Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. My name is Sam Blanchett, and I've just come to the end of the first year of my PhD up at the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences. My supervisors have been Associate Professor Thomas Profft and Dr Jason Lone, and tonight is a fantastic opportunity to share what I've been doing throughout the year, which has been working on my project, Vaccines Delivered on Bacterial here. So this probably raises a few more questions, and these are questions that I hope to answer over the next ten minutes. So first I thought I'd just start off by talking about vaccines. So there are many diseases out there where there is no vaccine available, whether it be a major exotic disease such as Ebola or malaria, or something a lot closer to home like a sore throat or a skin infection, something we've probably all had. There is no vaccine available for any of these diseases. So vaccines are needed in the community. They are the most cost effective, efficient way of treating diseases. They're so effective that they're actually able to eradicate diseases. You've probably never heard of anybody with smallpox. It's been wiped from the face of the earth with a successful vaccination program. In terms of medical and economic outcomes, it's better to prevent infections than to treat them. I know I'd rather have a few injections and spend days sick and off work. And with antibiotic resistance, it's a lot harder to treat infections, so prevention is becoming more and more our only option. So over the last few centuries, vaccines have developed quite significantly. This first image up here is Edward Jenner administering the first vaccine of live smallpox to an unsuspecting child. Good luck getting the ethics for that in today's world. So over time, vaccines have developed. We've realized injecting live pathogenic bacteria into somebody is not such a good idea. So vaccines these days tend to have bacteria or microbes that are significantly weakened that aren't healthy. We've also come to learn that we don't actually need the whole microbe to elicit a successful immune response. That's why vaccines such as the hepatitis B vaccine, sorry, use proteins found on the surface rather than the entire bacteria. Now we don't even need the whole protein. We can just use a small section of the protein and that's called a peptide. And peptide vaccines are the cutting edge of vaccine development today. Now like everything, they have their advantages and their disadvantages. Some of their advantages include the fact that there's no infectious material, so there's no risk of getting sick from this vaccine. And you're able to specifically target an immune response with this small peptide. Additionally, there's also no risk of an allergic reaction like there is with some conventional vaccines. Now of course there are disadvantages and some of these include peptides don't do anything. The immune system doesn't respond to them. They're unstable in the body, the body just chucks them in the rubbish. And to get them to elicit an immune response, you need to use potentially toxic adjuvants and these can require expensive chemical coupling. So that's where we're at with vaccine development in this day and age. So moving towards bacteria. Are bacteria actually hairy? Well not quite. They have these long hairlike projections across the surface of the cell wall. And these are called pilli. Now a pilli is one singular protein repeated over and over and over again. So in these long ones what we have is thousands of copies of this one protein. In these shorter ones there might only be a few hundred copies. But the take home message is that it's just one protein. So are all bacteria bad? Do they all cause disease? Well no. Each person in here has 10 times more bacterial cells in their body than their own cells. So by sheer number we're all more bacteria than we are us. Now this isn't a bad thing. Some of the bacteria are our friends, such as that found in Lactococcus, sorry such as that found in yogurt, Lactococcus Lactus. Now of course we can't be friends with everybody and there are bacteria out there that will do us harm. Such as those that cause infections like sore throats and in this case Streptococcus pyogenes. So the concept with PillVax, Pill is vaccine is to take these hairlike projections and put the genes responsible into the friendly bacteria. So what we end up with is this friendly bacteria, this Lactococcus Lactus, that expresses these hairlike projections from Grupe Streptococcus on its cell surface.  Now the good thing about PillVax is that the bacteria wouldn't cause us disease anyway so there's no risk of infection but the immune system thinks there might be. And if we include a peptide into this hairlike structure inside that one protein what we get is thousands of copies of this one protein expressed on the pillars. And the immune system will catch that peptide in the crossfire and will get an immune response to that peptide. So PillVax, if we go back to the advantages and disadvantages of peptide vaccines and put it into a PillVax concept, PillVax removes a lot of the disadvantages that we find in peptide vaccines. Because the peptide is contained within this highly immunogenic structure we get an immune response. This structure also protects the peptide from degradation so it's protected from the body and because the bacteria stimulates the immune system it removes the need for expensive chemical coupling and removes the need for potentially toxic adjuvants.  Bacteria are very cheap and very easy to grow. Some people don't like vaccines because they have a fair of needles. So we can administer this orally and we're also able to freeze dry this vaccine which makes logistics and distribution a lot easier. A lot of vaccines are temperature sensitive so being able to ship essentially a powder to places such as Africa where refrigeration supply lines are difficult and expensive makes this highly applicable and a lot cheaper than traditional vaccines. So when we take a gene from one bacteria and modified a little bit and put it into another we have to make sure that that new bacteria is actually expressing that gene and the way we do that is by carrying out a Western blot. So we extract the cell surface proteins from the bacteria and run it on a gel. This gel separates the proteins by size so at the top of the gel we have large proteins and at the bottom we have smaller proteins that have easily migrated through the gel. We then search for our protein of interest with an antibody and that antibody when we put it into a machine gives us a signal that comes up as a black line. So in striptococcus pyogenes the species where we're getting these pilli from what we see is this laddering pattern and if you remember back to this image where there are very different lengths of pilli that's what we'd expect. So because there are some large ones they're at the top of the gel and because there's some small ones they're at the bottom and there's a lot of intermediate sizing so there is this ladder. When we put this into lacticoccus we see the same thing so that means that this bacteria is expressing the gene successfully. This third line is just a control it's lacticoccus that hasn't been modified and you don't see any laddering as you would expect. So we know that Pilvax works from this pilot study that was carried out in our lab so on the y-axis what we have is just the level of antibody response and on the x-axis is the experiments that we carried out. So the first look sorry the first one we don't see any antibody response and this is where we've just injected the mice with a test peptide this test peptide is called OVA and we don't see a response and if you think back to the disadvantages of peptides this is expected because on their own they don't do anything. So with our Pilvax construct that we see in the blue that contains the test peptide we see quite a significant antibody response. It's comparable to this green one which is OVA that has been immunized with the traditional adjuvant cholera toxin B. Now this was just to test how effective Pilvax was compared to a more traditional conventional vaccination and we get a similar response but only when there's 50 000 nanograms of OVA compared to five nanograms in the Pilvax construct. So this means there is 20 000 times less peptide in the Pilvax construct which is quite amazing to elicit such a response. So now that we know that it works what we want to test for is how versatile this is what diseases we can use to vaccinate and one of the ones we've chosen is tuberculosis. Now there is a vaccine available for tuberculosis you might have heard of it some of you might have even had it the BCG vaccine but it's largely ineffective. This bacteria has been described by the World Health Organization as a global health emergency. It kills more people than any other bacteria and it causes quite significant and nasty lung infections. So the way we're going to target it is by targeting this ESAT 6 protein. Now ESAT 6 is essential for bacterial virulence in this disease. If you remove this gene from the bacteria it can't cause infection. If you complement this gene into a strain that doesn't cause infection all of a sudden it can cause disease. So if we target this and remove its ability to have an effect we should be able to prevent tuberculosis infection. So this is the whole protein and the bit we're targeting is just that small circled bit at the top the peptide the small section of the protein and when we incorporate the gene for this into our construct we want to make sure that the gene we've modified and put into a new bacteria is expressing. So we carry out the western block and what we see is this positive control with the laddering pattern and we again see the laddering pattern in our construct. So that our future work will be to vaccinate mice with this pilvax construct and to test for antibodies and other immune responses and to determine whether or not this vaccine offers protection. So there's a lot of exciting work ahead. Finally I'd just like to acknowledge my lab group for all their help and support as well as the faculty and the university. So what the immune system is responding to is not the bacteria itself it's responding to the pillow. So the pillow comes from Streptococcus pyogenes and this is a human exclusive pathogen that the immune system has evolved with over many many years and so it's come to recognize this as a as a dangerous signal and that sets off the immune response. The bacteria itself the Lactococcus doesn't really do anything and if you eat yogurt you're not going to get a response to Lactococcus anyway. So countries that we might want this vaccine in first. So tuberculosis is quite a worldwide issue it's estimated that about two-thirds of the world's population actually is infected with tuberculosis in a country like New Zealand that's going to be a very low number but in some places like Afghanistan or sub-Saharan Africa that will be up around nineteen ninety-five percent. So sort of the third world countries is where it would be best suited for first in terms of maximum effect. Distribution and administration that's still something that's been worked on but there are various ways you could do it you could include it in an ice cream or yogurt or all sorts of other things and you can ship it to these places quite easily because you can freeze dry it and it's basically in a powdered form that could be added to a number of things so it is quite easy to administer. So this is quite a novel technology that's been developed and recently patented by our lab so it is the first sort of thing out there like this. The only other similar thing I can think of is something by June Scott's group overseas who what they've done is they add their peptide at the very tip of the pilus. So the pilus like I said is that one protein for the most part. There are a few other proteins that anchor it to the cell wall and one at the top that helps an adhesion for pathogenesis and so what one group has done is to put their peptides at the top of the pilus but this isn't as effective because you want to get one copy per pilus whereas with our one you have one copy per protein in the backbone and because the backbone can have thousands of copies in one pilus or hundreds you get lots and lots and lots of copies of this peptide so there's lots of exposure and amplification of it.


