So I'm the spine surgeon for the Steadman Clinic and Vale. I also am a chiropractor from years ago and I still maintain my license. I maintain only a practice of spinal problems, neck, mid-back and lower back. I don't do any other orthopedics. I've been doing that now for about 30 years. We deal with injuries and with degenerative changes and with failures of ligaments and tendons and bones and muscles in the spine. Well, in general day-to-day practice, the spine doesn't go through enough major forces to create significant injury in one or two maneuvers. But when you become athletic and you put the spine through greater amounts of stress, a single motion can create an injury, typically to a bone in the spine, something called the par's interarticularis is pretty common, or to a joint, something called the facet in the back of the spine. And more commonly, an injury can occur to the disc, which is the front part of the cushion of the spine. It's education, training and certain activity avoidance. So the spine, unfortunately, is in very poor mechanical alignment when you BLT and that's bend, load, twist. Those three maneuvers at the same time put so much stress on the disc that that is the typical position you'll get into when you tear a portion of the back of the disc. And that's quite common. We see that 10 times a day in the office. So how do you prevent that? Well, if you reduce one of the three letters, BLT, if you bend and twist but don't load or bend and load but don't twist, then you reduce the amount of stress on the disc and the chance of injury is lessened. The other thing that you can do is train. So if you have core strength, if your abdominal muscles can really create increased intra-abdominal pressure, that makes the spine stiffer and less likely to injure. Of course, you know, the prototypical picture is the guy with a six-pack abdomen and he's probably going to have great core strength. But if you have enough muscle strength to create increased abdominal pressure, which everybody should have, and then maintain that pressure during the cycle of the activity that you're doing, people will talk about engaging the core. And engaging the core is really tightening the abdominal muscles to increase the intra-abdominal pressure that stiffens the spine, lessens the load on the spine, and reduces spine injuries. The question is how long can you maintain that pressure before you eventually have to give?  I have some doubts about the current young population and injury prevention because they're becoming more extreme in their sports, flinging themselves off cliffs when they're snowboarding, taking mountain bike impacts that are greater than the normal load they should, even barefoot water skiing, things of that nature. You're putting more stress on the spine, so I'm worried about more injury. And I think if we can educate these athletes to have better core strength and to pick more wisely the impacts that they take, they'll be less injuries. Well, we want to try and, number one, prevent the injuries from occurring. And if they occur, get these patients back as quickly as we can and back to full function. So we've always had that focus and not only is the focus in clinical treatment but also in research so we can understand how better to take care of these injuries and how to prevent them. That's the whole purpose of the Research Institute. Well, we see a lot of athletes that are Olympic and professional athletes. And these athletes have significant injuries and we want to get them back to their sport to be able to participate at an Olympic level or a professional level back to where they were before, even hopefully better than they were before. So that's our goal, to be able to do the research, to understand how to do the right care, to be able to prevent and to be able to treat them and get them back to the high level they were at. Our goals are not to try and prevent a problem from getting worse but to try and improve the problem so that the patient, whether they're a bowler or they want to work in their garden or whether they shoe horses to get them back to doing that activity. So the experience with treating world-class athletes trickles down to every single patient we see to be able to get them back to what they want to do.


In this module, we would be trying to understand the application of Mudarabha in Islamic deposits or Islamic investment accounts. Normally we do not call Mudarabha based accounts as deposits, hence the better term is Islamic investment accounts. So Mudarabha based Islamic investment accounts, they are actually a central product in the context of Islamic banking on what we call liability side and we would look into it in some details. Profit sharing investment accounts, hankya. So profit sharing investment accounts, they are based on the concept of Mudarabha and the use of Mudarabha as a mode of financing. Okay, it may financing hoti nahi hai, lekin as a mode of finance Mudarabha use ho rahat. So there are two types of profit sharing investment accounts used by Islamic banks around the world, un mese ek hai, restricted profit sharing investment account aur dosta hai, unrestricted profit sharing investment account. In case of restricted profit sharing investment account, the bank restricts itself to certain activities in which it invests the money coming from profit sharing investment account. In case of unrestricted profit sharing investment accounts, the bank doesn't specify any activity, rather it has the liberty of using the money collected through profit sharing investment accounts into any legitimate activity which the bank is allowed to undertake. So there are two types of profit sharing investment accounts, restricted and unrestricted. How restricted profit sharing investment accounts work? First thing, the bank offers the profit sharing investment accounts to general public. Jab aap kisi bank mein jaate hai, tumah likha hota hai ki jiham profit sharing investment accounts offer karte hai. Aap bank ki website pe jayenge udhar bhi likha hoega. So that is actually deemed as offer of profit sharing investment accounts. Ab ye jo profit sharing investment accounts hote hai, inke terms and conditions are very well known. They are made available to the general public. Koi bhi offer terms and conditions ke baghair uski koi hasiyat nahi. So the bank makes the terms and conditions of profit sharing investment accounts known to the general public, either by way of putting those ENCs on their website or displaying in branches or giving the pamphlets and brochures to the people who would like to open a profit sharing investment account. So with the offer, the terms and conditions must be made available to the prospective profit sharing investment account holders. Now once the general public is made aware of the terms and conditions and they decide to open an account, then of course an account is opened and they agree to certain other terms and conditions as well. In case of restricted profit sharing investment accounts, the bank makes it available for the profit sharing investment account holders to know that where their money would be going to. For example, the bank can always say that the money thus collected in the form of profit sharing investment accounts would be used in car financing by the bank. If that is the case then the bank would not be allowed to use the money thus collected in any other banking activity. Which is not guaranteed. Remember in case of modarwa, we said that the capital cannot be secured and the return cannot be guaranteed. In this case, when the bank is offering modarwa-based profit sharing investment accounts, the bank only indicates that we may be able to generate a return of 10 percent, 12 percent, this is not guaranteed it is only indicative. So, this is very important an indicative rate of return. After understanding the terms and after having been satisfied with the terms and conditions, the profit sharing investment account holders, they open the account. The money from the profit sharing investment accounts is then pooled in what is called a modarwa pool and the money from modarwa pool is then used for financing of a specific activity as I said it could be car financing. We would look into distribution of profit in case of profit sharing investment accounts in our next segment. Once the activity in which the money from modarwa pool has been invested generate some profit that profit is distributed amongst the profit sharing investment account holders according to the pre-agreed profit distribution ratio and of course on a pro-rata basis. In certain cases the modarwa pool may have contribution from the shareholders of the bank i.e. the money may come into modarwa pool from shareholders equity in which case the shareholders of the bank would also be receiving their respective share in the profit generated by the investment activity financed by the modarwa pool. Let us exemplify this thing with the help of some numerics. In this example, we are showing one individual account holder who puts only one dollar into his profit sharing investment account. The total money shown in the modarwa pool is one million which means that a number of profit sharing investment account holders have actually put the money into this modarwa pool. This money which is shown here that is actually the money contributed by the shareholders of the bank. So this money has come from shareholders equity. So one million is the total size of the modarwa pool which is used for example in car financing. So all that one million is extended to those people who were looking for financing of cars. And if this activity generates profit of 250,000, so this modarwa pool actually then generates a return of 25%. So this is the return generated by the modarwa pool's investments. Let us see what happens next.  The profit distribution ratio between the bank management and the holders of profit sharing investment account holders is 50%. So which means this gross profit of 250,000 would be divided between the bank, 125,000 going to the bank and 125,000 would be distributed amongst the profit sharing investment account holders. Now the indicative rate of return was 10%. However, profit sharing investment account holders they get a return or they face a return of 13.88% which is more than the indicative rate of return. So the bank would actually be putting only 90,000 in the form of a distributable profit and the remaining 35,000 that would go into an excess pool. This would make sure that this one person who put $1 into his profit sharing investment account would get 10% return which is equal to the indicative rate of return. Now next time if the profit generated by the modarwa pool's investments was only 150,000. In this case bank share would be 75,000. Profit sharing investment account holders share would be 75,000 which is a rate of return of 8.33% which is less than the indicative rate of return of 10%. In this case the bank would get 15,000 from the excess pool. 75,000 has been generated in the form of profit this time anyway. This would make this amount 90,000 which would be distributed amongst the profit sharing investment account holders which is actually the 10% rate of return equal to the indicative rate of return as displayed by the bank in the public domain. Now there are different practices of profit sharing investment accounts. In certain countries unrestricted profit sharing investment accounts as well as restricted profit sharing investment accounts are offered by the banks. There are no restrictions on the banks. In certain countries only restricted profit sharing investment accounts can be offered by the bank. So depending on which jurisdiction an Islamic bank is operating they would offer either a restricted profit sharing investment account or an unrestricted profit sharing investment account. But whatever be the choice one thing is for sure that these accounts would be based on the concept of Mudaraba. So this is one application of the concept of Mudaraba in the context of Islamic banking.


