Lunar New Year, welcome to Desk of Lady Aida. Hello, this happy dragon welcomes you to the year of the rabbit and the water rabbit you said earlier. Well, happy Lunar New Year to everybody. It's a wonderful time of year. A lot of people get to see family, eat some delicious dumplings, maybe get some nice presents in their red envelopes. Here at the Desk of Lady Aida, we are also making delicious dumplings, dumplings of electronics. Yeah, we got a lot of going on this week. We have some good top secret videos we've been posting up. We just filmed some of those, but this is our live Desk of Lady Aida show. So, yeah, ask questions during this, but you can also save them towards the end. We also do the great search brought to you by DigiKey, where we use Lady Aida's power of engineering to find the things that you want to find on digikey.com. Lady Aida, what is on your desk this week? All right. I'm glad you're at it. Of course, are there any news or updates? It shows as usual, right? Yeah, Liz is hosting her co-hosting show and tell, and then we're back doing Ask an Engineer while we were hanging out with some of the Raspberry Pi team on Wednesday. So, that is why we did not do a show. Okay. Got a lot of cool stuff ahead. Okay. Especially with Raspberry Pi related stuff. Sweet. Well, speaking of, let's go to the overhead. So, this week, one of the projects I worked on is I wanted to make some more feathers. I haven't made new feather boards in a while, and I thought, why revise the feather RP2040? But when I first designed the feathers, I think it's actually one of the first feathers, this one. The way I did it is I started with a dev board that has USB and charging and a reset button, and then I had a main chip, and then the idea was you'd have a different thing over here. So, for example, this is a Bluetooth module, and this is a, let's see, this is a 324, sorry, this is a SAMD21. So, this is a Cortex M0 SAMD21. Oh, that's right. It has this crystal. That's how I know. And it's got a Bluetooth module. Here's that same SAMD21. You can see all the parts on the left side are the same, and on the right, it has a SD longer instead. Or this version, also a SAMD21, you can see, again, left sides all the same, but this time it's got an RFM, Laura, or a radio module. And then, you know, originally this was a 324 based. 324 is good, but I wanted more memory in space. Cortex M0 is a nice update, 32K of RAM. That's still a lot of time for Circuit Python or other embedded, interpreted languages, or even if you just want to do slightly more complicated projects, especially IoT projects, if you're reading JSON data in or buffering data, 32 kilobytes does not last very long. The SAMD51 is a better bet, and we do have the SAMD51 here, but it turns out, well, first off, the SAMD51 is just a larger chip. There's more accessories on there. I could shove this over, but, you know, because I wanted to basically update the SAMD21 to make it better for Circuit Python use, because, you know, for example, the Laura radio, it kind of uses almost all the memory on the SAMD21. If you want to add other sensors and stuff onto this featherboard in Circuit Python, you run out of memory very quickly. So redoing it with the SAMD51 would be great, but I can't really get the SAMD51 right now. It's still, like, totally unobtainable. And so I thought, you know what, I should just move on and, you know, update it all to use the RP2040, and this is the original design of the RP2040 feather in pink. You see, it does take up a lot of space, but that's because, you know, you've got this large Neopixel and you've got this SWD header and a large SOIC flash memory. But maybe we can make this smaller, if we can make this as small as these SAMD21 feathers, then I could fit, you know, basically the same kinds of accessories, and it'd be great for use with Circuit Python, because that's kind of the only, you know, we don't, you can use the SAMD21 for Circuit Python, but again, it's, it's a bit of a cramped fit, especially these days, because we have so many things you can do it very quickly, you run out of memory. So to go to the computer. So when I, you know, we've got all these feathers, but when I did the Scorpio boards, the Scorpio doesn't have a lot of stuff at the end, but it does, you know, did have this thing where I kind of tried to squish the RP2040 over to the left to make room for this flash memory and I squared C stem and QT port, and then this level shifter, the Neopixel is smaller. So I took that RP2040 feather and sort of squished everything to the left to make enough room for this two by eight header and level shifter. So you could use this to drive, you know, eight channels of Neopixels, for example, but it's not this, this, this zone here is still quite small, I could probably fit one of those tiny micro SD sockets, but it's not large enough for like a bigger radio module. So my project this weekend was to really squish that stuff on the left and here is what I came up with. So to squish, there's a couple of things you can squish and some things you can't, right? Not everything can get smaller. Oh, you know, this rabbit is kind of in the way. Hi, rabbits in my circuit. This is a cute little, we're gonna give this as a gift to somebody with a kid that we know. It's a little happy rabbit. Happy new year. Okay, rabbit's out of the way. So the JST connector, we can't make smaller. The USB-C, we can't make smaller. The LED, there's not really much point in making smaller because it's kind of in this corner here, but and then the crystal, I tried to see could I get a smaller 12-vanguards crystal? No. Two by 2.5 millimeters is as small as it gets. The tactile switches, you can't make them smaller. They're pretty much as small as you can get while still being functional. Although I did move the boot tactile button over to the left. It used to be, you know, it was over here on the Scorpio. I moved it over. The Neopixel, you know, you can make smaller. I made that the 1.5 by 1.5 millimeter and I kind of tucked it over here. Flash memory, you know, if you want to use four to eight megabytes, you have to use the larger WSAN. You can't use your XSAN. You can't use USAN. The USAN is really small. It's two by three millimeters, but they only go up to two megabytes. It's actually is like the physical amount of space in the package is required to put that much memory. I also thought about changing the regulators and, well, the chargeship of the regulator, you know, I could change, but I have so many of those in stock and they're not inexpensive. So, you know, even though I could have shrunk these down, I was like, well, you know, I think I'll keep them this size for now and I can always shrink them. I did go with smaller vias. These are 11 mil vias.  It's just I'm just kind of used to doing 15 mil vias. So I did 15 for the power and ground, but for signal, I went with, I think this is a 7-7 rule, which is still pretty generous. 7 mils traces, 7 mils distance and 11 mil vias. And then I did another trick. Again, I could have gone with a four-layer board, but four-layer boards actually do start to cost more money. I wanted to stick with two-layer because it's not a radio board.  As long as I have a fairly good ground plane, I'm not worried about this chip. It doesn't actually draw that much power either. I have a regulator here that's 500 milliamps, but it's actually okay to I think go with a two-layer board as long as there's some ground plane on the top and bottom. Underneath the chip, I used this little gap area between the pads and the ground plane to put some vias in to kind of fan out the signals. I'll say if you do do this, just notice this yellow layer here. That's a white solder, sorry, silk screen. I do recommend putting silk screen because otherwise you risk the vias that they can't short against the ground pad if the ground pad extends out. So whenever I do this little trick, you know, where you kind of shrink the center pad down a little bit against mechanical, not even really thermal in this case, do put silk screen in that gap area also underneath modules. It's just a little bit of layer. It lifts, you know, separates the vias and the ground, but you don't have any issues with connectivity. Like you'll still have all the pads connect just fine. Okay, some questions. When will we put up the Eagle files for the bones? And then the JST itself, you can't shrink, but you could use a smaller JST or even a pair of pins to reduce the actual board for print, right? You could, but then none of our batteries would work, you know, and we've been talking the same batteries for like 15 years. So I don't really want to change. I think the feather standard, you know, you want to have the USB standard and you want to have the JST standard. I'd like to keep, yeah, I don't want to make something different. Okay. And what about the Scorpio bones files? Scorpio files are up. Okay. They're up on on GitHub. Okay. Next up, there's more. Were you able to sacrifice any of the capacitors recommended in the RP2040s reference design? No, I actually kept all the caps. But what I did do is I moved them down to 0402. So you'll see that this is an 0402 design. I kept the 10 microfarads as 0805 because the DC bias, you know, derating of a capacitor is affected by the size. The smaller you go, it's not like it's free to go smaller. When you go smaller, the derating increases. And so, you know, I would go to 0402 for one, maybe 0.1 microfarad, I don't mind or 0.01. One microfarad, I prefer to do 0603, but I couldn't fit it. But then the 10 microfarad, I really kept at 0805. I think that's important.  And I have like four of those. Have those as big as you can. Okay. And then I've never done a four layer board or RF board. Can you explain why four layers better for RF and which plane order would you recommend? Check your data sheet for the module or radio they're using because they'll actually tell you exactly what plane order. Usually it's, you know, signal at the top and then ground and then power and then, you know, bottom signal. But some of them have different, you know, opinions about where they want the ground plane. But usually they want their ground plane close by to the signal layer, which is on the top because that's where your traces are. RF, there's nothing inherent about four layers better for RF. It's just you're more likely to be able to get one solid ground plane close to the traces, which makes it a little bit easier to hit that, you know, if they want a 50 ohm trace to the antenna, or you have a bunch of 50 ohm traces, it's easier to match the impedance with the ground layer is nearby. There's a lot of online JavaScript calculators that'll tell you if your ground plane is this many mils away, how thick your traces have to be. And basically, you don't have to be as thick. Okay, keep going. So yeah, basically, the thing I really sacrificed is first off, I went with 7-7, reduced the vias, put the vias underneath this pad, the big diode that is the past. So, you know, the places I could really move stuff.  