a good thing or a bad thing, but the point to make here is the inverse is not necessarily true In fact, the inverse is almost the opposite It's that a lot of places around the world are As likely or more likely to be writing about the United States than to write about their own country and this is So this is where the term magnetism comes from the phenomenon that certain regions in the world the North America is certainly part of it Europe as well have this property that the world wants to write about them To a degree where they might not want to write about their own places And I think this is something where we don't yet fully understand what is going on here This might be a question of cultural exports That people writes about cultural cultural artifacts that are now global that but are only produced in parts of the world It might be about the fact that Wikipedia might be also has a history that is Anglo-centric It's so it might also relate to the kind of the community that has formed around Wikipedia I'm speculating here. I don't want to overemphasize this point But I think this did their relationships here in how these edits at edit flows move across the world that we still don't fully understand So the this is research that has happened in the past. We're now starting to work on Start on your work on your research to go a little bit deeper on one hand These were all what I showed you just now. These were all snapshots at certain points in time We want to see how does it change over time? How does this vary? On the other hand, we also want to go a bit deeper especially we want to look at different spatial scales For example, we want to look at urban scales. We want to see beyond the country scale What are people writing about who's writing about what things? So this is an early preview. I'd love for you to to tell me afterwards How we can how we can go deeper what other aspects we should be looking at the starting point of the research is the realization that in the last 10 15 years the world is the entire world is moving online these here are Charts that it's it's a these are charts to nearly demonstrate relative to 2016 Well, the the line every line here is the degree of broadband connectivity per country and every Line per country every block here is a global region. You see in North America Latin America Europe and so on and The vertical axis is the degree of connected activity relative to 2016 The point that is being made here with this visualization is that in the last 10 15 years every country in the world has increased their connectivity Some of them significantly so so the world is moving online and we've not stopped yet I think there's still potential so a lot of the change that we've seen and how the Our online experiences online devices have shaped our world have shaped our capacity to produce knowledge to share knowledge This process has not stopped We are we're still in we're still in the middle of it and I think it will continue for some for some time So the question we now have to ask is when this increasing connectivity happens. Does that improve participation in Wikipedia? Does it mean that regions that were previously less represented on Wikipedia? Are they catching up? What I'm doing for now is I'm looking at anonymous edits on Wikipedia When you look at the edit history of an article you see for anonymous edits the IP address the IP address then allows us to Roughly look up the location of the anonymous editor in the world and we use that as an Identifier of to identify where in the world our contributions coming from this here is one simple Way to statistically compare the link between increased connectivity on one hand and Wikipedia participation on the other hand Every dot here represents a country on the horizontal axis is the average annual increase in broadband connectivity over the last 10 years on the vertical axis is the average annual increase in Wikipedia edits over the last 10 years and Both visually we see that there seems to be a relationship with them But also statistically in a correlation analysis analysis. There's a there's there's an association Countries that had more connectivity tended to end up producing more content on Wikipedia Which is which is great news which means as the world is coming online? Most likely the world is starting to participate in ways in which maybe previously it wasn't in a regression model Where we can account for the overall trend over time? This is we can confirm this and we can also find a bit more new on so we see on one hand as countries are moving online overall Contributions are increasing but importantly both edits To other countries like these magnetism edits are increasing So people writing about from their country writing about the US writing about Europe But it more importantly also edits to their own country are increasing so as people are moving online They are starting to document their own places However, and I think this is maybe the the main bits to take away from this It vastly varies by region it vastly varies by region in the world This is not This effect although it happens on at a global average when we start looking at different regions It's not the same in every region this year Visualizes for every region of the world the degree to which this effect takes place to which connectivity produces increased participation in Wikipedia and we can see here the the blue dots Which is high up which is North America Surprisingly although this is a really mature community already and a really active community already they still with a the same amount of Increase in connectivity