we are officially getting started. Okay, great. Cool, let me test out. Hey guys, this is Dr. Nancy Lee, a director of product feature in Forbes. I will help 100 people land a dream PM job offer in fan companies, so you can start up and continue to get promoted as a product leader today. You are in my YouTube live and LinkedIn live where we help you to review your resume for free and also help give you all different kind of career advice for you to quickly advance your product management career. Okay, so if you're interested in any of our training in product management, feel free to go to this website, darknancy.com, to accelerate your career today. Okay, so today we have several guests on my Zoom link right now for free coaching and resume review. Now, let me see who else is also live with us on YouTube or LinkedIn. If you see me live, comment high in the chat, comment high in the chat, and let me know your name, where you're from, and let me go, what you go for 2024. So come on the chat and I can see that I am live on YouTube. Let me see LinkedIn, let me confirm our tag is ready. Okay, cool. 24, so come on. Okay, so I'm live on LinkedIn as well. Okay, great, perfect. Okay, so everybody come on the chat to say hi, so I know I'm live on both platforms. So people who join me on Zoom will get started in one minute. Awesome, awesome. Okay, so now let's do some housekeeping here. Let me also read the chat, who else is here? So Varun from LA, you have about five years experience, you go to land your next PM role, awesome.  Sam Hamira from India, how are you? Bihua, and so you have the audio issue, you join us. Welcome, welcome, okay, okay. So let's do this. Welcome everybody, and let me see who else is here. Soob, Soob Hadi and Hi from YouTube, how are you? Everybody, I'd love to see all the like new faces joining me. This is awesome, this is awesome, great, cool. All right, so now let's get started. Let me go through some housekeeping activities and also go through my slides today and review our agenda so you know what we plan to do. Let me share my screen. Okay, so today we are going through this live resume review with people on Zoom and also other people who are on LinkedIn Live and let me show you how to submit your resume, okay. And now let's get started. And first of all, each time I go live, I do want to share with you any inspiring stories of our past students so that you know it's a prime management career is definitely very possible for you to achieve as well, including fan companies. And actually this is our student Amy, Amy gave a talk in our alumni panel, fan PM alumni panel a few months ago. So Amy's background, she was just computer science students and also computer science internship experience, no PM experience either, but she was just an undergrad and she also went to school in Ohio. And to be frank, it's a liberal arts school myself never heard of. It's not like very famous all those Harvard and like Stanford Ivy League school at all. But Amy just had really, really big determination. She said, okay, I started computer science but I really want to become part manager because as a PM it's better that she no technical aspect but she can use a business acumen to create a product that people really love. So that's why she wanted to become a PM. And as soon as she graduated from her undergrad she already became a part manager of Microsoft. But Amy herself, she only had one interview with Microsoft and she learned one offer. That's the first interview she ever received. She became part manager of Microsoft. Now let me show you how she made it happen. Okay, so the way she did it is that the specific interview questions Microsoft is going to ask all of you guys in all the interviews. And I have a 50 interview question database that actually you guys can take a screenshot right now and then go to this website, docflincy.com slash 50 fan, the 50 questions interview database. Okay, when should practice use the entire database to get ready for her upcoming interviews at Microsoft number one. And number two, when she interviewed Microsoft frequently people ask oh, do you have PM experience? Tell me about a product you launched from zero to one and all those specific questions, right? So for her experience, even if she was a software engineer she tried to really think about what's the best methodology to create certain features so the customers really love to continue to propose new features even if she was like doing her internship. So all those experienced at value and compare her with anyone else who's also fresh graduate from undergrad and even if someone went to a better school she was still able to really be the competition and join Microsoft. Okay, so today I want all of you to use the same methodology starting from creating a perfect product management resume. Now here is how to send your resume. Okay, so now some of you guys when you all of you guys joined Zoom I believe when you email my team info at PMS 30.0 you already send your resume if so I can pull up your resume from the back end he already sent me a folder has all the resume ready so you guys don't need to send it to me at all. Okay, if somehow and you guys are watching me live on YouTube or LinkedIn you can still email me your resume and right here. So email me at nancy.clancy.com when I'm not live you can email my team at info PMS 30.0 so he's gonna send you guys a Zoom link and put a Google photo with all your resume so again can pull up to review very quickly. Okay, so email title when you email us your resume the email title should follow in the follow like template. Okay, title should be free resume review dash the date of you attending masterclass. Because you want to prioritize people who already attend masterclass. So what is the masterclass is the following right here. So we are teaching how to create a key department portfolio into weeks that will lend you a PM job offer even if you're laid off or have no PM experience. Okay, so over there let me just maybe it's easier this way so over there teach how to create a part of portfolio but before we come in I always want people to have the resume ready so that you can directly finish your resume before you come into the live masterclass and when you attend masterclass you will have two different portfolio examples you can use and you can also directly pick the time the best time for you to join and and also use the different tools we have five different recommend tools we need to create a part of portfolio. Okay, so it can best optimize the opportunities to directly lend your PM job offer with a key department PM resume template and have your part of portfolio ready. Okay, so feel free to go to this website and attend our masterclass website your else darkening silicon slash masterclass. Okay, now let me also do this let me give the interview questions link for people to download so we can use this database to practice your upcoming interviews one sec let me put it on LinkedIn and YouTube so people can directly download okay, Usman from Egypt what time it is in Egypt can use the party said can you suggest my resume and yes follow the instructions I share with you here on email me a resume okay, great cool so now let's get started with people who is already on zoom let me bring up your resume and my team had a folder for me already and cool okay, I also see some chat here be here from London senior p.m. on Amazon nice to meet you, nice to meet you too okay, so let me do this let me go to the back end of your resume give me a second YouTube live right here okay, let me share my screen let me go through a resume one by one so see my screen welcome welcome be here from London and we also senior p.m. from Amazon on my zoom card this is amazing okay, so everybody come here so this is pre-seminar resume we have five people here let me go through this I think I have most of you guys here you know what let me just go through this based on sequence people join me and again anyone who is on YouTube live and LinkedIn live you can still email me just I want to prioritize people who are already in the zoom call and they went to masterclass submit resumes that's why they're on the zoom call with me right now but you can still email me at this website at this email nancy.nancy.com when I'm live when I'm not live email my team the info email when I email me directly nancy.nancy.com okay, so now let me review resume Baroon, can you turn on your camera if you'd like to and tell me about your background sure, so I have about five years of product management experience where I worked across three different companies my last company was more consulting based company where I throughout my tenure I worked at an automobile little client to launch data platform that basically solved the problem of fragmentation and validated about 5 million customer data so all internal product teams can leverage the data of customers to basically derive insights and also like user experiences so it helped reduce the amount of engineering effort by 25% for all the product teams. I also helped automate multiple business work for operation teams so the onboard process for commercial customers was cut by at least 50% and then I was also the engagement manager for this whole client project and we generated over 9 million dollars great, you have lots of experience in PM so let me review your resumes question to you what's your challenge right now are you able to learn interviews at all that's been the challenge so interviews have been very few compared to the number of applications I've submitted so that's why I just wanted to get your opinion to see if people aren't able to understand my resume or I know the job market is tough