So, those immediately went to 0402s. I would have actually gone to maybe use resistor packs, but turns out like it was actually a little easier to route. I find it easier to route without resistor packs, unless it's just like they happen to be nearby each other. So, I stuck with just individual resistors, you know, I feel like if I'm going to pick something up just haven't be all the same. So, the place I actually saved a lot of space is here. Like again, there's this bulk capacitance. I didn't want to change that those. There's three or four, I think there's four 10 microfarad caps. There's one on the battery, one on the V-high line, one and two on the 3.3 volt line. Here's the other 10 microfarad cap. So, I don't want to reduce those. And the regulator, I really like the RT-9080. I think that it might be possible to get it in a 1 millimeter by 1 millimeter like XFN package. But I kind of wanted to just not do that. I guess have so many of these regulators and like I feel like you actually like I kind of like them as is. I was like I'll do that last like I kind of wanted to get everything else if I could adjust first. So, this diode usually this is an MBR040 and then I change this to a PMAG 2020. I might show off how I source this on the next great search not this week, but next week. Basically, the important thing about this is I want a fairly good forward voltage, you know, maybe, you know, less than 500 millivolts at about an amp. It should pass an amp because this is a power pass, right? The V-bust line, this is USB, goes into here, goes into V high. I don't want to lose more than about a half a volt here. So, this is a 4.5 volts. V-bust can be as low as 4.5. This can be 4.2 volts. And then I still have plenty of headroom into here. And also a very small reverse leakage current because this resistor, which pulls down this transistor and keeps the battery line from interfering. Sorry, it doesn't, sorry, it turns on the V-bat, P-fat when V-bust is gone, but when V-bust is here. This is powered and I just want to make sure that if V-bust is off and V-bat is on, this current doesn't back leak into here and put voltage on here. So, you know, some shocking data is going to have as much as like a milliamp or more of reverse leakage current. You want to keep this low leakage. So, I think this is like a 20, maybe 50 micro ampere leakage, which is very small. It means that this will be a very low voltage. The place I actually pretty much, you know, so I reduced this to, this was a SOD 123. It's now a, I think a SOD 320, yeah, 323F. So, a little bit smaller, but still can pass a good amount of current.  Have that low reverse leakage. Have the low forward voltage and dissipate any current.  But what I did do is I reduced this. This was originally a SOD 23. If you go to my overhead, I'll show it, the two parts that I changed. So, these two here, maybe I'll do the zoom. Can I zoom? Oh, zoom. Look at, look at how zoomy this is. So, this is that NBR040. This was the large diode. And this was the transistor. So, this is a SOD 23. So, I basically shrank those down. Those were the, you know, again, all their zisters, these are 0603s and I changed these to 0402s. But those two parts of the power path, I also managed to shrink while still maintaining their, the capabilities that I needed. So, if there's no questions. Let's go to great search. Let's go to great search. This is a great search brought to you by Digikey. I need a fruit. This is when we use Lydia's powers of engineering and smarts and decades of using the internet and digikey.com to help you find what you're looking for. Lydia, what's on the great search this week? This week, I'm looking for a smaller package for a power p-channel MOSFET that I use for the power supply on my feather boards because I wanted to shrink my feather board down to make it a little smaller. In addition, I use a SOP 23 p-channel FET. But let's look at what I used instead. So, at the computer. So, this is the original feather design that I'm going to shrink down a little bit. This is a standard SOP 23 channel p-fet. I use the DMG 3415 or 2305 pre-standard. The important things for me are they can pass a lot of current. So, at least two amps. Even in this particular case, it doesn't pass that much current. It passes maybe like, you know, a one amp peak. But oftentimes, I use this same part in a couple different spots in design. So, I want to make sure that it still maintains at high spec. It also should have a very low RDS on. Some p-channel FETs have like, you know, two, three ohms. I want this to be 50 milliohms or less. I also want a pretty low VGS threshold. So, what's the voltage required to turn on? It should be about a volt or less because I'm dealing with three-volt logic. And often the VGS is like, you know, specced at like less than a milliamp of current. So, you know, I want to make sure that I'm well above that. And again, I want smaller than the SOP 23 I've got here. So, and, you know, the other thing like VDS, you know, in this case, is 20 volts. So, basically, it's a smaller version of this. SOP 23 is kind of the standard size for small power transistors. You know, you tend to go that or maybe SOP 223. And then you get until like the power DI package sizes. But, you know, SOP 23 is very standard. So, I want something smaller, but not BGA, because again, BGA is not great for my workflow. I want something that's like a, you know, DFN or QFN or whatever, but smaller in some respects to this. So, this is the part that I tend, you know, I've used historically. You can see why there's a lot in stock. You know, it's a very popular part for many people. 20 volt, 4 amps, SOP 23. Again, you know, about 50 milli ohms, RDS on. And a little bigger. Hold on, sorry. 50 milli ohm RDS on, 20 volt during the source, 4 amps continuous. It doesn't need to be 4 amp continuous, but you know, I tend to use this for a couple different things. VGS on is about a volt or less. I don't care as much about gate charge or input capacitance, because I'm not turning this on fast. I'm not using this as like a switcher. I'm usually like turning it on and it's keeping it on or turning it off and keeping it off. So, I don't care. The capacitance effects is how quickly you can turn on or off, because you have to pull current on off the the FET capacitor. But in this case, it's not that important. Okay. So, let's go for a surface mount. So, I'm going to find similar stuff. A surface mount active P channel MOSFET. There are some specs I'm going to sort of do manually. So, let's see what we've got. My internet's a little slow, but hopefully we'll, we'll be able to look it up. If not, I will just go to the, oh, here you go. Okay. All right. So, let's look at what the specs that are important to me are. So, first, I want it to be in stock. Thankfully, the chip shortage has calmed down a little bit. You can actually get some parts. I don't want marketplace components. We'll have some not worried about. Let's see. So, VGS, that's, that was something that's important in it. There's, you can see that it quickly goes up to two, three, five volts, especially if you want, you know, the bigger transistors, but I want something again, you know, roughly about a volt or less. So, I'm going to select that. For RDS on, you can see, you know, they can get pretty high.  I'm going to try to stick to, you know, 50, you know, the one I looked at before that I'm comparing this to was 52 mill ohms. So, I'm going to keep it nice and small. And I'm going to wait for the, this thing to update. All right. So, now we're down to like 153 options. The drain to source voltage, you know, that's how much voltage you can switch. For this particular board, the feather, everything is three volts, you know, let me try again. For my feather design, it's three volts, but, you know, I use this in my metros that are switching 12 volts. So, I'm going to, I'm still going to stick with like 12 or more. I think eight's a little low, because often I have a nine, you know, I have nine volts somewhere in my setup. 12 volts is pretty common. And then let me try again to apply. And you can see that there's a lot of SOP 23s. This is very common. Okay. So, okay, got those filters going. So, next thing is I want to filter out all the SOP 23s, because, you know, the only thing is I've got about 150 options, 150 results here. And first up is that DMG 2305. Again, that part that I would get the most of, I mean, there's tons in stock and it's low cost. But I want to not have the SOP 23 size, because it's too big. So, let's go to device supplier package. There's also package case. I think they'll do package case. So, I don't want any TO, SOP 233s or TO size chips, these are too big. I'll kind of pick everything above here, because I don't want the BGA. I don't want the SOP 23 variant. I don't want the powered DFNs, because those are kind of big. And I don't want the SOICs or T-SELFs. But I think the others are good. Let me see if those come up. Okay, great. So, now you've got some smaller chips. So, the thing is actually each one is kind of, they can't come in like all different sizes and shapes. There's a few common sizes. If you go to the right, you can see the sizes. And some of them, at least they are pretty clear. Like, for example, this one says two by two. So, it's going to be two by two millimeters. This is 20 by 15, which is smaller. That's two by 1.5 millimeters. There's micro-fat. Basically, let's look at, because now we still have like 66 results, which is less, but it's still quite a few. Let's look at pricing at 5,000 pieces. So, it looks like Toshiba has a couple really good options. Basically, you're going to pay 10 cents for this transistor, which makes sense. It's kind of a nice transistor. There are, you know, a couple different sizes, but it looks like two by two millimeter actually is not that much smaller than sub-25.  So, I'm going to select, I'm going to select all these, because these are the sub-package types. I'm going to deselect two by two. So, anything that was 20, because I was like, well, if I'm going to go 20, I might as well go with like a, you know, it's not that much smaller than that. So, 23. So, deselect all those, and then this is kind of getting intense. I've got like 15 filters going on here.  All right. So, now filtered, and now I, wait, did I actually do the filter or did I click away? Hold on. Oops, I did not actually filter. One second. Maybe we do that filtering. So, deselect the two by two sizes. Okay. Oh, I forgot to click apply all. That's why. All right. Let me let it chug. Okay. And then, so let's apply it. So, I had a couple. There are two good options that I saw, basically. So, one, I liked, this one was kind of nice up here. This is the UFM, which is actually kind of like a sought 23 size, I think. And the, hold on, let me check. There's still quite a few. Oh, I like the SSM series. That was the one that was kind of interesting. So, it's quite a few of these SSM series. They come in a few different sizes. There's also DFN 1616, which was nice and small. UFM, I think, is actually about the same size as the sought 23. But what I liked is when I started like filtering by quantity available, this actually popped up, which is the DMG 3415 UFY. And the reason I thought this was nice is that I actually already use the DMG 3415 in sought 23 in the same like situation, like it's one of my alternative parts that I've used. So, this is just the DFN 2.0 by 1.5 version, which means it's, it was basically like swapping compatible.  