Welcome to insurers agent training every Monday. I love being a part of this. I'm back And I want to talk right up really quick about we get a question a lot Cody if you had to start over as a brand-new insurance agent today What would you do? And I think my answer is going to surprise you because I'm not going to talk about Captive or independent. I'm not going to talk about carriers. I'm not going to talk about commissions I'm not going to even talk about product types because every new insurance agent is in a different place right now Right you watch this right now, and you're thinking Cody. What would you do? I get this question a lot You get to start over. What would you do? It was day one for you We're your brand-new agent you were 30 days in you were a month later You were you know what I mean? What would you do? And I think I would really if I had to break it down into three steps Okay, of exactly what I would do as a brand-new insurance agent as we release this live on Monday Happy Labor Day. Okay. Thanks for being with us. What I want to talk about really quick is the three quick steps, which is Step number one. I'm not saying you got to buy them, but dang You need Leads leads are incredibly important because leads Generate if you're not lazy, they're supposed to generate activity, and I truly believe that activity is Imperative to your success as a brand-new agent if I had to go back I don't know if there was much. I don't know if there was a lot of would change But these are a couple things I would maybe change because of what I realize now Especially the last one that I'm going to talk about. Okay. That's the first thing leads Activity super important. Okay, that's the first step step two About to go back and be a brand-new insurance agent right now today step two would be You ready?  I Wasn't extremely intelligent. I wasn't the best at building relationships My product knowledge was probably subpar my cells experience was extremely subpar But what I focused on was sits are king and when I talk about sits are king. I was super Consistent which is also extremely extremely important Most agents are not consistent enough when you have leads and activity and you sit with prospects every week 10 minimum 12 15 16 20 whatever the case is we're thinking too small the average insurance agent way to do a poll across the entire country of That hundreds of thousands maybe millions of insurance agents what we would find out what we would learn is that the average insurance agent sits Actually sits with one to two people a week Only sits with one to two people a week, which is a freaking embarrassment for our industry.  Okay, so that's step number two Sits are king step number three step number three I would want to find ways To as I spell it wrong think Bigger Okay, I'm not even gonna race it right We're live. So it's up there. Hopefully you can read it least I can let you know what I said, right?  Okay first step goals Underthink bigger the next thing is you need Some type of mentor in your life that you can learn from every single Week someone to hold you accountable Someone to help you get to the next level someone to challenge you someone to stretch you someone to push you To do more tomorrow than you're doing today. Okay, or today than you did yesterday. Okay, but also you need to focus on Learning the couple things there was there was there's a few things I did really well I thought bigger than most new agents as a brand new insurance agent and I didn't realize it was that important at the time I didn't it wasn't like I knew I did a lot of really good things back then without really knowing why and I look back now and I'm like that paid off. Okay, one was goals Other was mentors right learned a tongue for my father I had a goal hundred K my first year boom wrote it down signed it put it up in my cubicle every day I looked at I thought about it. That's all I thought about but then also I was learning the art of closing the cell Our Brian Tracy I was going I was paying to go to conferences and events and training and cells training and learning I was doing everything. I could Wildman etc. Everything I could To learn and consume knowledge and to really think about how do I get to another level? So when we talk about insurance agent training when we talk about throwback When we talk about being live on a holiday I want to think what what I do if I had to start over as a new agent right now and All I can say is these are the three steps that kind of got me through That I didn't really realize it then like I realize it now Okay, I'm not saying I would change the thing that I did because I wouldn't but Activity Breed sits sits breed cells and when you think bigger you'll challenge yourself to not just Be the typical insurance agent that thinks 50 K is okay, right? Average interest agent makes about forty seven forty eight thousand dollars a year That's something I'd read over the last few years. I don't know if it's statistically perfect, right 72% of cystics are made up, right Dylan Most people are not Challenging themselves enough so when we sit here Live on a Monday talking about interest agent training and how you Can do it and what I would do and if I had to talk to my brand new self at 19 back then These are the things I want to think about but I want to challenge you to be super consistent as you grow Okay I'm looking to let you get back to your holiday. I want to challenge you to think about this stuff What I would do if I was a brand new insurance agent today. Thanks for watching insurance agent training Have a great week. We'll talk to you for phone feed on tomorrow. Thank you guys so much. Appreciate you


I have seen your videos and I heard some of your lectures in which I could make out that you don't believe in boundaries and concept of nations and we should not kill enemy, we should not… we should kill enmity.   Killing the enmity may not be in your hands, this is in the hands of somebody else. Killing the enemy is in your hands. Your business is to kill the enemy if you have to, all right? So do not mistake these two things. Killing the enmity is somewhere else but if that is done then forces could be used in a much different way. All this young men and women could be used in a much different way which is beneficial for them and for the nation.  The other person also is trying to kill the enemy, we are the enemy for somebody. So tell me how long will we continue this?  Somewhere we have to settle our disputes and go about our life. Well, such things have not happened in many hundreds of years unfortunately. So we think that's the only reality, no, that is not the only reality. There is a possibility many nations which fought bitter wars, well you see Europe, World War II is not another eon, all right, it's less than a century. Eight years ago they fought as bitterly as any men could fight, all right, as dirty as anybody could fight. But today there existing as one economy almost as one nation beginning to happen. Problems are there but beginning to happen. Well, we could also envision something like that for Asia. Well, right now it looks like not a possibility. I don't see that possibility in the next twenty years time or twenty-five years time. But I feel one part of the boundaries, one part of the borders can be settled. Can be settled if political will is there, necessary wisdom and maturity is there. Of course on both sides it is possible to do it because there's nothing much to lose or gain. Only there is gain for both sides by settling the enmity. But on one side it's a different issue. That's not going to settle in near future, at least not in the next decade or two. It's not going to settle. I'm… maybe I sound pessimistic, lot of people feel that tomorrow morning they can settle it. But I live with reality, I know people's mindset. Until this generation passes I don't believe it will settle in the other country. What do you think? It's a complex mix of many things. Too many emotions, too many aspects involved in this. And there are gods fighting in heavens, so they have to stop first. There are many, many levels of layers of fighting happening. This fighting is not going to stop just like that. We could minimize it, we could control it. That's definitely a possibility. About... I am not here to preach the forces, love the enemy. Do I look like so foolish?  I don't, right?


Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States, accompanied by Medal of Honor recipient, Specialist 5, James C. McLuhan, U.S. Army. Let us gather in these sacred words, no one has greater love than this, to lay down one's life for one's friends. Let us pray. Almighty God, we thank you for the gift of this day, of this time, and for all living lives devoted in service to you and to our country. Our hearts are especially grateful today for the courage, honor, and extraordinary service of Specialist James McLuhan, whose repeated acts of bravery convey to us a true understanding of the value of life. As his service demonstrates your faithfulness and unconditional love for all humanity, we ask you, Lord, continue to inspire and guide others to their own acts of selfless service, and grant us all now hearts eager to seek your will and all acts that serve to preserve life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Amen. Thank you very much. Please be seated. Thank you, Chaplain Hurley, Secretary Mnuchin, Secretary Mattis, Secretary Shulkin, Senator Stabenow, Congressman Upton, and members of the Armed Forces. Thank you for joining us as we award our nation's highest military honor to Specialist 5, James C. McLuhan. Today we pay tribute to a veteran who went above and beyond the call of duty to protect our comrades, our country, and our freedom. Joining Jim today is his wife, Cherie, his brothers, Mike and Tom, his sons, Jamie and Matt, and many other members of his very large and beautiful family. We were also gratified to be joined by eight previous Medal of Honor recipients. Now, Jim's name will stand forever alongside theirs in our history and in our hearts. I want to take a few minutes to tell you about Jim and how he earned this place among