Matt McLaughlin has been out of the man of World One for four years. He says the number of short-term rentals keeps rising. My neighborhood in particular is very much affected by this, more than the rest of the city. McLaughlin said some people would buy a house in Somerville and use it exclusively as Airbnb. You know, if you got bought by somebody who didn't want to live here, they could make it into an Airbnb and now that house is off the market and then I have a new neighbor every week and maybe some weeks the neighbors are okay, maybe some weeks they're out of line. Like many cities near Boston, Somerville has a housing crisis. Rent and home prices are rising, meaning that middle-class and working-class families are being forced out. Many short-term rentals are partially to blame. It's a cool concept and it's very useful and efficient for people, but you don't want entire communities to be Airbnb's and you don't want to see people get displaced. That's my number one concern is the displacement of people. To address that concern, McLaughlin has proposed a new ordinance that would target those properties that have become hotels. It would force homeowners to get permission to rent. But Airbnb host Peter Cattidone says that would be overkill. He rents out one room. I'm not into traveling, you know, so it's nice to have everyone come to me. Cattidone has been renting out one room for two years. I don't understand why they would want to regulate that. I mean, what's the reason for it? What are they afraid of? But some residents have noise and safety concerns. Because I have a one-year-old son and if we have too many random guests coming in and out from the apartment, I will feel very unsecure and uncomfortable. McLaughlin says his intention is not to crack down on all short-term rentals, just the types that should be treated like hotels. He says they should be inspected and taxed. We're definitely not trying to do anything to people who live in their homes and choose to use Airbnb occasionally. It's about people who, absentee landlords, who have their home and they use it exclusively for Airbnb.  According to McLaughlin, Cambridge has a good ordinance. Airbnb hosts have to live in their rental buildings. In Somerville, hosts are free to live elsewhere, often only showing up when they get in the trouble with city inspectors, he said. The draft of our new ordinance has been discussed several times at Alderman meetings. According to Alderman McLaughlin, there is no telling when the final decision will be made. For BU News Service, I'm Jordan Du.


We are going to talk about MOS devices, alright. So in a straw pool that we conducted in our department, we just asked which, so we admit lots of our M Tech students who come from outside colleges and there is much hair pulling saying they do not even know this, they do not even know that. So we did a straw pool on saying which course is worst taught in outside institutions but the course on devices one hands down. Actually the course on DSP on microprocessors on digital even analog are done quite well outside but the course on devices is unanimously chosen by people as being done very badly. So therefore we thought that we should include even though this is not a devices course, you might have a more detailed devices course outside of basic electronics but that varies from university to university and we thought that we will include a fair amount of devices in this course, it may or may not be taught as part of basic electronics that is one. Second of course we are doing it together we are not teaching you first principles of these devices and so on and therefore we should consider this discussion as a teaching methods class rather than a class on MOS, MOS happens to be a topic that we have taken by way of example. You have done a diodes thing in the morning with Professor John and did he cover basic semiconductors in that or did he start directly with diode characteristics? So I will begin with basic semiconductors, let us just first of all understand what happens in a semiconductor device. So in the old days George Gamow designed you know defined semiconductors as materials which are terrible conductors and worse insulators. So they were supposed to be no use at all because they could not be used as conductors, they could not be used as insulators either. So however history has seen that there are lots of uses for these. In today's class I will be talking mostly of elemental semiconductor which is silicon and germanium, I must point out that there are other semiconductors which are made of 3, 5 and 2, 6 pairs where the average valence is generally 4. So you can have 3, 5 or 2, 6 and so on when the average valence is 4 then you have covalent bonding and that means there are not that many free electrons to move about. All the electrons are part of the bonding and therefore they are not free to move about. So let us consider a material like this and essentially what happens is that most electrons are in a bound state and to go to a free state a certain amount of energy is required you have to break this bond. This leads to a band gap I am not teaching you solid state physics here but it leads to a band gap that means electrons can either have the energy corresponding to being involved in a bonding process or totally free in which they are not bound to a specific electron and there is a gap of energy between these two. So this gap leads to a band gap and the properties of a material depend on this band gap. Now if this band gap is very small almost 0 that means there is a continuum of states available to you any small amount of energy and you can accept that energy and start moving about. This is the case for metals or this band gap could be very high. In that case there are there is practically no energy available for taking a carrier to its free state almost all the carriers are bound and therefore while this material is full of electrons full of charge carriers when you apply a field there is no movement of carriers they are all bound in their position. By the way one side effect of this is that most materials which are transparent they are also bad conductors of light. There are very few exceptions to this bad conductors of electricity reason is obvious. They are transparent because the band gap is larger than the energy of light. Otherwise if the band gap is smaller then the energy of presented by light then a photon will be absorbed and this will lead to a transition from a lower energy to the upper energy state. So therefore if you are transparent that means you are unable to absorb light and if you are unable to absorb light that means the band gap is higher than that and if the band gap is higher than that then you are a bad conductor. So therefore most glass and all these transparent plastic transparent materials are therefore bad conductors. So all of this we will take as a background. So let us say that there is a material which has a this in between kind of band gap of the order of an electron bolt. Now if after all at any non-zero temperature there is a Boltzmannian distribution of energy. It does not mean that everything has energy kT. The number kT or 3 by 2 kT depending on degrees of freedom or whatever that comes essentially as the average energy. But the actual energy has a statistical distribution. So essentially you have some distribution of energy right. So this is the amount of energy and this is the number of simple harmonic oscillators so to speak which have this much energy. So essentially the average of this is given by the temperature. The average energy is represented by a temperature. But even though the average energy is here there are a few carriers through few atoms where energy higher than this is available. And this distribution of energy in fact can be described by many things. Actually the energy is somewhat like this and it is described in the Boltzmann distribution by this relation. It is a Boltzmannian distribution in that case if the energy is distributed like this. By the way much of it is as a discussion with you. It is not necessary that your students understand this. But it is important because after all it is this exponential which leads to the exponential in the diode equation. That is why the diode IV characteristics in the forward region are exponential. It comes from there. Now if there is an exponential distribution of energy that means there are quite a few carriers which have a much higher than average energy. And what will this so this when I talk of energy what do I mean? It could be the local vibration of atoms or whatever. So essentially there is this metal it is not at 0 you know this material. All atoms are connected to each other through springs and because the temperature is not 0 they are all vibrating away. And some of them are sluggish dancers oldish and some of them are teenagers and they are jiggling away to glory and there is a statistical distribution of this energy. And if somebody is you know has too much energy that energy may get transferred to an electron they let that may break a bond and this electron will then become free. So if you think of it as a chemical reaction so that means at any given time there is an electron which has become free and gone away. Now what it has left is the state which is deficient in electron therefore a hole. So therefore if you write it not like a physicist like I have described it. Suppose I write it like a chemist. So then it is like a chemical reaction in which I supplied some energy and this led to the formation of an electron and a hole. And whatever created the electron also created the hole. This part is clear. However should an electron chance upon a position where an electron is missing namely there is a hole then it will capture that electron. And what will you have recombination that means the electron is not there anymore. The hole is not there anymore and what has come this electron had high energy that therefore it was free. Now it is bound its energy is low. So what happened to the difference of energy that energy is released how is it released probably as vibrations or radiation depends on the material. But as in some form of energy that means it is exactly this reaction in the opposite direction. So if I look at it like a chemist in that case I would say that this is a reactant this is a reactant this is the product. And when electron and hole combined they give rise to some fixed amount of energy which depends on the band gap on the construction of this material. And if I have that much energy available I can create electron hole. So these two processes just like any reversible chemical reaction they remain in equilibrium. And in equilibrium there is some concentration of electrons and holes. And just like any chemical reaction is concerned it is this is the first order reaction. And therefore it is controlled by chemical kinetics which is which says that the concentration of electrons times the concentration of holes right these are the two reactants that will be proportional to the concentration of the product. But there is no product there is only two energy and we know that the total energy remains constant right it may change its form that energy may be absorbed to form an electron hole or given back. But the total energy remains constant right what it means is therefore if n is the concentration of electrons and p is the concentration of holes then the product of these will be constant in equilibrium right because after all this chemical kinetics applies only in equilibrium. That means this is somewhat not not easy to grasp for a person who is hearing for the first time. What you are saying is that if I increase the number of electrons in a material the number of holes will actually go down. What has what have holes done you are increasing the number of electrons in reality what have you done by increasing the number of electrons you have increased the probability that an electron will meet a hole. Therefore the probability of recombination has gone up right. So these holes are just waiting if only a few electrons are moving about there was some probability of this hole being destroyed because an electron fell in. If there are many more electrons this probability is high and therefore the holes will diminish which is natural which is part of this chemical kinetics. Therefore the two concentrations are not independent variables they are dependent on each other by this relation. This is very important therefore essentially what it means is that the independent degrees of freedom is not two but one in this way once the concentration of electrons is given the concentration of holes is fixed and the other way round in equilibrium. This part is clear now if you have a truly intrinsic semiconductor that is that means this semiconductor has no dopant or something which can change the balance between electrons and holes then any time an electron is generated a hole is also generated. Therefore the electron concentration and hole concentration will always be the same. Let us call that concentration n i in that case this constant will become n i square and since the material remains the same silicon or germanium or whatever even if you dope it this constant will remain the same because this has to do with the band gap what is the probability of recombination. Now as you all know I can add a dopant to it which will artificially change the number of electrons or number of holes. If I put a pentavalent material in this number of electrons will go up but you also note that correspondingly therefore the number of holes will come up. So the things which are in profusion are called the majority carrier and things which are in smaller numbers are called the minority carrier. Now I have a strong objection to this terminology because we live in India and majority and minority means nothing at all a few seats here on this day some few seats there majority becomes minority, minority becomes majority. Semiconductors are nothing like this in that the majority just smothers the minority always in most cases.  