Welcome back to our lecture series Math 4220, abstract algebra one for students at Southern Utah University. As usual, I'll be your professor today, Dr. Andrew Missildine. In this video, I want to talk about the idea of a normal subgroup, which honestly is kind of a silly name. I don't know what makes these things so normal. But if you're not normal, then I guess you're abnormal, which is actually a thing in group theory. There's a lot of puns off of the word normal subgroups. I want to see a paranormal subgroup at some point. But the definition is the following, whether it should be called this or not. A subgroup H inside of some group G is called normal if G H is equal to HG for all little G inside of the group. In particular, we say that a subgroup is normal if every left coset is equal to its corresponding right coset. And so it doesn't matter which element you choose in the group, the left coset is equal to the right coset. And this will be denoted using the following symbol. You have H. There's triangle less than or equal to G right here. So normally when we talk about a subgroup, right, we just say H is less than or equal to G, that represents it's a subgroup. If we add this extra line to it, this is what we mean by, that's how we will denote normal subgroup. And for those techers amongst us here, you can use the symbol slash triangle left. And then EQ if you want the line on the bottom. Some people don't put the line. And so if you want, you can just drop that. And that would just give you this triangle looking symbol like so. Okay, and the left is indicating the point. It's pointing to the left when it comes to this normal subgroup. Now normal subgroups are things we've seen before. There's some important examples we should mention that for any group whatsoever, you have the two following normal subgroups. So one important normal subgroup is going to be the trivial subgroup itself. So if you just have the identity, I want you to notice here that with your group, if you multiply the identity by any element G, this is a set is just equal to the element G, which also can be factored the other way around, right? When it comes to the trivial subgroup, the cosets themselves are just singletons. It's just the element G. And so in particular, the left coset is equal to the right coset. So we always get that the trivial subgroup is a normal subgroup of G. And oftentimes the trivial subgroup is just denoted as either E itself or probably more often, you'll see at least in this lecture series, you'll see a one will indicate the trivial subgroup. That is there's really not a huge reason to distinguish a singleton set from the element itself. So you'll see that. Another important subgroup, we see a normal subgroup, I should say, we see when it comes to groups is the group itself, right? It turns out we're gonna see that the group, the improper subgroup is itself a normal subgroup. And to see that, recall that you can take the map of left translation, right? So we called this lambda G in a previous video. This was the map that sends X over to GX. Now, this function which we've established again in a previous video here, this map right here is a bijection. It's a permutation of the set G. So it'll just scramble things around. And so therefore if you take G of G, so little G times G, this will just equal the image lambda G of G, all right? For which as this is a permutation, it's a bijection, the image of lambda under G will just be G itself. So the point is little G is equal to, little G times capital G would just be equal to G right here. Also we introduced previously the map row G, right? Which was the right translation. This goes from G to G. This one's a little bit different, but basically X is gonna map over to XG inverse. We do take inverses on the right-hand side so that the composition works out correctly in this situation. But the point is this function is a bijection as well. And so in contrast, if we take capital G times little G, this is the same thing as row G inverse of G, like so. In which case again as row G inverse is a bijection, its image will be the whole thing. And so we get this is equal to G as well. So the left coset of G is equal to the right coset of G. So when it comes to these cosets of G right, the only coset itself is G, that's the only one there is.  Each individual element, right? So cosets partition the group. The partition associated to the trivial subgroup is just gonna be singletons. The partition associated to G itself though, is you actually just throw everything inside of a single set, like so. And so when it comes to partition to the group, there's these two, these are the two extremes. You put everything together or you keep everything separate. And so when it comes to normal subgroups, you're gonna see that these two normal subgroups are guaranteed, the trivial subgroup and the improper subgroup itself. Now of course, for different types of groups, we wanna know what else is available, right? What are the non-trivial proper normal subgroups? Well, when it comes to abelian groups, this conversation is kind of a mute point here, because if you have an abelian group, that means your operation, let's call it multiplication, is commutative. So for each element, every pair of elements I should say, G times H is equal to HG. So since elements commute on the, since the elements are commuting, right? Multiplication is commutative on the element-wise. This is gonna apply that G capital H is equal to HG. And this is gonna happen for all G inside of G. And that's because as a set, right? As a set, GH looks like you have all the G little Hs as H ranges over capital H right there. But on the other hand, the right coset, this thing is gonna look like HG as H ranges over the subgroup H right there.  The reason I make such a distinction here is that the sets could be equal even when the elements don't commute, right? We could have that GH equals HG. This could happen even though element-wise, you have like GH doesn't equal HG. So that's the important thing here. But because we have commutation at the element level, we'll have commutation at the set level, coset level. And so every subgroup of an abelian group is in fact normal. Now you have to be careful though, right? So what I'm saying here is that if you have an abelian group, if you have an abelian group, this implies that all subgroups are normal, right? But the other direction is not true. We're sometimes tempted to go the other direction that if all subgroups are normal, that means the group is in fact abelian. No, that's not the case. There do exist certain groups, not abelian groups where every subgroup is normal. The prime example, sort of the smallest example would be Q8 right here. If you think of the subgroups of Q8, let me just kind of draw the Hase diagram real quick. You get the cyclic subgroup generated by I. The cyclic subgroup generated by, I guess J is the next letter of the alphabet there. Then you get the subgroup generated by K. And then the intersection of each of these groups is going to be the cyclic subgroup generated by negative one. And then this sits above the trivial subgroup itself right there. So these are all the subgroups of the quaternion groups. So just for simplicity, we'll call this one capital I, capital J, capital K. And then for the second one, we'll call this one H, right? If you think about the subgroups, right, we already know that the improper subgroup is normal and the trivial subgroup is normal. Well, this group right here, this group H, this is none other than the center of the group. That is, this is the set of all elements Z inside of your group G right here. In this case, it would be Q8, such that ZG equals GZ for all G inside of the quaternion group. And again, you can replace Q here with any group you want. So this is the center of the group. One thing that we can make the argument is that the center of a group is always, in fact, normal. So this, and we'll talk about that in another video, but you could show that this thing is normal here, but you can also do this element-wise. If you take plus or minus I, and you times it by one and negative one here, what's gonna happen is that when you times plus or minus I by one, you'll just get back plus or minus I. But if you times plus or minus I times negative one, you'll get, you'll switch the sign. So if you start with positive I, you'll switch to negative I, and if you take a negative I, you'll switch to a positive I. So this will just turn out to be, this will just be plus or minus I, and then negative plus I. So you'll switch the sign, right? But it doesn't really matter. And then going the other way around, if you take one and negative one, and you times it by plus or minus I on the right, same thing is gonna happen. When you times it by one, you'll get back what you started with. And then when you times it by negative I, you'll just switch the sign like so. And so these two sets are in fact equal to each other, right? The coset generated by I, and this will just be, this will just be I or negative I, right? That's what these cosets gonna be. Now there's nothing special about I in this situation. If you switched it to a J, you would switch all of these to a J. This thing will just look like J times negative J, right? Same thing for K. So this shows you that the subgroup H, as the one generated by negative one's normal. What if we took I for example, right? If you took I, well this subgroup is equal to, we've listed all the elements, one, negative one, I and negative I. And so if you take the subgroup I, and you multiply it by anything that's in I, you'll get back I. But what happens you take something like outside of I? You take like J, I right here. Well you're gonna end up with J, negative J, K, negative K, like so. Actually I did that backwards, right?  But it turns out that little goof I made a moment ago actually doesn't make much of a difference because if you switch things around, when you commute things in the quaternion group, if it's not commutative worst case scenarios, you get a factor of negative one. So when you take one times J, you'll get J. Negative J times J is negative J.  So if everything works out here, when you commute things, since you only off by a negative sign, you can check this for yourself. We'll also see in a little bit that, in the next video in fact, that also an argument you could take is that each of these subgroups right here has index two and every index two subgroup has, it's normal, right? So with the quaternion group, although it's non-Abelian, every subgroup inside of this group is in fact normal. Let's look at an example where things might not be normal. What's a non-normal subgroup look like? So take the symmetric group S3 for a moment. This is the smallest non-Abelian group there is. Take the subgroup generated by one, two, three, which this is actually just the alternating group A3. Well, what are the left cosets of H? Well, one of the cosets is H itself, which just contains one, one, two, three, and one, three, two. The other coset, because this group right here, I should mention that this subgroup A3, it has index two. So they're only two cosets. So if you take one, two, H, you're gonna get one, two, three, excuse me, one, two, one, three, and two, three, okay? If you look at the right cosets, one of the cosets is itself gonna be H and then the other coset has to be H12, which will be one, two, one, three, and two, three as well. And so the thing is the coset, one of the cosets is itself the subgroup, that's always gonna be itself. H is always gonna equal H. But then the other thing is that the other cosets have to agree with each other. And this is kind of the reason why a subgroup of index two has to be normal is because notice that as the cosets partition the group, you have one coset, which is the subgroup. The second coset has to be everything else. So you actually get G take away H. And this is gonna likewise be G take away H, which as those sets are the same, you're gonna see that you get normality here. So the all-train group is normal inside of the symmetric group. But as an example of a non-normal subgroup, let's take the subgroup K, which is generated by the two-cycle one, two, the transposition there. Well, it'll contain one, two. The K itself is one and one, two. If I take the coset associated to one, two, three on the left, you're gonna get one, two, three, and one, one, three. And then if you take the coset on the left by its inverse, one, three, two, you're gonna get one, three, two, and two, three, okay? But what are the right cosets? The right cosets on the hand K is gonna equal one, two, three. Again, that part is gonna match up. You anticipate these are gonna equal. It's the others that we see at discrepancy, right? If you take the right coset of one, two, three, yeah, you're gonna get one, two, three, that's in common, but you're gonna then get two, three, which actually is in the other coset, one, three, two. And then looking at one, three, two right here, you're gonna have one, three, two. That part's the same, okay? But the other element one, three is actually in the opposite coset. So these things do not equal each other. That's not what I wanted to write. These ones are not equal. Neither are these ones. So there is a disagreement on the cosets here. So if you look at the subgroups of S3, you have A3 over here. There's the identity, like so. But then you have these other subgroups. There's in this case, K, which was generated by one and two. There's the cyclic subgroup generated by one, three. That also has order two. And then finally, there's the subgroup generated by two, three, scooch over just a tiny bit right there. These are all subgroups of order two. So for S3, it turns out the normal subgroups are gonna be the proper subgroup, not the improper subgroup, the trivial subgroup. Those ones are always there. And then A3 had index two. It's this alternating group. Those are gonna be the normal ones. And then these other three are not normal. We showed that K right here is not normal. But by similar reasonings and calculations, you get that the other two, cyclic subgroups of order two are gonna be non-normal in S3.