Let's go back to another one if you're new to the channel. I have booked pony as a new car truck SUV reviews on YouTube and today we are in the brand new 2023 Toyota Corolla Cross courtesy of younger Toyota in Hagerstown, Maryland. For more information on their inventory, please feel free to check out the link in the description box below. And so today we're in the brand new Corolla Cross because of course Toyota is known for legendary reliability and this is no exception but you also get two years or 25,000 miles of complimentary maintenance as well. So that's going to save you a bit of money there. All-wheel drive availability as well. We do have an all-wheel drive configuration on this particular Corolla Cross here today. Also there are some big changes for the 2023 model year to go along with all that. So ultimately in this video we will be testing out and going over everything about this one from acceleration to braking, steering field, ride quality, sound system exhaust clip, all that fun stuff. So having said all of that, what do you guys say? Let's just go ahead and jump right into it and as always, let's start with pricing. So there will be a few different trim levels for the 2023 Corolla Cross. First one being the L starting at $23,060. Then you have the LE for $25,390. And lastly the XLE, which is the trim level we have today starting at $27,165. So that was all pricing for the front-wheel drive configuration. If you wanted to add all-wheel drive like we have today simply add $1,300 then to any of those prices. But regardless of trim level that you go with the power plant is going to be the same. Powering the Little Beast is a two-liter naturally aspirated inline-four cylinder putting out 169 horsepower at 6,600 RPM, 151 pound-feet of torque coming in at 4,400 RPM. Power sent to the front wheels are all wheels through a CVT, a.k.a. continuously variable transmission. Zero to 60 time coming in at approximately 9.3 seconds and we'll do that acceleration test here in a little bit but MPG numbers are going to come in at 31 the city 33 highway for the front-wheel drive, 29 the city 32 then on the highway for the all-wheel drive taking regular unleaded fuel. And so now that we got all of that out of the way like I said, what do you guys say? Let's go ahead and find that straightaway. Let's put the Corolla Cross here to the test and let's see how quickly we can get our 2023 Toyota Corolla Cross here up to speed. All right, here we go. Yo, baby. Just noticed I like the gauges. That's plenty. Actually, it's not bad. I mean, it's not the coigest thing in the world but certainly quicker than I thought it was gonna be to be honest. So, shouldn't have any issues emerging onto the highway. Honestly, I don't mind that. If you want a really slow car, that would be a misadventure mirage but this thing is not bad honestly. So I don't mind that acceleration but anyways, too long at that acceleration as always braking is equally important. So upfront you will find 12 inch ventilated front discs in the back 11.1 inch solid rear discs. So where's the six easier stopping distance goes? It comes in at 120 feet. That's insanely impressive for an SUV where SUVs typically you find in 130s almost every single time. Sometimes the upper 120. So 120 feet, that's sports, almost sports today and good. Sports today and good is like lower one teens but 120 feet, that's plenty fine. As far as braking feel goes, definitely on the firm side of things. So I like that. I like the braking feel in the Corolla Cross. It's not a soft braking feel whatsoever. So instantly brings you to a stop. Well done Toyota. Anyways, that touching on suspension and handling upfront you're gonna get an independent McPherson strut front suspension.    So again, better handling because of that as well. So as far as ride quality goes it's actually been not too bad in my short low test drive here today. So I don't mind it. Hagerstown roads are pretty smooth. So I will say that but ride quality has been perfectly fine so far as far as steering feel goes it tends to lean on the looser side of things but that is to be expected. It's an SUV and it's kind of an SUV based on the Corolla. So Corolla also has a very loose steering feel. So it is a looser steering feel. I will say that. And I'm not saying that's a bad thing because it's not. It's just that I prefer a heavier steering feel personally. So that's me. I know my wife loves the looser steering feel. So anyways, to each their own. As far as cabin noise goes we're going 57 miles per hour right now there is a little bit of road noise when you hit the worser spots in the road. So you do get a little bit of road noise with this thing but the wind noise is actually pretty much pretty well at bay. So I don't mind the cabin noise. Again, just a little bit of road noise there. As far as rear visibility goes, it's not bad. Honestly, it's not bad. It's not as good as like a RAV4 would be but it's not horrible. So I have no issues with the rear visibility there but that about rounds out the performance segment of this review you guys. Let's now go ahead and take a look at the exterior of our brand new 2023 Toyota Corolla Cross. All right, you guys. Here she is, the new 2023 Toyota Corolla Cross finished in jet black. In case you were curious of our exterior color name but it's always let's go ahead and start where this one is made. Final assembly point is actually in Alabama. So made in the USA, which is interesting but because the Corollas are still made in Japan but the Corolla Cross is made in the US. So fun fact for you. But anyways, it's always let's go ahead and start up front. Black front grille is going to come on the L and LE trim levels but you will get a metallic paint surround for the XLE. So that is currently what you guys are looking at just surrounding that front grille there. So looks pretty dang good. I like it with the black exterior especially. To the sides, full LED projector style headlights do come standard that is the best lighting you can get. So LEDs are the best, better than halogens of course. And you still do get halogens on a lot of cars these days but then projector so much better than reflector. So excellent headlights for excellent illumination at night. So I do like that. By the way, that comes standard on all trim levels. So even the L, so love that. Anyways, LED daytime running lights coming standard for all trim levels as well. You do get the auto off feature for the L trim level but if you wanted the auto on and off feature so full automatic headlights, that comes on the LE and the XLE. So you are not going to get that one on the L trim level but didn't want to mention though what you do get automatic high beams on every single trim level across the board. So when you have your high beams on at night and the sensors of vehicle coming in the opposite direction it's going to automatically dim them back to low beams. Then when that vehicle is gone it's going to automatically then bounce it back to high beams so definitely a big fan of that. And if you were to go with that XLE that we have today one of my favorite parts about the front end you do get LED fog lights. Guys can see that on the bottom portion of that front fascia there. So they look dang good as well. So I do love the look of the front end especially in black on this one in our XLE trim. So very nice looking front end. But anyways now let's go ahead and make our way to the side of this one. All right so now since we are around to the side of the Corolla Cross black roof rails will come standard on the LE and XLE trim levels. Rear privacy glass same thing, LE and XLE trim levels. You got kind of a floating roof line towards the back kind of finished in silver and let me actually get up a little bit closer to you for you guys here because I want to show you something. That silver part it actually has Corolla Cross etched into it. That is such a nice touch and fun fact for you also get Corolla Cross etched into the rear tail lights here. See if that can come out for you guys. Hopefully you could see that but Corolla Cross on the tail lights as well as on the silver portion of this floating roof line in the back. So huge fan of the attention to detail. Well done yet again Toyota. But anyways, taking a look at the side mirrors. They are black power adjustable side mirrors for the L trim level. Body colored power adjustable side mirrors stand for the LE and XLE trim levels. They will also be heated for those two and LED integrated turn signals will come standard on the LE and XLE trims as well. Then take a look at the wheel setup. 17 inch steel wheels with covers for the L. 17 inch aluminum alloys for the LE and then 18 inch aluminum alloys. What you guys are currently looking at right now for the XLE and I love the design to it. It has a funky little wave on the spokes. So definitely a big fan of the wheel setup here. But anyways, again, that rounds out the side profile. Let's now go ahead and make our way to the back. All right, so now since we are around to the back of the Corolla Cross all the way to the top body colored shark fin antenna. Just below that rear spoiler. You do have a rear window wiper affixiated to the rear glass as well. You do have some trim level badging. So if you wander on to a lot on a Sunday maybe go ahead and take a look at the back of the Corolla Cross. It's gonna let you know if it has all wheel drive as well as what the trim level is. So a little fun fact for you there. LED tail lights though do come standard for the XLE trim level only. So the L and LE are gonna get the halogens in the back but I do love these LED tail lights that I'm looking at right now. It looks pretty dang good. Kind of have some body colored accenting found towards the bottom there. Of course it's in black. So you might not be able to tell as much because it's surrounded in the matte black. Anyways, like that look as well. And there is a single exhaust outlet tucked away kind of on the passenger side down below there. So having said that, I do believe you guys know what we have to do next is always here is that exhaust clip. All right and so now since we are around still to the back of the Corolla Cross here when it comes to opening that