Let us look at this example a typical value of n i is about 1.5 into 10 to the power 10 per centimeter cube. But we are all lazy. Let us believe that n i is actually 1 into 10 to the power 10 who wants to do multiplications immediately after life. So let us say that n i is like 10 to the power 10 not very far 1.5. So that means this constant is like 10 to the power 20. Now let us say that I have some material and I replace one part per million of silicon by phosphor. So if I have a part per million there are roughly 10 to the power 22 atoms per centimeter cube advocated number light. Part per million means 10 to the power 16 dopants are there. Now originally how many electrons were there? 10 to the power 10. I have added 10 to the power 16. So that 10 to the power 10 is negligible. So the electron concentration has become how much? 10 to the power 16. So how much is p? 10 to the power 4 in a centimeter cube of this material. There are only 10,000 holes. You can practically tag them and give them individual names. So there are as many holes in this material as there are students in this institute. So that means this number is very very small. Indeed let us see what is the n to p ratio? What is n by p? 10 to the power 12. 10 to the power 16 electrons, 10 to the power 4 holes. So the n to p ratio is 10 to the power 12. Now all this scientific notation you know 10 to the power 12, 10 to the power 13 we get blasphemy about it. So I challenge you to think what is this population distribution? What is the population of the world? 6 billion? Yeah. So let us again we are lazy. So let us zap it up.  So that means there are 10 to the power 10 human beings on this earth. This ratio of 10 to the power 12 means that if you go around the earth meeting every man woman and child shaking hands with them and do it 100 times then you will find one marshal. This is the ratio of electrons and holes in this material. When we have replaced one part per million if we had replaced more this ratio would be even more dramatic. So what it means is that this term majority and minority the picture that it creates in our mind is completely distorted. Majority is really overpowers the minority except in a very small region when p is of the order of n. All right. This is very important to keep in mind one thing. The second thing is that the actual number of p and n it came from this exponential relationship. Because how many electrons were created was how many things had energy of that much band gap. If the band gap is high then even fewer places would have had that much energy. If the band gap is lower then quite a few will have this much energy. So this exponential relationship is important. So what we can do is we can use you know I do not see any white hair here unfortunately nobody is from my generation maybe you are not quite. So in that case you do not know slide rules. But this was one way pre-calculator days which we used to do calculations. So multiplication was reduced to addition by taking logs. So why do not we define something in terms of log so that we will express this n by p in a convenient way. So what is this n and p? What is n into p equal to constant saying in terms of log says log n plus log p is constant. That means there is some distance which is constant. If I that means there is something like this then if I represent if there are lots of n then this will represent n and p will correspondingly reduce so that the sum of these two logs. This is log n and log p. The sum of these two logs will remain constant. I may change the electron concentration. I might make the electron concentration less then this will be n this will be p but the width will always be constant. The sum of these two will always be constant. Now this is a very convenient graphical notation. Then what we say is that let me scale this distance so that this represents the band gap. Then inside the band gap is a level which logarithmically determines both the electron concentration at the whole constant. This level. If I increase n this level will go that way. If I increase p this level will come this way. So this level will essentially move between these two and the absolute value of this distance I have scaled so that it is the band gap. That means this level will move within the band gap as electrons and holes move and this one level will now rule the concentration of electrons as well as concentration of electrons. Is this part clear? This is very important and this level is the Fermi level. Very often even good students you try to explain what is Fermi level and generally the way it is done is I am myself a physicist by the way. I have no electrical engineering degree. So the tendency is to tell them like the your physics teacher told them. So you say there is this Pauli exclusion principle and you put an electron and you put one more electron and you put one more electron. They cannot be at the same energy and it fills up and at absolute zero it will fill up to that and the picture that it creates is totally out of the way. Because absolute zero you are filling this thing with the electron holes it is very unreal. This is absolutely real. This is you can see this. So this is simply a question that the product of N and P is constant. Both of them are exponential. Therefore you take logs and that logarithmic quantity represents this and if you scale it actually by KT by Q as it turns out. So then this distance is proportional to the number of electrons and this distance is proportional to the number of holes as simple as that and therefore since N times P is constant and is determined by the band gap that we know. So therefore this represents the band gap and this moving level is essentially a measure of the balance between electron and hole. So now we got the Fermi level. Rest is so now essentially I have a band gap. Where is the Fermi level when N was equal to P? Exactly in the middle. So this is the EFI, EF of the intrinsic semiconductor and if I increase electrons the distance is measured from here for electrons from the valence band is the electrons. If I increase the electrons the Fermi level will rise up. If I increase the holes the Fermi level will come down and it is as simple as that the sum of the two distances. So one distance measures the electrons the other measures the holes and this is the total statistics inside the semiconductor. So let us say that we have a semiconductor like this. Let us say it is P type and number of holes is 10 to the power 16 per centimeter. I have a thin oxide on top and I put some metal here. So this is like a capacitor except that I have taken this metal away and put a semiconductor. And this semiconductor is P type and it has a doping of 10 to the power 16. Now let us see what happens to this capacitor, this strange capacitor that we have made. First of all let us understand something that we are all familiar with. Suppose this side was metal the lower part was also metal then what is this? A parallel template capacitor. So how much is its capacitance? It is area into epsilon divided by D. Why is it D? Yeah but why is it D? This D is the thickness. What is the physical significance of this D? Why should this be D? No dielectric constant is epsilon. So why is it related to the thickness of this insulator? And the answer is what is the property of this metal? This parallel plate capacitor. If I should put some positive charge here it will induce negative charges. These negative charges are mobile. This is the metal now. So they are mobile. So where will the positive and the negative charges be found? They will attract each other. So all the positive charges will come and sit here and all the negative charges will come and sit here right at the surface both sides. And what is the distance between them? So it is the coupling between the two charges. Capacitance is a measure of the coupling between charges. So it is the coupling between these two charges which is controlled by D and therefore you have that term D there. So it is the distance. Now why do they stop there? Because it is an insulator. It cannot get into that. It cannot move into that. But they come as close as they can because they are attracted to each other due to the electrostatic force. So they come as close as they can and that brings them right at within an atomic layer of this surface and they sit close to it. So they sit there you know like Romeo and Juliet across the street in their balconies as close as possible but separated by this plate right. And this is the ordinary parallel plate capacitor. Now I take this metal away and put down that aforementioned P type semiconductor. Now we all know about semiconductor. That means there are lots of holes here and practically no electrons very few electrons right. We agree with that. However law of electrostatics are non-relenting. So you have seen those turned pictures of Maxwell and Boltzmann in text no they will not compromise. So the laws will apply even here. So when I put a certain 8 kilo charge here then I want 8 kilo charge here. There is no getting around do not say this is metal, this is semiconductor, this is insulator. I want that much charge here. So let us do some accounting of what is positively charged what is negatively charged here. This is a semiconductor silicon. It has dopants maybe both kinds of dopants. So let us say it has boron and phosphorous but much more boron very few phosphorous atoms and there are about 10 to the power 16 boron atoms here. Now a hole means this is it has given away a hole that means it is negatively charged. That means it is boron it wanted only 3 electrons but because of the crystalline structure there is this fourth guest which it did not want which is sitting there because of the bonds. Because there are 4 bonds coming here and it wants only 3 it is boron but this fourth uninvited guest is sitting in its home and there is nothing it can do about it. So it is negatively charged. It has more charge than it wants right. So what are the various things in it which have charged? First of all obviously electrons. Electrons are have carry what charge? Negative. Holes positive. Boron atoms which are ionized. So therefore they have negative. They have this because they wanted only 3 electrons but because of the crystal structure 4 bonds. So 4 electrons are sitting in their little veranda. So they are negatively charged. And what about phosphorus? They had 5 but when electron has gone away because there was no bond to retain it there. So it has only 4. So it has one less electron but the nucleus has not changed. Therefore it has one positive charge. So let us do a little bit of accounting. What is negatively charged? Electrons are negatively charged and boron is negatively charged. It has accepted. It is an acceptor. It has accepted an electron negatively charged. It has one electron too many. What is positively charged in this? A hole is positively charged and if there is a phosphorus then that is positively charged that is sorry. Yeah phosphorus has lost an electron. So that is positively charged. But there is a further distinction apart from this. The top guy is mobile. It can move about. Whereas these are ions they are fixed. The atom cannot go for a walk just because there is a field. But these free electrons you apply a field they will move. So the electrons and holes are mobile and boron and phosphorus are fixed. Now we have this scenario. Now let us say that I put some negative charge here. I put some negative charge on the top metal plate. So what are Maxwell and Boltzmann going to say? Turnly or maybe Gauss. So you put negative charge there. So it says give me positive charge. So we go around our table and say who is positively charged? Holes are positively charged. Are there holes in this material? Lots. It is P type. So lots of holes. So then what do we say? Holes love and this is negatively charged. What will it do to the holes? Pull them to the surface. Where will these holes stop? Right at the surface. So the situation is the same as it was in case of a metal. So let us plot the capacitance of this as a function of bias. I have applied a certain bias which is the amount of charge already DC charge already on this and then I jiggle it a little bit to measure its capacitance. So if this charge is negative then the charge required here is positive. That charge is mobile and all mobile charge will end up right here at the surface. Agreed? Alright? Therefore the capacitance is expected to be roughly the same as the parallel blade capacitor as long as it remains strongly negative. This part is clear, makes sense? Now suppose I put some positive charge in small amount of positive charge. What will happen? What kind of charge do you need? Negative charge. So you will say who has negative charge? You come here saying we want negative charge. Right? This is all sorts of going on in this material of phonons and photons and so on. Who has negative charge? So who has negative charge? Electrons but there are no electrons. Okay? Number is very small. 