One thing to note though is compared to the DMG 3415, it's slightly less specification, like it's not identical specifications. But a lot of the important stuff is like, for example, the RDS on is nice and low, 40 milliohms. The threshold is one volt. The VGS is eight volts. The only thing to watch out for because I've used this before is that means if you're using it as an ideal input diode for polarity protection, the VGS has to be the same as the VDS. So just be aware, you can't use a transistor with eight volt VGS max with like a nine to 12 volt power supply. But again, for this feather, it's three volts. So I'm good. So I ended up really liking this one. And I spec'd it out and this is what it looks like.  And then that's the DFN. So you can see, it's like, you know, about a third of the size. The only downside is you can't route a trace through the middle here because there is, well, not without putting down like some soap screen, you know, to end no stop. But this is the thermal pad. So usually you want to keep it open. Also, this gap is pretty narrow here. And I actually made it a little bit wider. So you do have to have like a fairly, you can't use it with a rough PCB process. It has to be like seven, seven mil or six, six is better because the gap is quite small. So I'm using this, I think it's going to work. I like that it's the same, like core part number, and it has almost the same specs. So I think this should let me make this design a lot smaller. I've moved that SOP 23 and the NBR054 up here and, you know, to the right here to clear up a lot of space. And that let me move this crystal to the left. Okay, it looks like the tiny, looks like it has tiny side pads out. Possible to hand solder or is it way too small? I think you could solder this by hand, but you'd want to use a little bit of paste and hot air. Check out the last great search for where we cover how to get hot air in a syringe, sorry, paste in a syringe for doing this kind of hot air or hot plate work. Okay, that's a great search. That's right. All right. And that's the desk of Ladiator for tonight. A couple odds and ends before we go. Someone wants to know in one of the other chats, is it possible to program microcontrollers with C-sharp? Yes, I think there is C-sharp. Like the .NET microcontrollers, a programmable C-sharp. Okay. And does our Bones Scorpio board hint towards an Adafruit Feather RP2040 with onboard Wi-Fi? Yeah. One of the modules here is the ESP32 Mini, which you can see on my screen. And that would fit into that spot here as an airlift board. You can see it's actually quite nice.   I can't get that chip for the pricing that Raspberry Pi can't. I can only get the ESP32. Okay. And then last up before we go, I just wanted to say three million thanks to everyone. We are a 100% woman-owned, no VC funding, no loans, no venture capital, open source software and hardware company. And we just hit three million orders. Every single order was important and special. So thank you so much, everyone in the community, our entire team. These orders were shipped up by human beings with great pay and benefits and more. And that's one of the things that's been really hard to do. And we're one of the few folks left that do all this. So I just wanted to say thanks so much for being part of it. I reached out to the person who got the three millionth order, gave them a nice gift certificate, thanked them so much, and of course they ordered a Raspberry Pi because we make it possible for people to order Raspberry Pi. It's a real person. It's a real person. So anyways, I just wanted to say thank you so much, especially for the folks who have just given us words of encouragement and more, watched the shows and all that. Very much appreciated. And that is our show for tonight. Bye, everybody. Bye-bye.


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Fedora has been around for quite a long time at this point and it's become one of the most popular Linux distributions out there and for good reason. It's actually really, really good. Now, I know a lot of people use it simply because it's very stable and it gets the most recent version of GNOME, but a lot of people also use it because it has the ability to get the most recent stuff that's coming to Linux, things like Wayland and Pipe Wire and all this stuff. In the next couple weeks or so, the next version of Fedora will be coming out, version 36. So what I thought I would do today is take a look at version 36 and see what's new because I long-term reviewed version 35 and I found that I really enjoyed it. I even used GNOME for quite a while during that time and I just had a really good time with it. So let's go ahead and take a look at version 36 of Fedora now. I will say that what I'm looking at now is the beta. This is not final release, but we're within the next 10 days or so, we'll be seeing the final release. So a lot shouldn't really change. So let's go ahead and jump in. So I have here a fresh version of Fedora 36 beta installed in VertManager and I've updated it to the recent daily build and it's actually been very stable over the last few days. I've been messing around with it now for a couple days and I've found that it's been really good. The biggest new feature that you'll find in Fedora 36 if you're going to use the standard version is GNOME 42. Now I've already made a video about GNOME 42 so I'm not going to go too in-depth in terms of the new features that you'll find in the new version of GNOME, but I'll hit the highlights. So probably the most wanted and interesting feature of GNOME 42 is actually the ability to choose dark modes. So if you go into the system settings, like so, you'll find an appearance section here, which has always been there, but now you'll be able to do something other than just change the wallpaper. Here you'll be able to choose a system-wide dark theme. Now one of the coolest things about this isn't that there's a dark theme. To that point I just say freaking finally. But what's actually cool here is how they've implemented it. So when you switch to the dark mode, you can choose one of these dual wallpaper setup things where it will have one wallpaper for the light, one wallpaper for the dark. So if we change to, say, this wallpaper here, you'll see, we can close this now, that we have a wallpaper here for the dark and we change to the white. We have now a different version for the light theme. Now one thing that I don't think you can do and something that I haven't seen you have the ability to do is actually create these dual wallpapers yourself. So if I have a wallpaper here and I add pictures and I go to pictures, actually I think they're in the download. So if I select this here and open, all it does is give me that wallpaper. It doesn't allow me to actually change it so that there's like a dual wallpaper. That would be really cool. But again, that doesn't seem to be an option. Hopefully that's something that they add in the future. But anyways, that's the coolest feature that I found. Now there are obviously tons of other different features that you should know about GNOME 42 in particular. There's some multi-monitor improvements. There's some multitasking improvements so you can choose between different hot corners and active screen edges and stuff back in the settings application, which I probably should have kept open. There's a multitasking thing here where you can choose between the hot corner and active corner. You can actually turn those off. You can turn change between dynamic workspaces and the fixed number workspaces, which is something that you couldn't do before. There's new options for power management up here in the menu. And then there's the usual app updates that you'll see across the board. So there is an improvement to the GNOME Connections app, which I think is actually, they're calling this new, but they've had something like this before, I think, and it's used to remote access to other computers. There's improvements to GNOME Maps. The other big change that you'll see in GNOME 42 is going to have to do with theming. So for those of you who have downloaded GNOME tweaks in the past and use it to change themes, a lot of themes that you would previously have been able to use will not work because they've updated to something called Live Adwaita. And the technological stuff behind this is beyond me, but basically what they've done is made it so that it's impossible to theme a lot of things that use Live Adwaita. Now, some things will still work, things that haven't been updated to use this new framework, but a lot of things won't work, especially the built-in GNOME apps. So that's one thing that you'll notice that might be a negative, but for the most part, it's actually, I think, a positive. Now, I know that's probably shocking for anyone who's watched the channel for any amount of time. I like theming, and I just said them taking theming away is a good thing. But from the stuff that I've seen for GNOME 43, it looks like they're going to try to at least enable some customization through Live Adwaita.  But the point is, is that they seem to be at least taking this in the right direction. Outside of that, you'll see a lot of GTK4 stuff here. That's not going to mean a lot to a lot of people. But basically what's happened here is you'll see things like this before, like here in Nautilus, which hasn't been updated to GTK4, you'll see that there's like buttons around the certain icons. When you see a GTK4 app, those buttons aren't there unless you hover over them. So this is more, this is a GTK4 app. This is a GTK3 app. Now, there is a beta of Nautilus that has GTK4 enabled, but it's not being rolled out with Fedora 36 as far as I'm aware. Another thing that you'll notice is that they do have brand new wallpapers. So in addition to the dual wallpaper thing that they've got going on here, they have a few additions that they didn't have before, specifically this one here for sure is new. And obviously it will change with the dark theme as well, which is kind of cool. It's an interesting looking wallpaper, probably not one that I would choose. But again, new wallpapers are always good. In addition to the stuff that you'll see visually, obviously there's a lot of new stuff under the hood as well. So if you're a programmer, you're going to see updated versions of pretty much every language that has been updated since the last version of Fedora.  