legends. Jim was raised in Bangor, Michigan. His father built their house from scratch and worked 40 years at a piano factory. Jim's dad taught him a simple but powerful lesson. Never do anything halfway. Always do your best. Jim took that lesson very much to heart. He played for four varsity sports in high school and three in college. In August of 1968, Jim was drafted into the Army. Within six months, he was trained as a medic and arrived in Vietnam. Right away, Jim poured all of himself into his duties treating the sick and the wounded. Before long, all his fellow soldiers called him Doc. On May 13, 1969, less than three months after he arrived, Jim was one of 89 men in Charlie Company to embark on a mission to secure a transportation route near Nanyang. As Jim and his men jumped out of the helicopter, it quickly became clear that they were surrounded by enemy troops. Within minutes, two choppers were shot down, and one of his men was badly wounded in the middle of an open field. Jim did not hesitate. He blazed through 100 meters of enemy fire to carry the wounded and the soldier to safety. But this was only the first of many heroic deeds Jim would perform over the next 48 hours. After tending to the first wounded soldier, Jim joined a mission to advance toward the enemy, and advance they did. Before long, they were ambushed. Again, he ran into danger to rescue his men. As he cared for two soldiers, shrapnel from a rocket-propelled grenade slashed open the back of Jim's body from head to foot. Yet that terrible wound didn't stop Jim from pulling those two men to safety, nor did it stop him from answering the plea of another wounded comrade and carrying him to safety atop his own badly injured body. He was badly injured. And so it went, shot after shot, blast upon blast. As one of his comrades recalled, whoever called medic could immediately count on McLuhan. He's a brave guy. As they turned to dusk, nearly all of those who could, and really, really had to, make it back. They were finally within their night defensive position, except for one soldier whose plea Jim could not ignore. Again, Doc did not hesitate. He crawled through a rice paddy thick with steel rain. That means bullets all over the place. As soldiers watched him, they were sure that was the last time they would see Doc. They thought that was the end of their friend Jim. But after several minutes passed, Jim emerged from the smoke and fire carrying yet another soldier. He immediately badgered and fixed and worked, but he got the wounds fixed and lifted the soldier to a Medevac helicopter. His lieutenant ordered Jim to get in too. Get in, he said. Get in. But Jim refused. He said, you're going to need me here. As Jim now says, I would have rather died on the battlefield than know that men died because they did not have a medic. Over the next 24 hours, Jim fired at enemy soldiers, suffered a bullet wound to his arm, and continued to race into gunfire to save more and more lives. And yet, as night approached again, after nearly two days of no food, no water, and no rest, Jim volunteered to hold a blinking light in an open field to signal for a supply drop. He would not yield. He would not rest. He would not stop. And he would not flinch in the face of sure death and definite danger. Though he was thousands of miles from home, it was as if the strength and pride of our whole nation was beating inside of Jim's heart. Jim did what his father had taught him. He gave it his all, and then he just kept giving. In those 48 hours, Jim rescued 10 American soldiers and tended to countless others. He was one of 32 men who fought until the end. They held their ground against more than 2,000 enemy troops. Jim, I know I speak for every person here when I say that we are in awe of your actions and your bravery. But let me tell you one thing and one more story about Jim.  He knew the soldier wouldn't make it if he flung him on the back, so he lifted him up and carried him in his arms. As Jim was carrying the soldier, a thought flashed through his mind. Although Jim had always been very close to his father, he realized that it was not since. He had been a young boy that he had told his dad those three very simple but beautiful words, I love you. In that moment, Jim offered up a prayer. He asked God, if you get me out of this hell on earth so I can tell my dad I love him. I'll be the best coach and the best father you could ever ask for. As he prayed, a great peace came over him. And if it was God's will for him to live, he'd keep his promise to God as soon as he had the chance.  He made it. Here he is. And the first thing he did when he arrived back on American soil was to say those beautiful words, I love you dad, I love you. Jim said those words over and over again for the next 22 years until the last time he saw his father the night before his dad passed on. Today I'd venture to say his dad is the proudest father in heaven. Jim fought with all of the love and courage in his soul. He was prepared to lay down his life so his brothers in arms could live theirs. With us today are 10 of the men who fought alongside Jim and 5 of those he saved. To Bill, Randy, Mike, Joe, Kent, Robert, John, Charles, Michael, Orestes, thank you for your service and your sacrifice. Stand up wherever you may be. Where are you? Where are you? Thank you fellas, that's great. For over two centuries our brave men and women in uniform have overcome tyranny, fascism, communism, and every threat to our freedom, every single threat. They have overcome. And we've overcome these threats because of titans like Jim whose spirit could never be conquered. That's what this award is and Jim's life represents so well. America's unbreakable spirit. It's been 48 years since Jim's battle in Vietnam. He is now a husband, a father, and a grandfather. He coached high school, football, wrestling, and baseball for 38 years just like he said he would. And he brought together every member he could find of his beloved Charlie company. To many people in this room, Specialist 5 McLuhan has always been their friend Jim. To others, he's been coach. To those who bravely served with him in Vietnam, he still called their duck. To his parents, Scotty and Margaret, both watching from heaven, he will always be their son. But today, 320 million grateful American hearts. Private McLuhan carries one immortal title. And that title is hero. Specialist 5 McLuhan, we honor you. We salute you. And with God as your witness, we thank you for what you did for all of us. Now I would like the military aid to come forward and read the citation. The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March 3rd, 1863, has awarded in the name of Congress the Medal of Honor to Private First Class James C. McLuhan, United States Army. For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Private First Class C. McLuhan distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty from May 13th through 15th, 1969. While serving as a combat medit with Charlie Company, 3rd Battalion, 21st Infantry, 196th Light Infantry Brigade. Americal Division. The company air assaulted into an area near Tam Kai and New Yon Hill. On May 13th, with complete disregard for his life, he ran 100 meters in an open field through heavy fire to rescue a comrade too injured to move and carried him to safety. That same day, 2nd Platoon was ordered to search the area near New Yon Hill when the platoon was ambushed by a large North Vietnamese Army force and sustained heavy casualties. With complete disregard for his life and personal safety, Private First Class McLuhan led two Americans into the safety of a trench while being wounded by shrapnel from a rocket-propelled grenade. He ignored a direct order to stay back and braved an enemy assault while moving into the kill zone on four more occasions to extract wounded comrades. He treated the injured, prepared the evacuation, and though bleeding heavily from shrapnel wounds on his head and entire body, refused evacuation to safety in order to remain at the battle site with his fellow soldiers, who were heavily outnumbered by the North Vietnamese Army forces. On May 14th, the platoon was again ordered to move out towards New Yon Hill. Private First Class McLuhan was wounded a second time by small arms fire and shrapnel from a rocket-propelled grenade while rendering aid to two soldiers in an open-race patty. In the final phases of the attack, two companies from 2nd North Vietnamese Army Division and an element of 700 soldiers from a Viet Cong regiment descended upon Charlie Company's position on three sides. Private First Class McLuhan again, with complete disregard for his life, went into the crossfire numerous times throughout the battle to extract the wounded soldiers while also fighting the enemy. His relentless and courageous actions inspired and motivated his comrades to fight for their survival. When supplies ran low, Private First Class McLuhan volunteered to hold a blinking strobe light in an open area as a marker for a nighttime resupply drop. He remained steadfast while bullets landed all around him and rocket-propelled grenades flew over his prone, exposed body. During the morning darkness of May 15th, Private First Class McLuhan knocked out a rocket-propelled grenade position with a grenade, shot and eliminated enemy soldiers, treated numerous casualties, kept two critically wounded soldiers alive through the night and organized the dead and wounded for evacuation at daylight. His timely and courageous actions were instrumental in saving the lives of his fellow soldiers. Private First Class McLuhan's personal heroism, professional competence, and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, the American Division, and the United States Army. Bless us now, O Lord, as we depart our separate ways. May the memory of this occasion, may our participation here unite us all in compassion for service to all the members of our families, our military, our country, strengthen us in faith and renew us in spirit and send us forth with your peace. Amen. Jim, thank you. God bless you. God bless your family. God bless the United States of America. Thank you, Jim.