100 times the population of earth and then you will find one electron. Hardly any electrons are there. That would not be. But the negative charge has to be found. Okay? Uncle Maxwell and Uncle Boltzmann are non-relenting. You have put positive charge there. You must find negative charge. So where is the negative charge? Boron atoms. Lots of boron atoms are there. 10 to the power 16. Right? So what will happen effectively? That the holes are pushed away. That leaves exposed boron which is negatively charged. Agreed? So what is the charge distribution now? The charge is uniformly distributed in this region. Right? Because I put more positive charge there then I need more fixed atoms. Therefore I must push away holes even further so that the total charge in this region adds up to the total charge that I put on the top. This is clear? Alright? So as a result the average coupling between the freshly put charge and the new charge is further and further deeper and deeper into the semiconductor. This part is clear? As soon as I put some charge there are no electrons. So I pushed away the holes from the surface. Now I put some more charge. I must push them away from a further off point. Put some more charge even further. Right? Therefore this region which is now depleted. Right? So as a result it is as if the thickness of the insulator has become more. Right? And that means that the capacitance is reduced. Right? The coupling is reduced because what was that D? That was the distance between positive and negative charges. Right? Now the distance is higher. The amount of charge is the same but the average distance between positive and negative charges is more. The action is taking place further and further deeper into the semiconductor. You agree with this? So as a result what will the capacitance do? Come down. Right? Capacitance will reduce as if the insulator has become thicker. Okay? This makes sense. How long will this continue? Okay? So I have taken advantage of the fact that you have had a good lunch and pulled a fast one. The point is that the argument that there are practically no electrons in this is a conditional argument. That argument says that there are lots of holes. But if there are no holes then that is not true. At some point the average number of holes will become so small that now holes will become the minority carrier and electrons will become the majority carrier. Remember this diagram. So when I have pushed away the holes essentially I am fiddling with this. I am moving this to the other side. So that has an effect not only of reducing the holes but also of increasing electrons. Okay? So up to some point the net charge will be produced by pushing away holes. But once the holes have been pushed away electrons are not in such small numbers anymore. As soon as holes reduce electrons increase. And at some point electrons will be as numerous as holes were initially. Okay? And now this ratio will become exactly the other way round. That means there will be 10 to the power 12 times as many more electrons as holes. There are practically no holes left. Right? So now the action will take place with electrons. Right? So now when you want more negative charge there are willing electrons who will come jumping up. And where will they go? If there are electrons which respond to the more additional amount of positive charge. Where will they go? They are free. And there is positive charge on the top.  Right? So they will all come. They will all come right here. Agreed? And therefore the capacitance will be restored to the parallel plate level. Agreed? And therefore my capacitance will suddenly bound up and become like this. Okay? So essentially what I mean is, if you look at the relative position of the Fermi level, initially this had lots of holes and very few electrons. Right? That means very few electrons means it was right here. Right? And lots of holes. Now as I push away the holes this will keep inching up. And as soon as it goes above EI then there will be fewer holes and many more electrons. Right? Now the band gap of silicon happens to be about 1.12 volts or so. Right? That means a potential change of about 1 volt or so, in fact much less than 1 volt, will cause this complete reversal of roles between electrons and holes. Okay? Whereas electrons were 10 to the power 12 times more numerous initially. Now holes will be 10 to the power 12 times more numerous compared to electrons. Okay? The entire character of this semiconductor has changed. Starting out from P type it has now become N type locally under this metal. Without too much ado, no current has flown, not much power has been consumed. Right? And we have applied some 1 volt or so and we have changed this material property. What material property? The ratio of N to P. It has gone from 10 to the power 12 to 10 to the power minus 12. It has changed by 24 orders of magnitude. Okay? So I am fond of this back of the envelope calculations. Do not do it right here. But calculate the distance between sun and earth and calculate an atomic radius and find out the ratio of these two. It is nothing compared to what we have done. By just applying 1 volt, it is a capacitor without drawing any current. Nothing doing and we have changed this particular property of the material 24 orders of magnitude. Okay? 10 to the power 12 itself was overwhelming. 100 times the population of the earth, more than 100 times the population of the earth. Just imagine what 10 to the power 24. Okay? So therefore, this is a very big thing. This is called inversion. Alright? This is called the MOS capacitor. This is the heart of the modern day MOS device. Okay? However, what I have told you is true in equilibrium. Alright? It is not true. All this N to P ratio, etc., that we calculated, that applied only in equilibrium. If there is no equilibrium, this is not true. So the next question is how long before equilibrium applies? Right? So therefore, let us say that to invert it completely to N type, I need to put, let us say 2 volts on the metal. Okay? Now if I put 2 volts on the metal, suddenly at T equal to 0, I know that the material should turn from P to N type. Okay? However, where are these electrons going to come from? These electrons were not there initially. How many were there? 10 to the power 4 per season. Okay? Now, to give you a typical number which occurs in these situations, from 10 to the power 4, I need 10 to the power 12 surface electrons. Okay? Not volume. 10 to the power 12 on the surface to equal this charge. Alright? So 10 to the power 12 electrons, where are they going to come? Suppose I need 10 to the power 12 electrons. Let us say that this metal is 1 centimeter square. Okay? It is a centimeter long, centimeter wide patch. And I have put a couple of volts there and C times V requires 10 to the power 12 electrons. Where am I going to find 10 to the power 12 electrons? In 1 centimeter deep material, how many electrons were there? 10 to the power 4. Right? So this semiconductor should be how deep? So that I find 10 to the power 12. Each centimeter will give me 10 to the power 4. Right? So how deep does it have to be? 3 centimeters. 3 centimeters will give me 3 into 10 to the power 4. 10 to the power 8 centimeters deep. Right? That is 10 to the power 6 meters deep. Right? So that means you can go from here to Delhi. Right? And then only then you will find enough electrons. Our semiconductor is not deep. It is not deep from here to Delhi. So something else has to take place. Okay? So you can say Maxwell Boltzmann be damp. There are no electrons here. Where am I going to give you this many electrons? Okay? So in equilibrium, all right. So the question is how is this equilibrium maintained? So what happens is that suppose you have put suddenly 2 volts here. So let us say in 1 centimeter you had 10 to the power 4 electrons. So you pull them away. Now the rest is completely left without the electron at all. Because it is devoid of electrons, it is away from equilibrium. In equilibrium there should be 10 to the power 4. Right? So thermally these electrons whole pairs have to be generated. Right? When there are 10 to the power 4, you drag them as well and you do it 10 to the power 8 times. That will take you time. Typically this time in case of silicon is of the order of 1 tenth of a second. Okay? It varies over a lot. I am just giving you orders of magnitude. Okay? This is very slow. While this is very promising, this is very slow. There is a problem with it. Right? So while it means that it is very promising, I can convert a p-type semiconductor to n-type semiconductor. But if I suddenly apply this bias, then it will be a tenth of a second before then of course equilibrium will prevail. Then the surface will be inverted. It will be n-type. The base will be p-type. Okay? But it will be slow and there is a time response of this which is quite slow. Alright? However, let us put that aside and come up with some bright idea. Okay? So what I am going to do is the following. This is my same old MOS structure, metal oxide semiconductor. So this is the same. This is the same material p which is 10 to the power 16. Okay? But now I put two strongly endoped materials here outside of this just outside. Okay? So that the corner overlaps. Alright? Now you have done diodes this morning. I will attach electrodes here and here and try to pass current. Alright? So let me assume that this metal is not there. Then what do I have? n plus p here and pn plus here. These are back to back diodes. Right? So therefore p made positive will make it forward bias. Right? So it is like this. So this is the structure that I have. Whatever I do no current will flow because at least one of these will be blocked and they are in series. Okay? So no current will flow.  Now let me put that one or two volts on this. Now what happens to the surface? Becomes n type. Right? Becomes very rich in electrons. So therefore the surface now becomes n type and now there is no junction. I have n plus n, n plus. There is a current path. I apply the voltage. Lots of current will flow. Okay? Now this is a very good idea. Now I got a switch where without consuming too much energy without doing too much I can convert this off switch to an on state just by applying a voltage at the gate. This is called an MOS transistor. Okay? However there is one problem with this. The problem is that the rate of switching of this will be very slow. Right? Suppose I convert it to n type suddenly. How long will it be before it starts conducting? It appears that it should take one-tenth of a second before it becomes n plus. Right? Only then will conduction begin. So that is bad news. Our brilliant idea does not sound so brilliant anymore. Okay? But very often God comes to the help of the Sheikh Chilli. So it turns out that there is something which helps us. Why was it that it was taking so long as one-tenth of a second? Because there were no electrons. For equilibrium we wanted electrons and there were no electrons in this material. Right? You wanted material which is as deep as from here to Delhi or Pune or whatever. Right? And that was not available. Electrons were not available. Correct? But suppose I put suddenly positive charge and a cry goes up, electron lana. So this guy will say, oh yes I have electrons. It has any number of electrons you want. Right? So the electrons are available right where you want them. You want them at the surface and there is a source of electrons right there. So rather than creating them thermally from the bulk, there is a guy sitting there. Now of these two, which one will provide electrons? In order to pass current, I have applied a voltage. I have applied negative voltage to one and positive voltage to the other. So which one will supply the required electrons? The negative. Right? Because the positive guy is holding electrons like this. And the electron guy is pushing them off. So all the electrons will come from the one which is negatively charged. So that is called the source. That is the reason that terminal is called the source. It is the