they have an incredible increase Incredible growth and participation whereas for most other countries in the world this effect is much smaller and for for sub-Saharan Africa It's not even clear what the effect is. It's not statistically significant, which means Most likely it's such a diverse region of the world where certain countries in certain countries It works well in other countries. It's more complicated So we don't really fully understand the relationship yet Which means as we said earlier connectivity helps, but it's not enough and sometimes most likely Oh, we also need to look at other barriers to participation and this might be contextual This might depend on where in the world you're you're looking So our under represented regions of the world catching up I think the important thing to say is yes, things are improving As the world is moving online people are participating more at the same time Certain regions are growing faster and responding to connectivity more strongly than other regions So there's an inequality even in the growth not just in the in the size or in the existing size of participation Also in the growth of participation And and the most important thing as I said this varies by region So I think one of the as we start thinking about these issues We have to appreciate the context. We're looking at we can't I don't think it would be fair to apply a global recipe a global growth Recipe to all of Wikipedia I think we really need to look at the specific context and people's specific circumstances Where what I'm producing here really gives you the crude overview gives you the crude direction But really what is necessary is work where people sit down With potential Wikipedians to try and learn What what does the what is the lived experience? What are the actual the concrete barriers? So I was talking about how connectivity relates to participation Let's just very quickly look at the growth of content over time this year by global region is the is the amount of geotagged articles as and as as they grow over time the red line this is Europe and Central Asia Vast amount of geotagged content and and it keeps growing. It's it's quite It's quite striking a lot of other regions of the world. They have a lot of content and Particularly in the last few years. They're growing quite quickly, but you can see they're still a white margin Let's put this in in proportion. Let's put this in a In a relationship and a particular I want to highlight the north and south Africa. So if we compare in order to understand at what scale are we in Europe compared to Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa what I'm doing here is I'm showing the amount of content in separate sub-Saharan Africa compared to the amount of content in Europe and again for North America for North Africa Compared to Europe. So what we see that's 10 years ago Europe had about 20 times more geotagged content than Africa and in the last few years you see this incredible period of growth and I think this is the catching up This is in large parts Your success because in the last few years there was an increasing awareness of this knowledge gap of this representation Gap and an incredible amount of initiatives that try to address this and you see here I think once when you look at it from this perspective you can argue Previously underrepresented regions are catching up. They're still a vast gap Saharan Africa still only has a tenth of the amount of content of Europe. It is the same size Geographically it has the same population and the same number of people living in it the same Population count but only a tenth of the geotagged Wikipedia articles so its places are not as well-depth documented But there is growth and I think that is that is hopeful So what why does this matter? I think one one way in which this matters is as I think became apparent in a lot of the sessions today People need to have the capacity to tell their own story To the extent that they want to they should have the ability to decide how how they are being represented to the world online This here is a map of Wikipedia edits And I'm putting into in a relationship between the location of the place that is being written about and the location of the editor And I'm trying to understand for every place in the world What proportion of edits came from locals from people with a domestic IP address again from among anonymous users So here we see This is a bit of we mentioned it earlier a little bit. This is really just a Geographic perspective on this a map representation of this certain places of the world right are happily writing their own story There's North America Europe Parts of South America Australia and so on but certain parts Africa China certain parts of Asia These this content is largely written by Potentially outsiders potentially diaspora. We don't know this but the point is largely written by people who don't necessarily live in That country at the time when they're writing that article Let's go a little bit deeper. So this this gave us the global view at country level Let's look at some cities. We picked seven global cities Montreal greater London Brussels Jerusalem Nairobi Johannesburg and Cape Town We picked cities that we were vaguely familiar with or where we thought they might be interesting to compare There are many more cities, of course that we could have looked up. We chose these seven Here you see for every city the the administrative boundaries of each city and The location of geotagged articles And this is already quite interesting to look at by itself You see particularly for for Brussels