Hi, my name's Zoe and this is Grampy Bob and we live in Ontario, Canada. We watch TeeJay, Trucker Josh, Thumbs Up. Perfect in every way, man. Perfect. We got into America last night. We're here in Grand Forks, North Dakota, just south of the border with Manitoba. So we made it down here last night yet. I wanted to get a little bit of a head start because it's a little over a day to Coralville, Iowa, where we're going to. So I made it just far enough yesterday so that I can do the rest today. So today we're going from Grand Forks, North Dakota to Coralville, Iowa, which is 984 kilometers.  It's only polite. 984 divided by 1.61, 611 miles. So it's a full day. And we're going to be going I think about 60 miles an hour, save some fuel. There's not any really big rush. But we've got to unload first thing tomorrow morning and then we don't have a reload yet. So I don't know what we've got to do yet. So I want to make sure I have an empty trailer available and I'll probably figure it out later on today. Let's get back at it, shall we? I'm going to quickly tug on my trailer a little bit just a double triple quadruple check that nothing's gonna go flying off into traffic. Like I've always said, that is highly embarrassing and it's never happened to me. And I don't ever intend to let it. It's very dangerous. I've had people say before give me a hard time. Why do you do tug test? All you got to do is crawl under and look at it. I know I do that, but why would I want to stop at that? And I want to make sure my trailer's not going to fall off. It really doesn't matter how confident I feel. I always double check, always. Just have that paranoia in me, you know. That's why I strap my loads down more than a lot of people do. So I double check things more than a lot of people do.  I'm already that guy, but I don't want to be that guy for different, for those reasons. Left the Simonson Travel Center here on the north side of Grand Forks. We're going to go to the south side of Grand Forks and just grab a quick coffee at the Flying Jay because they still got the best stuff that I know of. This place is hopping, as the kids say, right? I was just going to park in front of the pumps, put them in, grab a coffee. The pumps were all full. So I don't want to block a pump. I'll go find a parking spot. Ow, I bit my tongue when I said that. Well, the parking lot's not that busy. It's just all the pumps were busy at this moment. Just arrived at the right time. All right, but I thought you were coming this way. If you would have used your signal, I would have known which direction you were going, and I wouldn't have taken it so wide, but alas, we are all okay. The world did not end. We are okay. I'm going to go park up front here. Right after they run in, I had some yogurt for breakfast today, so I don't need to grab any food. I try to have smaller breakfasts, a decent-sized lunch, and a bigger supper. I know that's not exactly the recommended, healthiest way of eating, but I'm not really that hungry in the mornings. It's a nice peak right there, right? That yellow one. It's going to straighten out here, so I'm going to park for all crooked and trife. Okay, let's straighten her out here. Straighten her out. Straighten her out. You don't want to end up on someone's YouTube channel. Look how these people park. I think I'm straight. The lines are all covered by snow. Whatever. I'm going to be five minutes. This day, for whatever reason, just feels like it's just dragging on. It feels like the first day back on the road, but I already started yesterday. I guess this is the first full day on the road. I feel like I'm just more tired than usual, and the day seems to be just taking longer than usual. Every first day is going faster than me. I still have six hours left on my clock. I don't have six hours left. I get that far. I could stop here now already, but the time's only, what, 5.30 in the afternoon? So if I stop now, I mean, I've got to get up at like 4 in the morning. I may as well push through a little bit further. At least get past Minneapolis. We're just coming up to Minneapolis here. I've had two coffees today already, and it just doesn't seem to be working. When I woke up this morning, I felt like I hadn't gotten a full night's sleep. I felt like I had slept for, you know, like a good six, seven hours, maybe eight hours, but I did actually sleep for like nine hours. Maybe just lazy. Maybe that's a better way to say it rather than tired. I'm not tired. I'm just sort of lazy. You know, I could have stopped gone for a walk. I just didn't feel like it today. Because I haven't been eating the best since the Christmas holidays, I still haven't corrected my diet badly. It usually makes you feel this way. I'll have to get back on track with that. Also very anxious to see what happens now with Britt in the pregnancy, or see if she does get pregnant. We won't know for another, for another while yet, but I hope everything goes well. We're a little north of Owatana. Minnesota. This is the flying day we always stop at after picking up glass in Owatana. Oh, and it's busy right now. Oh, fantastic. Shoot. That's a bit of a chaotic parking lot here. It was not built properly. Probably when it was built, I'm guessing they weren't expecting it to become so busy one day. Well, we got to get some fuel. It's very hard for us to get anywhere without fuel. And we're running a little low. I'm not going to have to put any winter anti-gel additive in this time because we're going south. I have a reload now. And that reload is very confusing. Why are you stopping there, man? There you go. See, you got the right away. This is where we go? All right. We're going right in here. I don't want to drive my trailer over the pumps. Cut it nice and wide without hitting this guy. It's always chaos here. Well, my reload is in Illinois. So it's going to get warmer before it gets colder. So I don't need to put any anti-gel additives in my fuel today. So we made it down here to Albert Lee, Minnesota, right at the border with Iowa. Uh-uh. We're going to the right. Petro. Let's spend the night here. It's a little cold tonight. So I want to make sure that I stop at a place like this where I can get help if my truck decides it doesn't want to run anymore in the middle of the night. We got this big truck service center here. It's a big parking lot. There will be plenty of parking. And it's about three and a half hours to our customer from here. I have all day tomorrow to deliver this lumber. I don't need to be there at any specific time. I'll be there as early as I can, obviously. But then I got another four hours from there down to my next customer, where I only got to be there the following morning at 10 a.m. I got plenty of time. We're going to take her easy. Lots of parking here. That's fantastic. I'm hoping I can find a spot where I can be out of the way with no neighbors. Because I like neighbors. I'm a neighborly neighbor. But when I'm trying to sleep, is this dad? Dad? Is that you? No, that's not dad. Dad's up in Alberta. What am I talking about? The truck is just like dad's. So it says no parking there. So I won't park there then, okay. And this place is ginormous. It's like one of those big trucker malls almost. The building's off to the right here. The front of it's facing away from us, so it doesn't look as fancy from back here. But trust me, it is fancy. Where am I going to park? Park too far away from the building. Pain to park either. All I'm saying, one of these spots off to the left would be perfect. I think my body is fighting something off, like a small cold or something. That's probably why I felt a little tired today. I feel my body's fighting something. Well, that's another one of the reasons we're stopping early tonight. I'm going to get a good night's rest here and hopefully sleep it off. That is full. It's only, what, eight o'clock? Quarter after eight?  I can park. I'd like to park in one of these spots along to the left, because then it's not as likely that you're going to get backed into. Because these spots on the right, you know, there's plenty of spots open, but that's because you got to blindside it in there. It is a little angled, so it makes it a little easier. But knowing that you got to blindside it in there, like I trust myself to get in there. I don't trust the people who are going to come in after me. You got to park defensively. That's how I, that's what I call it. Defensive parking. You got to park in a spot that gives you a high probability of not getting backed into. I would have taken that spot, but you guys ahead of me. Oh, this spot right here is open. Nope, that guy's got straight pipes. I don't want to park beside him. He has his truck idled right up too, because the weather's cold so I'd have to fall asleep with a baaalllllll all the time. I park right in here beside this red Volvo, and hope that whoever decides to park beside me will be quiet. All right, oh it feels good, stopped for the night. We didn't go very far today at all. Have a little bit further to go tomorrow, but uh, that's okay. tired so how's your guys's how's your your guys's how's your day going there guys and gals diesel you ready to stop for night to I'm gonna set up the bed back there we're going to bed straight I'm gonna read a little bit and we're going straight to bed no we're not doing a preacher we're doing a post trip here let the world know that we are parked for the night send in my paperwork and just like that you have three hours and 29 minutes of remaining drive time I know I know but we're not gonna use it we'll save it too bad we can't add that onto tomorrow's day that'd be nice so yeah thanks for joining me today today was a little bit of a short day not much filming done but it's like I said but I think I'm fighting something off because I'm more tired than I should be hopefully we'll feel better tomorrow and it's not just like you know getting ready to peak tomorrow so I'll see you then don't forget to subscribe hit that like button we do make a new video pretty much every day every day while we're on the road anyways and we've got to deliver in Coralville Iowa tomorrow and then we go down to where are we going again we're in Illinois it is in Litchfield Illinois I believe that's in southern Illinois let me check for you real quick here Litchfield Illinois come on Google learn me hmm okay it's a little northeast of St. Louis on US interstate 55 small town Litchfield they have a Walmart right on a little airport there that's nice that's nice it's like a nice little town and I don't even know what we what we're picking up there I think it's some kind of lumber but we don't need to tarp it so there's that and it's going to Carberry Manitoba which is in southwest Manitoba apparently I can deliver it on the weekend so if they're available to unload me Sunday means I'll pick it up Friday morning drive most of Friday drive Saturday unload Sunday then go home for Sunday night that's the plan but these videos are a little bit behind there at least a week behind so by that time who knows where I'll be I'll see you tomorrow I'm tired let's let's set this about if I got a walk diesel yet good night