Do you ever jump on LinkedIn and wonder, what on earth am I doing here? And now that I'm here, what am I going to do? Well, my friend, you're not alone. I used to ask myself that all the time. And while I'm more intentional now about my time on LinkedIn, it took me a while to find my why. As in, why should I be spending my time on LinkedIn?  Stick around. Hi, it's Leanne. And LinkedIn is my social jam. But it wasn't always that way. When I first started on LinkedIn, it was more of an online resume. And since I wasn't looking for a job, I wasn't really sure what I was supposed to do once I got into the platform. Now, the platform has changed a lot over the years. But what has also changed is the way I view LinkedIn as a sales and marketing tool. So today, I'm outlining some of the reasons why you should spend more time on LinkedIn. But before we dive in, don't forget to subscribe to my YouTube channel and click on that little bell to be notified of new content. I post content each week about personal branding and LinkedIn. And I don't want you to miss out on the tips that will help you grow your brand week over week. And stick around to the end of the video.  So stick around for that one. And so without further ado, let me show you seven compelling reasons why you as a sales professional should be spending some time on LinkedIn to grow your personal brand. Reason number one, you can find decision makers. As the world's largest business to business, social media platform, potential clients and decision makers are on the platform on the daily. So using LinkedIn to find these individuals, create a connection and start to engage with them is probably one of the biggest reasons that you should be using LinkedIn. Reason number two, you can learn about your ideal client and community. LinkedIn is a treasure trove of information as other people share in discussions and post interesting topics on the home feed. These are your clients and you can learn a lot about what they're talking about, what their challenges are, even what their successes are and then you're able to speak their language and bring them into your world through some inbound marketing. I did do a post about inbound marketing not too long ago, you can find a link to that video right up here. Reason number three, you can showcase your abilities for job opportunities. LinkedIn is still an incredible place to find opportunities and where recruiters are hanging out to find people like you.  Reason number four, showcase yourself as an industry thought leader. This is a huge one if you're not only working on your personal brand, but you wanna create incredible relationships with your clients that will feed into referrals. So consider writing some posts on LinkedIn, contributing to discussions or even writing a LinkedIn article to start showcasing your abilities as an industry thought leader. Reason number five, you can attract other branding opportunities. So similar to four, as you start to position yourself as a thought leader, once you engage in the platform, people will see your activity and see that you are contributing in a positive and healthy manner. This is going to lead like opportunities in the volunteer sector or perhaps even speaking opportunities, interviews on podcasts or video series, et cetera. Reason number six, you can learn new skills. Not only does LinkedIn have its own learning library, but of course you're going to be learning from your colleagues, your connections and even other individuals on LinkedIn whose posts have been engaged on by your connections and followers. It's a treasure trove of information and a great place to hang out for some professional development. Reason number seven, you rank higher in Google. As you engage in the platform and have a complete profile, your profile will drift up in the search results when someone Googles your name. If you have a common name, this is incredibly important to gain eyes on what it is that you're doing. In addition, this is the way that you control the messaging that's out there on the worldwide web about you.  The number one reason you should be hanging out on LinkedIn is because your competitors are there as well. They're talking to your clients. They're talking to your prospects. They're making a name for themselves. So I encourage you to spend some time on LinkedIn, make a name for yourself, position yourself as an industry thought leader and start to attract your ideal community. Do you plan on spending more time on LinkedIn in the upcoming year? I would love to hear what you would like to do with your LinkedIn presence. Please make some comments below this video. And if you'd like an introduction to growing your network, I'm hosting a LinkedIn challenge, five days to 50 connections. You can learn more about the challenge and sign up at liankulderwood.com forward slash challenge. For more LinkedIn inspiration and tips, check out my LinkedIn video library here or check out the blog posts over at liankulderwood.com. I look forward to hearing about your LinkedIn journey, my friend. Please stay in touch and we will see you next time. Bye for now.


In this lecture we will integral form of the conservation of linear momentum. To do that we will start with the Reynolds transport theorem general expression which is valid for any conservation. Now if we want to conserve the linear momentum then what should be this n? N is the mass into the velocity that is the linear momentum. So we can write the left hand side as ddT of mv of the system okay. So when we write ddT of mv for the system by Newton's second law of motion this is the resultant force which is acting on the system. We have to keep in mind that we have derived this expression with a limit as delta t tends to 0. In the limit as delta t tends to 0 system tends to the control volume that we have to keep in mind and therefore in that limit this also tends to the resultant force acting on the control volume. So the left hand side essentially becomes the resultant force which is acting on the control volume and the right hand side we can express by writing what is small n? Small n is capital N per unit mass. So this is V and this is also V. Very important observation this V in a reference frame which is stationary. We have considered a stationary reference frame here. We will see later on that it is not necessary to have a stationary reference frame. We may have a moving reference frame not only that a reference frame moving arbitrarily with arbitrary rotation as well. So a non-inertial reference frame what happens to the statement of the Reynolds transport theorem in a non-inertial reference frame that we will also see. But here we are considering inertial and a special case of inertial which is stationary. So here this V is the absolute velocity but even in this particular term we are not trying to disturb this particular term because this particular term is going to be always this irrespective of the control volume moving or stationary or whatever because this is something which is giving rise to a net flow of mass across the control surface and that depends only on the relative velocity not the absolute velocity. So here it will be absolute velocity, here it will be relative velocity and that we will keep in mind but when it is a moving reference frame this will also change to relative velocity that we will see. So the statement of the Newton's second law here boils down to like a expression which is the resultant force acting on the control volume and see the power of the Reynolds transport theorem we never committed that n should be a scalar vector or whatever. So we have applied it for a vector and there is no restriction towards that. With this understanding on the form of the conservation of linear momentum for a stationary reference frame let us try to work out a problem. Let us say that you have a water jet which comes out of a tube or maybe a small pipe say there is a plate which is frictionless and oriented inclined to the jet. So this is a plate with a frictionless surface. So what happens to the water? The water extreme stream lines come like that and water leaves across the ends of the plate in this way. We have to find out if the volume flow rate here is q0 and here the volume flow rate is q1 and if the volume flow rate is q2 and let us say that the angle made by the plate with the vertical is theta which is the angle between the plate and the vertical. When we say vertical let us neglect the change in height between various points. So just to simplify the situation let us say that it is like vertical means a vertical line drawn in this plane the entire thing may be located in a horizontal arrangement or even if it is a vertical arrangement the plate height is so small that the change in elevation that the change in potential energy between various points is insignificant as compared to the other forms of energy like the kinetic energy. Now let us say that this area of cross section of this extreme stream line so these are like stream tubes these are called. So if you see that this is not a pipe basically. So this is a free water jet exposed to the atmosphere but the water jet takes a form like a tube. Its outer periphery takes the form of a tube and outer ones are the extreme stream lines. So the figure that is drawn here the lines represent the envelope of all the stream lines. So this is like this is called as a stream tube which engulfs all the stream lines the same is there for the exit ones. So what are the considerations that you now could apply for finding out so what is our objective? The objective is to find out q1 and q2 as a function of q0 and theta that is our objective. To do that one important thing that we should not forget that mass conservation is always applicable and we should try to apply that not that whenever we are trying to apply a momentum conservation mass conservation is insignificant not like that. So no matter whatever conservation we are applying again first identify a control volume. Let us say that this is the boundary or the surface of the control volume that we are looking for. You will see that like whenever we draw the boundary of a control volume or control surface we just draw an arbitrary dotted line which is not coincident with the