All right, you see the house is almost full. You're interested, I hope. Bjarn here is gonna tell us about NextCloud Talk, it's the first time we have NextCloud in the house, so please go round the applause and take it away. Yeah, hello everybody, thanks a lot for having me. It's the first time that I speak here in this deaf room and it's really nice to be here and talk a little bit about communication platforms. Most of you probably know NextCloud as a file swing and share solution, but this day NextCloud does a lot of more stuff. And some people might think or ask, why are you doing more? Aren't you just a file swing and share solution? Why are you now expanding to other areas? And I want to show you a little bit or give you the motivation behind us why we are thinking we should go in this direction and why we are going this direction. And what we discover is everywhere we go, no matter if it's big organizations, small organizations, but also your sports club, whatever, everybody who runs NextCloud these days. What we find out, next to NextCloud they also have a bunch of other tools and most of the time they use something like Microsoft Teams, especially in the development community, Slack is something which is really famous these days and widely used Skype for business if you go more to that business context, Zoom and so on. So we asked ourselves, why does this happen? And the answer, of course, is quite simple because people like to communicate, right? And often it's not just that you like communicate but you have to. As soon as you start working on stuff at some point you reach the point where you want to discuss with your colleagues, with your friends, whatever, what you are doing and want to communicate with them and then people leave their NextCloud and start their communication tool, whatever and continues there. So why do we do NextCloud Talk? We think that communication always happens in a context. Most of the time you don't communicate just out of any context but most of the time there is some context attached to it and if you look at business environments or organizations or other groups the context most of the time are your documents, your files. So if your files are already there in your platform and all your work already happens there you upload the files there, sync them there, you edit your documents maybe there. Why shouldn't you also start your communication there? I think there's had many advantages. One advantage is that we can really have a deep integration in all the other workflows which will result at the end in a good user experience and a good user interface which at the end integrates your productivity. So this was one of the main thoughts we had and the main motivations why we did NextCloud Talk. And also I think people deserve some freedom for their whole communication like they enjoy it for their file sync and share platform. So freedom shouldn't stop at your files because if you have your files in your own NextCloud in your own environment but all the day if you edit your documents, if you discuss the documents of people then you upload it to some other cloud platform, communication platform, collaboration platform then you can be happy that in the morning when you wake up your files are all under your control in your server but during the day they're flying around on all these other platforms and you lose control again. And I think this comes all together. It should be all under your control. So if I talk about freedom basically as the same freedom as you know from NextCloud files. Like NextCloud files, also NextCloud Talk is of course 100% OM-free software. There is no proprietary non-free components. It's heavily based on open standards for example for the whole communication for video audio. We are using web RTC in the background. It's completely on premise so it's run on your infrastructure. It's just that you enable one more app in your NextCloud and then you have the whole talk in functionality. It's federated and decentralized and federation is at the moment in the development. This will come at some point in time but it's still already decentralized and by handing out public links I will show you later more. You can already invite people, external people to your rooms. And you have the full control over your data and I've talked about your data. I mean both the communication which happens at the moment so all the check messages you type into this all stays in your environment, your server but also all the metadata. So also the question who talks to whom and when stays always on your server because the only connection is from your device to your server. And everything happens in this environment.  And I am, digital sovereignty is a huge topic these days also in the political environment and I'm really happy that this becomes more a topic especially in Europe. And I really think digital sovereignty shouldn't stop at your files. But if you really want to have digital sovereignty you need to look at a whole stack on your whole IT infrastructure and only if you control everything then you have digital sovereignty. You shouldn't stop at just looking at one piece and say oh my files are on my own file server I'm fine. No, you have to look at the whole thing which you are using. I want to show you a little bit about the architecture of NextCloud and NextCloud talk. So what do you see here? That's the typical NextCloud architecture. There's nothing NextCloud specific in it. If you have a small setup it can be very small that's already a bit bigger setup where you say you have two web servers with two NextCloud servers with a load blaster in front of it. You might have a database cluster, a storage and user management which can be elder but can be also an internal user management something else. And you have a ready server for caching. As I said that's already a little bit bigger setup especially if you use it just for yourself at home. Many people are NextCloud completely fine on a Raspberry Pi for example. So it can really scale up from a really small machine up to really big machines. Our biggest user has 20 million of users on their NextCloud for example. And it's fascinating because it's all the same software. The Raspberry Pi user uses the exact same software. There's no line of code different than this 20 million users installation. And we're talking about NextCloud talk. NextCloud talk is based on web RTC as I said before. So people who are familiar with this know that web RTC creates peer-to-peer connection between all the participants. So depending on how many people are in the room and how good the bandwidth is, our experience is that this works good for five to six people if you have video enabled and then it can become a bit difficult that everybody gets a signal without any interruption and so on. So therefore at NextCloud we developed also high performance backend which bundles all the streams and then send it out to the participants again. That's especially useful for bigger installations for big customers because then they can scale up the rooms to hundreds of users. And we have a pushboxy which we run as a service so everybody who installed NextCloud talk app by their own directly use this pushboxy.  It really feels like a normal telephone system. And the pushboxy only wakes up your clients so you don't have to worry about privacy or something like this. We don't send any payload about the pushboxy. We just send the information, please wake up this device and the pushboxy will wake up this device and then the device will fetch the information from your server. But you can also, as a bigger installation, run the pushboxy completely in your own infrastructure if you want. So if you have it without the, here you see two graphs and how it looks like with and without the high performance backend. It's both in both types linear but you see that the curve gets way flatter if you have the high performance backend. For 200 participants, normally you have to maintain 200 connection which can be already quite expensive for normal network connections. With the high performance backend, it goes down to 100 connection and becomes even more interesting if you look at the outgoing connection because most of the internet connection at least they are synchronous and most of the time the bottleneck is your upload, not your download so much. And for the upload, it's really a big improvement with the high performance backend because there you only, no matter how many people in the room you only send your stream only once to this high performance backend but of course you still receive all the other recipients. So the upload, so in this case you really have a lineary always just send one signal but what you receive of course still gets up and there you can get a really nice improvement and I know from bigger installations which use sessions where more than 100 people are in the room and this works quite fine. So next slide these days is more than just file sync and share. That's still one of our core component but we integrate office solutions so we can edit your office documents directly in NextCloud. We have this NextCloud talk as I said before and we also have a groupware component and it's important to understand that you don't have to use all the stuff. It's all modular in NextCloud it's all just separate apps.  If you stick with just simple file sync and share solution file, if you just want to use talk for communication and don't care about the address, that's also fine. So you can decide what functionality you want to enable and just disable the other parts. Now I want to go with you through some typical use cases to show you how NextCloud talk looks in practice and how this works. One example is the typical day-to-day work but this could be also your family or your sports club or whatever. There's basically the slack use case how I like to call it. That's where you have multiple rooms. You have one-to-one rooms. You can create group rooms and then you can start chatting with the people. And you see on the left side, you see the room list in the middle of the chat and on the right side you see some additional information. You can add NextCloud projects to a group so you can directly add some files to the group if you want to get a work on files. You can create projects where you say, okay, that's the room where we just discuss stuff. That's the folder with all the files for the project. You can attach a calendar to it and even more. What's also quite nice is NextCloud has a quite powerful workflow engine and this allows you to trigger certain actions when a file gets uploaded, for example. For example, in the workflow engine you can say, if a file was uploaded to this project folder, then send a message to this in that chat room and maybe even mention this in that person so you can directly combine the chat room and your file functionality to keep that people get notified in the room when the new file was updated, modified and so on. And you can model their quite powerful workflows. What you also can do is you