and greater London, which are quite quite actively editing Which are places where people are quite actively editing with Wikipedia articles and there's loads of content You already get a sense of the the urban structure. You see the big almost black Region and London and the center where the the Wikipedia content the location of Wikipedia content already points at the Already tells us this is the the dense place in London where people where people want to capture the knowledge and again in Brussels as well Jerusalem has this as well Cape Town. You see that as well Montreal When we now try and try and ask who has written those articles So again, we look at the degree to which these regions have been written out Have been written about by people with domestic IP addresses who come from the same country of That city so in Brussels from people in Belgium from Cape Town has it been written from people in South Africa Then we see a mixed picture and it's quite interesting to compare this to the picture that we saw earlier So in greater London, for example in the top right There there's a fairly low proportion of editors that had local IP addresses meaning central central London Which is the most well documented place in London the most well-documented region Has an incredible amount of foreign Editors writing about this place Brussels is the same story. I don't know enough about Nairobi Montreal Johannesburg or Jerusalem have not been in those places So I can't I can't interpret those but if you if you're familiar with those cities I would love to sit down with you today or in the next couple of days and look at those maps and interpret them I think Cape Town is interesting to look at I've gotten to know it a little bit in the last few days I Want to highlight two things here on one hand table mountain to have a laser pointer I don't think I think I'll just point to point at it by hand. Oh, it doesn't sorry. I should have asked you earlier This here is a central center of Cape Town and Right next to it is Table Mountain, which is on the map is here Table Mountain is as far as I know is not Populated it's not inhabited. It's a natural reserve At the same time, it's also maybe coincidentally. Maybe not. It's also the region that is by far most likely to have been written about by Non-domestic IP addresses by people who are not in South Africa when they're writing When they're contributing to Wikipedia articles about this place and the the Cape Peninsula Park Which is more clearly visible is down here, which is here. You see on the map here the green The green side of Cape Town has the same property So these are regions that are have apparently a kind of fascination to two people from the outside world Again, maybe this is about tourism I've not I've not yet looked at those articles But this is one of the ways in which we can start understanding the relationship between the the knowledge that is being produced the people who produce it to Then try and understand their motivations and the kinds of stories they might be writing about those places Here on the on the left we see The visualized the magnetism, which is the degree of kind of global fascination with an urban region This is really just visualizing the number of countries that were involved in writing about these places and again both Table Mountain and the Cape Peninsula Park where apparently have our great interests to the world much more so than For example district 6th Which is right next to the center, but apparently has as much less international Magnetism who's writing about Cape Town a lot of people from South South Africa, of course But also the global north and people from from other countries So why do we care? What why does it matter? Let's let's go back to this Observation in the beginning information geography is about understanding the relationship between the physical and the digital world One of the things that is happening That everybody here will be very familiar with is wherever we go. We have these devices with us our phones Maybe our computers, maybe our smartwatches if you can if you if you want to spend that money and they The surprising thing about those devices There was maybe part of the initial hope but maybe also is a surprising effect and it's in its Magnitude is that these devices as we carry them with us They shape how we understand the world how we relate to the world and then how we act in the world We might call this a kind of digital overlay where suddenly the physical and the virtual are merging and they become the same in To to make a cartography joke that the map suddenly is the territory That the digital is really the world now as we know it where maybe 10 20 years ago We thought the digital is its own place They are interwoven in ways in which we don't really fully comprehend yet So what's happening online now? What's happening digitally is of great importance to us in the physical world Oops I've got a button to turn this off when one way of illustrating this is There's a Google Maps screenshot from a year a few years ago. That's mark made with Matzook He they looked at Tel Aviv a map of Tel Aviv And they searched for restaurants in English and when they did that they Was that me I Really should have gotten a tutorial further. I apologize. I'll look it up online later How to how to handle your clicker? Yeah, I think I owe you all a drink. I'm sorry So that does the map of Tel Aviv They searched for restaurants in Tel Aviv when they search in English. They broadly get results in this region They search in Hebrew. They broadly get results in similar region. Maybe slightly