So we're here with move and see here at CES. Who are you? I'm Stefan from move and see and I'm here to introduce a pixio So what is going on here? Pixio is a first robot cameraman in the world to work indoor and outdoor So it will be so the camera moves like this. Yeah, we'll be tracking you all the way around 360 degrees and less any camera any camera as far as yeah as far as you have the It's a wreck control from outside like here. How does it work the control from outside normally? What is that standard? Yeah, the robot will be tracking this device this tag And it will be moving so it will know the distance between this tag and the robot And it will know when to zoom and when to de-zoom automatically So this standard for controlling what is this? That's a standard multi they call that multi socket. It's a sony on sony on sony they call it multi Panasonic and all that All the consumer camera have this? Yes. Well, yeah, the only thing is Sony has this socket At very low price. I mean as far as you buy a sony even a cheap like $300 camera camcorder. Yeah, you got this socket if you want to have the same socket for other brands You may need to buy it more expensive camcorder, but is that the socket that's used for for charging or so? What is it? No, it is it's a externalization of the wreck and Zooming control it looks like my co USB. Yes, but it's not so is it always my co USB No, it's not you have different cables for different cameras We can have different cables for different cameras, but the most used is this one, which is not looks like Micro USB, but it's not All right. So so that means you have a robot in here. Yeah, what kind of robots? It's a radar technology It's it's an electronic All right What is this for and tennis and tennis for the radar for the radar and it then it can localize this one precisely How far? It goes up to 350 feet. Is that something like 100 meters or yes? And How much is a battery in here? How long? How long is it's a four hours autonomy? And then you charge it with micro USB now we charge it on Wireless device which is just put it on something. Yes, and Then let's see some examples over here So they could be skateboarders it could be tennis it could be horse football Basketball handball all sports as far as you You need to be to film and you need you want to have a video what you are doing can be conferences theater Can be a church we have required for church events ceremonies anything we had three guys today with a request for education So it really opens a market to anything when it will replace someone holding a camera Because just putting a camera with a zoom out is not cool. You want to be close to the action, right? Yeah, so that's why that's what you solve people sometimes they put a camera far away to cover what they do But it looks like bad, right?  Yeah, and after that it will always keep you the same size in the frame even if you go a hundred feet away And that means if you have a nice zoom camera It's great. Yep, and it just records the whole thing because you push the record button You press a record button here when you are ready to be filmed And you know when it's recording. There's a light or no. Yeah I will tell you because there's a light here a little blinking light or something It was it will be blinking when it's not recorded and will be fixed when you will be recording So this is kind of awesome Are you are you launched? We launched it in on 20th of January on an Indiegogo campaign starting price at 449 us dollars for the whole robot for the robot and Tag with all the charges everything After that people are free to choose the camera they want to put on and a tripod They won't you'll have a list of compatible cameras exactly and if not if your camera is not in you just have to send us an email We tell you if it's compatible or not. That's cool, and it works for the small ones. Yes The only thing is has a control No No, no action cams like GoPro for example, they don't have Zoom zoom they only have a wide angle, but there's people still use it well Well, I prefer to zoom. Oh, yeah, definitely. That's why we made this so what's your background? Oh my background was much more like International development of a different French companies like some technology stuff. Yes always take So since when was this idea come up and when is it reach this stage? How long did it take to make it? Oh, the company was created in 2011 was a first robot working only outdoor tracking you to 3000 feet do what? track a sportsman like Surfers and kite surfers. That's what we did tracking Camera yeah filming you already. Yeah already 2011. Yes So you already have something like this on the market Yes on the market since the last two years and we sell them worldwide But we had so many requests people telling us, okay, let's say I'm playing tennis outside during the summer during winter I'm inside so I want to use that inside, but GPS technology Needs to see sky to get the satellites and your position So you cannot use it here. For example, you cannot use it So that's why we came up with this model picks you So this is radar and not only GPS like your previous version How much is the previous version on the market for on the market? It's around 1400. It's much more expensive because our focus was more on Professionals or semi-professionals use so you have some kind of Famous or really talented sports people using the previous version. Yeah, football players or something Not not football players, but we have a lot of international horse riders Kates offers with the word champion of the winter for example a French guy is using and training alone Thanks to our system because it doesn't need a cameraman to film just go in the water and practice and See his video after that and say okay here. I was good here. I was not good. It's cheaper than a cameraman Yes, so how about the version that has multi-camera angles automatically edits between the two that's too much, right? But sorry, I'd like to have multiple cameras from different angles. You can Use one tracker for two. I don't either either you can have one tracker With many cameras or you can have one camera with 16 trackers like this So then it zooms out to cover everybody now the last guy who wants to be filmed press a button and we'll call the robot So you can have many players or you can have also remote control the coach Let's say the coach has a remote control all the trainings have this and you can choose now I want to film guys number three now number 11 and he press the buttons and robot will fix directly What is that remote control for the coach is a different product? Yes, how does it look like I don't have it here Just gone with the other interview is a bigger thing with many buttons. Yes up to 16. Yes, all right So it's too complicated to do a version that automatically tracks people moving without the tracker, right? Yes What would be needed for that? New technology development, I guess something else. Yes, but that's cool So hopefully you'll sell millions of these we hope so


So I guess you can hear me and you can see the slides. Okay. Yes, so I'm John Kiriaco and I, today I want to tell you about the work I did, some of the work I did during my PhD at Columbia. And particularly this work focus on the voltage, the driving of the matter into the transition calcium root innate and how this can be explained by hitting effects and affect the effects. So just to give a bit of an overview and introduction to the topic. Now matter into the transitions have been very studied in recent years. And in equilibrium they can be driven by many tuning parameters like for example, temperature, strain, doping, and many more. Like you can see just an example in this space diagram here, which is for calcium root innate doping strontium. And depending on temperature or doping you can have many different phases in this material. This is just in equilibrium. But then recently there have been many experiments performed out of equilibrium. So in which the certain material is, the transition in certain material is driven through electric currents or electric fields. And you can see this in the phase diagram always for calcium root innate material in which you have a tuning parameters, the temperature and the applied current. And you can drive many non-equilibrium phases through the application of this current. And now these experiments have been focused mostly on inducing the matter into the transition in multi-insulators. And there was one example, which was famous some years ago, which is the experiments performed on a vanadium oxide VO2 in which initially the transition was thought to be due to the driven transition through the electric field. Initially it was thought to be due to purely electronic mechanics. So there was something at the level of the electronic structure of the material which was changed by the electric field. But then it turned out to be just heating of the system caused by a dual heating of a dual electric field. And you can see just from this table how many materials have been studied, how many materials this made the insertion transition driven by fields as been studied. And what is peculiar about this material about calcium root innate is that the threshold field, a breakdown field required to switch from the insulating phase to the metallic phase is very small. It's like three or four orders of money are smaller than what happens than the field required in the other material. So during my PhD I decided to kind of focus and try to understand what is going on in this material. Now understanding how this non-equilibrium phase transition work is also a challenge not only from the experimental point of view but also not only from the point of view of modeling what was exactly happening in the material but also on a more theoretical standpoint of view. So like the first issue of course is to understand whether the mechanism that is driving the transition when you apply the electric field to your material is just electronic in nature. So you are messing around with the structure of the electronic model or just heating up the system. So like your sort of pseudo equilibrium transition which you just raised the temperature of the system. And then more on the theoretical side there is the question of how we studied this electric field driven state and whether we can use some sort of pseudo free energy functional to study the non-equilibrium transition similar to what we do in equilibrium with the land-off free energy to obtain the various phases of the system. Now in this work this work will be divided mainly in two parts. So first I will be talking about some possible microscopic theories of this transition from each other to metal driven by an applied voltage. And then I will focus more specifically on the case of a calcium rate and how this can be explained by some Peltier and thermoelectric effects. So more on this theoretical models there is the question like how does the current or field applied to the system actually drive the transition. So the usual models we consider are systems with a certain bandwidth W, a gap delta. So there is an incident phase and a metallic phase and the incident phase has certain gap delta. And usually there is also like some interaction strength because these are correlated systems. So there is a competition between on-site interaction between electrons and then hopping so kinetic term. And then there is temperature T and all these parameters that they mean the equilibrium phase diagram. And the systems usually have this incident phase with a conduction balance band and they can be studied by different techniques. So one way to study the systems is to model them using the Hubbard model and then apply for example an equilibrium dynamical field theory. So this more nomadical approach. Then there are more analytical approaches in which these systems are modeled with the samtoy model. So for example, systems with the antiferromagnetic or charge density insulating phases. And then you insert also in this system some relaxation processing and then apply in field and you try to get some analytical results from these models. And of course as I was mentioning there is this theoretical issue of this non-equilibrium to the free energy which is not clear how to define. Like it's not clear exactly how to define this to the free energy and what are its properties while it's of course clear for the equilibrium of free energy. So now for what concerns some possible driving mechanism of these transitions. One for the simplest one is just studying the formation of the energy bands due to the presence of the electric field. So there is these electric fields and then the energy structure of the system is changed. And this can lead to just like a closing of the gap in the solution phase. So the system becomes metallic because you're no longer have a gap in the electronic structure. Then you have the mechanism of Landau-Siener tunneling which is just a tunneling of electrons from conduction band to valence band. So basically you're exciting some electrons and now are free to move and free to conduct.  