So, let us now look at flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle. So, here also it is possible to establish the flow either by pulling the flow or pushing the flow. So, we are going to look at pulling the flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle. So, once again our notation would be like this. So, inlet state is denoted 1 and the exit state is denoted 2 and this is the ambient and this is of course, the throat. So, here P0, T0 fixed and P ambient varies. So, let us say that we initially establish a flow in the nozzle by reducing the ambient pressure to let us say a value just below the inlet stagnation pressure let us say. So, we have flow through the convergent-divergent nozzle. So, the flow accelerates from the inlet up to the throat as you can see here and then because it is subsonic and this is a diverging passage the flow decelerates in the divergent portion and leaves at the ambient pressure. So, P2 equal to P ambient the flow is entirely subsonic because the ambient pressure is not sufficiently low to accelerate the flow to sonic speed in the throat. So, we have established a sort of a weak flow in the nozzle. Let us say that we reduce the ambient pressure some more to a level where the fluid accelerates to the speed of sound at the throat that is illustrated here. So, P star equal to P throat, but the fluid because the ambient pressure is sufficiently high the fluid is still decelerated in the divergent part of the nozzle. So, when the flow accelerates to the sonic state at the throat however it encounters high enough back pressure or ambient pressure that the flow decelerates in the divergent portion of the nozzle as you can see here. So, the flow is subsonic everywhere except at the throat where it is sonic. Now, let us say that we lower the ambient pressure some more. Now, as I mentioned earlier if you lower the ambient pressure some more the so as you can see here let us just catch a nozzle. So, here we have already reached the sonic state. So, if I lower the ambient pressure some more. So, the information can propagate upstream because the flow is subsonic here still the information can propagate upstream up to the throat only because the fluid is already moving at the speed of sound at the throat or it has attained the sonic state at the throat any information that tries to propagate upstream from here will be carried away by the fluid will be prevented from propagating upstream by the fluid which is already moving at the speed of sound. So, the information is trying to propagate upstream with the local speed of sound, but the fluid itself is moving at the local speed of sound. So, the information cannot proceed beyond the sonic state. You may recall that this is one of the points that we that I mentioned when we discussed reference state or sonic state as a reference state that sonic state divides regions of fluid which we can control and regions which we cannot control. So, that is very clearly visible here as well as in the case of the convergent nozzle. So, what this means is that the flow in the convergent portion of the nozzle will remain the same as before will remain the same as this once the fluid has actually accelerated reached sonic speed at the throat and the flow only in the divergent part of the nozzle can be changed. Now, because I have lowered the ambient pressure some more, the fluid actually has a tendency to accelerate beyond the speed of sound in the throat. It accelerates to the speed of sound in the throat and it accelerates beyond the speed of sound in the just at the beginning of the convergent portion because the exit pressure is somewhat lower as you can see here. So, the flow accelerates to supersonic Mach numbers beyond the throat because the exit pressure has been lowered somewhat, but then the exit pressure is still not low enough. So, it accelerates to supersonic Mach numbers, but still because the exit pressure is still not low enough a normal shock is triggered. So, XY represents a normal shock and once a normal shock is triggered remember MY is less than 1. This is MX is greater than 1 subsonic Mach number across a normal shock as you know is I am sorry downstream Mach number across a normal shock is subsonic. So, the fluid becomes subsonic and then it decelerates in the divergent portion because it is a divergent portion it decelerates in the divergent portion of the nozzle and then reaches the ambient pressure. Remember it has the flow is subsonic in the divergent portion which means that the pressure P2 is equal to the ambient pressure. Now, if I lower this ambient pressure somewhat then the flow will accelerate for a longer portion in the divergent nozzle, but will still encounter a normal shock. So, basically this state would be pushed down. So, if I lower the ambient pressure somewhat. So, if I lower the ambient pressure somewhat then the flow will reach a higher value of supersonic Mach number here, but then there will be a normal shock stronger normal shock and it will become subsonic then reach the ambient pressure. Remember the higher the upstream Mach number in the case of a normal shock wave and the stronger the shock will be in the lower the exit the lower the downstream Mach number. So, now we have lowered the ambient pressure somewhat and the flow accelerates to a higher supersonic Mach number, but then the irreversibility as you can see from here is also more because the shock is stronger. Notice that the irreversibility here is not that much. So, this is delta S not very high this is delta S loss of stagnation pressure across the shock wave which is quite high. So, the loss of stagnation pressure will be quite high in this case and since the flow is subsonic in the divergent portion it comes out with the pressure P2 equal to P ambient. So, basically what has happened is so here we have a normal shock at this location and in this case let me just complete this picture notice that here. So, this is m equal to 1 this is m less than 1, m greater than 1, m less than 1 and in the previous case I have already written that. So, in this case again this is m equal to 1 and the shock has moved further downstream.  So, as we can see as we keep lowering the ambient pressure the shock moves further and further downstream in the nozzle and we next come to a limiting case when the shock stands just at the exit of the nozzle that is this state here. So, the loss of stagnation pressure is the maximum in this case and the normal shock stands at the exit because it is accelerating to the highest possible Mach number. The flow is accelerating fully in the nozzle reaching the highest possible Mach number and then a normal shock is triggered. So, that means that the loss of stagnation pressure is the highest in this case and the Mach number after the shock is still subsonic. So, p2 is still equal to p ambient. So, this may be sketched like this. So, normal shock stands just at the exit and in this case m is equal to 1, m is less than 1, m is greater than 1 here and it is less than 1 just past the normal shock. Now, if I lower the ambient pressure some more beyond this case then the normal shock will leave the nozzle and will typically stand outside the nozzle. We will discuss that a little bit later, but if I lower the pressure even a little bit then the flow in the entire nozzle will be isentropic and completely shock free which is illustrated here. Notice that the ambient pressure would be like this, the ambient pressure would be greater than the exit pressure which is also called the design pressure. So, p2 is greater than the ambient pressure which means the flow in this case is going to be under expanded I am sorry no this whole thing is wrong. So, p2 in this case is less than p ambient and in contrast to what we saw in the case of conversion nozzle here p2 is less than p ambient. So, the flow is said to be over expanded. So, the flow after it comes out of the nozzle will now have to undergo a compression process to equilibrate with the ambient pressure. So, this is something that will not be seen in a conversion nozzle because the Mach number at the exit of the conversion nozzle can only be 1 it cannot become supersonic. So, you never see or never encounter over expanded flow in the case of a conversion nozzle whereas in the case of a conversion divergent nozzle you encounter over expanded flow when p2 is less than p ambient. Notice that the flow is subsonic in the conversion portion sonic at the throat supersonic at the in the divergent portion completely shock free and hence isentropic. So, any change in the ambient pressure from now onwards will not change the flow in the inside the nozzle, but it will definitely change the flow outside the nozzle. So, let us put all these things together. Now, before we do that well we can do it in a slightly different way. So, here what we are plotting in this plot? So, what we have done so far is a TS diagram describing the process inside the nozzle. What we will do next is sketch the variation of p over p0 static pressure at any location divided by the inlet stagnation pressure. This is p0 inlet. So, we establish a weak flow first that is corresponding to A diagram A. So, each one of the variation that we are going to show now is linked to this each one of the case here. So, this corresponds to case A that was shown before. Now, we lower the exit pressure a little bit more so that the flow accelerates to sonic speed in the throat, but in this case remember the flow field in the entire nozzle is changed as we can see here. So, this corresponds to case B that we saw before. Now, the Mach number at the throat is equal to 1 because p over p0 is equal to 0.53. And notice that the flow in the entire nozzle is different from what it was before. Now, if you lower the ambient pressure some more the flow accelerates. So, the flow in this portion the convergent portion of the nozzle remains the same. Now, the flow accelerates to supersonic Mach number. So, this is m less than 1 this is m equal to 1 flow accelerates to supersonic Mach number in the divergent portion for a short distance and then encounters a normal shock and becomes subsonic and then equilibrates with the ambient pressure. If I lower the ambient pressure some more then I get this the shock moves further downstream and the flow accelerates even more in the divergent portion of the nozzle. So, the Mach number becomes even higher ahead of the shock wave. So, the shock wave becomes stronger pressure rise across the shock wave as you can see increases and loss of stagnation pressure across the shock wave also increases. So, limiting case the normal shock stands at the exit. So, this corresponds to case E that I illustrated before. So, this is the limiting case the Mach number before the shock wave is the highest and the loss of stagnation pressure is also the highest. Now, if the pressure is lowered let us say any further then the flow becomes completely shock free. So, it is subsonic here sonic at the throat and supersonic and shock free. So, in this case the exit pressure P exit is usually known as the design pressure and the supersonic exit Mach number is usually known as the design Mach number. So, the nozzle is designed to produce supersonic flow at this Mach number that is why it is called the design Mach number. The purpose of a convergent divergent nozzle is to accelerate the flow to supersonic speed. So, whatever expansion was taking place outside the nozzle in the case of a convergent nozzle now takes place inside the divergent portion of the convergent divergent nozzle that is why this supersonic Mach number is always called the design Mach number. Let us put all these things together like this what is that the exit Mach number is less than 1 for all these cases and so the P exit is equal to P ambient. Once I lower the pressure below the 1 corresponding to E for some up to some pressure ambient pressure the flow is over expanded. So, when I drop the pressure slightly from E like this the flow inside the nozzle now becomes the same as what we saw for Kcf. So, the exit pressure is less than the ambient pressure but I can continue to reduce the ambient pressure like this and the flow inside the nozzle will remain the same it will not change because this fluid is already moving at supersonic speed. So, no change can be communicated upstream. So, as I keep lowering this lowering the ambient pressure the flow inside the nozzle remains the same but the level of over expansion keeps decreasing because the fluid the exit pressure of the fluid or the ambient pressure of the fluid keeps approaching the exit pressure of the fluid. I am sorry the ambient pressure keeps approaching the exit pressure of the fluid. So, the level of over expansion keeps reducing. So, the level of over expansion is a maximum when the exit pressure is just less than this value and when we reach this value when the ambient pressure becomes equal to the design pressure the flow is correctly expanded. So, correctly expanded and then if I lower the pressure ambient pressure if I continue to lower the ambient pressure then the flow comes out of the pressure which is greater than the ambient pressure. So, the flow becomes under expanded just like what we saw in the case of the convergent nozzle. So, the flow goes from a state where p exit is equal to p ambient then it becomes over expanded when p exit is less than p ambient then correctly expanded p exit equal to p ambient at the design condition then p exit greater than p ambient under expanded. So, nozzle convergent divergent nozzle exhibits rich variety of exit conditions and remember for all the conditions below this value of exit pressure the flow is supersonic at the exit. Now, we have already seen what the jet what an under expanded jet looks like when it comes out of the nozzle because it initially because it is under expanded it has to undergo further expansion. So, it swells and then it shrinks and then it sort of bounces around like that whereas in the case of the over expanded flow the situation is slightly different let us see what that looks like. So, if you you may remember that the normal shock is just pulled out of the nozzle in this case. So, that we drop the pressure a little bit so that the normal shock is just pulled outside the nozzle. So, what that happens is the normal shock actually becomes something called an oblique shock. Remember in this case the fluid is coming out at a pressure which is less than the ambient pressure which means the fluid has to be compressed to reach the ambient pressure. So, the jet instead of swelling the jet actually shrinks like this this is the jet boundary and the compression of the fluid takes place through through a pair of oblique shock. So, the normal shock which was present like this is now pulled out and becomes something like this let us choose a slightly different color. So, the normal shock is pulled out and it becomes a pair of oblique shocks like this. So, this results in a compression process inside the jet and the entire jet shrinks like this but it does not remain like this like before the equilibration cannot take place instantaneously. So, the jet then after it swells it then expands then it again contracts and expands then contracts like that for a few diameters until it eventually equilibrates with the ambient. The processes inside the jet here can actually be calculated to a reasonable extent the expanding and swelling of the I am sorry the swelling and contraction of the jet can still be sort of tracked reasonably accurately using one-dimensional gas dynamics or rather gas dynamics itself without going to complicated CFD. And this is usually done in texon propulsion, aircraft propulsion. You can consult my book on aircraft propulsion where I have worked out a complete example going for about 4, 3, 4 shock diamonds or so. So, you can see that the flow through a convergent divergent nozzle is much more complicated in compared to the flow through a convergent nozzle. Establishing the flow through a convergent divergent nozzle is much more complicated. Typically, there is a lot of loss of stagnation pressure whenever you have a normal shock which is why I said before you make a decision to go to a convergent divergent nozzle you must ensure that it is worthwhile. When a considerable amount of expansion takes place outside the nozzle then you resort to a convergent divergent nozzle because this will have a lot of starting difficulties which we have not really discussed in this course. The starting difficulties associated with the nozzle or due to this normal shock presence of the normal shocks and such details are usually discussed in greater detail in propulsion courses. You can actually look at the lectures from my propulsion course or also read the theory given in my propulsion book. I have video lectures on aircraft propulsion also. You can actually look at those video lectures which are available in NPTEL. You can look at those also. So, what we will do next is to work out an example which illustrates these concepts and then move on to flow of steam through nozzle. So, far we have looked at flow of calorically perfect through nozzles and we are able to do a lot of things but when we have steam as I said you know we would not be looking at normal shock in steam and so on. So, we will basically be looking at isentropic flow of steam through convergent nozzle or convergent divergent nozzle.