but I also want to put my best foot forward with my resume. Especially you already have lots of achievement and experience let me see what's wrong okay you also got MBA so we got a computer science degree my searching design launch an enterprise profile team attend ah okay let me show you what I think let me read this okay let me show you general idea what's going on you have more what you told me sounds very impressive what you put your resume somehow is lacking what you told me which the version you told me oh this guy very exciting let me read his resume will be very impressive but now once I read the resume something is missing okay so your resume I like this impact okay that's no problem what's missing is for example there's lots of important things you do as a part manager for example like strategy roadmap and this right so these are keywords you make it you make it hidden at the last point and you merge those keywords into one thing it should be too allow me to do this it should be two different keywords and if I'm put a strategy and then you finish sentence put a strategy of ABC the product leading to whatever stakeholder alignment with $5 million in income whatever things this is one important thing you need to elaborate strategies important keywords as someone who has so many years of PM experience okay now roadmap same thing if you drive roadmap this should be one independent keywords 40 points draw part roadmap of ABCD product and with 20 different features and align the consensus among engineering team and the teams together like the the roadmap itself should be one full point okay so now collaboration that's no problem right collaboration you didn't tell me the total size of team usually we like cross functional team now we said collaboration was operational team I want to hear with collaboration with 20 teams team members including operations designers soft engineer legal marketing that are the all everything want to describe right so inside just one of these now personal team implement of what engineers I would be 10 engineers architects other PMs as well like in terms of you should describe cross on team of 10 engineers product managers implement ABCD different things right so you need to first of all you need to really pick the right keywords and enrich it and also everything here you sounds like you're only working with the engineer that's a problem right so the way you wrote your resume sounds like it's mainly working backhand with engineers at least how you presented in the interview maybe it's real but whatever when you go out for job interviews you cannot just show that you only work with engineer what 80% of tasks you do is working with engineers but as a product manager want to work with straw map we want to do part of strategy and go through market strategy and that's that should also demonstrate and take enough space on your resume but right now sounds like you're working with engineer doing product building product that's how you feel based on your resume very operational focus that's product strategy strategy and romance those important things for example in interview customers with voice to customer interviews you don't have it either and right so which also make people think again or maybe he just working with engineers as a product owner not talking to customers understand the pain point needs and desire and writing requirement all the front end things is missing okay so that's what's what's missing it's here right you I know you only work with company for a little bit it's okay would you be able to write more 20% your resume saying that I work with engineers I'm badass I know I know I know so but I want to hear more I want to hear more regarding the part of strategy business like driving roadmap design go to market strategy take product initiatives understand the needs of desire pain point I see these are still missing and the rest is the same so basically revamp everything on your resume and then you'll be good to go especially have lots of space you can make two pages and add the part you are missing back here okay that's the thing and then just one last question is there like number of bullet points you want to keep it for each job role or is it like good question up to you I like to keep on our resume template we have achievement plus those responsibilities okay so those responsibilities I like those five five bullet points roughly achievement I don't keep two achievement roughly speaking you can add more if want to but usually we do two plus five maybe three plus six or two plus six as you can play with the numbers a little bit but around the directions okay so for people who doesn't know about our template go here go to my website go to our website docnancy.com and you can download the template here go all the way to or yeah here upon your resume templates come here then you can download the template which we show you the style I was looking for anyway so come here go to my website docnancy.com scroll all the way scroll all the way towards the bottom right here and download the first one and on my youtube channel I have examples of how to use the template to plug in the questions you have okay okay right here these two videos those PM keywords we talk about keywords today and this one I gave you examples of how to put the keywords in the writing style I was looking for okay so while everyone watch these videos go to my youtube channel like this examples okay I go to partner manager resume tips with no experience or search partner manager resume tips docnancy you can find this video okay always also in my resume playlist straightforward okay so that's the main thing you're missing you say better but your resume didn't present the best of who you are and last question the achievement should be the achievement throughout your career right the most important achievement achievement for this job and another for this job and another she meant for yeah so go to our resume template I gave you examples there and also this video describe what it looks like okay perfect thank you cool no problem let me go to next one um okay based on time people join Stacy are you here Stacy are you on zoom with me I don't think so okay so let me do the resume suddenly one more resume on my folder anyway uh so there's uh uh this one so so how about here hi hi Naz you can call me Fangi that's a short name yeah yeah if you don't mind can you turn on your camera yep just a moment okay so tell me about yourself all right so I have an overall 40 years of experience predominantly in the area of testing automation testing and then transitioned into the business analyst role so in business analyst role I've been close to nine years now prior to that was testing and my domain expertise has been into airlines uh then energy domain then banking and retail and commercial lending so it's a 14 years of experience but what I was told that uh nobody would have the patients to actually go through all the 14 years of experience so right the last seven years of relevant experience relevant to product management and that's the depth usually uh recruiter or people who are screening as you may go through so I've just left it as an annexure but we can delete that but what I'm concerned here is since I'm working as a business analyst right now so and in an IT driven profile what happens most of your initiatives are IT driven it's not like a typical product based companies where you go with a go to market or a price and strategy yeah we are limited to product road maps product vision product strategy we are limited to stakeholder management feature prioritization everything that we do but we are not into a hard core product management where it comes to uh go to market or price and strategy is concerned so now my challenge here is I cannot write that I am doing 40% of the PM role even though I'm a BA but I'm actually working as a business analyst and holding uh managing around six applications under me talking to multiple stakeholders but but I cannot write that I'm doing the PM job the designation on my on my company card is business analyst now how do I can it's okay title doesn't matter it's more based on your roles responsibilities if you have done lots of PM job and you should write in a good way so right now the number one problem is your resume has four pages nobody with four pages resume I know I think there is a there is the latest one that I have sent which I have condensed a lot so I was just kind of pinging you as well so would it be okay if you could open the latest one that I have just sent yeah where is it uh it's email photo in your Gmail you should have the last email from sanghi09 at gmail.com you send it to my team email or my email your email let me bring up one sec yeah the last one 843 over here ah oh sanghi09 at gmail.com that's the email id we'll talk about it one sec yeah I found it one sec is this one yeah you can ignore it the title just open the yeah let me understand this is this one the word doc I know this is the email right yes can scroll down scroll down scroll down scroll down okay that's one yes four pages we still have four pages three pages now okay you still don't even make it two anyway so let me show you how to cut off okay okay I don't see any summary I don't see any summary all the the entire first page is gone you don't need some if you want exactly summary write like three lines of exactly summary so now the problem is wow I see a resume coming so your business analyst you said you did lots of p.m. job okay so you're designing to define features block blocks gather feedback collaborate stakeholders between business users you did do lots of p.m. breathing job that's great the