une occasion d'échanger, c'est ce qui entre ses frères autour de lTP, selon les types d'acteurs. Mais aussi, il a été souligné que cette session sera enregistrée. Donc si vous avez des questions ou des contributions s'intervouent libre aussi de les exprimer en français, nous ferons les efforts d'il y ait que nous pouvons d'offrir une traduction même dans les chats. Donc, merci beaucoup. Je pense que Jim est frozen. Désolé, Jim a un problème de connexion. C'est aussi chez moi. Laisse-moi me faire avec lui. OK, merci. Sorry, je suis là. Les équipes ont juste crashé. Je ne sais si vous pouvez m'occuper de moi ou pas. Mais, sorry about that. So, in the chat you will see our agenda and we're going to provide a brief update from ourselves as the Global AOR. And then we have colleagues sharing some of the work they're doing in Myanmar, Ethiopia. We will then hear from our shelter cluster colleagues about what they're doing on HLP. And then we will have a chance to share resources. So if you have reports or products or resources, events that you would like to share, please get them ready and you can put them in the chat. So there's your warning. Because I think it's great to share the reports and the products that we're working on if we can so that we all have a clear idea of what's going on in this area. And yes, so I'll start just with a brief update from our side. And I think, according to the chat, my camera is not working. Well, that might be a good thing for all of you. I was going to ask you all to put your cameras on and wave and say hello. But if I can't do that, it seems a bit tricky. But if you are unable to, it's always nice to see people. So great. And sorry, you can't see me. OK, good. So first update from the Global AOR side. Just very quickly on the Global Protection Cluster. We have a new coordinator for the Global Protection Cluster, Joseph Herreroz. He joined earlier this last month. And he comes from UNHCR in Mexico. And yeah, we've had an initial call with him. And he was interested in HLP. And we will make sure we invite him to a meeting soon so that you can meet him and hear from him about how he sees protection and HLP within that. The second thing to mention is the Global Protection Cluster has their annual conference in June. Still finalising where exactly this will take place. But hopefully we'll have news on that soon. And that is for coordinators and partners working on HLP. But it's also open, parts of it are open to others who are interested in protection and how that links to HLP. And we have specific days focused on HLP, which if you are interested in joining, let me know and we can talk about how that could work. But I will share more information on that when we have it. But now I wanted to hand over to Tresor, the Information Management Advisor for the HLP AOR, who is going to give us an update on some of the great work he's been doing in support of our colleagues. So Tresor, over to you. Thank you, Jim. I will first start by the task team. So it is important to highlight that the lack of methodology to estimate the people in need and the severity for HLP is the most HLP AOR and working groups, coordinators, first during the HPC process. HPC stands for Humanitarian Programme Cycle. So there is a clear need for a more current and harmoniser the approach to make evidence based decisions on the people in need and severity collection for HLP. And that's why the Global HLP AOR has created a task team to develop the methodology that would allow to estimate the people in need and severity scale for HLP. So this task team will be initially launched for six months. And what this task team is expected to do is to review any existing methodology because we are aware that some of the countries might already have a working methodology. So wherever it exists, the task team will try to review that or draw from that. Also, the task team will be developing or review existing HLP data collection tools and also indicators to measure the severity for HLP. And to conclude this work, the task team will develop a guidance on people in need and severity calculation for HLP. More details will be found in the terms of reference being finalised. And we hope that we will share with you the TOA version. So if you are interested in joining the task team, you are really welcome. The second slide is about the Global HLP AOR dashboard being developed. I remember we had this discussion six months ago. So this dashboard compiles different data for humanitarian responses from 2019 to 2023. And then it's only information on the HLP. So here we have minimal information. For example, we have the people in need to get it. Funding requirements for HLP AOR and working group from 2019 to 2023. Of course, we still missing some information. For example, actually, we don't have yet the figures on the people reach it by HLP activities. So this relates to the HLP response monitoring. And also, we still missing partners or organisation engaged in the HLP response. Before collecting this information, we will first check with the protection cluster at the global level because we know that in most of the countries under operation, AOR use to send their data to the protection cluster for compilation at the national level. So before deciding if we are going to collect this information, we will first check with the cluster protection to see if this information already exists. The third slide is on JAAF. For those who are not maybe aware of what JAAF is, JAAF stands for Joint and Intersectoral Analysis Framework. So JAAF was initially launched in 2020. The aim of JAAF is to improve the way humanitarian actors jointly plan and respond to crisis. In 2023, the second version of JAAF, JAAF 2.0, was produced after refinement and two further years development. So JAAF was rolled out during the HPC 2024. And after that, a lesson learned exercise has been conducted to assess the effectiveness of JAAF. And the key findings of this exercise were presented during a workshop in Geneva in last January. And the recommendation solutions were proposed in relation to what is visible and also the timeline for implementation. This slide is the summary of the findings from the JAAF. It's a lead exercise conducted by Ocha. So you can see that in most of the operation, JAAF was very well received. So whether it is training in manual implementation platform in a tool, these were broadly very well received. But of course there are areas where the improvement is needed. And also there is a need to have a more specific guidance on certain aspects of the JAAF. And also there is a need for more cluster capacity. And you can find here some recommendations from the JAAF lesson learned exercise. For example, it was requested that clusters are adequately staffed during the HPC process. There will be a review of JAAF outcome and proxy indicators. And then also by checking if these indicators are working. And also there is also a need to develop clear guidelines on how to define the scope of analysis. And also there is also a need to have more offline or self-learning JAAF materials. And I have provided some links for those who would like to know more on the JAAF. And also there is a Power BI dashboard that shows the JAAF lesson learned exercise over. Thank you. Thank you Tresor. Thank you very much. And thanks for all your work on these areas. And to reinforce that Tresor is a great resource for the HLPAOR and is really happy to hear ideas and suggestions for how he can support and we can support you on information management related issues. And he's done some work with specific countries as well as looking at the global area. And just to mention that alongside the dashboard Tresor presented, we're also developing an interactive map where we will be able to see what's happening in specific countries and try and link to resources that are relevant for those countries as well. So to try and make it a more accessible resource for others who are working on these issues. But I wanted to ask if anyone had any questions or comments on what was presented there. Don't see any at this point. It was all very clear. Ombretto, did you want to add something as well? Oh yes, there you go. Please come in. Yeah, thanks Jim. And again, good afternoon everybody. I just wanted to say a few words on this analytical framework Jim. I guess this is now on the time. Isn't it? Yes please, yes. Yeah, so exactly. Tresor explained the work that is being done to actually find, fill the gap on how the PIN are calculated with regards to HLP and therefore also you know how to track the people who are being reached or the costing of the needs etc. So this is very important. Particularly in relation to the humanitarian immediate needs. At the same time, a bit more on the longer term, we are also looking at providing a little bit of, I would say what we would call an analytical framework on how to actually measure or give an indication of the HLP vulnerability and needs overall in a particular given context. This is, it's not easy obviously because even if we just look at the way the international community has been trying to monitor land tenure security overall globally even in non-conflict or crisis affected context with SDG indicators, particularly the one that many of you might know is SDG indicator 1.4.2, which is exactly on land tenure security. So this is the process that where the international community after really many years of trying to find a common methodology to measure land tenure security converging developing one indicator with that methodology that accompanies the data collection. And this data is expected to be collected by the countries although unfortunately very few of them