Hey everyone. So today we're gonna be talking about a new patent that was just granted to Nintendo at the end of November that looks like it could be hinting at a new switch, some sort of new switch in 2023. Now, the reason that we feel like this patent could be doing this is due to a consistent pattern Nintendo has displayed in the way that they file their patents really since the beginning of the Nintendo Switch era. Now, full credit goes out to our good friend of the channel Mike Odyssey for discovering this patent and bringing the conversation forward over on his channel. So we'll put a link down to his video below. But essentially what happened is while the patent was filed on 125, so January 25th earlier this year, it was granted on November 30th. And what's interesting is this patent is for, well, a device we already have, the Switch OLED. Now naturally you would assume they would have had a patent for this last year because it came out last year, but they didn't, they filed for one this year. And you might go, okay, so this is the Switch OLED patent who really cares? It's a device we already have, why does this matter? Well, that's because Nintendo has displayed a consistent pattern over the years before a new device has come out. What's interesting is that the pattern isn't actually about having that new device in a patent, but rather older devices in a patent. So we have seen patent updates for the original Nintendo Switch before the Switch Lite and version two Switch dropped. And that update to the Switch patent really didn't talk about new battery or extended battery life or a new chip or anything like that. It was just a minor update to the patent. And then literally months later, they unveiled the version two Nintendo Switch and the Switch Lite. We have then seen the version two Switch get edited into other patents as well. So Splatoon three had its own patent and then later they added it in a Switch version two patent into the Splatoon three one and then we ended up with a Splatoon three OLED. Notably, they didn't put the OLED in the patent. It was the version two. They did the same thing with Pokemon, Scarlet and Violet. There were patents around that game and then they edited in the, well, hey, the version two Nintendo Switch to edit it into the patent. And then we ended up getting a Pokemon, Scarlet and Violet Switch OLED. So you can sort of see the pattern lining up here that these patents seem to come around and after they're granted within months we get the announcement of some sort of new device. Now with this being the Switch OLED patent and the last time we had an updated patent like this was back when we got the version two and Switch Lite it does make you wonder if there's going to be brand new hardware dropping in 2023. Now this total speculation of course but it would be interesting if that's what this patent meant. Now there's another possibility that this patent could exist for and we might see this patent updated in, well, something for Zelda that could end up proving to be the case and that is that we could get a special edition Zelda OLED edition next year and maybe that's what this patent is leaning into and I think we'd know because a patent like this would also get updated into some Breath of the Wild 2 or in this case, Tears of the Kingdom patents. Again, we know about one Tears of the Kingdom patent so far, we don't know if there's going to be more that probably will be as we get closer to release but it's just fun to look at these patents and sort of figure out what sort of trending patterns happen with the way Nintendo handles their hardware and this seems to be a consistent trend with Switch is that we get a patent for an older device right before we're getting a new device even if it's just a special edition. So, look, I don't know what this means. I don't know what this means. We're getting a new device in 2023 or we're getting like a Switch Pro or something like that or a Nintendo Switch 2 or something entirely different. Is it just going to be a Zelda special edition? Heck, what if it's a Fire Emblem Engage special edition? Again, there could be many possibilities here. I just think it's kind of an interesting pattern to notice and follow a trend that I obviously need to give full credit to Mike Odyssey for discovering. Look, I don't know. I think there's also a bit of wanting something. So as an example, I want a Switch OLED. So maybe something like this, it gives you this little false hope of a Zelda Switch OLED or a Switch Pro. I think there's a lot of the personal desires from a lot of us for one or the other or both and with those desires existing, sometimes we will grasp for straws to try to believe something's coming when we definitively don't know. I definitely can't say that this patent is 1000% evidence that we're going to get something new but it does just seem to follow a consistent trend but trends don't necessarily mean anything. All those trends could have just been coincidences. It might not necessarily meant much but it's a pretty consistent coincidence so there at least is a reason to follow the pattern and think something might happen. Plus I think it would be weird. If we don't get a new Switch at the launch of Tears of the Kingdom, who doesn't think then that we would get a Zelda addition? So I don't know. Maybe we have another coincidence on our hands coming up or maybe there's nothing and if there's nothing then I guess the pattern's broken and we can maybe stop putting credence into it but until then, this is actually worth probably paying more attention to than some of the random patents Nintendo files because Nintendo files have a bunch of random patents on controllers and different technologies all the time and most of the time those patents don't really mean a whole bunch of diddly squat but sometimes stuff like this ends up mattering. So I guess we'll just have to wait and see. You guys let me know what you think about this stuff down in the comments below. Obviously a highly speculative thing based on a pattern of behavior but patterns could be coincidences. They don't necessarily have to be truthful facts but I'm gonna be paying attention anyways. We all know there's been enough rumors and enough smoke around a possible new system for a long time. We all know there's a major Zelda game coming that's gonna have special editions galore so I guess, I don't know, we shouldn't have to wait too long. Zelda comes out May 12th so if there's gonna be something new I expect to hear about it in the next three to four months. Anyways guys, thank you so much for tuning in. I am Nathan Roblijans from Nintendo Prime. Go ahead and drop a like and subscribe to the channel if you enjoyed this and I'll catch you in the next video.


Next question is from Jay Mussel. What do your wives training programs look like right now? I'm sure they're swamped with kids at home and I would love to hear how each of them trains now versus as they normally do. Oh, boy. Well, mine's doing aesthetic right now, actually. Like Katrina's doing, right? Yeah. So she's really enjoying that. And we do have the setup, thankfully, through our PRX, fold-out squat rack and dumbbells. And so, I mean, it's a minimal, we don't have machines, obviously, but so there's some components to that that we've used machines before for aesthetic. But in terms of those focus sessions, you can replace a lot of that with the barbells and the dumbbells and get just as good of a workout out of it. So she's been having a really good time with that and reaping a lot of the gains with that. So next thing is really just a nutrition piece to nail down for her. But that's been the big focus right now. Obviously going into summer, I think, that's something that a lot of people are kind of looking into as well. Yeah. So Jessica's pregnant, right? So I'm training her according to how she feels and she trains herself a lot of the times. Usually what it looks like is full, like compound movements, maybe three to four every other day. So she'll pick maybe three or four compound movements every other day. And then every other day, so the days after, she'll pick three or four isolation movements. And so she's working out about five to six days a week, one day compound movements, the next day isolation movements. And we're paying close attention to how she feels, how she braces her core. Right now, squatting feels really good to her, actually more so than split stance exercises, because her belly kind of gets in the way with the split stance type of stuff. Inclined presses laying flat on her back doesn't feel super, super good. Pull ups don't feel too great because it feels she feels like she gets strained in her midsection because it's already stretching out. So we're using the, I have a squat rack and it's got a cable on the top. So we'll do pull downs or we'll do cable rows. But really just focusing on maintaining strength and muscle so that her metabolism is amped for when the baby's born. So Katrina recently just transitioned to map's aesthetic. She finished maps anabolic. But that's what a good week looks like. And I think this person is searching for more of like, I'm not going to tell you like the perfect week, right? The perfect week is she's going through map's aesthetic, like literally exactly what's in the program. But the reality is it looks a lot of times like this, like she may get two lifts in a week. And when she does that, she's been, you know, I've coached her on, you know, if you know you're not going to get the full program instead of just following one of those days when it's designed for four or five or more days, focus on the movements that we've constantly been working on and practicing.  So she, a lot of times may go in and you may see her just do some mobility work, especially since that's fresh in her mind because we just did the Prime Pro webinar and she followed along with her family and stuff. So she might spend, you know, 15, 20 minutes doing Prime Pro type of work and then just squat or just deadlift or just overhead press. So I've got her now doing stuff like that that she probably didn't do that before in the past. You know, the way, way past when we first met she kind of did her own thing. And then finally I got her into like legit programming and then she would follow whatever I had going for her. Then maps came along and then she would follow every program to a T, then getting pregnant happen. And there was a lot of inconsistency with her training. And so that's when I started talking to her about, listen, the biggest bang for your buck is when you do these big compound lifts. So spend the time doing that. And then the other time of her exercise would be walking. Her and I walk a lot right now. I mean, every day we're putting in at least an hour to two hours of walking together. Sometimes all of that in one shot. Sometimes that broken up in 30, 45 minute bouts. But, you know, we've been really good about and I've been back to wearing my Fitbit. And so I've been over 10,000 steps every day. So has she and that's been kind of what we've been hitting as our markers. Like, okay, let's make sure we get enough steps in every day that we're walking enough to hit over 10,000. If we get to the gym and we can lift, we're making sure that we're getting our big compound lifts. And then our eating is adjusted, you know, because we both know that we're not training like we were three, four years ago. You know, diet is definitely pulled back on calories. So her and I are only eating, you know, two times, maybe three times in the day. And that's what it looks like. So on an inconsistent week, which I would say happens more often, she's not falling aesthetic to a tee. She's doing things like that. If it's a great week for her, then she's following the program to a tee. Yeah, actually, I mean, you kind of reminded me about a couple of things priming wise. Like we've had to do a lot of work on bracing and getting proper core connectivity because of past back problems and back injuries. And so, you know, there's a lot of that that I had to kind of go through and help to kind of coach and teach and ritualize because she hated doing any kind of mobility drills. Just wants to get into the workout. I know a lot of people can relate to that, but in terms of like being able to then prime ahead of time and being able to get into the actual like workouts and go do the workouts to the tee required a lot of prime work ahead of time with, you know, certain techniques, the wall tests for one and then also with the windmill just really learning to be able to maintain that tension throughout and brace and support while also rotating the spine and getting through movement like that. So that's been like really, you know, a key factor with her improving and being able to build off of that as well.