And then there are heating mechanism which you can only heat the electrons of the system or you can also heat the electrons and the lattice structure. So you're just heating the entire system. And these two mechanisms can be different. So there is like some subtletying when they are important. And for example, if the order parameter associated to this transition is pure electronics is just related to the nature of the electronic phase, then it doesn't matter whether we are heating up only the electrons or both the electrons and the lattice. But for example, if there is some couple of order parameters of the transition, so like if both the lattice and the electrons of your system change the transition then it's possible like only heating up the electrons is not enough to the transition. So you also need to consider heating up the lattice. So there is this slight difference that can be important in some cases. So just to give an idea, when we talk about the deformation of the band structure, like from a very intuitive point of view, we can have a simple picture in which, so if you consider your system, your lattice made up of different unit cells with a unit cell length of A, then electrons on the membrane unit cells, membrane sites have an energy difference approximately proportional to A and then times the electric field E and then the electric charge. So when this energy difference is proportional to the gap with the incident phase delta, then you're basically closing the gap with the incident phase like you make the conduction balance band touch. So you're essentially transforming your insulator into a metal. But this effect usually requires very large fields like the order of 10 to the 7, 10 to the 8 volts per centimeters. So it's not really the mechanism which is going on in many of the materials or in calcium because in these materials the required fields, the threshold fields are much smaller. Then there is the mechanism of Landauziner tunneling in which as we're saying, there is the possibility of this tunneling in between conduction and balance bands, you're just exciting electrons across the gap of the incident phase. And in correlated materials, usually when the gap depends self-consistently on how many particles you have in conduction band and balance band. So if you are exciting electrons to balance band then basically you can reduce this insulating gap so you can break down the insulator. Now this in the Landauziner tunneling, the probability, so there is a rate which is proportional to the electric field E, then this rate is multiplied by the tunneling probability which of course is suppressed exponentially by how large the gap is and in particular it's even by this formula here. So you have an exponential which is exponential of minus the gap squared over the electric field. So this is the quantity that tells you how important this mechanism is. And usually the threshold field required to have this Landauziner breakdown of the insulator is 10 to the 5, 10 to the 6 volts per centimeter. So it's better than this mechanism here, the study of the deformation of bands. But it's still a very high field. But also it tells you that insulators with small gaps are easier to switch. Now I want to show you some more detailed models of like for example, correlation systems in which there is a breakdown of the insulating phase caused by electric field. And this is a model from a work by Mats Amarici Capone Fabrizio. I was done here in Trieste some years ago. And basically what they do is they take two bands of the model. So they have the usual hubbub model for electrons and then they consider electrons living on two bands so that they can have a coexistence of insulating and metallic phase depending on the interaction strength of the model. So like for a certain random interaction strength there is a coexistence of insulator and metal for large interactions. There is an insulating behavior and for small interactions there is a metallic phase. And what they find is that when you start only from the metallic phase, then when you start from the insulating phase then the insulator can collapse thanks to Landau's inner tunneling. So they find that this mechanism actually can collapse the insulator. But then they also find that in the coexistence region you actually need smaller fields because when you have this coexistence, so these two phases coexisting, they both elect some free energy. So you can draw the free energy depending on the order parameter. And what you need is for your electric field to just modify the energy of the two phases enough also that like the metallic phase becomes favored compared to the insulating phase. So just a sort of a free energy and immunization balance. And they find that like in this case you don't need the large fields required to have Landau's inner breakdown but you can have a transition for all smaller fields. Then there is another model in this like more recent paper by Matthias and collaborators in which they again study hardball model using dynamical field theory and they have an insulating phase with a charge density wave order. Basically it's not really important what the order is. It's just that there is this insulating phase with the gap which is determined self-consistency by the distribution of the electrons. And then they add some dissipation. So they have the couple this system to an external bath which determines the temperature and they add dissipation. So they allow for the exchange of electrons between the system, the habit system and this external bath. And they find one that you need an electric field which is of the order of the insulating gap to collapse the insulator. So again, they find that you need some very large electric fields to destroy the insulating phase. And then they also find that the electrons are heated up. So to an effective temperature which is determined by the E squared. So the Joule heating term divided by the dissipation rate. So how efficiently you dissipate energy into the bath. And basically they see this by looking at the electronic distribution of omega's function of the energy omega. And they find that it can be fitted by a Fermi Dirac distribution with a renormalized temperature. So when you increase the voltage it's like you're increasing the effective temperature of your electrons. So they basically see that there is this heating effect of the electrons. And something similar happens in another model another work which is... So this model is a one-dimensional antiferromagnetic model with the Madeleine-Swedler transition. And again, the electrons are coupled to an external bath which is assumed to be at zero temperature. And there is a certain dissipation rate of energy between the electrons in the system and the thermodynamic bath. And again, what this... Put Han and collaborators find in this paper is that there is a renormalization of the electronic temperature for both the metallic phase and the insulating phase with the effective temperature which can be different between the two phases like the normalization effect can be different and stronger in the metal usually. But it's always related to the strength of the electric field. So the larger the field you apply to the system the larger the renormalized effective temperature is. And you also find again that you can collapse the insulating phase if the number of excited electrons due to Landau-Zinner tunneling is enough to destabilize the insulator. And what they do actually is also to study the phase diagram. So they study the behavior of the gap with the insulating phase delta as function of the applied electric field. And they see that like if you start from the insulating phase then you need to go up to a certain large field to collapse the insulating phase. So above this threshold there can be only a metallic phase. But then once you are in the metallic phase then you can decrease the field down to a much lower value. And at this point the metallic phase becomes unstable and you go back to the insulating phase. So they find that there is a large hysteresis cycle. And this is essentially due to the fact that the renormalization of the temperature is larger in the metallic phase. So when you apply the electric field to the metallic phase you have a larger dissipation. So like larger joule heating production so you have a larger increase of the effective temperature and basically you can stabilize this metallic phase to down to much lower temperature. And what they do is also use a phenomenological pseudo-free energy for the non-equilibrium phase which is here is just like a schematic picture. They, I don't think they actually have formula for this free energy. But like you can look at the minima of the free energy to find the values of the insulating gap determined by this free energy. So the values where the gap satisfies the self-consistent equations of the system. And then I just want to show you this other model which is part of the work I did during my PhD. And in this work we introduce a new mechanism which we can destabilize insulating phase in a correlated system. So we study one dimensional system with the charge density wave order. So there is an insulating phase with a certain gap delta which is determined self-consistently by how many electrons you have in conduction and balance band. It's like a BCS-like self-consistent equation. And we consider a sort of dynamic picture in which we have electric field which is changing the distribution of the electrons or the thermal electrons in the conduction balance band. Then we have, we consider several relaxation processes and the most important one is the relaxation process between the two bands, so the inter-band scattering. Now the main point on this work is that when this inter-band relaxation is as an untrivial structure in energy or in momentum. So when, for example, it's picked at K equals zero which corresponds to the smaller, the point of minimum gap, then it's possible to increase the number of carriers in conduction band by applying an electric field even without land-outs inter-tanneling. And the reason is that when you apply an electric field, you're increasing the energy of the electrons in conduction band. So you're essentially sweeping the electrons away from the minimum of the gap to higher energies in the conduction band. And these higher energies have a lesser future relaxation. So these electrons which live at higher energy where they should not be in equilibrium, they can survive longer because the relaxation rate here is smaller. So essentially you can have this effect in which you are increasing the number of electrons in conduction band. And this can lead with the stabilization of the insulating phase. And what we see is actually, and we actually see that in the phase diagram. So you can have, we plot the behavior of the insulating gap as function of temperature and for different applied electric fields. And we see that when we increase enough the electric fields, then there is no insulating phase above a certain temperature. So we need both a combination of base temperature, equilibrium temperature of the system and large fields to destroy this insulating phase. And also what we see is that there is a dual heating of the electrons. So if we look at the distribution of the electrons in conduction band, we find that it can be described by a Fermi-Dirac distribution with the renormalized temperature and effective temperature, which is T, the equilibrium temperature plus the dual heating term. So how efficient, so how much heat you generate by dual heating compared to how fast you can, the system can dissipate energy. And in our work, we also did something similar to what Han the collaborators did in their paper. So we looked at the sort of non-equilibrium pseudo-free energy. So what we did was essentially to start from the self-consistent equation for the gap delta and then just integrate this equation over delta so that we obtain a functional whose local minima give us, whose stationary points give us the solutions for the self-consistent equation. And in theory, there is no guarantee that looking at the, like making a comparison of the values of this pseudo-free energy indicate what space is stable and what is made stable and so on. But like this can be, can give us an idea of like where the system wants to be. So like whether the system wants to be in the incident phase or a metallic phase at different electric fields. And we find some results which are similar like this is equivalent to what's found in that other paper. So this was like more of an introduction to the QD models that I've been used to try to describe these transitions driven by current or voltage. But the main point is that from all these work as the takeaway point is that you need a large enough field to heat up the electrons enough so that the incident phase becomes unstable. So like it seems from all these models that the driving mechanism in this driven transition is actually heating of the system.  