are able to or are reporting against these indicators which is key for SDG 1, which is poverty reduction. So equally and perhaps even more so there is a gap in how countries but also humanitarian actors and development actors as well can track these vulnerability in land tenure security in crisis settings. Nevertheless, we will attempt at least to provide some pointers on some of the vulnerabilities that can be looked at to understand on which pre-existing scenarios or pre-existing vulnerability specific vulnerabilities related to specific households coming to being. So for example looking at overall at the national perhaps also sub-national level overall the rule of law, how the existing formalization of land rights, the presence of the extent to which land and properties are registered, level of informality, overall shortage of housing for example, etc. So this is just to say, you know, this of course is much more longer and maybe less practical exercise that we will be doing, but nevertheless helpful to contextualize maybe the specific data being collected at the area level on HLP vulnerabilities. So I'm happy to, you know, answer something a bit more concrete to come back to the group and get some inputs on that as well. Thank you and over to you Jim. Thanks on Bretter. Yeah, and important to note that all of this work we're really keen to make sure we're aligning with and working with colleagues from other clusters and areas to make sure we're kind of coordinating that and drawing on all of the great resource and work that's been done already as well. So that's part of the challenge but also the opportunity that there's a lot of people engaged with thinking about land specifically and how we might understand better than needs and information around that. So yeah, thank you on Bretter. Just one more thing to mention from my side related to sort of the update from us is that for the coordinators and the clusters and the air of responsibilities and working groups we'll be carrying out some what's called the CCTPM which is the cluster coordination performance monitoring which is a chance for cluster coordinators to reflect on how things are going and think about how they might develop that work and also what we can do to support that as well. So that's something that will be happening over the next month or so so just to look out for that. But and also just to remind you that we are here to support you in all your endeavors please do get in touch with us if you have any support needs and ideas for where we can support better our emails there in the chat. Okay, well, thank you. I see two hands raised as well. So Ramona, over to you. Thank you, Jim. And a bit of follow up on what Ombreta mentioned. I was wondering if I mean I think just from what Ombreta mentioned it's obvious, right, that HLP let's say concerns and risks are manifold first of all and then second of all that they kind of cut across other sectors as well, right. So it's, we may anticipate seeing mentions that are relevant for HLP in analysis around shelter needs and the end risks, right, GPV so on and so forth. So I was wondering Ombreta if there's been a sort of, how should I say let's say selection and prioritisation of HLP risks that we wanted to have included in this joint analytical framework and if so, because I would assume you guys were consulted on this, right in the development of the methodology and a bit what are the even top line HLP risks or threats that were included in the job. So that was my question number one if there's been a sort of selection and the complexity of the issues and then the second one if there has been one which are the ones that you have decided to to kind of prioritise and have streamlined in this joint analytical framework. Thank you. Alai, Jim, quickly respond. Yes, please. Maybe just to say well, I mean, first of all this is a very, very start so you know, beside brainstorming and actually mapping what data exists in other domains collected by other actors and kind of do a first mapping of what's there. I mean, we haven't really started the process of prioritising nor selecting probably, you know, we will definitely, you know, once that's when the initial mapping is done we'll come back to the group as well to hear your views but I would like also to note that this is not really expected and again this is again open for discussion to be a very mathematical exercise basically that will kind of rank almost in a numerical order the way the actual work that is already being done under the leadership exactly of Tresor will lead to where, you know, actually you come down to very specific and concrete you know indicators. This is more I would say a work that that helps mapping the different risks and vulnerability but might or but really probably might not count to actually you know calculating in a very mathematical way and ranking them in a very, you know, scientific way it's just I would say to to be able to have elements of analysis of the context and therefore I mean definitely there will be all these elements that you mentioned you know, even in terms of gender vulnerability for example legislation or Gini coefficients except but they will not necessarily be prioritizing the same way for all the context so it will be more of a context providing context an element of analysis rather than coming to a sort of with an additional indicators which is broader and looking at all the aspects of vulnerability but again I mean let's just just to conclude I recognize that this is a very long work and I see some people in the group who actually have been part of the SDG indicator preparation this is a very you know it can be taken very different routes maybe it's also good to come back Jim to this group and say okay you know we have done an analysis these are the potential avenues that we could take which one do you think is more useful for the work that we want to do so that we see how to bring to a useful tool this analysis, this analytical framework that we are looking at with the resources that obviously we have and the scope of time that that we have. Thanks and over. Yeah thanks some bretta, thanks Ramona it's a good question I think that's the key point we're at the start of a process and we will need to analyse what are the indicators being used, how are people approaching this within the work we know but also beyond that so I think you make really good points about making sure those connections are there and it's definitely something we're mindful of and partly why it feels like quite a big thing to try and do because there's yeah a lot of different things that we need to consider so yeah thanks really good comments. Mohammed and Malik, would you like to come in? Bonjour chers collègues, c'est toujours un plaisir pour moi de participer à cette réunion qui réélit les différents coordinataires de la ORLTP tantôt d'abord je voudrais vous salier et vous souhaiter une bonne année je sais que c'est ma première réunion de cette année donc je profite pour vous souhaiter tous une bonne année ce n'est jamais trop tard alors concernant les différentes thématiques qui ont été abordées je voudrais juste réitérer en fait notre intérêt pour Malik quand même d'être dans ce groupe pour travailler sur le processus HPC, à savoir la méthodologie, la sévérité et tout ce qui concerne cette étape du travail de développement pour la question LTP, je pense que le Malik a un peu d'expérience dans ce sens, nous pourrons aussi contribuer pour avoir des activités harmonisées dans ce sens et des démarches aussi harmonisées dans ce sens je voudrais aussi soulever quelque chose que je pense qu'il faudrait aussi sur lequel on travaille un peu il s'agit de paquets d'activités minimaux c'est-à-dire dans nos activités actuelles de l'Ontario, c'est à un moment donné de déterminer les activités qui vont avec l'urgence parce que quand on parle de LTP on sait que la question LTP se retrouve sur les trois phases d'urgence le relevement et ce que les solutions liérables quand il s'agit de la question LTP toutes ces étapes là se rétouvent mais il s'agit aussi vraiment de travailler sur le paquet minimum quand il y a une urgence dans une zone quels sont les activités sur lesquelles nous apportons nous en tant qu'acteur LTP on peut dire que ce sont des activités prioritaires qui permettent quand même de sauver les vies sur lequel il faudrait aussi travailler ainsi déterminer les activités qu'on peut utiliser dans les accompagnements des solutions liérables ce que nous le faisons chacun de notre côté selon notre expérience mais il serait aussi mieux de pouvoir trouver un moyen de les harmoniser ensemble au niveau global afin que ça soit non seulement défendu au niveau global et au niveau de chaque mission pays ou au niveau de chaque coordination de plus en plus c'est déjà des questions souvent qui reviennent lors de nos rencontres avec les autres clusters parce que je pense qu'à un niveau il y a plus certaines aspects qui sont harmonieux de sorte que quand il s'agit quand on aborde une question de VBG, presque tous les acteurs au niveau de la coordination comprennent déjà la situation ce qui est prioritaire donc je pense que ça aussi on devrait penser dans nos différentes rencontres et réfléchir quand même sur ces aspects et pouvoir les développer afin qu'on puisse être dans le bon sens pour vraiment une question LTP ou faire une action humanitaire et aussi voilà donc l'autre point, je sais que chaque acteur chaque coordination au niveau de chaque pays essaie de travailler avec les autres secteurs tel qu'à Paris, WASH, sécurité alimentaire voilà donc ici au Mali on a de plus en plus de collaboration avec April & WASH mais il serait aussi important