source of electrons. Okay? So that is called source. However, if electrons came and then equilibrium reached, then you will have a pulse of current and then nothing. But what happens is that even as currents come, conduction starts. Right? So this guy keeps on supplying electrons and the other guy keeps on taking them away. And in this process a dynamic equilibrium establishes so that the average concentration of electrons, the net concentration of electrons, these are not the same electrons. Okay? So Ramlam came and went away and Chagandas came and went away and so on. But at any given time, the population under the gate is 10 to the power 12 or whatever you want. Okay? And this establishes a certain amount of current. Okay? Higher the current, meaning higher the concentration that you require, that means higher the voltage on the gate, higher is the amount of current that will flow. And the net concentration of the electrons in this surface is then determined by the vertical. Right? And the net current is now determined by both. This part is clear? Okay? So now without doing any algebra, without doing any basic quantum physics and so on, we have established the operation of a MOS transistor. Okay? This is the basic MOS transistor. There is much more to do actually beyond this. We do not have time. So we will not do in great detail. But it turns out that if you draw the IB characteristic of this, then you get characteristics like this, very much like a bipolar transistor characteristic. That means the current does increase. This is the drain voltage and this is the drain current and this is for different gate voltage. Okay? So as you increase the drain voltage, initially the current increases. But then it becomes constant. All right? And this is the biggest mystery for students. Why does the current become constant? Okay? So we will just have a 5 minute discussion on that. That is all the time I have. All right? And if you have some questions, then later on we will discuss this in much greater detail. All right? So first thing, what is current? Definition of current. Rate of flow of charge. What is flowing here? This is an N-channel transistor. Electrons are flowing. Right? So electrons are flowing. So what does the current depend on? It depends on two things. How many electrons are there and how fast they are moving? Right? If there are more electrons, there is more current. If the same number of electrons are moving faster, then also there are more current. Okay? So these two things determine the total amount of current. Right? Who determines how many electrons are there? The gate voltage. No, source is always heavily doped. Source will provide as many electrons as the gate wants. Right? So the gate determines how many electrons are there. And who determines at what speed these will move? The horizontal field. Therefore the drain voltage. Right? So it is inherently a bi-dimensional device. The vertical dimension determines the amount of charge. The horizontal dimension determines the velocity. And therefore both of them determine overall how much current will flow. Therefore it is not very surprising that under ordinary conditions before saturation, the current is actually given by an equation somewhat like this. Okay? Now this is algebra. But you really have to see beyond algebra and see what physics hides under this. Okay? So let us take VD common here. All right? So what do you get? Now let us take a qualitative picture of this. Not just algebra. There is an integral. My notes have that. You can derive this equation. But we really have to understand physically what is going on here. So as I said, there are two things which determine how much current will flow. One is the amount of charge. Right? This second is the velocity with which it is. Therefore the field. So first of all look at the constants in this. It is a product of two constants mu and C ox. C ox is electrostatics. Mu is electrodynamics. C ox determines how much charge will arrive in response to a vertical field. Right? C ox times V will give you the charge. Right? And mu determines how fast that charge will move for a given field. Right? So therefore it is not surprising that you get the product of these. The W is quite clear. If you double W, it is like putting two transistors in parallel twice as wide. So you put two transistors in parallel, current should double. So therefore it should be proportional to W. Okay? All of this makes sense. Look at this expression. When VG is equal to VT, there is charge but none of this is mobile charge. Right? Up to a particular point, if you recall, we had got this charge by pushing holes away. Right? We had got only ionic charge. So up to the point that you reach VT, there is charge but this charge does not take part in conduction till you reach VT. So it is only the voltage beyond VT which produces mobile charge. Right? All right? So how much charge is there? Well at this end, C ox times VG minus VT. Right? The mobile charge is 0 at VG equal to VT. So any voltage in excess of this will produce mobile charge in excess of VT. So C ox times VG minus VT. Agreed? That is the vertical field here which is producing that charge. And how much charge is here? No, no, no. Don't look at algebra. How much? What is the vertical field here? No, no, no. We are looking only at the vertical. Okay? Don't go by textbooks. We are understanding this now. We are not proving algebra. What is causing charge at that point? The potential difference across that dielectric, how much is it? VG on that end and VD below, drain voltage below. Right? So the net available charge is VG minus VT minus VD. Agreed? So VG minus VT at one end, VG minus VT minus VD at the other end. What is the average charge in the channel? Average of these two? So VG minus VT minus half VD. Right? VG minus VT minus 0 here. VG minus VT minus VD here. Take the average. VG minus VT minus half VD. That is what this is. Multiplied by C ox, this is the amount of charge. Right? VD by L is the field, horizontal field. Multiplied by mu, that is the velocity. Charge times velocity and scale it by W. Right? And that is where this equation comes out. Okay? Otherwise, this is just algebra. You just derive it, etc., etc. But now you look at it, this is your friend. Now it tells you what is really happening here. Right? That is what leads to MOS conduction. However, this equation is valid only as long as this term VG minus VT minus VD doesn't become negative. Okay? As soon as it becomes negative, that means there is a portion here where the mobile charge density is 0. Right? So then what you should expect and this is what the students ask all the time, that the current should drop to 0. There is no channel at the drain end. So why does the current remain constant rather than dropping to 0? Why should the current saturate? It should actually drop to 0. There is not sufficient vertical field here to have mobile charges here. Okay? And that is where the two dimensional nature of the MOS becomes important. Electrons can arrive from two sources. They can arrive due to the vertical field and now none are arriving because of the vertical field. Once you reach VG minus VT. However, electrons are arriving horizontally. So those electrons which are flowing, they will not come to a dead stop there. They will get into this region. And the number of electrons need to be quite small to keep the current constant because the field will now become very high. Therefore, this region over which the voltage is negative will become very narrow. And across, this is called the pinch off region. And across this region, a very high field will develop and all the excess voltage over VG minus VT will drop across this pinch off region. And very few electrons will be sufficient to give you current continuity. Okay? And these electrons will not come because of the vertical field. Vertical field is not enough to draw electrons. They will come because of the horizontal flow of the electrons. Okay? So now we have the picture complete. When the as long as you increase the drain voltage initially up to VG minus VT, it will follow this equation which is initially linear, but you subtract a parabolic term from it. So it kind of stoop below the linear in a parabolic way till its tangent becomes 0 at VG minus VT. And when it reaches VG minus VT, the current becomes constant. Okay? This is the pinch off. This is the saturation of current. And that is your MOS transistor. And it is not limited by that slow speed which the undoped MOS capacitors was. Experiments have been done. The MOS capacitor is indeed slow. The MOS transistor is indeed not. Otherwise, you will not have Pentium with a clock rate of 3 Gigahertz. Okay? So the actual MOS transistor can switch in fractions of a nanosecond. And that is because you have heavily doped region which are willing to supply electrons. And they are so close to the region where it is required that there is hardly any time lost for those electrons to come within that region. And therefore, this transistor changes from conductive to off in literally picosecond. Okay? And that is how all the modern digital and analog devices are made using this MOS. Okay? I think that is enough dose for one hour lecture. We will stop here. So let us break for T. But I am around till 3.30. If you have some questions bugging you about this semiconductors or MOS and so on, we can discuss. If you require this infrastructure, we can discuss it here. Not everyone needs to wait. Only those who have questions and others, T is there. The current density concept comes into that. Current density is proportional to the field. Yeah, it is current density. So at that time, the current density will be high? Current density is, it is not really the current density which is high. Current density is the same. Current density has to be continuous. So it is not dependent on current density. Okay? And you have walked into the trap which I was hoping you will. So now I will give you the experiment. Okay? Do this thought experiment. This is my channel. Okay? The question that we did not have time to go through. The question I am asking is, how much of this channel is actually depleted? All right? So what happens is that I must have current continuity. Right? It is all in series. So I must have current continuity. So let us say that I have a drain voltage which is greater than VG minus VT. All right? So all the excess voltage above VG minus VT drops across the pinch of region. The rest appears across the channel. All right? So let us assume that the voltage VG minus VT is reached here. This is VD greater than VG minus VT. Okay? And this region is delta. All right? Now the, if you look at things to the left, this is a standard MOS transistor with drain voltage equal to VG minus VT. So it has certain amount of current. That current is arriving here. Right? Now this material, there is no vertical field. Vertical field is not producing electrons. Right? So it is only the horizontal field which will determine the current. How much is the field? VD minus VG minus VT. This is the voltage across this. Right? This end is VD. This end is VD. And this end is VG minus VT divided by delta. This is the field times mu. This is the velocity times whatever is the charge. Okay? This must be equal to I d sin. Okay? Now because this charge is very, very small. Practically 0. That means the velocity has to be very high. When will the velocity be high? When the field is high? When will the field be high? No, VD is the same that we applied. VD is not under delta is very small. Okay? So delta becomes infinitesimally small to produce a very high field. It is like how do you get current in a bipolar transistor? The collector junction is reverse biased but it sets up a high field. Any electron which happens to amble into its field is then whisked away. Exactly the same thing is happening here. Electrons have been brought up to here by the regular MOS action and then they are whisked away. Okay? And the size of this delta is determined to keep the current continuity. As a result you can see that delta should be linearly dependent on VD. Okay? If VD, because this I d sat is constant. So therefore delta should depend on VD linearly. Okay? So in short channel transistors what happens is that wherever we use, where we were using W by L. Now it should be W by L minus delta. Okay? So what you will get is W by L minus delta. So I am going to cheat. I am going to write it like this. This is fine. So this W by L is the old value. Right? And this I can write as 1 upon 1 minus delta by L. Right? So this will be 1 plus delta by L binomial theorem. Right? But delta is proportional to VD. Right? That means the current will linearly increase with VD in short channel transistors. It will not become stable but you will get transistors where the current increases linearly and that is exactly what we see. So in a practical transistor, short channel transistor you do not see full saturation like this. You see a linear increase here. Okay? And it will become. So you can break for T then.