surface. This is just for the clarity in representation. This is very very symbolic. It is not that if I have drawn it a bit far that means the air here is involved as a part of the control volume. So do not take it literally. Now when this control volume is drawn we are interested to find out write an expression first for the mass balance conservation of mass. Assume that the density of the fluid is a constant. Let us say that the areas of flow here are like here it is a2 and here it is a1. These are the parameters which we do not know because these are not within our direct control. What is in our direct control may be this area because this depends on the ejected jet from the tube or the pipe whatever nozzle but when it comes on the plate and moves this depends on the many other things. So directly we cannot say but one thing we can say is that the mass will be conserved. So if you write the conservation of mass by this time we have got habituated in writing for different cases. So we will not write the full Reynolds transport theorem form. We know which terms are important and which terms are not. Left hand side first term is 0 always because the system has a fixed mass. The second term if you have a control volume which is of a fixed volume and density has a constant that will be 0. So it will be only the rate of mass outflow-inflow. So what is the rate of mass outflow? So that is rho into q1 plus q2 is outflow-q0. So that is the outflow-inflow. So you can straight away write q1 plus q2 is equal to q0. Let us make another assumption that the velocity is uniform over each section. So you can write this as good as a1 v1 plus a2 v2 is equal to a0 v0 or q0 whatever equal to q0. Now there is a relationship between v1, v2 and v0. It is possible to have a relationship between v1, v2 and v0 but before coming into that relationship let us complete the exercise of looking into the linear momentum conservation. What linear momentum conservation gives us? See one very important thing is it is considered to be a frictionless surface. That means there is no shear force between the fluid and the plate in the direction tangential to the plate. So if you write a linear momentum conservation with the components say along x, x is like say tangential to the plate or maybe let us call it s to indicate that it is a tangential to the plate and maybe a direction n which is like normal to the plate but we are bothered about for the tangential to the plate. So tangential to the plate what is the situation? The situation is that there should not be any force on the water which is there in the control volume because it is a frictionless thing. No matter whether it is tangential or normal so let us write this f for the control volume as let us write it in the general vector form. So let us write the conservation of linear momentum f as fs into unit vector along x s plus fn into unit vector along n. This is the resultant force on the control volume. General form with we know that fs is 0 from the physical considerations of a frictionless plate. This is equal to for the first term we are assuming that it is a steady flow velocity is not a function of time. We are assuming a constant density, density is not a function of time and the volume of the control volume is not also a function of time. So all these 3 considerations lead to the fact that this term has to be 0. So when this term is 0 then you come to the second term. So what will be the second term? So for the second term you have so the integral is not important because the velocities are uniform over each areas. So we have to write this for the 3 surfaces 0, 1 and 2 just like that individually. Integral will eventually not have to be evaluated because of the uniformity of the velocity. So let us write this for the section 0. So for the section 0 you see what is v. So maybe let us again make a chart what we did for solving one of our earlier problems just for your convenience to begin with. So we have a section say 0 at which we are interested to find out what is v and what is the normal vector. The normal vector will be insignificant because eventually we are dealing with the flow rates. So if you consider the v to be uniform and rho to be uniform you see rho into v you can take out of the integral. If you take rho into v out of the integral then what remains within the integral is integral of vr.n da. That is what? That is the total volume flow rate over the section that you are considering. So it is as good as rho into velocity vector into the volume flow rate over the section with the proper sign plus or minus. So keeping that in mind we will not write this vector not that it is not existing but it is not important for solving our problem.  We will put too much of effort which is not necessary but the velocity vector is important. So the velocity vector for this one like let us say that we have our original axis like this is x and this is y and the s axis is like this which makes an angle theta with y. Maybe you can also choose a n axis which is normal to that. So what is v for this one? v is say v0 i cap. Maybe instead of writing this normal vector let us write what is vr.n a or more fundamentally integral of vr.n da. So what is there that for the surface 0? So this is see vr and or v and this unit vector they are oriented in the same sense or opposite sense. This is the direction of v. This is the direction of the unit vector of this surface. So this will be what? Minus of q0. Then for the surface one so you are having a flow for the surface one in this direction which is having a velocity of v1. So that may be resolved along x and y. So v1 will have components what? So v1 sin theta i plus v1 cos theta j. What is v.n da here? It is q1 because the flow direction and the unit vector out of the area they are oriented in the same sense. For the surface 2 what is v? Magnitude is v2. So the velocity is like this now. This is v2. So it will have some component along x and some component along y. What is the component along x? Minus v2 sin theta i and minus v2 cos theta j. What is this one? q2. So this is very straight forward but I want to emphasize on this because this is a place where students make mistake many times because by default it is a common thing that the outflow boundary gives rise to a positive flow rate. But the velocity that comes with it it has nothing to do with the flow rate. So that you have to write in proper vector sense. So this term plus or minus has no conflict with the flow rate term that you should keep in mind. Otherwise just by inertia of writing you might write this in a similar sense as we have written this. So let us now substitute that. So if you substitute that let us say that we are interested about writing the expression of the flow rate term. In terms of the tangential and the normal components. Why we want to do that? Because we are interested about equating this tangential force to 0. So that we want to exploit. So in that case these coordinates are not good coordinates for us. This I just wrote for a practice of showing that how to write different terms. But more convenient will be to use the s and the n coordinate. So in terms of the s and n coordinate if you want to write the good thing is the flow rate does not change. It is independent of the coordinate type. But what changes is now the expressions for the velocity vectors that you are looking for. So let us write these expressions now in terms of the s and n vector which will be useful for solving this problem. So in terms of the velocity at section 0. So you have a velocity at section 0 like this you have v0. You have a coordinate s like this and a coordinate perpendicular to that as n and with this one it makes an angle 90 degree-theta. So you can resolve v0 into components along s and n. So typically how the resolution will look like maybe you have this along s this along n. So the resultant is this one. So what will be the component along s? So v0 sin theta-v0 cos theta epsilon n. This is for the surface 0. Then for the surface 1 v1 epsilon s for the surface 2-v2 epsilon s okay. Let us put that here. So if you put that then it will become first we put for the surface 1. So rho into v, v is v1-v1-v1-v1-v1-v1-v1. So v0 sin theta epsilon s-v0 cos theta epsilon n into-q0. Then for the surface 1-rho v1 epsilon s-plus q1. For the next one-rho v2 epsilon s-multiplied. So if you extract the tangential component and keep in mind that because of the frictionless case this is equal to 0. You are left with that. So if you equate the epsilon s components you will get 0 equal to rho-rho v0 q0 sin theta-plus rho q1-v1-v1-v1-v1-v1-v1-v1-v1. So again see the deceiving thing as if this minus sign will is giving inflow but this is a minus but this is outflow. So the origin of the plus and minus has to be clear. It is not because of outflow or inflow the plus or minus that has come as a combination of outflow and the direction of the velocity vector. So rho being a constant you can write like from that equation q1 v1-q2 v2 is equal to q0 v0 sin theta. Now the question is what is the relationship between say v0 v1 and v2. Let us say somehow you could measure both a1 and a2. So somehow you could measure. Now let us try to see that how that measurement could give us a good picture. Let us say you know that what is v0 you are interested to find out what is v1. So what you will be tempted to do? If you know what is v0 your objective is to know what is v1 from that. What intuitively you try to use? Let us consider a streamline that goes from the section 0 to the section 1 because it is a uniform velocity like if you take a point 0 here and a point 1 here. These are representatives of the velocities as good as at section entire section 0 and entire section 1 because it is a uniform velocity at each section that we have assumed. Now if you apply the Bernoulli's equation between any 2 points on the streamline. So let us try to apply that and see that what new information we get. So the first information that we get is first of all let us write it and then the information will be clear. We assume that both 0 and 1 are atmospheric and it is true. It is not an assumption because it is a free jet in the atmosphere. This is also a free liquid film being passed on to