qu'on puisse trouver un cadre ensemble aussi de travailler et discuter ensemble de nos expériences et de pouvoir aussi identifier des axes lesquels on peut travailler avec et comment on peut le faire pour pouvoir vraiment partager les expériences et de plus en plus quand même de plus en plus trouver un moyen de mettre un cadre dans ce sens afin que ça soit plus un truc compris et global à tous les niveaux que au niveau de chaque pays qu'on trouve à travailler chaque fois pour pouvoir ramener ces liens donc il faudrait aussi que ces liens on le travaille ensemble ici et au niveau global afin que dès qu'il s'agit de LTP on travaille avec April on travaille avec WASH on travaille avec sécurité alimentaire et éviter aussi cette confusion quand il s'agit de questions LTP les acteurs apris pensent plutôt qu'il s'agit de questions apris donc on trouve un moyen de travailler afin de pouvoir séparer les activités LTP et les activités apris de une fois de plus parce que ça a une question de protection et ça n'est pas seulement d'une question qui sera abordée juste par April je pense que ce sont des points que je voulais aussi profiter de cette occasion pour l'aborder et permettre quand même de dans la prochaine rencontre de développer ces réflexions merci beaucoup merci beaucoup Mohammed Alec et merci Tresor pour jeter la translation dans la chat vous serez très bienvenus pour rejoindre la TAS team nous regardons pour ça merci merci pour cette question en Bretagne, vous voulez venir? et puis nous devons nous remercier pour la prochaine oui, juste un moment sur ces commentaires vous savez il y a des difficultés et des opportunités pour travailler ensemble avec les partners LTP au niveau du pays sur le groupe de protection et basiquement je pense que c'est aussi en manière de chercher des guides de soutien sur le niveau global donc peut-être, Jim, on pourrait considérer peut-être qu'il y a peut-être une prochaine rencontre je vous invite aussi des coordinateurs globales de la cheleteur et d'autres les autres classes pour voir peut-être aussi les perspectives de leurs perspective sur le niveau global et comment ça pourrait être facilité et les critiques et peut-être la recommandation sur comment ça peut aussi s'entraîner au niveau du pays de leur côté ça peut être une discussion utile pour avoir ce forum juste une idée aussi, merci pour ce point Mohamed merci Mohamed, bien noté et je pense que ça serait une bonne conversation pour avoir ici, je l'apprécie merci pour ça c'est bien il y aura beaucoup plus de des problèmes sur l'information de l'information, des données, des risques d'understand, des indications donc merci pour votre interest et nous serons en contact maintenant on va nous changer à la prochaine, j'ai vraiment hâte de vous accueillir José Arreza qui est une recherche indépendante en travaillant avec Procap, NRC, UNDP et d'autres acteurs qui font des protections et des issues de la Terre qui va présenter des travail qu'il a fait avec les autres dans Myanmar et José, salut merci beaucoup merci beaucoup et je suis désolé pour ma voix, mais ces conditions de l'air en St-Eustécia m'ont vraiment tué donc je vais parler de Myanmar bien sûr et je vais voir si je peux présenter une seconde pourquoi je suis toujours tellement littérés en digital de contenu si je présente toujours ce type de choses c'est des équipes, nous nous sommes des équipes c'est très bien je fais un share Powerpoint Live brosse mon computer je pense j'espère que je n'ai pas de frozen comme avant et je veux juste dire que je suis très heureux de voir des faces familiales aussi et vous savez d'un long des amis dans le pays donc ce que je vais faire c'est présenter un livre que j'ai écrit avec Scott Lecky qui est aussi un expert d'HLP avec beaucoup d'expérience dans différents pays et notre livre est appelé Before a Democracy Die Housing Land and Property Rights in Myanmar et c'est une analyse de tous les works dans Myanmar entre 2011 et 2021 qui était la window ou l'attempt à la transition démocratique qui a malheureusement terminé et qui a été placé 21 février 2021 3 ans plus tard et le livre a une analyse intéressante sur comment les policies de land ont survived et ont influencé les policies de land de Myanmar dans les régimes militaires qui ont commencé après 1962 quand le général Nehwin a fait un autre coup d'état qui a appelé le gouvernement démocratique et particulièrement en 1988 quand le régime Nehwin a collapse et un autre régime militaire qui a un plus marquant orienté spirit a ouvert et qui a réplicé la législation de la colonie britannique qui considère que tout le land n'était pas registré comme une opportunité potentielle pour les élites roulées en regardant l'utilisation de ces propriétés par les communautés roulées qui ont les systèmes customaires donc devant vous, vous avez un timeline historique qui explique un petit peu ce processus l'attempt je vais faire une présentation parce que je pense que vous avez un peu d'intérêt mais juste pour expliquer les expectations qui ont été créées dans la transition démocratique concernant les issues de land il y avait beaucoup de activités de land il y avait beaucoup de nouvelles idées qui étaient sur la table il y avait un progress dans l'aspect qui became un très promis d'initiative politique puis un couple d'initiatives pour essayer d'établir un sort de mécanisme qui étaient assez inédites ce n'était pas des mécanismes mais qui étaient généralement administratifs des mécanismes qui n'aimaient pas d'un pouvoir réel et n'aimaient pas d'indépendance il y avait d'autres ressources pour un processus réel il y avait une politique nationale qui était approuvée par le gouvernement de On-San-Suchi en 2016 et qui a été développée par le gouvernement qui a été dominé par la militaire et cette politique land qui était très promis qui contient des provisions en restitution en reconnaissance d'une customisation etc etc il y avait aussi des législatives d'initiatives il y avait un amendement d'une des pièces de législation qui avait un ton de vacances qui a criminalisé d'une customisation d'un land qui a fallu passer dans le processus de la registration de land et qui a signifié d'un important trait de législation pour la customisation d'utilisateurs et les communautés minoritaires et ce trait est toujours là mais la situation à l'époque est beaucoup plus beaucoup plus maintenant on a une très sérieuse deterioration de la protection de l'HRP avec la gravation de la land vraiment méchante pas de considération pour la protection de l'environnement tout le monde près de 78 000 houses qui ont été détruits par des confiscations punitives de la propriété de l'opponent politique restrictions de l'espace civique avec une nouvelle loi sur la registration de l'association qui crée une nouvelle surveillance et beaucoup de nouveaux requises pour les organisations civiles et c'est un très dramatique scénario qui est plus qu'il était avant il n'était pas parti d'une situation idéale et juste pour mentionner un petit peu la gravation de l'HRP c'est un problème de long-standing depuis les années 90 pendant la transition peut-être qu'il y avait un peu de restraints parce que de l'attention internationale l'idée d'une nationale et de la politique etc mais maintenant il n'y a pas de safeguards qu'il y a puis vous avez la destruction de l'hôpital dans cette map vous pouvez voir que ça a concentré les forces résistantes sont très actives plus de plus que 2 millions de personnes une situation très dramatique à l'époque il y avait une expérience additionnelle parce qu'il y avait une loi de conscription issue par la militaire une semaine avant et basiquement une personne militaire est à risque d'être forcement recrute dans le TATMA qui est une institution très hésitée parce que les violations humanes l'administration et le management des corps sont en hands de la militaire et il y a très peu de trust donc les communautés sont retournées à la customisation et aux mécanismes informaux d'organisation ethnique d'organisations des polices et des systèmes sont en train de couvrir plus de terrain c'est particulièrement dans le cas de Rakhine où l'Aracane et l'Army et la Ligue de l'Unité de l'Aracane sont maintenant contrôlés une portion de terrain et l'administration aussi dans Kachin et Shen beaucoup de terrain a été déclaré par Junta j'ai mentionné la restriction de l'espace civique d'un impact sur les femmes et les femmes comme nous le savons l'impact de toutes les violations de l'HLP c'est toujours le plus pour les femmes et les femmes par des perspectives de l'incrise dans la violence de l'hôpital dans les camps les femmes possèdent beaucoup plus facile que les hommes parce que l'HLP est enregistré dans le nom d'un membre de la famille et quelque chose que c'est sur le top de ça et c'est probablement l'une des mainies c'est l'incrise de la vulnérabilité pour le changement climatique parce que Myanmar est l'un des les pays les plus affectés par le outlook pour les années et les décennies ce n'est pas bien il y a des projections d'incrise dans les événements de l'extrême et puis des températures qui feront d'autres importants de Myanmar et de l'HLP parce que plus que 40 jours de températures n'est qu'à 50° donc c'est un scénario dramatique donc en ce contexte qu'est-ce que nous faisons j'ai aussi travaillé par temps pour l'UNDP, pour l'HLP programme et une idée que nous développons est d'avoir l'interim, l'approche d'HLP protection et l'interim dans le sens que pendant que nous avons les institutions et nous sommes en train de construire des justice d'entraînement de la députée collaborative des skills de l'utilisation digital de la sécurité de la sécurité de tout dans les sociétés civiles et les communautés d'incriser la