No way he's run right back Whoa, I had the line salmon so oh, it's the salmon I think yeah, or it could be you know one of them big old log Lip chops. No way after running. No. No, this is no job. We were way up top of this Yeah, but this thing's run twice like that. Yeah Run in line. I didn't know what you guys were doing. No, I get it real that and he runs the moment of truth Probably about 12 inches. Oh, he's more than that. Oh, yeah, I'm sure Oh, you going again? Let him. Oh, I got it Let him run. That's the third run. I've never seen a guy throw this line at it. Oh, yeah He just lets it go and he runs again. Yeah, yeah, he ain't break it off. We lose everything we gained Yeah, just hire him out. We will he'll get him. You see we got the legend on the job. Yes You should have seen him yesterday riding that slosh. He was our last hope to get off the lake without walking two miles You need a hand? Well, I might. You know once he sees that hole, I haven't seen him yet. He hits that daylight. He's gone You watch if he does it again. I Haven't seen him The minute he hits daylight. Oh, was he stuck on the ice? We haven't seen it yet though. I haven't seen him. No, we don't know what he is. Look at him. Look at him.  Wow. No, I've never seen one do this. Not since pike fishing. Holy No, because they just pike. I mean it was just like when we were pike fishing. This isn't going back letting it run Your line's a little frayed right here. No, no, it's a huge salmon. It is huge. Nice salmon. Rick, get him up. His head's coming Beautiful fish. How can you fight for that? Whoa Well, here we are in my kitchen Yesterday I filleted out some landlocked salmon last night. I Marinated it what I did. I added a little pickling salt Brown sugar and maple syrup. We wanted kind of a sweet taste in fish so I've let it sit all night and and now it's about Two o'clock and the next day and so we're about to put it on the smoker I put in a couple three pieces of cask just to try it see how that How that's going to work out I'll take this out by the smoker I preheated or it's preheating right now Uh everybody's going to want to know about this Jeep What year's that Jeep? 1946 Jeep Uh But here's the smoker. I haven't put any wood chips in it yet But uh, I got a couple racks here I use some olive oil spray to put on the rack so it helps it helps keep the Fish from sticking I've also put a pan of water in here if I I kind of put water in there to give it a little moisture As it's smoking Well here are the cusk fillets These are some small salmon and we believe me we didn't catch it illegally We caught them in a lake where they want the salmon taken out So I put the skin side down Which helps it from Some sticking to the rack Well, those are small salmon those are Who could catch a trout bigger than those Yeah, we got the quick filets of Is that the big one? This is the big one Well, this is yeah, this is the big one We'll let it Close it up and let it Catch up on the temperature a little bit So I got four kinds of wood that we can put in it we can use any one or a combination I got mesquite chips I got hickory chips I got apple chips and I when I was doing a The maple tree rock maple That blew down. I chipped up some small chips of maple So we can Use a variety which I think might be good just for the heck of it. I kind of like all the And apple wood really the best I'm going to put some of each one in here and it dumps it into a a tray which is over the electric heater We give it a a minute And the heat's up to one about 140 I like to smoke about two or two to two twenty five For about an hour, then I check it and uh, you know, I'll check it periodically But what I want to do is to put a little pure maple syrup on them during this smoking process To really sweeten them up It's a sit and wait situation now They're not ready yet. No, I'm just I'm just uh sweetening them up a little bit But like I like the color it's coming nice I'm putting that maple syrup on them Let that Work its way into them and it smells good to be cool to taste all right. I think We'll just see what it's Oh good color Let that cool off a bit and then we'll try it Boy I need a new gasket around this door Seemed like these sin ones are done with health propellants Yeah, let it cool off another minute or two It does taste good You're gonna like that Yeah, so that's about the end of the Smoking we're gonna let it sit in there that we tried a little piece here and it's Really good. I would say it could probably stand a little bit more Time in the smoker But it's very sweet got that maple flavor So that's basically all there is to smoking. It's pretty simple and uh It comes out really well. I think Give it a try if you Have a smoker or even if you don't buy one


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with a one box break of 2020 Panini Chronicles at Baseball This is random team break number one. This also helps fill up gold label pick your team to brand new release just dropped today So we're gonna do the break itself first Right and then at the end will re-randomize your names in a different dice roll and line you up with some teams right here Name on topic at the blue J second name will get the cardinals so on and so forth 11th name will get the twins So we'll put that all in this tab right here just as is remind randomized just your names not the teams But as always you have to make it sweat a little bit. We're gonna do the break first Let's roll and randomize it nine times for names and teams So thank you to everyone here for getting in four and a five nine times one two and Ninth and final time after nine we've got rich down to rich Four and a five nine times for the teams and ninth and final time after nine times We got the gnats down to my Dodgers. We're playing a lot better today better than yesterday. So Consequently, I'm gonna slightly better mood today All right Here is the first half of the list right here This is 2020 by the way, just keep that in mind And there's the second half of the list right here you go Nick Galvin white socks rich you got my Dodgers So on and so forth Yankees for Mike G All right, let's get all this in one page No trade windows in these little filler breaks Gold label so this fills up gold label two gold label three. There's no fillers yet so if you If you want to get into that before the fillers happen then get into it Here we go. Good luck. No. No vet commons will ship in this quick little one box break Would that be nice a Louise Robert rookie card out of a filler break Nick Galvin and a chance at it winning a team? That would be the ideal scenario in case you're wondering vet commons are actually cards like that Scaven Lux Brandon McKay and a Mauricio Dubon Jersey and autograph to 99 for my rivals the Giants That'll be for Steve Locke Locke and loaded There's Dustin May. We might see him sometime tonight tomorrow, maybe Boba Shet rookie and we've got Back here. We've got Tyler glass now for the rays Rays are playing rays and astros playing a little bit later tonight That'll go to Lauren and the Tampa Bay rays Nice glass now Nice crusade Kyle Lewis That'll be for the ms. That's going to go to to Ryan We got an adrian moron jersey and autograph 90 out of 99 I think he got some innings in the playoffs Looked pretty good Needed some tea loaders here top loaders Yeah, seaship Let's go Tampa. He says Think they'll get the sweep Those are pretty tough Teams backed up backs against the wall Maybe a gentleman's sweep. Let them win a game There's Corey Seager. He's been looking good, especially today one out of 99 for the Dodgers Rich with that one There's Chris Bryant crusade to 199 for the Cubs. That'll be for Andy Fernando to tease junior to Grom We got Carlos Santana Bobby Bradley Bobby Bradley Another Kyle Lewis crusade card for Ryan and the ms And we got a to tease junior relic for the Padres that goes to Jason Trask and the Fryers Not numbers And the last bits here we got an Aaron judge and a Josh Right there. There you go That Aaron judge will go to Mike and the Yankees and there you have it folks not a bad break at all It's a pretty good filler break here. Now. Let's give away some teams Let's flip back to the list right here. Get everyone's name from Ryan down to rich Copy those names put them into a new list. There's some new dice right there and it's going to be the top 11 Top 11 After 11 we'll get teams in gold label two, which will be in a separate video Good luck one two And 11th and final time after 11 top 11 Now first of all from 12 down to 30 My apologies. We'll get him next time I might be another filler for the next little break top 11. Congrats to rich Sarah tom steeve Tom tj steeve lauren matt nick nick rich rich rich There you go So here's how it shakes out rich with the blue jays And the cardinals and the gnats. We're going to put these little rooftop symbols next to your name So you know you want it in this chronicles break cardinals gnats nick galvin cubs red socks matt with the brewers lauren You got the o's steve lock with the indians tj with the rocks Sarah with the marlins and rich with the twins. Congrats break coming up in a separate video We'll see you for that jasmiescasebreaks.com


Yeah, in today's lecture we are going to cover one of the very important approaches to material synthesis, because this is both having the capability of making high temperature materials in a non-conventional way, but yet it involves a typical weight chemistry route. As you have seen in the previous lecture, there are a portfolio of chemical synthesis available for making wide range of molecules and in today's lecture, I am going to single out one of the potential preparative route, which has been exploited by many, many groups and still this particular approach has not been aborted by the researchers, because there is lot more novel insights coming out of this particular process called combustion synthesis. And this combustion synthesis is specially earmarked for high temperature materials, because the energetics that is involved in this combustion route is actually coming from a chemical synthesis, which achieves very high temperature and therefore, it is possible for us to realize materials, which are otherwise prepared only at very high temperatures. Now, when I talk about high temperature materials, these are not the usual chemical compounds that we prepare in lab scale with simple hydrolysis or reflexing, because this is the typical chemistry routes, which is commonly seen in any weight chemistry lab, but what we are seeing here is, we are starting with the wet chemical approach, but we are realizing very high temperatures as you would see from this cartoon. So, I will just take you through this course of combustion synthesis and tell you, what is the principle behind this approach and what are the advantages and what is the chemistry that we learn from this and where do we go from here. As you would know, when you talk about high temperature and when you talk about combustion, the first thing that comes to your mind is about launching of satellites or spacecrafts. Now, what you see here is a launching pad and lot of energy is released to take this space shuttle out of the earth orbit and this is again what you see in this right side is a Japanese space shuttle, which is ready for launching, but the essence of this whole payload to go out of earth's orbit is dependent on whether it is a solid rocket or a liquid rocket, meaning a solid rocket consists of a solid fuel as the combustion material and as a result it can carry the whole space shuttle and put it in the outer orbit. Now, what is important in this solid rocket is the solid propellants and the solid propellants are nothing but a mixture of fuel and oxidizer and this is the essence of any space applications. Now, the beauty of it is if we understand the principle that governs this launching, then we will know how we can translate that for material synthesis. So, in the first few slides, I will take you through the essence of what a