problem is the layout of your resume you gave us so much nobody would read so many as I said in 2005 two achievements five body points responsibilities that's good enough you gave us so much nobody has a patient to read it the recruiters only have six seconds to scan through a resume now you give them too much you dilute your keywords that's the problem okay so here's what I want you to do okay so some of these are good and kill the rest continuously delete ongoing support delete organization standard delete documentation user story okay so now if you want to talk about documentation is developing maintaining documentation just saying that you wrote user stories and requirement part of requirement documentation to do something right so which means all those it's like verbiage and change make it sure and concise just get to the point facilitate between those people okay so instead of saying facilitate can you say that align like for a vision between a team of 20 people including this and this and this and this right you can write it in different ways so yeah so looks like by the way business analysts can become PM no problem I have so mainstream business analysts become PM and especially did lots of PM work it's more your presentation of yourself okay what's happening is the product keywords I think they are searching with the keywords as rightly mentioned but I think as you mentioned the series too long so nobody has a patience to read so the first section of the paragraph do I make it more shorter the first page the profile summary delete completely okay okay okay okay gone gone gone gone notable highlights notable notable highlights are very important there are some dollar values associated with if you want to make an achievement merge it under achievement you don't you didn't use my template if you want to do achievement achievement you should do two achievement under each of the job and then you have like five rose responsibilities okay okay condensate more okay yeah you gave them more than what they want and it's just nobody used waiting to read it they don't even know what to read so do I break it do I break it as per projects no right I simply like let's say I spent close to eight years now in one company and I've done close to six to seven projects so I don't need to break it project wise right I simply write here is the company and this other is the responsibility I these are the duties I had as a PM and then key achievements am I aligned here yeah exactly yeah okay so no project breakup okay not at all and just kill sees nobody would read it immediate oh gosh it's like so long I'm not going to read it they have six seconds that's how to scan the first one interview that's what's going on and all of all of those because department manager we need to be short and concise you don't if you don't even know how to make it short concise for your own resume why would I be good fit for department manager this this is a personality trade that they're looking for for people become him okay cool so let me uh yeah you need to read your resume okay so let me let me go to next one let me show my screen again where is it okay so all of okay you guys mute yourself just mute okay great cool let me see uh let me see be who are you here cool can you turn on your camera and introduce yourself hello how are you no your your mic is weird no we cannot hear you what about now yeah yeah yeah okay perfect cool yeah yeah so my name is be her based in London I am already a PM at Amazon um my uh challenge at the moment is that I've been a business PM at Amazon for two and a half years and previously I was um was more in the marketing sector of FFCG so now I've done two years of business PMs I've been looking at transitioning to into a more technical PM meaning tech at the PMT is working with engineer teams and more like tech teams and day in day out so I've been struggling a little bit with how do I tell the story and how do I prove that um I could do the technical PM job as well so that's that's my main question for you as well yeah cool welcome welcome and let's see your resume quickly maybe your problem is not your resume maybe it's how you package your story so let me take a look this one right I think I have opened so you manage the amazon.com product fashion product amirite? it's not amazon.com but it's like amazon.com equivalent in Europe um yeah so like amazon.co.uk amazon.co.fr all of the European countries yeah okay but you manage those amazon.uk websites on there the product the product you manage is those fashion closing brand amirite not brand so the products I manage is something we call connections as I wrote in the in the cv so it's kind of like the way to look at it is almost like a shopping aisle kind of digital feature that we would want to create for our customers going into shop amazon fashion so it's by uh packing similar features products together that we provide them with more clarity in their customer journey so for example if you go to a shopping more you look for new arrivals you want to mimic the same experience of shopping for new arrivals fashion products on amazon fashion so that's essentially what my product is so you are technical the product you work on is actually technical yes it is however I the main challenge is that there are two fonts the first one is that in the last two years my scope has been heavily focusing on GTM so go to markets of those technical products so I work more on the consumer side rather than on the technical side and the second challenge is that our tech resource is not owned by the EU team but chaired globally mostly within the US team so that's the other challenge that I don't actually own a technical roadmap of a tech team as if PMT would do so a bit of a weird setup but but net net that's what I'm missing in terms of my experience and I would love to get your view on how do I make this transition what are the areas I need to work on actually we have a student called Charlotte Lee she became a product manager she was doing even less techie than you she was doing something called category manager she helped people on amazon.com to sell dairy products 200 different dairy products different milk versions of milk and cheese she helped a vendor to sell milk and cheese on amazon.com now she is a technical product manager working on last mile problem for amazon so it's same transition as you did and you can do the following so now let me show how to do it let me see your resume here's what's going on so you did have the GTM which I like and all the roadmap right did you write requirement you have a team you have a share team but you did write requirement right yes yes I did where is the requirement thing yeah I think I should have written that okay so now let me finish reading this let me show you how to change I know what's going on okay so now quick scan through it's a fact that you work a lot on GTM but you didn't leverage your existing resources well enough even if you spend a lot on GTM but you did have engineering even share resources but it's still a requirement you still work with a team of engineers and so therefore your resume you spend a lot of time talking about your business side of things I want you to maybe keep three you have six bullet point keep three GTM I like the roadmap maybe the top three I think top three is good keep three delete three and the other three you should talk about working with the engineering team you can say the following wrote engineering product facing requirement to help our engineering team to develop ABCD features the ones you describe whatever online experience for customers and second bullet point you can talk about lead a team of 10 20 engineers through agile development methodology all of those right so you did work on those you have beautiful GTM doesn't mean that you don't have somebody build your feature right so all of this need to be rewritten agile like user stories like daily stand up like product requirement documentation so changes so that they can say oh you work on both end you have it doesn't mean that you haven't had exposure to the back end so that's the main problem same thing other things to achieve this is great right whatever they think you don't have you need write more bullet point prove that you have it same as the second one work with team of 20 engineers five engineers I don't care how many but they help you to build it right so work with team of 25 10 engineers backhand front-end engineer to create this ABCD features that have like automation has AI hosted in cloud so now your entire profession is very technical that's how you transition into more technical PM and then I have another question about my previous experience as I said I was working in consumer goods which is you know very much in the business and general management roles what do you recommend do I kind of simplify them massively so that's the only focus on my PM experience or do I still include it as part of my complete CV also about only emphasis on PM only emphasis on PM you can delete the rest of bullet point you can have 3 PM whatever bullet point and one other things which are business marketing stuff right so you focus more on PM but you're not lying you just you put weight more on PM but you didn't lie because you have one more bullet point about other things you did but we want to hear more about PM thing because you're trying to become a technical PM there's no need to tell more than what they don't need to emphasize but does it sorry my follow-up question is I have all together between 7 and 8 years of experience out of which PM is the last 2.5 so if I put a lot of weight on the PM which I love wouldn't that make my CV look very