can write bots for NextCloud, simple scripts which will be executed with a specific comment so we can, for example, create polls to ask users about a feedback. We have a bot which queries Wikipedia so you can, if you have this bot and applicants, Mike's list, Wikipedia, anything you want to know and you get the result back. But there are many more things you could think about. For example, if you get a message which you want to turn into a do list, to do item, you could create a comment which turns a message into our deck project management into a cart for your to-do list or you could, for example, turn a message into a calendar entry so you can write all the bots you want with NextCloud. And of course, this not only happens on the browser but we have mobile apps for iOS and Android. These are all native apps so everything what you can do in the browser can be also done on your mobile phones. You can directly chat, you get notifications, you can call people. And I said before, like, of course with this push proxy you even get instance notifications so people can really start a meeting in a room and no matter where you are at the moment your phone or your tablet will notify you, you can join the meeting and then you are in this meeting and can also watch the screen sharing, watch the video stream and all this together. Next example is working together on documents. As I said, NextCloud also has this office component so we can integrate only office and collaborate online and for people who really, really want to we can even integrate Microsoft Office but I would suggest to stick with one of the other two solutions because they are also free software of course if you have this office components installed then you can directly in your browser and also on your mobile phones by the way open a document and start working on a document together and there we have the NextCloud talk nicely integrated into the sidebar. So if you start working on a document and then together with your friends or colleagues and at some point you realize, okay now we should coordinate what we are doing here with this document. You can just open the right hand sidebar and start chatting with your colleagues and if you reach the point where you say okay now we are typing so much stuff, slowly it gets a bit too cumbersome, let's just have a quick call. You click the join call button and then on the right sidebar at the top where you see at the moment the preview from the document, the other video streams will show up and then you have on the right sidebar a video call with your colleagues or with your friends while working together on the document which is quite powerful and really nice integrated and as I said before one of the benefits I see is that you don't have this constant change of from one tool to another tool which always have a different user experience, has different windows popping up and so on but it's all nicely integrated. You don't have to learn something new or adjust your mindset for the new way of the other tool works, it's all nicely integrated. And we also have for example a markdown editor. What you see is what you get markdown editor in NextCloud where you can also work collaboratively on it. So also multiple people can open this at the same time, edit the markdown file. You also see the multiple cursors in there moving around, adding to the stuff and also there you can on the right sidebar directly start chatting with the people to discuss what you are doing here.  It's all nicely integrated. What I really like because I use it also every day during my work is how we integrated meetings with the other calendar functionality. Everybody who is in the position was to set up meetings from time to time know how cumbersome this is, right? First you send out emails asking people do you have time for this meeting so on and then you go to your meeting tool, set up the other meeting then you go back to the calendar and create a calendar invite put the link to the meeting room in there. So it's all quite a lot of work. And with NextCloud we integrate this also nicely with our calendar. So if you go to the calendar want to set up a meeting you'll get this right hand sidebar. You can add all the participants for the meeting schedule the meeting and directly click on the button add a room to the meeting. Then directly in NextCloud talk room will be created. And if you click on the save button on the button on the button then the invitation will be sent out to all the participants with the NextCloud talk room linked directly in this message. So you don't have to switch over create a room by your own. It's all directly happens in one place with one click you have set up your complete meeting invited the people and everybody got directly the link to the room where you want to have the call or the chat later on. And if you want that people not go to the room earlier and start already chatting you can also have this webinar feature so you can go to the room and set a specific start date for your meeting. So that the room will be only open for external participants when the meeting really starts. So then as long as the meeting is not yet started people will see a symbol similar like on the right side. So they will just see that they are at the morning lobby and have to wait for the room to be opened and as soon as the meeting starts the room will be open and all the people can join there and then you can have there your meeting your video audio call. And here you see how this works looks for example in the web interface if then the meeting starts you have again on the left side of course all your room listings on the right side you have the chat and in the middle you have the video streams and see all the participants can talk with them can use the chat on the sidebar if you want and also the participants can share a screen if they want and the big screen will be replaced by the screen they are sharing with you. Another thing which I find really interesting also which brings talk and files again and nicely together is that it allows you to increase the security for your files because the next time you can create public links and send them out to other people to download or access some files. And typically you can create just the link or you can protect the link with a password and send them the link and the password but sometimes you really want to know that the person who gets the password is the right person. So next up we have a feature which means which says that you can protect a file with next up talk and what does this mean? Is that the people get the link if they go to this link there will be a call button they click the request password button then my phone will ring as the person who created the link I can pick up the phone, see on the phone that's the person to whom I want to share the file tell them the password they can enter the password and look in. And so I'm really sure that the person I gave the password to is really the person where I want to access my files. So this was a really quick run about next up talk what it can do and how it integrates nicely with the whole next load file stuff. As a summary I want to say the benefits I see with next up talk it really integrates nicely in your work environment it gives you one environment where you feel good you can work your stuff, do your stuff you have the same user experience in all areas so it really increase your productivity it's completely free software there are no hidden proprietary components it's based on open standards 100% self-hosted and no external dependencies and really you control all the data not only the payload but also the metadata only stays on your servers and your devices you want to. Thanks a lot. Great talk, thank you so much. We have time for a few questions I believe does anybody have a question? Hi, thank you for your talk. I'm interested to know how does this integrate with the federative nature of Next Cloud is it possible to have a talk meeting with someone on another Next Cloud instance for example? That's something which we want to develop in the next few months at the moment you can create a room on your own instance and you can hand out this public link so that people can show in the room no matter if they have an account or not but in the future we want to integrate with the federative sharing as you know it for file so that you can also enter a federative cloud ID to a room and then someone from other instance will be invited to the room like you do federative sharing with files so this will come in the future. I have three quick questions and which backup functionalities are implementable in Next Cloud and is there any elastic search plugin available and does it support client side encryption of files? Next Cloud has a full text search which is based on elastic search so you can connect the elastic search index to Next Cloud and then a full text search that's possible and we are also working on end-to-end encryption it's at the moment in a let's call it tech preview so it's functionally you can use it, you can try it but I would not recommend it at the moment to use in a productive environment but this will be finished and hardened at the next few months. The backup? Backup? If it has a backup functionality built in. A backup functionality? And is it valid then when there are files? No, not really, I mean that's a bit out of scope for Next Cloud, normally the user use their external backup system they like and just connect it to the Next Cloud. So the time we got sorry we can do more questions but thanks so much. Thanks a lot. Thank you.


How can you understand the universe if you don't understand magnetic fields? I'm a radio astronomer and I work at the University of Manchester at the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics. I particularly like to look for magnetic fields in the very low density areas between galaxies, so the empty spaces if you like. And the reason that I'm looking in those particular places is because they're very instructive in understanding where magnetic fields came from in the first place. They determine how galaxies evolve, they're absolutely critical for forming stars like our Sun, but even though they're so important we still don't know where they come from. In the next 10 to 15 years we're going to be entering a very exciting period for radio astronomy and the reason for that is that we're building a new telescope and it's not just new it's really big and in radio astronomy terms that means really sensitive. It's going to give us the clearest and most detailed pictures of the universe and the magnetic fields in the universe that we've ever had. The new telescope is called the Square Kilometre Array and it's so big that it's not only spread across one country or multiple countries we're spreading it across continents. The Square Kilometre Array really is a big data machine. It can produce data at a hundred times the current global internet traffic and it's going to allow us to make the most detailed pictures of the universe yet.