In this presentation we will use information from our payroll register for the month of October to enter the journal entry for October into the general journal posted to the general ledger and record the trial balance with it. To make sure that we pick up the right information we're going to highlight this information uh green again so we're going to go down here we're going to highlight from b19 all the way over i should say selected uh to the x22 and then right click and then i'm going to make it green i'm going to select this little pane and let's make it a lighter green again let's go to this green here it's getting lighter each time for some reason okay then we're going to go back up top and let's freeze the panes so i'm going to put my cursor right on a4 if it's not frozen already i don't know why we keep on i keep unfreezing the pane but we're going to go up top we're going to go to the view tab we're going to go to the windows freeze panes


Hi, I'm Frank too. I'm a video producer here in New York. I love cooking videos. I love cooking food and taking on new video challenges. It's Chinese New Year, also known as Lunar New Year. It's one of the most important holidays. Growing up, my family used to celebrate by having dumplings. Dumplings resemble the shape of gold, which brings fortune for the New Year. And I thought I would kick it up a notch by making these dumplings in the shape of a tiger. So I'm making a basic dumpling dough and I'm dividing them into different pieces to color them for different body parts. Pink for the nose, black for the whiskers, white for the ears, orange for the body. And now I'm making a fourth filling, seasoning it with five spice and scallion. I put the filling in the middle of the orange dough, fold it over into a crescent, and then form it into a traditional dumpling shape. And then I use the other colors to create the tiger face. And then I see the dumpling in a bamboo basket for five to eight minutes until tender. And you can celebrate Lunar New Year yourself with this recipe.


The Super Regionals of softball took place last weekend and I ran the screen recorder on a handful of games and then just combed through it to find a bunch of stuff that I found interesting and I liked. I also like keeping my hair and this breakdown is brought to you by Keeps, which is gonna help me do that because two out of three men will experience some form of male pattern balding. Probably a lot of these players' dads, they're gonna go bald. They don't have to, they can get ahead of it. Keeps. Alright, let's get right into it. First up, this batting stance interested me. Just way back in the box, feet together, standing upright, stiff as a board, light as a feather, just ready to pounce on the ball. Has a good batting average, three home runs, 385 on base percentage, so it's working for the catcher from Clemson. And then I love a good, I'm gonna bunt, I'm gonna bunt, psych, I'm gonna hit a home run deep. I wasn't bunting at all, I was just showing you where I wanted the ball. Utah, San Diego, this ball's put in play, thrown to first and it hit the runner. She's laughing, no one else really knows why. They will go to replay and it hits the runner in the helmet and then ricochets into the glove. I've never seen that. It hits the runner in the helmet, ricochets into the glove and then in the glove for a catch while still touching the runner for the out. This batter, she went for the slash swing and then just runs all over the ball. Can't do that, you're out. Base is loaded, hot shot to third, catches the line, drive puts the tag on. Look at it, she catches it and she just blocks her. You're not touching that back, bam, umpire rings her up like crazy. Washington is up one, nothing to Louisiana in the seventh inning. They have another runner on third base, two outs, two strikes, need to make something happen. It's a ball. The catcher looks the runner back.  They throw it home. They don't get her. College softball is wild, man. It's just action. You can make stuff happen all the time because the field is so small. I mean, it wasn't that terrible. I guess if the throw to the catcher is quick and fast and right on there, she's going to be out but just making stuff happen, making the defense scramble at all times. Bam is trying to hold their two run lead. Northwestern has two runners on in the fourth inning. So they go to their ace pitcher, Montana Fouts. She got injured earlier and she's got the knee brace on now. She pitched in the game earlier. She got eight batters faced, eight outs. She wants that for a strike. She doesn't get it. She wants that for a strike. She doesn't get it. Then she wants this next pitch for a strike. She doesn't get it. The crowd goes crazy. It was loud as hell. That's three straight. Look at that dude's face. Boo! Look at this guy with the suspenders. Little girl next to him, both screaming. That's three straight. That's three straight. Come on, blue! That dude has seen a lot of the sun. Come on, blue! Oh, that is one angry guy. I like him. He's Bama. Let's go to the sixth inning. Fouts still in. A two run lead still. She's one out away from ending it. Oh, no. A ball right back up and hits her knee. What are the odds of that? She's got the knee brace on one bounce and then right direct shot to the knee. Ugh. That's not fun at all. The play doesn't get made. So now there's a runner on and they bunt and she's like, I'm out of here. You guys do your thing. And they field it. Boom! You're out. Let's go. Don't test me. Don't aim it at my knee. Then bunt it right back to me. Strike for the final out. The catcher and foul scream in. Yes! I love the emotion. I love the gentle dog pile because they're like, hey, hey, watch out for her knee. Look at the catcher. Catcher's got her hand on her knee. She's protecting her knee. Someone gets a little too close. She's like, hey, 32. Back up. Back up off the knee. Back up. But look at this shot of, of where's the smile? That's, that's fun. They're so happy. Speaking of emotion, this one is the real deal. Ruby Malin, is that how you pronounce it? She comes in. She looks at her teammate. She says, I got you. I got you. She's one strike away from sending her team to the World Series. They're up by two. It's a seventh inning. There's two outs. It's a three, two count. Watch what happens after she strikes this batter out. Boom! Swing and a miss. Instant water works. Crying, crying. I mean, that just wants to hug your catcher. I, this, I've watched this 20 times. It's given me chills. 20 times. It's almost made me cry. Two times. I love uncontained emotion. She couldn't look how quick she goes to just pure joy, crying, hugging. Some people want to run and celebrate and scream, let's go. Others get overcome by tears. It is all amazing to me. That's the beauty of sports and kind of just life in general, right? I mean, just hugs, hugs. I saw that in real time while I was, and I was like, that is awesome. I absolutely love that. All right, last game. We got Oklahoma and Clemson tied at seven apiece in the ninth inning extra innings. Now, Oklahoma won the first game. They win this one. They're in the World Series. They lose. It goes to game three. First pitch of the ninth inning home run to take the lead. They go up one, and that's all they kind of need. But this Oklahoma team is fun and really good. Bottom of the ninth inning, they need three outs. She goes up top with the rise ball, up top with the rise ball, up top with the rise ball, up top with the rise ball. One and two count, and all those pitches are high. And the batter's like, I got to lay off those pitches that are going high. I got to stop chasing high. She goes drop ball, strikes her out looking because that ball didn't continue to go high. It's very slight, but that ball doesn't continue to go high. What cool pitching, very slight. And I'm interested in the mechanics of softball because I just don't know a lot about it. So you can see, you know, she twists her arm one way and then the other way on the drop ball, on the drop ball. It is like pronation on the other one. She's coming kind of like under it. The next batter hits a one, two, three hopper to the second baseman who fields it, gets the out. She goes, do you see that bounce? It went up, the bounce, it was wild. All right, two outs, Clemson puts one in play. Is it going to be caught diving catch for the last out to go to the World Series? No, no, she misses it. It was a real tough play. But yeah, she couldn't get it. I got the next one. I got the next one. She's like, don't even worry about it. Just make him hit it to me. Next batter hits it right to her. She gets it. Oklahoma to the World Series. They're the favorite. Clapping, having fun, dancing, enjoying it. All smiles. It's a lot of fun. Not like going bald. That's not fun at all. So if you want to not do that, you can. Get ahead of it. Hair loss stops with keeps. Special offer. Go to keeps.com slash John Boyer. Click the link in the description. K-E-E-P-S dot com slash John Boy. Thank you for watching. If you're enjoying this, you can subscribe to the channel. That always helps. I know not everyone's asking for softball mashups, but I actually had a ton of fun making these.