different but kind of similar streets And then they search for restaurants in Arabic And they get pointed at different parts of the city So the the processes behind this we don't they're not necessarily well documented Google Maps is not as Transparent as Wikipedia and in the process that that produces it we can maybe speculate maybe this is about how restaurants market themselves Maybe this is a result of personalization that certain languages trigger a certain kind of are associated with a kind of interest And and that amplifies and reinforces Inequalities and so on but the the bigger point behind this is that the digital information systems we're building they might Shape our understanding of the world and our actions in the world our movements in the world in ways that we might not anticipate Then we might not understand So it becomes really important to better understand. How is this knowledge captured how this is in this information captured? How is it produced? How is it being made available? on Wikipedia one version of this is Looking at the relationships of different languages on Wikipedia This is a map by trace media from a few years ago. Some of you might know this. This is a map of Spain Visualizing in different colors the different languages that were used When to write about different places you can see here on the on the rights Catalonia is this incredibly bright spot heavily densely documented, but then also other other regions of Spain Written about in the in the Basque language and others So the point here is to say there are really different versions of Spain Based on the language that you're looking that you're reading when you're on Wikipedia When you're in Catalonia, and you don't speak Catalan There might be nuanced knowledge available to you and rich knowledge available to you that you cannot understand It's it's right there, but you can't you can't read it on the other hand if you're Catalonian and Well, Catalonians read Spanish, but let's say if you're Catalonian and you don't read Basque and you're in the Basque country Or let's maybe say the other example you're a Catalonian and you prefer to use the Catalan version And you're somewhere else in Spain, and you realize you You really need to switch to the Spanish Wikipedia in order to get the knowledge So the point that's being made here just to to emphasize that the the question that arises is who owns controls who shapes and who has access to those Augmentations to the those kinds of knowledges that shape our understanding of the world and our actions in the world one of the way of Looking at this question comes out of from discourse in geography There is this notion of the Right to the city. It's a discourse that was introduced by Henri Lefebvre who's a French philosopher a few decades ago He observed that cities urban spaces are places of encounter and are places of opportunity opportunity of opportunity and based on that you can derive an argument that everybody should have access to this opportunity and this kind of account encounter because being being able to be in those places meet people and and and get opportunities for employment and so on is a Transformative experiences. It's it can have a significant impact on your life having that access or not having having that access He proposed based on that argument to The notion of a right to the city everybody in the world should have a right in this to be in the city to get Access to these opportunities My colleagues mark and Joe Shaw They published digital pamphlets, which you can download for free. It's it's worth Reading on our digital rights to the city So what they are doing is they're applying the notion of the right to the city Which spoke about urban spaces and they are trying to apply it to digital worlds Trying essentially to make the same point because digital knowledge digital platforms Have this transformative power like Wikipedia does Everybody should have the rights to participate in this in this process and to have access to that knowledge a Couple of months ago. I was at a conference where I was introduced to to Dario Tara Borelli and to Catherine Maher of Wikimedia and they both told me about This concept of knowledge equity which Wikipedia introduced and strategy discussions last year. I Was incredibly happy to hear this term who here in this room has heard of knowledge equity Who here is familiar with knowledge equity? There's at least half the room maybe more. This is great As I understand it Is it it's a term that was coined with the based on the realization that? access to Wikipedia knowledge and access to the capacity to produce this knowledge is unequally distributed and There the Wikipedia community not only acknowledges that but also agrees to put effort into Remi to rectifying this imbalance in The there's a Wikipedia page which documents the intention and I just took out a sentence here Which which really emphasizes the points we will strive to counteract structural inequalities to ensure a just Representation of knowledge and people in the Wikipedia movement. I was so happy to hear this term because it's an incredibly powerful set of notions Again quite complicated relationships Placed in a very short and very evocative term and one of the things that from for me personally makes it incredibly powerful is It creates a link between the stuff that we work on between the articles that we write and the knowledge that we capture Between our individual acts and motivations of us as people and our curiosities and our capacities and The collective purpose the reason why we are here together But also the reason