Here we go, we are recording. Here we go. I'm very much looking forward to our conversation today because I saw you in this long YouTube video with Richard Greiner was absolutely fascinated by the clarity, the brevity with which you conceptualize the clinical pictures of narcissism and borderline, which is the borderline reviews has been a deep problem for psychoanalysis. And your position is to me is absolutely strange because you're on both sides on the mirror. As I learned on the one hand, you are the narcissist recognizes his own greatness and the mirror image. Now the other hand, you have the observer who looks at this from the outside. How is this possible? How did you acquire this ability of bi-location? This is the ability to be at this two place at the very same time. It is, thank you for having me first of all. It is much less rare than online experts would have you believe, so-called experts believe. Narcissists are usually pretty introspective and fully aware at least of their behaviors. Many of them don't realize the dynamics behind the behaviors, but they do realize their behaviors. They simply don't care or they justify the behaviors to conform to some kind of grandiose script or narrative. So self-awareness is not uncommon in narcissism as people would have you believe. The observer stance, the Cartesian observer stance is very common in narcissism. It is actually in some cases absolutely necessary because narcissists frequently go through dry patches of narcissistic supply and they need to observe themselves in order to self-supply, in order to become their own audience. So narcissism very often devolves into a state of solipsism where the narcissist is broken in two parts. There's a schism, a schism in the narcissistic soul if you wish. One part observes the other and provides the other with attention, admiration, adulation and it's a totally self-contained system, very bizarre. Yeah, biographically wise, when did you find out yourself being a narcissist? And how did you, how come that you found out? I much prefer to focus on my, on narcissism. That is my experience. Yeah, okay, okay, okay. Professor of psychology. I don't want this to devolve into a... Yeah, yeah, okay, I see, I see. Into celebrity pornography, yeah. We just step over that. What interests me about your approach, and we will come to this, do you describe narcissism and borderline as consequences of early childhood neglect? A psychological vacuum that materializes in the respective personality disorder. To which I would like to add a comment of yours that I liked very much. This is the stuff horror movies are made of. So tell our listeners, how does a child turn into a narcissist or borderliner? What's the beginning of this horror story? Yes, well, borderline has clear genetic faults and involves a marketed brain abnormalities. So similar to antisocial personality disorder, also known as psychopathy in extreme cases, borderline seems to have its genesis or pathogenesis in factors which are not entirely dependent on nurture, on the environment, on family setting. Ah, okay. Narcissism is a different story. We fail to find substantial brain abnormalities in narcissists except when they are comorbid, except when they are also diagnosed with borderline and psychopathy. And we fail to find any indication that at this stage that it is hereditary. So narcissism seems to be an environmental artifact, an environmental by-product. Narcissism is about internalizing the failure at an internalizing a loving gaze. Here. The mother is not good enough to use Winnicott's expression.  She is absent. She is selfish. She instrumentalizes the child. She pedestalizes the child. She parentifies her. She in short, she objectifies the child. Or she is simply depressive, unable to cater to the child's emotional needs, et cetera, et cetera. Consequently, this child is not seen by this critical primary object, as we call it by mother, is not seen. And the child needs to invent, to come up with a substitute gaze, a replacement for the mother's gaze. And this replacement is provided by an imaginary friend, a transitional object, so to speak. An imaginary friend. And this imaginary friend later becomes the false self. Now the imaginary friend is very parental. It is omnipotent. It is omniscient. It is God-like. It is perfect. And it is all loving, all consuming, actually. So this imaginary friend is everything that the child is not. The child is helpless. The child is unable to predict adult behavior. The child is terrified, et cetera, et cetera. And this imaginary friend comes to the child's aid. In a sense, it's a primitive religion. It's a proto-religion. A proto-religion with one adherent, one adherent and one God. And the child offers a sacrifice to this deity. The child sacrifices himself. He sacrifices his true self. This is human sacrifice, absolutely human sacrifice. And then what's left is a monarch-like deity, Babylonian or Assyrian deity or something. And a child now at the mercy and under the auspices of this deity, this divinity protected from the vagaries and pain inflicted by his mother. This deity also sees the child. This deity provides a substitutive gaze. And so the child spends the rest of his life as an adult, catering to this deity, interacting with this deity and ultimately merging with the deity to disappear completely. What I like about your perspective about the emergence of narcissism is the idea in contrast to Freud to talk about criminal narcissism, that it's in fact an introjection. You take this transitional object, put it into your self and create something like a primitive religion out of that. I get a little bit back into the history of, because I was so interested in the concept of borderline. So I read Helena Deutsch, who was probably the first to deal with the question of borderline, which she christened as the SF personality, which is really beautiful, like a simulation. And she limited about the complete character void of a patient, the fact that the person completely dissolves into the outer world, that he becomes a slave of the outer world. There was a striking characteristic of her female patients. There was, for example, Austrian noble woman with grown and well-protected, cared for by nannies, but she had not the faintest problem to adapting into a criminal medium. That was really funny. Would you agree with that? Is that ability a particular characteristic of narcissism and borderline? In the case of borderline, critical internal functions are missing or disabled. For example, the ability to regulate emotions. This is known as emotional dysregulation. The ability to stabilize moods. So this creates modulability. The ability to maintain introjects, the borderline's introjects keep fading. She's unable to. And I call it introject inconstancy, as opposed to object inconstancy, which is a well-known construct in psychology. Yeah, yeah, yeah. I like the Derematch. Yes, it's a new concept. Great idea, great concept. Yes, it's a new idea. It's shocking that it's a new idea because it's at the core of borderline, but never mind. So introject inconstancy. So the borderline is empty because nothing is happening in the internal factory of a mind. It's an abandoned factory. And so she needs input from the outside. This is called external regulation. She needs input from the outside. She outsources her internal landscape to outsiders. And because she becomes critically dependent on this input for self-regulation, she is infinitely malleable, mutable and adaptable. Because her dependency is so extreme that she would do anything to obtain the regulation, become a criminal, whatever it takes, become sexually promiscuous, whatever it takes. The narcissist is a bit different. The narcissist does have internal intact internal processes, but he suffers from cognitive distortions because his experience of reality, the narcissist experience of reality is mediated through an external construct, the false self. The false self, remember, is an imaginary friend out there. And then later the narcissist merges with the false self and the narcissist loses his ability to tell external objects, to tell apart external objects from internal objects. Because the false self used to be out there when the narcissist merges with the false self, he loses the distinction between out there and in here, between external and internal. So the narcissist needs other people to regulate his sense of self-worth, basically, but nothing else, everything else is regulated via the mediation of the false self in a self-contained, self-sufficient, solipsistic environment. Now this is extremely reminiscent of psychosis. Psychotic disorders. In psychotic disorders, we have a phenomenon called hyperreflexivity where the psychotic expands outwards and consumes the world and then is unable to tell the difference between what's happening in his mind and what's happening out there. This is exactly what the same with narcissists, exactly the same. Their reality testing is short, is impaired, it's finished. They're unable because they're totally cognitively distorted. But all the other processes, having been relegated or outsourced to the false self, there is no need for other people. So let me summarize because this has been a bit of a long way, a long answer. No, no, no, no. I do- I'll summarize for the sake of our viewers. The borderline outsources all her internal functions to an external regulator, for example, an intimate barber. She would adapt and conform to the external regulator.  If he is promiscuous, she will be promiscuous. She would adapt and conform. She takes on his shape, she shape shifts. She's a shape shifter. The narcissist has no need for this kind of outsourcing because the false self performs all these functions and the narcissist identifies with the false self. So there's no need for outsiders. The only thing that the false self cannot regularly, effectively most of the time is the sense of self-worth, which includes self-esteem and self-confidence and so on. And this is where the narcissist outsources to other people. But in the absence of supply from other people, the false self can take even over this function and this is self-supply. And then the narcissist becomes indistinguishable from a psychotic. Yeah, yeah. And this is the work of Kernberg, Otto Kernberg. Yeah, yeah, I don't know. That's his work. That's what he said. That's what he called border lines, border lines. They are on the border between neurosis and psychosis. And he said that narcissism and border line are two sides of the same coin. He didn't make this distinction. And same others also, for example, Gerstein, they also said that border line is just failed narcissism. There's a huge affinity between border lines and narcissists. And they often transition. Narcissists, for example, under enormous stress, narcissists who are mortified, they become borderline, they dysregulate. And border lines, border lines who are under stress, for example, having been abandoned, they become very narcissistic and psychopathic. They act out. And I call these self-states. They have self-states, borrowing on the work by Philippe Bromberg. What I liked about this idea is, so it's beginning with a void, with a vacuum, that the narcissists has the ability somehow to maintain agency. So because it's somehow easy, it's kind of intact, whereas border liner, he needs an object. He needs to outsource everything. But both of them rely upon a heavy distortion of reality. This reminds me of a wonderful essay that Freud wrote about the difference between neurosis and psychosis. And he made this great thought experiment.  