But as I was mentioning, this does not really explain, does not seem to not explain the very small threshold field you have in calcium-reduced material.  So calcium-reduced is a system with the many different phases. So you can see them here in the space diagram. But what we will focus on is the transition which happens at around 350 Kelvin from a paramagnetic insulating phase to a paramagnetic metallic phase. So we don't have to deal with any magnetic effects. We just have a transition from an insulator to a metal which can actually be described by a typical motor disorder behavior. So we have electrons, so like the relevant electrons near the Fermi energy. They occupy some half field bands. So like that's the perfect in, those are the perfect ingredients to have a motor-like behavior. So there is this transition from insulator to metal. And this transition is also associated to a change in the structure of the lattice. So there is a difference. This is a very complicated material. Like there are many, many atoms in the unit cell. So like it's going to get, if you look in detail, you can get arbitrary complicated. But the point is that there is a difference in the lattice parameters. And so in the parameters for the unit cells, for example, the length of the cell in the z-direction changes across the transition. This can actually be seen by in like very clean, very clean way in many experiments. There is, if you measure the lattice parameter of calcium glutamate, then you see that you can drive the transition with temperature and you see this clear jump in the lattice parameter, the transition temperature. Or you can also drive the transition using applying pressure to the material. So this is like a very clear indicator of where the transition is happening. As I was mentioning, there is this transition can also be driven by applying an electric field with the very low threshold field, which is like 40 volts per centimeter. So it's a very small field. And you can see that by doing the same measurement for the lattice parameter as functionally applied electric field. And you can see very clearly this jump in the parameter at this threshold field. And you also see that in the current versus voltage characteristics. So you go from a very, very low conductivity here in the insulating phase and then you jump at the threshold field and then you have the conductivity which is metallic indication or metallic behavior. So now the point is that from the experiments, it seems that the global heating of the system is small.  And they can only account for an increase of the temperature around 10 Kelvin. While there is these experiments are conducted at room temperature and the transition temperature is like 80 degrees. So there is an increase in, so to have a heating effect, you should have an increase in temperature of at least 50 or 60 degrees Kelvin, which does not seem to happen to be explained by Joe heating. Now, the last experiment I want to talk about and then I will go on and talk about the modeling of the system is this nano imaging experiment. So there was this group in Stony Brook that was able to basically take pictures of the system. So this is a sample of this material, cut some root and eight at different currents. And they can see in, they can resolve between the two different phases. So like using the fact that the structure of the lattice is different in the metallic and insulating phase, they are able to tell apart the insulating phase, which is represented in this gray, light gray color from the metallic phase, which is as this darker shade of gray color. So they are able to actually tell for every current they apply where the system is metallic and where the system is insulating. And what this is that when you start from zero current at room temperature, so you start from an insulator and then you start applying current and then you can see that the system starts turning metallic and minus V and plus V here are the points where you applied the electrode. So where you inject current into the system. And they see that increasing the current, so this, the interface between metallic phase and insulating phase grows.  So they found basically a region of currents, a range of currents in which there is quick existence between the metallic and insulating phase in the system. And then they also saw this very surprising thing, which is that the metallic phase always nucleates out of the negative electrode. So they basically did the experiment in which the negative electrode is on the right side of the system. And then they see that the metallic phase comes out from this negative electrode when they apply certain current. And then they switch the podardis. So they put the negative electrode on the left side of the material. And so at this time the metallic phase came out from the left side. So always from the negative electrode. So this kind of surprising because the system somehow knows about the direction of the current. So there is something which depends on the direction of the current is kind of like rare in physical systems. And so also this effect tells us like that joule heating is very likely not the main effect here at play here, because joule heating depends on the current squared. So it does not care about the direction of the current while the system somehow knows where you are injecting the current or where you're taking it out of the system. So all these experiments just to try and think of this phenomenon in a different way. And the work I did with my advisor and the Millis of Columbia is reported in this paper here from last year. And so some of the main points here are that the presence of the interface is very likely important for the physics of the transition. Because there is a, you can see in this experiment there is a coexistence of faces. So the interface is likely to play a role in the transition. And also while the global joule heating while the global heating effect may be small, it is possible locally you have a larger effect. So in particular when you're injecting current in an inhomogeneous way, so like you have a bigger current density near the electrons where you're injecting current and it's both then there you have a larger heating. So you have a situation which is not homogeneous. So locally you may have regions where you have larger heating than the average sample. And then there is the issue of the polarity of the dependence on the direction of the current. And the main point is that this may is very likely related to thermoelectric effects since thermoelectric effects are actually dependent on linearly on the current. So it's possible that we can interpret what is going on here in this material as the consequence of some pelkier heating. And I will explain later what this means exactly. So to study this system, we basically brought down some macroscopic equations for the local temperature of the system. So we consider the temperature not as the system as a whole, but like locally. So we had a local equation. We also took into account the presence of an interface. So basically we consider a system which can have a, so the system as a length L with W and thickness H. And this system is resting on a substrate which basically acts as a heat reservoir. So it's like a bath at fixed temperature to zero. And then our system can have like existence of both metallic and insulating phases. So we have a metallic phase. So here there is just a sketch of a possible geometry which is a wedge-like geometry. So it's like the electron, one of the electrons will be here and there is a metallic phase nucleating out of this electron. And then there is an insulating phase and there is current flowing in the system. And what we do is to write the balance equation for the heat in the system so that we can determine the temperature of the electrons and the temperature of the lattice. So for the electrons we have that in a steady state we have zero equal to, then we have the joule heating which heats up the system. It's the resistivity of the electrons times the current squared. And then we have this Peltier heat term which is basically, which is minus the temperature T times the current density J times the gradient of the feedback coefficient. And then we have the diffusive term in which the temperature which there is diffusion of heat proportional to the conductive, thermal conductivity of the electrons. And then there is an exchange of energy between the electrons and the lattice. So basically the electrons can dissipate the energy produced by joule heating and these other effects into the lattice by exchanging energy with the lattice. And then we can write down the equation for the balance equation for the lattice. So we're always in a steady state we have zero equal to we have diffusion of energy of heat for the lattice. And then we have plus the energy which is flowing from the electrons into the lattice. And the important thing is that the lattice is the only one that can dissipate energy into the external environment. So through the substrate there can be diffusion of energy so that our system can lose heat by diffusing energy into the substrate at the interface at the bottom surface of the system. So we have we impose the boundary condition at the temperature of the lattice at z equal h. So at the bottom surface of the system is equal to zero. And basically what we can do is solve these equations and find the temperature of the electrons and of the lattice at any point in the system. Now, so we're saying this spelt effect, this term minus j times the gradient of the sieve coefficient is very good for us because one is linear in j and also depends on the direction of j. So it depends on the direction of the current. So it correctly gives the polarity effect with the experiment was telling us there is in a calcium route and it. And more importantly, when the current flows from the phase with the larger sieve coefficient to the phase with the lower sieve coefficient, there is generation of it at the interface. So this term here is positive. So you produce heat at the interface. So you are hitting the system. And it's actually consistent with calcium route it because in this material the sieve coefficient in the metallic phase is approximately zero. And then the insulating phase is large and positive. So it means that when the current flows from the insulator to the metal, then there is heating at the interface which corresponds to situation in which the metallic phase nucleates out of the negative electron is actually consistent with the pictures I was showing you earlier here which the metallic phase comes out of the negative electron. And then also there is this, the point that this effect is called K-heating term is proportional to the gradient of the sieve coefficient. And since the sieve coefficient has this big jump at the interface between the insulator and the metal will be a large generation of it at the interface which will compete with the diffusion and dissipation. And so concerning dissipation we can model it as just linearly in the temperature difference between the electron temperature and the lattice temperature. And the point is that this coefficient here which tells us how fast the exchange of energy happens between electrons and lattice is usually very large. So this exchange of energy is very fast which means that we can assume that the temperature of the electrons and of the lattice are at all times almost the same. So like the difference between the two temperatures here is much smaller than the temperature itself. So we can approximate so we can reduce our two temperatures model to just one temperature model for the system. Of course, this more like if we want to go more in detail this actually depends on the thickness of the system but the point is that for this material same the systems are usually thick enough for these two temperatures to be very close to each other. So we don't have to worry about a difference in temperature between electrons and lattice. And basically we can just write down one heat balance equation for just one temperature in which now the thermal conductivity is given by the sum of the two thermal conductivities of the system or the electrons and lattice and the boundary condition at the bottom surface is that