In this case, we're going to be seeing the Linux kernel 5.17. And as of right now, this is still the release candidate. So I'm assuming that they're going to switch to the stable version when this is actually released. Another thing that has changed is the screenshot functionality. So we now have something that looks like this. And you can obviously change what the screenshot looks like. And you can also take a screen cast of it if you want to as well. So that'd be cool for creating GIFs if you wanted to do so like that. And you have to change to the whole screen if you wanted to do that. It's kind of nice. I'm not sure actually what the previous screenshot tool actually looked like. To be honest, I don't think I've ever taken a screenshot. You know, now that I think about it. Odd. Anyways, the Fedora spins will also be getting the latest versions of all their software. So KDE, LXQt, XFCE will all see updates to the latest versions of those desktop environments. Also, LXQt has been updated to 1.0 in their spin as well. So that's something that has been a long time coming. I know I saw something in the headlines just a couple of days ago or maybe it was today about LXQt 1.1. So it's nice to know that that low resource desktop environment is still being developed. And finally, there are some important technological changes as well, things like OpenJDK being updated, Golang being updated, the GNU tool chain being updated. They've also switched to Nodo fonts throughout several different languages so that there's more consistency throughout the entire system in terms of fonts, which is good. And finally, they've also enabled Waylon by default for NVIDIA drivers. So people who use NVIDIA cards, you'll be not be using Waylon by default, even in GDM. So then the display manager, that will also start using Waylon by default for pretty much everybody. So if that's something that's going to affect you, you should know that. So for example, if you've decided to install Fedora and then install DWM, which is an XOR based window manager, you would have to change GDM to use XORG instead of Waylon because it won't actually work. It won't launch DWM, but that's kind of beside the point. We can kind of see the running on the walls now. Waylon is definitely something that is here to stay and they're switching to it. Like XORG on Fedora, it wouldn't surprise me if in a couple of versions it's completely gone. It wouldn't surprise me. I know there are rumblings about it. I know they're talking about it. I don't think that they're there yet, but it's getting close people. Like Waylon on Fedora, at least, is something that they're 100% all in on and they think it's about ready. Now, whether or not you think that is another matter entirely. So that is it for this video. If you have questions about Fedora 36, you can leave those in the comment section below. You can follow me on Twitter at Linuxcast. You can support me on Patreon at patreon.com slash linuxcast. I'd like to thank my current patrons, Robert Sid, Devon, Patrick, Fred Kramer, Megalyn, Jackson, Nathan Toul, Steve A, Sabrina Lennox, Garrett, Samuel, KB, TGB, Mitchell, J-Doug, CarbonData, Jeremy, Sean, Odin, Martyn, Andy, Ross, Eduardo, Merrick, Cam, Joshua, Lee, Peter, A, Crucible, Dark Benedict, Primes, and PM. Thanks everybody for watching. I'll see you next time.


The study concluded that there are no adverse effects of consuming high levels of calcium in dog food. This article was authored by David Allaway, Matt Gillum, Anja Wagner-Golbs, and others.


Well, good afternoon. My name is Julin and we will be talking about an open source project that I have managed for the past couple of years and basically this project came out of DataKind ASEAN. So in April 2016, we got together with the different chapters in the ASEAN regions or the different DataKind chapters in ASEAN regions and we decided to see what we can do as a region and not just individual chapters. So if you have never heard of DataKind, they are a non-profit organisation and they help non-profit organisations to basically these are data scientists in their day job and they volunteer their time and their expertise and they look over different non-profit organisations' data and basically help them organise their data, see what they can do with it and even basically do a very professionally run data analytics and present it back to these non-profit organisations. And that's what they do and basically in 2016 they decided let's see what we can do together, you know, not just as individual chapters and we healthcare ASEAN came out of it. The idea is that diseases don't keep to their own country boundaries, right? So that's why we think that why not we centralise all these open data, see what we can do out of it because most healthcare in different countries, they don't share data with other people. So this is a lax but nowadays actually some countries are opening up like the US and some European countries have decided that you know it's actually more beneficial to share healthcare data. So for us in Asia is still quite close, healthcare data is still quite close but we still try to see what sort of open data we can find and we decided to start on denghi and malaria first because it's a focus of this region, right? So these two diseases are quite common. So how do we do that? First we need to formalise the idea so make sure that you know this is the problem we have, this is what we're going to do. So what's the adjajian? In fact statement, we want to use open data in order to generate an open platform of descriptive and exploratory analysis of malaria and denghi. So that individual non-profit and or organisation will benefit from it and we will help reduce the risk of these diseases locally because if we don't put it in a central place, we won't be able to see the movements of these diseases in the region. It's just bounded by your region, your particular country or even your particular state which is quite small, right? Next what do we do? Of course we have a plan, right? Whatever project it is, makes more the UN have a plan, you know, things like that. Always have a plan and this is what we do, come out with a plan. First thing we do, we research on the data, we do the research. What does that mean? We find out everything we can in terms of open data, what sort of data we will be facing, what sort of data we can collect. For different countries, there will be different languages and we are very, very lucky to have people who really support us, who knows the different languages in the region. So we have Datakai Vietnam, Hanoi, I think it was Hanoi, I can't remember. Not sure which chapter, but somebody from Vietnam who really find out for us what sort of data they can find out of Vietnam and this is good because nobody else knows Vietnamese, right? And stuff like that. So we make sure we actually document what data we have first to see what we can play with, what we can work with. And from there, we collate it, we have a plan out of this data to figure out how we can use it, what sort of data we will be looking at, what sort of granularity we will be looking at. And of course, Malaria and Dengi, straight away we realise that we can't get away looking at the weather data as well. So these three things are key that we will be looking at. The geography, the diseases, the cases and the weather. And another thing we realise out of our research is that for diseases, we look at it in a weekly granularity. So nothing else would work. Daily definitely doesn't work because when you report a case, it's when you have already been infected, you have a fever, that's not when you actually get infected. So we usually look at it in a weekly basis. So from there, we decided that if we can, wherever we can, we go and find the weekly data, which is not true for all countries. We only get yearly data. Some countries we have none. Some countries we still manage to get monthly data, which is better than yearly. And Singapore obviously have the cleaners data set, not the longest bar period, but it is the cleaners data set that we found. So we stuck with Singapore as our base. So how we plan our project, we have the team. Obvious, we try to find everybody the right number of people for each section, the analysis, the research method, know how for the different countries, knowing of the different languages, the different resources. We list it out so that everybody can see where they can get the different resources, the links, the trailer board of course, the different trailer board. We managed over 2 years to have 3 trailer boards on top of the Github project page. Whatever is in progress, or the different tasks, that's a separate thing. So of course, every single step of the planning is documented. Documentation is very, very important. First thing everybody look at is what's the problem statement, what is the goal of the project, and then we structure everything very cleanly so that people know where to look for for the information, where they should write their source codes in, where they should put their documentation, where they can find all the different granularity, project set up for any new beginners, clean file structure as well for our Google Drive. All these links are of course inside the resources, all these links are inside there. So everything is documented, everything is online, nothing is kept hidden so that we can find information wherever. So those are really keys for most open data projects or open source projects, documentation, make sure everything is out there online. You can find it. Of course, breaking down the task is one of the key things that we find that really, really useful. Make sure the tasks are as small as possible, as easily completed as possible. So most of the people who are willing to help, they want to get something out of it. They don't know Python, for example. They want to learn Python. Give them an easy task, they get to learn Python, we get to get the job done. So those are really helpful. Basically, it's a quick pro quo. People usually want to get something out of it. They want to feel good out of completing a task. We break it down so we have the automated data collection for every single country, every single site is a separate task. And then the cleaning is also a separate task. The visualization is a separate task. Whether it's to do, we put them in different cards, whether it's blocked, whether there's any issues, all of it documented on this trailer board. And of course, last year, Github happily have a project board for us. Before last year, Github never had a project board. Now they do, and really it helped a lot. So now we transfer all the tasks that we used to have on trailer board, transfer it onto Github. So we have all the small little tasks. Underground APR, this is a bug. Refactor the download script as small as possible so that people can complete it as easily as possible. All the improvised tasks, all the tasks that are completed so that we need to create unit tasks on. And there's a couple of others as well. The documentation is here. Documentation also, they need a specific task for documentation as small as possible so that it can be done. And that really helps people to find out what's needed to be done, what has been done already, who is doing what is in progress, these are important keys. And all of this information online, people can find it easily. And we need to set up a framework. So for any project, if there's no framework, it gets out of hand very quickly. So this year, we really make sure that we follow a very standard architecture. Right here, we have the documentation, the docs, the models, notebooks, reference, reports, source and test. Obviously what will be the key for most people will be the source folder and the test folder. Nobody has tried the docs folder yet, which is unfortunate. But yeah, so ideally basically, whatever you write in the source will be reflected in the docs as well as the test folder. And of course, the README. The README is key. The README will give you all the architectures and the requirements. So all this is in the README file. We have our project organisation and each folder, the description of each folder, what the intention for each folder is all document that is going on. They can jump in at any time. They can come back at any time and they'll still know where the project is at. And of course, this here is one section that I made the mistake of not doing this from