why we come together as as Wikipedia's and It does it not by enforcing a particular Procedure when you look at that Wikipedia page it doesn't tell you how to produce knowledge equity Instead it comes at it from a perspective of values It's tells us the text tells us these are the things that we hold as important in this moment about what my Wikipedia is trying to achieve They told you you're crazy. No, we're not crazy At the same time, I think we also need to acknowledge that At the core at the beginning of Wikipedia was also an assumption of equality that doesn't necessarily hold It was the assumption that if we give Everybody the same access we allow everybody to contribute we get rid of the experts and everybody now can edit The assumption was that this is enough. I think one of the powerful things about Knowledge equity as a term is that it's explicitly acknowledges. We don't believe this is enough anymore I think we need to we need to try harder and this is a question of equal treatment. Everybody gets the same Capacity to create an account and log in and make edits and equal opportunity Which is about the acknowledgement of structural imbalances barriers to access structural injustice and And the powerful thing about that is that Wikipedia as a community acknowledges we need to put Efforts behind that in order to achieve that we need to go beyond our individual Needs our individual curiosities our individual motivations, which are still important and they're still what holds Wikipedia together But we need to be go beyond that and also find ways of providing support for others and In that I think it's also important to acknowledge that knowledge equity as an approach is inherently unfair It's by design. It's unfair certain people will get the support at the exclusion of others So really it's important to understand that Fairness is maybe not the way by which we should negotiate how to achieve knowledge equity and instead we might I Offered to to think about questions of justice instead. So here Again justice is a complex term and there are many ways of understanding justice There's a very nice overview that David Smith wrote in 1994 in a Geography book on geography and social justice where he collected seven conceptions of Joe social justice These are seven ways in which you might reason about or achieve justice From egalitarianism which is about the equal distribution of wealth and power. Everybody gets the same stuff To utilitarianism the greater good for the greatest number a just outcome is Perceived as an outcome where we have more people who have contributed knowledge than those who have not Libertarianism which is a valuing the freedom of the individual contractarianism which is about Everybody stating their preference and then we negotiate and we form agreements about that Marxism which is about rewarding people's contribution to the full extent not only the things that are perceived as as valuable in marketplaces Communitarianism which holds as the highest value the benefit of the of the collective Feminism which is addressing about Which is about addressing power imbalances between groups and I'm sure there are others these are Only only seven ways of looking at questions of justice and I'm as I say I'm sure there are others So which of those do we choose for Wikipedia? What does the social justice model that we plug into knowledge equity? Well, I don't think there is a single model and I think that's again important to acknowledge That justice is is contextual and justice is complicated Is also Good to say good to understand that it's almost never about just picking the one out of the seven Sometimes it's a combination Sometimes it's all of them that are that need to be in the room when the when the discussion happens But I think the the most important part when we're looking when we're trying to achieve knowledge equity is to look at a particular context and trying to understand the circumstances the Participants and their and in their situation and their capacities and their needs and so on and to try and specifically articulate What I what is the injustice that we are trying to address? At the same time also acknowledging that there is no such thing as perfect justice I think what we can do is is to pursue to pursue it to our best effort It's important to aware to be aware of of tensions that are involved It's not always possible to resolve all the tensions and Maybe my most favorite part of knowledge equity is it requires us to be actively engaged in the process There is not a single process or a single single recipe of Achieving knowledge equity what really it requires us to do is to Unlearn to get out of our habits to listen patiently and carefully Maybe even find new language find new concepts in order to negotiate our collective understanding of a situation So this is this is why I'm incredibly excited about Wikipedia coining this term because it's it's such a It's such a striking such a powerful way of of looking at the Participation inequalities representation inequalities that have been identified at the same time It is a new path for Wikipedia But I think also a new path in a in a larger sense because as so many times in the past with Wikipedia There is not a clear way not a clear model of how to go about it as there was in conversation in the last few days With the Wikipedia's here and people who already run in their own initiatives to achieve knowledge equity and to achieve Justice of representation of participation one of the things that struck me is that a lot of the time they do their pioneering work their frontier work to their