the temperature is equal to two T zero to the bath temperature. And this essentially so this boundary condition tells us that this diffusion into the substrate into the environment is the only way for the system to dissipate heat the heat generated by Joule heating or Peltier heating. And in particular, very thick samples, very thick system dissipate less efficiently because the dissipation is proportional to a couple times the temperature divided by the thickness H of the system squared. So the fact like this calcium with the systems are usually larger than typical samples for other materials actually tells us that dissipation may be very inefficient in the systems. Now we can take this equation and for a given current injected into the system we can solve everything for the temperature and what we find. So we can get like some analytical insight for like very specific cases but maybe we'll skip this and just go to the numerical results for the system. So basically I solved these equations numerically for certain parameter values which are consistent with the experiments for this material for calcium and luteinate. And I found that there is, as you can see from these plots from this color map of the temperature there is a substantial increase of the temperature of the system and the temperature can even go above the equilibrium transition temperature so we can have a separation formation of the metallic phases near the negative electrode while the rest of the system stays insulating stays insulator and you see that in from the side view here in which you see the metallic phase that goes down to certain depth of the system and then from the top view in which you see also this semi-circular shape of the metallic phase coming out of the negative electrode and you can also observe like how the one deep profile of the temperature on the line joining the two electrodes here. So this shows that for certain parameters for a current which is for a value of the current which is consistent with the experiments you can actually induce this transition simply from the Peltier heating generated at the interface between the metallic phase and the insulating phase. And then I did a check in which I reduced the value of the C-beck coefficients by one order of magnitude and I saw that to see a transition so to nucleate some metallic phase I needed to increase the current but for this value of the C-beck coefficient the joule heating became way more important so the interface to the phase boundary looked way more symmetrical so there was also a metallic phase nucleating out of the positive electrode which means that in this case the C-beck coefficient is less important so joule heating which is symmetric in the direction of the current is the main mechanism of driving the transition so you will expect something which is very symmetric and then you can also look at a different geometry of the system so instead of like a square geometry I looked at the rectangular geometry and you can see how increasing the current leads to different shapes of the interface so you can see that the metallic phase the boundary between the metal insulator push it through halfway through the sample. Okay and then I just want to show one last experiment so this data were published shortly after we published our theoretical model and in this experiment it's like by a group in Kyoto University in Japan who were able to measure the local temperature so they did some infrared imaging of the calcium routinate under different currents and they were able to measure the local temperature of the system and you can see from this color map that there is this asymmetry between the electrode so you have like the negative electrode here and the positive electrode here in this picture for example and you can see how the negative electrode has a larger temperature so like it's hotter here while the positive electrode is slightly colder than the negative electrode and you can see also that in the plots on the right so basically they found that reversing the polarity of the current you always see that the negative electrode is slightly hotter than the positive one so basically so this data basically confirmed that Peltier heating is actually relevant in the system and you can see actually the difference in temperature between the two electrodes is linear in temperature it's linear in the temperature so showing that this Peltier heating is actually one of the main mechanism responsible for the transition in calcium routinate. Okay so in conclusion in this work I studied this metal insulator transition in this specific material in this routinate driven by an applied current and using some macroscopic equations for the local temperature I found that the interface between the metallic and insulating phase that can be a large Peltier heating due to the difference in the feedback coefficient between the two phases and this can lead to polarity dependent effects which can actually explain the driving of the transition in calcium routinate so we explained that this transition here is due to a heating caused by this Peltier effect and not to some purely electronic mechanism happening in the system with this I want to thank for your attention I will be happy to take any question. Are there any questions? So maybe I have a question or also Andre, Andre please, sorry. Oh, it's just a curiosity for me. I remember a few years ago there was a story about calcium routinate and the observation of the Higgs mode and subsequent decay of this mode. The story was that basically its ground state is spin orbit singlet with some temperature there was excitation of triplets which lead to this Higgs mode but there were other claims that the system is actually can be described as Higgs number 24 magnet. Are you talking about calcium routinate or? Yeah, calcium routinate. Because, okay, so here I am focusing on this higher temperature transition. So it's like the one at 350 Kelvin. So it's between two paramagnetic phases. I think you're referring to the transition. So there is a second transition between anti-pheromonetic phase and paramagnetic phase, lower temperature. Yes, I didn't study that. I'm not sure what you're asking for. I think it's a bit lower temperature. So yeah, I was just interested in how it's applied to this study. Yeah, so. Any relation I'm not forcing? So there have been some more recent experiments in which they applied current and lower temperature and they saw like a transition to a metallic behavior but I didn't study in detail the moderate dose temperature. In theory, the equations I wrote should describe the system of the lower temperature provided that I use the parameters for calcium routinate at that temperature. So I need the C-becoefficient, the value of the C-becoefficient resistivity and so on at this temperature of this transition. I didn't try to do that honestly. Okay, thanks. I have a question like is there a physical reason why to understand why this effective temperature is proportional to the applied field? You mean for the Peltier heating term or? So okay, maybe at the microscopic level. So the idea is, so here what in like this model, this picture here is for electrons in conduction band and when you apply an electric field you are basically heating up these electrons. So you are giving energy to these electrons and the energy you are giving is proportional to E squared to the Joule heating term more or less and then you are dissipating energy with some ray gamma epsilon for example. There is like some, there will be many processes with which you can dissipate energy. So it's basically a balance of like how much energy over time you are giving to the electrons through Joule heating and how fast you can dissipate the energy through several processes which depend on the microscopic model of the system. So basically the renormalization in temperature will be proportional to Joule heating divided by the rate of relaxation. I don't know if this answer your question completely. Yeah, I mean, I'm just confused because maybe we can discuss it later like, I wonder if it should be proportional to the E squared and why is it proportional to E? Because of the dissipation is basically proportional to E. Okay, no, sorry. So here in this model here it's proportional to E squared. Okay, I know, I think maybe go back one. Yes, yes, so you write here it's proportional to E. It's because they are using a phenonic bath basically. It's like the natural of the renormalization, like the dissipation is slightly different. And basically, okay, maybe I didn't show it here, but when they study this model, it's finite temperature. So they study this at zero temperature. But then if you also, if you take instead the phenonic bath to have a finite temperature, the formula for defective temperature is the square root of this quantity squared plus the temperature of the bath squared. So you have a correction. So you always have a correction which is proportional to the square of the electric field. But since in this case, you start from a phenonic bath at zero temperature, then they simplify and get this thing linear. But it depends on the absolute value of the electric field. In any case, okay. Okay, thanks. I think we have some questions. Yes, so you may have mentioned it during your talk, but in which case I missed it, but this difference of temperature between the anode and the cathode, it can be understood as far as I get it as a breaking of the particle-hole symmetry. However, my question is, where in your description does this breaking of the particle-hole symmetry occur? Was it explicitly in the microscopic model or was it, is it a spontaneous breaking? I might have missed that part. Yeah, no, that's a very good question. Yes, so like it's implicit in the structure of the system, the microscopic model. I didn't show it here, but you can see like essentially the C-back coefficient is a measure of particle-hole symmetry. So if you have a completely symmetric structure, then the C-back coefficient is zero. And this is actually what you have in the metallic phase where calcium glutamate is quite symmetric between particles and poles. While in the insulating phase, if you look at the energy structure and the density of states of the system near the Fermi energy, you have an asymmetry between particles and poles. And this leads to this C-back coefficient being different from zero. So essentially I would say that the breaking of symmetry is like hidden in the fact that this gradient of C-back coefficient is non-zero. So if you have no symmetric breaking, then S is zero, and now you have like the distance disappear. So you don't have this effect. Yes. Okay, but this cannot be seen by looking at only the dispersion relation and the feelings. Right? I mean, it didn't look to be the case in the few graphs that you show afterwards. No. You mean? So it's really a breaking in terms of the transport properties? Yes, I guess you could say that. Yeah, it's just like a symmetry breaking at the level of a microscopic structure in the insulating phase. It's like, I mean, you can look at, you can find that there is this asymmetry if you do like ab initio calculation for the energy structure. Or if you look at the expert, there are some experiments measuring the density of states of the system or the C-back coefficient, and you can see this asymmetry, but from like a more intuitive level, I don't know, but yeah. Okay, I see. Thank you. Any other questions? If not, let's thank the speaker. And and this I think brings the end to our session with this two very nice talk and also today. So I'll hand over the stage two today. And yeah. So what do we do from now? We... So thank you, Arithra, for sharing the session. So before closing the session and the day for this conference, I would like only to remind you some technical information for tomorrow. So tomorrow the conference will start at nine. If possible, it would be very nice for the speakers to try to connect 10 to 15 minutes before to try if everything is working for them. And also, as you may see, the program has been updated. And so we have confirmed that we have a photo session tomorrow after 12. So directly after the last talk of the third session tomorrow morning, we will have a photo session where both all the speakers and all the participants are welcome. Okay. So you will shall receive an email with the link to the Zoom meeting and not the Zoom webinar to connect at that time. But I would remind that to you tomorrow as well so that we can have a group photo. It doesn't replace the real face to face, but it's the best that we can do online. And that's about it with the technical information that I wanted to tell you. So I thank you again for your participation. And I hope to see you tomorrow for more interesting talks.