the start. So we actually implemented the testing, the unit test folder, like quite late. I think a couple of months back only. And this was like almost 1.5 years into the project and that was my biggest mistake. So I only implemented it when the project has gone out of hand, when there's bugs coming out that the owner of the project me can no longer handle. So yes, test actually should be the first thing to do. It's easiest to do when the project is too small. It's easiest to maintain from then on after the project start getting out of hand is already somewhat too late already. Right? Ya, so that's biggest mistake. But oh well, never mind. We can still turn around. We can still carry on. So I will learn from my mistake and hopefully we can still clean up all the bugs. And yeah, so testing and logs are quite important. But again, in case you have to prepare the structure for them. So we created the folder and have the task ready so that people can pick up the task, have a place to put in their test case and yep. Test and progress is one of those things that a lot of projects struggle to find the steady progress to keep up your projects. A lot of we've seen a lot, a lot of date projects. Ya. So as long as this project did not become a date project, I'm actually very happy. So luckily for me, I found a platform for me to get new blood into the project. So we have regular events. So last year we had a weekly social coding where I introduced this project and I introduced a couple of, I usually give the members a couple of selections of open source projects and majority I would say more than 90% chose to work on the healthcare data project. Well, mainly because it's python and this is one of the bus programming language nowadays so everybody wants to learn python. Ya. So they find this healthcare ASEAN and that's how I get new blood into working on this project which is great. I mean for me to actually get the project to the point where it's a lot of bugs means that it's growing you know, it's grown to that stage. Ya. So for any projects especially for open source projects we need to really, really preserve your right. And that's the key. So it doesn't matter if it's bugs at the end of the day we will get our goals happen. We'll have the data and we'll have this. So I think this one is Dengi Fever for Singapore. Nah, nah, this one is Dengi Fever for Malaysia. So you can see there's always a spike regardless of the year and for 2014 there's a larger population you know, there's a population growth so you can very easily see growth and of course 2010 is the there's a bigger trend and there's always a spike roughly around the same time because of the monsoon season. I don't have the weather data superimposed but the weather usually the monsoon season is around here and then we have the Dengi Fever after. And this is Malaria for Singapore so Malaria actually follow a very different trend from Dengi Fever in Singapore. The Malaria we found that if you map it out on the map Malaria tends to happen around the ponds areas reservoir areas and that's where the Malaria usually found. Dengi Fever are usually found in areas where high population lots of HDB flats then you get high Dengi Fever cases and they also follow slightly different weather trends and yep that's it if any of you have any questions about the project anybody interested to contribute what are the types of people who even hope that would use this data and they're like public officials or healthcare organizations healthcare organizations would be our key so if you see here we identified that healthcare organizations would actually be the ones that would be most benefit from ours our project so yep individual and or non-profit organizations would probably be the ones individuals can't do much but they are the one that supply us with the data so for any of these countries that actually the government don't open up their weekly disease cases actually we find that sometimes the public are the one that they have a stake into the issue right to them it's key they collect and give us this data this data and we they scrape from them and we put it together and then hopefully yeah they help healthcare organizations and now it's up from the public to to get usable data so yeah so the public depending because if let's say you stay in Singapore we don't issue because the government just public size the data they very clearly but let's say Malaysia and if you stay in high population areas are the ones that have most of these diseases so let's say Kuala Lumpur and you stay in Taman and you know the statistics this reported in the newspaper so these people pretty good they collect this information they put it on a portal they don't store the data unfortunately the problem is that they don't store Singapore also actually there's a couple of people who really diligently record all this data from NEA and they report the dengue clusters in Singapore for example the first step when you that what works in this project is to load the screens to load out the data automatically download data so data scraping yes why it's not already available on GitHub one of the thing we find about storing the data on GitHub is that we want to make sure this is reproducible code and this is open data that we can get out of the internet if the site is down it's no longer considered open I mean it's also useful I do see the pros of storing the data in case a particular site just goes down you know at least you have that data already available we have another folder for that we try we don't always keep track of it but what we do is that we also for initial research we actually have this data stored on Google Drive so yes we do have a folder that we store the data but on GitHub it's automatically downloaded we utilize real time data scraping and anybody who comes into the project brand new they can just run one script they will start scraping all the data into the data folder and how big is that data? no, not big not big couple of Macs it's not big so the biggest problem is actually finding the necessary data even for Singapore where we have weekly data it's less than a Mac it's a couple of kilobytes that's it but you need to download straight from this also yeah that's one of the other key of this project that we want to do is basically all the codes needs to be reproducible by somebody else at home yeah so the script would break if the data sources changed yes and we have seen that happen especially underground underground has recently changed the IPI so it broke some of our codes so it became a bug it does happen yes but that's the thing especially open source you have to keep up with the the internet sorry you have a question? I'm just curious a bit as the weekly parts which is mentioned that they can share they will be to share the data with you but as far as I know I mean because I support for the market and for the comedy which is specialized in healthcare and pharmaceutical product and I know that probably in Vietnam I'm not sure but the project is supporting some of the major countries but when it's going to Vietnam we have something called a privacy law in healthcare so I'm not really sure and it's really strict and my company does some problem with the privacy law no it doesn't actually infringe on the privacy law at all because these are actually just numbers the case numbers there is no names no individuals nothing it's just case number in a particular district yes Vietnam we we actually have one of our Vietnamese data kind member who really gave us the data on Vietnam actually which was really good and another member from women who quote from Thailand she's the one that found the data from Thailand for us because again it's in Thai and non Thai speakers find it hard to go through all the Thai sites even with Google's translate so for Vietnam for example the minimum that we do get is from WHO World Health Organization which is a yearly data but we still take the data even though it's yearly so some countries we do notice that we have zero data from Cambodia also from Myanmar but that's nothing we can do about that Q Sir, I've found that there are a number of You said I apologize but how long have you been working on the project? Since 2016 so the research we did our research over the period of April to August September of 2016 and only around August then we really start on the coding data scraping site Many government agencies has already consumed data coming out from the system? No No So governments they only care about the countries Ya they don't really care what happened in other countries No No Not so far now We haven't reached that stage yet unfortunately but that is our goal that it can be beneficial to somebody You mentioned that you have a lot of data scientists participating anyone from healthcare that's kind of helping provide some insight into Occasionally yes Occasionally we have somebody from healthcare who basically look through our data and look through our scripts and our methods and to be honest they weren't 100% happy with how it's done but they didn't say no all together also Ya they were like sitting on a fence haven't decided whether or not it's going to work but ya these are things that you won't know until it's done sometimes ya Is there a good place for people if they're interested in getting involved is there like and you have kind of the Trello idea is really good at playing everything is there like a guidance of how someone might get started and what they should do Ya so we have it all on GitHub everything is open so if you are interested basically I actually have more information on the yep the meetup page actually have slightly more that those will give you links to the Trello Board the GitHub doesn't but actually the GitHub itself has everything you need the Trello boards are outdated so we have now moved to use the GitHub project board yep and we also we have a Slack account but the Slack account you have to email datakind.sg for permission to join a Slack account Thank you very much Cheers