Hey folks, Andy here and welcome back to another This Month At Mantic, your monthly round up to keep your finger on the pulse. Well February was a little bit busy wasn't it, but we're smashing down the door to march, kick that puppy open and coming out swinging. First off, I want to take an opportunity to say a massive thank you to everyone who helped us make the Epic Warpath Kickstarter a roaring success. With your support we managed to unlock 4 extra factions taking the total up to 8 so when this game delivers and launches fully we're all going to get to see lots of variety on the tabletop. We'll be continuing to work our way on making it the best it can be but rest assured we'll keep you all up to speed on the progress until it's in your hands. March started with a bit of a bang with us dropping our teaser trailer and announcing the name of only new game Halo Flashpoint and it's fair to say a few folks seem to be interested in it, it will be launching directly to retail in the fall or autumn if you prefer and we have so much more to show you. Later this month the Halo Flashpoint website will go live plus we'll be showing you in much more detail what you'll get in the box, how the game plays and why this is going to be the game you won't want to miss. Make sure you subscribe to our YouTube channel and turn on notifications so you're first to know when we drop some more Halo Flashpoint love. Also on Halo Flashpoint news, if you're visiting the Depticon this March why not swing by our stand and come and see us and we'll be giving the world first playable demos of Halo Flashpoint so that you can see for yourself why we're so excited for this game. If you're not visiting the Depticon this year then fear not as we'll also be giving folks at Salute in the UK a chance to demo the game in April. If that doesn't show you how confident we are on this game then make sure to talk to your friendly local gaming store about it as there's opportunities for them to get their hands on a store demo copy too so everyone can get to see why this game is going to be huge. After all of that sci-fi news we're about to make a huge splash for our Kings of War fans when our latest Trident Realms releases go up for pre-order later this month. Our watery warriors are getting some new models as well as some of the older ones getting a beautiful update. You can pre-order a Trident Realms ambush set containing 20 of the updated River God infantry, 3 of the brand new plastic Dambusters, plus the ambush rulebook, the Trident Realms information sheet and all of the bases that you'll need to get these to the battlefield. You could upgrade and go for an army box which contains 20 River God, 20 Nighards, a Siren plus the Dambuster Warden along with the bases that you'll need and collecting Trident Realms booklet. Or if you've already made your mind up that you're going deep with this army, then the mega army is amazing value and gives you 40 River God infantry, 6 Dambusters, 20 Nighards and Nuka, a depth horror eternal plus all of the bases and the collecting booklet. Along with these sets we've released both the River God and the Dambusters as standalone regiment boxes, a Dambuster Arbalest, a Dambuster Pond Warden, a Tidal Swarm Regiment and a Coral Giant. There's so much exciting stuff for Kings of War this month, we can't wait to see them hitting people's painting desks and what you all do with them. This month's vault seems to be feeling a little off colour as it's very much plague infested and undead and not only that but for the first time everything is full models where you don't need anything else to make use of these files right away. Not enough for our Amada fans we have the Salamander XL ship the Drake sailing into the vault along with the Salamander Flyers the Scorchwings. We've also added a whole host of sea monsters for your games of Amada in the Enraged Narwhal, the Hydra, the Murfolk and the Sea Serpent. For our sci-fi fans there's Plague Leapers and Plague Murderbirds plus the Plague Pteroton, a personal favourite of mine. Lastly for our fantasy fans we've added a Halfling Vampire, Orc Zombies, an Undead Goblite and some Undead Zombie Trolls too. Along with that for those of you who want some extra characters for your RPGs or maybe you want to add some variety to your Kings of War armies, we've added in the Dungeon Dead from our Dungeon Adventures range. So much stuff this month that if you're not already signed up to the vault then this month might be a good time to dive in. Well that's it for this month, how about it? And don't forget to subscribe, give the video a like and I'll see you all next month.


Hi there and welcome to the Free Art Show, the show where I draw what you want and release it for free use under a Creative Commons license. My name is Kim Holm and with me is my beautiful wife Beanie and today we have a bunch of suggestions or six suggestions which we picked out of a record over 40 suggestions and many of them were good and it was really hard to pick this time and I had to make some sacrifices see I've drawn sacrifices here. Oh, a sacrifice? No. I thought it was just an angry, I don't know, three-year-old? Yes, one either or. Is there a difference? And we have new this week is that we have gotten suggestions from Facebook and from Twitter and from Instagram and also from my new account at mines.com which I will probably be talking about a bit later. Anyhow, we will roll the dice and the suggestion that wins will win this intro postcard and I will draw their drawing and release it for free use and they can buy it as well. I was curious.  No, the postcards are exclusive for the winners because I don't scan them. Yes, that was what I was wondering. Yeah, it's a bit sad but some things have to be exclusive. Maybe they can scan them and upload them for free use. They won't do yet? Yes, that's a great idea. Okay, shall we go through the suggestions? Again, we had over 40 suggestions and many of them were good and I had to pick six and there are different reasons why I picked them. Not all of them obvious but you know all of them are good. They're good in his head. The reasons. Kasem suggested the myth of pan crafting the first pan flute which is a much more rapey myth than you'd assume about a flute. Yes. And then Morten suggests and I have not drawn Cthulhu here. I have drawn a squid, a wood squid happily at home in a tree which is a nice picture. Then Life Reid suggests the carcass, the poem by Charles Baudelaire and it's a bloody awful lovely poem. Victor suggested Cronus devouring his children reimagined because that's one of the iconic images of art history and he wants my take on it and I would love to do that and it's actually two who suggested Cronus this week but yes but Victor was first and he had the kid devouring in there so that's important for him to be devouring it politely politely yes and then bastard Andreas suggests suggest diorama of human suffering which will perhaps be used for the album cover for his band so I'm guessing that's the title of the next CD I should have asked which band it was maybe he wrote I didn't write it here that's the problem and last but not least we have Janna who has a new business here in Norway doing good work connecting people who fall outside the system and counseling them particularly children and such I think and her business is called Phoenix or food phoenix so draw brave and glorious phoenix and I will always love drawing phoenixes so let's the dice decide I'm excited I'm rooting for them even though I like the phoenix I do because I like that foundation I don't I know very little of it and I want to see an octopus in our who wouldn't want to see an octopus let's just roll the dice number four it's Kronos devouring his kids politely that will be that will be a good theme how will we do it now the problem with Kronos devouring his kids is politely politely is that you're up against the very best Goya painted a fantastic image of Saturn devouring his son and Saturn is the Roman name for Kronos and we will use red and we will use ink we will not use politely no that was not polite that's very unpolite eating of kids and you should also check out Rubens painting the same image maybe we'll edit these into the Goya first okay that's Goya and Rubens I think Rubens is Kronos not Saturn but that's not very politely no I want to see forks a fork and I there will be no forks and knives yes life is full of disappointment let's start with some some white ink and let's see if we see some shapes in this sometimes a good way to start an image just trying out see if you find the shapes in there because then then the image will be somehow more I guess more what's the word surprising what are you drawing okay so we will get my wife's take on it as well now do you know the figure a picture yeah do you know the myth of Kronos nope who is Kronos dear wife Saturn who is Saturn Kronos Saturn Kronos Kronos Saturn is the son of Uranus it's always so fun yes he is oh is it and the father of Jupiter who is in Greek mythology called Sevz so it's a very it's got to do with the heavenly bodies in some way I'm guessing and now the myth goes that see on says father time father time probably Kronos oh yes yes probably I'm guessing now Uranus was married to or had children with Gaia and he locked away some of the the creatures like the Cyclops and the hundred-handed giants luck them away in Tartarus and not fathering anyone out of Uranus or mine who wrote that see on now now Uranus Kronos decided to rebel against his father so he got a sickle and castrated his own dad and out of the blood and the testicles grew all sorts of creatures like the nymphs and such so so it's kind of akin to the to some of the aspects of the later Norse mythology where things crawl out of the body of the giant emid but Kronos doesn't actually actually kill Uranus but he takes the throne he marries Rhea rare and he gets and he gets the word that his own children will topple him someday so all his little god children like Hades and Hera and Poseidon he eats in order for them to not topple him so sort of maniacal little scheme he's got there to keep the power okay he's got a fuck you know a titan they had condoms no the titans didn't have condoms they were very bad at they should have legalized abortion yeah but so where we yeah Rhea doesn't quite dig her husband eating her kids all the while so when Seves is born Seves he she hides him in a cave in Crete and and you can visit the cave I haven't I've been close to the cave I've been in the mountains but I haven't visited the cave lovely mountains and in there Seves grows up meanwhile she takes a stone and swaddles it like a baby and lets Kronos eat the stone instead because yeah he doesn't chew his food so then Seves grows up and becomes a tiny little adult god and decides to free his children no his brothers and sisters I mean by making Kronos puke them up I'm not quite sure the means of making the titan puke but he managed it and then all the gods are let free and a great war ensues that hi tanamaki I think it's called and then and then the gods win and become the Greek gods we know but this is most of this is in what are they called the theogonies by Hesiod but the Greeks had loads of different variations on their origin stories there so it's not they weren't married to one single origin but it's a good story let me see my wife is much quicker at drawing than me well will you release it for free use you haven't even signed it finished it looks finished I think I'm going to have to borrow the kids I think I'm going to have to have some wine now we've spinning spinning spinning spinning let