the atmosphere. So in both places sections 0 and 1 it is exposed to atmospheric pressure and because the height difference is not that large atmospheric pressure will not change substantially. So these 2 are equal and because the height difference is not appreciable as we assumed earlier. So the g0 and g1 are approximately the same or the difference is negligible. So from this we can conclude that at least in an approximate sense v0 is same as v1 and with a similar consideration you can say that v0 similarly you can say v0 is approximately same as v2. So in this expression where you have v1, v2 and v0 you can cancel that from both sides. So what you get? You get q1-q2 is equal to q0 sin theta. So let us see we get 2 expressions involving q1 and q2 in terms of q0 and theta. So you can solve for q1 and q2 individually as a function of theta from these 2 very simple. Important thing is it does not require any information on what are the functions of the areas of these liquid films at 1 and 2. So it does not require what is a1 and what is a2. There could be a very interesting observation. Now you find out what is the normal component of the force. Normal component of the force definitely is not 0 and the normal component of force will come out if you see that because of the term rho v0 q0 cos theta. So because of the normal component of the force, this is the force on what? This we have to keep in mind. Let us write it. So fn is –rho v0 sorry not –rho v0 q0 cos theta. q0 you can write in terms of a0 and v0. So it is like rho a0 v0 square cos theta. So this is the force on what? These are very subtle points. See always it is not here the answer ends. We have found out the normal component of force. We must ask ourselves that is force on what? Force exerted by whom on whom? If we are not clear about that then what is the good in finding out a mathematical expression. So this is we have to keep in mind that this is the force on the control volume. So if you have drawn a free body diagram of the control volume if you would have done then what would have been the forces acting on that control volume that would have shown in the free body diagram. Let us say that this could be your control volume. So you could have a force in the normal direction say fs you could have a force sorry in the tangential direction fs and normal direction fn. Assume that the same thing is occurring almost in a horizontal plane. So the weight you are not considering in this plane. Not that weight is not there but in this plane of forces weight is not important. Then any other force on this? Yes. Think of the fundamental considerations of forces in continuum mechanics that we discussed. You have surface force and body force. So body force we have considered the weight just not shown in this plane because it is not significantly there in this plane. Surface force. Pressure distribution is there. So there is a surface force from all sides normal to the areas whatever. Have we considered the contribution of this? We have not considered. But magically we are expecting that it is giving us the correct information on forces. And this magical thing is possible because if you have a closed contour over which you have a uniform pressure distribution then irrespective of the shape of the contour the resultant force is 0. Because of a very special nature that pressure locally is always normal to the direction of the surface. So no matter how bad the shape of the contour of the surface is so long as it is closed and if you have a uniform pressure throughout then the resultant force due to that will be 0. This is a very important thing and you should be able to derive it by yourself. If you are not able to do that you let me know later on I will try to help you out but you should be able to do it. So if that is the case then if there is a variation of pressure only that will matter to a resultant force. But if throughout it is atmospheric then it does not matter. Therefore our negligence of the pressure in this case has not mattered because it is a uniform pressure. That is why you will see that what is important for us is not what is the atmospheric pressure but the deviation from the atmospheric pressure that only can give rise to a local force. So always when we consider forces here due to pressure we consider the gauge pressures at different sections because the deviation from atmospheric pressure is what is interesting for us. Atmospheric pressure if it was the sole feature it would have existed throughout equally and it would have given rise to a 0 net force. So in terms of giving rise to a net force any deviation from atmospheric pressure is important. So the gauge pressure is the important quantity. Now here of course the pressure contribution does not come so from fs and fn these two are there. Question is that what should be fs and sorry on which this fs is acting and it is exerted by whom on whom and on which fn is acting. fs is 0 we have seen and that gives a clue that it is between whom and whom right. When we said fs equal to 0 we were thinking about an interaction between the plate and the So, fn also should be a consequence of interaction between the plate and the water. So it has 2 possibilities, what force exerted by plate on the water or exerted by water on the plate, yes, there should be same but same in magnitude not same in sense. So whatever answer we have got here, this has a particular sense. So it represents only a unique thing. So when we have said fn epsilon a, it has a proper sense of the vector epsilon a. So this is force exerted by water on the plate or plate on the water. It is force exerted by plate on the water because it is force exerted on the control volume and what is there in the control volume is not plate but water. So this is force exerted by the plate on the water present in the control volume. By Newton's third law, you will be having the force exerted by the water on the plate as minus of this. So the force exerted by water on the plate will be opposite to the positive n direction. So force exerted by water on the plate will be in this direction. This is you see, this is in the positive n direction that we have considered. So opposite to that is the force exerted by water on the plate and that is quite obvious. Logically if you see just jet strikes on the plate like this, it should have a force in this direction not the opposite direction. So this there is a resultant force which is exerted on the plate in its normal direction. So this force might be good enough to make the plate move and the plate should be adequately supported to prevent such movement. In general if that jet is falling on the plate, the plate will also move because of this normal force and later on we will encounter such problems. We will try to see that if the object on which the jet is striking or which is interacting with the jet in any form, if that itself is moving then how we adapt our analysis of momentum conservation. So this is like a very simple problem but it gives a lot of important concepts that we should keep in mind. Let us try to solve another problem. So in the next problem we will revisit the case of a boundary layer on a flat plate that we discussed quite some time back when we were discussing about viscosity. So what is the situation that you have a flat plate like this? Fluid is coming from far stream with a uniform velocity say u infinity. This fluid is falling on the plate and because of its viscous interactions the effect of viscosity within the plate. So the within the fluid the first thing is the plate tries to slow down the fluid which is in contact with that and that effect is propagated to the outer fluid through the viscosity of the fluid. So there is a thin layer close to the wall where this effect of the plate is felt and the velocity gradient is created and when you go outside that layer the velocity gradient is no more there so outside that layer the fluid does not actually feel the effect of the plate so to say and that thin layer is known as the boundary layer. So if you have a boundary layer growing on the plate so you have a velocity profile at different layers like this. This we have discussed in some physical details without going into some mathematics but at least the physical details when we were discussing about the no slip boundary condition and the viscosity. So let us say that at the edge of the plate you are given the velocity profile. What is the velocity profile that is given? Let us say that locally the thickness of the boundary layer is given by delta which is a function of x. So here you have let us say the value of this delta is the boundary layer thickness at this location where the x is l so x axis is oriented along the free stream direction. Let us say this value of delta is delta 0 and the velocity profile is given. Let us say it is given by u by u infinity is equal to y by delta-1.5. Let us say this is given what is the great sanctity of these types of velocity profiles or whether it could be different or not that we will discuss in details later on in one of our chapters known as boundary layer theory. But right now let us say that this is something which is given to you. Now what is your interest? Your interest is to find out what is the net drag force exerted by the plate on the fluid. This is a physically interesting parameter because of the viscous effect there is a drag force that is there that is the plate tries to slow down the fluid and our objective is to find out what is that net force acting over this length l. So to find out the force we may understand that we might require a linear momentum conservation because the force is involved and when we have a linear momentum conservation the mass part of that should also be conserved so we should also be consistent with the mass conservation. So it depends like we should choose a control volume. Let us first choose a control volume which is intuitive and try to solve the problem and then see we will try to investigate whether that intuitive choice of the control volume is good or bad. So let us say that we choose a so this black line what is there it is the edge of the boundary layer what is the edge of the boundary layer we know that within this layer only the velocity profile is there