rear tailgate it is a manual tailgate unless you go with a convenience package which is gonna give you a power moon roof that we have today and a couple other things. But that particular package is going to give you a power tailgate. So simply press the button on the key five or just press the button on the tailgate itself. It is gonna automatically open up for you. But anyways, once opened up cargo capacity comes in at 26.5 cubic feet. Of course there is a 6040 split meaning the rear seats do fall down for quite a bit of extra space then if you needed it. But there's a lot going on in the cargo area the Corolla Cross. And I say that because there's LED cargo lighting a lot of times you'll find halogens in the cargo area. So I do like that. You will get a cargo cover for the XLE trim level. It's gonna be optional on the LE. So we do have that as well. There are also a couple grocery bag hooks. I was surprised to see that. There's some chrome plated tie down anchors. If you were to lift up underneath of that cargo floor you're gonna find a spare tire and there's actually some indented storage on both corners in the cargo area as well where you could probably put like an ice scraper or something like that. So quite a bit going on like I said in the cargo area. So definitely a big fan of how that worked out. So then making our way up to the rear legroom that is going to come in at an even 32 inches. So for reference, I mean even six feet tall. This is how much space I had in those rear seats there. Rear ventilation is going to come standard on all trim levels across the board. You will get rear USB-C charging ports for the LE and XLE trim level. So not on the L unfortunately. But there is also a rear center armrest that is going to come only on the XLE trim level that we have today. And that actually has a couple of cup holders within it as well, so that's pretty cool. But then making our way up to the front seats, manually adjustable claw seating for the L and LE trims. XLE trim level is going to add to that 10-way power driver seat with powered lumbar, heated front seats then, and soft techs upholstery. So that is what we are currently have with us here today. So otherwise you're gonna get the claw seats like I said, but overall as far as seat comfort goes it was plenty fine. And again, because we have those power adjustable front seats because we have the power lumbar support definitely not gonna have any issues taking this thing on a long road trip. So seats are plenty fine without a doubt. But then take a look at the steering wheel it is tilt-end telescoping. It is wrapped in urethane for the L trim level but then leather wrapped for the LE and XLE trim levels like we have today. So I did like that. Then make your way to the startup. Let me show you guys the key here. You got a Toyota's new key essentially. You got a Toyota logo all the way to the bottom. Lock unlock and again that button to pop the power rear tailgate there. But it is all keyless entry with a push button start if you go with the LE or XLE trim level. So all I'm going to do here is simply put my foot on the brake and press that engine start button kind of located just by the driver's right knee. And so once started up you're gonna find two different gauge clusters. And so the first one is gonna belong to the L and LE trims. It's gonna be a 4.2 inch digital display screen essentially, but the XLE trim level is going to give you a seven inch full digital gauge cluster engine tap all the way to your left fuel information on your right. And again, digital screen can be adjusted by using the steering wheel. Multi-controls found on the left side of the steering wheel. And that is gonna tell you your average miles per gallon at any given time. How many miles you have left until you hit empty. Outside temperature as well. So pretty much everything you could possibly want on the digital gauges there. And I like that it's fully digital. So definitely a cool look to it. But let's go ahead and touch on overall interior quality. Let me start with my favorite part. Power moon roof is gonna be a $940 option for the LE and XLE trims. Or you can get it with a convenience package that we have today, which I think is right around $2,100.  Auto dimming rear view mirror is gonna come with the XLE trim level only. We have that. So if somebody's got their high beams on behind you, that's definitely gonna help. Ambient lighting coming with the XLE trim level as well. Wireless phone charger for the LE and XLE trims is gonna be found just in front of the shifter there.  So both driver and passenger can set their own temperatures there. Just behind the shifter, you have an electromechanical parking brake. You have a couple cup holders. And within the center armrest, you actually have a 12-volt power outlet and a USB charging port within there. And overall, interior quality isn't bad. I mean, it does kind of feel like a Toyota Corolla, just a more upscale one, I guess, because we have the XLE trim. But I don't mind the interior quality. You do have some plastic door handles, some plastic accents on the doors as well. But I do like all the gloss black accents surrounding the shifter. I like the silver trim above the passenger side glove box. You got this two-toned color theme with the dark and the light interior as well. I'm a big fan of that. So personally, I don't mind the interior quality. I think it's pretty good for the price range. I'll just put it that way. But now let's go ahead and make our way to the tech. And so this is probably the main change for the 2023 Toyota Corolla Cross is you now have Toyota's next generation infotainment software. Again, new for 2023, which is an eight-inch color touchscreen display coming standard for all trim levels across the board, includes Bluetooth and audio streaming, wireless Android Auto and Apple CarPlay. So not just wireless Apple CarPlay, but also wireless Android Auto as well. A lot of manufacturers have been leaving out wireless Android Auto for whatever reason. So I like that it comes on the Corolla Cross here. You can check out your driving statistics up there as well if you wanted to. Everything worked pretty darn quickly as well. So there wasn't really a delay whatsoever with this thing. So I was a big fan of that. And of course, you can check out your radio information up there as well. And so this is where it gets fun. So six speakers does come stated at all trim levels across the board, which shouldn't be that bad for the Corolla Cross considering the size of it. But there is an optional nine speaker JBL sound system that is available for approximately $800 for the Eileen XLE trim levels. And you guys may have seen it, but that added that massive subwoofer found in the cargo area as well. So having said that, what do you guys say? Let's go ahead and turn on the radio, see what we got playing today, and let's test out the clarity of this one. That's a really good sound system, quite honestly for the Corolla Cross. Definitely overkill for the Corolla Cross, which I personally love. I actually had a JBL subwoofer in my first car back in the day. It was an external one and I thought it was very cool. But that was an incredible sound system for the Corolla Cross, honestly. Ton of bass, you can definitely tell there's a subwoofer hanging out in the cargo area. Plenty of clarity, that was a great sound system. I'm just gonna put it that way. But anyways, last thing I wanna mention to you guys on the infotainment screen is when you do put the Corolla Cross in reverse, you will find a rear view camera coming standard for all trim levels across the board, taking up the entire screen as well, which isn't always the case, but it's always that is going to lead us into safety. So first let me start with the best part, IIHS top safety pick plus, which is the very highest designation given by IIHS, that pretty much says it all right there. Front side side carry-down bags do come standard.  So they come standard on the Corolla Cross and actually as well as the Corolla, believe it or not. So that's pretty cool. In the back also latch, aka lower anchors and tethers for children for the rear car seats. Rear child door docks, tire pressure monitoring system, but also new for 2023 Toyota Safety Sense 3.0. And so that's going to include pre-collision system with pedestrian detection, lane departure alert with steering assist, lane tracing assist, dynamic radar cruise control, route sign assist, and then the LE and XLE trims that is going to add to that blind spot monitoring system with rear cross traffic alert and safe exit assist then as well. So overall when it comes to my final thoughts here of the Corolla Cross, I love that JBL sound system. I'm just going to start by saying that excellent safety as well. You can't get better than an IHS top safety pick plus. I love that. Good starting price point as well. You got wireless Android Auto Apple CarPlay. That's still rare. I would say 90% of vehicles out there that I reviewed do not have the wireless Android Auto. A lot of them have the Apple CarPlay, but not the wireless Android Auto. So that's pretty cool. As far as room for improvement goes, I would just say really one thing. It's kind of slow, but I would think that's fine just because the trade-off would probably be adding a turbocharger to this thing, which would hinder the reliability. So I would rather have a slightly slower vehicle, but have it be reliable that Toyota is known for, then have them turbocharge it, have more issues with that, have it a little bit faster, but then not as reliable. So I'm choosing the slower Corolla Cross over a turbocharged counterpart any day. But anyways, let me know what you guys think of the Corolla Cross in the comments section below and that is about it for this one. You guys, thank you so much for watching. Feel free to follow me on social media at the bottom of the screen if you wanna see what's coming next on the channel before it gets to YouTube. Be sure to hit the subscribe and the bell notification button if you're into new car reviews because that's what we do here on this channel after all. Do appreciate you guys watching more than you know. I will see you guys all in the next video. Stay Gold!