propellant is, what it means to have a fuel and a oxidizer and how we can convert this enormous energy into a controlled energy for making materials. Now, before I go into the details, I just single out some of the issues related to propulsion. Propulsion can be either solid propulsion or liquid propulsion and many countries have been using this systematically to put their space shuttle in the outer orbit. Now, if you look at India for example, India has attempted many launching space launches of which they have used 19 with solid propellants and 15 with liquid propellants and out of 19, they have only failed once and with liquid propellant, it is zero failure and they have done it quite systematically with both solid and liquid propellants. If you look at USA and USSR, you can see USSR has heavily relied on liquid propulsion for the space launches whereas, US has been using both the techniques very judiciously. Japan for example, if you see, they have relied more on solid propellants than the liquid propellants. Now, what is the advantage and why this propellants can become divisive in the space launches? You can see that the energy that this propellants carry is very vital and as a course of time, the time evolution of energy is plotted here as early as minus 500 A D or 3500 B C, people were using bow and arrow. Now, if you keep on looking how the energy situation has surface, you can see that from there we have graduated to black powder, then to ammonium nitrate, then potassium perchlorate and silver fulminate, nitro starch so on and somewhere here in this arena where we are now living, we have now transposed mostly to RDX, which is nothing but of composite. RDX, Cl 20, high end, all these are basically a polymer composite based propellants, which are being used. Now, these are hybrid varieties of propellants that are used in space launches. Now, these are also used for several defense purposes. Now, to take a simple definition of a propellant, it is a chemical mixture that is burnt in the presence of air to produce thrust in rockets and it consists of a fuel and a oxidizer. A fuel is a substance, which burns when combined with oxygen producing gas for propulsion. So, when you need oxygen to burn a fuel, then you resort for a material, which can give oxygen within rather than take oxygen from outside. That is why the concept of a oxidizer comes. The oxidizer is one which releases enough oxygen for the fuel to burn. So, if you have a proper chemistry between this fuel and oxidizer, then you can release enormous energy. Therefore, you can get the thrust that you want. So, an oxidizer is an agent that releases oxygen for combination with the fuel. The ratio of oxidizer to fuel is called the mixture ratio and in propellant chemistry, it is usually called as mixture ratio. Now, we use this word more frequently and call this oxidizer to fuel ratio or O by F ratio. Propelants actually are classified in different ways. They need not be solid always. We can look at some of the definitions. For example, liquid propellants used in rocket applications can be classified into three petroleum, cryogens and hypergols. What is important is this hypergolic propellants because they are fuels and oxidizers that ignite spontaneously on contact with each other. When you just bring both the oxidizer and fuel in physical contact, immediately they become hypergolic and they get ignited. That is the definition of a hypergolic propellant. They are easy and the starting capability of the hypergols make them really ideal for spacecraft maneuvering. Therefore, hypergolic propellants are much more used nowadays than even petroleum and other cryogens. Now, what are these hypergolic fuels? Hypergolic fuels are commonly known as hydrazine or monomethyl hydrazine, popularly abbreviated as MMH in rocket technology. Hydrazine gives the best performance as a rocket fuel. As you know, hydrazine is nothing but N2H4 and this N2H4 can be substituted with methyl groups. They are called as unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine where two metals can be substituted here and two hydrogens can be here or it can be a monomethyl. Both are found to be extremely useful hypergolic fuels. The oxidizer in this case is actually nitrogen tetroxide or nitric acid. So, just bring hydrazine and in contact with nitrogen tetroxide immediately they burn to give the necessary heat. Now, how do propulsion occurs or how can we propel this combustion principle to make material synthesis is our question because the energy that is released is uncontrollable. You just cannot fashion it. You can just put a big mass into the space. So, this has to be retained or confined into a lab situation is a big challenge. Therefore, how do we propel this combustion for material synthesis is a million dollar question and we will look at it. It is not new per se because the principle of combustion for high temperature synthesis has been there for many years and the most important one is the thermite reaction which is nothing but burning aluminum with iron oxide and if you burn it converts into aluminum oxide and iron. This is called a thermite process which is usually used in joining or welding railway tracks and this was pioneered by Goldsmith in 1898 to prepare metals and alloys. Therefore, this is not a new phenomena to make materials, but this is often categorized as self propagating high temperature synthesis because this has been used to achieve very high energy to prepare new materials. Walton and Paulus have prepared refractory ceramates which are usually alumina based or zirconium based ones which are doped with some 3 D transition metals. But the concept of self propagating high temperature synthesis was actually exploited more by Mercenova. So, I would like to show his portrait because he was one of the pioneers in this field who brought in lot of fundamental applications of this SHH technology for applications. Mercenova have used a metal fuel and a non-metal oxidizer to prepare borates, carbides, silicides, cermet hydrates and nitrates. If you want to prepare nitrates then you need to mix it with some nitrogen producing starting material. If you want to prepare borates you have to mix it with boron, elemental boron or diborin or if you want to prepare carbides then you have to mix it with reactive carbon powder. So, when you try to use a metal and a non-oxidizer as fuel you make a mixture of it and then you spark it then you can actually initiate a very high temperature reaction and thereby you can get all this high temperature ceramics. These are otherwise it is impossible for you to prepare in a lab scale or we need to use a conventional furnace which is operated at 2200 degree C which can be used for making borates or carbides. So, this is a very versatile process and in the next slide I will show you a small clip of a movie which shows how this high temperature material works. Professor Merzanov is actually the academician of the Russian Academy of Science and he has authored many journals based on SHS technology. In fact, this process is so very popular that there is a separate journal called International Journal for Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis and it has been there in the shelf for more than 20 years and still many novel approaches are being made using this technology. This technology also has been used to make ferrite magnets useful for industrial application. Pankhursts and co-workers they have used this process to prepare this sort of ferrite material. What you do here is take all the starting materials together like magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, iron, Fe2O3 and potassium perchlorate. Potassium perchlorate in this case acts as a oxidizer and they form a mixture together and the mixture is actually burnt. The reactions can be started by point source initiation where a hot wire or filament is actually touching a pellet and that will initiate a very high temperature reaction and it can give you the final product which is nothing but a ferrite magnet. The advantage here is if you want you can make it as a disc or a rod or a spiral ring anything you can make provided you make the shape of it in the precursor and then you try to ignite and start this SHS reaction. As you can see these are very fast reactions therefore in 4 seconds you can actually reach temperatures up to 1400 Kelvin and you can see the span of this reaction is not lasting for more than a minute. It is always less than a minute therefore it is a rapid self propagating one so just initiate that is enough you do not need to run through or sustain the reaction by heating it that is why it is called self propagating because once you initiate it can propagate on its own and it can complete the reaction. You can see from this profile by 27 seconds almost the combustion is over and it is cooling back. This is the IR image infrared image of this zone which clearly shows how the temperature propagation is occurring from a low temperature to high temperature and against each time scale 4 second this is how the propagation is 10 second this is how the propagation is. So, between 4 to 10 second it almost hits the maximum temperature and then it starts cooling down. Now, this is being conducted also in the absence of field and in the presence of field. For example, the same composition has been prepared in using external magnetic field of say 3 tesla. So, I have included this point SHS in large magnetic fields. So, if you take the specimen at 3 tesla and if you take the specimen at 12 tesla you see a much harder and much sintered magnet is formed at a higher temperature. The passage of why because the passage of the wave induces an electrical pulse and a small magnetic field both of which are thought to be caused by the movements of ions and electrons at the molten reactant front and because it generates electrical pulse and a magnetic field then the external magnetic field can also propagate a wave which can initiate in the soldering or in the sintering process of this final product. So, if you are actually looking for making a fine finishing of the preferred form or shape of your ferrite then application of external magnetic field also influences making such materials. So, this has been widely exploited as SHS, but the word combustion has not been used till then rather it has always been referred to as self propagating high temperature synthesis. This is a movie that I want to show just to give you an idea what this self propagation is and how much of energy is involved and how we can initiate such a reaction. If you can carefully look at the animation. So, this clip will help us realize how the combustion can be initiated and what sort of temperatures can be achieved in short time scale and let us look at this movie. So, what we need is heat oxidizer and a fuel to initiate such a reaction. So, the metal complexes we can form are of this nature and this is made into a pellet like this in such a short span in less than 2 minutes or so. It is possible for us to realize a product as you had seen in the last phase a small pellet can actually give you almost a 10 centimeter long metal form and this is one of the way this high temperature reaction can be achieved, but also it might look scary because it is actually kept in a confined medium where it organ is surface through this reaction because you do not want a oxide in case of metal forms you have to supply organ atmosphere, but can we make this bit more easier is the question is a open challenge and can we extend this sort of high temperature reaction for many of the other materials other than merely metals and alloys that is the question that we need to understand. So, the point that we need to notice combustion reactions can become explosive in nature if the O by F ratio that is the oxidizer to fuel combination is not controlled and if the reaction is not done in a open vessel this can become a potential explosive situation. Therefore, we need to be careful to control this reaction