beyond this the velocity is uniform equal to u infinity almost. So if you want to take a control volume let us say we choose a control volume like this just engulfing the edge of the boundary layer control volume. With respect to this control volume let us write the first the conservation of mass let us give some names of the edges of the control volume let us say a b and then this c. So if you write the conservation of mass what we are getting integral form left hand side first term is 0 because we are talking about a identified system of fixed mass. Right hand side first term let us assume again it is a rho equal to constant and this is not a deformable control volume. So right hand side first term is 0. Then the next thing is basically what basically the net mass flow rate. So you have 3 surfaces here clearly across a b there is no flow because of what no penetration. So because with across a b there is no flow but across b c there is some flow what is the flow across b c so integral of so rho is coming out of the integral now we will directly write the integral because we have experienced how to write that in earlier examples. So rho this is the velocity profile so the velocity and the outward normal is in the same direction so dot product will give something positive. So we just write the scalar form so if we take at a distance y from the bottom if we take a strip of width dy what is the dA dA is dy into the width of the plate let us say b is the width of the plate. So rho into u into dy into b y is integrated from 0 to delta not okay so and u is a function of y and then there is a flow through ac right. So when there is a flow through ac let us not try to write it in a complicated way let us say let us call it m dot ac okay. So m dot ac this is algebraic so it may be plus or minus here you can see that m dot ac is equal to minus. So what it appears that see this is such a control volume there is nothing in the left so to say across one surface something is leaving to make a balance of that as if some mass is coming from outside across the edge of the boundary layer to compensate for that and that is given by this one. So it is like a m dot entering the control volume. Now conservation of linear momentum simply conservation of momentum till now we have only talked about linear momentum so let us write what is the x component of the force because see the drag force should be oriented along the direction of the relative velocity between the free stream and the plate so that is oriented along x so the force might have some component but let us write only the x component so fx is equal to the right hand side the time derivative term is 0 we are writing the Reynolds transport theorem for linear momentum conservation. Then next term look into that next term basically we are writing this. So the next term so that has contributions again for bc and ac so for bc let us first write what is for bc so for bc you see we are writing only the x component so we will just keep in mind that we will write only the x component of the velocity vector. So when we write the x component of the velocity vector what should be here first we are writing for the surface bc so integral of rho see this v dot n this is like a scalar it does not give a directionality so the directionality the direction for which you are looking for the force should come from the component of the velocity vector that you are taking. So we should take u and here u is anyway the only component so rho not that u is the only component u is the only important component because you can clearly see that this delta is a function of x this delta is varying with x so if you differentiate u partially with respect to x you will get that as not equal to 0 because it appears not to be a function of x but implicitly it is a function of x because delta is a function of x this being not equal to 0 the continuity equation for incompressible flow the corresponding the other term this is also not equal to 0 and there because v is 0 at y equal to 0 and it is gradient is not equal to 0 so you have a v not that you do not have a y component of velocity from the continuity equation given this you can find out what is the y component of velocity how it is varying but it is it is much smaller than the x component of velocity but here when you are writing the x component of force only the x component of velocity anyway is important so rho u and then again u v dy from y equal to 0 to delta not then you also have for ac so for ac it will be like if you take this rho as uniform sorry this v as uniform and take out of the integral then the remaining term inside over ac is the mass flow rate across ac so it is nothing but plus u over ac into mass flow rate over ac what is u over ac u infinity because ac is the edge of the boundary layer at which u becomes equal to u infinity so this is u infinity okay so you can substitute here fx yes now m dot ac you can substitute so it becomes rho rho is a constant you can take it out so 0 to delta not then again b is a constant so u square dy minus u infinity into u dy you may write it in a more compact form that is in a single integral u square minus u infinity dy from 0 to delta not let us just look into that what could be an alternative choice of the control volume may be to solve the problem a bit more elegantly not that it is too dirty but one could even like do it in a bit more elegant manner one interesting thing you observe from here that there is only x component of velocity here and y component of velocity in the free stream is 0 but there is some flow across the surface ac now could we choose a surface ac or surface of similar type such that there is no flow across it so let us try to draw a separate sketch with an alternative choice of the control volume so alternative choice of control volume so for alternative choice of the control volume let us say that again we have the velocity profile and everything you have this ab we want to choose a line from here see such that there is no flow across that line we have seen there is a flow across the edge of the boundary layer so what should be that line that we choose here so that there is no flow across it yes through what type of line you have no flow across through a streamline so if you choose a streamline which is passing through the point C this is a streamline then we know that there is no flow across it but it gives rise to a new unknown because we do not know that where that streamline is intersecting with this one let us say h0 this we do not know so now let us make a new control volume say abcd where we have tried to get rid of a problem by considering the streamline when there is no flow across it but we have a new flow boundary ad so with for that new control volume let us write the conservation of mass so let us quickly write the conservation of mass and conservation of linear momentum for the new control volume and let us try to see whether it makes us converse to the same answer so conservation of mass first you let us for ab it is 0 mass flow for bc we have seen what is that integral of rho u dyb from 0 to delta not this is for bc for cd it is 0 because it is a streamline there is no flow across it but there is something for ad so what is that for ad plus whether it is plus or minus so the normal direction is opposite to the flow direction so with a minus sign then integral of u infinity into dy into b from 0 to h0 u infinity is a constant so from here you can clearly find out what is h0 so h0 is equal to integral of u dy divided by from 0 to delta divided by u infinity then conservation of linear momentum along x fx equal to again only the last term will be there so for bc you have rho integral of u square dy into b then for cd for cd you do not have a mass flow rate so the linear momentum flow is 0 because you do not have any mass flow rate across that so if you take this v out of the integral because it is uniform you see the remaining is the mass flow rate over the area that you are considering and the mass flow rate is 0 across a streamline so for cd it will not come but again for da it will come so for da what will be that what will be that for da plus integral of rho you take out first x component of velocity that is u infinity then v dot n da that is minus u infinity dy b from this one sorry 0 to h0 whatever so what will be our fx let us just write it clearly so fx is equal to rho integral of u square dy b from 0 to delta naught minus rho b u infinity square so yes u infinity square into h0 so that if you substitute the expression for h0 it is becoming u square dy rho b you can take as common minus u infinity integral u dy 0 to this delta naught you can clearly see that you get the same expression back so 2 different choices of the control volumes are giving back the same expression and to me the alternative choice of control volume is not bad because it gives a better visualization of what is happening because this gives a direct visualization that something is entering here and something is leaving and these 2 are not participating for the case of the edge of the boundary layer it is physically not that intuitive mathematically it is not that difficult straight forward but the better physical picture is being provided by this control volume but both are fine and the remaining part is easy you may substitute u as a function of y and integrate because u as a function of y is given to find out the expression again this is the force exerted by what on what this is the force exerted by the plate on the control volume and you can you make out that whether it should be positive or negative you can clearly see that here you have u square and u is less than u infinity and here is like u into u infinity so here u is multiplied with a number which is greater than u itself so this term must be less than the second term so intuitively this should come as negative and that is what is obvious because it is a drag force so it tries to slow down the motion of the fluid so this is something which is a physical understanding that is important once you solve a problem you get a sign out of the problem and you should develop an intuition of what that sign implies let us stop here today and we will continue again in the next class thank you.