résilience pour exprimer des événements à le niveau de la ville et bien sûr, il y a beaucoup qu'ils peuvent faire parce qu'ils peuvent très souvent la réelle management de l'île de la ville et de l'utilisation de l'île de la ville est faite par les communautés ce n'est pas faite par le système formel donc ils peuvent allocer l'île ils peuvent faire des décisions concernant les IDPs qui viennent à les villes parce qu'ils ont été placés ici ils peuvent faire des décisions concernant les groupes qu'ils utilisent et ce genre de fruits qui sont plantés pour assurer la résilience pour des droits et d'autres problèmes et basiquement en regardant les moyens pour protéger les droits de l'HRP dans ce contexte qui est aussi intéressant pour d'autres contextes d'autres contextes dans d'autres pays où il y a un régime illibéral ou une institution militaire de la capture militaire donc je pense que les décisions sont intéressantes pour voir ce qui fonctionne et ce qui ne fonctionne aussi l'importance de comprendre l'histoire d'une spécialité postcoloniale des sociétés et comment l'HRP a été utilisé par les autorités coloniales et comment ces pratiques ont survécu par la législation et les policies et ce qui peut être fait dans une situation où les parts du pays sont contrôlées par le SAC et d'autres parts sont contrôlées par la législation par les systèmes de l'HRP et parfois les policies de l'HRP comme les policies nationales de l'HRP et puis il y a un dernier point qui est d'imaginer ce qu'est un modèle de l'HRP dans le futur si et quand il y a un retour il y a une décision c'est quelque chose que la société civile et beaucoup d'acteurs en Myanmar sont très intéressés parce qu'il y a beaucoup ils ne perdent pas la confiance dans un futur meilleur et ils pensent en pensant et en vouloir parler de ça et je vais le laisser je suis très heureux que j'ai réussi à partager par les systèmes merci merci beaucoup c'était un fascinant présentation et j'ai hésité des difficultés mais aussi avec des idées et des suggestions j'ai envie d'ouvrir si il y a des questions ou des commentaires ou peut-être d'experience en travaillant avec eux c'est un moment où on a vu des supports sur la coordination sur l'HRP mais pas trop parce que c'est un environnement difficile de s'occuper d'un point de vue d'architecture je suppose mais oui, c'est quelque chose ou peut-être d'experience en travaillant avec eux-mêmes je pense qu'une chose que je vais parler qui est intéressante c'est le processus de développer un projet de restitution qui s'est passé durant la transition il y avait des idées et dans le livre qu'on a publié il y a une loi de restitution qui a été présentée durant la période pré-coupe il n'a jamais été arrivé, évidemment mais je pense que c'est intéressant c'était modélisé en les Balkans et nous avons Massimo Morati qui ne parle pas du Bosnien et et je pense que dans le contexte de Ukraine où il y a aussi des discussions de restitution et aussi dans le contexte de Palestine et l'Israël et la crise de Gaza à un moment durant un conflit, nous devons penser sur la restitution avec l'esprit que cela se passe ce n'est pas possible mais je pense que comme des personnes passionnées nous devons toujours penser comment pouvons-nous s'assurer que ces personnes et les réfugiés puissent leur pays et leur maison oui, merci c'est très intéressant il y a beaucoup de discussions sur la restitution qui se passe dans beaucoup de situations c'est très intéressant en Bretagne, on va voir pour la prochaine en Bretagne merci Jim j'ai essayé de résister mais je ne pouvais pas faire comment sur ces questions merci beaucoup c'est un processus d'analyses et sur le point de restitution c'est intéressant et nous devons travailler plus sur ces questions comme l'HLPR nous l'ont identifié par priorité mais il y a aussi l'aspect qui est lié de redistribution je reviens pour un travail que nous faisons les policies de redistribution qui ont été introduites dans la région de l'Arab dans les années 70, 80 et comment ils ont travaillé et ce qui a été trompé c'est très similaire parce que bien sûr entre la restitution il y a aussi une partie où vous établissez où dans l'histoire c'est votre ligne et vous faites une analyse des groupes qui ont accumulé les ressources, including land et ceux qui ont été exclés et puis vous essayez de rebalancer et donc en fait il y a deux côtés du même spectrum exactement l'une des choses que dans le cas de Syrie qui a fait que ça a fallu l'endroit de la distribution de land des schemes c'était qu'il n'y avait pas d'accompagnement de la distribution des mécanismes qui en fait supportaient les gens qui ont reçu le land les farmers pour avoir la capacité les ressources les capacités aussi pour associer tous ces ressources et en fait rester dans leur newly acquired power including through the access to resources anyway so all different and interesting perspective and it's always good I find to see all these overlapping layers of perspective when looking at HLP thank you Jim over to you thank you and thanks again for joining us and there is a question in the chat which maybe you could write a response in the chat just because I'm afraid we have to move on to the next agenda item but thanks so much for being with us and please do share links and any other information and thanks Tresor for translating some pretty complex stuff there so really appreciate your support thank you for that I wanted to turn briefly now to Julie so just we'll come to you in one moment but Julie from interaction has joined us and I know she has to leave on the hour so I just wanted to give her the floor sorry you have I think two minutes which you know is more than one so please over to you Julie Thanks Jim and plenty of time thank you for letting me pop in quickly before I have to go I just wanted to flag for the members of the HLP AOR to HLP conferences which are happening this year the first will be happening next month April 2nd to 4th in Puerto Rico it's an extension of last year's conference in DC and it will be focusing on community and collective land rights the themes will include addressing challenges to HLP in Puerto Rico and then some general HLP responses including case studies on adverse possession rental assistance and resettlement and then the second conference is again going to be held here in DC May 16th and 17th this year's conference in DC will emphasize practice based sessions and workshops for all levels of experience including sessions on due diligence standards HLP practice across silos and effectively advocating on HLP among others while both conferences do encourage in person attendance the plenary sessions will be streamed online for both so I'm going to drop that information here in the chat for everyone including the registration links for both conferences and I'm happy to answer any additional questions via email which I've also dropped in the chat so thanks again Jim for giving me these few minutes Thanks Julie, thank you for that and yes please do reach out to Julie if you are interested in those and just to mention as well the May conference is the same week as the World Bank Bank conference as well in case you want to double up your opportunities for engaging with a sort of land issues in Washington DC and there will be a session on HLP at the World Bank Bank conference as well more details to follow on that so yes without further ado over to you Barraquet welcome you to the call Barraquet Fatena is the NRC ICLA specialist and HLP working group coordinator in Ethiopia Barraquet, over to you Ok, thank you everyone for the sake of interning connectivity I'll shut my camera off Can you see my presentation? Yes I'm nice to see your face briefly as well but yes please do turn your camera off Thank you Thank you I'll be mindful of the time so what we did was we have a rapid need assessment that was conducted in two regions and I'll be presenting briefly the context and outcome of the assessment so basically it will include the meteorology by ground key finding the recommendations of the assessment in terms of meteorology Oh Barraquet, sorry my mistake I think it's showing the slides overview rather than the presentation in case you can Let me reshoot again Thanks, just so that we can see it more clearly Sorry, I missed I didn't see that That's better, perfect Thank you Ok So the meteorology of our assessment basically we conducted the assessment in two parts of the country one in the northern part of the country and another one in Somali region and it included desk review, field work and of course household interviews, skin informant interviews and focus group discussions Just to give you an idea of the locations that we conducted the assessment Somali region is on the eastern part and Sugari region is in the northern part of the country The objective of the assessment was obviously to understand the HLDP issues before displacement and upon return and any other intervening HLDP issues and dispute resolution mechanisms that the community was facing The target community included IDPs IDP returners and host communities And I would like to give you some background about the context that we are operating here in Ethiopia Well, as you may already know Ethiopia is currently facing a huge challenge in terms of all humanitarian crisis it's on top of all humanitarian top needs it has been this way for the past I think six years overall we have over 21 million people in humanitarian need even at the start of 2024 and in terms of HLDP specifically for example the HLDP produced the target pin of 4.4 million and we are targeting about 800,000 people for 2024 In terms of the context that the HLDP assessment was conducted one is in Tigray the Tigray