short as if I only have like 3 years of working if serious you see what I mean no no your other experience you still listen on your resume but the bullet point should talk more regarding go-to-market strategy product value proposition understand like go like voice-to-customer interview right so you have done voice-to-customer all of those related to those so this already 3 bullet point so you still have your 7 years experience but for that part of experience talk more regarding product related experience everything right creating like marketing whatever for consumers to help them to buy more product by running influencer marketing campaign all of those irrelevant to PM that's all go-to-market strategy yeah okay got it really resume so that way it will transition to PM technical PM no problem you already had you work on this now the rest is repackaging I was doing Shirley Lee and you can google her name Charlotte Lee yeah she is already last mile technical PM she's managing dairy product milk cheese I think you are more technical than her based on where she got started okay so let me go to the next one thank you very much no problem make sure to like and share my YouTube and LinkedIn videos and more people and send it to other people who need free resume review okay so now let me do Sumita Sumita can you introduce yourself yeah do a quick introduction hi this is Sumita Pante and I have around eight years of experience in IT all together and my product managers experience was like five years in HSBC after that I started with my studies here in US and I'm about to complete my graduation my master's degree and my major is again I'm focusing on product manager again so my problem is that I have everything people say like I do have good action works according to a PM resume but the only problem is that now I'm starting to you know try to get jobs and stuff and in the last two months I guess I got like just two interviews I know what's going on I know what's wrong okay for example this is not PM driven you have impact okay hey guys if you want to show impact have a separate session called achievement that's it right and then the rest of and the rest of these is not PM focused you can delete this and you keep this and move it on the achievement session instead of you put something irrelevant to PM excited user research again see for example it did use the research in the PM words we call that voice of customer interview okay I think you say you did a PM you didn't write it in the PM way and launch this that's no problem you have some of you are going to launch something right and this one I need to be rewritten this one whatever product operations in data leverage expertise in okay our friend while so this is not what I want to see for PM either navigate full product management life cycle and by solutions cool I like it okay so now the problem is you told me something else that's not fully PM for example I want to see if say you leverage internal product management life cycle right so it's fine but I want to see hey I started by interviewing customers and working with team of 20 engineers to build it and then create the end-to-end customer journey a map for our team to support it right you can describe that way but instead say I manage the end-to-end product management life cycle and it's very very operational focus and same thing what I said earlier as well I don't see you right to resume the way it should be for PM right facilitate there's no problem prioritized features should be prioritized part of roadmap right and team with stakeholders how many stakeholders right 20 stakeholders including our owners like designers engineers conduct voice custom interviews which I don't see it here either so now you have down PM things but not fully you say you do it but you don't show it on your resume that's a problem I mean yeah the problem with my role was that I was doing it for the in-house tools so there was like nothing like go-to-market or anything because those were all you know it's okay you can still talk about you conduct voice custom interview right you create a tool without talking to people that's not a good practice you should right yeah your sounds very process-driven no wonder you mentioned you say you work in-house that makes sense now but when you go for interviews you cannot make your own someone else tell her what to do she just follow the process did something you cannot present yourself in the job market right now because it's very competitive but the resume is reflecting you being just passive you did something so you should practically I conduct voice custom interview that's why I understand it that's why I create internal tools that's no problem you also need to change your mindset regarding how to position yourself in the market as well so that's the main thing it's missing okay so let me go to next one no problem Sejana are you here yeah I'm here yeah can you quickly introduce yourself yeah hi Nancy yeah thank you for doing this so yeah I'm currently working as a part-time founding product manager at a very early stage consumer tech startup I have two years of experience as a software developer and after that I pursued my master's degree in information management with the specialization in product and I recently graduated and in December and I've been looking for product roles mostly trying to focus on associate product roles and you know like technical product manager roles so yeah that's my focus right now I think my challenge right now is just with the job market I'm not receiving a lot of call packs and I'm just trying to figure out how I can change up or like package my story to you know better show me skill so you graduate already so it has been like almost three to four months and I'm working right now as a product manager at Huxey which is a consumer tech startup but it is part-time I know this is a part-time part-manager so now you want to land a real full-time job for a better company I think I like the second bullet point that's what we're looking for cross-finger team of different people that's no problem okay so this is a summary of what you did the product work on that's also no problem I want to see more user again so why you guys really like to say you do user research it's called voice or customer interviews okay all right you guys user research is non-PMs like to say I do user research because designers UIUX designer they say they do user research okay now you compare yourself with the designers no right your product manager at here we kind of voice customer interviews so understand the pain points needs and desire to create engineering facing requirements right so I think you didn't really write it in the PM style but the second one I like it this first one is summary no problem and down below in the change completely and you should also talk about roadmap for example like Joe part of roadmap of 20 different features aligned part of stakeholders vision and selling those the part of roadmap ideas to the other different group of people whatever you can put it there right so so this was a more like data focused role it was an internship that I did but yeah that's what I know I can tell it's more data focused this is fine SQL database this is fine Joe creation execution cost and I will remove this one okay I will say more regarding after you drive the the data you propose some part of features and drive some inside a product inside or any kind of like important part of metrics from your data you link back to product management okay I think I think you are missing this part I think you are missing what is product management how to link it back you just say something you say I'm PM I PM experience but you don't talk like a PM that's a problem so go to this video where I talk about different sessions of your resume and I also recommend this video regarding what does product manager do what does product manager see right here what does product manager do dark name city you well well right for example key scales of the part of managers and there's another one I specialize and okay I yeah do the scales first I think you need to understand the way we do product because my embassy use the voice of custom interview all of this and change how you do so I don't use the research now you do voice of custom interview you should learn this first what does product manager do and then you can see more examples coming once you search it in my play list okay that's the main thing could you like look at like the summary that I have and give any tips that you have on how I could change it up yeah I see a summary is good it just when you just oh so that's impressive summary and you go below she's doing very operational work and that's we don't like to see okay that's the main problem okay okay so my computer froze my computer froze I think I remove everyone's resume on zoom good job everybody on zoom now let me see any questions I have in other youtube and like then see anybody who emailed me okay so now pre recap regarding how to submit your resume well right here when I'm not when I am live email me nasa.com when not live email info pmsr.io so lots of people on my zoom today the email my team okay the email title should be free resume review for attending masterclass of the pool or resume together in the go in a google folder for me to review right here okay everything is right here because oh what is masterclass right here so okay for on darknancy.com the website you can go to this right here darknancy.com and the main homepage has the button helps you to go to slash masterclass okay or go to darknancy.com slash masterclass you come here okay whoever joined the masterclass will give them free