Now that the sister's dead, nothing would be in the way of this romance, except for the pangs of remorse. And this characterizes the neurotic. She represses her own feelings for the sake of reverence, but what does the psychotic do? She denies that her sister is dead, which is really beautiful. So the hallmark of psychosis is a loss of reality. That's exactly what you diagnose for narcissism and borderline alike, that leads to the question, if borderline has grown into a mass disorder, what does that have to do with our society? Before I go, there's just one correction for rigorousness sake, not correcting you, correcting myself for rigorousness sake. The borderline also has a falsely. Its functions are different, but she has a falsely. One could say that both disorders start with a void, with a howling void, with a black hole, where the mother's gaze should have been, where the mother's love and caring and holding and containment should have been, there is a hole.  So this is the difference between the two disorders. Now, we have something called mass psychogenic illness. Mass psychogenic illness is actually a diagnosis in the text revision of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. It is now recognized widely that mental health disorders can go awry like a COVID-19 virus and can create pandemics. So we now do realize that mental illness is contagious in principle. And there's a diagnosis for this. And yes, I would tend to agree with you that cluster B personality disorders have become mass phenomena.  They help you to survive. They help you to thrive. They help you to function. They fend off suicidal ideation. They help you to interact with other people safely and efficaciously. They're self-efficacious. So cluster B personality disorders are best suited and well-adapted to the contours and parameters of modern or post-modern civilization. We have created a civilization where certain types of personalities would obtain much better outcomes than others. And so we are encouraging, this is called reinforcement. We are reinforcing these kinds of behaviors and we are selecting for these kinds of traits. This is natural selection. If you're a narcissist, you end up in the White House. If you're a nice guy, you end up homeless. So I need to be a nice guy. It's a good idea to be a narcissist. Actually in July, 2006, the magazine, the science magazine, New Scientist, came up with a cover story and the cover story read, parents teach your children to be narcissists. We are talking about high-functioning narcissists and high-functioning psychopaths. People like McCoby and Kevin Dutton and other scholars extoll narcissism and psychopathy as species-wide adaptations which guarantee our survival in an increasingly harsh and merciless world, including the human world. So this is why you're seeing the, it's simply positive reinforcement and natural selection in action. Women are becoming way more narcissistic and psychopathic than before, especially women. Phenomenon is especially notable among women. And this is because of course, they have been abused and enslaved for so long. It's a reaction to this. They have adopted the abuser stance. The women are kind of saying, we will never be abused again because we're gonna become the abuser. Now this is exactly what happens in childhood. When the childhood is exposed to childhood abuse, the child has two options. The child can say, I'm gonna become codependent. I'm gonna become a people pleaser. I'm gonna gratify my parent in order to ameliorate the rage and rather mistreatment and abuse. I'm going to disappear actually. I'm gonna become an extension of my parent. And this is codependency or dependent personality disorder. And the other option is to say, I'm going to become my parent. I'm going to become an abuser. I'm going to abuse people. I'm gonna hurt people. I'm gonna... Identification with the enemy. Yes, I'm gonna do that because that's the only way to survive.  And so we are seeing this on a civilization and species wide scale. Everyone wants to be an abuser. And the irony is that the path to becoming an abuser is by declaring yourself a victim. Campbell, Campbell, the famous sociologist said that we are transitioning from the age of dignity to the age of victimhood. And the reason people adopt a victimhood identity is because it pays. It extracts beneficial outcomes from the environment, money, power, exposure, you name it. It pays to be a victim. But the irony is that if you impose your victimhood on other people and force them to modify their behaviors, you're being an abuser. Victimhoods, victims can easily and do frequently become abusive. Yeah, yeah. But the strange thing is like the outsourcing of education in early childhood, like giving away your child when it's even, one and a half years old into a kindergarten daycare. I mean, that's kind of a breeding of narcissism. Is it because of the structurally that the maternal gaze is missing? Is it? I think it's a much larger phenomenon, part of a much larger phenomenon. Yeah, the hollowing out of social institutions and especially the family. The family was a repository of numerous functions until very recently in terms of history. It was in the family that you were educated. It was in the family that you learned a skill for a profession. It was in the family that you were catered to in terms of healthcare and, you know, final care. It was in the family that you were buried in the family plot. The family in short, fulfilled basically every function from cradle to grave. And then we started to outsource many of these functions. We outsourced education. We outsourced healthcare. We outsourced senior care. We outsourced everything. Living the family totally function less, function less. Children are no longer raised in families, even. Even this primordial function of getting pregnant and raising children is no longer carried out in intact families. It's carried out in single-parent families and in divorced families. So the family is no longer needed, which explains why the marriage rate had declined by 50%. That's five, zero percent since 1990. So I think the reason we farm out, the reason we send our children to be taken care of by total strangers, however qualified, is because we are no longer able to provide any meaningful services within the family. It's not only the gaze that's missing. It's the care that's missing. There is parental absence. Parental absence had become the organizing principle of modern families. And so to fulfill this absence, to fulfill this void, the state has stepped in in some cases, other institutions stepped in, and we have hollowed out the family. Now this would have, and does have already, catastrophic implications, catastrophic implications. The parental gaze, especially maternal gaze, is critical in the formative years, up to age six, more or less. A fatherly gaze or fatherly involvement are critical in the years afterwards, learning skills, functioning in society, sexual scrapes, they're all conveyed by fathers. Now they have been experiment with parental absence or parental alienation, if you wish. For example, in the Kibbutzim, Kibbutzim are communal settlements in Israel. For many, many decades, children in the Kibbutzim were raised collectively, not by their parents. They saw their parents once a week for two hours. And these children grew up to be very balanced, functional, happy, divorce rate is much lower. I see a point, yeah. Et cetera, et cetera. So the question remains, there is a debate about the importance of the parental gaze. But I think that this debate misses the main point. The children who grew up in the Kibbutzim were not exposed to a parental gaze and were not exposed to a parental care because they were embedded in a value system. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Which did not encourage or support. So it was an extended family, so to speak. Kind of, yes, exactly. There was no value system of a nuclear family. But the children who grew up in Toronto and New York and lightsy and I don't know where, they are not embedded in this kind of value system. They're embedded in a value system where the parental gaze and involvement are critical and they are not getting it. And they're gonna grow up, yeah. So it's about a psychological homelessness to a certain degree, what you're talking about. Like Christopher Nash, he wrote this wonderful book of the culture of narcissism. And he talked about a thinly populated interior life which is looking for a bad super ego which is really, really, really attacking all the others. So, and I see what I do see, I mean, this goes back to the 70s and it's the beginning of the digital age. Let's see a strong connection between narcissism, borderline and our media world, how it looks like. Just as I see in Freud's world, the world of hysterics and composite disorders which is connected to the bonus here, to kind of a change in shift in times. How do you see this connection? On the one hand, the computer age, on the other hand, narcissism and borderline. There has been two, we are confronted with so many shifts, so many tectonic shifts that it's unprecedented in human history. Exactly. There's never been a period or epoch in human history with so many changes simultaneously. Alvin Toffler called it at the time, the future shock, but he underestimated it. He was talking only about two or three trends. We are confronted with at least 30, that's three zero identifiable trends. All of them earth shattering, all of them tectonic, all of them mind-boggling and all of them occurring simultaneously. We are not equipped to deal with this. We're not equipped. We're dysregulating, we're falling apart. Now, two of these trends, two of these 30 is one, the transition from substance or transition from emphasis on substance to emphasis on a spectacle, on a spectacle. That is the work of Gidebore in the 16th century. The society is spectacular, great work. The society is spectacular, yeah. Others, by the way, for example, altruiser with this concept of interpolation, yeah. So, spectacle is needed when you don't have a parental gaze. They miss this connection, both of them. Altruiser and Debo and others, they miss this connection. The reason we are transitioning to spectacle is because we need to be seen by someone. We need to make a spectacle of ourselves to be seen by someone. And it long preceded social media. The need to be seen by someone is because no one saw us when we were children. We didn't get to internalize and interject the paternal gaze or the paternal gaze. So, we are gaze hungry for the rest of our lives. And this explains the rise of social media and similarly. Technology is a laggard, it's a lagging indicator. It never drives change. That's total misconception of technology. Technology is a commercial capitalist response to emerging needs in the market. Very, very rarely, technology generates the market. It does happen. But even then, it's a response to a growing need of some kind. That's social media being a consequence of... Yes, it's a consequence for hunger for attention. There's a hunger for attention. The currency of today, the main value added, the main commercial product is attention. Yeah, I'm talking with Georg Frank, who was the inventor of the concept of attention economy in the late 80s, which is pre-digital times or pre-internet times, so to speak. But the interesting part, which