region as you may already remember was in the midst of a huge conflict for two years with the federal government and the regional governments having a huge war which caused mass destruction of property, displacement and the like and since then the situation hasn't improved that much still it is the highest IDP number in the country and it has also the highest mobility rates this is specifically important for HLDP as over 700,000 people have returned within the region and still despite that there are over 900,000 IDPs the Somali region is a bit different in that the context is the region is facing multiple contexts small conflicts and drought and flood relative to the Somali region there isn't relative to the North it is much stable but still it has many IDPs due to these three problems so it has over 1,000,000 IDPs currently and another feature of this region is that the IDPs have been there for more than 5 years since 2018 I think and there are also in addition to IDPs over 300,000 refugees and asylum seekers in the region so this is the context that we operate so I'm not going to go deep into this part but in Ethiopia land basically is owned by the government it is not allowed to the government holds the land on behalf of the people and land can not be sold you have the right to lease the land, transfer the land through in Arizona donation this is what the law say but if you go into practice especially in Somali region the clients in the region effectively control the land even if they are not staying in the land they still own the right to housing, communal grazing and dispute resolution in fact basically similar to what the previous presenter mentioned in terms of the difference between land law and what is actually happening on the ground so any kind of humanitarian intervention required the involvement of the chiefs so this is the general background of Ethiopia so I'll go to the key findings of the HLEP assessment so the major gaps the assessment discovered in the two regions are basically lack of or loss of documentation HLEP documentation, destruction of house and property secondary occupation, informality of tenor agreements, fraudulent HLEP transaction lack of functional dispute resolution mechanism so I'll go through this quickly the first one lack of documentation is probably the most common HLEP issue that as a legacy we face in this country whether it is integrated or in some other region people from the very start do not have HLEP documents land rights documents or any kind of documents but the conflict and the displacement experience have further escalated the problem in the sense that for example in the two regions almost half the population similar in both regions almost half the population stated that they don't have any kind of documents and if there is any effort to return this displaced population to their origin it's going to be very difficult because proofing of ownership is going to be an issue in the future similarly those to community also for cases the same issue this will for any kind of durable solution that we are planning the other HLEP issue which is common in both regions is destruction of housing property the amount of damage might be different in that region in addition to private property also public property were damaged throughout the conflict public schools culture and in religious properties were diluted or damaged by armored groups which is a huge challenge but in addition to that almost all almost 89% of the respondents in this assessment stated that they have lost private property because of the displacement experience when they moved from western Tigray to central Tigray the situation is almost similar in Somali region of the assessment destruction of housing properties un issue and another main issue that we observe is secondary occupation of their lands so the IDPs that were interviewed and the researchers that interviewed stated that their house have been confiscated and new occupants have moved in in most of their recent locations the main perpetrators or where armored groups from another ethnic group Ethiopia is basically currently under ethnic tension there is continuous ethnic violence happening and the main source of the ethnic violence is obviously land and access to land because of that new armored groups or new communities will move into displaced individuals properties similarly that is a common issue that happens in both communities which requires specific implementations the other issue that observed was informality of tenant agreements people even before the contract even before the conflict I mean having a proper contract HLDP contract during transactions was rare and after the conflict it was basically exacerbated and as a result almost only 20% of individuals renting a house in both regions in integrated regions 20% and in Somalia region 60% stated that they don't have formal arranged contracts overall transactions are held by verbal contracts oral contracts with community leaders supervising it and another issue that we observed was fraudulent HLDP transactions in both regions land is illegally sold and naming rights to land is transferred without the involvement of the appropriate government bodies and specifically in relation to the property that belongs to displaced individuals their property, their house their other properties were said to be confiscated and sold in the markets after they were displaced this was largely observed in both regions the other issue and the last issue that the HLDP assessment observed was lack of dispute resolution mechanisms in both regions main individuals indicators that they are currently involved in land disputes nonetheless there is a dispute resolution mechanism they are dissatisfied with the dispute resolution mechanism in the Tigray region the main reason is the destruction of land registry offices in court structures the formal court structures are completely in existence in most part of the region in the Somalia region it is more with awareness about the dispute resolution mechanism that is currently available so dissatisfaction with dispute resolution is the issue that was observed I'll move on considering the sign briefly the major recommendation that was mentioned in the assessment was firstly, humanitarian actors need to be aware of the mass the mass secondary occupation that happened in the country and if there is going to be any kind of HLDP intervention we have to be aware of inadvertently reinforcing this illegal occupation so there has to be a way to enforce that another issue is there has to be a mechanism established because the issue is involve millions of people there has to be an established mass claim mechanism for conflicts related issues in Tigray region specifically because considering the ordinary court structures and the ordinary government structures might not be enough to restitute or provide compensation for what is happening finally of course there has to be more additional research that need assessment that need to be conducted and there has to be more supports from the humanitarian community working on HLDP but in terms of HLDP I can give you as a coordinator that we have mass issues in terms of lack of budget and lack of partners working on HLDP issues so that's basically the assessment if you have any questions thank you thank you Barraket, thank you for that really interesting analysis and to see some of those issues so clearly spelt out there and also the recommendations and the link with the previous presenter talking about mass claims and how we respond to some of these large scale interventions that are needed would anyone have any questions or comments for Barraket and either based on your own experience with Ethiopia or maybe other areas elsewhere asks if the report has been published I don't know if this analysis is out yet it's quite recent isn't it Barraket so I imagine it's still being yes it's being will share with you once it is finalised thank you it's got a handle Ludmilla, yes it's over to you thank you just one quick question I would like to know how far are the political conditions for land restitution for the Tigray region in Ethiopia are these conditions there they can be built how is it going ok should I yes please alright so the conditions are a bit tricky as you understand there are two parts western Tigray which basically is currently occupied by another region military force from another region and military force from another country it is basically untouchable and it's very politically sensitive so I would assume that it will require huge political efforts to restitute people to western Tigray but the displacement also happens within central and eastern Tigray within the communities of especially in the border areas where there was conflict and that's where HADP issues we are observing more HADP issues so over 700,000 individuals return to their community these communities are within those border areas where there is currently conflict so it depends on western Tigray I would assume it will require more political will and loss of negotiation but our work is mostly within the community itself thank you thanks Baraket, thanks Lumela ok well in the interest of time we will leave it there but thank you Baraket we can come back to that I know when the report is developed further we have looked at but thanks for joining us and for sharing that and we'll follow up for sure thank you I'm going to pass over now to Ebera Lopez who's the global shelter cluster HLP focal point and is going to provide us an update on some of the activities that he's working on related to HLP Ebera, over to you alright thanks Jim hi everyone, good to see you all here let me