resume review because after finishes you know how to create a portfolio you also have a resume ready you can direct it off for interview so that's the main thing you need to work on right away okay so now let me let me pull up other resumes see if if you only have 45 minutes reviewing all the resumes that's why I want to prioritize people who already attend the masterclass if we have extra time we can help other people out for sure but let me see um let me go to my back end uh so John I got your resume cool cool cool nice nice nice nice uh a new rock I got your resume let me do a quick review you can see in techno p.m a microsoft cool we have microsoft p.m statehood management transformation functional collaboration microsoft teams you work for microsoft a really long time the layoffs resume need to be changed it's kind of weird okay you should change your layout later on okay so now I see um I think this is good but you need to add more voice of customer interviews all your business functions are missing go to market strategy voice of customer interview understand customer pain point um all of this are missing I want you to add it back to here looks like you're very technical so you don't talk to customers we want to see more end to end p.m skills that can be presented on your resume and also the layout the your resume is not very organized the way how I felt it why you why you're hiding on something this is achievement okay you only highlight your achievement but did you development cycle different implementation see this is very operational I want to see the roadmap is good this is roadmap is good okay but up to operational I want to see things regarding the plus strategy cut towards the customer interview real product requirement all of those are missing even if you have title and you say you work from Microsoft um but there's lots of room for improvement okay um cool I believe I reviewed all the resumes especially people who already 10 months of class you are in my zoom meeting already and I finish everything with everybody good job everybody awesome okay great so this is Dr Nancy Lee thank you for joining me let me see any questions on LinkedIn and YouTube uh can I have questions here is that uh who's that so Jenna uh uh camera on please oh yeah sure yeah hi uh yeah just based on my resume I have like a big skill section which I'm always a little confused about is that anything you would suggest that keep or not keep you can do it towards the bottom yeah don't take too much space yeah you can do it okay yeah no problem cool okay see let me see any question from YouTube LinkedIn one sec uh see resolution ratio do you get a review yeah you can email me and yes using the link to download the p.m. interview database uh jabs I've interviewed the VP of engineering today and I'm very nervous this is the third round after CFO CEO about the first p.m. interviewing with best of luck yes best of luck hope you're going to pass the interview we have lots of free training on my YouTube playlist you should get ready prepared for upcoming interviews okay cool okay great good job everybody I finished all the review and I have a crying baby I need to go check out my baby all right talk guys have a good day and make sure to like this video share this video with any experienced managers or existing managers senior p.m. for the upgraded career awesome thank you for joining me talk guys soon bye guys


Okay, so here's what we need to do. Here's a game plan for today, Leonard. I gotta be running for mayor I haven't done any real campaigning. So You know who else is running I know a Maximilian something or another and then a Romo squammy. Okay. All right. I think I've seen some guy on the social media I think his name was Pildes. I think he's running as well. Oh, is he really? I ain't met him I guess he's running but hey, I'll help you. I'll help Okay, I'm gonna need you to be my campaign manager. Okay, so at all costs. I need you I need you there with me, okay? Wait, what do you mean it all come? I need I need you to I need you to be there with me tonight whenever I'm Doing the debates. Okay, cuz I got to have my support my support staff. So hopefully nothing happens. You can't make it Hopefully nothing happens that I can't Eight o'clock Texas time the only town that matters. So Pildes is his other character. So he's obviously nothing happens to me before that Yeah, that'd be bad. We'll help you. Yes. I'm trying to find out where my office is gonna be when I wouldn't matter. Oh For floor or floor all the way up. Okay. Yeah, you just take the stairs up And then the wooden door all the way to the right in the corner. Okay, good No fourth floor wooden door. Okay, you guys know who else is running. No, because the elections haven't actually started yet Hardy hardy McMuffin, so our cornwood right here is gonna win. Mm-hmm. Absolutely. I'm gonna help them win Oh, huh. Do you have any idea when the election itself is gonna happen? Only time will tell as the city allows more and more people to come in. Okay, what you said You know, you know, Chef, why should I vote for you over somebody like pelvis? Well, I mean, I'll tell them tell them.   I mean, this is this is terrible.  Well, what about this? What about this right here? What about that? What about that vulgar there?   All right, but captain Ruth, you know, she she's Excuse me got something in my throat She was not a fan of me trying to get us to do the damn Pledge of Allegiance before our PD meeting today Did the Pledge of Allegiance come we don't need to do the pleasure here I'll do the honors. We don't need the Pledge of Allegiance, man What kind of meeting doesn't have the Pledge of Allegiance ma'am?  I got donuts for you man.  Well, I mean, I think I don't think they're gonna vote no against it I mean, that would be why I mean, I hope I hope not I guess corn boy. I mean look at him. He's gonna be the best mayor ever. I'm his campaign manager Just so you know, right the people you're gonna have to convince for a weapon license is gonna be Your deputy mayor the chief of staff chief justice treasurer head of the bar association healthcare liaison and a law enforcement liaison, so you can do that, right?  Is corn boy gonna be able to pick his deputy mayor or no, no That's the mayor or a runner-up, but you can pick his chief of staff who does get a seat So the runner-up gets deputy Yeah, they're by establishing a minority government and another so there's no more bias Yeah, I worry the only person you can I mean you're you're gonna be able to choose your chief of staff Which is pretty much gonna do a job of a deputy mayor, but two out of eight ain't bad But uh, yeah, it's six more to win over.  Go against this wall right here. Let me take a picture so I could do a campaign Hold on hold on hold on Go up to the mayor's office. Wait right now. Oh, yeah.  Yeah, absolutely. But first Pete trust. What's your name? His name's Leonard Leonard Oh, are you talking? Are you talking to me? Yeah, his name is his name is Leonard. Oh, it's Leon. It's Leon Cassidy All right, Leonard come up here.   Yes, yeah All right, all right, okay get to work. All right. All right future all right future mayor Come on keep moving. Yeah, what's I'm eating me burger I'm a little bit hungry Last one unfortunately That's the cold. It's a cold air. You know against my lungs. Yeah, I mean hell It should be all we should do this in Academy the mayor's office even I think we got another flat of stairs Yeah, I was close get do it. All right. Yep. Yep. You okay? Okay, I'm good. I'm good.  Oh, you know, you know, we have 500 applicants to the police department It's just a cold air. I mean these new these young fellows are gonna come in there. I'll give you run for your money You know that right Leonard. Maybe hands on put your hands. Yeah All right, that looks good. That looks good. All right You know, I'm not good with these these technologies and whatnot, but I'll try to get something I'll try to get something going for you. I'll work on it while we're in the car Okay, that that better look good, you know, do that damn.  Yeah, yeah, I slept on the night Like actual police work on the radio All right, I'm getting tired hurry up. Okay. Yes. All right. Yes, future mayor Just keep moving Faster Leonard Okay, I'm joking about him dying, but I'm He might be having a heart attack, I'm sure he's fine I mean, what's the worst that could happen all the way to the door now Leonard and all the way to the door I'm working on this campaign poster. Okay, you keep it up. Oh There's fries in the glove box. I forgot to left those there. Can I can I have them or?  Yeah, that's all right. Okay, so what do we what do we got to do next? I don't know. Well, let me I could think in a second. I'm just let me I'm gonna finish up this campaign poster really quickly It's gonna be great. You're gonna love it. Okay, I'm excited. I'm gonna post it on Twitter. Yeah, go in and send it out there.  That's good stuff right there. That is that is that is you love.  I love that I love that. You got the Texas flag. You have the American flag the Eagle gun and corn and wood Yep, I love that's that's damn that is beautiful. That's see I that's a thing I never learned see nowadays in school y'all are in these damn crazy ass, you know motion graphic design No, this is computer class. Yeah.  All right You mind if I go grab some food real quick. Hey, you stick this out. I'll be right back Just make sure nothing bad happens. I hear no jaywalking or nothing. Oh, all right. Yeah, okay


Throw, swap, climb, down, and run. Throw! Yeah, throw. Oh yeah, baby! I mean, it seemed like it would be kind of fun.  It's only me. Gura, hey, listen. Okay, Gali, I'm listening.