best efforts making new knowledge and Often gets distracted by having to justify their work. It's not always clear to people Why this is necessary why they should be providing this kind of support One sometimes one of the things that come comes back is the observation. Well, people already can participate in Wikipedia Why do we need to spend money on on stuff? Or why do we why do you spend your time with with stuff and so on so I for me? It's very clear why we're doing this work and it's of course we're doing this work But it also in the conversation. I acknowledge not everybody Comes with this perspective. So I think part of this work of achieving knowledge equity and achieving justice on Wikipedia is also learning how to make the argument So one of the things that we we came together over in the last few days with a few other Wikipedia's is we are trying to collect a one-page fact sheets just to on one hand illustrate the central inequalities, but also the central Intervention opportunities and the symptoms as some of the key initiatives that are that are coming up So that people don't have to make the argument all over again and instead there's a place that we can point out So people can organize more and argue argue less So I would love for you to tell us Your version of this I would love if you have made experiences if you if you found yourself in these discussions Also, if you found ways in which knowledge equity can be important Then please Let me know come speak to me or send me an email and I would love to hear a perspective on this in particular versions of stories about communities that feel Not well represented on Wikipedia but also stories about the if the real effects of missing information on of misinformation on Wikipedia just in order so we Illustrate better to people by pointing at a single document. This is the stuff that happens that we want to rectify So in closing just a few words It's very exciting to me that Wikipedia is so mature and so old and yet We keep running into new new frontiers running into new challenges. It's very exciting to me Sometimes it means we we are these are these are challenging moments and moments of blindness Having to look for new answers Sometimes it makes it look like a Wikipedia is incredibly messy At the same time it's important to acknowledge that Wikipedia has transformative powers and so as an encyclopedia. It tells us About the world. It allows us to understand the world in ways in which otherwise we couldn't and It still remains a pioneering project in this The the fact that as a collective venture in its processes. It still keeps running into new questions The thing to I want to tell you that I'm sure you're aware of but I've known from my From my own experience the world is botching with a keen eye Not only because they keep running into Wikipedia articles on their Google searches, but also In research communities in online communities I worked with the open street map community and many other communities Wikipedia because it was so big so early Ran into so many challenges so early, but also built technology so early Many other communities around the world are learning from you are learning from your challenges from your discussions From from the knowledge that you are building and the questions I think that we really want to ask at this point. What is the global future that Wikipedia is helping to shape? at Decolonializing the internet Pre-conference event in the last couple of days one of the participants said this wonderful sentence We're trying to imagine a world that has never existed And in order to do that we need to dream big and I think that really holds in this case as well And the one of the questions we need to ask is as the world is coming online Are we addressing the concerns of these newly connected populations and who is it? We'll be writing the Wikipedia of the coming decade. Thank you. Thank you very much Martin I've got a few short announcements After this event, we're gonna break up for meetups there are


Hey folks, I wanted to give you a quick tutorial on how to solve the canvas flash problems that have been popping up in the Chrome browser. So I'll give you a little demonstration of the problem and then I'll show you how to fix it. So if I was in Canvas and I wanted to grade this assignment and I wanted to leave a video or audio message and I click media component, what's going to happen by default in the Chrome browser is that you're going to get this error where it says flash required for video recording and this thing is just going to spin forever. Really frustrating doesn't seem to work. Now my theory is that this is because Google has changed how they've gone about using flash and by default flash is not on, it usually asks but for some reason in Canvas the ask never happens. So the easiest way to fix the problem is to go up here and to click this little lock icon and this will bring up the site settings page. Now on most Chrome browsers right here you can just change where it says ask from default to allow but if that doesn't work the second place that you can go is you can click down here in the little gear icon, click site settings and then go down to where it says flash and change the behavior from ask to allow. Then when you go back to your Canvas page you get this message that says to apply updated settings to the site, reload the page. So we're going to go ahead and do that. And now when we click the media button you can see that it works and it wants to have access to my camera so that it can record the message and that's all there really is to it. Thanks for watching.