by doing such experiments in a open vessel now how to tame combustion synthesis to make material is what we are going to see one of the option is to use a solution process because as you have seen in the earlier cases it has always been a dry mixture of all the ingredients mixed with the powerful oxidizer and when you spark it you get the corresponding oxide or metal, but the other possibility is to use a solution process and what is the objective of using a solution combustion reaction number one we can use different metal salts because we do not need to necessarily always start with pure metallic powders which is often very costly, but if you go for metal salts those are cheaper available easier and you can use it in larger amounts for scale up activities therefore this is one of the prime motive why we can resort to a solution process. Number two when we try to make a quaternary mixture of metals in the final product then you can actually govern or you can hold the stoichiometry together because you can carefully start with stoichiometric amounts of corresponding metal salts also this can be a rapid one step synthesis because you do not need to necessarily mix all these solids to bring it into intimate contact because in solution when you bring everything together then they are stoichiometrically and intimately mixed and as a result the metal ions can be brought to atomic level distances. So once metal ions in atomic distance and then you initiate a combustion then the final product actually will be a purely stoichiometric compound which is decided for us. So for this reason one can resort to a solution process which is a viable alternative to the known SHS technology. So the person that I would like to highlight and bring to notice is professor Partil's group at IAC who pioneered this field called solution combustion synthesis and it was such a fascinating discovery of making oxide materials that this was the first ever review that was written on the solution combustion synthesis by professor Partil in bulletin of material science in December 1993. For those of you who are interested in knowing the history of how this solution process was developed one should read this article therefore I have quoted this particularly and I also would like to record the other pioneers in this field including myself this is Dr. Kingsley who was the first person to publish a PhD thesis on this combustion synthesis and this is interesting photograph which we took in late 86 where you can see Kingsley holding a petri dish a glass dish containing alumina powder. I will show this photograph in the next slide and this was the first ever result that came out from solution combustion synthesis which was developed at IAC Bangalore. Now the solution combustion synthesis when developed it can actually result in foamy residue of metal oxide particles for example you can see this is a petri dish which is of 300 ml capacity and in this 300 ml capacity dish you can actually fill the whole dish with powder which will just weigh only 2.72 grams and this can be such a fine and porous powder that you can prepare which has very high surface area with very low particle size. There is no other method by which one can prepare a compound like alpha alumina which is a high temperature form because when we try to make alpha alumina it is usually a high temperature oxide therefore you have to heat it to very high temperature in a electro heating furnace and in such case you will always end up getting a sintered product which will be 100 of the volume that it will occupy. So it is a very very important reaction which was which gives high temperature phases with lot of special surface features. The first paper that was published on this solution combustion synthesis was published in materials letters which is the pioneering publication made by Kingsley and Patil and as you can see here a list of aluminum based compounds were prepared including magnesium aluminate, calcium aluminate, yttrium aluminum garnet, zirconia, lanthanum aluminate and including ruby powder have been achieved. The main feature of that is you can prepare all these compounds by just maintaining a solution at 500 degree C which will get combusted to give this high temperature ceramics. We will look at some of the issues in greater detail in the next few slides. The range of compounds what was published in the first paper include alumina and as you know Yag is a laser material and then tetragonal zirconia is a toughened ceramics and then this is a electrolyte beta alumina and then LAAlO3 is a very good precursor material for thin films. So, you could see here vividly that almost all the aluminum based compounds were prepared in the first instance using this combustion procedure. So, what is this combustion? Combustion of a proper combination of an oxidizer and a fuel this can produce the exothermicity required for simultaneous synthesis of oxide ceramic powders. So, when a combustion is generated because of proper combination of an oxidizer and fuel the energy that is released is actually used by a simultaneous formation of the metal powders or metal oxide powders and for this reason oxidizers which include metal nitrates and the fuels can be urea, carbohydrate, glycine and others have been used successfully as fuels. I will come to this list in greater detail the metal nitrates are good oxidizers therefore you can either take a divalent metal or a trivalent metal nitrate those which are divalent or magnesium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, strontium, calcium, barium all these have the ability to form nitrates and they are bivalent and trivalent ones are all the lanthanides, lanthanide ions as well as aluminum. So, if you are looking for in fact a chromium also can be included because chromium nitrate is also trivalent. So, if you want to prepare chromates then you have to start with chromium nitrate if you want to prepare aluminates then you have to use aluminum nitrate. Metal perchlorates as a word of caution I want to register here that metal perchlorates although they are oxidizes it they are very very hazardous because they can produce lot of oxygen or oxidizing atmosphere they can produce. But what happens is when you try to do a combustion the perchlorates can actually transform into metal acids in combination with the fuel and therefore they can behave as explosives even on a lab scale. Therefore, caution has to be taken that there should be no reference to making metal perchlorates as oxidizes when you do combustion for making material synthesis. Organic fuels particularly those containing nitrogen also serve as a complexant in the precursor which inhibits inhomogeneous precipitation. Therefore, any fuel that you are taking if they are rich in nitrogen they will invariably prevent complexation as a result when you add a fuel to a metal nitrate solution there would not be precipitation rather it will form a clear liquid. Therefore, the organic fuels that are preferred are those which have more number of nitrogen and they also participate in a effective combustion reaction. So, such organic fuels are needed the predominant ones are hydricides, but do we really need a hydricides as I told you in the initial part of my lecture that hydricides monomethyl dimethyl hydrazine these are used as propellants. But we do not really need to resort to hydrazine what we can do is we can even start with a simplest of such molecules organic fuels as simple as urea. Urea as we know is not considered to be a fuel it is considered to be a good fertilizer otherwise, but from the propellant chemistry principle we can observe that even urea can play a role why because on oxidative decompression urea will actually go out as either as ammonia and carbon dioxide or they will go as nitrogen and hydrogen and carbon dioxide upon complete combustion. So, urea is a very good fuel plus it does not leave any residue as impurity. The simplest other one other than urea is glycine I will show some examples of how this should be actually C H 2. This is glycine and then you have a carbohydrate and then you have malic dihydricide all these sort of hydricides are simple ammonia based organic molecules can be used for the combustion as fuels. Combustion methods are particularly well suited to producing multi component metal oxides yielding compositionally homogeneous fine particles with low impurity content. This is the specialty of this wet chemical root the exothermic redox decomposition of this oxidizer fuel mixtures is actually initiated at low temperatures usually less than 250 degree C. As you would see from another animation that it is very easy for us to prepare such high temperature materials using a wet chemical combustion procedure where you just initiate the reaction with as low as 250 to 500 degree C. Now, in a regular protocol for a solution combustion synthesis is very easy because in step one all that you need to do is take a proper combination of a fuel and oxidizer and make a homogeneous solution in a beaker such as this. This is a glass beaker and you have to take very minimum amount of water and not excess amount because when the reaction is occurring sometimes the fuel can be destroyed on when it goes through a long heating time. Therefore, we need to have a minimum amount of water just to dissolve both the oxidizer and fuel and once you insert it into a furnace then you see a typical combustion reaction such as this happening and after the combustion reaction the solution is actually converted to a product and this is a example of preparing Syria doped with platinum example I will quote in the slides to follow. So, what is a time scale from the time you make the solution and you get this product after inserting it through a furnace the whole thing takes less than two minutes. So, in two minutes time you can achieve such a high temperature reaction this is a movie which I want to show before I touch upon the issues related to combustion synthesis. So, I just want you to watch this movie what you see here is a muffled furnace a open muffled furnace and this furnace is actually maintained at 500 degree C. So, what you you can do instead of taking a petri dish you can even use a 250 or 500 ml beaker and take the solution and put it inside a preheated furnace and then you would see the sort of reaction that is happening. So, as you see you have the oxidizer and the fuel which is going through complete dehydration and the excess water is actually coming out as you are heating it the first few seconds you can see some sort of a frothing that is happening and after that this combustion reaction occurs. During the combustion you can actually see how the wave propagation is the exothermicity is actually propagating from the top downwards and as and when the reaction is the temperature is used for converting that solution mixture into oxide then the oxide is coming out and then the propagation is actually going down and once this is done you can see that the ruby powder that is formed is coming out and you can see the pinkish tinge in this in the solid product and if you take the peel of for this ruby powder you can see the excitation spectra and the emission spectra exactly matches with that of a ruby crystal and as you know ruby crystal is nothing but a laser material which is used for making ruby lasers and they show a characteristic emission around a 695 nanometer. So, if you get such a sharp emission peak then you can be sure that it is actually a lasing action that is coming from ruby powder and this ruby powder incidentally can be prepared from mixing one less than 1 percent of chromium nitrate in aluminum nitrate. So, whatever that is coming out is not alumina powder, but it is actually ruby powder that is chromium atomically doped in the aluminum sides of aluminum oxide. So, this is a fabulous reaction where such low level impurities can be very nicely incorporated into alumina matrix. This is not the only compound we can make n number of compounds out of such