Welcome to UWA's weekly seminar series of Science Exchange. We want to promote the relevance of UWA's research and its teaching activities to you all, and we've called it the Science Exchange because we want to hear your questions and comments as much as we're sharing our thoughts with you. I'm Karina Price, the Science Communications Officer for the ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology in UWA's School of Molecular Sciences. And as a science communicator, I'm very excited to be moderating today's session for the ARC Centre, Brady Johnston, all about the use of 3D visualisation and animation to communicate science. Brady is a final year PhD student working in structural biology in the School of Molecular Sciences. Here, his research is focusing on the structural and the biophysical characterisation of human-designed RNA binding proteins. Now, through my own personal acquaintance with Brady, I know him to be an incredibly proactive student who has taken real initiative to learn new skills to enhance his work. Brady has spent a lot of time recently upskilling in the how-to of creating innovative and effective scientific visualisations. And some of these have gone on to garner tens of thousands of engagements across social media, and they've actually featured in scientific magazines, including SciTech's Particle Publication and NOVA from the PBS Digital Studios. So, Brady is obviously here to tell you more. He's included, I know, his social media and other contact details on his first slide and I think again at the end. So he encourages you to follow along with his work and also reach out and get in touch. Over to you, Brady. All right, thanks so much, Karina. And thank you, everyone, for coming. It's nice to see so many people have showed up. I'm going to be touching on a few things today, but we're going to start with, basically, how do we observe the nanoscale and what I sort of mean by that term in the beginning? How do we show what we see once we're sort of looking at these very, very small scales? We're going to put it in some contexts. So in this particular one with COVID-19 and the coronavirus that's currently going around. But also then we're going to talk a bit about sort of new visualization technologies, some of the work that I'm doing and I've played around with, and sort of the potential that it has for science communication more broader. I've chatted with a whole bunch of people about this sort of idea, but if you sort of think about how maybe astronomy and biology might exist in the public consciousness, astronomy, you know, you only need to go outside and look up at the stars and you can sort of get that sense of awe at the galaxy and all this sort of stuff that's going on. And so as a science and as sort of in the public consciousness, it's very easy to engage and it's very easy to promote various sort of scientific concepts and you can sort of see that with going to the moon and all this sort of stuff. But, you know, you basically need a microscope to start appreciating the biological world. To do anything else, you really only interact with the biological world through disease and that sort of thing. But when stuff is happening on the cellular level, you really need to start thinking through a microscope or even at things that you can't actually see. Technology is obviously bringing this a lot closer and I'm going to go through a little bit of that. Now, what do I mean by what we can see? Now, if you're, you know, a colleague of mine and working in the structural biology, you'll know that things are very, very small. But for everyone else, basically, visible light, we're limited by what we can see and what we see ourselves is size-wise from 300 to 700 nanometers. This isn't going to be a lecture on physics. This is just very early primer. But what if things are smaller than that? So, inside a cell, atoms themselves, all this sort of thing, what happens when they're smaller than visible light that we can actually see? So, if we sort of look at this simple diagram on the right here, say we have these two purple atoms. Now, they're smaller than their light around them. If they end up coming too close together, if we're using light that is too big, they basically, we can't tell them apart. They're essentially looking like the same thing. And so, you start coming up against physical limits of physics. Well, you can basically get around this by using smaller waves, which is one strategy. And so, one strategy that my lab and a lot of people in the world use is X-rays. They are a lot smaller. You know, we use them for bone imaging and all that sort of stuff. But this is a slightly different use of it. Again, I'm not going to go into super dense physics of it. And this isn't going to be a scientific lecture, but again, it's just a primer. So, how might we use this information while we can use it through a facility that in Australia is called the Australian synchrotron, which is basically a city block-sized X-ray generator. There's a few other techniques, like electron microscopy, NMR, and AFM. But basically what I want to get across is that you get robust biological data on the 3D positions of atoms. Now, what does that data look like? It looks something like this. All this sort of gray is basically where electrons are and so where by inference atoms are. Again, I'm not going to sort of take you through the minutiae of what's here, but just know that we have this sort of robust data. But how do we go about actually presenting it and communicating it is the important part. I've got four representations here of what people in the structural biology community would be very familiar with. But if you're not, then it might be a bit new. So, the quote-unquote more accurate representation would be this one here on the top left. Each sphere is basically an atom. And so, you know, from all of these experiments with X-rays and with electrons, all that sort of thing, you know where these atoms are. But this doesn't really tell you a lot about what's going on. And visually, it's very busy. It's hard to sort of see what's going on. It's not a very useful representation. And so, in structural biology, we have a couple of other representations, like the one on the top right. One you may see a whole lot in the news and in various scientific textbooks is this cartoon representation on the bottom left. And to me as a structural biologist, this is very useful. I know exactly what's going on. But it's sort of in the broader context. It's not that useful of a representation. And so, one we use quite a lot is the surface. And so, it's basically, we know there's all these atoms here. But what's more important is the overall sort of surface of this clump of atoms that makes up this molecule. You know, we have all this data in structural biology and we have this jargon, which I've probably used unknowingly a little bit myself in this talk, how we communicate as colleagues. And so, it's very efficient. It says sort of exactly what we're meaning it to say. But it's not that useful when you're trying to talk with even people who aren't in your field.  I'm not going to go through all these terms, but it's just sort of an example of, you know, some of the things that are common in structural biology. And so, while these things are useful, they're not super useful when you're trying to talk to people who aren't in your field or even the general public. So, what you really need is a common language. And so, you know, what sort of common language can you try and use to communicate, you know, atomistic sort of very complicated scientific ideas while remaining accurate to the general public or, you know, to a wider audience. There's actually quite a robust language already out there that essentially everyone shares, and that's like visual language. So, movies, cinema, TV, let's take this still from a fantastic movie, Fantastic Mr. Fox. Even if you haven't seen the movie before, visuals, you know, the color, the composition arrangement in the shot, low angle textures on the clothing, all this sort of thing. If you've never seen the movie before, you're already getting this sort of story that's being told to a single frame. And so, the bandwidth of information that can be communicated very, very quickly through effective graphics and through effective design is quite robust. And so, how can we try and sort of take these concepts and use it in, you know, the molecular sphere or like what I'm going to go through in the context of, say, coronavirus? The coronavirus, I'm sure we've all come across it a whole bunch, and you've probably seen this image here a lot in the news, in news reports, newspapers, all that sort of thing. The artist is a scientific illustrator, Alyssa Eckhart, who actually created this. And so, she's part of a whole team in the CDC. But they have a very specific job, especially when it comes to something like this in terms of public health. How do you communicate the severity of a virus like this? Or even that it is, like, when this virus is too small to see, it's hard for people to conceptualize if they haven't studied it or studied science extensively. And so, you know, some of the things that they really wanted to enforce to this image is that it's something you could actually touch and it's helped sort of display the gravity of the situation. And so, you can look at some of the visual language that's being used here.  There's depth of field, there's some texture. So, even if you don't know a huge amount about virology or by a chemistry or structural biology, even though it's too small to see, you get this sort of idea that maybe it's something that you can interact with and that you should take seriously. Well, how did they go about building this? So, it's filled behind this image was it's full of very robust structural information. And so, there's electron microscopy, like you can see here on the right. These are viral particles of the coronavirus. You can sort of see the spikes that are on the outside and there's sort of basic sphere that's there. And it's, we use structural data from exocrystallography, like I've sort of talked about, another sort of data from similar viruses and you can bring that all together. But you need to sort of think, like I've sort of said, what you want to communicate ultimately in your image. And so, this is the sort of process that they've gone through. They have your structural information. But again, showing something like this in an image to the general public isn't really useful. It's too busy. It doesn't really communicate anything if you don't know what's going on. And so, they take surface view, clean it up a bit to make it a bit simpler, not so busy. And that's sort of the resultant of the spike protein that you see in the coronavirus. And so, this is ultimately what it has come to look like sort of thought process that they've gone into behind making it. And you can take sort of different approaches. So, if you don't want to just make a sort of sinister imposing approach, there's a really great artist and structural biologist, David Goodsell, who does these fantastic cellular paintings. On the right, it's quite clean. There's only the coronavirus and the sort of colour choices are communicating a lot. But on the left, you know, it's much more colourful. It draws you in. It's very, very busy to sort of show how busy it is inside the cell. But you're sort of seeing the same sort of structural information. So, you know, we have, we know what these spikes look like, but there's a slightly simplified version to sort of communicate what it looks like on the inside. Now, I don't want to like make fun of these images on the left here, but it just sort of shows maybe like a simplified version of it is, you know, they're getting the spikes right, the sphere right. But if you want to be sort of more scientifically accurate, you need to be taking an approach that's more like this. And that sort of takes me into some of the my own work that I've done.  