you see if there's some problems here I'm hoping that we're back it had jumped offline so drawing Kronos and and Seves or at least one kid sort of fits Seves was Kronos cupbearer and poisoned the wine with that herbal potion thank you says Mr. Seon thank you the Greek theme fits well with me playing Assassin's Creed Origins no Odyssey these days which is which is a game that I love a lot more than it deserves in some way it's got all the worst aspects of modern gaming modern triple a gaming and still I love it because it's silly and full of Greek history and there you have Persians as well I want to see more of the Persians the Achaemenid Empire is sort of my favorite among among the ancient civilizations but the Greeks were cool as well nothing Odyssey is a great game since Tom at the ball yeah yes indeed I am I shouldn't say I'm addicted because I haven't played it in almost a week but that's no fault of my own but yeah just the way they recreate the Greek world and it just feels lovely and it's super silly in a very serious way let's drink some wine and so you start talking about that new new social media platform and on yeah so for a while I'm like everyone else in the world I'm getting tired of the shenanigans of Facebook Facebook is a lovely platform in many ways and I will continue using it it's utterly strange that it has grown to be so so important yeah but it's very bad that a private company should control our means of communication and we're more and more we're we're seeing the effects of that in terms of deep platforming censorship much yeah a lot of different shit happening and also as a creator it's getting harder and harder to use Facebook in a good way without throwing in too much money in it and I don't mind I don't mind spending money on Facebook or on any other platform I run a business and I need a way to communicate with my people and Facebook has allowed me to communicate with 10,000 of you so that's fantastic but my own ethics I mean I use open source software I release stuff for free use this is sort of the opposite of everything Facebook and Twitter and Instagram and Google is doing so I've been searching for a better more open platform and last week on the Joe Rogan experience Bill Ottman the CEO of a platform called Mines was the guest and Mines is an open source platform that's based on blockchain so it's decentralized so it's by its nature it's not controlled the same way the closed platforms are blockchain blockchain is the technology behind Bitcoin and the other it's sort of I don't know how to describe it I don't know enough about it but it's a fascinating way of encrypting information and making you able to anonymously pass along information like money or like a blog post or whatever so some blockchains are very much just the the money aspect of it and some carry a lot of more information like contracts and such and some can also be used in a social network so that you don't store things on central servers but it just lives on no this is very impolite eating anyhow the Joe Rogan experience podcast convinced me to take a step and join Mines to see how it is and so far it's been really good no you're all wrong all wrong we're doing Kronos we're pro-greek anti-Roman this is just bolted yes it's Saturn as well but the request was Kronos so gonna keep it to that but Kronos is something with time right I believe so if someone can explain to me the chronologically speaking yeah he's in the beginning but it's not in the very beginning because he first castrates Uranus nice sentence yeah I've read most of it and I keep forgetting it because I have stories of my own in my head yeah just started my own company and I class the other day on how to make it as a company using Facebook and they I think she pressed enter too soon mm-hmm we're waiting we're very excited for the rest you know Kronos night but that's one of the pros would have been a better name than mine yes one of the problems with with Facebook is that you now have courses also state sponsored courses and professional courses in how to do this very temporary very privately owned stuff and they said Facebook is out of the top ten social media platforms but there is no good alternative as of now yes that is true that is definitely true I'm not saying that mines is a good alternative as of now but the problems with mines right now is kind of obvious it's a free open platform with a lot less censorship and so everyone who gets tossed away from Facebook ends up there and that's it the whole spectrum the whole beautiful spectrum of loonies are there to welcome you hmm and you and me yes so I went in there and I just didn't understand no it's I don't understand it it's supposed to be so free but then they're all talking about the money you like to give to each other no that's we'll get into that it's it's not money it's tokens you can't exchange it at least not yet there's no people persons I have to make a channel yes I don't want to have a channel no that's one of the problems here but so the way that mines seems to work is that for doing for being active and productive on mines you get rewards in tokens and those tokens you can use to boost your posts that's what you would pay Facebook or Instagram or Twitter for they said people have to spend more and more on Facebook and Facebook will be more expensive expensive so I'm pretty pissed yes that's now I got on Facebook I got from zero to five thousand followers without using a single dime and then from five thousand to ten thousand I experimented a bit and ended up using something like three hundred dollars in the end that's a bit if some of it was directly on growing some of it was trying to promote events and stuff like that but you know that's a bit and but I'm okay with that but by my estimates the way it works now I would have to use over five hundred dollars if I was to reach 20,000 and if I'm really good I would have to spend maybe 500 to a thousand that basically paying one dollar per extra person on Facebook that seems standard now on mines which is still small and still filled with all the lovely weirdos you get these tokens for being active which means that as an artist and artists are not that good at being active but we're good at giving a platform value some of the first things that happened to me on mines was that people started giving me tokens because maybe they have more tokens than they could use and yes I'll talk influences I'll just finish the mines talk I just finish it by saying that it's potentially a genius system for artists I'm not sure if it's a genius system for anyone else so I hope that somehow they find a good way of making it a good system for everyone else as well and I can't give a wholesome recommendation everyone go to mines and I'm going to try out other social media platforms that are run by the same principles but I can say that if you're adventurous on the internet and and if the loonies don't bother you then it's a pretty interesting platform and I'm very satisfied with the response I've gotten there so far so I'll be continuing on now my influences as an artist Mark Mark also wants to know have you ever seen Steven Gamble's illustrations in scary stories to tell in the dark yes I've seen his illustrations because other people I think on free the free art show when it was called free art Fridays said the same thing have you ever seen Steven Gamble's illustrations and yeah there's an definite affinity our art hate each other our art would be friends not best friends but good friends now my influences are my influences are my influences are basically all comic book artists and basically most of them were big in the 90s so Frank Miller is a God for me artistically and storytelling wise and Sam Keith was huge in my and also I've been reminded how much I love Simon Bisley when he drew slain and when he drew Lobo it was just gorgeous stuff and melting pot is just so good so crappy so good it's wonderful and John Jay Muth was kind of more refined but the stuff that he did for sound man the wake has a lot of a lot to do with how I am use my brush today and Jens Costileva whom I'm happy to call my friend now he was huge for me just by showing me how good and ugly drawing could be and other people who were big for me I'm guessing and will Eisner John Bushema huge I fucking love Bushema the few Conan stories which he got to ink himself is the most beautiful thing in the world Jack Kirby of course Möbius and a lot of others a lot of others Greg Ruth some sillier cartoon as well was this great comic called Gregory about a boy in an insane asylum he couldn't speak and it was trapped in a in a straight jacket and one of the comics was about the day he discovered his arms and didn't know what to do with them and it's just so lovely stuff so that's basically my influences but now when I've failed I failed my comic career last winter and decided to admit the fall and become an artist a stinking artist instead which is good I like it but now I'm searching for new influences so I was with my seven year old son at the museum with this is there his class as a museum and saw the paintings of Nikolai Ostrup which is an amazing Norwegian painter from 1890 up to 19 something 1920 ish tennis and he did amazing stuff and that was very much inspirational and let me see if I can think of any others should we do some white ink on this or is it or some red ink colored you mean color see my wife has also drawn Kronos eating his son politely very politely and you can see the Sun isn't happy no is it Poseidon I don't know no no no he would not because it's after they are freed that they go they free the Cyclops and the Cyclops makes the the the liking bolts for ceds and the crown for Hades and the fork for two things okay Yana wants to know if you have tried the Neatom's liquid charcoal I have not I have seen it demonstrated and it looked very fascinated but I'm fascinating but I've not tried it should I use red on this I don't know but I want to know or Muhten wants to know if a duck fails to heal a wounded person is it a quack yes it is a quack that is absolutely factually correct should it use red or is it good in black and white I think it's good in black and white you can just need to tighten in some stuff here and then I'll leave it without anything except the ink which is doesn't often happen anymore which was sort of yes right the American artist George Pratt would be up your alley George Pratt updated enemy ace George Pratt is definitely up my alley and enemy ace also yes yes to the red going for the red would you like red Kim isn't certain now I'm very uncertain but you should stand up and look at your picture far yeah I'll stand up and look at my red wine see if it's it looks good on the did it you see the shadow doesn't look oh red oh yes it looks good it will not look like that then you are some poor artist sorry maybe red mix with a bit of black and you know I trust the artist leave it I just poured more red I actually I think I'll I'm not finished I know I'm not finished because there's some things that are unclear but I think that red would take too much focus and it doesn't really belong there it looks horrible it looks horrible as it is yes maybe red would make it look kitty yeah I don't dare do red now but how are we on time 2150 should we try to do a quick one would you like to I could okay but then the next row blah blah won't get a postcard the next no only the one that the dice decides gets a postcard oh then you have to what the dice decide the next one I can it can I should we do dice again Mark says what a joy to watch you paint thank you mark and Yana says maybe you would