really fascinated me to a certain degree, he's asking a very simple question. What is scarce? Obviously, gold, material stuff is not scarce anymore. The only thing which can be scarce is the attention of the consumer. I can't read two books at the same time. I can't watch two movies at the same time and so forth. But there's something strange. When I take it as a new model of capitalism, so now we have the emittance of money. It's going from the state to the individual. It's going from the producer to the consumer, which is really weird because you do not produce anything more. You produce yourself to a certain degree, which is like exploiting yourself to the bitter end. I mean, that's one of the grimest changes in capitalism, I would say. So, attention economy. Yeah, so I said, I mentioned in my previous answer that there are two trends that I would like to discuss and I discussed one of them, which is the transition from substance to spectacle mediated via the attention economy. And this is because we need a gaze. We are hungry for a gaze. The second transition, which is very interesting. I'm talking now with my head as an economist, I used to be an economist for 20 years. The second change is a transition from stability to growth. In the vast majority of human history, people were concerned with stability. They wanted predictability. They wanted certainty. They wanted determinacy. They were economically invested in making sure that things work the same. And then starting more or less in the 1920s and 30s, we suddenly evolved a penchant for growth. We no longer want stability. We want permanent change, but permanent positive change is measured by growth. Now to generate constant growth, you need to grow the population of consumers. So consumption and consumerism became a kind of religion underlying all economic thinking and theory. And so today, capitalism interpolates, objectifies people, converts them into consumers, encouraging them to be atomized because atomized people consume more, it's compensatory. They compensate for depression and anxiety and loneliness by consuming. So this kind of a new economy reinforces people to be alone, to be atomized and provides artificial gaze, kind of artificial gaze. The gaze is not only through social media. For example, if you buy an iPhone 14 and you use it in the street, people look at you. If you drive a Mercedes, people would look at you. So you're harvesting gaze, it's gaze harvesting. And so these two pernicious, I consider them poisonous trends converged and capitalism suddenly discovered the new commodity, gaze harvesting via attention. And this is where we are right now, I think. Yes, symbolic capital as Bordeaux took it. However, I see some strange things happening which are really induced by our digital age. To give you an example, I'm a friend with the plastic surgeon. And so I know a bit about the fantasies that drive people to undergo plastic surgery. And it's nothing unusual for someone to undergo surgery because she wants to resemble the profile pic of her avatar, which is really weird. This means that the personality itself has been outsourced, so to speak, that it has slipped over into the virtual, into the virtuality. And there, the larger than life logic prevails, movies, greatness fantasies and the like. And this is the only way, I'm totally in agreement with you. This is the only way that you can succeed as an influencer. So the narcissist and borderline person would be kind of digital avant-garde this. What do you say to that? You need to shape yourself and mold yourself and reinvent yourself all the time on the fly. In order to garner attention, in other words, in order to generate an eternal gaze, a simple eternal gaze, you need to escalate your performance because things get old. So you need to shoot new movies, so to speak. You need to make new movies. So of course, people would begin to regard their so-called personality as a persona, not as a personality. They would begin to regard themselves as masks, disposable, dispensable, interchangeable, and so on. So people wear masks, they wear disguises in order to attract attention and secure the gaze, and they need to escalate all the time and they're competing with numerous other masks. And so the whole world is a theater stage, to borrow from my contemporary Shakespeare. So it's a... You can tell. Yes. Yeah, yeah, yeah. It's about simulation and simulacrum, yeah? We're not the first to discuss these issues. It's about the Walter Benjamin, the reproduction, the reproduction effect. People are objectifying themselves.  Men are objectifying themselves as power objects. And they trade, for example, sex for access or for gaze, they trade power for sex, et cetera, et cetera. But these are all artificial commodities because they do not reflect any inner stable essence. Yeah. So people have become rivers, they are in flux, and people are shimmering mirages, Fatah Morganas, you know? They're not real. And today the big battle is emerging, a big battle is emerging, a big war. It is no longer about controlling attention. The next frontier is about controlling your reality. That is the essence of the metaverse. The metaverse is about who owns reality. So the giants, the high tech giants are now preparing themselves to fight it out over reality. When one of them, a monopolist usually, will have secured reality, then within this reality, you would be given the license to not be you. Salter was one in the footsteps of, following the footsteps of Kierkegaard, was the one who understood that existence is painful. It entails angst. Yeah. And that being an authentic self is a lot of work. And here, the modern or post-modern environment gives you a license to not be ironically, to become just a spectacle, just a play, just a show, just a movie, to be an actor and a director in your own movie. But you know movies end at some point. And movies, there are many movies and movies are narratives, they're not real. So, high tech companies understood that the next big commodity is fantasy. But this is a very dangerous form of fantasy because it replaces reality. The irony is- It's psychotic, yeah. Psychotic, exactly, yes. It's psychotic, absolutely. There's a confusion between external and internal.  And the role of a defense mechanism is to allow you to better function in reality, actually. But the fantasy that is emerging now is not a defense mechanism. It is psychotic. It is a breakdown of reality. And this is the huge danger to this patient. I really like the idea that you made the connection to the Gidebo and the Associated Dispict. And I really have the idea that it all began in- Professor, I think we are running out of time. Let us say goodbye and then click on the same link. Just click on the same link and we will- We start again. Yes, we start again. Okay, so I'll say goodbye now and we will talk in a minute or two. Yeah, okay. No, not in a minute or two, I'm sorry. Five minutes because it will take time to save. Okay, okay, okay. Okay, five minutes. See you soon. Okay, we go. Yeah. This is the second part, so we are good to go. Good to see you. I really like your idea about starting with Gidebo and Associated Dispict, society changing into a big spectacle. And I really get the feeling that society, the moment the theater left the stage, like the inside the edifice, inside the building, it got outside, street theater, everything turned into theater. That's kind of an impression. I'm in front with an elderly actress and she's like 80 or something. And during her lifetime, she sees the appearance of so much bad actors outside. Everybody's playing a role, but he's really a dilettante, and really strange, strange ideas. So I think you're perfectly right in this regard. So like society turned into a spectacle. But there's something, the idea, loss of reality. I think you're deeply familiar with the thinking of Robert D. Hare, to whom the psychopathology checklist goes back and we ask the interesting question, where are all the psychopaths who aren't stupid enough to get committed, to get caught committing a crime? And we also gave the answer right away in upper management in senior positions. And you may be interesting remark that narcissists and borderliners are incapable of creating anything lasting, indeed of maintaining any form of permanence. Now, it seems that our media world virtually breeds borderline in narcissism. We in Germany have already become accustomed to seeing these as-if personalities in the highest offices, such as foreign minister, for example. What are the political consequences of this development? And now we have to think of Shakespeare, is it like fair is foul and foul is fair and the world is a stage and so forth? Yes. I mean, you've been an advisor for governments, I read. Yes. It's really interesting. I've been to several governments, including very big governments like Nigeria, and so I think again, it is always very good, especially two of us are intellectuals, it's always very good to embed current reality in much larger historical trends. Yes. This is something very missing from the public discourse. Even many public intellectuals don't have the width or the panoramic view. So, of course, there has been a democratization of the spectacle. When, in times of ancient Greece, there was a theater play, so how many people could attend? 200, 300? Okay, if the play was as successful as the mousetrap, so all the 20,000 citizens of Athens saw it, but that was highly unusual. Today, tens of millions, sometimes billions of people, are exposed to spectacles. There's been a democratization in the spectacle in two ways. One, it's much more accessible. And the second is you can, as an individual, produce spectacles without any technological problem or obstacle. So barriers, barriers to entry are much lower and there is a disintermediation of content in the sense that we don't have gatekeepers such as editors anymore. So there's been a democratization of the spectacle. And because the spectacle is a form of fantasy, it is much more appealing than reality. And because it is much more appealing than reality, it replaces it very easily. It's extremely easy to replace reality with fantasy. The other way is much more difficult. Now, politics have always been a form of spectacle. Always. And so the politics naturally fell victim, the first victim to fantasy. And we have seen it in the 1930s, in Germany and other places.  