They just released a brand new secret Dragon Ball Z Kakarot DLC all about Goku vs Vegeta and today on the channel we're going to play it. So I don't really know how secret it is per se, but I didn't see any advertisement about this at all, and once you beat the actual main story of the DLC around UUUM, you get access to a tale of two sayings. A questline that leads up to the final end of Dragon Ball Z rematch between Goku and Vegeta, and it was so good that I decided to upload this video before the video of me playing the actual DLC. So with that said, let's get straight into it. So this is going to start the saga of two sayings. I can't wait to see what this mode is. I think we should get a Goku and Vegeta rematch. Oh wait, it's just a cutscene. I thought we were actually going to fight. That's enough sparring for today. Alright, maybe Pan isn't going to be the one we fight just yet. I want to know more about your Chaining Throne.   Actually, I lost quite a lot. That's not true. Hahahahaha! Speaking of strong opponents, it's been a while since I fought. Oh wait, are we just talking about Vegeta? I thought we were going to go through every old fight. AHH! Don't fight me! Don't fight me! AHH SHIT! I'm just trying to enjoy the DLC, man. God damn, who planted these Saibhams in anyway? And they kind of messed... They kind of messed me up. Where did my help bar go? They are kind of messing me up, man! DAMN! Bro, what the hell? I was just trying to do a tale of two sayings. Get out of here! Alright, I'm going to stay low to the ground. I'm really not trying to get beat up by these guys. Perfect, I made it! Alright, no Saibham in attack this time! Hey dad, go on! Go on, what are you doing?  I'll make a mental image of those guys. I have to remember what it was like to fight them. Alright, let's get through these mental trainings. Mental training number one. We're on Nambi... Yeah, we're going up against Frieza. Alright, are we going up against the Ginyu Force? Nope! We're starting things off with Frieza! And this is a pretty good cutscene. Is this just straight from Kakarot or did they make this new? Alright, let's start things off with Frieza. Aw, no ground battle though, come on. Oh, Super Saiyan 3? Oh, Frieza, you are not built for this, bro! Goku is not... I like that Goku's imagining this, but he is not trading fair. He said, yeah, I think I'm going to imagine myself as Super Saiyan 3. Can I level up as Super Saiyan 3? Oh, yeah! In the end of Z Uniform 2, that looks too clean!  Oh, God! How do I dodge this? I'm just going to keep side stepping. Sorry, Nambik. Even in my imagination, Nambik is not getting any better. Oh, God! Whoa, Frieza, stop! Frieza, calm down! What the... I've never seen this camera go before, but damn, am I good? Alright, I'm not going to lie, I'm a little scared of dying at this stage. I feel like we've gotten mostly pretty low. There's no... Goku, can we imagine him to be a little weaker?     Oh, thank God! Just keep last, keep last, keep last! No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no! Frieza, Frieza, Frieza, Frieza! Frieza, please! Frieza, thank you! Oh, my God, I was... If I lost, I was going to be pissed. I ought to the next mental opponent. Damn, you don't get to keep your lie! I knew it was going to be like that!  I don't have any items. Damn, a motherfucker like me who is definitely supposed to take items to this. Oh, just, just, damn!  Just kill me already. Hold on, I need items. Okay, now I've got some healing items. I'm a little more aware of the stakes. I feel like the stakes is really what surprised me last time. This time I'm not going down like that. And also I know how to dodge Frieza's moves now. I just, man, Frieza just has so much health for somebody that I'm supposed to kill like three times over, man. Super Saiyan 3. I dodge Frieza's attacks. Frieza, please, bro! Think of the fact that I have like four more fights after you. Actually, no, I don't want to think about that. Dodge this, dodge this. Frieza, please! Frieza, please! Halo 2 Saiyans! Okay, okay, okay, okay, okay. It seems now! Frieza, you're literally just a mental training simulation, bro, dodge that. Side step!  No way, no way! That was crazy. All right, I had to use three items to get back to full. If that's good, then that's bad. I'm just saying, bro, I should not have, I should not have to use that many items. Bro, I'm just not a good Kakarot player, bro. I never thought not being good at Kakarot would come back to bite me, but this DLC is too cool not to do. So I gotta earn it. Honestly, if I stay in Super Saiyan 3 and just melee him, I mean, I do pretty good damage like this. No mini game time. No, Frieza, I don't want to play a mini game, bro. I don't want to play a mini game, Frieza. Blink that. That was crazy. No more mini games, Frieza. I need to fight Cell. Let's go. Get Frieza out of here. It's time to move on to Cell. Do I get full Ki going into the next fight? Oh, great. I don't even get to keep Super Saiyan 3. This time, you're all mine, Cell. I don't have that many recovery items, Cell. Please, don't take my health. Oh, yeah, big damage. Give me that first health bar. Easy, light work. I'll end this quickly. Damn, that was a cool voice line. I'll give it up. Multi-form technique. What is this? Damn! Damn! I've never played Kaikou, bro. Does he do this in the game? I've never seen a technique like this. No way. No way that hits me. He had kept up with his training. Cell.  I need to focus on the fight now.  Come on, Cell, go down. Go down. I've already used so many healing items. Thank you. I really needed that. Okay, Majin, kid boo next. Thank you, bro. I literally do not have the items for this. I don't know where to get items either. Good damage, good damage. Keep the deeps. Pump the damage. Pump the damage while I can't do nothing about it. Body blow, break. Super coming, y'all. Oh, my God, boo's the easiest opponent so far. Oh, no, it wasn't worth it. I drained all my stamina. I drained all my key. Just dodge that. Easy dodge. Oh, God. Get out of there, get out of there. I barely survived that, but that is okay. Key by key up. I don't want to fall back down. Oh, God, he's splitting into multiple kid boo's. Big collateral, though. Big collateral. Damn. Okay, I'm getting here. I'm going to super heal aid. I get rid of one kid boo at a time. I want to make sure I'm keeping Super Saiyan 3 because these auto attacks are just cutting through these, but... Oh, cheater, cheater. What the... How many moves do you have, bro? Oh, God, damn it. I lost Super Saiyan 3. You cost me Super Saiyan 3, bro, and I'm going back into it. So if you thought it was gone for good, you got another thing coming. Okay, return fire didn't work too good. No, no, no, no, I need a charge. Boo, I need a charge. Please, bro. Boo, boo, boo, boo, boo. Oh, wait, we what? I thought for sure that hit me, but I'll take it. Hey, it wasn't too hard, bro. I put on a couple items, you see? And now we just get to reap the rewards. Okay, okay, that kind of hurt. Ow, ow, ow. Oh, my God. That took all my health. Dude, stop with this. Bam! Oh, God, how much damage? How much damage does this do? Bro, please! How many moves can you do? Of course, Super Commentary doesn't even make it that far. You need to go, bro. You, stop! Don't hit me with that. Don't ever in your life think you're hitting me with that again. Just cheese him out, just cheese him out, bro. I'm so tired of fighting you. God, damn! Please tell me I never have to do that stage ever again. That was wild. I want to try beating that all on hard with no items. That was a challenge and a half. All right, I think this is gonna be it. I think that's Vegeta down there. I think this is what we've been waiting for. Oh, this is gonna be so sick. I've seen no spoilers about this, by the way. You're late. He's got a Saiyan armor on as well. Sorry, I was just getting ready to fight you. And I guess I had lost track of time, man.  This is the day I defeat you. Nah, nah, not today, but. That's the spirit. We'll just have to see if I can one up you this time.  Damn, okay. Not very friendly for you, huh? This is it. Prepare to lose. Oh, he hit the stance. Let me hit my stance. Hey!   Hey, Vegeta, can you do this? I didn't think so, bro. Yeah, there's no Super, huh? Yeah, no Dragon Ball Super? You don't got Super Saiyan God? Didn't think so. Final Flash. Woo-hoo! Final Flash, that was looking pretty good. Oh, how did I fall out of Super Saiyan 3? Final Flash in my face? Blink that, ugh, what's up? Oh, I wanna be base. You know what, I'm gonna level up with Vegeta. If he wants to stay base, I'm staying base. Come on, open up that guard, Vegeta. Open up that guard. There it is, there it is. Body blow.  Oh, I thought he was gonna go Super Saiyan God.  I don't have that access to that form. Damn, Vegeta's technique. Damn, and it's effective. Whoa! All right, I'm not gonna lie. I didn't wanna use items, but I'm gonna use an Ultra Healing because I got hit by too many cheap stuff. Bro, Vegeta's for real. Come on, Vegeta. I got hit by that technique once, but I'm not gonna let it slide again. Ah, Jack. Come on, bro, you gotta go, he's gotta go Super Saiyan or something, right? Surely in the rematch, we're gonna get access to some Saiyan forms. Damn, damn, damn. Come on, Vegeta, fight back. Where's that big bang attack energy, bro? He was doing that for a long time. Okay, okay, now he's mixing big bang attack with some other stuff. I'm not really impressed just yet. I'm not really impressed, especially not impressed because I could just be Super Saiyan 3 right now, Vegeta. Like, we could be making this look embarrassing. All right, all right. So when Vegeta's technique actually works, it really is not a joke. It really is just crazy. I am not impressed, Vegeta. You know what? I'm done holding back. You wouldn't want me to hold back anyway. Oh my God, look at the way your health is falling, bro. Vegeta's fading fast.  