Good morning, everyone. Sorry, we are late, but let's wait for a few moments while other tenders join and then we can start the talk. So, hello and welcome everyone. My name is Vivek Kailani. I'm a manager of research program and analytics at digital supply chain institute. Digital supply chain institute is a part of center for global enterprise. A New York based nonprofit organization working on global management applied management practices. What, during this expert connection is what we are trying to do is trying to explain the digital supply chain. And that's how I center for global enterprise has developed. Put together an institute which works on different applied research topics and proof of value projects for different companies around the world. This session are short 15 minute short question, but they are full, full with information that can really help you gain some of the skills and help you understand what business are required in terms of digital supply chain transformation. We hope to have a little time for Q&A at the end, but if we don't please feel free to reach out to us at any time and we are happy to have a detailed conversation about any of the questions. So today's session is our fourth session in the series, which is about DSC technology enablers during today's session. We'll talk about technology solution and the digital supply chains. We'll talk briefly about the 3D printing example, then we'll briefly jump into the DSC blockchain value framework and then we'll set the stage for the next and the final session of the expert connect series. So those of you who are new are joining us today for the first time during the first session of the series, we talked about the digital supply chain and at DSCI working with the global supply chain. So we came up with four categories under digital supply chain and those four categories are demand, people, technology and risk. Over the last two weeks we talked about demand and people and we talked about different examples on how to stimulate demand, but also how to gain some of the how to do culture shift, but also how to gain some of the skills needed to do digital supply chain transformation. So today we'll talk about managing technology. So let's quickly talk about technology, evolution and digital supply chain. So SAP was a member of digital supply chain, Hans was a great partner at that. And this is a quick quote from Frans to win in the digital economy. We have to reimagine how we design, play, make deliver and operate our product and assets. And to all of these things I think technology is a critical part of that and critical function to achieve these objectives. And technology is a building block to eliminate friction and increase customer simplicity because if you remember digital supply chain is all about customer centric platform model. It also has to optimize human and automated workflows and gains. And we talked about one of the examples where one of the members of DSCI is trying to measure order fulfillment without any human interaction. And that they are now at 80% of the accuracy. So how to achieve that I think technology can really help in that aspect and to achieve that KPI. And the third one is to enable confident data-driven decision-making. I think up to now traditional supply chain was always focused on intuition-based decision-making but now companies are trying to use the data they have, which is really powerful. But up to now they weren't using it to a full extent. So I think using it perfectly and getting the insight out of it, I think technology can be really helpful. So initially if you look at the opportunity versus value chart, cloud and mobility services actually came to provide speed and execution in accessing the data throughout the enterprise because most of the enterprise before were siloed. And now they are trying to access the data and they're trying to put all the data sources and connecting it to cloud. So it's easy to access data between different functions. Next is automation and IoT. So trying to get new data sources from delivery side. If you're logistic or trying to provide logistic information to your customer, IoT can be really helpful and also helpful into your manufacturing process as well. So it's a sensor driven and automated process. And next is blockchain. And we'll talk more in detail about blockchain, but blockchain is really helpful in collaborating with your supplier and customers. And even between your function, if you're trying to share the data and trying to put together a record of something that can really give you an insight on the delivery side or also on the functionality side. And the next is AI and ML. So AI and ML can really help you improve your demand forecast. Another functionality, it can also help you in your product development side as well. So we'll talk more about that. So if you read the front side flip before we talked about some of the game changer. If you look at the real time big data analytics mobile sensors IoT and social media data are really game changing game changing data sources that can that can help companies improve their KPIs in terms of a demand forecasting inventory levels or inventory overflow. Next is digital impact on manufacturing delivery. So that's where AI and robotics reprinting drones and driverless vehicles can be really useful. And when we wrote the paper back in 2016 blockchain was still at a hype mode, but it was still a game changing technology that can really help supply chain. At the time, people were only talking about blockchain in financial services, but at the time be a setting that the value that blockchain provides can be really useful in supply chain in terms of tracking and getting visibility and sharing data different suppliers and customers. So let me give you a quick example on on 3d printing. So on the armor is one of the member of the Institute and also the chief operating officer of the under armor is a culture of the Institute. So right now and arm of is developing their shoes using 3d printing technology. So they have different the whole shoe is not the 3d printed but some part of the shoe is printed for some shoes. It's a heel is 3d printed late I feel for some is midsole and some is also and how and why they are doing it. So let me give you an example on how they are connecting different dots between the product development 3d printing and the different mobile. And the different mobile application. So here on this is the under armor over choose which is a connected choose which has a sensor which sends data to the mobile application which is not my run. And they also collect data through different galaxy or Apple Apple watch or any kind of connected device that record your fitness data by using and collecting all the data they have to use it in the under armor lighthouse where they are trying to develop different. 3d printed structure for the shoes. While they do that they also do different testing on it try to collect user data on that trying to collect social media data on that and that reaction and put it back to back to the app and back to the development team. So overall it's a circular design where they're really trying to use 3d printed technology to reduce the friction between consumer consumer feedback and the delivery of a product and trying to make that product as much as excellent in terms of under armor's motor is all about delivering performance in health and fitness. So I think trying to achieve that object by using 3d printing technology while also using the map by run to collect different data. That's really great. And let's quickly talk about blockchain. So as I talked earlier in 2017. Blockchain was really at the hype. It was all about Bitcoin height. People were trying to sell blockchain as a solution. But in 2019 it's trying to find its right place in 2020. I think companies are not looking at the right solution but it's a part of a solution. And at the ACI we have discovered that we have done many proof of value projects with different companies around the world in different areas. And I'll share one of the example as well. And trying to right now blockchain is emerging as a blockchain as a service and also blockchain as a microservices because you can't sell blockchain or you can't implement blockchain on itself because it's too expensive. And the value it brings it's not that useful unless you identify a particular use case a particular value case. So how how to think about when you think about enterprise blockchain enterprise blockchain enables cross enterprise transformation when single leisure is in practical or not trusted. So when multiple parties involved within supply chain and supply chain has multiple parties involved. I think it's the best case to use blockchain where transaction entered by multiple parties in fact. So if you have order coming from your suppliers and you are delivering some of the product to your customer. I think that's where you can really use a blockchain. And at the ACI we do not believe in proof of concept. We believe in proof of value because as a technology blockchain really works at the framework of blockchain really works but the problem that companies are facing right now while we have talked to many companies 100 hundreds of enterprise around the world. And the main problem they have is identifying a right solution, the right problem where blockchain can really help. Right. So I think one of the skills that you you want to think about is how to apply a blockchain to a particular problem and not just think about I have a blockchain. So where should I put it right. So think about the business problem that can really solve and that can increase value or increase revenue because in digital supply chain it's all about increasing revenue. So how it can increase your revenue or decrease cost while using blockchain. So let me share you a quick framework that we use at the SCI. And it's a three part problem. So the first solution, the first tool is around BFI, we call it Blockchain Fitness Index. So we developed this interactive tool to allow, allow enterprise to quickly assess an applicability of a blockchain solution to a particular use case that they are trying to use. Right. So as I told earlier companies are really struggling to identify a business problem that can be really helpful and creating value. So this tool can really help them identify if it's really helpful in terms of creating value or not.  So if your score is more than 12, that business problem is really can use blockchain right now. And the second is performance and gap analysis. So what we do once we identify that blockchain can really be useful, then we select identify different importance of the proof of value. Then identify current metrics that can be improved, assess current performance and establish target performance. And then we do the gap analysis. And then we share that with enterprise. And the third is we create a business case afterwards in evaluation of the proof of value. And after that only we try to do a proof of value with any blockchain company. So those of you are really interested in blockchain. We have some interesting papers that can really help you understand different aspects of blockchain and how it can be applicable to different business problems. So please feel free to go to our DSA website and download it. I'll give you a quick example. So we work with a company called Edison. That was our first blockchain proof of value project. And by doing this, a study in blockchain will secure their website. We improved cycle time by 34%. We increased productivity by 29% and improved quality of the product by 11%. So unless you identify a real use case, you can't get this kind of improvement in your KPI. So going through the BFI, going through the BRI, I think can really help. And after that you should invest, but before that you should not invest in the blockchain solution. I think we are already at 15 minute mark. But if anybody has any questions before we close the call, feel free to raise your hand. And I'm happy to answer any questions in terms of 3D. We didn't talk about AI and ML, but I'm happy to answer any questions in terms of AI and ML as well. So I'll wait for a few moments if we have any questions. So again, thank you all for joining today. It's a 15 minute short webinar, but we hope you find it very useful. Next week we will have a last session in the series, which is on DSC risk and competitive advantage. And we'll meet at the same time. Feel free to contact me or Chris at CG if you have any questions and we'll be happy to have a chat at any time. So again, thank you everyone for joining today and we'll see you next week.


re accurate way yeah i hope that's answer your question any further questions i just wanted to confirm something you passed away too fast sorry you said there is no in database embedding what did you mean with that so to generate the embeddings we have seen on my terminal that we have to use some third party embedding has to be generated by some third party tool either it can be open AI from hugging face yeah any further questions well then let's thank the speaker thank you so that concludes today's session please a few things don't forget we have for the speakers here we have an event tonight you are on the tickets page you should be aware of that we have tomorrow a continuation here in this room and i think that's all thanks everyone for the first day i hope you enjoyed the first day at first asia and we see you tomorrow


So people, I am back with another Destiny video, and I'm playing PvP, Destiny 1, Nolan Beyond, Titan, Twilight Gausson, the best player in Destiny history, not really, but do you remember how bad I was in Crucible? Expect way, way worse watching this video, people. How's it going guys, my name is DPJ and today I'm back with another Destiny 1 video if you do enjoy leaving a like really helps out and subscribe if you do want to see more. Also, before we go any further for all your gaming needs, no matter the platform you play on, that amazing price is an incredible weekly deal, check out G2A, linked within the video description. So people, we are playing Destiny 1, Nolan Beyond, now I know I'm just going to go into this and be so bad, I'm going to be so bad because I'm not going to lie, I just jumped out of a couple of PvP games, Destiny 1 and I mean I just did shucking the battle bin, I got like 3 or 4 kills, mainly with my side arm, I just can't do anything, I can't even remember how to play the game. I mean using the Nolan Beyond it feels, it feels natural, but I can't do anything to save my life, and like I said that amazing player you remember or not, I'm not even a 10% of what I used to be and I never used to be good anyway, but yeah I do plan a game back into Destiny 2, if season 11 is any good, I will see this Tuesday coming, but using the Nolan Beyond in 2020, let's go now, I don't care how bad this gameplay is because you guys don't expect anything good from me, I'm going to post it, and I expect a lot of screaming, swearing which will blank out obviously, I can YouTube strict, where you going bitch?