Thank you, Johanna. Johanna was on a Dietary Guidelines Committee before me, so she can make a personal statement about the amount of work, but it's a highlight of your career to be able to serve in this impactful way. Because I was on the 2005 Dietary Guidelines Committee for America, that's going to largely influence the proportion of the emphasis of my talk, partly because I know it the best, but partly because that's when three cups of milk per day above age nine were set. In the 2010 Dietary Guidelines Committee kept those same recommendations, so that kind of makes me think the evidence that was in place for the 2005 wasn't refuted or wasn't sufficient to alter their recommendations. Here's my disclosures. So the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans shows shortfall food groups that relate to shortfall nutrients. So if you consider the shortfall food groups as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fluid milk and milk products and oils, you see the corresponding nutrients that seem to be in short supply in a large majority of the American diets. And the four shortfall nutrients that they identified for almost everyone was fiber, and then three that come from fluid milk and dairy products, calcium, potassium, and vitamin D. And then the other ones are for selected populations or more marginally, the pleat. But it's not just the U.S. that recommends about three servings of dairy per day. All of these countries recommend between two and three servings a day. So they come to their own conclusions about the role and importance of dairy products in the diet of their own individuals. Now, mostly dairy recommendations are set based on bone health. And I remind you that bone health is a lifelong concern. We're especially interested as you develop peak bone mass early in life because you don't have a chance to gain bone later. Once you've achieved your peak by the end of late adolescence, then you are trying desperately to choose lifestyle choices to hold on to the bone the rest of your life so that you don't get in the fracture risk zone. Now, the 2010 Dietary Guidelines Committee, if you look in the report, concluded there's a moderately strong level of evidence for the relationship of dairy in the diet to bone growth early in life. I'll review a little bit of the kinds of evidence that they had that can conclude that. But they found on the other end of life it's a much more mixed bag of evidence on this relationship of dairy to holding on to bone later in life. And more studies are needed as, as always, what a researcher says. The majority of Americans are falling short of these dairy recommendations of three cups of milk or the equivalent of day. And you can see the median milk equivalent intakes in the U.S. on the lower left. So the only group that gets close to the recommended intake are adolescent boys. And I remember my teenage boys would go to the refrigerator not bother with a glass of milk, you know, just getting a lot of calories and milk was a very convenient food for them. But all the other age groups are pretty far from the recommended intakes of three cups a day. And the most concerning, of course, is adolescent girls who tend to build a lower peak bone mass than boys and puts them more at risk for fractures. So 80% of women or hip fractures are in women instead of men. And they're only getting half of what they're recommended intakes are at those critical years of the window of opportunity of growth. The dietary patterns in the U.S. are based on two procedures. One is food modeling to meet the DRIs. So they don't question what the recommended intakes of nutrients are. They take what the IOM process produced for all the different individual nutrients and then they try to say what food patterns are recommended to get those nutrients. So it's not about challenging the calcium needs or the vitamin D needs or the potassium needs. It's what food patterns do we need to have to acquire all those nutrient needs. So they start with the basic food basket in the U.S. They know from food composition or food intake data how many servings of broccoli to our age and sex categories consume or how many cups of milk and they start with that. And then they say what minimal amount of changes do we need to make to achieve the DRIs. And that's what they do to get to the basic food patterns. But a secondary process is what's the evidence of the relationship of the food intake like in a dose response manner. What is the relationship of one serving, two servings, three servings of milk or the equivalence on some outcome measure like bone mineral density or whatever the outcome measure is. And as with the evidence-based approach today, randomized controlled trials are the priority level of evidence. So if you have a favorite study in your head that isn't a randomized controlled trial that shows something different than what the conclusions are, it'll never replace a randomized controlled trial. So these three cups of low-fat milk or a equivalent, what they provide in terms of nutrients are essentially all of the calcium that is recommended, all the phosphorus, half of the protein and it's a good quality of protein, a third of the riboflavin, 28% of the potassium. And I want to tell you, we got to three cups of milk a day in most population groups in the dietary guidelines because of potassium. You think it's because of calcium, but we really had reached what we needed to reach in terms of calcium with other food patterns that include two servings a day. But during the time we were meeting to set the 2005 dietary guidelines, they came out with the new RDAs for potassium, which was an AI. We couldn't get to even close, you know, three quarters of the intake of potassium recommendation unless we added that third serving of dairy a day. So potassium really drove the complete remodeling to get up to three servings of milk a day or the equivalent. Those three cups also provide 25% of the magnesium and many other nutrients. And here's a list of most of the nutrients that were identified as providing at least 10% of the recommended intake of those nutrients. So what a rich package of nutrients that dairy products provide to the consumer. So when we tried to identify alternative sources for those who avoid milk or dairy products in their diet, the closest alternative that we identified was calcium fortified soy milk. So a three cup comparison, if you see cow's milk on the left, exactly quantitatively how many milligrams or grams of each of these key nutrients that milk provides, then I illustrate the difference that three cups of calcium fortified soy milk can provide on the right compared to the milk on the left. So it provides even a little bit more calcium because it's added, the natural soy beverage doesn't have that much calcium. So it has to be calcium fortified. And for quite a while, it was believed that that calcium from the soy beverage was much poorer absorbed. And then we did a study where we worked with a manufacturer that makes the most popular form of soy milk in our country that uses calcium carbonate and we used stabilized hopes and went through the manufacturing process and actually measured calcium absorption from soy milk processed as it would be drunk compared to cow's milk. And if it was made with calcium carbonate, it was equivalent. But if it was made with tricalcium phosphate, like some of the calcified forms where it was significantly less, although still not that bad. And as a result of that study, USDA now allows calcium fortified soy milk as an alternative calcium source in school lunches in the U.S. So calcium would be okay, a little bit less of phosphorus, not a problem because most people get enough phosphorus, a little bit less protein. But look at how much less potassium, which is why we got to three cups of dairy a day in the first place. Quite a bit less potassium. Okay on magnesium and riboflavin and less vitamin D, which fortified milk is the major source of vitamin D in our diet in this country. So that's a little bit of a concern as well. So there are alternative sources for milk avoiders for this package of nutrients, but you have to really be conscientious. You have to get calcium fortified beverages mostly. Here is the food modeling system showing you for an example in females age 19 to 50 years old, how much of the recommendation of these three shortfall nutrients, calcium potassium and magnesium, you get with milk products in the diet, you meet the calcium requirements and magnesium requirements, you're still short on potassium, but look at what happens without the milk products. You're way short on these three essential nutrients. And in Haines shows Americans just don't choose the alternatives to get the same package of nutrients, even if there's a few out there that you can do, and supplements don't fill the whole gap either. Specifically for children, two to eight years old on the left and nine to 18 year olds on the right, Teresa Nicholas did an analysis of in Haines and showed in the darker bars if people were consuming almost the recommendations somewhere between two and a half and three and a half servings a day versus the lighter bars with one or less fewer servings a day, what the difference is in meeting the calcium, potassium and magnesium requirements. It's just very remarkable if you have dairy in your diet versus you don't for meeting just the math of meeting the nutrients. And so her conclusions were fewer than 3% of the US population meets potassium recommendations. 55% did not meet even the estimated average requirement for magnesium. 30% of those aged two years and older met the calcium recommendation and were more likely to meet it if they had dairy in their diet than non-dairy sources. So dairy products are the best and most economical source of the limiting nutrients. They are also a real big marker of nutrients. And you heard this several times this morning and I'm going to show you a couple of studies exemplifying that and supplements don't totally fill the gap. People aren't choosing them. So let's start with calcium, which is why a lot of countries say two to three servings is their dietary recommendations for dairy. So the requirements from the IOM in North America for the different age groups are on the left. You can get it from foods, fortified foods and supplements as we've mentioned.  And here's the age and gender distribution of that. So the first study that I want to tell you about on calcium being a marker of diet quality and by inference milk because so much of the calcium in the diet comes from milk, it is a little bit older study now but it's real simple. Now I loved Victor Fogoni's talk this morning where you could do weighted nutrient comparisons with regression analysis and that's very sophisticated and I really hope the future offers that for us then. So I'm going to show you two simpler studies. It's easier to explain and to visualize but it doesn't weight the nutrients. So Bob Heaney loaned me these slides to show you of his study in 272 healthy Caucasian premenopausal women who did seven day diet records. And the way this dietary guidance assessment works is you have nine nutrients as listed on the bottom and you either give them a one point or a zero point with a cutoff of like 67% of the recommended intake at the time. So the maximum score you can get is nine if you achieve two thirds or more of the recommendation for all of those. Calcium came mainly from dairy foods in this cohort that he looked at and he kind of arbitrarily said if scores were four or below it represents a poor diet if they're above four an adequate diet. So on the bottom left is a little box where he's looking at the people who had a calcium score of zero meaning they didn't get it even two thirds of the recommended intake of calcium. There were 151 of those who had a calcium score of zero. So here's the nine nutrient or the eight other nutrients besides calcium across the x-axis to show you kind of the distribution. So remember four and below is a poor diet and above four is an adequate diet. Contrast the distribution of scores from the ones who had calcium score of zero with those who had a calcium score of one which were 121 women. It really is good to a more adequate diet than a poor diet if they had a calcium marker score. So it's a marker of good nutrition. So conclusions from that study while only 10 percent of women with adequate calcium intakes had poor diets overall a single serving of milk or yogurt would have converted most of the poor diets to adequate. Now there's a brand new study specifically on yogurt so I was thrilled to finally have a study where they really looked at yogurt and this is from the Framingham heart study offspring in 6500 plus people where they divided a man to consumers of yogurt or non-consumers. 