And so I started, you know, chatting to people in labs who are researching this kind of thing and getting information from the PDB. And I tried to put together my own illustration of, you know, what it sort of looked like. And something that was really getting to me was all of the images of the coronavirus was this perfect sphere. And it was still, it sat there and it was a perfect sphere. And, you know, from everything we know, it's probably not the case. So let's take this electron micrograph of the coronavirus, for example, none of these are perfect spheres. They're all slightly deformed in one way or another. It's likely also that they would be dynamic. So they would be moving and sort of deforming as they're in a busy cellular environment. And so something I wanted to try and communicate in my own image is the sort of dynamics that's going on. It should hopefully be sort of twirling around and sort of breathing a little bit and sort of going in and out. You sort of get the idea maybe that it's not a static thing. It's more of a sphere that's sort of blobbing in and out. And that's sort of something that I wanted to try and communicate. Now I don't have like a busy cellular environment because I wanted to focus to be just on sort of dynamics. If you do another place, you can watch this video is at this website. So this was actually picked up by a couple of different news organizations. And so Particle, who's a news magazine put out by SciTech and Perth, they thought it, you know, it quite encapsulated that idea that it is this sort of dynamic thing that's going on. So I had a lot of positive reactions to this, which was very, very encouraging. Now go on to sort of how I got started into this journey and maybe how you might want to get started on to this journey as well. And I came about it basically because I wanted to communicate my science a bit better. So this is a perfectly acceptable diagram that I made for a talk at one point during my PhD. This is some of my research. I won't go into it in too much detail. But, you know, I've got my protein here and microscope, all this sort of stuff. And it's, you know, it does its job, but basically during a poster session, I wanted people to be able to approach or get sucked in and sort of be visually appealed to by the poster so that they might come and chat to me. I thought my science was really cool. I wanted to communicate that. And so what I came up with was after playing around a whole bunch of something a bit more like this. And so you can see there's difference in color intensities between the two. So that's something I wanted to communicate. And you can see that without me even saying it to you. Difference in size, position, all that sort of stuff. And so this is sort of how I started out along this sort of journey. It was basically playing around with wanting to communicate my own science better. And so I actually presented this at a scientific conference in February. I thankfully got a poster prize, which is very exciting, but it was a very, very effective. A lot of people really enjoyed it. It made that a lot more people came along and chatted to me about my science than would probably have otherwise. Some other things I sort of did is I recreated my lab in 3D to make some sort of cool little images. This was just a bit of fun, a bit of practice for working in 3D where the lot of interest has been drawn recently is making face filters. So if you've, you know, got young kids or if you use Instagram or Facebook at all, you've probably seen face filters. And so I was going to sleep one night, you know, I was falling asleep and I had the brainwave. It's like, well, what if I could wear GFP like a hat? And so, you know, a lot of people were very into the idea that, you know, if you are unfamiliar with GFP, this is what makes things glow. So if you've ever seen like a glowing bacteria or glowing fungi or something like that, it's going to be one of these proteins. And so I thought, you know, what if I could make it like a hat? And this was my first sort of example of playing around with it. Working from that, I was like, okay, what if I could make a giant thing that you could walk through or something. So in my own building, the Bayless Building, I made this sort of DNA model that is, you know, completely in the phone, but you can now in the FOIA walk, you know, around the sort of giant DNA molecule, you can look inside it. Now I've sort of figured out how it all goes and you can sort of throw any sort of model in there. So any sort of chemical structure or DNA or protein, it's relatively straightforward to make these sort of things. You can do interactive posters like this one that I did in our building to sort of adding a bit of updates to it. But more recently, and what's generated a lot of engagement actually, is this one with ATP synthase. And so it's got to be, you know, most people's favorite enzyme. But it's this very cool sort of engine looking enzyme. And I sort of had this idea again, what if I could make a face filter out of it. And so people were very, very excited to see this. This one actually released that other people could use it. And very surprisingly to me, it took off quite a lot. So I've almost got a hundred thousand or so engagements on it. Tens of thousands of photos have been taken with it.  But it's a lot of potential basically for science communication in general. So for running a class or for, you know, public engagement for an open day or something, this sort of AR experiences hold a lot of potential. And people really seem to enjoy them. So what if you want to have a go at it yourself. I've spent a fair bit of time sort of learning all this sort of stuff. But, you know, the tools are out there. Everything I've shown has been completely free. So most of it's using Blender, Spark AR, Chimera. So there's a whole list of things there. If you're at all, it's sort of interested or sparked your interest. Join CyArt Twitter. So there's a lot of really fantastic artists and scientific illustrators on Twitter. One group that I really wanted to highlight who do fantastic stuff is Smart Biology. So they're making completely animated biochemistry textbooks basically. So they're taking what would have been, you know, maybe some sort of dull illustrations in a textbook into these completely sort of visualized animations. And so they're doing some really cool stuff. If you are super interested in it, I have actually started sharing some of the things that I've learned along the way in my own sort of YouTube channel. I've had a lot of very positive responses because as biochemists sort of coming into this 3D world, it's very, very hard to get started. There's not a lot of things that are built for you. And so I've sort of tried to... I've gone through it the hard way. I'm trying to share some of that knowledge. I've sort of covered a few different things, but I want to sort of wrap things up with these sort of visualizations that you see around the place. Most of the time there's some really robust science that underlies them. But in making them, it's often important to sort of think about how you want to try and communicate it. So the sort of medium animation, this, that, and the other, and what you want to try and communicate. So in this data, there's so much information that it's ridiculous to try and communicate all of it at once. Because even for people who are in the know, it's going to be too much. It's going to wash over them. It's simply going to be ridiculous. But even if you're trying to communicate it to a broader audience, it's super important to find a couple of things that you really want to hit on. So dynamics or size or shape or for public health things that, you know, a picture is worth a thousand words. And so good visuals can really rapidly communicate some really important ideas for your own research or for public health or for general sort of education. And there's also, you know, I've covered a few things that there's a lot of potential in some of the technology. You know, I'm not a 3D artist. I'm just a PhD student who's played around in mostly my free time trying to learn some of this stuff. And so where this sort of technology is going to take us is actually really, really exciting for science communication in general, but also, you know, among peers and with the general public. So, yeah, thank you so much. I'll probably wrap that up now. And I'll take some questions, hopefully. Oh, very awesome, Brady. That's so cool. All right, people, I encourage you to pop any questions that you have for Brady into the Q&A. I can see a few popping up. But while people flip those through, I might just start with my own question. Where did you start with this? You've mentioned a few programs and things that you think people would maybe consider using for this, but for you personally, where did you begin? So personally, it was for, for me, was with Blender. So Blender is a great tool. It's free and open source. There's a lot, like, hundreds and thousands of tutorials on YouTube and the community is really, really nice. It started with some tutorial from, you know, five years ago how to take a protein structure into Blender. Things hadn't been updated in a while. And so it's basically started with that and started tinkering with that. But this is, this software Blender is used for, you know, movie production, TV production. It's like, it's legit stuff. And, but it's completely free, completely open source and a really welcoming community as well. Cool. We have a question here that's perhaps somewhat related. Someone who says, hi Brady, I've been following your work for some time now and it's really great. I wanted to ask you which platform you would recommend for beginners in SIR? I'm going to take that as platform being like a program, maybe, in which case it depends on the field, I suppose that you're working in. So if you're, you know, working in something like structural biology, then Chimera is really great. That does some really, really cool rendering. And then like I sort of said, Blender is a great way to sort of start into it and not to toot my own horn. But, you know, my tutorial series is for exactly that. If you're maybe in sort of a slightly different scientific discipline, then software wise, again, there's lots of free stuff out there. So Blender or Inkscape or there's a few other ones. I can't think them off the top of my head. But just sort of have a look around. Basically a good place to start is looking through the hashtag for SIR on Twitter and looking at different accounts, what they're doing, what programs they're using and sort of taking inspiration from them. And it's a really welcoming community. So asking questions on Twitter is a really great way to get started. I was going to say, I imagine things like Blender and that would have a fair community operating around them. Yeah, they do. Yeah, and they're very, very welcoming. So the great thing about open source software is it's always like such great communities behind it. And so, you know, if you have a question, people are always happy to help. And there's so many tutorials out there. Cool. All right. Now the question here. While discussing the coronavirus spike, you mentioned that they simplified the surface of the spike protein. How do you make the choice of what parts to simplify? Is it based on some specific threshold or personal bias by the maker? Usually, again, it sort of comes down to sort of how and what you're trying to communicate. So say in the instance of the coronavirus. So if we, let me just get my laser pointer back