enjoy the work of Kim I have recently found out about Kim Yong Gi and I absolutely hate his guts because he's so much so much better than me dice is law okay we'll sign this one and we'll roll the dice again I think I like this oh no no no I thought I was finished but I'm clearly not you haven't splattered I haven't there's no spatter splatter spatter there is a difference between splatter and spatter and my use of proper is correct and proper it's called a splatter film because they splat movie it's called fake blood everywhere when what's he called Dexter works he works with spatter spatter Dexter doesn't like blood it's all in his head Gary Shiloh wants to know what today's drawing what today's drawing is and the mochten Sander says court shouldn't use them dice yes okay today's drawing is Cronus devouring his kids the focus is off is it often your people it looks so way I'm sorry we'll just like this and down here that's better okay so that was the first drawing we'll sign it and we'll try to do another Cronus devouring his kids I said so do you enjoy splatter movies I do enjoy splatter movies I haven't seen one in ages because my wife that's not true it's not ages since I saw a splatter movie what splatter movie have I seen a horror film is not the same it wasn't a splatter are you talking about get out yes it was barely horror and we was barely blood and it was fun I liked it but it was barely it was a comedy okay shall we roll the dice one more time and so we have a pan we have squid we have the carcass we don't have Cronus we have a diorama of human suffering and we have Phoenix the carcass that's the poem that's the poem by Baudelaire and now you have to google it and read it meantime mochten Sander asks if you enjoy splatter movies and I just want to say one thing he does enjoy a splatter film I do not so if he watches a splatter film if you we watch a splatter film then we have to see a pink film afterwards yeah but we've seen 500 pink films is that my fault okay let's do a quick carcass mochten Nansen says yes okay carcass okay it's a lovely poem the carcass Baudelaire if you yes because if I google carcass it would have been a nice if you google carcass you will get the death metal band which you recently heard about on your favorite show friends carcass were supposed to be the wedding band for no they weren't it was a Phoebus yeah okay but it would have been good and carcass is a magnificent band the carcass poem okay I read it in preparation so I know what what I will like to draw because it's a lovely poem it starts out with it's a part of the Le Fleurs de Mal as I'm sure it's pronounced by Charles Baudelaire and it starts out with like do you remember this thing we found as a side of the road then it goes into deep description of the carcass and the worms and French and everything okay there's a French and then it takes a twist towards the end not a zombie twist but a good twist lovely I would say a carcass my love do you recall the object which we saw that fair sweet summer morn at a turn in the path of foul carcass on a gravel strewn bed it's let waste in the air like the lustful woman burning and dripping with poisons displayed in a shameless nonchalant way it's bellies swollen with gases charming it gets better the sun shone down upon the putrescence as if to roast it to a turn and to give back a hundred fold to great nature the elements she had combined and the sky was watching that superb caterpillar blossom like a flower so frightful was the stench that you believed you'd faint away upon the grass the flow the blow flies were buzzing around the putrid belly from which came forth black battalions of maggots which ooze like the heavy liquid all alone those living tatters all this was descending and rising like a wave or poured out with a cracking sound crackling one would have sent the body swollen with a vague breath limped by multiplication and this world gave forth singular music like running water or the wind for the grain that winnowers winnowers with a rhythmic motion shake in their wind baskets the forms disappeared and were no more than a dream a sketch the slowly felt falls upon the forgotten canvas that the artist completes from memory alone crouched behind the boulders an anxious dog dog watches us with angry eyes waiting for the moment to take back from the carcass the morsel he had left and yet you will be like this corruption like this horrible infection star of my eyes sunlight of my being you my angel and my passion yes thus will you be queen of the graces after the last sacraments when you go beneath grass and luxurant flowers to molder among the bones of the dead then oh my beauty say to the worms who will devour you with kisses that i have kept the form and the divine essence of my decomposed love okay see that's a love poem that's a love poem that is a love poem it's not exactly shall i compare the two of summer's day yeah shall i compare the two carcass bubbling with maggots in a summer's day yes that's a splatter in poland it is um i'm sad i can't read it in france in france i'm sad i cannot read it in france i can try and leave it silly yes no uh but but uh it is rather lovely um and i would have liked to be finished with it um in france it rhymes all the way yeah it does not so in english no but sometimes you shouldn't make translations rhyme you should if they if they rhyme sometimes you shouldn't uh uh because um sometimes the next one rhymes ooh shall you read it again there's another there are several poems yeah yeah no there are several translations yes you want to english it's not my first language it's not my second either it's my third shall you look back and see if um let's see if uh there's any comments oh i can read that ha i was thinking about the band ooh mononigo says ralph Steadman maybe not the next the best move to eclasania right now that's the best move the best of the best moves it's uh i don't know if i like this um maybe i'll not upload it maybe i will uh gotten some things right here but some things are off and i'll see if i can see if i can rescue it in some way if i can't then this was a failed attempt and that happens this is a bad carcass are you drawing her now this is the carcass oh that's an accidental tit it wasn't but why does it have human legs human legs yes it looks yeah with sneakers even no it's not sneakers it is a human carcass oh so you're drawing her no the poem or is it not it's not a human carcass it's like like a woman yeah like a woman so it's not a woman no it's not a woman i have not drawn a woman okay i've just drawn an accidental tit i've erased a tit now spatter it up real good and hope it comes out somehow now sometimes the spattering of ink is an integrated and vital and technical part of the drawing sometimes it's splashing ink on the paper hoping it will save whatever you failed at drawing you're liking it better now so it's somehow well we do like large chests sent the pirate i will not be attempting a second drawing just as you oh come on please i'm liking this a lot better now oh so the splatting yeah this was a pure technique uh this was just my not luck at all could you possibly the white ink is this the white ink if there's no that's a wetting agent no wetting agent on the carcass it's the one with something in it i i had a good idea now this is what i tell you what oh no you use the wine oh yes see you could have gotten that color yes i could no there's another like this isn't there no there is not that is a lie okay then we'll have to do this retarder new no retarding the corpse and then it's this so you do not want me to read the rhyming poem you can read the rhyming poem i can not if you don't want i can hear the tail again since you won't draw it a little bit of wine on the drawing to make it smell good so if you the thing with these drawings is that i will release them for free use but that's just the download version if you rather would like the version that smells like red wine then you can the organic version as long as you claim it before the next free art show you get it for a hundred euro including international shipping and the way you can claim it is just to say claim here or on any of my other social media sites and also if you want to have a request for next week i will be posting my request on facebook and instagram and twitter and now on mines but you can also as soon as this is up on youtube you can post your requests there in the comments the wine added a very interesting touch i like it now yes it got better with the wine that's many things too are you talking about our first date oh yes that was no that was beer yes but the day we met there was lots of wine oh yes we had a cart and a wine oh yes you did okay shall i read yes okay the object that we saw let us recall this summer mourn when warmth and beauty mingle at the path's turn a carcass layer sprawl up on a bed of shingle legs raised like some old whore far gone in passion the burning deadly poison sweating mass opened it its paunch in careless cynic fashion ballooned with evil gas on this putrin's the sun blazed in gold cooking it to a turn with eagle care so to repay to nature a hundred fold what she had mingled there the sky as on the opening of a flower on the superb obscenity smiled bright the stench drove at us with such a fearsome power you thought you swore outright flies trumpeted upon the rotten belly once larvae poured it in legions far and wide and flowed like molten and liquefiesent jelly jelly down living rags of pride okay this one was more disgusting yeah everything that rhymes is more disgusting the mass the mass ran down or like a wave elated rolled itself on and crackled as if as if frying you'd think that corpse by vogue vague breath animated drew life from multiplying through that strange world a rustling ruble ran like rushing water of a gust of air a grain that went oars with rhythmic fan sweep simmering here and there it seemed a dream after the form screw painter or like a sketch that slowly seemed to dawn on forgotten canvas with the painter from memory has grown from which the painter the memory has drawn behind the rocks a restless curl that's slunk eyed asked with fretful greed to recommends his feast amidst the bonework on the trunk that he had torn from dense you'll resemble this infection too one day and stink and sprawl in such a fashion star of my eyes son of my nature you my angel and my passion yes you must come to this oh queen of graces at length when the last sacraments are over and you go down to Mulder in dark places beneath the grass and clover then tell the vermin as it takes its pleasant and feasts with kisses on the face of yours i've kept intact in form and godlike essence are our decomposed amores it's lovely yeah i particularly like the end yeah yes that was uh the crowning achievement i i think i like this so do a bit more wine on it and that's how you make mr holmes moist asks of course mr thunder of course and uh yeah i think this came out ghastly oh i have to sign it okay so um so if you liked the drawing or like watching others draw and talk then please spread the video especially the youtube video when it comes out because i need to get a bit more traction there it's very good to have youtube as a better high quality archive it would be nice uh to have more people see that also you can spread my pages um i'm den ungehar holm at facebook den ungehar holm at twitter den ungehar holm at instagram and now also den ungehar holm at mines dot com and just wanted to try the ungehar holm everywhere yes on patreon i am kim holm and my patreon campaign will resurrect soon but you can ignore what it says and support me there and uh if you liked it even more you can buy the original art we today we today we were really ghastly we drew crongos devouring his kids and this is the presentation yes and we drew a carcass by Charles Baudelaire um and both of them are available uh for uh purchase for a hundred euro including international shipping just claim it wherever you want and in the short while they will be available for free use in high res at my gallery den ungehar holm dot smug mug dot com thank you for watching hope you enjoyed the show i'll enjoy some more wine have a blessed sunday have a blessed sunday