approach. All you need to do is depending on the end stoichiometry we need to take the corresponding metal nitrates to prepare such oxides. Properties of these products are therefore influenced by the nature of the fuel and the oxidizer fuel ratio. Many technologically important oxides ceramics can be produced by this method. So, I will try to take you through few examples to show you how the fuel content is important and what is the relevance of this oxidizer fuel ratio and how do you calculate this oxidizer fuel ratio to make such combinations. The key principle in combustion reaction is the efficiency and this efficiency of combustion is actually calculated by the oxidizer to fuel ratio which is given as Q e or phi e we can call it is nothing but a summation of the coefficient of oxidizing elements in the specific formula into valency over minus 1 into a sum of coefficient of reducing elements in the specific formula into valency. Therefore, if you have your metal nitrates you can actually calculate the oxidizing valency in the numerator and if you have a fuel then you can calculate the reducing valency of your organic fuels based on their valency. So, accordingly a stoichiometric proportion of this reactance should yield Q by e should be equal to 1. If Q by e is equal to 1 then you can say then the combustion efficiency will be at its maximum but there is a case when if the fuel efficiency is less than 1 that means it is a fuel lean composition meaning there is more oxidizer though. So, you need to lower down on the oxidizer proportion and there is a fuel rich case when the phi e is less than 1. So, both this has to be avoided and preferably it is always better to take a fully stoichiometric situation but then when you are actually taking metals metals in the initial phase during the combustion can get reduced to metallic metal which can also catalyze the combustion. Therefore, the exothermicity can be more in such cases always it is better to play down with a fuel lean mixtures than fuel rich mixtures. So, depending on the type of reaction that you are aiming you need to fine tune on the oxidizer to fuel ratio. For example, let us take the case of barium hexafarite which is one of the compound and the barium hexafarite has a composition BAMG 2 AL 16 O 27 and this barium hexafarite can be prepared using urea and if you want to balance this equation for a complete combustion this is how it looks like where you take 45 moles of this barium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, aluminum nitrate to give barium magnesium aluminate sorry this should be barium hexa aluminate. I am sorry about it this is barium hexa aluminate but what you should understand is during complete combustion you will have 90 moles of water which is released and this water will actually go as the initial step in the decomposition process before the combustion occurs. But when the combustion occurs you actually have 45 moles theoretically possible 45 moles of carbon dioxide and 72 moles of nitrogen that is released upon complete combustion and this is one of the important features of the solution combustion process because it is a gas releasing exercise. Enormous amount of gases are released as a result the final residue will always be a porous and a finely divided metal oxide. If this much amount of gas is not released then it will be a highly sintered compact. So, if you want to prepare nano dimension stuff then you should actually favor a solution combustion process because of the gas evolution it gives a highly reactive solid and as you saw from the movie the whole process is actually occurring in less than 1 minute time and the gases which are trapped is the ones which are hypergolic which is giving this high temperature and because of these gases which are released during the combustion they are not sintering the particles. Another thing the whole reaction is also run in a beaker in a glass beaker it is a phenomenal reaction because even though such high temperatures about 1000 degrees are achieved yet we are not seeing the glass melting and this glass is not melting even at very high temperatures because the energy that is released during the combustion is actually dissipated or flushed out by the escaping gases number one and the reaction mixture is also consuming this energy to transform into the corresponding oxide product. As a result even though you are using a glass vessel with very high temperature the glass does not melt at all because it is a fast quenching technique. So, one of the things that we need to understand is that when we try to take a mixture of metal nitrate and the fuel in this case the calculated ratio as far as the oxidizer fuel ratio is concerned has to be 2.36. So, when you control this fuel to oxidizer ratio then it will be possible for us to control the exothermicity of the reaction. Now, we can also play around with different compositions or different combinations for example, the fuel to oxidizer ratio can vary with the sort of the reducing valencies of the fuel and in this case urea if you take urea then for the energy to be maximum this is the dictated formula fuel to oxidizer ratio, but if you can also play around with this 3 or with 1 which is a fuel lean situation in such cases you will see the efficiency will vary and it will not be equal to 1. Now, if you go for carbohydrate you see for the fuel efficiency to be 1 in this case the fuel to oxidizer ratio has to be 1.78 whereas, in this case for urea it was 2.36 that is because the number of reducing valencies in carbohydrate is different from the number of reducing valencies in urea. I will give you one more example of how this fuel ratios can influence for example, you take the barium hexa aluminate which is doped with urea if you take the fuel to oxidizer ratio at 3 or if you take fuel to oxidizer ratio at 2.36 you can see the change in the crystallinity. This is according to the O B F ratio, but this is not according to the O B F ratio as a result you can clearly see the crystallinity of the end product is varying. So, this is proving very crucial and again in this example you can find out that if you vary the fuel to oxidizer ratio depending on whether it is fuel rich or fuel lean or stoichiometric you can see that there is a enormous change in the crystallinity for the same composition. So, the oxidizer to fuel ratio is very critical in this example and once you make that you can clearly see that the commercially available barium hexa aluminate is almost similar to the features of combustion derived powders. So, we can make commercially viable synthesis if we can scale it up to proper proportion. We can also see in this profile the relative intensities of this barium hexa aluminate doped with the European. You can see the depending on the oxidizer to fuel ratio either using urea or carbohydrate the PL is drastically changing for this phosphor. So, we have to optimize which is the proper stoichiometry for getting the right type of property that we desire. This is another example of what are all the important phosphors that can be prepared using the combustion synthesis as you know yttrium silicate doped with the c-rea can be used for scintillators application. We have strontium aluminate doped with the European for long lasting phosphorescence material strontium aluminate with the dysprosium terbium then we have european activated LALO3 as red phosphors. We also have yttria doped with the european as red phosphor in CRT tubes so on. So, a host of phosphors can be prepared using this combustion synthesis. Here is another example of how with the doping concentration of terbium in yttrium aluminum garnet one can change the luminescence of the resulting powder using a combustion synthesis and these are all the yag powders which are activated at 254 nanometer excitation. Now, I will give one example of how crucial the oxidizer can play the role effect of oxidizer on the combustion characteristics. This is a paper which appeared in 2010 I just picked out this paper because even now people are experimenting on making nano sized ion oxides. This has appeared in international journal of self propagating high temperature synthesis although it is nearly 24 years since this process was devised still lot of activity is going on. I am just going to point out to you the use of ferric nitrate and ferric oxalate. Ferric oxalate is used as a oxidizer in one hand and ferric nitrate is also used as a oxidizer where glycine has been used as the fuel in both cases glycine is used, but because we do not have nitrate here extra nitrate is used in the form of ammonium nitrate. Because I do not have a metal nitrate then we do not have to worry about it you can take a salt of that particular metal and you can compensate for the combustion reaction to occur by taking ammonium nitrate separately that is also possible. So, if I take this combination or if I take this combination you can see how the property varies as you see here this is the TGDTA for both this combinations. If you take ion oxalate ammonium nitrate and glycine together the exothermic decompotion is occurring somewhere around 182 degree C whereas, if you take metal nitrate ion nitrate with the glycine you can see phenomenally the combustion reaction occurs at a very early stages. There is a difference of around 40 degrees if you take metal nitrate compared to ion oxalate. So, the starting material can actually play a important role in the combustion not only that the resulting powders also determine the quality of sample that you can see. If you take ion nitrate as starting material with glycine look at the porosity here 40 micron the enlarged version you can see so much of porosity on the metallic oxide foams that are produced and this porosity will determine the surface area also. Whereas, if you take ion oxalate and ammonium nitrate separately then you can see that hardly there is any porosity and it is all well sintered. Therefore, this ion oxide what you get here will be more sintered and less surface area material compared to the other one and you can also see the morphology of the ion oxide powders starting with the oxalate and nitrate. So, distinctly it alters the surface properties. Now, the effect of combustion synthesis on the metal oxide composites I will now show you some example of the systems. So far we have seen the effect of fuel and oxidizer now I will tell you what all we can achieve out of such combustion reaction. We do not have to exactly make metals alone or oxides alone we can also make composite materials. This example I have already shown you the reaction is nothing but doping platinum in Siria or Sirium oxide titanium oxide composites. Why they are used because these are very powerful auto exhaust catalyst Siria impregnated with platinum or Siria platinum doped with that T I O 2 is used as a automobile exhaust catalyst. But what you see here after some cycle this catalytic converters are dead they are poisoned because of the upcoming exhaust as a result the efficiency goes down. But if you use combustion reaction you can see the activity is enhanced to a greater order the mechanistic pathway for such reaction is given here where your carbon dioxide is coming getting adsorbed with the molecular oxygen and you can see there is a competing interaction on the surface and then the carbon monoxide goes as carbon dioxide and it cleaves cleaves out and this is the mechanistic pathway. But what makes this combustion process interesting is that unlike the other cases where you try to prepare alumina with platinum or platinum with Siria or platinum with the titanium they are all surface adsorbed. So, the noble metals will actually do the catalytic process with the host material almost as a mute spectator. But in the combustion process you can see that the platinum Sirium palladium everything is actually doped they are not as 0 valent metals, but they are here as ions. Once they are substituted effectively into this host lattice then the conversion process