Oh, that was only round one? I'm hype. I knew that was only gonna be round one. I knew they were gonna give us some Saiyan forms at least. The real fight begins now. Yes! Right! Oh, damn, this cutscene is crazy. Super Saiyan 3. All right, might have busted it out a little too early in the fight, but hey, it was lore-accurate. Look at him. That's what I like to see. Not going into the God forms. Wait, no way. No way.  Surely he's not going Super Saiyan. No way. Oh, okay. Wait, is that like- This is starting to get tough. Why is he sparkling? Is that just Super Saiyan 2? Or is that supposed to be like Vegeta? No, surely not. Oh, Galaga, damn! Destructo, dis, bro. Are you really copying Krillin right now? We're really copying Krillin. That's the level we're at. All right, hold on. Let me put some damage on him.  That cutscene really made me think that they were going to let Vegeta go Super Saiyan 3 in Kakarot. I thought we were about to get the Raging Glass special. Are we getting a cutscene? Oh! That was sick. That is crazy. That is crazy. Damn, Vegeta is going all out. I got to go all out too. My cutscene looks terrible compared to Vegeta's. Damn, this fight is crazy. This is the DLC fight, bro. Oh, no. Oh, no, no, no. He caught me charging. Bro caught me charging. Oh, God, that move is crazy. Come on, Vegeta. I got to see this next cutscene. No! I managed to block it, so it didn't do that much. Oh, another cutscene? Oh, the ma- Damn, we're getting fly smacks. Nah, this is sick. This is the DLC fight. The strongest in the universe, bro. Okay, I can't- Okay, I got to stop trying to fight him during the early phases because he is just going to cook me every time and I'm out of healing items. God damn, I just got to wait for the opening. If I don't wait for the opening, I am not beating this guy, especially on my low-level items. Just wait for the opening, wait for the opening. Vegeta, don't dash in. I can't- Oh, God! My last healing item, Vegeta. I can't afford to lose now. Oh, God, the explosions, the explosions! Get out of there, Goku! Why did I dash into it? Okay, we survived, but barely. I'm just trying to do a little chip damage while I wait for him to get into his next opening. I've been waiting- I've been too patient. Like, Galakund is going to be an opening. I just don't want to rush it. There we go, huge opening, big damage. Oh, God damn, he went immediately to his next attack. The slicer, we dodge those. Three destructo-disk. Damn, Krillin needed to get in the training room with Vegeta. All right, I'm looking for that next opening. Is that it? No, that was not it, damn. Okay, now we know for sure that that is not an opening. But we found another one. Is this a cutscene trigger? Oh, damn! Oh! What happened? Damn! DLC quality, $13! And he's awakening again. Okay, this is bad. I almost charged him. Damn! Vegeta, please! It doesn't have to be this crazy, bro. Oh, my God. Okay, get out of here, get- Ah-hoo! Prepare yourself! Whoa! Are we sure? I think I can endure this. Damn, I can't- I can't see where we're going. Whoa! Whoa, whoa! Final flash from above? Damn! It's still coming towards me! Vegeta!  If he does that move again, I am- Oh no, oh no. I'm actually cooked. I don't have any items left.  This isn't fair, Vegeta! I want you to admit that this isn't fair! One final flash did me in this bad. Okay, come on. Destruct him to the second dodges. I've dodged these a million times. Okay, he mixed up the attack pattern. He mixed up the attack pattern a little bit. We can still dodge this. We got an opening here. We got an opening. God, I just- I don't do any damage. Come on, come on. Get his health bar lower. Get his health bar lower. If he goes for any of the final flash stuff, I'm just screwed. Oh, God! If that would have killed me, I'm pissed. God, I'm just clinging on. I'm barely surviving, bro. No, I don't want to turn up the heat. I think we should leave the heat right where it is. I think the heat is perfect where it is. Anybody else agree? I think the heat is pretty hot, but it's not intolerable, you know? Gala gun? Do the gala gun. Hey man, I need you to do the gala gun really bad. Oh yes, yes, yes. Oh, final flash from this close! Bitch! Hey, never do the final flash ever again. Oh God, please! I'm still worried he's going to try to do that final flash move from above. I feel like that was a one-time thing, but still, it's pretty scary. Got him. I'm close. In his face. If I could just get him down to the health he has me at, I would feel so much more confident. That should not have hit me. That should not have hit me. I'm pissed. All right, we got him down to almost one bar. Almost one bar. This has to be the end of the battle, bro. If I have to do it all over again, that's going to be crazy. Like, I'm down for round three. If you want to do a round three, like, a round three would be totally fine by me. But what I don't want is... Ow!  Do a Gallagher. Do a final flash. That's good. That's good. Oh, cutscene! Oh, but not this kind of cutscene, man. Come on. I'm so tapped in. I'm so focused. Oh, God. No! Oh, my God. I have one HP left. Is he just going to swing on me the whole time? I'm out of key, Vegeta! No way! I have to do all of that over again! Starting it all over again, this time I'm not going easy on him. This time I'm saving all my items. I'm doing everything. I know the openings now. I know where I'm free to attack. And I'm going to spam every move I have in my inventory. Oh, and into a Gallagher right away? Look at this. I'm taking all that help bar. Resets. Go ahead and scream about it, Vegeta. But take two is going way different. That's not easy. We've almost got him down to three. And the Vajran cutscene is pretty sick. I'm not going to lie. Even seeing him a second time, these cutscenes are pretty crazy. Okay, I'm getting too mash heavy. Way too mash heavy. I'm not actually respecting him. I was mashing. I just cost myself a lot of healing items. But I can do it now. I got a lot of health bars left and he's got a lot of time stunned. Break! Super Kamen Rider! Come on, Vegeta. I need to see what you're really made of. Oh, oh, combos. I forgot about this. Let's go. We finally made it to this stage of the fight. I'm way healthier than I was last time.  He's got three health bars the same as me. He's finally human.  I need to keep my key up, man. I'm not trying to go out like this. Oh, God. Oh, God. All right. Final super heal. No, no, no, no. I forgot about this. I forgot about this. We actually dodged it. We didn't get hit by the final flash. Damn, that move is scary as hell though. I'm not going to lie. Dude, I hate Vegeta, man. He's stalling. Oh, she actually mixed me. Damn. Break! Super Kamen Rider again at the end of the stun meter. Maximize the damage. Okay, I got to play a little safe. I got to play a little safe. He still has a bar and a half.  Let's go. If we can get another break, I think he's done. Vegeta! Big mistake, Vegeta break. Break! He might be done. I mean, I'll give him credit. He's actually a lot tankier than I gave him credit for. Super Kamen Rider. He had a little bit of stun time left. I think this is going to be his final stand. I'm going crazy. All the final cutscene. Oh, we are tired, bro. I actually feel this. My wrist hurts. We're cooked. Damn. This is like Naruto and Sasuke from the end of the valley. This is it. This is the end of the fight. It's been a long time coming. Oh, God. Oh, God. Oh, God. No, no, no.  That will kill me if I can hit by all that. No. Final fly out. It hit me all the way down. Limit breaker. Gallic. Stop it, Vegeta. Stop it. Stop it, Vegeta. Stop it. Stop it, Vegeta. Oh, my God. Never try to hit me with one of those ever again. Oh, no way. Are we going to hit them? This was the $13 DLC. I was waiting on. Just do it. Don't make me play. Just let me watch. Transition.  New stuff, too. Never mind. The Overlive.  Done for. That was wild. Hand it to you, Vegeta. Patronizing me, Kakarot. I've been training nonstop in order to finally defeat you. Thanks to your hard work. I suppose we'll just have to call this one a draw. What do you mean a draw? Yeah, what's up with that, bro? You guys still have, you could still move. You want to end it already? I'm not done yet. I still have energy. This next move will determine the winner. Are you sure? You're in pretty bad shape. What's that mean, bro? You're not doing much better. Ready or not, here it comes. Sweet victory will be mine. Take this. Bro, what's about that? Oh, stop. Why don't we take a break first? Damn, that was...  Oh, they're still fighting. That was the best DLC this game has seen by far. After all that, it's still a draw. It's not over yet. Sorry. I can't even lift a finger. Yep, that's it for me. It's the same for you, right? Hate to admit it, but I accept a draw. We got a draw, another official ending. But I vow to get even stronger.  I had a feeling you'd say that. And that's the end. What a DLC. I'm going to end it here. Hopefully you enjoyed it. And I guess I'll be back if Kakarot ever drops more DLC. But stick around, like, subscribe, stay tuned for all the other videos. Bye.