State-wide agitation that is we are planning demonstrations in every district in Tamil Nadu demanding that the central court should be completely boycotted and State government must only continue to implement the state law and Protect the state welfare boards. The central government has brought in four labor courts and Taking away the rights of not only the organized sector workers, but also the unorganized sector workers for example, they have they call the courts as you know due to a process of amalgamation of existing laws and Universalization Actually, it is neither amalgamation nor universalization In fact, the whatever we had achieved in the building and construction workers at the national level 96 we got two central laws and Whatever safety was there has been removed entirely in the new courts. So So it is not really amalgamation. It's selective, you know, kind of combination so that in order to deny the labor rights of the unorganized workers Same way, I can give you any number of examples and as far as the social security code is concerned For the unorganized workers, they are they are looking at only one welfare board apart from building workers welfare board Only one welfare board and in Tamil Nadu. We have had a long history from 82 in 82 we got the Tamil Nadu manual workers act after three four years of struggle of the Building workers and also many other groups of workers and under this law The welfare board for building workers was formed in 95 and the welfare boards for other categories was performed in between 99 and 2000 and then by 2006 Multiple welfare boards were formed due to the various unions agitating for separate welfare boards And now we have 18 welfare boards under the Tamil Nadu manual workers act and there are many other Welfare boards like for the fisheries There is a welfare board under the separate law for fish of fish work And then there are many welfare boards under various give us what we are trying to say is why should we go under this central act? We have a better law we have better welfare boards and We must continue with the existing welfare boards and take them forward and make them better And in fact, whatever rights have been denied by central government can also be brought under the state law Instead of that the government should not decide to go under the central law. That is our primary demand The second one is that even there should be a medical ESA medical coverage or a special occupational health coverage for the unorganized workers and We want the pension to be three thousand and we want also Education assistance for children from the first standard to the higher education If you look at the central code, they say that the pension will be decided by central government Assistance for natural death will be decided by central government and what do they have now a scheme for natural death? They will give two lads but Only for any worker who dies below 50 years The same scheme was tried out in Pondicherry and they found that not a single person who died Could be could get the benefit because all the workers who died Due to natural death from the previous year were all above 50 years Actually the previous government had given a Okay to the central code that is the real problem. We are now faced with So at least this government has to review the decision and After all all these multiple welfare boards were brought in by the earlier DMK government You know by Kalinger only all these multiple welfare boards were brought So these people should come forward and protect that and also not getting to the Central code where central government will decide everything And state government will have no decision-making nor the welfare boards don't have any decision making So we don't want such a thing to happen and we are we Definitely think that the state government must come forward and oppose the center on this see the central codes Do not cover all the workers and the importantly even the building workers. They talk about establishment How many workers get jobs through establishment? That is a big contractor Many of the building workers if you go to go to any city There are many points where workers assemble and they go to work So where the maestri will come and call them to work or the owner will come for take them for repair work Under our state law everybody gets registered but under the central law It's very difficult to even register and domestic workers. How many workers are getting a job through any establishment? Very few maybe five percent through placement agencies But even placement agencies are not listed in the establishment. So which means what so basically These laws are not catering to the real unorganized workers Who are not protected unprotected unorganized workers? They are only thinking in terms of organized sector workers and within that also they are ruling out a big chunk of the working class. So basically this is a discriminatory law and This is a law which is Basically not going to benefit anybody So we do not want the central code and we want only our state law


What they gonna do with me now?    What made you first go to the studio The first day, like, I'm not so lucky Y'all love it Y'all remember?  Getting money Okay So, you went into the studio Because, I guess, trying to deter your thoughts, right? Okay, so what was that first record? Like, what was the vibe? Did you like it? Did you ever put that song out? Or it was just, you had to get that off your chest that day No, yeah, I don't know I never put that song out I ain't late to see you But that's what I mean That's what I mean That was stealing So did you play it for anybody? I didn't do it I didn't do it I thought I'd put a song But I ain't got a lot of sweet taste I ain't got whizz And I thought, look I'm going in there thinking That should sound like some little baby Should be for me some drinks And it should sound like trash So I'm like, nah, it's not it So you was like singing? So singing at your bop? Are you going to work on that? Or what? I just got to get a little bit better with that stuff Okay Alright, so did a little singing Or whatever But what made you get into rapping? Did you practice anymore? Was you writing more? Was you working on more people? You could say a little bit more I would say for me And I just feel like I could release it So who's like some of your favorite artists? No, New York artists? No Jeez Okay, okay, okay So like, who was some artists that inspired you? Of course Meek Nail But like any other artists? Maybe not just on music, on business time And like, you know They gotta be, they gotta be on period They could be, like anybody They inspire you? Yeah, so how'd y'all meet? From kids Okay And so y'all met Was they in the studio before you? Or you went to the studio after? Like how'd that go? I was seeking the studio first I've been doing this since I was 16 For me, so I figured I'm in the studio first Okay So being around them, you got a different energy, I guess Did you say that? You could sing that, but No It was just more than a ball Okay, so then The first single was No Alibs, right? You got songs before that? Yeah, but we have research I did my research, but that was the biggest That was a big song, let's talk about it Like you wasn't talking crazy I've seen songs like two years ago I've seen the other ones But I feel like that one, you know You really put your all in that one Is that around the time you was taking music serious Or was you taking music serious before that? I was always taking music serious I mean, always taking music serious Okay You know, it was crazy though I didn't even know I was just going to be like that I was like something fake Let me just introduce myself So you didn't expect that to do that? I don't know So like, what you saw Like, how you saw it going up with people Tagging you all the time, you kept seeing your story Like Like, how was that, how was those moments?   Because you seem more like a lyrical type person It doesn't matter I just want to get my point of course Okay, so getting your point of course And the music of course Yeah, I want them to When you feel them When you listen to them That's it I don't care about the rules I don't care about the politics I don't care about that So when people hear warm bills What do you want them to think? Different Why are you talking like that?  When I'm feeling like baby I'm trying to get a message That's feeling the same way It might be people going I've been feeling it But I've been feeling it Because the cryonite song I feel like that song was more like A personable type song, you know what I mean So like, it wouldn't inspire that song Or it just was Like, what's your creative process? Like, how are you getting your zone? So you write? And how you feel about that?  Or it's like You just want to end it all once and for all Like, what are your thoughts on that? I'm leaving for the app I feel like they do that to kind of get your attention You don't think so?  That's all I feel for you I really want to stay independent But I feel like my son is doing what I'm pointing for Or me being able to get it open It's gonna make sense You know, kind of beat selection, I guess So like, do you got producer's sending packs Or do you have a favorite producer? Okay So you have a certain type of beat you look for, or? Why do you pick like, kind of like You pick like certain type of beats Sometimes it'd be real dark and then sometimes it'd be How do you feel about this whole sample thing, you know Like, really? Still? 22? If I go into sample? What do you think is next for all this?  Because a lot of people get locked up I see Is that like, kind of, like, does that deter your motivation I see your man's getting locked up Or that makes you want to work harder?      Like, what's your thoughts on that?  What are the issues you feel like? Being an artist, being from New York City Even still, nah, I know Once they see you going up on socials It's like that I'm broken too So definitely cops, anything else? People say like, New Yorkers don't support What do you think about that?   Any features we can look forward to? Collabs and a tuck? A big name, but we love this caliber So we'll be loathing next week Next week? That's what we'll be loathing I mean, dusty school Yeah, I snipped it, we saw that snipped it How y'all clicked up? You went dusty? Oh, of course, I forgot I forgot Yeah, definitely Any other artists you want to work with? It could be mainstream Who's on your bucket list to work with? Adele? So you bump Adele? You bump Adele? That's what's up No little baby People say little baby You want to tap into a whole different market Okay So definitely working with Adele Definitely got some collabs in the cut 2022, what should we look forward to? Project Dropper?  Yeah, you give me real calm I could also Appreciate that But tell the people where to find you Where to find your music and all that good stuff Those If I don't like All that good stuff Maybe lots of something Oh, feisty boo, feisty flock That's it, but for the numbers