64 percent of the women and 41 percent of the men in this cohort were consumers and several of the nutrients that I listed from their paper showing the percent less than the estimated average requirement on the left in consumers versus non-consumers on the right. So you see for all of these nutrients riboflavin, vitamin b12, calcium, magnesium and zinc the percent that were below the estimated average requirement really decreased significantly if they were consumers versus non-consumers and the percent above the adequate intake was improved. You have to do that for potassium and fiber because they don't have any AR and the percent really improved for potassium and fiber if they were yogurt consumers. So it was really nice to have a study specifically looking at yogurt. I want to discuss factors influencing bioavailability of nutrients and I only have time to talk about calcium but this could apply to many of the nutrients that would be provided in dairy products. Life stage makes a difference. The loaded anyone meal, the status, the habitual intake, presence of enhancers and inhibitors and dairy products really shine for calcium in this respect. I spent a lot of my career intrinsically labeling foods that are rich sources of calcium or some other nutrients and feeding them to follow the tracer to determine absorption. So in the case of dairy products we intrinsically labeled lactating cow with stable isotopes of calcium and we aseptically packaged them after homogenizing and processing the milk. I went to craft and made some dairy products including yogurt and cheese that's be making cheese at the bottom and we did a crossover comparisons in healthy white women aged 24 to 42 and there were no significant differences in bioavailability of calcium from any of these dairy products fed at the same calcium load. So we removed the load confounder and they were all equally bioavailable but life stage makes a difference. If you feed the milk to different life stages you have different absorption capacity so if you look at the bottom left kind of center the teenagers that I study a lot their calcium absorption efficiency from one glass of milk or one cup of yogurt is about 40 percent efficient whereas the counselors a little bit older college students like in the back the top the top of that picture their absorption has fallen to fallen to about 30 percent and if you're as low as old as me in the front it's down around 25 percent and we've studied 75-year-old women it's down like five percent so life stage your capacity for absorption efficiency really differs across the life stage now contrast all of that with lactating women that we intrinsically labeled and followed calcium absorption into the breast feeding infants and had an average calcium absorption of 80 percent so much different. Now we've also compared milk head-to-head against supplements at the same calcium level that's rarely been studied direct comparisons for alkyne major and we were looking at bone properties so objectives of this study were to directly compare non-fat dry milk and calcium carbonate for bone acquisition in growing female rats so they all had adequate levels of calcium and they all got the complete vitamin and mineral mix so that they were not supposed to be deficient in anything they were all adequate it's just the source of calcium that was different and we can control the diet and feed it long enough in animals that we can see hard outcome measures then we also wanted to determine was there any lingering protective effect of early feeding of calcium as non-fat dry milk or calcium carbonate on bone maintenance in mature rats so how we designed the study to address these two questions we started with wainling rats and put them on adequate calcium as calcium carbonate or non-fat dry milk we sacrificed 50 rats per group at the end of 10 weeks when they're nearly adult mature bones and the rest we either kept on the same calcium carbonate or non-fat dry milk diet or we were imitated what a postmenopausal woman might achieve half enough calcium and then the calcium was as calcium carbonate instead of dairy so the benefit to the growing rats of getting calcium as milk product instead of calcium carbonate were that the bones were bigger longer wider more dense took more energy to failure had a greater micro architecture like as illustrated in cortical thickness compared to the rats fed calcium carbonate and in the mature rats who went on the half enough calcium as all calcium carbonate there were these lingering benefits if they had been grown on the non-fat dry milk as a source of calcium earlier in life then if they had been grown on calcium carbonate the bones were still more dense more calcium per bone higher breaking strength and cortical thickness so we found milk during growth conferred substantial benefits to bone over nutritionally adequate diets that help protect against calcium deficits later in life if you look at early life exposure in utero this is a study in india where they looked at what the pregnant mother was consuming in terms of dairy products and then related to the child bone mineral density at age six so this is divided up as milk or milk products largely yogurt and cheese or all calcium rich foods and it was the same story if they had more dairy products than every other day there was a significant advantage over the low rarely or never consuming dairy products so starts really early if you look at during growth randomized controlled trials of milk you've heard i think the henturek meta analysis of calcium supplementations in dairy showing that if you start out on a lower calcium intake and you have a supplemented period then you have a bigger gain in bone this is one of the best done trials in that respect it's an 18 month randomized controlled trial on one pint of milk in 82 white girls margo barker's lab did this she's in the audience and you see this significant increase in total body bone mineral content so these girls started at baseline at 740 milligrams per day it has to be a low calcium intake to start with to show the benefit because calcium is a threshold nutrient and i'll illustrate that with a study that we just completed and was um defended in my doctoral students thesis just last week that's how new these data are but we did a also an 18 month randomized controlled trial in healthy weight and overweight boys and girls to determine the effective dairy intervention on bone mass accrual and strength and a major defective dairy intervention on body composition so fourth fourth through eighth grade boys and girls were recruited 240 of them randomized to either the healthy we recruited half that were healthy bmi which were the fifth to the 70th percentile for age or elevated bmi greater than 85 for age equal numbers and either they were on their self-selected diet with no additional dairy or we provided them three servings of dairy per day one had to be milk one had to be yogurt and the other one could be cheese milk or yogurt and we didn't see any benefit over two servings of dairy a day in change in total body bone mineral content or any other major including pqct the kinds of evidence that we had to set three cups of milk a day on relationship to health outcome measures for bone in the 2005 dietary guidelines or studies like this in children milk avoiders have higher fracture risk than those who consume milk this is out of new zealand this was kind of first of its type looking at milk avoiders versus milk consumers so the fracture risk was 34.8 percent in milk avoiders compared to their birth match control of 13 percent and here's kind of the same story in adults so let me divert just a minute and take on andrew prentice a little bit for this morning because he showed you an inter-country comparison saying the more milk a country drank the higher the incidence of hip fracture you really it's he's worried about confounders that's the most confounded case i could imagine is comparing across countries you just one little example in asia they have a shorter femoral neck so if they fall with the same bone mineral content they're going to have a lower chance of fracturing the hip they have a higher incidence of vertebral fracture so you have to go by site you have to go by genetics you have to go by geometry physical activity all sorts of things in fact renae risoli and our bone work workshop next door showed this wonderful even stronger comparison between numbers of books in the library in a country compared to incidence of hip fracture so maybe a number of books in the library mean a higher income you live longer you're going to have more hip fractures documented in that longer lifespan you don't know what it is from observational relationship study or inter-country comparison so a study like this is a lot more meaningful all in finland you're taking milk avoiders because they're lactose intolerance versus those who consume milk and so the dairy calcium intake is quite different between the lactose intolerant and the lactose tolerant and the odds ratio for fracture is 1.33 in the lactose intolerant compared to the lactose intolerant and if you do lower lower body excluding ankle the odds ratio rises to 2.15 we looked at retrospective studies in the 2005 dietary guidelines like this one by Heidi Kalkorf that showed lower milk intake during childhood double the risk of hip fracture in Caucasian women from N. Haynes we didn't just look at bone we looked at other factors that you've seen today more updated but at that time for the cardio at study all the measures of insulin resistance syndrome were suppressed with increasing dairy consumption and this was a big study in determining three servings a day because the best results were for three servings a day and additional servings didn't further reduce metabolic syndrome factors we also paid a lot of attention to the dash diet for lowering blood pressure so here's the three arms of dash the control which is a western diet the one with lots of fruits and vegetables and this additional benefit by having three servings of dairy kind of equivalent in lowering blood pressure very influential for our committee there was a perspective study on dairy and stroke that if you had more than two cups of milk a day the hazard ratio was 0.64 and 0.37 if they had had a prior vascular event these all really influenced that three servings of milk a day so in conclusion the benefits of dairy and the dietary guidelines are that milk and milk products are the best and most economical source of many limiting nutrients a diet low in dairy tends to be poor in calcium potassium vitamin D and many other nutrients milk has a source of calcium during growth results in bigger denser stronger bones than calcium supplements and protects against calcium deficiency later in life and milk and milk products have protective effects for bone health insulin resistance syndrome and stroke thank you