Where are you right now with something going on in your world? Are you experiencing in this season of your life emotions that you know you are spending too much time in? You're not moving through. You're getting stuck in a tunnel and it's creating this emotional exhaustion that's not getting a shift of anything else you're doing. If you don't understand it is that and determined to keep moving through it and let it go, you'll find you don't need all this other stuff you thought you needed. I am learning some things now I didn't know. Read different books, have different conversations and you'll hand yourself a gift for the rest of this year.


OK, cool. All right. Hey, guys. I'm Trevor, and I'm doing my talk on Python for quantifying cardiovascular function. So I just finished a master's project looking at relationship between brain blood flow regulation and systemic blood pressure regulation. So our whole thing is looking at the different systems that regulate blood flow and blood pressure throughout the body into different organs and whatnot. So this is important because all the tissue in your body needs constant delivery of oxygen and nutrients.  So yeah, my background, I don't come from a computer science background originally. But studying the human body got me really interested in what tools you can use to do better analysis, basically. So normally, when you go into the doctor, they'll, like it's pretty common, they'll measure your blood pressure. This is a static measurement. And it's just a one-off. They'll say, if your blood pressure is 120 over 80, you're healthy. If your blood pressure is 160 over 90, you're not doing so hot. But the problem with this simplistic measure is it doesn't tell you anything about the moment-to-moment variation or how your body can adapt to that. So if you look at this bottom graph here, this is a real blood pressure trace from our lab. And granted for this one, we did inject drugs to make their blood pressure drop and rise pretty quick. But so basically, look, if you were to measure this guy's blood pressure at 1,700 seconds versus 1,740 seconds, that's quite a discrepancy. So I went and got my blood pressure checked to physical before I started my last job. And I was late. I had already slammed three cups of coffee that morning and had run there from the train. And my blood pressure was through the roof and the nurse was worried. But it's totally different than it was the plot. So this plot, this is a blood pressure plot. This is a continuous waveform. I'll show you some close-ups of it later. But basically, we're so used to thinking of blood pressure as a high and a low, right? Well, this is the continuous pulsatile flow, which is recorded from a device on the finger that records at 1,000 hertz. So you're getting 1,000 data points per second, as opposed to just two data points for. It's a line plot. It's a line plot, yeah, right. And so the green, red, and light blue, those are all calculations I've done in Python that calculate the systolic mean diastolic. So just looking at blood pressure, that's a static measurement of the brachial artery in the arm. If you go a step further above that, you've got a system called the Barrow Reflex, which regulates systemic blood pressure. And then with the local arterial beds surrounding vital organs, such as the brain, you've got things like cerebral auto-regulation, which modulate arterial diameter to control flow. So someone that could have a specific blood pressure and their blood flow to their brain could be not necessarily representative of what the blood pressure is. So one of the big things that I focused on in our lab was the Barrow Reflex. So basically it works as a negative feedback loop. So you see this picture here. For arterial blood pressure, going through the aortic arch in the heart and carotid arteries in your neck, there's sensors that detect change. So if there's an increase or decrease in blood pressure, these nerves will send signals to the brain to change heart rate and arterial diameter. And so that's one of the big things we were looking at is assessing how quickly a person's body can adapt to those changes. So let's see here. Yeah, so blood pressure is a product of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. So cardiac output, that's related to heart rate and amount of blood that's pumped out for each heartbeat. And then total peripheral resistance, that has to do with the change in arterial diameter. So if blood pressure goes up, the arteries can dilate, and that helps to bring pressure down. So basically the idea is the quicker that your body can do that, the more healthy you are, in theory. So in our lab, we are able to quantify this by making a number of measurements at the same time.  We had ECG trace to get the heart rate and the cuff I was talking about for the blood pressure on the finger. And in addition to that, we also had a nasal line getting Entitle CO2 and oxygen. We inserted microelectrodes into the peroneal nerve in the knee. So it's basically a needle sticking a centimeter into her leg into a nerve. And it's basically like trying to stick a pencil tip into a pencil tip. So it takes us about an hour and a half to get it in the right spot. And then we start our test. But so it's a bit of a disconnect between what we can do in the lab and what we can just do walking around day to day. But it's pretty amazing to me what you can read from these signals. So we do a number of tests where we just look at them at their spontaneous baseline fluctuations in everything and how they relate to one another. Then the drug injections I talked about. There's a kenylin line in the arm where we inject nitropresside and phyllofran to get a quick drop in rise in blood pressure. And then inflating thigh cuffs that basically cut off circulation of the legs. And then deflating them and watching what happens as blood flows back to the legs. So it sounds a bit barbaric, like saying it out loud. But that's what I did for two years. So here's a close-up of the measurements we'd make. So we do this. It's all records to use a program called LabChart. I'm sure there's other ways to do it as well. This is all time aligned together. So we've got the heart ECG trace, CO2 oxygen and blood pressure, two brain blood flow channels, and the nerve activity, which corresponds to the constriction of arteries. So when I started working in this lab, I was involved with data analysis. I didn't have any programming skills. But it basically got delegated to me to make the analysis program for the Barrow Reflex. And I kind of went off the deep end on LabView. And I just show hands. How many of you are familiar with LabView? A handful. So this is kind of, I didn't realize, but I feel like not a lot, not everyone, like it's not as common as I thought it would be. But I guess in physiology, a lot of people do use it. It was pretty easy to dive into, or at least not be intimidated by it, because the back panel, what you're, instead of writing code, you're basically making a circuit board. So while loops and for loops are funny looking boxes with lines coming in and out of them and whatnot. But so to start out, it's pretty easy. But then it's pretty easy to turn it into a big rainbow spaghetti nightmare that takes a while to debug. And in addition to that, after leaving my masters, to get a license for this, it's three grand. If you want some of the extra modules, it's going to be six grand. If I want to basically give someone else another lab a copy of my software to use, they also have to have a license. And it's kind of same for MATLAB as well. But those two programs are very common in the biomedical research. So I kind of, I started reading around and kind of got interested in Python. I read Python for Data Analysis, which was Wes McKinney's book, and became really interested. And so the big thing switching to Python was just that it's open source, which is obviously awesome. And I was surprised just how many different libraries there were to use and just how powerful it can be. So also on top of that, there's a huge support community. Like I've been going to New York Python Meetups and just looking online, if you've got a problem when you're starting online, someone else has had the same problem at some point. And also just looking at the popularity of Python is growing. This is off of GitHub. They quantify popularity based off of search queries. And so just my thought is the more people using it equals more libraries coming out, more support. So it's a good spot to be in, definitely. So I guess I'll switch over to my notebook here. But one of the big things to me was pandas, and specifically the data frames. Because I'm working with so many channels of data, it's easy to take all of that and quickly relate different channels to one another and easily aggregate multiple channels at the same time. Yeah, so we'll just run this. And so this first part is just importing a text file as a data frame. And so you see here, this is the text file that was an output from that lab chart program. It's just three channels. I've only taken out the time and seconds, the ECG, and blood pressure traces. And so you can easily import that into a data frame and tell it what columns to use, what to label the index, what to label each column. And so the next thing, the first thing I wanted to do was quantify when each heartbeat happens. And so to do that, basically it's like a local maxima of the ECG. So each time you have that peak, it's called the QRS complex. That's basically when the heart is contracting and sending blood out to the body. So I kind of wrestled with it for a little bit because the signal has a lot of high frequency noise. And so basically what I was doing was saying for points that are above a specific threshold and are greater than the previous point and the next point, that would be when the QRS complex was. But as you can see up here, there's multiple points just because of the noise. So I ended up using the Butterworth filter in sci-fi. And basically, to be honest, I basically copy pasted the example they had to use it in sci-fi. It took like two minutes to set up. And all the high frequency noise was gone. So that was a really good day. So this part here, this is that what I was talking about. And basically, it's just a low pass filter. And I then added it to the data frame. So just give it a column name, say equals the filter to ECG, which is our end result of our Butterworth low pass filter. So from there, we're able to quantify when each heartbeat happens a lot easier. And so I just made this threshold here. And just because each subject, the baseline for the ECG is going to be a little bit different, I can't just give it a specific number. And so I made basically a threshold. I used NumPy Max and Min to calculate a percentage height of the signal. So for each file I use, I've got a new threshold that's automatically detected. And then, like I said earlier, the basic principle of determining when that QRS complex is, is finding out when a data point is greater than the previous and next points and basically append that to its own list. And so from that, basically with all this, like each time there's a new local maxima, it becomes the first point for a new heartbeat. And then all following points are labeled as the same heartbeat until you get to a new one and so forth. So this makes it really easy to say what is the maximum blood pressure for heartbeat zero, or what's the minimum, what's the mean. So that's how you're able to basically calculate local values. And so the heart rate is calculated as 60 divided by the RR interval, which is the difference between each point. And so you can see that right here. But basically we're calculating just time between each