out. So if we look down here at the sort of bottom right, an important thing about the spike is that it's a trimer. So there's three separate proteins that come together to make sort of a spike overall. And so something that most illustrations have is they show them as three separate things. And so you can see, at least in this, that it sort of looks like maybe there's three things that have come together. So you probably don't want to simplify it any more than that. But again, it's down to what sort of audience you're targeting it to. And so, you know, the general public, you know, you have to be able to take into account the atomistic detail as to where all the hydrogens and stuff are. But if you're, you know, making a talk for other structural biologists, you probably include more detail. So it's ultimately at the discretion of the artists. But you also want to take into account and think about what you want to communicate and for what audience you want to communicate it to. Cool. Another question. Are all of the tools only for people who can code Python or other computer languages, do you think there's... Look, excellent question. So none of the tools that I use require any sort of coding. So Blender and so Chimera and all that sort of stuff all have graphical user interfaces. So they don't require coding. If you do have coding knowledge, you can also get a lot more out of them. And it's a great way to actually get started is to start with one of these programs and be like, oh, I just wish I could make this repetitive task easier. But yeah, they don't require coding to begin with, definitely. Yeah. All right. Another one. And I like this one. How heavy the computational power do you need to render a movie of the virus? So for my... In my particular case, the virus... So that was 10 seconds. And it took me 12 hours to render on my computer. And I have a fair... People in the know a GTX 1070. It's a fairly beefy graphics card from a few years ago. Again, it's sort of up to you. Blender has a great option for rendering things a lot quicker. They don't quite look sort of as photorealistic. But again, none of this is photorealistic to begin with. So trying to get nice lighting and stuff is ultimately up to the discretion of the viewer. So I don't have like a super beefy computer. And you could render it on your laptop in a few hours to a day or so. But there's also options out there for very cheap or free rendering farms where your maker animation, you upload it, pay $5. And in a day's time, it sends it back to you all rendered. I've actually just noted that that question was actually from your boss. And I've also just noted that the names of the people asking these questions are actually there. So I apologize for not giving the names of the last few questioners. But Alex is asking... Well, firstly, saying that that was really cool and asking how long did it take you to get this good? Probably quite a while, I suppose. So everything I learnt basically, I learnt from YouTube tutorials. So the good thing being they're all free. But it was probably maybe like a few weeks before I could really start doing anything in Blender. And it was months before, and I make one animation and I revisit it or one image and I revisit it a few weeks later or a few months later. And so I've been doing this fairly intensely for maybe like a year, a year and a half now. But one thing that has been good to see, again, not to toot my own horn too much, but my YouTube tutorials, people have been sending me images through that. And so because I've been targeting it at scientists, when I started, everything was like normals and vertices and this and that. It was catered for scientists. It was catered for 3D artists. And so I've seen some really great results really quickly from people doing that. And so, you know, I've seen some people on Twitter just over the past few months go from no knowledge at all to making some really cool animations to show off some of the research they're doing. Cool. Crystal is asking, are there any particular fields that you think are in need of more visualization like this or a visualization project that you're personally interested in pursuing next? Good question. I mean, all of, I think, molecular biology desperately needs more of this. If you've ever been to like a molecular biology talk, there's so many things where, you know, there's cool figures and good data, but it would just be summed up nicely in a cool visualization, especially if you're trying to talk to other people about it. But I suppose maybe like, I don't know about a specific field. Like, I, yeah, I'm not sure about that. Like, the structural biology has a lot of potential because you have all this data already. But I think a lot of maybe like cellular processes, you know, DNA replication and, you know, chromosomes dividing all that sort of stuff has a lot of potential where you can sort of finally see all of this information that we know we have and you build a mental picture of in your mind.  Okay. This is a real forward-thinking question from Pata. Great job, Brady. How do you imagine taking the next step with the augmented reality? Can you animate some of these things in response to what the viewer is doing? Yeah. Great question. You can. So the, all of the tech that I've been using can respond to like basic inputs. So say like for Facebook and Instagram, if the user like opens their mouth, like, ah, or, you know, closes their eyes or something, you can sort of get responses from that. Some of the tech that is coming out where you can like reach out your hand and your phone will sort of know where it is in 3D space and like press a button is coming about. And there's also, I know, Apple's AR kit, you can have up to around 20 people all looking at the same thing. So even though you all have your own little tablet, you're all looking at exactly the same model and they're communicating between each other. So you can, you know, have a teacher in a room, walk around this animated or massive 3D model and point things out and the students in the room could then see exactly what they're sort of interacting with. That's definitely, I think, where it's going and where it has a lot of potential is sort of that interactivity. It's still, you know, beginning. The tech is starting to get there, but there's very few, I suppose, people who know how to implement it well. I mean, I certainly don't know how to implement it well. I'm just tinkering. But the need for like having artists and stuff who are scientifically minded but also are able to sort of instigate this sort of technology I think is really important. Very cool. That in some way probably leads into this next question from Claudia. Do you think that kids could use this program for science classes and what do you think it will take to get, in your opinion, to get this sort of stuff into schools? Or like for... Again, I'm not sure by program whether you mean something like Blender or to sort of 3D AR stuff in general. Yes, I mean, it's definitely necessary because I think it's really, really effective sort of science communication tech. To go to a prepared slide for something like this, I actually want to highlight some of the work that Karina is doing, so our lovely host. So this is out of our building as well for people who aren't from UWA. This is the virtual plant cell. So it's like a VR version of the inside of a plant cell. And so this, you know, is being deployed in various classrooms for trialing it. And the results we're seeing are really, really cool. I'll go over it quickly, but it's like, say you have like, this is actual results so they'll get kids to like make a sort of play-doh version of what they think a cell looks like after a lesson. But then after like a lesson with the AR, you can like, this is what kids make. They start making like a 3D version of the cell. And so sort of that idea where once you can, eventually you'll get that idea in your head that things are 3D or things are not just this sort of flat image that you see in a textbook, but when you can actually experience that through AR or VR, it's a lot quicker to sort of communicate that idea. So I mean, it's definitely starting to be rolled out, but it's also very, very early days because VR tech is very expensive. It takes, it requires a lot of skill to make that sort of content both scientifically and with computers. So it's definitely still in its infancy, but it's definitely beginning. Thanks for the plug. The virtual plants are going on behind me. I have a great question here from Ipsa. How did you choose the parameters you chose for adding breadth to your virus, temperature, molecular motion, fluidity? Were they based on some evidence? So for me, basically no. So there weren't any sort of simulations like molecular dynamic simulations that I could find on the coronavirus. It basically took it based off of the cryoEM data where you could see the level of deformation that we were seeing in the virion. That's sort of what I took as a guide as to how much I should deform it one way or the other. In terms of actual like how quickly that happens, that's completely, you know, I just winged it because the time scale is basically meaningless anyway. It's probably happening very, very quick on the molecular scale, but I have absolutely no information on that. So in terms of time scale, I don't know, but the amount was based solely off sort of what we see on the electron micrographs, but not on any simulated data. No. Cool. We have an abundance of questions here. We're not going to get through them all. So I'm going to throw you one last one, but I just want to emphasise that anyone who does have questions, I guess feel free to reach out to Brady after. Please do. On Twitter, email, please reach out. There were a few more technical questions in here. I've chosen not to read them out because I think they might require a slightly more detailed... Okay, yeah. Technical, please reach out. I'm happy with tech questions. Love it. Okay. One here from Phillipa, a fellow structural biologist though. Do you think the future of papers will be more videos instead of static figures to display our results more easily and realistically?  It's already in a talk. Now that we can have animations quite easily in a talk or a video, it's already far more effective. Everyone who can is trying to make videos. So during a talk, you can play the video. So what's better than that? If you can explore that structure in 3D in your own time, then yes. There's some... I've seen a couple of attempts to make apps where you can publish a paper and then you can look at the paper with your app and you can sort of see a 3D model of whatever the data they're trying to show. And so I think definitely it's the future. Again, the skill set that is required to do that sort of stuff is still quite low because there aren't a huge amount of people who are structural biologists or biologists who have this sort of 3D knowledge. But it's definitely, I think, where it's going. Because if you can see a paper and be like, okay, cool, I can see that structure, but I want to see what it really looks like. And then you can wrap it up in your computer or if you were to use it on your phone, I think it would be very, very cool. And I think it's definitely the way things will go. Awesome. All right, we're going to wrap up, but Brady, that was incredible. I'm sure the audience is all sitting out there agreeing with me that that was not only super interesting but also a lot of fun and puts a really exciting, cool angle on science and science communication and ways of connecting what I think we do and a university setting out into the world and connecting with audiences. So thank you very much. Thank you all for spending your time with us and goodbye. Thank you, bye.