over here at Mobile World Congress 2018 in the high so who are you hi I'm Deanna Hernandez planning for London in Sony mobile and this is the new XZ2 right here that's correct this is the XZ2 and the XZ2 compact our new flagship and our new premium flagship we're unveiling this at Mobile World Congress with a lot of Sony technology packed into it and so this this is running the snapdragon 845 the fastest arm processor in the world right now that's right here you can see the inside of the product here and we are having a very large capacity in the battery 3,180 mA but it's it's efficiency it's based on the co-development with Qualcomm so we work hand-to-hand to to make the most out of the battery but not only that we also work for the camera very hard we could develop the image signal processing to improve the still image quality to achieve the only full HD 960 frames per second super slow motion and some crazy advanced features in the camera like it has is the first 4k HDR smartphone camera well it's the only camera that can report 4k HDR from the camera natively and it's really easy if you go to the camera menu you can only swap go to the video and you can set the resolution to 4k and when you go to the screen you will find this option HDR on or off just need to press it on and then it will tell you you're about to record in very big and it might do 10 bit HDR I mean this is awesome if you have an HDR TV you see more colors that's correct you see more color more contrast and more texture you will be impressed how much detail you can see in the screen and this works because of the HDR but also one great feature that we have on it on these devices is the port they not just the 4k video recording but also the display is full HD HDR so the content that you can view there it's full HD on the compact and also in the exit too so this one is the resolution and this one is it's the same full HD HDR plus so yeah we're taking advantage of the 18 by 9 display ratio that we have here this is a 5.7 display this is a 5 inch display both of them great both of them can reproduce a full HD HDR plus but not only that if you have SDR content it can upscale it and then you can have the quality in HDR without having to do any any conversion or anything like that and some some other very interesting a hybrid features around here there's a new system for the vibration that's correct it's called dynamic vibration system it was developed by Sony so I can see we have an actuator that it's what it's used to to when you have your phone in mute and you just want to hear the vibration on the phone we made it bigger so we can create a dynamic vibration system this will give us a much more powerful feedback from the phone and imagine you're using a dual shock PlayStation and a controller and the reason we created that is because when you consume content you you will be also able to feel it and so the watching and the listening experience is complemented bad and experiential touch it is super immersive that's it that's the whole idea behind it entertainment to the extreme and immersive solution from Sony and so this is the internals of the compact right here so it's a very compact design with the PCB everything is there yeah the 845 also yes and all the same advanced camera features to that's correct we have the same camera we have the same display same performance with the processor so we have no compromise and performance on this on this product and this part of also using the there's a special chip set for the camera solutions well this is coming this is the concept that we are representing for the future so as you can see we're able to do a lot with one single camera and what we're presenting here at Mobile World Congress is our vision of the dual camera for the future so as you can see here this is the module that we're working on and so this is still in development but the idea is to have two big cameras two big lenses two big sensors and use these efficient image signal processor that's created by Sony to make sure that we have the perfect combination of the image quality of both sensors so that's coming in the future stay tuned to see all the advantages and the benefits that we'll have for that but at least I wanted you to have a sneak peek on what we're working on and you have a special earphone solution right here smart products I'm wearing them now and school smart ear duo so as a stereo it is it has two channels yeah that's correct so I have to but the most incredible thing about this it allows you to experience a new way of listening so usually when you're in a in a in a noisy area it's a there are nouns there are things happening if you cancel the noise if you just want to hear the music but still want to understand what's happening in a way this ear duo will allow you to do that you can still hear the announcement while you're playing music but not only that it's really really smart it uses gesture control but also voice yes exactly where so basically you basically you can move your face up and down to trigger reactions or or cancel or accept yeah exactly well to change track you need to just go up and down for volume in front and back for for changing tracks so you can control the whole the whole interface of the audio settings with that but not only that you can also use what we call tap we can tap once twice or three times and each of those you can personalize and trigger and specific commands exactly and this is the pouch right here you carry it over exactly so it lost four hours and you can charge it three times with this case and you can have it on the go interesting use cases of this for example if you're cycling you have this you will still be listening to your music but at the same time aware being aware of what's happening in the environment but not only that you have the voice assistance from Google where you can answer your messages from what's up you can hear your calendar you can do the navigation so you will be just translation you can trigger the assistant say the word ask to translate and then it will be translated so tell you how to speak Chinese for example not necessarily that complicated because you know it's short it's yeah it is it is a cool vision but then again at the moment we're working with with Google assistant so that's the capability we have so far and those are the colors available and also same type of selection of colors for the compact different finishing so we have these very nice 3d glass finishing for the exit to and for exit to contact we have a frosted finish of anti-scratch material which is amazing because and it's super resistant the fingerprint no fingerprint on these two yes we have a fingerprint on the back but it doesn't keep fingerprints on that oh that's correct yeah the finishing is quite nice to hold it's really nice to hold it's made to fit in your hand and and and feel perfectly ergonomic ergonomically for you can we check some stuff yes let me take you to let's go around over here so over here on the stuff about the tools over here and so here you showing off the HDR 4k so as you can see this is the world's first 4k HDR movie recording in a smartphone so you can see here this was actually shot with our phone this was with the 4k HDR movie recording take a look can you see the borders how much detail we have we don't have any blur all the details in the light here it's quite sharp so this is something that you can only get with that quality and here also is it comparing the HDR and it's quite it's impressive you can see the colors you can see the difference in the colors you can see all the detail without any any difficulty you just switch the toggle and that's it and you also have some other camera functionalities in there it's a very very good at low light that's correct well this Xe2 and Xe2 compact I have only one camera we are able to do a lot with one camera let me show you what we're working on for the future this is a dual camera concept for Sony and as you can see what we're aiming to achieve is an ISO 2800 for video so right here it's just total darkness but it's able to film exactly so you can see here what's going on there you can you can at least visualize what you your naked eye can't see and this is this is this is based on maybe it's something to do with a dual ISO technology potentially some kind of technology in there that has maybe maybe something to do with that that has extra light sensitivity low light support exactly well what we wanted to present here is the concept we're working on is very low light sensitivity and this is our vision from Sony and here you showing off the the new full HD 960 you're the only one who can do full HD 960 the other company that's only 720 we are the only company with 960 so as you can see the quality at full HD so you can see taking here actually you can you can see this is Barcelona so this is something that we are able to capture now today I'm predictive capture so predictive capture analysis the situation so if you imagine you have a moment where your dog is coming towards you the motion is detected and then the camera starts buffering so when you press the shutter you have some images already taken so you don't need to miss the moment so just grab the picture and then you have four options to choose from just to jump in here you basically you can start right here we're a sponsor of the WEMMA Champions League and yes the real the real topic the real one so you can see here last one is a real Madrid that's correct that next one is Barcelona right well I'm not gonna go into controversy yeah so there's some more about the 4G HDR it's a compliment of the full HD what is a 3d selfie that's actually super cool last last year we presented 3d creator so basically you can just take your face in a 3d model print it out yeah that's right you can print it out you can actually share it on Facebook directly no compromise what we're doing now it's bringing to the front camera so you can scan yourself and just be ready to share it with the world and around here it's more about the 3d selfie and there they're also doing right now move the camera around it's a very intuitive UI and then next thing you know you have a 3d OBG file for share what are they doing over here just trying out the phone exactly so this is our touch-and-try area you can see the phone used then and have it in your hands first first first and so the new phone support very high quality on exactly Tony leader in headsets and higher sodium is one of the technologies we created it's the best ultimate quality we call it as the artist intended so create co-created with the artist from some of the other accessories we have the ear-duo there as well and some other cases that allow you to interact with the phone even if it's closed and standing covers all the colors that are here some more demos over here so so basically while watching a movie I can feel the whole phone is vibrating that's correct it works with a headset no problem any kind of content that has the audio channel and this is the type of experience you will get right here this is the for sale in Europe right now yeah it's actually working really well in Germany and it's quite interesting the different use cases that you can have shared with the family or in a kid both for business B2B it's an amazing interactive projector on the table that's correct and on the wall you can play play in a table have video calls on the walls just have your calendar shared it's a very smart device and it's being quite successful in what I'm hoping in the future is so you would put this inside the phone that's a lot of technology packed in one device all right thank you very much thank you