Nazis, the Nuremberg rallies and so on. This was spectacle. Hitler was a gifted theater director, if nothing else. So spectacle consumed politics long, long before our age. Consumed politics. And it is not an accident that politics became a spectacle at the age of the cinema. Lenny von Riffenstahl and others in the case of Hitler, there were similar identical situations in Italy and other places. So it all became blurred. Movie actors became presidents, reality TV stars became presidents. It all became one big blood, massive show. Theater production show, yeah. And then people, average pedestrian mundane people, suddenly acquired the power of producers and directors with technological tools and were able to have a voice which was denied to them in previous eras via gatekeepers. In the past, you couldn't just make a movie. You couldn't just write an article. We couldn't just publish a book. You needed to go through people who were qualified to turn you down. And so this is not a situation anymore. Everyone is creating spectacles, mini spectacles, bigger spectacles, and everyone wants his spectacle to be a dominant spectacle. So likes on Facebook and on YouTube and so on and so forth are not only a measure of popularity but a measure of personal success and gradually become a determinant of identity. A currency, yeah. A currency and relative positioning. No, but also a determinant of identity. Exactly, yes. So that's why you have influencers. Celebrities are famous for being famous. It's a new identity that is emerging. Today, I think there are two dominant identities, the victim and the influencer. These are the two characters in the modern theater play. Yeah, yeah. I see absolutely, I follow your path. We can speak of the end of representation. That means like 15th century up to like the 20th century and then you see a big, big crash of all these ideas of observance. Now you're getting into it. It's like entering a computer game like Donald Trump, getting into Twitter, et cetera. He's playing, he's playful. But what? Yeah, it's a lot, excuse me for a second. It's a lot, it's a lot, it's a lot, it's a lot of period. You know, it's a period of play, I agree. Yeah, yeah. And you asked, you asked whether narcissism and borderline infiltrate or permeate or influence technology. I think this, this disorders created the technology. I am, as I said before, technology is an outcome, not a driver. So I think borderline narcissism has been rising because of the absence of gays. And you mentioned Christopher Lash, 1978. His book was published in 1978. That's a long time ago. People saw it coming, you know? In a strange way, I have the idea that we're living in an epoch which is like an interregnum. Like Huizing, I talked about the 14th century of the homo-ludence, which is, I mean, what we are homo-ludence in the very same fabricate, but the differences like in the 14th century, they had to deal with clockwork, yeah? And then cogwheel mechanism stuff. And they had great problems dealing with all the new currencies, usually stuff like that. So we have, it's like the idea that the Victor Hugo quotation, like there's nothing bigger than an idea which has found its moment that's really wrong. It's nothing bigger than an idea which is dead. I mean, you've got all these zombies because it's so easy, you get it under price. It's way cheaper to incorporate an identity which is already fabricated. And that's the very same like the Hamlet situation, yeah? You're in the purgatory world, in the world of the feudal logic, et cetera, but in fact, something new is taking place and that's why it is wrong. Yes. So I take your point of Hamlet, it shakes me as a contemporary, I love that. Yes. You raise a very interesting point now when you mentioned homoludence and the 14th century. Of course, this is the century of the plague. And what had happened after that was a seismic shift in economic power. Workers became much more valuable because they became much more scarce. So the emphasis was on production, production of agricultural goods, production of commercial goods, et cetera, et cetera. But today the emphasis is on symbols.  Well over 90% of us manipulate symbols. Only 2% engage in agriculture in the West, 2%. So we are symbol manipulators and that is the major difference between the 14th century and our century. The 14th century produced value and this value had an objective quality to it. The 21st century produces symbols whose validity and value critically depend on subjectivity. And it's questionable. It's the outcome of an agreement. And as we both know, agreements can be abrogated. If you create a bushel of wheat, it's a bushel of wheat. It's a bushel of wheat in Europe. It's a bushel of wheat in Nigeria. It's a bushel of wheat in China. It has an objective dimension to it. It's also very useful, but let's leave it aside. It's an objective thing. They were living in reality. That's what I'm trying to say. We inhabit a Netherlands, not the country. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Another zone. Another world. Yes, another world of fantasy where we manipulate symbols, but these symbols can never be real because they depend on an agreement. And all agreements are human made and therefore can be abrogated. In other words, our existence is very tenuous. Our existence hangs on the balance every second. If the agreement shifts, if the agreement is broken, if the agreement changes, we are destroyed, essentially destroyed. In essence, not only artificially. Yeah. So our existence is so precarious that it creates a enormous anxiety and enormous depression because we know that we live by the mercy of others. And others are often very cruel, capricious, fickle and unreliable. One thing which is really interesting to me, and I wondered about that very much, is that the emergence of attention economy was not connected to Freud's thinking about the connection between the joke and economy, which is really beautiful because he had the idea that the joke is kind of under tunneling of something. You get something cheaper. You get it, you get it, you get the shortcut. You get the easy way out. And I mean, that's one of the reasons why attention economy can never create productive stuff because it's just selling something on a consumer side. It's getting something cheaper. And the cheaper is horny, yeah? As a guy, there was a famous saying in the German public relations world, like Scherz says, it's greed is horny. That's really, really strange.  And you've pointed out quite rightly that psychology has taken refuge under the wing of statistics and is actually avoiding the big questions posed by classical psychoanalysis. And this has grim consequences. That's multiple personalities disordered, has outgrown borderline. And most strange concepts have migrated into psychology. For example, the possibility that the patient cannot remember a trauma was taken as a proof that it had happened, actually happened. This left the psychologists of the 80s and 90s to pursue satanic abuse in kindergartens that is not only falling into moral panic, but also to embark on a form of modern witch hunting. And this kind of psychology, so to speak in quotation marks, confirms the evil dictum made by Kai Krauss. Psychoanalysis is the disease whose therapy thinks it is. How do you see that? I don't think psychoanalysis has anything to do with psychology. I will try to, it's a bit of a strange statement. Try to explain. Psychoanalysis and psychology until Freud and after Freud. Let's say until the 1960s, the object relations schools in the United Kingdom. Up until the 1960s, psychology was a form of literature. It was a literary endeavor. And literary endeavor imbued with magnificent insights. It was a tribute to the human intellect and edifice, the likes of which have been very few in human history. But relatively indistinguishable from Dostoevsky. Relatively indistinguishable from Kierkegaard, certain writings of Kierkegaard. I mean, okay, it was a form of philosophy, a form of literature, a more rigorous one because the father, Zygmunt Freud, fancied himself a scientist. He was a neurologist, so he thought he could create a mechanics of the mind. That's why he called it psychoanalysis. It was hubris, it was hubris, of course, because the subject matter of psychology is human beings and human beings are eternally mutable. Change, the only thing fixed about human beings is change. And when the subject matter changes all the time, you cannot replicate experiments. You cannot replicate studies. And that's the famous replication crisis in psychology. So until the 1940s, 1960s, psychology was an extension of literature, a much more rigorous extension of literature, observations, case studies, and so on. But psychology was also largely founded on introspection. A lot of it was founded on introspection. Freud's work is at least 70% introspective. And then there was a mega change. Behaviorism and later on experimentalism in psychology. And psychology became a pseudoscience. Psychology became an attempt to resemble physics. And of course they had to throw out everything. Right, yeah. Everything Freudian and not only Freud, but for example, object relations and psychodynamic theories, there's a lot except Freud. Even his own daughter contributed massively to child psychology and a lot of it contradicted Freud. So it's not only Freud. There was enormous wisdom and wealth which were discarded the moment psychology attempted to become an accurate exact science which it can never be. And from that moment onwards, we devolved. We devolved into taxonomy in the form of the diagnostic and statistical manual and other such relatively nonsensical texts, insurance driven texts. We devolved into scientism and attempt to look scientific by deploying laboratory methods and statistics. What are we talking about? Spectacle, modern psychology is a spectacle. Yeah. It's a simulation of real science which it is not and can never ever be in principle. And we have discarded the legacy of giants and I'm not talking only about Freud. There are giants like, you know, Guntrip and Winnicott. We have the Melanie Klein even who was not a psychologist by the way. So we have discarded this with Freud to the trash bin because it was not about spectacle. It was about deep work, introspection, speculation, intellect, intellect. We discarded all this in favor of number crunching, symbol manipulation, the spectacle of pseudo physics of the mind. And this is where we are right now. A useless psychology. How do I know that psychology is useless? Because it's not working. A growing number of people are mentally ill. Psychology is doing something wrong. Psychology is in particular, yeah. Psychology is doing something wrong.  Of course I can't claim success. So psychology is one of the most resounding intellectual failures in human history. Resounding. Because it had a wonderful beginning and then owing to spectacle, it discarded it. It started with the Hollywood movie. It's all about Evia. You know that? About multiple personalities. Yeah, yeah, yeah. If we go back in the history of psychology, I'm really intrigued by a psychoanalysis but on a sphere which is really different. If we go back in the history of psychoanalysis, we see that the question of the borderline scratches and the construction of the psychic apparatus which Freud conceived as a superhistory of your quantity. He said there's no negation, no history, or as he himself put it, this is the primal heart within us. And the fact that Freud built this apparatus in this way, this had consequences. Namely it says the psyche is primordial. Everything is projection. And for this very reason, Freud clashed with Sandoferenci when the letter brings into play the importance of interjection. Namely, this implies that the external world is much more significant. Ultimately, this is my personal interest in psychoanalysis as well as my critique because I have long studied the philosophy and psychology of the machine. I finally come to locate the unconscious not within ourselves but in the outside world which I speak of as a psychotope. Don't borderline a narcissist point exactly in that direction into the outer world, into this psychotope which is way more influential than father or mother, et cetera. Yes, well, when Freud tried to grapple with the inconsistencies in the concept of libido, he had to break it down into narcissistic libido and object libido and that didn't work. And then he plagiarized Adler's diathesis concept and so on and so forth. To say that we are machines, the trilateral model, yes, Freud's work is very machine-like. There's energy, the energy is transformed. It's very machine-like. It's a physics. It's digital, digital psychoanalysis. Yes, it's a physics view. It's a physics view which is I think why I gravitated to psychology because by training my PhD is in physics, et cetera. Ah, I see. My PhD is in physics. I'm a professor of psychology for many years but initially long ago when I was much younger and the dinosaurs were dying, my PhD was in physics. I also have a PhD in philosophy. So it's okay, I'm balanced. So he was a wannabe physicist. So the problem with this is that if you postulate a system which is a physical system, then it is going to react to the environment in highly deterministic ways. Don't forget that Freud anteceded quantum mechanics. Here. His only view was Newtonian or at best, Einsteinian. These are deterministic views. So a machine reacts to the environment deterministically. That's why it's predictable and so on and so forth. And of course, people are not like that. So then you need to begin to split hairs and to begin to say, well, certain kinds of energy do interact with the environment in ways which essentially are predictable but there are so many such ways that it appears to be probabilistic.  