Welcome back. Here is another sentence in our series syntactic analysis that I want to analyze using the principles of the comprehensive grammar of the English language so we have another example of a traditional syntactic analysis and In this video, I'm going to analyze the sentence.  So Let's start Let us first of all assign the word classes to all the words in our sentence We have two nouns house and coffee table Well coffee table, of course is a compound now with table as a head But the whole thing in a on a syntactic level is one noun Both are introduced by the determiner A and are preceded by an adjective in each case beautiful and laid where Laid is a de-verbal adjective an adjective that has been derived from a verb now laid itself is modified by an adverb nicely laid and And Finally, we have two occurrences of the complement ties are what? What a beautiful house what a nicely laid Coffee table and finally we have an interjection o at the beginning and the conjunction and in the middle Let us now group these two these simple categories into constituents and let's perform a phrasal analysis as Usual you see all those open-class categories that will eventually occur as heads of their phrases are marked in special colors Let us work out the phrasal categories in a hierarchical fashion first. We have two adjectival phrases at the lowest level in The first case we have a simple adjectival phrase beautiful with no pre modifier nor post modifier The adjectival phrase nicely laid Consists of a pre modifier nicely, which is an adverb and the head laid Both adjectival phrases are nested within a noun phrase Where together with the determiner a they constitute the pre modification part That's it. That's the phrasal analysis Let's now analyze the clausal structure of our sentence The sentence has two elliptical main clauses whose meaning can be recovered by adding elements such as What a beautiful house this is or what a nicely laid coffee table you have the clauses themselves are What a beautiful house and what a nicely laid coffee table? So as a result We have a compound sentence With two elliptical main clauses where the clauses are linked by the conjunction and and in each Clause we have a complex noun phrase The sentence type itself is exclamatory It is a sentence or a clause in this case introduced by an interrogative pronoun With a declarative sentence word order and the problem here is that both clauses are elliptical Well, that's it. Now here the clausal analysis is a little bit more complicated But once you've understood the principles, it's really simple If you want to download this board content, I've just created as usual Create your account on the virtual linguistics campus unless you've already got an account then log in Visit the e-lecture library, which is free for all those who have an account and In the lever e-lecture library you have access to all videos and their board content in a freely accessible PDF format Thank you very much and see you again


This is Melissa Armo. The stocks, what should I'm here reviewing? Apple, this just had earnings, just got back from Fox News, Ancavado show tonight, and here looking at Apple. So the stock is obviously up. I really would have liked to see this be up more over 180 for an immediate buy tomorrow. It could do that. It's a long way away from tomorrow morning. It's live trading day at 9.30. We're at right now. We're at 174-ish. We're up around 175. The problem is, let me just put this over here. And look at the daily chart in a minute. But the problem is that so many of these earnings reports that have shown positive on the gap up and look like they were gonna go somewhere fell, fell on the live day. And there'd be no reason to short this now. It's up. It's up tonight. It's capping up. It will gap up tomorrow morning. But where it opens is critical. Critical for the stock as far as short-term moves right now, and critical for the market as well. Because remember, if this gaps up and falls hard, it's gonna pull the market down tomorrow too. And I don't think the market's capping up enough tonight, even with Apple reporting as well as it is. This is much better over 180. Okay, over 175. Really would have preferred over 180. We'll see what this does. I mean, again, tomorrow morning, it could open over 175 or 180. So we'll just wanna look at the chart. Previous eyes in Apple were over 183. 183.50 was the previous size. So Apple is close, close to the highs. But can it make it up there? Can it do it? The only way that's gonna happen is if more buying comes in from the gap up tonight. So the stock's getting bought right now, the buying has to follow through. If that doesn't happen, this won't rally tomorrow. Now long-term, obviously, this is Apple. You see it here in the daily chart. It's good, it's strong, it's an enough trend. So I don't know what this does tomorrow morning into the open to say for a trade in this tomorrow until A, I see if it opens, and B, I see how it acts on the open. And I know right now that this really would be great at 180. That I could tell you. So if tomorrow morning, this is a 180, it's long. But that's not where it's at right now. So we'll have to see. Apple could be the one that doesn't when all of the other ones have kind of failed and flopped. Netflix was the only one that did decent earnings report you could have bought besides McDonald's and that's not in the sector, but it was an earnings that had a good report like CMG. So there was CMG, Netflix, and McDonald's that had good reports that she could have bought. But all in all, this earnings season was a big bust for looking to go long, looking to go long as day trades or swing trades to get any follow through and anything, it just wasn't there. I was very unexpected, but this is the times that we're in. So watch Apple tomorrow, it could be wild. I definitely think it's gonna be the market. And it's up a lot right now considering, closed around 169, so it's up. But I would have liked to see more, could this have done it? Could this do it tomorrow morning up at 180? Sure, sure this could be up six more points and by the pre-market, absolutely. So watch it and see. It's iffy around 175 though. Didn't quite get up to 180 tonight. It tried, definitely be careful with this tomorrow unless it pops over 180. So good luck everyone, we'll see what it does and I'll see you tomorrow. And if you're interested in the next golden gap course, wanna learn my method, how I determine all of this, how I can see what this is gonna do based on the gap in the morning and the reading system. You can email me at melissathestalkswish.com. I teach a class on this usually once a month. Next class is May 19th and 20th. Have a great night everyone.