Hey, what's good y'all should boy down for the down showing friends. We back with another k-pop reaction. I check this out today We're doing Kai I believe mm-hmm Dance practice, so we're gonna check this out today. We have much more videos to drop and if you're watching this I want to say to everybody that has subscribed to this page. Thank you so much. We are now at 20k subscribers So check this out. We're gonna drop more videos. We got music videos on the way So don't be surprised tomorrow or whenever you're seeing this if there might be some music videos popping up on this channel So I know y'all been waiting for me to do that But I'm bringing the bro Carter in and it's going down and we might have me James and Carter all together Doing some videos. So if you don't look out for that So please hit the like button and subscribe ring that bell and once again for real y'all Thank y'all so much for the love and support. We had 20k subscribers That's 20,000 people That's 20,000 people I was going crazy when I only had 25 people like 25 people want to watch my videos So I'm just thankful for that. All right. So listen, let's get into it. Let's watch some reaction videos Let's review. Let's get some labs and let's do this. All right.  So I want to see this whole puzzle hold on hold on hold on Let me get this water. All right, see what we're going with this. Let's go. Okay. Oh I like that I like the startup. I Love a good startup. I love a good startup Mmm-hmm.  Watch the heels. Watch the heels. Let's go Watch the heel turn Let's go. Let's just keep going. Let's keep going. Let's keep going Okay, there's so much I shout out to the ladies. They're killing this Let's go. Come on. Come on. Okay. Oh, he said deep deep deep. Go back. Go back. Go back We just start over let's go. I Love the intro. I really love the intro Don boom. Okay. Oh We're ready to execute that way to execute that so I truly truly appreciate that that was tight That was really really tight. Um, it was just like the details right here the details Isolations the drops Before the music drop, it's like it just builds you up to see that something big is coming for me I love stuff like that.  I see a little bit of crump I see a little bit of crump like especially when he came out here with the arms See a little bit of crump. So let's keep going Let's go He hard hitting see them hits Yeah, see them hits like it's in between and then it's sharp. You see that that? Uh, uh, it's all of that Oh, yeah, I felt that I felt that coming. Okay. Okay. Okay. Go back. Go back. Go back. Go back Where to execute that? Ta-ta-ta-ta one and two and three and four and five and six and seven and eight and one Great execution. You got to take a moment. You got to take a moment. Appreciate that great execution great execution Let's watch that in mute Just to show you how like they really hit that you got to appreciate that You got to appreciate that look at that because listen When the role the roast that movement right there for me I'm used to seeing that because as a choreographer in being a part of the hip hop culture Like you see moves like that since since I was a little kid So doing dance moves like that I am used to was crazy to me is that I love the fact that they executed to the ground move So after they come from here when they drop one two three four five six that drop right there Easily any dancer. All right any dancer like that drop to the knee and sliding over to that Like you have to rehearse that for real because one doing moves like that on the ground It's like it's like 50-50.  Yeah, I hear the beat. I love the sharp hits.  I Want to see this real quick when he slid over one two three boom Boom, I wonder it didn't make a music video about this if they did just post a link in the comments I'm gonna put this part as Carter's videos to watch because I want to know that they use that in a video when it came Over and got right back into the line slanted over like that So I think I know why I like this choreography, I think I know why we're gonna talk about it after I see this part I feel like two days could have happened right here So when he went right here in the choreography, I wonder and rehearsals did they play with Kai actually linked over? Okay, so you see the dancer that's literally right behind him like she got her back turn I'm wondering and rehearsal did they try to experiment with him leaning on her With the arm and then there was a pull up Like I'm just wondering like that's the beauty of dancing and art like you can play with a lot of things I wanted that he try to play with that because just especially the way that he got his leg Cut back to him to pop up that like it's like a balance point Like you would just pop your body back up and you see the dancer on the ground holding You said you see that So I wonder if they tried to experiment with that maybe maybe not but other than that I do like this part right here Because there's empty space right here and then all of a sudden they bring this moving here They come in that's a great transition because it was an empty space right here. See how empty that was So then they come from here. This was smooth as hell Step in yeah, yeah, I'm with it. I'm with it. I'm with it Overall, I'm just saying great job Great job. They really put this together very well. Oh Did they just go off like that? Who made you mad? Oh Let's go let's go Let's go Let's go I'm all for it. I wanted how in the hell they would have shot that because it's like three different Phrases, I mean not phrases, but ways of recording this Having interesting. Yeah, I want to watch the music video. I actually want to see for myself How did they shoot this without losing all the dancing? Nice Okay, okay, okay, okay Huh, this is the beauty of illusions because if you look from here Okay, see how they clutter up but not like an organized clutter up, right? Then from here They got right into the line they step right out. So the last dancer in the back The last dancer in the back. Sorry. I'm really doing a review like I love this dance stuff So I really want to see this for real. Then they stepped on to the line Yep, and then of course again Yeah Great choreography work great choreography work. I really respect the choreography in kpop because of something that I seen growing up now that I still see in kpop is Yes, there are moves that you're going to see that we did on the first chorus or the first hook, right? But we're going to change it up and still use that move but change the way that it's formatted on the stage Which what happens with the audience to connect with? Because for me, I'm gonna remember this I'm gonna remember this You know saying that's for me. That's the part That's gonna be if I'm on if I'm at the concert and I know the choreography I'm like, okay, they're gonna drop drop. Okay, the ladies they're gonna drop do that move hit the ground Move pop up and hit the groove I'm gonna be an audience doing this Milo not like no lie. Like that's what's gonna be me from me watching So I love it. I love it. This is actually to be honest with you. This teaches me a lot.  I'm here for it. I'm here for it Good work go work go What what I'm sorry y'all I'm all I just want to do a real reaction video every time I do these I just can't just just let it play.  You feel me like I'm here for this Let's go Big artist the details for me. I'm really for these details Let's go Okay, okay, okay Okay, we in there we in there we in there we in there you in there you in there He was in his pocket right there. He was in his pocket right there.  It's the in-betweens for me.  This is doing something for me I'm all for it. I'm all for it I'm all for it.  I'm here for this. I would have been a crowd like this part I would have been like this. Hold on.  I'm done. Oh Oh Oh I'm here for it Explain to me why this video doesn't have 50 million views. Who hate it? How come this video does not have like 50 million views? We got time y'all y'all y'all not ready to leave me y'all want this video to be longer You know, you miss me every time I don't do a video. How come this video doesn't have like have like 50 million views Did they not are they not watching what I'm watching do me a favor Send us to everybody again as I'm reacting to this. You're crazy. Are you for real?  Y'all about to finish how y'all started. I will fight y'all. Let's go I wonder what was what what it was that did they stop right here? Mmm. That was interest. I wonder why they did that. Was this a second shot? Was that a second shot? I mean if it was I mean that's cool, but overall Overall great video great video great video great video For me what I like the most was the fact that It was the details in between the big moves and I really do love the grooves I'm not really like Like we know there's gonna be ripples. Okay, we know there's there's gonna be a A Flow that we're gonna all be able to catch up on even if the choreography is difficult But the one thing about like the k-pop world that I am learning notice what I said learning They have a good format To keep us like in trees, especially with the choreography. There's a consistency there, you know And because of that consistency, it's like you start to really learn to appreciate it the more and more you watch these Videos, you know, there's a way to execute to make sure that you keep everybody along and that's important If you're going to be in this in this dance world and the industry is like The storyteller. Okay. It's a good. It's a good way to keep going and creating a very like powerful piece This choreography was cold like I'm just gonna play it in the back as we exit out of this video for today but like this choreography from me like There was a lot of great moments in this choreography But like I said before like the one thing I enjoyed about this choreography It's a lot of in-between movements and the way they execute the energy they have like the speed playing around like when you manipulate the Speeds with rules like you just can't you can't lose Especially if you do it right So if you're out there you have a dance group, you know You have a student organization or anything like that at your at your college or you've got a dance company And you're making choreography My advice to you from my experience is to make sure you execute everything full out so you get good results So when you're in dance practice, you gotta go a hundred percent. That's the best time Go hard put in some hours.  Okay, so please Share this y'all because I just want to know why this didn't get like 50 million because I can go on I can make a part two and talk about how The way this choreography looks for me There have been so many ways to play with this choreo and the track by itself was already cold And he was hitting the Kai and the dancers Excellent, and I'm telling you I will watch a whole concert of all the dancers that are part of these All these songs and dance practices music videos. I would love to just meet them I would love to meet all of them and just talk about like what goes through their head Creating this work the choreographers and directors like what do what goes through your head? I don't want your moves I don't want to take anything from it. I just want to know like what goes through your head What do you think about when you put these stories together because this is awesome? Well, listen other than that I'm done bothering y'all Hopefully there's another video out right now because y'all show love So I'm about to drop a whole bunch of videos for y'all because we had 20k So please subscribe ring that bell and other than that y'all y'all be safe Take care of your mental take care of your physical eat well drink of water and I'll see you soon peace


Dev Velocity is something that's really near and dear to the heart of the engineering culture. We may have up to 100 or more deployments a day. We have over 200 million monthly uniques. It's really important that we have a great mobile app because it's becoming one of the primary ways that people access Quora. Quality is really at the core of everything we do at Quora. The ability to deploy continuously hinges on a good testing infrastructure. We want to have the best tools possible. Where Visual Studio App Center stood out was its reliability.  Having all of that available in the cloud and be able to run that on demand has been a huge time saver for us. It was amazing to see our code running at the same time on many different devices rather than simulators or emulators to try to reproduce issues. It's an awesome feeling when I saw the screen shot up with every single step and then when something breaks we know exactly what happened. Quora has grown a lot but something we're really proud of is keeping our development team really lean. Everyone is empowered to have idea and try out in production without being blocked by anyone. With Visual Studio App Center we can be much more confident in our releases. We know that the output of these tests is reliable and so developers can spend much less time testing and more time focusing on developing products. This is really as good as it gets.