of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide is 15 to 20 times faster than the conventional reactions. As you can see here this is profile of carbon dioxide formation as a function of temperature if you just take Siria without doping then this is the conversion profile. But once you doped just with the 2 percent of palladium you can see the shift in the temperature range and the way it is so highly selective the conversion is very selective and it is much faster mainly because palladium is not actually sitting on the Siria, but it is actually doped into the lattice and palladium actually goes to palladium 2 plus and Siria Sirium 4 plus goes to Sirium 3 plus and therefore it is now more as a substituted catalyst rather than a composite. As a result you see a remarkable conversion of CO to CO 2 and this can easily replace all the noble metal catalysts in today's automotive industry. Similarly you can also see just 1 percent of palladium that is doped into T a O 2 can actually push the conversion even to near to room temperature. So, if you use this 1 percent palladium doped T a O 2 you can see the conversion as low as 50 degree C at 50 you can convert all the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide while this is useful because the combustion route has a peculiar way of pushing the noble metal into the lattice and because they are sitting inside the lattice the way the conversion of CO to CO 2 goes is very very facile. We can also try to impregnate this catalyst on to this sort of cardio right monoliths this is typically the way the exhaust catalysts are embedded in the converters. You can uniformly coat it and make it a useful catalyst bed we can go for several such catalysts to get this done. And similarly we can make a composites of Z R O 2 and CO 2 Z R O 2 several such composites can be made of which alumina, ceria, yttria, zirconia you can see all this powders which are known to show surface area less than 1 meter square per gram can show such a very high porosity and high surface area. Now just 2 3 slides I will try to wind up to show that there are other ways to initiate this combustion other than merely using a furnace. So I call this as furnace less combustion synthesis which is actually microwave ignited if you do not have a furnace you can use a simple kitchen microwave to initiate this process advantages you are generating the heat from within the solution mixture rather than heating from outside. And you can clearly see that in this the mass also plays a role instead of using a conventional synthesis you can use a microwave synthesis. And in 2 gram quantity this is the way the crystalline magnesium aluminate is formed but when you use 100 gram quantity you can get a crystalline form. This is one reaction and I can show you another example. This is another thing that is happening which is of interest where combustion reactions are experimented in microgravity therefore for space applications you need to study at 0 gravity how this combustion proceeds and NASA is particularly taking this as a active program to consider how combustion synthesis can occur at 0 gravity or microgravity. And this combustion reaction can also be used for making a real to real impregnation of this nano powders into several layers coatings. So this is not only done in lab scale but this can be done also in a industrial level. Lastly I just want to conclude that this combustion process has gone into many spheres now it is being referred with many names. It is called popularly wet combustion route some people call this as materials born out of fire and this is also referred to as furnace less combustion and instant combustion synthesis. So there is lot of potential for many more interesting physical and chemical properties to be studied using the simple combustion technique.


QuickBooks Desktop 2023. Make amortization table to support the data input related to loan payments. Let's do it within 2-its, QuickBooks Desktop 2023. Support accounting instruction by clicking the link below, giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website, broken out by category, further broken out by course. Each course then organized in a logical, reasonable fashion, making it much more easy to find what you need than can be done on a YouTube page. We also include added resources such as Excel practice problems, PDF files, and more like QuickBooks backup files when applicable. So once again, click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it. Here we are in QuickBooks Desktop. Get great guitars practice file. We started up in a prior presentation going through the setup process we do every time. Maximize in the home page to the gray area in the view drop down. We got the hide icon bar open windows list checked off open windows open on the left hand side. Reports drop down company and financial P and L profit and loss range change 010123 to 123123. Let's customize it with the fontine and numbering changing it to let's say 14. Okay, yes. And okay, let's open up the balance sheet as well in the reports going on down to the company and financial this time. The balance sheet standard. Let's customize it up top with the range and changing 010123 to 123123 fonts and the numbers to change to 14. Okay, yes. And okay, that's the setup process we do every time. We're now going to be thinking about some of the logistical issues related to making loan payments. So let's scroll down to the loan payable account we have down here. Note the loan payable account represents us owing money to a third party such as a bank it will typically go up as it did in this practice problem when we take out a loan often happening when we want to get capital get cash in order to start the business or expand the business so that we can purchase things like property plant and equipment and inventory that are going to be necessary to generate revenue in the future. So there's a couple of things we have to keep into consideration with loans that are kind of problematic. One is the fact that for external reporting, we really only want one or two loan accounts because we want a short term loan and a long term loan possibly. But in practice, depending on the industry we are in, we might have multiple loans outstanding and we would like to tie each of those loan balances out to the amortization table. So if we had multiple loans and we might do this more in future presentations, we might want to have a parent loan account and then the multiple loans listed under it indicating which loan we're talking about possibly with the last four digits of the loan number to identify them. So that's one issue that we have to deal with. Another issue is that most of the loans we deal with are installment loans, therefore we pay them back in monthly installments for example. And that means that there's a short term portion to them, the amount that's going to be paid back in 12 months and a long term portion for them, the amount that's going to have to be paid after the 12 month time frame. So now we've got the concept that we need to break out short term and long term components of each of the loans. Now that's an issue because if one loan has a short term and long term portion, every time we make a payment on it, there's going to be an adjustment of the short term and long term account. So in practice, when we're doing the data input, it's easier to have one loan payable account as we do here, even though there is a long term component to it so that we can do the data input as easy as possible and then break out the short term and long term portions periodically at the end of the month and or end of the year for reporting purposes and financial management type of purposes. So that's what we'll suggest there. We'll talk more about that when we get to the adjusting entries. Then we also have a problem in that when we make the loan payments, there's not just going to be two accounts that are impacted as we see with most transactions, there's going to be three accounts if we're trying to tie out to the amortization table. Because when we pay off the loan, we're going to decrease the cash, and then we're going to decrease the loan payable, but only for a portion of the payment because some of the payment goes to interest, which is the rent on the payment of the loan, which is on the profit and loss. So that becomes an issue. It also becomes an issue because the allocation of interest and principal will differ with each loan payment. So even if I get the loan payment correct, I can't really memorize the transaction so I can enter the check easily in the following months. And if you're doing bank feeds, that's another area where we like to memorize the transactions. So we have to deal with the fact that we've got this interest and principal that will be broken out. And how do we deal with that? There's a couple of different ways we could deal with that. One, we make the amortization table. So we'll see that problem here as we do that. And then every payment, we have to adjust the principal and interest so that we can tie out to the amortization table. Or two, we can say that I'm just going to make the payments go through the bank feeds as easily as possible, possible, and then just put the other side to the loan payable, not accounting for the interest, and then adjust the loan payable account periodically at the end of the month or year. In that way, you can make the data input automatic, easy, possibly using bank feeds, and then do a periodic adjustment to account for the interest. Okay, so I know that's a lot to look, consider right now. What we want to do is construct an amortization table, which will hopefully hone down and get a better understanding of some of these issues, and then we'll do some data input based on the amortization table in future presentation.  Now, this is not an Excel course, so you don't have to build this in Excel. You can also do this in Google Sheets, if you so choose. But I think the actual construction of it will give a better understanding of what's going on with a typical kind of installment loan. You might get the amortization table when you take out a loan from the lender, they might give you that, or you might ask your CPA firm to do something like this to help you to construct an amortization table. You can also use tools online to construct the amortization table, but I think Excel is the best thing to do. But so I'm going to open up a new Excel sheet, I'm going to hold control and scroll in so we can zoom in on it. So I'm at like 265% at this point. And I've also brought my screen back down to 100% rather than 150, which is what I'm working on in QuickBooks. Then I'm going to format the entire sheet first. I do that by selecting the triangle up top, right clicking on it. I'm going to format all the cells to my underlying baseline formatting, which I usually go to currency, bracketed and read for negative numbers, no dollar sign. And then do I need decimals? I'll keep the decimals there. And we'll say, okay. So then I'm going to say the loan, I'm going to put my data on the left hand side and then construct my table from the data. This is a good way to set up your Excel sheets when you're doing budgeting or something like that. So you can change the data and run multiple scenarios. I'm going to say a loan amount. I'm also going to make the entire thing selecting the triangle bold font group and bold, so that we could see it a little bit more boldly. So I'm going to say the loan is for 72,000. The years I'm going to say of the loan, we're going to imagine the loan is outstanding for five years, we got a five year loan 72,000, it's an installment loan, we're going to be paying back in equal monthly payments. So the number of periods, the number of months then is going to be equal to five times 12, five times 12 or 60 months. The rate on the loan, the interest rate that is, I'm going to say is 0.05 or 5%. I'm going to change that to a percent format by going to the home tab, numbers, percentifying it, and