heartbeat. And so basically as your blood pressure drops, the barrel reflex is sending a signal to increase the heart rate. So the time between each heartbeat is going to decrease. So we've got our heart rate calculation right here. And then from that, you can then calculate the local max mean and min, which is the systolic mean and diastolic blood pressures for each heartbeat. And so from this, I've made an output data frame. Again, I find this really useful, really easy to just make from scratch a new data frame that's got all of my data. So for each heartbeat, I've got what time it happened, what the RR interval is, what the heart rate, systolic mean and diastolic blood pressure is. But from there, we're not quite done yet. To quantify how sensitive the system is, we need to basically bucket by systolic blood pressure. So what we're looking at is relationship between the time between each heartbeat and the systolic blood pressure. And to do this, I don't know if you guys saw the pandas talk a little bit earlier, but there is a group by function. I was working at that for a little bit. I ended up making my own that basically appends. It makes the 3 millimeter mercury bins. And it just made more sense to me. But basically, I've got bins corresponding to each blood pressure range. And so from that, that looks good. Sorry. OK, so basically I've got the bin values. We'll graph that in just a moment. But also with pandas, it's really easy to quickly calculate something for all the channels. So here, I've calculated the average heartbeat, how long? The total recording was average R interval, average heart rate, and then average blood pressure values, and number of bins. So there's seven bins. And then from this, calculate linear regression. You can see here, I mean, it's all crunched together here. But basically, a close up is you've got your ECG and blood pressure. And along the way, you've got the changes. You've got your local maxima. And then you can calculate what the relationship between the two is. I don't know why that changed. Just a moment ago, this fit. So sorry about that. Let me see if I can fix that. Apologies, bear with me. OK, there we go. I don't know what just happened, but it's restarting kernel and it works. So you can see here, we've got systolic blood pressure versus time between each heartbeat. So as systolic blood pressure drops, on average, you have a decrease between time between each heartbeat. So this is basically the system, as blood pressure is dropping, it's telling the heart to increase heart rate to bring the blood pressure back up. So basically, in the lab, what we're calculating, we're doing all this just to get this slope value. And the greater the slope, the greater the increase in heart rate per drop in blood pressure. So basically, the sensitivity tells how quickly a person's heart can react and help to buffer the changes in blood pressure. So from here, I had high hopes for this talk. I really wanted to get the sympathetic arterial portion. It's a little more work. I've done it in lab view before. But basically, it's the same process. We're calculating the average integrated area of each burst corresponding to heartbeats in each blood pressure bin. And just time-wise, it's going to take me a little bit longer. Also, there's a number of ways to measure cerebral auto-regulation.  And so just using tools like Pandas, it's quick and easy to aggregate the data. It's easy to manipulate different channels based on another channel on the same table. Yeah, it's an awesome thing.


game, am I right? This isn't a seminar, this isn't a speech, right?  We're not doing this.  Think, top 1% in your industry, what does it pay? What does your industry that you're in, what does it pay if we're the top 1%? Now, you're in that industry and you're in that chair, am I right? Yes. Okay, so if you're in that chair and you're in that industry and you're not earning that money, that is because of you. So I'm gonna explain to you first why people don't make the money they're worth. You guys want to know? It's because of a low barrier of entry. Okay, so Victor, somebody goes to work in the H backspace, how much money does it cost to go work to sell in the H backspace?  If we charge them a hundred grand to come work in it, all they'd all be millionaires, wouldn't they? In the automotive space, I made almost 900 grand, dude. I was a sales guy, freaking kid. This chair, my manager told me when I was 18 years old, you see this chair, see this? This right here, doctors go to sit in their chairs. You know what they have to do? They have to go to school for seven years. $250,000 roughly in student loan debt. This chair right here, you're all in it. Everybody knows this, right? You're in sales? How much is this chair worth? It's unlimited, but what's the top 1% in your industry? I got a solar sales guy right now that says solar and made 2.4 million last year. So I know that if a guy sells solar, I know we could make 2.4. I know a salesman last year that made 1.3 selling cars, so I know that this chair is worth 1.3. I know that when I made almost 900 grand selling cars, just a salesman, no title, no manager, no leader, no team, no nothing, just a guy that came in, hit the clock and sold shit, okay? I knew what this chair was worth.  And if you don't do that, you don't get to earn what the chair will pay you. This is the difference between professionals and amateurs. Amateurs don't train because they don't feel like it. Professionals don't feel like it either, but they do it because they're the best. Did you guys get it? Okay, so I need you to understand something. I don't care what you want to do in this room today. I don't care if you're used to not paying attention.  We're not the same. You came for something, you lied to me. You lied to yourself.  Okay? So I want us to all hold each other accountable in rooms like this. I like being really direct with each other. Hey guys, what's going on? It's Andy. A lot of you leave comments telling me that you need help. Do me a favor and tell you the best way to get a hold of me. Shoot me a text message right now,<PHONE_NUMBER>,<PHONE_NUMBER>. I'll help you with whatever you need.  Let's get back to the video. That's what, entitlement and pride and ego, we have none of it in here. If someone gets up here or if somebody's training and they mess up, does anybody think less of them if they stand up and try their hardest? No. That's good. It's when you freeze and you flee that I have a problem. I want you to face your weaknesses in this room. I know what's in store for me this next year. I know what it is and you should know too.  You out steal everyone in the world and you don't worry about entertainment for 90 days and all you worry about is your education for 90 days. 90 days you'll come back and you'll visit the same room and you'll see, oh my God, I can't believe who I used to be when I was here. Hey guys, I just want to tell you the true one percenters you made it till the end of the video. Do me a favor, share it with the friend that wants to go to another level. Make sure you like the video, comment below so I know who you are. Set your notifications and then subscribe to the channel. We got daily self-training videos dropping. I'll see you soon. Great! You can say that's the latest of the great...


Hazards and safety practices on surge piles. Maintaining stockpiles of raw and processed materials are important parts of most mining operations. Some mines store material in surge piles where it is recovered from draw off points or feeders located beneath the pile. This video will illustrate the most common hazards at surge piles and show how these hazards can be avoided. To work safely around surge piles there are three conditions that you must be especially aware of. First, the material feeding into the draw point will not support weight and will act like quick sand. Second, the material around the edge of the draw hole is only marginally stable. And third, sometimes material bridges over the draw point causing a hidden void in the pile. This model demonstrates how a cone shaped zone or draw hole forms above a draw point of a surge pile as material flows down through the feeder opening. The material used in this model has been chosen for its contrasting color and has been layered to increase the visual effectiveness of the demonstrations. When the feeder is activated, note how quickly the material directly above the draw point flows to the feeder. If a person or piece of equipment is above the feeder when it is activated, they will be drawn into the flowing material. This is why section 9312 of parts 56 and 57 of the regulations requires that, unless platforms or safety lines are used, persons shall not position themselves over draw holes if there is danger that material may be withdrawn or bridged. The zone of flowing material is obviously dangerous, but be aware that the area near the edge of the draw hole is also potentially hazardous. As material is withdrawn through the feeder, support for the edge of the draw hole is continually being removed. This keeps the edge standing at a steep angle and on the verge of collapsing. For this reason, no one should walk near the edge of a draw hole. And equipment operators must avoid getting into a position where the weight of their equipment may unexpectedly collapse the edge of the cone. Another reason why surge piles are potentially hazardous is the possibility of material bridging or arching over the draw point, creating a void inside the pile. This condition is extremely dangerous because the cavity cannot be detected from the surface. Many mining accidents have occurred when a dozer has driven over a hidden void, and the weight of the equipment collapsed the bridged area, burying the machine and the operator. To better illustrate the danger of bridged material, let's look at the model again. Here we see a bridged condition developing. There are many different conditions that can cause the material to bridge. Moisture and fines in the material may cause it to cake together, making it less free-flowing. Material that has been undisturbed for a period of time will settle in and be more prone to bridging. Heavy equipment operating directly on the pile can pack the surface material and form a crust, while material deeper in the pile stays looser and continues to flow. Bridging might also be caused by freezing, where ice binds the material near the surface, making it temporarily strong enough to bridge over the opening. To emphasize how unstable and dangerous a bridged condition is, see what happens when the heavy weight of the dozer is driven onto the bridged material. A key point is that the bridged material may have enough strength to support its own weight, but may not support the additional weight of a piece of equipment. As the bridge may gradually weaken from spalling underneath or thawing, it can collapse without warning. To avoid surge pile hazards, several safety measures should be followed. Equipment operators should avoid driving directly over the feeder location, because the weight and vibration of the equipment tends to pack the surface material and promotes bridging. Driving over the feeders also exposes the operator to the possibility of driving over a hidden void. To let equipment operators know the exact location of the drop points, a brightly colored marker or a light can be suspended directly over each feeder. Lights can also be used to let equipment operators know which feeders are in use. A chart can be developed indicating how the size or diameter of the draw off cone increases as the height of the pile increases. The chart provides guidance to operators on how close to the feeder they can safely operate. When pushing material to the draw