Everybody mad here for late in sports cards ripping two boxes of 20 22 tops chrome formula one sapphire. These are for Brian. Why luck Brian Yeah, man, let's see some good stuff for you. It's max for Stappen Carlos Sines 1099 Aqua Marcus Armstrong and Fernando Alonso. It was Hamilton Ayumu Iwasa Kevin Magnuson and Sergio Perez Amori Cordil and Fernando Alonso green to 75 Go Brian Yuki Sunoda and Max Verstappen Theo per chair Lando Norris George Russell and Charles Leclerc Yeah, Louis Hamilton and Max Verstappen that is gold sapphire to 50 There you go Brian nice for Stappen will make that one for you Sebastian Vettel and Louis Hamilton Louis Hamilton make Schumacher Frederick Vesti and Daniel Ricciardo Alexander Albon Oscar Piazzari Kevin Magnuson and Lando Norris Okay, yeah, I like signs too. It's Roy Nassani and JQ's That is sepia variation to 100 Yuki Sunoda and Max Verstappen box number two see if we can get you another mag in here Esteban O'Cone and George Russell And it's a 199 Lando Norris and Marcus Armstrong George Russell doesn't kind of look like a Like a Star Wars villain Piazzari is a variation Carlos signs Jack Duhan Louis Hamilton and Joe Scapito Daniel Ricciardo It's like g-man from Half-Life Sebastian Vettel That's Aqua to 99 Fernando Alonso and Esteban O'Cone. I need to play Half-Life. I was a huge huge fan of portal And I know that they're like kind of the same world Mike Crack George Russell Yuki Sunoda and Kevin Magnuson Max Verstappen and Mick Schumacher That is to 199 Charles Leclerc and Sergio Perez George Russell Carlos signs Daniel Ricciardo and Theo Porcher Liam Lawson and Nicholas Latifi to 199 Toto Wolf and Oscar Piazzari All right last pack finish strong and so Fidda Pauldi Lando Norris Kimi Reichenan and Sergio Perez All right, that'll do it for your break good stuff appreciate it Brian We'll get these right out to you


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. In this video I am going to demonstrate you how you can print squares of natural numbers in reverse order using recursion in C. Before starting, you can subscribe my YouTube channel by clicking on the link which is available at the bottom right corner of this video. You can download my app Takimas that is available on Google Play. You can connect with me by following these details. You can see a code which is implemented in front of you. Its first statement is a comment which is showing objective of the code. Print squares of natural numbers in reverse order using recursion in C. For this purpose, I have included a header file stdr.h, then a function is declared void reverse int. This function will receive an integer as input. It will return nothing. Then main function is defined. It is containing two variable declarations n and s. Then printf scanf statements are written. Printf will display enter value of n. And scanf will read that value inside n variable. Then I have called reverse function. Inside this function, I have passed n as an argument. Then return 0 because return type of main is integer. That's why return 0 statement is written here. Then I have defined a function whose name is reverse. It is receiving an argument inside n variable. This function is called here inside its definition. That's why this function is known as recursive function. Whenever we call a function in its definition, those functions are known as recursive functions. So using recursion, it will display reverse of squares of natural numbers. Now you can see a base condition which is written here. It is n equals to 0. If it is true, then return statement will not return anything, but it will break the recursive calling of this function. If it is false, this base condition is false, then control will be transferred inside else. This else is printing n into n. It is n square. Then return statement is calling reverse function again by passing n minus 1. So every time this reverse function will be called by passing n minus 1 value and this recursion will take place. If this base condition is true, then that recursive process will be terminated. Otherwise it will be repeated. Now I am executing this code. I am entering 10 as value of n. You can see it is displaying reverse of natural numbers starting from 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1. So all the natural numbers squares are printed in reverse order. So you can print squares of natural numbers in reverse order using recursion process which is implemented in C. I hope you have understood how you can perform this operation in C. Thank you for watching this video. If you want to watch more programming related videos, you can subscribe my YouTube channel.


This study suggests that dogs can be used as sentinels for human exposure to certain chemicals. Urinary levels of acrolean, arsenic, and forchlorophenol were found to be significantly higher in dogs than in humans, suggesting that these chemicals are present in the environment and could be contributing to increased risk of cancer in humans. This article was authored by Kate Lynn Cron, Christopher Ross Lutocque, Martin Schaefer, and others.


I'm going to present how you can quickly train staff at district and even facility level to make use every month of the WHO data quality tool. First I want to share with you a single slide that explains why data quality assurance should be decentralized and it should be routine. Let me define some of these terms. By data quality assurance I mean a continuous process of checking the quality of the data investigating where there are suspicious values and if necessary editing the data to remove any errors. By decentralized we mean that data quality assurance is best done at the level of the district and the health facility and this process should be routine that it should be done every month as data are entered into the system. This is a bottom-up approach to data quality assurance. It is more efficient for data quality problems to be fixed closer to where the data are first recorded and reported rather than wait for staff at higher levels regional or national to review an attempt to fix these data quality problems. This is for several reasons. First of all at the district level the volume of data to review is smaller especially if the data are reviewed every month rather than waiting months later to identify and investigate suspicious values. Secondly investigation of suspicious values is more practical for staff at a decentralized level. The district staff have access to the paper records. They have established relationships with the facility staff and they can more easily communicate with them to undertake investigations. And finally DHIS2 data belong to the district and district staff have the permission to edit them and remove any errors. So let's get started with a demonstration of how district and perhaps facility staff can be trained quickly to use the DHIS2 data quality review tools. First of all this user needs to understand how to launch the WHO data quality tool. Users at district level do not need to understand how to use all the functions of the WHO data quality tool. In fact they don't necessarily need to be instructed in how to use all of the four tabs of the dashboard. They can simply understand the power of the outliers page of the dashboard. They will first need a bit of orientation to the settings window of the dashboard. They should understand that they can make the settings window appear and disappear by clicking on the settings icon. For review of the quality of data at district level it's best to configure a special group of indicators that are most important for review at district level. So the data quality reviewer should set data to district group and they should set period to last month if the review is being done at the end of the month when you have data entered for last month. If the review is done at the beginning of the month then it's probably best to set the period to the month before last. Now how should the organization unit of the settings window be configured? If the user is at the level of the district then the organization unit is going to automatically be set to show the data just for their district. However if you are practicing the instruction of district staff at national level you'll have to configure the boundary of the organization unit to the specific district that you are supporting for data quality review. In this case we've selected district A1. Again at district level they won't have to go through this process because DHIS2 will automatically set the window to show data only for their district. The disaggregation should ideally be set to facility level. In the case of this DHIS2 instance facility is the only level below district so it's the disaggregation is automatically set to facility as soon as we set the district as soon as we set the boundary to a single district. But you may have two levels below the level of the district in which case the menu will show those two levels and you should select facility. By disaggregating to facility we'll see how it simplifies the process for the person doing the data quality review at district level. To free up space on the screen it's best to hide the settings window. Users at district level will need a bit of explanation to understand the table the result table that appears. They'll need to understand that all of the data are for their district and that each row represents data for one health facility in their district and one of the indicators in the district group. The data in the row are for the 12 months leading up to the period that has been selected. Users need to understand that values that are highlighted in red are suspicious and cells that are pale yellow have missing values. The results table is lengthy so users need to understand how to filter it in order to identify only the most suspicious values. And the filtering process involves as we have learned to click on options and then they can include the Z score in the table. Users need to understand that the Z score is simply a measure of how suspicious the value in red is with a higher Z score in this case the modified Z score showing that the value is more suspicious. We can now filter the table to show only values that have a modified Z score that is quite high by clicking on outliers and modified Z score and extreme. We now have a relatively small table of the most important suspicious values for the reviewer at district level to investigate. They should follow up on at least the first page of the filtered results table. For some of these values let's take for example the value that is highlighted in red in the first row and the user can be taught how to use the menu icon and click on visualize in order to see this chart. For for this value they may have an explanation. They may understand that this facility indeed had an increase in outpatient attendance. So not all values that are highlighted in red will require extensive investigation. But the point is that the data quality reviewer needs to understand why it is that that value is so different from the other values in the row. Again they can be taught how to click on the menu icon at the end of a row and visualize. And they will almost certainly see that some of the values that are highlighted in red are so suspicious that they are likely erroneous, that they are errors and deserve to be followed up with a phone call or some other communication to people at facility level. In addition to investigating the suspicious values the reviewer at district level needs to look into the most important missing values. And to use the outlier tab to identify those missing values they should be taught to turn off the filter, click on missing data and now the results table shows at the top. Those indicators and those health facilities which have the largest volume of missing data and it may be worthwhile for them to make attempts to mobilize these additional data. Contact in this case the district hospital and see if they can get these missing reports. After all the values from the district hospital are so high that if the reports are missing it will affect the total performance as measured at the district level. Finally the user at district level should understand how to use the download button so that they can download to their computer and visualize a spreadsheet that they can use even when they are not connected to the internet and they could print this out and make use of it in supervision. The user at district level may already understand how to use the sorting functions of Excel but you might need to refresh them that if they click on data and then sort this table can be sorted according to the values of one row. In this case let's select the maximum modified z score and largest to smallest and now we see at the top the values that are most suspicious or they might filter this to find the most important missing values sorting in this case by the modified by the gap weight largest to smallest and here again we see the facilities that are responsible for the most important missing data. In summary to instruct staff at district or facility level to use the tool in a short amount of time perhaps even during the supervision visit the instruction should focus on how they can quickly learn how to make use of the outlier page of the dashboard and how they can by screening the data routinely every month identify and investigate the most important missing and suspicious values and in this way maintain the quality of the data in a bottom up approach.