It defies Occam's reason. It defies parsimony. So why is there such a multiplicity? And then you begin to contradict yourself. Freud is the most self-contradicting intellectual in human history, in my view. Everything has like six definitions and all six contradict each other depending on the year. And it's all because he refused to accept others as the determining factors in the emergence of identity. He refused to accept that humans are relational. He refused to accept that humans are like Venn diagrams. Venn diagrams have a common... Yeah, sure, I don't know them yet. Yes, yeah. Sharing a space. Yeah, so he refused to accept that humans are the outcomes of interactions and processes. They're dynamic rather than given or static. And because he couldn't accept it, he was in a way, he was like Einstein with quantum mechanics. Einstein said, God doesn't play with dice. And Freud was saying, God doesn't play with dice when it comes to our psyche. He gave us an apparatus which is determined and fixed and can be analyzed and can be. But later schools realized that this was a catastrophic paradigm, paradigmatic mistake and that humans are outward-oriented, public-facing and the outcome of their, the sum total of their interactions. And so today we went even further with Philippe Romberg, my work and so on, we talk about self-states, not a single state. Not a single state, self-states. So yes, borderline narcissism, they indicated very strongly that some identities can be fully derived, 100% derived from the outside. Some functions can be fully regulated or outsourced. And if this is true, then Freud is wrong. Yeah, there's something like it. There's something like an unconscious of the unconscious which is really interesting. Like all these electromagnetic apparatuses that Freud built. And he was the first one to invent the synaptic logic in the brain, it's a sort of find out about that. But he neglected all the mechanical aspect or the scientific aspect about electricity mainly. When he talks about the brotherhood and the army as being the first members of mass society, all that happened like in the 18th century when these guys got electrified. Do you know the stories of electrified monks in 7046? Okay, so I was really interested in this negligence of the pre-history. Obviously he wanted to be a big philosopher. That's the reason why he built this perfectly metaphysical machine in a way. But in my understanding, so this goes together with your self-states. I have the idea that being electrified, being in a digitized network society means being connected. I mean, if you want it or not, being connected to other people, you're enforced to be a relational being, so to speak. And therefore I talk like since 93 about the individual instead of the individual because it's like you're separating us. It's like a nuclear fission in a way. So that goes together with the idea of several states of personality and you're just floating through it. And after a while you think, okay, why don't you transpose all this psychological locals to the outside world and think of all the machines and all the influences that come in somehow as introjects change and shape you. That's the reason, one of the reasons why I came up in the end with the machine as a psychotoke. But I understand machine not as a material device, but as a betrayal of nature that the Greeks, old Greek said, so it's much more cunning. It's a deceit of nature and like being able to fly above something and being an angel maker in a way. So that's my understanding of the psychotope. Well, of course in the Middle Ages, they regarded the hierarchy of angels as a force of device, as a machine. They portrayed it as a big clock, as a huge clock. And the clock maker metaphor, clock maker metaphor, it's a device metaphor. Yes, it's a device metaphor. You mentioned the outside and the inside. So Lacan, of course, I don't need to tell you. Lacan, with this concept, the Reconception of the Unconscious. Yeah. My work on self-states implies that they are triggered exclusively and automatically by the environment. Yeah, makes sense. The environment determines you at any given moment. There is the most recent interview with Richard Granum where I put everything together. I elaborate on everything. And I'm not sure that you have seen it, but if you haven't, I'm answering many of your questions there. But all in all, we have to decide once and for all, are we internally determined or are we externally determined? You could say, why can't we have both? We cannot have both because the environment changes so frequently and its impact is so massive that even if we were to have some internal regulation or internal control, it would definitely be overwhelmed. So it would have become marginalized and irrelevant for the conversation. I am firmly in the camp of everything is environment. Everything comes from the other side. Unconscious included. I'm not a fan of Lacan. But in this sense, I fully agree with him. And so we are creatures of our environment. So you could say, okay, well, great. Now we have interconnectivity. We have the internet. We have social media. We have that's the machine we've been waiting for. Now we can all be even more connected, even more regulated. No, unfortunately, no. Because what had happened is the machine we had invented is it was not founded on reality. It was founded on fantasy and external regulation. In other words, it's a pathological machine. It's a pathological, it's a machine that capitalizes on pathology, enhances it, reinforces it and benefits from it, profits from it. So it's not a machine because the initial phase of the internet in the 1990s was exactly about this. Exactly about this, connecting people together, putting them together to allow them to- World intelligence here. Yes, a new identity, yes, a global brain. And then it devolved. It degenerated. There's a decadence of this idea. And it became about a spectacle and how you fit into the spectacle by objectifying yourself as a prop in the theater play. And so this is highly sick. It's pathological.  And of course, can determine your mental illness.  And we have- Diagnostically, I'm totally in accord with you, but there's some difference in regards of the role of the machine. For example, even Lacan, he noted this wonderful connection with the alphabet, as the beast, alphabet. So, and if you take this letter, which is A, I mean, this top down, it originally meant the ox and the yolk. I was like 35 years old when I found out that I didn't see the visual counterpart of the alphabetic sign and it came up to the idea, okay, where obviously this machine shapes us. It's much more than anything else. I do know my grand, grand, grandfather, but I do know the alphabet, which is 2,800 years old. So in a way, we are kind of slaves of the machine and they give us certain liberties. Our problem with the computer world is that we still stick to the days of representation, to the old ideas, that we can't really cope with the new ones. And the reason why it's getting pathologic, in my understanding, is because we're sticking to the old world, like in the Middle Ages, to the feudal system, belief, et cetera, whereas the new world emerged like clockwork, capitalism, usury stuff like that. So we're in the midst of something and that's a pain and that's the reason why we get pathologic demands. Yes, I'm a lot more, a lot more fatalistic than you are. You're an optimist, you're an optimist and it's a much needed dose of optimism. I welcome your optimism. Because you're proposing a transition period. You're saying this is a transition period. I think I beg to differ respectfully, of course, because I think we're being overwhelmed. I think you're overestimating our capacity to cope with change. People can cope, of course, with one seismic change, one tectonic shift, two, three. I'm not sure they can cope with 30. Time will tell, of course, who's right. Time will tell who's right. Of course it's a transition to something. There's no question. This is totology, it's trivial. Of course it's transition to something. The question is, are we going to transition to a new model of reality, new organizing principle, exegetic, hermeneutic context or framework, or are we going to transition into total intellectual anarchy and chaos from which I am very afraid we will seek refuge in total fantasy? From a political point of view, I would really follow your position because I know about the 14th, 15th centuries. After this change in the tide, changing tide in the 14th century because of clockwork, et cetera, I mean, there was two or three centuries of civil war, unrest, et cetera. And it's a long story. It's a catastrophic story to a certain degree. But on the other hand, there are these little shimmerings of hope because there's a new rationality. And if you're getting into that, like start a program, for example, you see that forgetting about yourself is really beautiful. My advice to any young person would be, forget yourself, think about something else, think about things. Nietzsche has a wonderful saying that the love of the most distant things is the love of the specters and the things. And this is really beautiful. Forget yourself, forget about charity, all that stuff, vokeness. Think of something new. And then you get into some water which is not troubled. Yes, but when you tell young people that, they think you're advocating fantasy. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Forget about myself, miss, forget about reality, and now I'm at liberty to play video games for five hours a day. Or six hours. What do you say? Do you have children, by the way? So, no, I don't have children. If you had. Let me direct your hand. So, they take Paul Batzlavic's psychology. If you had a children, so what would be your final advice for like the next 20 years? What shall this kid do? Don't buy into anyone's narrative. Construct your own. Avoid fantasy. Stick to reality. And don't take yourself too seriously. I think this will be the three main pieces. And then the rest follows. Yeah, it's a wonderful end for our conversation. We just stopped recording. Just have like a little aftermath talking. So, it was a pleasure and I would say. Yeah, it was a real pleasure for me. One second, please. Let me see if I can stop. Yeah, yeah.