go very quickly through the updates there are a few of them I'm just going to give you the most exciting ones so stay tuned the first one is the two kits the shelter and HLP two kits the first draft is done we are just working to put it online so that we will do the consultation for these two kits on a digital platform we think that it's going to work better for feedback than just sending the documents around so the two kits are going to be on our website we're going to share the link soon then the land rights and due diligence guidelines the one that exists the shelter one that exists from 2013 we're updating it and that's going to be put for consultation on the next quarter as well for the e-course on HLP and displacements that you're probably familiar with we have four modules now and we are finishing the fifth module it's an online training it's an interactive video form Jim's going to hopefully paste the link to the first four modules in the chat good quick the fifth one is going to be integrated within the series of modules the fifth one is focused on climate change mitigation and action related to HLP we are also going to translate all of these modules because now they are only in English and it's a bit technically complicated to do language versions because of the way that they have been produced as interactive video but it's possible it's just expensive and take some time but we already have mobilized funds for a version in Arabic in Somali in French and then if any of you want to contribute to a new language then get in touch with me and then we can put you in the package to do it in Spanish or in Portuguese or whatever language is relevant to the area where you work and then the last one is that this year we're going to work on integrating HLP into the curriculum of the shelter clusters coordinators training it's the training that the shelter clusters coordinators do every year and there's no HLP component at the moment we're going to integrate that into that training and at last but not least we are going to prepare this year a curriculum for shelter practitioners on HLP so something that can be adapted to the different regions with yeah but this is a project that will be for the second semester and and that's it I have another update about the conferences so I don't know if you spoke about this yet Julie mentioned the Puerto Rico and the DC HLP in crisis but feel free and the World Bank I mentioned it very briefly but please go for it okay good so yeah that's the World Bank conference again this year they're back and we have a HLP slots on it in breto b presenting and some of us as well we have four hours so if you can join please join and that's it from myself excellent four hours of Iberia what could be better right thank you for that great update and yeah Joseph you want to add something to that maybe yeah I just shared link earlier registration for the World Bank is open I think it's 250 dollars but if you want to join register for the World Bank conference that is now publicly open on this site there's a link here up in the chat great thanks and part of the session that's being developed on HLP is looking at those links between HLP and you know more kind of typically development durable solutions nexus and how we make those links better and look at it through different angles so it should be very interesting time and we have quite a big chunk of time to be able to work on things together as well so it should be great thanks very much for that update lots of interesting things happening that we'll make sure we kind of keep coordinated on and really good to hear that HLP will be included in the shelter cluster coordinator training that's really exciting and really super pleased to hear that so brilliant thank you okay so we have about 10 minutes nearly left and want to open it up to some updates from colleagues online I know as a couple of colleagues who I believe will want to share something Emily Benner joins us to give us a brief update on some works she's engaged with on HLP briefing notes I believe please Emily over to you if you'd like to just introduce yourself and briefly outline the program thank you Thanks Jim can you hear me okay Yes we hear you well Hi everyone like Jim mentioned my name is Emily Benner I'm a graduate student at American University and I'm working with a group of other students on some briefing papers as Jim mentioned our focus is primarily in trying to understand and demystify various lantanier frameworks and arrangements understanding the relationships between IDPs and various actors that you all are very familiar with and right now we're focusing in on four different countries Nigeria Somalia, Ethiopia and Mozambique so we want these briefing papers to be very useful to all of the practitioners and you all included so if there is any of you your staff or anyone interested in speaking with us more about it sharing any of your expertise we would be very happy to talk to you and make sure that what we're putting together is both comprehensive understandable and useful to folks in the field and practitioners stepping into these contexts I'm happy to say a little bit more but I know we're short on time so I'll drop my contact information in the chat and then hopefully Jim and I can work on sending something out following up with a little bit more information but thank you so much and it's really interesting to hear all the conversation today Thanks Emily, thank you and as Emily says that's part of trying to give people context and understanding in an accessible way on HLP issues which of course we're all trying to work on but yes and one of the things we'll at least be doing as they're drafted is sharing them for review with some of our colleagues in the operations as well so thanks Emily for joining us and we'll share some more information on those going through my list I see Ramona please come in Thank you Jim and thanks Emily for the update on that I for sure am looking forward to sharing the briefing notes I thought I'd mention NRC also has a report out that focuses on doing exactly this demystifying the concept of tenure security especially to humanitarian practitioners so that we can jointly reflect and better program keeping this in mind I wanted to share a brief update related to HLP NRC Sudan has just has recently published a report on HLP in Sudan and looking at analyzing HLP considerations across all phases of the of the crisis so from emergency until recovery of course touching upon peace building as well as climate aspects and basically ringing the bell of why is that it is paramount to properly and early on would start considering HLP in order to pave the way to not just making sure we ensure compliance with do no harm also building up to early recovery and creating a climate conducive to durable solutions or conversely if that is not done to just hinder and well create drivers, further drivers for conflict so wanted to share that I will drop in the chat box the link to access the publication and I to hope you will read it with interest I also wanted to let colleagues know that we will be organizing the webinar to launch the report next week tentative date for this to be very soon confirmed is next week 11 of March 10 am Sudan time we will make sure to request to circulate the invite to the webinar once we finalize with the setup and I do hope to have you all there and engage with us on this topic yes I also wanted to share some updates related to the as a co-chair of the HLP working group in Sudan is that we've been working closely with my colleague to put the final touches and be able to very soon call for our first meeting as HLP working group because we have been putting a lot of effort to reviving it so yeah we do hope to be able to do so by end of March and we will also keep you posted in case that is something of interest to the wider group well I don't know if you want anything to add on this thank you Jim thank you Ramona Wala yes please do if you and I wanted to otherwise it's okay okay we'll leave that for now Clementine I see you're next over to you merci Jim je vais aller en français donc je vais solliciter la pluie de Trésor ou la traduction si possible ben pour le update du Niger après l'analyse de la situation des sites au Niger on s'est rendu compte que près de 70% de personnes étaient installées sur les sites sans aucune autorisation également après une présentation de ltb avec les collègues de rrm on s'est rendu compte que ceux-ci ne prenaient pas en compte les questions de ltb dès la phase de rrm de la réponse humanitaine donc suite à cela avec la pluie du cluster abri ici porté par OEM au Niger on conduit les sessions de formation dans déjà deux régions ça va se faire sur les tendus du territoire on l'a déjà fait à Maradi et à Difa et sur le terrain on a pu se rendre compte de l'impart de la non prise en compte des problèmes de ltb par les acteurs humanitaires dans toutes les réponses y compris on s'est rendu compte également que la majorité des autorités n'avaient pas connaissance des textes en matière de fonciers qui sont adoptés au niveau national il y a vraiment un manque de connaissance de tous les acteurs si c'est question là et on a formulé pas mal de recommandations que je pourrais partager mais la première recommandation qui a été véritablement prise en compte c'est de développer les outils de sensibilisation que nous allons adresser à tous les acteurs humanitaires et même aux autorités donc de ce fait NSC avait la pluie du secretariat permanent dans la partie gouvernementale on a eu cinq jours d'atelier nous avons développé les outils de sensibilisation et actuellement nous sommes en salle avec les différents