Okay, thank you for the introduction. As mentioned, I'm going to talk about proof of work in the context of cryptocurrencies. Now, the term proof of work was first introduced by Dwork and now in the early 90s as a computational technique to limit access, excessive users' access to a shared resource. It's a very general concept and in the context of cryptocurrencies, the entities that generate those proofs are called miners. So, how are the proofs generated? Each miner gets a list of recent transactions and it is going to bind those transactions into a block and perform a computational action on it. Once the computation succeeds, it has a proof that it performed the computation. The proof itself is just a string that the miner concatenates to the block and then submits the block to the network. What verifies the proofs? Each node on the network should verify the proof and assuming that the proof is correct, it adds the block to its local copy of the blockchain. Why do we need proofs? Why do we need to work in order to add a block to the blockchain? The basic idea is that if it was easy to add new blocks, it would open a door for several attacks and manipulations on the blockchain, such as double spending, which is spending money more than once and therefore the mechanism of proof of work is an important layer in the safety of the blockchain. We will now go over the most basic proof of work, which is the one that is used in Bitcoin. In Bitcoin proof of work, there is a global adjustable difficulty parameter that is denoted by D that controls how hard it is to generate a proof. The proofs algorithm is going to take as an input a challenge i. The challenge i can be deterministically computed using the previous block and the transactions on the current block. The goal of the proof is to find a nonce n, such that if you concatenate n to i, executing SHA-256 on the obtained string, will be less than the difficulty parameter D. Since SHA-256 is safe, the best algorithm is an exhaustive search and the proof is going to be denounced n. Of course, there's also the verifiers algorithm that is being executed by each node on the network. What's the simplest algorithm you can think of? The verifiers algorithm takes as an input a challenge i and a nonce n and if the condition is met, he adds the block to his local copy of the blockchain. Let's try to think whether this is a good implementation of a proof of work. The major advantage of this proof of work is that the verification algorithm is very efficient. If the verification algorithm was low, meaning it would take a lot of resources, then since each node on the network executed, you could do denial of service attacks. But perhaps a more serious problem would be that if the verification algorithm was low, blocks would spread much more slowly over the network. This would create inconsistencies between the internal state of the blockchain and the different nodes on the network. This state is often referred to as a fork. But there is also a disadvantage in this simplicity. The disadvantage comes from the perspective of the prover. The prover's algorithm can be implemented very efficiently on dedicated hardware, on ASIC, application-specific integrated circuit. In fact, the cost of computing the prover's algorithm is more than 10,000 times less on ASIC compared to general CPUs. Well, this is a problem. Why? Now it is not recommended to mine on regular CPUs. Today, my inks are done in huge angers containing thousands of dedicated hardware components that are specialized in computing SHA-256. It has become a centralized industry, which is in contrary to the philosophy of Bitcoin. So in this talk, I'm going to present an approach to fight decentralization using what is called a memory-hard function that I will introduce shortly. Then I'm going to describe a concrete proof-of-work scheme called MTP that uses this approach. This will provide the background, and in this work, I'm going to describe a subtle weakness in MTP that allows us to break its security claims as we will see later on. What is the purpose of memory-hard function? We said there is a gap between the implementation of the Prover's algorithm on dedicated hardware versus general CPUs. Therefore, the purpose of memory-hard function is to narrow this gap. The idea is that on the one hand, the standard execution of this algorithm would require significant amount of memory in order to compute, and on the other hand, any attempt to use less memory would result in a high computational penalty. Why does this approach narrow the gap? At a high level, I would just say that since memory consumes a large amount of on-chip area, there is much less room left for CPUs. Next, I'm going to describe a specific memory-hard function called Argon2D that was presented by Biryakov and Khovratovich. Argon2D takes as an input a challenge i, and what it is going to do in a very schematic way is to compute a very long array of entries in sequential order, meaning x1, x2, and so on. From now on, until the end of this talk, a block is simply an entry in this array. The output is the last block in the array. So, how is each block xI computed? The first few blocks are computed directly from the challenge i, but almost all other blocks are computed using a compression function f. The compression function f takes as an input two blocks from the array and returns a single block output. So, xI is equal to the execution of f on the previous block and another block that is located at phi of i. Phi is called an indexing function, and in Argon2D it depends on the value of the previous block. For simplicity, an approximation of this function is to take the value of the previous block, modulo i minus 2. Let's take an example. Let's say we want to compute x7. In order to compute x7, we need the previous block, which is x6, and another block that is located at phi of 7. Phi of 7 is equal to the value of the previous block, which is x6, modulo 5, and this case is equal to 3. Why is Argon2D considered a memory hard function? Assume we store in memory only a small fraction of blocks, let's say one-fifth of the blocks, keeping each fifth block in memory. The goal is to compute xi. Let's take a look at the computation graph of xi. In order to compute xi, we need to compute a computation graph in recursive order. If a block is not present in memory, these are the blue nodes in the computation graph. We need to find the block value, and if there are a lot of blue nodes in the computation graph, we are going to pay a high computational penalty. In the following table, you can see the best known time memory trade-offs for Argon2D. The penalty increases very sharply, and therefore, Argon2D is considered a memory hard function. We can try to think what can be done in order to use Argon2D as a proof of work in the cryptocurrency settings. The problem is that the verification is going to be inefficient. The verifier will have to compute the entire array in order to verify that the proof is correct. This leads me to the main subject of this talk, which is the MTP proof of work scheme. MTP was presented by the same designers of Argon2D, and the designers claim that MTP simultaneously offer both memory hardness of the prover's algorithm, and also efficient verification. Achieving each property separately is trivial, but getting them simultaneously is much more challenging. Also, MTP is a concrete proof of work scheme, which means the designers suggested concrete parameters for it, and it was originally planned to be incorporated into the Z-coin cryptocurrency. One of the main components of the MTP proof of work scheme is the Merkel-Hashtree. Merkel-Hashtree is a cryptographic structure that allows verification of small segments within a large memory in a very efficient way. We defined two actions on such a tree. First, building the three. The build function takes as an input a long array inks and outputs the final hash in the Merkel-Hashtree, which is also called a commitment, and is denoted by pi. The second action I'm going to describe is opening of a block. The opening of block XI is an evidence that the block is located at index I. What is the idea behind this cryptographic structure? The idea is that given the commitment pi, it is computationally hard to lie about the content of XI. Now I'm going to describe the proof as algorithm in the MTP proof of work scheme. The proof starts by computing the argon 2D function and then building the Merkel-Hashtree to obtain a commitment pi. Then the proof is going to choose a random nonce n and start computing a series of pseudo random values Y0, Y1, and so on. Out of each Y, the proof is going to derive a pseudo random index and is required to provide the block that is located at that index. This process continues for L pseudo random blocks and as in Bitcoin, the final hash is compared against the difficulty parameter D. If it is not smaller than D, the proof is going to choose a new random nonce n and start all over again, but if it succeeds, he found a proof and this proof includes the commitment pi, the nonce n, and