Welcome to Vogel Timeline, our quarterly news report keeping you up to date on the latest happenings here at the Vogel 3 and 4 site near Augusta, Georgia. The summer was busier than ever here at this site. With more than 5,000 personnel on site, many new milestones have been accomplished. The cooling tower for Unit 3 is about two-thirds complete, currently rising to more than 450 feet. When completed, it will reach 601 feet, which will be almost 50 feet taller than the cooling towers for Vogel units 1 and 2. Ongoing activities in the Unit 3 nuclear island are paving the way for key milestones to come. Reinforcing steel, installation and concrete placements are required both inside and outside of the containment vessel bottom head, or CVBH, to reach the major milestone of concrete at ground level, typically referred to as elevation 100 feet. The safety-related concrete placed under the Unit 3 CVBH has now reached more than 80 feet and is expected to reach the 100 foot mark in the next few months. All containment vessel fabrication and assembly is on schedule. The Unit 3 lower ring was set into the nuclear island weighing more than 950 tons and rising more than 51 feet high, the lower ring is the second of five modular components that will comprise the AP-1000 containment vessel. In yet another major lift, the CA-05 wall module, made up of steel plates and concrete, was placed into the Unit 3 nuclear island recently to form separate rooms inside the containment vessel. And work is well underway on the foundation for the Unit 3 annex building, which will include functions such as the health physics area, the control support area, access control and personnel facilities. Things are really starting to take shape around here and it's easier to envision what the completed structures will look like. On the operations side, operators are training on the digital control system software known as Ovation and its implementation for Vogel 3 and 4 using the Integrated Maintenance Training System or IMTS. Leading this vital training effort is Dan Cody, Senior Nuclear Plant Instructor. Well the types of systems essentially that we are training on primarily is for the instrument control technicians and what you see behind me are the process trainers that the instrument control technicians would be using to learn their craft or their basic skills if you would. What makes these process trainers unique? Everything that's located or situated on these trainers are microprocessor based for the most part with the AP-1000, it's a digital world and so the instruments and devices that we have on these trainers are capable of communicating digitally as well as analog to the control systems that we're going to have in place. Ovation is actually proven technology, it's been around the power plant industry for many many years, it's proven its reliability and safety and what Ovation actually will do for us in this plant is allow the operators to control the plant from the desktop, they'll be able to actually sit, control it at the click of a mouse, it's going to allow them to see a lot more information, a lot more of the processes that are going on on the field in a very condensed and very concise manner. For an INC technician to come in from the field or once they get hired in, it's essentially about a three year program from the time they come in to the time they essentially graduate with the qualifications that they need to maintain the plant as instrument control technicians. Thanks Dan for showing us around the operations side of things. And the last issue of Vogel Timeline, we featured the detailed Vogel Construction Monitoring Report or VCM process and the team that makes that happen. In August the 11th VCM report was filed with the Georgia Public Service Commission detailing where we stand on the Vogel 3 and 4 project. The good news is known changes were made to the overall projected cost or in service dates for units 3 and 4. Our co-owners continue to play a key role in making the Vogel 3 and 4 project such a success. In our last issue we profiled Oglethorpe Power. This time we'd like to highlight another of our co-owners, the Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia or MEAG. MEAG was founded in 1975 as a public power entity initially including 47 Georgia communities. Today MEAG is comprised of 49 communities and partners with Georgia Power for a stake in cold-fired plants Wansley and Shearer and nuclear plants Hatch and Vogel. Here to tell us more about MEAG and the Vogel partnership is Jim Fuller, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. MEAG is excited about Vogel 3 and 4, we've got a mission to provide reliable and cost competitive energy to our participants cities. We like Vogel 3 and 4, it's low cost, low emissions and that's especially important given the EPA's new guidelines on CO2 emissions so it's a very important project to us. We have a very good working relationship with Georgia Power, we've worked with them on existing plants for over 35 years. The Vogel 3 and 4 expansion is a very complicated effort with many moving parts and many decisions on a day-to-day basis. We're pleased with the level of information exchanged with the co-owners. Looking forward we're looking at a very successful endeavor, first new nuclear in the United States in over 30 years. Thanks Jim for that insight into our important partnership with MEAG. Next up the road from Plant Vogel is the Westinghouse Nuclear Fuel Facility located in Columbia, South Carolina. More than 51,000 nuclear fuel assemblies have been produced at this site for worldwide distribution. The fuel rods that will power the AP1000 reactors here at Vogel 3 and 4 will be manufactured at the Columbia facility and loaded into Unit 3 in 2017 and Unit 4 in 2018. More on the story, here's Dave Prack. Westinghouse has a long relationship and tight relationship with Georgia Power and Southern Company. We've done much together, these are Westinghouse style reactors, Vogel 1 and 2. We in Columbia have made the fuel from the very beginning and we continue to work together to improve our performance and the performance of the reactors. Process make nuclear fuels very interesting and many people when they come here are surprised to see what we do and how we do it. We've had some people come in and say gee I thought you had one big machine that took uranium and fuel came out the other end but it's a very complicated process where we start with a chemical process so we take uranium delivered from the customer and we convert that to powder so we have a process. The material comes in a slurry form, will heat it up into a liquid and gas state and then precipitate, separate, dry it out and make powder. Once we have the powder, we'll blend it to the specific enrichment for the customer and then we'll press that into pellets, we have a ceramic process so we'll center pellets almost 1800 degrees C, a sintering process and from the pellets then we'll load those into fuel tubes and make fuel rods and the rods will be ready for building the fuel assemblies. The other part of the plant then we have the components that go with the assemblies so we get parts from suppliers to assemble grids so we have grid straps that will assemble into grids. We assemble nozzles, we'll take those and put those together in what we call skeletons which are the backbone of the fuel assembly and then the rods and the skeletons get married up in our final assembly area to make a fuel assembly that many people have seen and that will get packaged and then shipped ultimately to the end user. I personally have very high hopes for the nuclear industry in the future. This country in particular needs a good stable source of clean energy and I think more and more people are recognizing that nuclear is that source. It's the only practical source that we have today for that too so I really look forward for the growth. I think once I appreciate very much Vogle being the first one I think when Vogle gets online that'll open the door to a lot more growth in the nuclear industry and nuclear power for this country which this country really does need. Well that's all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us on this exciting journey as we bring plans to reality. Take care, stay safe and we'll see you next time for more great stories here on the Vogle Timeline Report.