then I'm going to say the payment. Now I'm going to recalculate the payment. The payment is probably most likely something that will be given to you on the loan. That's going to be the thing that the loan officer is going to be, you know, focused on. They might not even focus on the rate. So if you don't have the rate, but they give you the payment, you can back into the rate, which is a good thing to do so you can compare it to other loans. But I'm going to show you how to calculate the loan payment, which can kind of give you a double check that everything is working. If I calculate the loan payment, then I know my amortization table should work. So based on this information, this is how you're going to calculate the loan payment. I'm going to say negative instead of equals because that'll flip the sign to a positive number. Otherwise, you would end up with a negative number as the result. I'm going to say PMT. That's the payment formula. You can double click on it down here. You get your little box, which will help you to put the data. You look for the rate first. I'm going to pick up that rate. That's a yearly rate, however, and we're going to be paying this back monthly. So I need the monthly rate. This is where the little trick comes in. You got to divide that by 12. That would give you the monthly rate. Then comma, we got the number of periods, which is going to be 60. That's in months, not years. I'm not going to say five years. We're going to make 60 monthly payments comma. And then the present value is the current loan balance, which is the 72,000. That's all we need to populate this. So I'm going to say enter. And there's the 135873. So this is the amount that we're going to pay for 60 payments in order to take out to close out this loan. Now I'm going to actually make an amortization table with this because the payment is not enough for me to enter the data into QuickBooks, because I need to know the interest and principal per payment in order to get the proper loan balance. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to make a skinny E putting my cursor between E and F and skinnerizing it, making it skinny. That is, that's not a word I know. I think it should be though, skinner, I skinnerized it, skinnerizing the call. So I'm going to say headers payment or months payment interest. Let's do let's do one more column here. I'm going to say this is years, and then months, and then interest. And then I'm going to I'm going to instead of saying that I could go like loan that or loan reduction. And then I could wrap this column because that's getting long so I could wrap it. But I don't really like doing that because it messes everything else up. So since I'm not making a table out of this, I'm just going to say do it this way loan and then put the reduction on the bottom. And then I'm going to say loan balance. And then I'm going to bring these down. So and this needs to be a capital. That should be a capital.  And then I'm going to format it so it looks like I don't have these two cells by making it color by coloring it home tab font group. Let's make this like black and the and the letters white. That's what I often do for the headers. Let's center it so then it looks good. Alright, so I'm first going to look at the months then. So I'm going to make these a little skinnier. So I'm going to go from period zero, and then one two. And then I'm going to bring this all the way down by selecting it. I'm going to bring it down. How many months are there? There's going to be 60 months. So I'm going to select those. I'm going to put my cursor on the fill handle, left click on it and drag it down and you can see it's giving me the numbers on the right hand side. Just going to go down to 60. Notice that even if you had like a home loan, and there was 360 payments, you can do this pretty easily, pretty quickly. I'm going to say okay, so there we have that I probably don't need the pennies here. So I'm going to take the pennies off and center it because we're talking months, not not dollars. Now you could do a like a nice little trick if you want to know the years involved because the first 12 months is one year. So I could say okay, let me let me try to I'm going to put my cursor here and try to do a little trick to round this up so I can see the years. So if I say this is going to be equal, I'm going to say round up. This is a little tricky little way to do this. I want to take this number divided divided by 12, that number divided by 12 in comma. And then I want to round it up to the next digit which is going to be I'm going to say negative one. So negative, it's negative. Oh one point one. There we go negative point one. So once again, round up that number divided by 12 and then I'm rounding it up to to the digit one. And so if I copy that down, and I take it down to to the 13th month, you can see it rounds to two here. So that way I can I get this nice little thing that gives me the years. So I could take this all the way down. You don't have to do that. But it's kind of nice to know which year we're talking about. So we're going to say let's take the pennies off of that. So there's that this is I'll just put a zero up top. And then it goes in. And you can see it goes take the pennies off that center it. It goes to five years of course, okay. So then I'm going to say the loan balance starts equals I'm going to pull the data by saying equals pull the data of the 72,000. And then we'll do our payment payments, which is always going to be I missed the payments. So I need another column for payments here. I missed the payment. So I'm going to insert a column between G and H, put in my cursor on H, select in the whole column, right click on it and insert. And that'll put a column between there and I need the payment payment. All right. And then I'm going to say this equals this number. Now that payment's going to be the same all the way down. So if I just hit enter, and then I like copy this down, it doesn't do it. So what I need is to make that absolute reference. That's one way you could do it. And I could do that by saying double click on it on it. F four dollar sign before the D and the five, you only need a mixed reference to make this work, which is one dollar sign, but an absolute one is easy. And then if I click on it, again, I could just double click on it and it goes all the way down. I could add the pennies back here. Let's add the pennies back. So we've got those. So there is that. And then the interest calculation is going to be the previous loan balance times 5%. But that's the yearly rate. So I got to divide it by 12. So it's going to be equal to the 72,000 times the 5% yearly rate. If I hit enter, that would give us the interest if it was for a year, but we're talking about one month. So I'm going to double click on that and take that whole thing and divide it by 12. I don't need brackets because order of operations, it'll multiply before dividing going to divide it by 12 just hard coding the 12. And then which means just typing it in there. There's the 300. The loan reduction then is going to be if I paid 135873 cents, but interest minus is 300. That means the loans only going to go down by 105873 of the 135873 we paid. So if I subtract this out, this equals the 72,000 minus the loan reduction, the loan balance after the first payment is now at 70,941.27. So if I was to enter this first payment into QuickBooks, I would have to enter in essence a check that would decrease the checking account by that amount. But the other side has two components to it. I would have to have interest expense, which is in essence the rent on me borrowing the money, kind of like the rent on me, you know, living in a or, you know, having an office building that we're renting. And then the loan balance is going to go down by this amount. So that's fine. It's a little bit more complex. But then it changes because now the loan balance has changed. So the next interest is going to be based on the new loan balance. So now the interest for month two is going to be the 70,941.27 times the 5% divided by 12. Hold on what happened there, the 70,000 times 5% divided by 12. So now the interest is only 294.59 because the balance went down last time, right? The payment's still the same, because we want to keep that the same, that's how we structured the loan. So the down part of keeping the payment is the same, is that the interest and the loan reduction change each payment. So now I've got 1,358.73, we're going to pay minus interest, which went down, which means more of it is going to reduce the loan balance. So now the new loan balance after the second payment is 70,941.27 minus the 1063.14. So there's our new loan balance. So now after the second payment that we make, I can't just copy what I did. If I was doing this in QuickBooks, I can't just copy what I did before, it's going to be the same payment amount decrease in the checking account. But the allocation between interest and loan balance is now different. That makes the memorization difficult. If I'm doing bank feeds, that means I can't really memorize the bank feed transaction as easily one, because there's two accounts affected and two, because those two accounts have different amounts applied to them. So again, there's multiple different ways we can kind of deal with that, we could just change it every time we make a payment with the amortization table and tie into the amortization table, or we can try to come up with some system that we can make things automated, and then do periodic adjustments with adjusting entries. Okay, I'm going to I'm going to try to do this again, I'm going to delete these and enter this first one in a way so I can copy it down. So if I double click on this one, anything that's not inside the table, I need to make absolute. In other words, anything that's in the data on the left, I typically need to make absolute. So for example, this D four, right there, I don't want it to move down when I copy it down. This number right here, I do want it to move down. And this is a hard coded number, I want it to stay the same, no problem. So that D four, I'm going to put my cursor in it, F four and the keyboard dollar sign before the D and the four that has nothing to do with dollars, it's code for Excel to say don't move this cell down. When I copy it down, you only need a mixed reference, but an absolute one works. I don't need to do that here because I'm inside the table, nothing's coming from our data set. And I want these two to copy down when I copy the cell down. I don't need to do anything here because these two are in the data in our table, they're not in the data set to the left. I want them to move down as I copy them down, I can then select these three items, and just double click on the fill handle button. And it should copy this whole thing down. And you can see the interest port, the payment stays the same. The interest portion goes down, which means of course, the loan balance of the loan, you know, reduction, the amount of the reduction in the loan goes up. And so at the end of the day, if we got this correct, then after five years, it should go down to zero. And that's our verification that we've done the data input properly. I'm going to put some brackets around this now, make some brackets, and put some brackets around that. And I'll put some brackets around this. Now again, I know this isn't an accounting course, you don't have to put this together. We'll see if we can provide you a link to this to do the data input, but we're going to use this to do the data input into QuickBooks. You might get this information from the from their financial institution, you might have your accountant build something like this so you can do the data input. But hopefully, you want to kind of understand, I mean, this looking at an amortization table can be overwhelming if you don't really understand what it's doing. So hopefully, that gives us an idea of what it's doing, and how we can then use it to do the data input into QuickBooks.