clusters notamment le cluster abri, le cluster sécurité alimentaire et les autres AOR de la protection pour pouvoir valider ces outils qui ne seront pas la suite ventilé et traduire un outil de communication que les acteurs pourront utiliser dans leurs activités donc voilà un peu le update pour le Niger, merci merci Clementine apprécié Trésor Would you like to share that or you've put in the chat update from Clementine thank you very much Clementine for that ok we're nearly at time I wanted to also I said about sharing resources so I wanted to share some resources on Breton would you like to share from your side I think the Arab land initiative had some resources that might be relevant for colleagues here and if other people would like to put things in the chat please do I'm just going to put some things in the chat that might be of interest for you but over to you on Breton yeah just briefly thanks Jim and thanks also for sharing colleagues the other resources we are also creating country pages starting with the Arab region which includes all useful resources and reports related to HLP but land a bit more in general and we are at the same time releasing some of the most recent publication we just published this one that I put in the chat which is called land governance and land rights in Palestine which is a kind of a long reports that took the different components of the land administration sector the land rights on one side but also the land use the land valuation and costing the dispute resolution the land use dynamics and the related the relevant legislation and institutional arrangements that are there so this is obviously you know it's quite comprehensive but at the same time you know it can constitute a good baseline tool to actually even look at you know how what can be done and what needs to be done on the shorter terms in Gaza but as well in the West Bank and I just want to say also in the same page where this report is present there are also a lot of other resources including produced by partners like NRC and others that are looking at specific aspects of HLP in the country we'll be sharing this and other you know through the HLP mailing list and also we'll make the links in the HLP AOR webpage so that we start building a little bit the knowledge you know from all side of the humanitarian development nexus feel free to reach out if you need more information Thank you over to you Jim Thanks on Bretter and I added some other resources into the chat as well that were some of which are recent but hopefully of interest and please again just if you have things to share please do share them we have our global updates which go out every quarter so like the newsletter essentially where we can share news of events, resources and reports products anything you would like to share there we can potentially do that there so please do share them and if you had anything to add here you're very welcome okay so we've reached time thank you for a very very interesting call I found that fascinating thank you to our presenters on Myanmar and on Ethiopia thank you for joining us on that thank you for your update and for other colleagues who have shared and treasure for your support translation, very much appreciated on Bretter over to you for our final wisdom it's going to become a regular feature thank you Jim it was a great meeting and thanks to all of you for participating have a good afternoon and evening bye yes and if you want to do cameras on to wave goodbye that's always fun at least it's nice I like it I can't even put my camera on but imagine my face waving at you all thank you thanks thanks to see you all thanks a lot thank you bye bye


This research focused on developing a new type of electromagnetic absorber composed of Fe and TiO2 nanoparticles sandwiched between two dimensional carbon nanosheets. The resulting material was able to absorb electromagnetic waves over a wide range of frequencies while maintaining low reflection losses. This could be used to reduce electromagnetic interference in electronic devices or other applications where electromagnetic shielding is needed. This article was authored by Bai WenDeng, Jin Xiang, Wan Xiong, and others.


Hello. Good morning all. The topic of my presentation is called action. OER policy status in Nigeria. It is presented by Al-Qasim Hamisa-Abdu, coordinator of branch libraries in the seat in the Yusuf-Maitama University, Kano, Nigeria. So the background of this presentation is in the fact that OER is very important to the educational system of Nigeria, due to the fact that the educational system is constrained by lack of resources. And on the other hand, the system or the country cannot afford to import quality resources from abroad, possibly from Europe or from North America. And in addition to that, the capacity of the country in terms of infrastructure cannot allow it to produce quality resources locally. Why? Because the publishing sector in the country is so rudimentary. This is why OER are very important to the educational system and it can be used to mitigate the problem of lack of resources in the educational system, which limits access to education and also affects the quality of teaching and learning in the country. Perhaps these may be the reason why the Commonwealth of Learning has been engaging Nigeria or the National University Commission in particular for the development of OER in the country. The engagement culminated in 2017 into a draft policy, draft OER policy for the Nigerian higher education. So this work will try to trace the development of that policy and we will try to understand the standard or the status of the policy presently, where it is. What is a level of penetration and implementation of the policy in the educational system. With this, the audience will be able to understand the situation of OER in the Nigerian educational system and also the audience will be able to identify the area for collaboration and partnership with Nigeria so as to have a well-rounded development of OER in the world. The research store the analyzed data, it is a content analysis of document from Nigerian National University Commission and also another document from TED Fund. TED Fund and the National University Commission are very important in the Nigerian higher education. The National University Commission is responsible for monitoring and ensuring quality control within the of universities in the country and on the other hand, TED Fund is an agency created in order to fund or to finance among other things. Development of resources in the Nigerian higher educational sector so document from this institute from these agencies where analyze in order to understand or in order to have evidence of OER development in the country. So let us try to trace the development of the policy of the OER policy in the country. Beginning with the 2017 so we can say engagement or efforts to introduce OER into Nigerian educational system begun in 2017. When the policy makers in the Nigerian higher education attended a symposium on OER in the Republic of Mauritius. Immediately when they came back, the Nigerian National University Commission formed a committee, a high power committee to advise the agency on the development of OER policy in the country and immediately after forming the committee, the committee swung into action and came up with the draft policy for the Nigerian draft. OER policy for the Nigerian higher education, the policy was presented during the second world OER Congress in Slovenia, and it was praised very much. Then in 2018, there was stakeholders meeting to endorse to look at the policy and endorse the policy for implementation in the Nigerian higher education. The NUC, Nigerian National University Commission organized the meeting where vice chancellor and university librarians were invited to brainstorm and endorse the OER policy for implementation in the higher education of Nigeria. And within that year also a ranking, a system of ranking was introduced by the NUC where OER creation was considered for that ranking, so as to motivate and encourage universities to start engaging with the OER. That ranking was very instrumental in motivating Nigerian universities to start working for development of OER in the universities and also in 2018, the National Council for Education, which is the highest decision making body in the Nigerian education sector, met noted brainstorm and endorse the OER draft policy for implementation in the Nigerian education sector. Coming down to 2019, the National OER material development workshop was organized by also NUC where the decision makers from Nigerian universities and other higher education institutions were invited also to learn how to develop OER materials and take it back to their institutions. 