the opening of 3L blocks. Given the proof, the verifier can exactly compute the same chain of values in order to verify that the proof is correct. So for each pseudo random index, the proof is going to open the block that is located at that index, but also the two blocks from which it was created according to the compression function of argon 2D. The idea is that once the pover has committed himself to these three blocks, he cannot against the commitment pi, he cannot lie about these blocks values. As I said earlier, MTP is a concrete proof of work scheme with given parameters. The verification is very efficient and the question is, what about the memory hardness of the pover's algorithm? MTP is built on three building blocks. The first one is the argon 2D memory hardness. The second one is the Merkel-Hashtree and the third is the series of pseudo random indexes that are based on the Fiat-Shamir transform. Given that these building blocks are safe, is it implies that MTP is also safe? The goal of the attacker is to show that MTP is not a memory hard function by computing MTP proof with a very small amount of memory, but also a reasonable computational penalty. Once again, it should be emphasized that the computational penalty depends on the size of the argon 2D computation graph. And we saw earlier that if we kept a small amount of blocks in memory, we are going to pay a high computational penalty. What would happen if the pover tries to cheat? What would happen if the pover tries to compute a different function from argon 2D? We focus on the most interesting pover, which cheats by including an epsilon fraction of inconsistent block. This inconsistent block will not computed according to the compression function of argon 2D. Now, what needs to be done in order to generate a valid proof? In order to generate a valid proof, the pover needs that all the 70 pseudo random indexes would land on consistent blocks, on the blue blocks. If a pseudo random index would land on inconsistent block, the pover will be forced to open the two predecessors of this block. And since this block is inconsistent, the verifier will catch it. A fairly simple probabilistic analysis shows that this occurs with probability one minus epsilon at the power of 70. And if a cheating pover is going to use a very large amount of inconsistent blocks, he is going to pay a very large penalty. And therefore the pover is forced to use a very small amount of inconsistent blocks. What seems intuitive is that if pover is a very small amount of inconsistent blocks, he computed function that is similar to argon 2D. And argon 2D is considered a memory hard function, and therefore MTP is also memory hard. That's what the designer thought, but we are going to show that it is not the case. We are going to show a pover that computes MTP proof with a very small amount of memory, but also a relatively small penalty. We call the indexing function phi of argon 2D. The indexing function depends on the value of the previous block. So a cheating pover is going to exploit the fact that argon 2D accesses its memory in such a way that is determined by its previous computation on the values of its own blocks. The goal of the cheater is to cheat in a very small amount of block, such that the computation graph will be much smaller. So the main idea of the attack is that a cheating pover will compute a different function from argon 2D that has weaker computation memory trade-off resistance. Let's see how it can be done. Assume we store in memory only a small set of blocks denoted by S. These are the green blocks in their way. And now we are going to manipulate each second block such that the blue blocks are going to be computed using blocks from the set S. Meaning the indexing function of each blue block is going to point towards a block from the set S. Note that the red blocks are now inconsistent. These blocks were not computed according to the compression function of argon 2D. The problem is that half of the block are now inconsistent. And the pover is going to pay a very large penalty in order to land on 70 consistent blocks. That's not good enough. In fact, we can generalize this idea. We can divide the memory to larger segments of five or even 20 blocks. The inconsistent block on each segment, the red block, is also called a control block. And it is chosen such that the following T minus one blocks are going to be computed using the set S. Meaning the indexing function of each blue block is going to point towards a block from the set S. There are several problems here. First, computing control blocks is going to be relatively expensive now. And also we will have to store those blocks in memory. In fact, there are several optimizations we can do. There is no need to save the green blocks in memory. We can just save the red blocks, the control blocks, and make sure that the blue blocks will be computed directly from the red ones. Let's see what we gained from this attack. Let's say we want to compute x15. In order to compute x15, we need a previous block, which is x14, and the block that is located at phi of 15. We have manipulated the indexing function such that it will point towards a control block that is stored in memory, and so on, and so on. So we have managed to manipulate the computation graph in such a way that the computation graph is much smaller. In fact, it's a single branch. Let's go through the phases of this basic attack. We start by computing the control blocks and building the Merkle-Hushtree to obtain a commitment pi. Then we need to generate a consistent proof. In order to generate a consistent proof, we need that all the 70 pseudo-random indexes would land on the blue blocks, on the consistent blocks. If a pseudo-random index would land on inconsistent blocks like this one, the pover would not be able, the pover is forced, to open the two predecessors of this block. And since this block is inconsistent, the pover will catch him. Let's concentrate on the first phase of this attack. What is the computational complexity for generating control blocks? We denote by a big T the size array, and by a small T the segment size. Since each T consecutive blocks contains a single control block, the probability to land on a control block is one over T. Since each control block controls the next T minus one blocks, we need to satisfy T minus one condition, and therefore the complexity is as follows. Note that the complexity is exponential in T. And the problem is that for a large T, we are going to spend a significant amount of time in order to generate those control blocks. One of the techniques we used in order to speed up the only computation that begins once the challenge I is received is preprocessing. At first sight, it may not be clear how a cheating pover can benefit from preprocessing, as the function has to be applied to the challenge I, whose values cannot be predicted in advance. The idea is to partition the array into two parts. The first one is going to be a small prefix that are going to be computed honestly online using the challenge I. And the second one is going to be independent of the first one and also contain most of the blocks. In order to maintain the property, that the complexity of the preprocessing phase, we want to store a few fixed value blocks and only there the control blocks. We will make sure that the control blocks, that the blue blocks will be computed using the few fixed value blocks and not depend on the undetermined prefix. So during the online computation, the only thing the pover needs to do is to compute the small prefix and finish the miracle hash tree. We stress that the preprocessing phase can be very easily parallelized and requires less than one megabyte of memory. We also note that additional optimizations are possible and described in details in the paper. Now we are going to evaluate this attack. In a standard metric, we can show that we can compute a poof which is roughly 110 times more efficient compared to the honest pover, of course only after practical pre-computation. The potential effect of this attack is that now an attacker can overwhelm the network with malicious poof with very small computational power. This may cause significant problems such as double spending, and in this sense this attack is critical. In conclusion, MTP is a concrete poof of work scheme with several cryptographic building blocks. Even though each building block is secure, there is a subtle weakness in its indexing function, in its infi, that leads to a very efficient attack. The most natural way to fix MTP is to change the indexing function so that it will not depend on the values of X. However, there are still other weaknesses. Essentially, a significant impact of this attack is that MTP was withheld from deployment in the Z-coin cryptocurrency. So if you want to design a poof of work with desired properties such as efficient verification and also fight this centralization, it is still considered a difficult challenge and I expect that in the near future there will be further research on this area. Thank you for your attention.