My friend and shooting buddy is the president founder of a company that has some expertise and experience in Wind reading with radars and he teamed with a big scope company big optics company and I've been wanting to say this forever, but finally today. He gave me permission the TREGACON VENTUS is It's been announced. It's gonna be out later this year. It is worth checking out The reason I'm excited is this is not another laser rangefinder that is able to tell the angle and Bluetooth it to your Phone or to your iPad. This is a big deal. This is a wind reader It's gonna read the wind at six different distances between the shooter and 500 yards. That's incredible Yeah, I wish it went all the way out to 2,000 yards. It's coming evidently They could make it Read the wind further out. They can make it read out to 35 miles when they're doing their stuff in the ocean The reason they can't do that with this unit is because it would start getting too big to be compact for Purpose most people are gonna use it is for hunting and you want to be able to slip in your backpack and go So that's why they're not gonna have the long long long range Wind reading ability, but let's think about it. Where does the wind matter most? Wind matters most the first distance some argue and others argue it matters most when the bullet is as its highest Point off of the earth It's where the wind is blowing faster. Usually you're stronger and we can't really tell what it's doing there because it's above the vegetation The Mirage isn't as easy up in the sky if you're shooting over a canyon or whatever Or you know the hollow something like that. So we really want to know what the wind is doing At the mid-range and the close range. Well, this is gonna let us know at the close range And if you're shooting a thousand yards, that'll let you know at the mid-range as well So provided everything works as well as I hope and expect that it will there have been putting so much work into this I mean jeesh that the Delays and they think this is gonna work all we can make it better And they just been working on it working on it and it looks like it's getting really close. That's exciting They're trying to keep the cost down. Yeah, it's gonna be expensive It's the first wind reader handheld wind reader that reads out to 500 yards in the history of humankind I'm guessing it's not gonna be a hundred and twenty dollars yet They'll probably get it down in five or ten years, but immediately right off the shelf. It's gonna be pricey I'm sure Probably worth it if you can read the wind out to 500 yards. Come on. So anyway, this is exciting check it out Stay tuned to their Facebook or or YouTube channels and such and there's other social media and Stay up-to-date with what's coming out. I'm sure they'll give us more details. It looks incredible. Check it out Trigicon They've sure made an advancement this time because my buddy is the brains behind the operation He wouldn't like it that I say that But the truth is he's he's the wind radar guy and then Trigicon put it together with all their optics They're brilliant engineers working on it. I'm sure there are people I don't know about that have played a huge role This is big. This is incredible. Trigicon Ventus. Check it out Oh, subscribe to this channel too if you will and follow us sometime if you ever want to shoot a target at a mile Come out and play with this at no matter. I feel it and by the way, I've been calling it a radar technically It's a lidar. It's a lighter laser radar rather than radar, but just an incredible incredible invention


Hi, my name is Charlie Cina and I'm really excited to be speaking at the 8% Nation Insurance Wealth Conference. You notice I said the Insurance Wealth Conference. I had no idea that this was a $1.2 trillion a year industry and my numbers are probably off. I mean, this is a massive industry. And from what Cody Askins has told me, only a small amount, only 8% of the people that enter into the industry actually only make any type of revenue that's substantial. So I give kudos to Cody Askins for putting together a group of incredible speakers, trainers and subject matter experts that are going to help you get the mindset, give you the mission and give you the moves to potentially generate millions of dollars. I mean, he's bringing in guys like Grant Cardone, who's the number one sales trainer in the country right now. If you don't know who Grant is, you need to. He's bringing in Ray Lewis, NFL Hall of Famer. If you want to learn what it takes to make it to the NFL Hall of Fame, you need to hear Ray speak. And it's not just about you obviously going into the NFL Hall of Fame. That's not what I'm talking about.  So it's the 8% wealth conference. Tim Story's also going to be there. Coach Burke, I'm really proud to be speaking there. And I want to teach the audience how to present, position and profit. I want to teach you as an insurance agent, as a business owner or as a stay at home mom that might be working with her husband in the business part time or full time while you're taking care of the kids. At the end of the day, we all are presenting something. So how do you present yourself in a way that's unforgettable at the first point of contact?  And ultimately, how do you create multiple streams of revenue by repackaging, repurposing the products and services that you offer? So my name is Charlie Cina. I'm proud to be speaking at the 8% Nation Insurance Wealth Conference. Cody Askins and his wife Lauren want to make you part of that 8% and they're bringing together the entire insurance community, whether you're P&C, final expense, Medicare, commercial, coming together as an insurance community, discussing best practices, discussing the ideas, the tips and the strategies from people that have done it is priceless. Come to 8% Nation October 26th and 27th at Nissan Stadium. You'll be glad that you did.


In consumer behavior, today we are going to study the behavior of a consumer particularly related to the situation of uncertainty and when uncertainty situation we give the elementary treatment. What is the elementary treatment? It is particularly related to that when we say that the uncertainty condition is there but the object that what we are going to define it has particular prospects and for that prospect we define in their manner that that uncertainty condition has certain measurable property and if we say in this way we can say that any objective which the consumer is deciding in and all its outcomes can also be measurable and that objective can also be measurable, account far, so whenever there is an elementary treatment it will be particularly related to those conditions when we are assigning a particular number or value to all of them. So keeping in view this, now let us see what is the objective of our consumer deal and what are the prospects associated with achieving that objective? Now what are the choices of the consumer and how do they keep the preferences under those choices? Now if we look at the previous consumption, then the choices and preferences of the consumer are synonymous. But in this situation if we look at it, then we can say that the choice of the consumer and in that choice he has kept three aspects of a particular state, mainly if we take an example of that weather, he looks at it and he thinks that tomorrow the temperature will increase, what situation will happen with the increase, how much probability there will be in that, so the choice of the consumer is related to that and might be if we look at any other example, then whatever choice he has to take, then with that he has to attach his preferences. Now if we look at this situation in the next, then with this our theorem is that one new man Morgan Strumb's theorem is attached and it is related to probabilities. Now in this situation if we go under an example, then if we talk about a single good, and here only one objective or single good, rather we will take the price or the decision taken by the decision taker, we will take the single, there can be the many others but here he is the consumer or our decision taker, we are not taking the multiple, we will talk about the single decision taker. So that thing, our single decision taker, if we want to make a decision about any object which is good, and that good is made in the units of account, and we pose in this situation that that is income. Now this income object, its why, it can be various forms with us, I mean its a prospect that it knows that if the year is coming, and there is a probability that it assesses its previous information that I have worked hard for the whole year, I have worked hard, so there is a possibility that it will say that I will get a rise in income, S1 there is possibility that it will be 25%, S2 it can be that I get an average, and S3 it can be 10%, and S3 it can be a condition that keeping in view the other information that I have done a lot of work, I have done extra work, but because right now the company's situation is not getting so much better, then it can be that I don't get income, and my state is as such, then we can see it in that form, so likewise this income is related to various states, and then it denotes its income, now if we look at it, in this we say that the individual who has the probability attached, which we are noting here with phi, and if we look at that phi, then when we have one particular state, then that particular state S4, we can see it in that form, and now if we say that this probability multiplied by that is a state that we see, so likewise we can say that overall one state is multiplied by its respective probability and like other, and then we can have all the states multiplied by their respective probability, now if probability or that state that it has attached to its objective, if we look at it, the cross-ponding vector that it makes, and on its base it says that in its answer one prospect P should come in front of us, or if we say that it should be a total outcome of all the vectors, now because of this, the income vector we have under its probability vector, P prospect is equal to the probability pi into this y, and it is equal to like this, now if we change the probability vector of y here, or if we change the income vector of y, then our outcome P can be changed as a result of these two products, so because of this, we are utilizing different probabilities, so then another term which defines this P, that is also called the probability distribution of the income, now this choice objective of our theory is basically our prospect, which we have in the form of P, so keeping in view this theory, what we understand clearly is that every action and the probability related to it, if we buy a product, it will be a prospect, it will be a consequence, so every action and the probability related to it will have a unique consequence in front of us, and it can be entirely different with the other, so for each decision there can be the expectation of the different prospects, now looking at this situation, if we look at it, then we can assess that a consumer or any economic agent, whenever he decides different prospects in his own uncertainty conditions, so he should be in that expectation that his different consequences will come, and as a result of those consequences, all the environmental conditions or the conditions of income should be ready to be expected, now looking at the theory of expectations, if we want to take an example, that can be that might be there is a producer as well, and he sees that if there is a situation that tomorrow the weather conditions change, so what should he say, now he sees that yes, there will be change in the condition of the weather, so the product I have, I should get its weather-related insurance, but on the other hand, if he gets the insurance, then this is his one state, and he will attach with that state his probability, and his consequence will be that in the form of insurance, he will have to pay so much premium and cost, and as a result of that, if there will be any drastic change, then how much he can benefit, and the opposite of his example, if he sees another state in which he says that yes, there can be change in the weather, but it won't be so drastic, so I don't have to get insurance, so these can be the two opposite forms, and in these two forms, the prospects can calculate it, relative to those states, and by multiplying those two states with the attached respective probabilities, then he can calculate the prospects of these two, and if we look at this calculation, then the decisions related to insurance or premium related to it depend on it. Thank you.