points, equipment should always be operated perpendicular to or straight toward the edge of the draw hole. This puts the operator in a safer position and gives the operator more time to react should any shifting of the material occur. When material is fed through the feeder at a faster rate than it is pushed into the draw hole, a deep draw hole can develop. The limited field of vision from the dozer cab and the danger of collapse of the edge of the draw hole makes pushing material into the deep draw hole potentially hazardous. The amount of material being discharged should be regulated so that the hole is kept nearly full or the edge material should be carefully worked into the hole. If equipment operators are in place on the pile at the start of loading and throughout the loading process, they can observe how the material is feeding into the draw points, keep the draw areas full of material and better know what areas of the pile are safe to operate on. Reliable communication between plant personnel and equipment operators is essential. Before starting or changing feeder operations, the plant operator should be certain, visually or by other means of communication, that no one will be endangered. An effective means of monitoring a surge pile operation is by the use of strategically placed video cameras. This allows continuous viewing of activities from the control room. Control room to 563 dozer operator. We're going to be shutting down that feeder one on two right in front of you there. A good safety practice for all mobile equipment that operates on surge piles is to have a fully enclosed cab. In accidents where equipment has become engulfed in material, fatalities have resulted because material broke in cab windows and filled the cab. Mining companies and equipment manufacturers are encouraged to equip the cabs of surge pile equipment with strong window mountings and high strength window material or window guards so that the cab will stand being buried in loose material. And remember, operators should always wear their seat belt to avoid being injured or being thrown from the cab in the event of an accident.  An operator attempting to leave the cab will most likely be pulled into loose material and die from asphyxiation. Special precautions should be taken if a feeder becomes blocked. If vibrators or high-pressure water does not free the blockage, it will be necessary to excavate into the pile to free the material. Equipment operators should notify their supervisors before performing such work or any time a cavity forms or is suspected. Material should be removed starting from a safe area off to the side of the feeders so that the equipment operator is not exposed to a hazard when the material breaks free. No steep slopes or overhangs should be created. Any time that a person would be exposed to the hazards of a feeder area, such as during maintenance or repair work, the requirements of section 16002 in parts 56 and 57 must be followed. These include locking out the equipment, wearing a safety belt or harness equipped with a lifeline, and having a second person positioned to keep the lifeline adjusted. It's vitally important that mine personnel, especially new employees, be trained to recognize the potential hazards at search piles and be instructed to only use safe work practices. Mine operators should also make sure that any contractors or repair persons who may occasionally have to work on a search pile are aware of the hazards. It's only with the active participation and cooperation of everyone involved, miners and mine management, that the occurrence of search pile accidents can be eliminated and a safe work environment can be ensured. Keeping storage piles of raw material and processed is an important part of any mining operation. Some mines store materials in regulation piles to later recover them with feeders located under the pile. This video will illustrate the most common risks of regulation piles and show how they can be avoided. To work safely around these piles, there are three factors that must be present. First, the material with which the coal is fed cannot bear any weight and acts as a movedisa arena. Second, the material that is close to the edge of the extraction mine is never very firm. And third, sometimes the material forms a bridge over the coal which forms a hidden void in the pile. This model perfectly illustrates how the fall of the material to the food forms a conical area or extraction chimney over the coal. The material used in this model was chosen by its contrasting color and was separated into layers to increase the visual effect of the demonstrations. After activating the food, see the speed with which the material falls from the coal to the food. If a person or machinery was on the food when this was activated, surely the material would go together. That is why Part 56 and 57 of Article 9312 of the Federal Code of Regulations demand that, unless used on platforms or life lines, no one should be placed on the extraction chimney when it is believed that the material has formed bridges or will be removed. The fall zone of materials is potentially dangerous, but it is aware that the surrounding area of the extraction chimney is also. The fact that the material has always been removed towards the food makes the edge of the chimney never stable. This causes the edge to have a pronounced slope and that it is always about to fall. For this reason, no one should walk near the edge of the chimney and the operators must avoid placing themselves in places where the weight of their vehicles can cause the unexpected slope of the edge of the cone. Another reason why regulation piles are potentially dangerous is the fact that the material can form a bridge or false arc and create a void inside the pile. This is extremely dangerous, as this cavity cannot be detected from the surface. Many mining accidents that have occurred and that have been caused by the operator and the machinery have been caused because some drivers have handled their heavy machines on those cavities. To better illustrate the danger of bridge formation, let's see the model again. Here we see how a bridge is formed. There are many factors that can cause the material to form a bridge. The humidity and the thinness in the material can cause the agglutination of the material and prevent its fall. The material that has not been touched for a certain time sits down and is more likely to form bridges. The machinery that is used directly on the pile can compact the material on the surface and form a layer while the one on the bottom is still loose and continues to fall. The bridge formation can also be caused by freezing, that is, the ice can join the material on the surface and cover the excavation. To better illustrate the unstable and dangerous that can be one of these bridges, see what happens when one of the heavy ladders goes over the excavation. As you can see, the material can, in a given moment, support its own weight, but that is not a guarantee that it can support the weight of a vehicle. A false bridge like this can weaken and fall unexpectedly due to weariness or freezing. To avoid risks in the regulation piles you have to follow several security measures. The crew operators must avoid managing the food area since the weight and vibration of the vehicles can compact the material on the surface and create bridges. In addition, managing the food area exposes the operators to manage on a hidden and empty space. To make the operators know the exact location of the dust cones, they must place live colored lamps suspended on each of them. The lamps can also be used to indicate that the food area is in service. You can also make a graph to show how to increase the size or diameter of the extraction cone by increasing the size of the pile. This graph can indicate to the operators the distance to which they can work without exposing themselves to risks. When pushing the material towards the dust cones, it should always be handled in front or perpendicularly at the edge of the extraction chimney. In this way, the operator is less exposed to risks and gives more time to react in case a leak occurs. When the operator takes more material from what is being placed on the surface, it can create a crack in the ground. The limited field of vision it has from the top and the risk that, according to the edge of the extraction chimney, it makes the push of the material become a potentially dangerous task. The amount of material to be unloaded must be controlled so that the pile is almost always full and it represents less danger to the workers who push the material. In case there are operators in the pile throughout the process of loading operations, they will be able to observe how the material is falling on the dust cones, maintain the dry areas full of material and know that areas of the pile are the safest to work with. Confident communication between the staff of the plant and the crew operators is vital. Before starting the food operations, the operator of the plant should be monitored visually or by other means of communication that no one can run at any risk. An effective means to monitor the operations in the pile of regulation is the use of strategically placed video cameras. This allows the continuous monitoring of the activities from the control room. Control room at the top at 563. We are going to stop the fooders number one and number two who are in front of you. A good security procedure for all mobile teams that operate in such piles is to have completely closed cabins. In vehicles that have been flooded, the deadly accidents are due to the fact that the material has broken the windows and has entered the cabins. That is why the mining companies and machinery manufacturers continue to slow down to reinforce the windows of the cabins of the vehicles that operate in this type of pile. To put materials for windows that are highly resistant or to put protections on the windows. Remember that the operators must always use safety belts so as not to get hurt or well so as not to be projected from the cabins in case of an accident. If the team reaches a pile, the operator must remain in the cabins, turn off the motor and use the bidirectional radio to ask for help. In case an operator tries to get out of the cabins, it is most likely that you will die fixed due to the lack of oxygen. When blocking a power plant, you must take measures of special precautions. If the vibrators or high-pressure water cannot be uncovered, you will have to excavate inside the pile to release the material. The operators must notify their supervisors when they go to execute that type of task or when they believe or are sure that a cavity has been formed. In order not to expose the team operators at any risk when the material has been released, the material must be removed in a safe area that is far from the feeders and must not be created dependent on the feeders. Every time a person is exposed to the risks of the feeding area such as preventive or corrective maintenance, it must comply with the requirements imposed in parts 56 and 57 of article 162002. These are understood to stop the team. The use of safety belts or harnesses equipped with life lines and the count with someone to make sure that the life line is adjusted. It is of vital importance that the staff of the mine, especially the new employees, be able to identify the potential risks of the piles and to work only safely. The mine operators must also make sure that the contractors or those who come to make repairs occasionally know the risks. Remember that only the cooperation and active participation of all can eliminate the frequency of accidents in the regulation piles and at the same time create a safe working environment.