Without Western support for Ukraine, Russian Army would be in Kiev, Czech Ministry of Defense. Czech Deputy Defense Minister Jan Dzeresh during parliamentary debates refuted claims that military assistance from Western partners hinders diplomatic and peaceful resolution of the conflict, according to Czech Novinny. The discussions revolved around petitions from the anti-government group Czechia against poverty, suggesting to cease rhetoric stating that Czechia is in a state of war and to halt the supply of weapons to Ukraine. Representative of the Association and Chairman of the non-parliamentary party right of respect and dignity, Zhindrush Rykal and other representatives of the political force emphasized the necessity of a diplomatic and peaceful resolution of the conflict. According to Rykal, statements claiming that Czechia is fighting for Ukraine do not correspond to reality. He called it a lie and pure manipulation. In response, Deputy Minister of Defense of Czechia Jan Dzeresh stated that the decision to end the war depends entirely on Russia and its President Vladimir Putin. Enemy missiles will not fall on the territory of Czechia if we help Ukraine defend its independence, he said. He pointed out that Russia itself has repeatedly spoken about fighting against the entire West, including against Czechia. Undoubtedly, if we did not support Ukraine militarily from the very beginning, Czechia, Poland, almost all other European countries and other countries around the world, the Russian Army would be in Kiev today. Or even us, Harod. Zed Dzeresh


Afternoon now, International Tweed Day, you may not have been aware of that, but every year International Tweed Day shines a light on a fabric that is synonymous with Donegal. Donegal Tweed is characterised by very distinctive flecks of colour and very popular with international fashion houses and designers at the moment. Now Kieran Malloy is a sixth generation weaver with Malloy and Sons and is among a number of Donegal Tweed businesses that are working to secure what's called Protected Geographical Indication or PGI for short as a special status for Donegal Tweed. And Kieran now joins us and we're streaming live as well, hopefully does Kieran, can you hear me? Yep, I can John. Very good, well thanks for taking a bit of time out to explain this to us and it's I can wish you a happy International Tweed Day but anyhow, tell us what Protected Geographical Indication is and why you're keen that Donegal producers get it. So at present the EU has this PGI system in place for foodstuffs or like agri products like for example Champagne can only be produced in the Champagne region of France or Parma Ham in and around Parma in Italy or in Waterford there's the Waterford Blah so that those products can only be produced within a certain area and if it's a similar product can be made outside that area but it cannot be called Waterford Blah or Champagne. So the EU now is to protect the integrity of the product. Yes so that you know that when you're buying that it is the genuine product like at the minute someone else can be making a wine that's very similar to Champagne but if it's not made within the region you can't call it Champagne. So what the EU now are proposing to bring in is a similar system for craft products so that then those products can be protected in the same way. So that for example if Donegal Tweet gets protected then it will mean that only producers following a certain route certain like processes within the country will be able to call Donegal Tweet. And for a start you're going to have to be based on Donegal. Yes well that would that would be a big help whereas at the minute there's like there's fabric mills in Italy or the UK or China or all over the world and they would produce their so-called Donegal Tweets and they're treating it as just a style where they're making a fabric that has like some flex or maybe a plain weave fabric and they're just saying Donegal as a description. So hopefully if this happens then it'll just be producers within Donegal who are following the set terms and processes and it will be a big benefit for all of us. What makes Donegal Tweet unique? It's not just the little flex is it? Well the little flex of colour is the defining characteristic but it's a woven fabric so it's not like a knitted fabric it's like has to be woven on a loom and it's normally like a woolen fabric but it could be like wool or it could be cashmere or like other stuff and it's a woven fabric made in Donegal with the little flex. The flex is very important that's like the defining characteristic. It's all mechanical anymore, there's no weavers sitting in dark rooms. But we have power looms, we don't have hand looms but there are still like students in Goll or Eddie Daherty or a few other hand weavers that are still weaving on wooden looms and I think McGee's do a little bit as well and both us and McNuts would be just power looms. It's a great time for Donegal Tweet because of all the exposure, the batches of any shearing, Donegal Tweet, the front and centre there, you know you might think that's a good or a bad thing but listen, a huge publicity, Sarah Jessica Parker has been you know not shy in wearing a bit of it and who was a Pierce Brosnan recently, so it's all, it's good. Yeah like in general I think now after Covid the whole people have started to want to dress up again, they want to buy some jackets, they want to wear their suit to events, they don't want to be wearing their tracky bottoms anymore, they're trying to get more dressed up and that's obviously going to help the industry and in turn like a bit more publicity for us, more designers internationally being interested in buying fabrics. You're different to say McNuts or McGee's in that you don't make the garment but you supply the material to designers to make whatever they're looking for. Our business is like maybe 80% would be export and it's fabric that we're selling to fashion brands or tailors so they'll buy our like rules of our fabric and then they'll make up jackets or coats or suits or waistcoats hats or also interiors then. And you export all around the world? Yeah all around the world so like we'd sell to America, Japan, China, South Korea, the UK, Italy, France, Germany, yeah so but it's always it's always been an export kind of focused industry like so I'm the sixth generation but say my the first two first two generations would have just been weaving for the local area whereas my great-granduncle and great-grandfather would have started Export and Donegal Tweed in the 20s once Ireland became Free State and had like a showroom on Fifth Avenue in New York in 1923 like a warehouse and a meatpacking district and even back then it was always export focused. Right right and it would be good as well for the designers and those that are making the clothes because then it will you know they'll get um they'll have confidence that it will be genuine Donegal Tweed that's that you know that's assuming that this that you do get the the PGA status? Yeah like that's it will be a big help for us because at the minute we're selling our authentic Donegal Tweets but then they're the same fashion brand might look at another fabric from let's say Portugal and it's been called Donegal and they'll be like well it's a bit cheaper from there whereas if it's protected and they know that it's the genuine authentic product woven in the county it'll be a big help definitely and also add more story to them selling their government so that they can be like well this fabric was woven in Donegal by these two guys on the side of a hill in Ardra. Yeah well or wherever I mean this is EU sort of expanding from food and drink and and now into into fabric there's a good chance that this will go through isn't there but just maybe a lot of paperwork and we put a pressure. Yeah like they've been talking about doing this for I think it's maybe about 10 years ago since I was in Brussels like over for a meeting about it and it's just the the bureaucracy goes very slowly and it will like we were like 90% sure it'll happen maybe a little bit more but it's still it's still going to take a while it's not going to happen like next week or in two weeks it's still going to be probably another year or so before it would actually get implemented and in the meantime we have to kind of know what we want to be protected and have like we've been having meetings between us us and McGee's, McNott's, Studio Donegal and you're already like to try and keep the pressure. Figure out what exactly is Donegal tweet and what we think it should be like how it should be described because it'll have to be for it to be implemented it will have to follow certain stages certain production processes will have to happen within the county and yeah so we're fairly sure it'll happen but it's still like another while down the road but then each you will have your own unique type of a tweet I would imagine or maybe make it to order would you? I mean if we each have our own styles like we have our own designs and patterns and colors and that we sell to our customers and let's say some of the other weavers they'll have their own styles maybe we'd be more men's we're focused maybe some of the other brands might be a little bit more women's we're focused and they're just it can still be considered Donegal tweet even though there's an awful lot of variation within the fabrics the colors and the styles that we're making. If there's visitors over in France and in the Champagne region I want to see some Champagne being produced I'm sure that there's visitor centers and so on where they can go and see that and have a wee sample. Does the same apply to for Malois when it comes to Donegal Tweed? Well hopefully yeah. So if visitors are in the region over the summer can they is there is there a visitor center and can they go along? Not exactly a visitor center but we do have a factory that people could come to pop in and have a look at what we do. Is it a Done thing is it invited or is it if somebody knocks on the door and and want to see it is it well it's okay you can come on ahead and have a look. Bit of both. Okay okay well listen I could look with a campaign on on the day that's in it international tweed day and and I hope it's successful as you say you know this isn't going to happen overnight but it's in the process and hopefully you'll be successful. Kieran. Yeah. Thanks a million. Thanks much John. Cheers.