Thank you very much for attending this presentation and also to the organizers for inviting us here. I'm gonna present today one of the chapters of my dissertation, which I submitted last week, so I hope you don't find it too bad. There's still room for improvement, so comments are still welcome. So, well, so the paper is that policy evaluation of gender affirmative action in engineering schools. So, why should we care still about gender imbalances in higher education? In the last few decades, there's been a very significant increase in women participation in higher education. In most countries, women are either health or more than health of students who are attending higher education. Despite that, there is still a form of inequality that arises in segregation across fields of study. So, globally, only 35% of the students enrolled in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics degrees are women. These statistics gets a bit worse in some developing countries. For instance, in Chile, only 19% of the students enrolled in STEM are women. And it also gets worse when we get to further stages of the academic track. So, it is the STEM leaky pipeline. It's the phenomenon that's what we see is that women are dropping out from STEM. So, on average, only 30% of the world's researchers are women. This is a disadvantageous for women because STEM are also the degrees that are very well paid. So, there is a premium, a wage premium on these degrees, and this is one of the relevant explanations for the gender wage gap. So, more than talking about the causes of this gap, in this presentation, I want to talk about one of its potential solutions. So, affirmative action policies have been used by universities widely, in order to, one, provide better opportunities for disadvantaged groups, and this has been mainly done in terms of race and caste, and also to respond to some universities' institutional interest of having diversity in their students' bodies, and also with an argument that perhaps having diversity in the student body is good for everyone, for students who are part of the university. And the academic literature has mainly focus on race and caste policies because it's the policies that have been implemented. So, it's the policies that we have information to, and it has also mainly concerned itself with informing the first point. So, is it that these policies are effective in helping disadvantaged groups to access higher education? That means that we know very little about the effects of gender affirmative action interventions at the university level. And what would we need to know? So, first, in terms of effectiveness, can gender affirmative action policies help reduce gender imbalance in STEM? The question is relevant because maybe women are just not interested. There are no preferences to go into STEM. So, even if we provide better opportunities, they won't take them, and if they do, we also want to know to what extent, right? Like, how much can policies help? There is also a question of when we are helping disadvantaged students to enter degrees for which they might not be well-prepared to, we might also be generating a negative impact on themselves. So, if they're prepared, maybe they're gonna drop out or...  And lastly, there is the question of when the policy works, are there any further effects? So, this is about the second point of the purpose of affirmative action, of generating a more diverse student body. So, are there positive effects? Are there gains from having a more diverse student body? So, this is also a question that we should know the answer to. Luckily, in 2014, Chile was kind of a pioneer of implementing gender affirmative action policies. So, that means that I can attempt to answer these very important questions. So, the policies are implemented in the context of a centralized admission system, where two universities implemented two distinct policies, and the other 28 universities that are part of the centralized admission system didn't. So, that means that I have kind of a natural experiment setting that allows me to study effectiveness in reversing discrimination. So, what I looked at is the effects of the policies in attendance, and also on the academic ability distribution of the students. So, the part of academic ability I'm going to skip today because of time constraints, but I'm going to show you what happens with attendance, and then the second question, which I find particularly very interesting is, what's the effect of having a more diverse student body in terms of gender on students' academic performance? So, I looked at the effects of peers on grades and dropout rates. So, before I start telling you about the analysis, I want to explain to you a little bit more how the Chilean admission system works. So, the Chilean University admission system is centralized. That means that students submit just one application where they list their preferences for their, from the top, most preferred preference to their least preferred preference, and a choice is a combination of a university and a degree program. So, students decide what they want to study, if they want to be lawyers or architects or engineers before they apply to university. So, for example, a choice might be engineering at the University of Chile or architecture at the Catholic University. And the admissions depend only on a student applications course, which are measures of like students result in a standardized test and also in their high school records. But the measure is objective. It's public. And yeah, we know it. The students know it before they apply for the degrees. So, students, like the application system works with Gail and Shapley algorithm, and students are admitted to their most preferred degree for which they achieve that sufficiently high score.  So about the policies now, the policies are different. The first one was implemented by University of Chile, and then the the policy increases cohort size. In the ad, so they have the regular admission system, in which they have 800 vacancies each year. Students admitting there are the top, the ones with the top scores. So the proportion of women and men only depend on applicants. But what they did is that they added 40 extra female exclusive vacancies from which they draw from the first 40 women in the student, in the, sorry, in the waiting list, and they accept all of them. In this way, they increase, I mean, they are aiming to increase the women participation in the engineering school by having, like, it would have at least a mechanical effect of four percent. The second policy is from the Catholic University book, and it's a bit more complex. It's a bit more nuanced. This policy, what they did was they tried to address women's preferences, and they changed a little bit their curriculum, and they increased the combined engineering with disciplines of more interest to women, such as biomedicine, architecture, or design. So it's a, it's some policy that's more complex and probably a bit more costly. And they also increased the number of female faculty members. So then, what's the effects of these two policies on on applications and attendance? So when looking at applications, I'm gonna look at that, I have the admission system data. I'm gonna look at all the students who applied to engineering at Uchile or engineer at a PUC in the first choice of the rank or in the second choice of the rank. And then I also looked at who are the ones who are finally admitted. What's the proportion of women who are finally admitted in each of the schools? And in the case of the University of Chile, I'm interested in the total proportion of women admitted, so that women admitted through the regular admission process, plus the ones admitted through the 40 female exclusive seats. But I'm particularly interested in the first part, the regular admission part, which I believe that I hypothesized that it could also be changed. And how could it be changed? Well, if the policy changes women's preferences. And this might happen if, for instance, women have preferences for studying at places with more women. So they see, oh, there is a policy that's gonna be increasing the proportion of women at its engineering school, then I'm more interested to apply. And it's not so crazy because there is a long literature of how women benefit, have better results when they are with more women in the environment. And the other option is that there might be changes in aspirations. So the University is saying we have this policy to attract more women, and women might say, oh, well, maybe engineering is a place for me. So it's something that I start considering because of the policy. Even when I had the sufficiently high score anyway. So to measure the size of the fact, I've used a difference in difference approach with two treatments, one for each school, because the policies are quite different. And I used the 28 other engineering schools as a control. And I estimate a difference in difference equation using university fix effects and then fix effects and the two treatments. So what do I find these first results for applications is that there is a 10% increase in the proportion of females that are applying to the University of Chile as their first option and a 5% increase in the proportion of females applying to the Catholic University in their first option. So both universities increase the applications scores by a significant percentage. And then in terms of attendance, we also see at the University of Chile, so the first column, this column shows the results on regular admissions. So the part that shouldn't necessarily be impacted at the University of Chile by the policy. And we see that there is a 4.4% increase in regular admissions. And the total effect, including the 40 female exclusive seats, it's a 0.4%. So this means that the hypothesis is true, that there are more women applying even when they meet the criteria without the lowering in admission criteria. So there are more women interested in attending engineering school even when they have a sufficiently high score. And the increase at the Catholic University is of 7.2%. So it's a bit lower, but the difference is not significant. So both policies had very strong, strong effects in increasing attendance to the engineering schools and these effects are significant and similar size. Then the second part that I'm interested in is to see, well, we saw that the policy had an effect, that the policy had the effect of increasing female participation in engineering schools. So now engineering schools are more gender diverse. What happens then? What happens to the incoming cohorts of students where there are more women? So I use that from the University of Chile to determine the effects of gender composition across peers on male and female engineering students. And I looked at grades on first year subjects, grades on a collaborative project, and also at dropout rates. So why do I focus on the University of Chile? Well, first, the policy is a bit more controversial. So there might be more opposition to it, but also because the University of Chile provides with an excellent setting to study peer effects at university. Studying peer effects at university is difficult because the students tend to self-select into their courses. They can choose what classes to take and they might choose to take it with their friends. So it's very complicated to estimate peer effects in university. And, well, what happens in University of Chile? There is no self-selection. What happens is that before engineering students set up food in the school, university administrators have already allocated them to groups, which I call classrooms. So they are exogenously assigned to classrooms of around 100 students each. And that means that there is exogenous variation on the gender composition across classrooms. I have around 71 of these groups because I have several cohorts. And, yeah, I do find that there is some variation in gender composition. The other thing that's good about this setting is that I actually have data on the relevant peers of the students because these students are allocated to these groups. And in these groups, they have all of their teaching activities together. So lectures, seminars, any kind of teaching activity. And it all happens in the same classroom, so in the same physical classroom. So maybe I should say here, this is my alma mater. I attended this school. All of my friends in the first term were in my same classroom. We didn't have time to see other people in the school. We were all there together the whole day. So this means that I can estimate the gender peer effects using a simple linear in means model. So this is the model where the outcome is either grades or dropout rate or dropout. And this outcome is explained by the students' own characteristics, including measures of academic ability, some of their peers' characteristics, but the outcomes of interest is the proportion of women in their group. So what do I find? Very quickly with grades, I find that there is no effect of the gender composition on the core subjects. So this is physics, calculus, algebra, computer science. There is no impact on a student's academic achievement, neither for men nor for women. But when I looked at the collaborative work project, I find positive results of having more women in the group. So interactions are a bit more intense in collaborative projects, and I find that there are positive effects there. But what's perhaps the most important outcome here is what happens with dropouts. So I look at the probability of dropping out after the first term, and I derive a binary variable called dropout, which is one if the student doesn't enroll in any courses in the second term. So this part I think it's very important because it's relevant to understand the reforms effects on persistence in the engineering school. So I mentioned before the existing leaky pipeline in STEM. This outcome is relevant to better understand that. So I run the same equation, the linear mean model, but it's a logistic regression because the binary variable. And I find that there is actually a reduction in women's probability of dropping out when there is an increase in women percentage, and to translate this into something a bit more meaningful, I'm going to show you the predicted probabilities of dropping out. So before the reform class, the groups were around 20% women in each classroom, and at this level we have dropping out rates of around 3.8% for women. So the reform is creating an increase, an average increase of around 8.8% of women in the classroom. So to better understand what would be the effect of the reform, what is the effect of the reform, we looked at what's the predicted probability when the percentage of women is more around 28%, which is around 1.4%. So that means that there is a drop in the probability of dropping out of around 60%. That means that the reform can help to increase the persistent of women in the program. So just to sum up, in this paper I take advantage of natural experiments and use a difference approach to investigate the effects of gender affirmative action. I find that the policies are both effective in increasing female attendance at the university, at the engineering schools, and not only that, the reform also has effects in increasing persistent at the engineering schools.