2020 as we all know was overwhelmed by coronavirus pandemic, so we couldn't see anything very important to the development of OER in Nigeria on that year and also in the following year until in the year 2022 where the NUC also organized another workshop meeting which they titled meeting for mainstreaming OER in education institution. It is also high profile meeting also visis librarians and other key stakeholders in the educational system of Nigeria were invited to also brainstorm and try to find the way to mainstream OER into the higher education institution of Nigeria. And that meeting was attended was well attended and during the meeting it was reported about 153 Nigerian universities had already produced of OER. And it was expected during the meeting a repository which will be called Nigerian university system open educational resource repository was to commission. So this was what happened during the year 2022. So when all these engagement were from the national universities commission and you see on the part of tech fund which is a which is the major fund for resource development in the Nigerian higher education. We try to see if they have OER policy by studying a policy document which they produce and title guidelines for book development in book development in the Nigerian higher education. But analyzing and studying that document indicates that tech fund up to now have no any policy or program to support OER in the country. Although they support book resource development in the educational system which they at the end share it free of charge tonight Nigerian higher institutions that they have no any policy or there is no any spells out statement about the intellectual profite of the book. There was there was nothing like producing the books under CC under creative formal lessons that will make it OER at least so the books they produce the they produce it on the traditional copyright arrangement, although they share it free of charge to Nigerian higher education. So actually, this is a major area of concern. Tech fund as the fund as the funder for resource development by now they supposed to have an emulate from NUC how to develop OER policy or at least they should have an idea of supporting OER for the Nigerian higher education. So, our overall observations include the following and you see actually realize the importance of OER in the Nigerian higher education in earnest. They started work about it in earnest as far back as 20s 2016 17 they were working they were trying to see that OER is being mainstream in the educational system of Nigeria. But engagement with OER in Nigeria, even within even that that NUC engagement in most cases it stops at top of the hierarchy in most cases, the vice chancellors and university librarians were the ones who were invited to workshop or meeting about OER. There is very little or there is no evidence of OER activities at the bottom of the system. You hardly hear a conference about OER or related to OER. There are very few researches and scholarship at the bottom about OER. So the OER activities in the Nigerian higher education and in the country in general, it is up to now a high level engagement, which up to now is not is not coming down to the bottom of the system. As a result of that high level engagement by with with OER by NUC, you will see OER top in almost all the websites of the Nigerian education of the Nigerian universities. That option now where it is not clear if the Nigerian university system of a system of when educational resources repository is commission, it is not clear because the repository is not is not yet visible even on the website of the NUC. It is high time now to make sure to see that the repository is visible, it can be accessed from everywhere in the world. It is also observed that there is no synergy between institutions in Nigeria. More especially, there should be a synergy between NUC and TET fund in the development of OER that it appears there is no synergy between NUC as a regulatory agency and TET fund, which is a funding agency. So there should be there should be there should be a synergy between this agency for us to have a well rounded development of OER in the country. And finally ratification or final approval of the draft OER policy is not is not yet achieved up to now it is not clear there is no evidence that the Nigerian National Executive Council have there is no evidence if they have approved it at the final stage. So these are our observations. So what's the way forward? Actually, whether we like it or not, we believe that OER is very important to the educational system of Nigeria. So we shall try to propose. So here we are trying to propose some way forward for us to make sure that women's to train OER in the educational system of the country. One, there is need for the National Executive Council, which is the highest decision making body in the country to ratify the draft policy for the overall implementation of the OER policy in the country. With their ratification and the final approval OER policy will have will be will be so strong and implementation will be much easier with this political will. So, secondly, take one as the major founder of Niger of higher education in Nigeria meets to recognize and develop OER policy. They found development of resources in Nigeria and in most cases, they share the resources they developed free of charge. They found the finance production and finally share the hard copies or print copies freely to the Nigerian educational institutions. If they can share print copies freely, it will be more easier for them to make it digital so that everybody from anywhere in the world can be able to get the knowledge contained in the resources. And it will be much easier to cycle it all look and cranny of the country rather than if they make it a sprint resources, it will take time to reach all look and crannies of the country. And it will at times remain on news on the library's shelves. So it will be better if the telephone will realize the importance of making it OER to make it digital OER so that it can reach everywhere easily. It can even transcend the Nigerian boundaries and it will make it easier for other researchers for other scholars to remix it or repurpose the resource for higher for additional benefit. It is also our hope that there should be engagement with the OER in the bottom of the Nigerian educational system. It is good if the universities at their all level will start developing programs OER programs like conferences, like workshops, like awareness campaign. And it is also high time to start seeing publications and even journal titles about OER development in Nigeria. This is what this will boost the awareness of the practitioners and scholars about OER and it will boost the rate at which OER are used in the educational system of their country. It is also, it is also our hope that the partners development, development partners like Commonwealth of London, like UNESCO, and even William and Flora Hewlett. There is need for this institution to come into OER support in Nigeria, more especially by tradition OER development has been relying on support from development partners, more especially the work of William and Flora Hewlett is very well visible even in the United States. They support development of OER programs and resources. And even from the beginning OER were on support from donor agencies and other development partners. So it is our hope that we will start seeing such kind of such kind of effort and support from donor agencies from development partners locally and from abroad. This will, this will speed up the OER activities and OER development in the country. But government has a lot to do also, more especially as Nigerian educational system is being highly controlled centrally. There are agencies responsible for controlling all sectors of education in Nigeria. If this institution will have political and administrative will to support OER development, it will be also better for the country. So this is my presentation and I thank you for your time to listen to this presentation and it is my hope that the audience will, the audience appreciates the status of OER at least in the Nigerian higher education because in Nigeria, the OER activities are still restricted to the higher education sector or more specifically to the university system. So if this is the level of OER development in the university system, in the Nigerian university system, you will imagine, you can imagine what the OER or where you can find OER in other educational sectors like in the primary and secondary school sector and in other educational sectors. So it is my hope that the audience will try to look for how to partner with Nigeria in the development of OER, more especially in order to have a well rounded global OER development. Because without Nigeria in the map, we have a very dark spot on the map without Nigeria. So this is my take and I thank you all for your time. Thank you.


OK, the old furnace runs at about 68% efficiency in this problem. This is 5.6. And the old furnace runs at an efficiency of E equal to 0.68. And we have the actual cost per unit price or unit fuel, which is $1.02 per gallon. And we also know the calorific value or heating value in millions of BTUs. When you burn one gallon of oil, we get 0.13 million BTUs. So we apply the same formula to get the actual cost, which is cost per unit fuel, which is $1.02 per gallon divided by the heating value, which is 0.13 million BTUs per gallon. We have to have the same units here. And times the efficiency here. Efficiency is 0.68 gallons, and gallons are canceled. And we get this one as $11.50 per million BTUs.


This study found that many mobile health applications, mHealth apps, for diabetes management have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, FDA, however few have been evaluated for both efficacy and safety. Additionally, two mHealth apps were recalled due to programming errors which could lead to incorrect dosage recommendations. As such, it is important to ensure that mHealth apps are properly regulated and tested for both efficacy and safety before being released to the public. This article was authored by Avantika Patak, Susan Bain, and Inju Pasafaisi.


Hello, I am Dr. Bhaskarshan A. Head of the Department of Pediatrics and Chief of Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases at Manipal Hospital, Bangalore. It all depends on the individual thing. On an average it takes at least a week to start working and sometimes little longer and each individual vaccine is different at the age time at which it starts working.