From around the globe, it's theCUBE, covering Data Citizens 21, brought to you by Calibra. Hello everyone, John Walls here as we continue our CUBE Conversations here as part of Data Citizens 21, the conference ongoing. Calibra at the heart of that, really at the heart of data these days and helping companies and corporations make sense, all of those data chaos that they're dealing with, trying to provide new insights, new analyses, being a lot more efficient and effective with your data. That's what Calibra is all about. And their founder and their Chief Data Citizen, if you will, Stan Christians, joins us today. And Stan, I love that title, Chief Data Citizen. What is that all about? What does that mean? Hey John, thanks for having me over and hopefully we'll get to the point where the Chief Data Citizen title is pleased to you. Thanks by the way for giving us the opportunity to speak a little bit about what we're doing with our Chief Data Citizen. We started the company about 13 years ago, so 2008, and over those years as a founder, I've worn many different hats from product to pre-sales to partnerships and a bunch of other things. But ultimately the company reaches a certain point, a certain size where systems and processes become absolutely necessary if you wanna scale further. And for us, this is the moment in time where we said, okay, we probably need a data office right now ourselves, something that we've seen with many of our customers. So we said, okay, let me figure out how to lead our own data office and figure out how we can get value out of data using our own software at Calibra itself. And that's where the Chief Data Citizen role comes in. On Friday evening, we like to call that drinking our own champagne, morning, morning, eating our own dog food. But essentially this is what we help our customers do, build out the data offices. So we're doing this ourselves now and we're very hands-on. So there's a lot of things we're learning, again, just like our customers do. And for me at Calibra, this means that I'm responsible as a Chief Data Citizen for our overall data strategy, which talks a lot about data products, as well as our data infrastructure, which is needed to power data products. Now, because we're doing this in the company and also doing this in a way that is helpful to our customers, we're also figuring out how do we translate the learnings that we have ourselves and give them back to our customers, to our partners, to the broader ecosystem as a whole. And that's why if you summarize the strategy, I like to sometimes refer to it as data office 2025, it's 2025, what does a data office look like by then? And we recommend to our customers to also have that forward-looking view just as well. So if I summarize the answer a little bit, it's very similar to a Chief Data Officer role, but because it has the external evangelization component, helping other data leaders, we like to refer to it as the Chief Data Citizen. Yeah, and that kind of, you talked about evangelizing. Obviously with that, you're talking about certain kinds of responsibilities and obligations. And when I think of citizenship in general, I think about privileges and rights and about national citizenship. You're talking about data citizenship. So I assume that with that, you're talking about appropriate behaviors and the most well-defined behaviors and kind of keeping it between the lanes, basically. Is that how you look at being a data citizen? And if not, how would you describe that to a client about being a data citizen? It's a very good point. As a citizen, you have rights and responsibilities and the same is exactly true for a data citizen. For us, starting with what it is, right? For us a data citizen, it's somebody who uses data to do their job. And we've purposely made that definition very broad because today we believe that everyone in some way uses data to do their job. Data is universal, it's critical to business processes and its importance is only increasing. And we want all the data citizens to have appropriate access to data and the ability to do stuff with data, but also to do that in the right way. And if you think about it, this is not just something that applies to you and your job, but also extends beyond the workplace because as a data citizen, you're also a human being of course. So the way you do data at home with your friends and family, all of this becomes important as well. And we like to think about it as informed privacy-aware data citizens who think about trust in data all the time. Because ultimately everybody's talking today about data as an asset and data as a new gold and a new oil and a new soil. There is a ton of value in data, but it's not just organizations themselves who see this, it's also the bad actors out there. We're reading a lot more about data breaches for example. So ultimately there's no value without risk. So as a data citizen, you can achieve value, but you also have to think about how do I avoid these risks? And as an organization, if you manage to combine both of those, that's when you can get the maximum value out of data in a trusted manner. Yeah, I think this is pretty interesting approach that you've taken here because obviously there are processes with regard to data, right? I mean, that's pretty clear. But there's a culture that you're talking about here that not only are we going to have an operational plan for how we do this certain activity and how we're going to analyze here, input here, action or perform action on that, whatever. But we're going to have a mindset or an approach mentally that we want our company to embrace. So if you would, walk me through that process a little bit in terms of creating that kind of culture, which is very different than kind of the X's and O's and the technical side of things. Yeah, that's I think where organizations face the biggest challenge because maybe they're hiring the best, most unique data scientist in the world, but it's not about what that individual can do, right? It's about what the combination of data citizens across the organization can do. And I think there, it starts first by thinking as an individual about universal golden rule, treat others as you would want to be treated yourself, right? The way you would adequately use data at your job, think about that there's other people at other companies who you would want to do the same thing. Now, from our experience in our own data office at Codiba as well as what we see with our customers, a lot of that personal responsibility, which is where culture starts, starts with data literacy. And we talked a little bit about climate rock and the small statues in Brussels, Belgium, where I'm from, but essentially here we speak a couple of languages in Belgium and for organizations for individuals, data literacy is very similar. You're able to read and write, which are pretty essential for any job today. And so we want all data citizens to also be able to speak and read and write data fluently if I can express it this way. And one of the key ways of getting that done and establishing that culture around data is lies with the one who leads data and the organization, the chief data officer or however the role is called, they play a very important role in this. The comparison maybe that I always make, there is think about other assets in your organization.  So let's talk about the money asset for a little bit, right? You have a finance department, you have a chief financial officer and obviously their responsibility is around managing that money asset, but it's also around making others in the organization think about that money asset. And they do that through established processes and responsibilities like budgeting and planning, but also ultimately to the individual where, you know, through expensives that we all love so much, they make you think about money. So if the CFO makes everyone in the company think about money, the data officer or the data lead has to make everyone think in the company about data asset just as well. And those rights, those responsibilities in that culture, they also change, right? Today they're set this and this way because of privacy and policy X and Y and Z. But tomorrow, for example, as with the European Union's new regulation around the AI, there's a bunch of new responsibilities you'll have to think about. You know, you mentioned security and about value and risk, which is certainly, they are part and parcel, right? If I have something important, I've got to protect it because somebody else might want to create some damage, some harm and steal my value basically. Well, that's what's happening as you point out in the data world these days. So what kind of work are you doing in that regard in terms of reinforcing the importance of security culture, privacy culture, this kind of protective culture within an organization so that everybody fully understands the risks but also the huge upsides if you do enforce this responsibility and these good behaviors that obviously the company can gain from and then provide value to their client base.  Spreading a culture is not always an easy thing. And especially a lot of organizations think about the value around data but to your point, not always about the risks that come associated with it. Sometimes just because they don't know about it yet, right? There's new architectures that come into play the cloud and that comes with a whole bunch of new risks. That's why one of the things that we recommend always to our customers and to data officers and our customers organizations is that next to establishing that data literacy, for example, and working on data products is that they also partner strongly with other leaders in their organization. On the one hand, for example, the legal folks where typically you find the aspects around privacy. And on the other hand, the information security folks because if you're building up a sort of map of your data, look at it like a castle, right? That you're trying to protect. If you don't have a map of your castle with the strong points and the weak points where people can dig a hole under your wall or what have you, then it's very hard to defend. So you have to be able to get a map of your data, a data map, if you will, know what data is out there with being used by and why and how. And then you wanna prioritize that data, which is the most important, what are the most important uses and put the appropriate protections and controls in place. And it's fundamental that you do that together with your legal and information security partners because you may have as a data leader, you may have the data knowledge, the data expertise, but there's a bunch of other things that come into play when you're trying to protect not just the data, but really your company on its data as a whole. You know, you were talking about 2025 a little bit ago and I thought, good for you, that's quite a crystal ball that you have looking at the headlights that far down the road. But I know you have to be, you know, that kind of progressive thinking is very important. What do you see in the longterm for number one, your kind of position as a chief data citizen, if you will, and then the role of the chief data officer, which you think is kind of migrating toward that citizenship, if you will. So maybe put on those longterm vision goggles of yours again and tell me what do you see as far as these evolving roles and these new responsibilities for people who are CDOs these days? Well, 2025 is closer than we think, right? And obviously my crystal ball is as fuzzy as everyone else's, but there's a few things that trends that you can easily identify and that we've seen by doing this for so long at Kotebra. And one is the push-around data. I think last year, the year 2020 where sort of COVID became the executive director of digitalization, forced everyone to think more about digital. And I expect that to continue, right? So that's an important aspect. A second important aspect that I expect to continue for the next couple of years, easily in 2025 is the whole movement to the cloud. So those cloud-native architectures become important as well as the, you know, preparing your data around it, preparing your policies around it, et cetera. I also expect that privacy regulations will continue to increase as well as the need to protect your data assets. And I expect that a lot of chief data officers will also be very busy building out those data products. So if you take that trend, then, okay, data products are getting more important for chief data officers, then data quality is something that's increasingly important today to get right. Otherwise, it becomes a garbage-in, garbage-out kind of situation where your data products are being fed bad food and ultimately their outcomes aren't very great. So for us, for the chief data officers, I think there was about one of them in 2002. And then 2019-ish, let's say there were around 10,000. So there's plenty of upsides to go for the chief data officers. There's plenty of roles like that needed across the world. And they've also evolved in responsibility. And I expect that their position, you know, is it really a C-level position today in most organizations? Expect that trend will also continue to grow. But ultimately, those chief data officers have to think about the business, right? Not just the defensive and offensive positions around data like policies and regulations, but also the support for businesses who are today shifting very fast and will continue to digital. So those chief data officers will be seen as heroes, especially when they can build out a factory of data products that really supports the business. But at the same time, they have to figure out how to reach an old branch to their technical counterparts because you cannot build that factory of data products in my mind at least without the proper infrastructure. And that's where your technical teams come in. And then obviously the partnerships with your legal and information security folks, of course. Heroes, everybody wants to be the hero. And I know that you painted a pretty clear path right now as far as the chief data officer is concerned and their importance and the value to companies down the road. Stan, we thank you very much for the time today and for the insight and wish you continued success at the conference. Thank you very much. Thank you very much.  Thank you very much. Stan Christians joining us talking about chief data citizenship, if you will, as part of Data Citizens 21, the conference being put on by Calibra. I'm John Walls, thank you for joining us here on theCUBE.


That's really, really, sir, sir, sir, I did not. Yes, you did. No, sir. I did not. That's a lie. I did not care. If you're just going to try and trash everything I say, because I'm pointing out what New Testament scholars say and that you don't agree with them.  If you're going to try and characterize that as me painting Christians as credulous rubes, that is dishonest and not true. I have fought against that repeatedly and you of all people should know that. Why did you quote the Twitter message that you got?