So, now let me briefly tell you the theoretical strategies that one of the thing first phenological models may are came later, but before may are around the same time, but after Vantof and Ostwald we started doing a we put this solute and solvent molecules on a lattice. Because that could be solved because I could now give epsilon A A epsilon B B and epsilon A B just like we did in binary alloy and I can count now how many ways I can put A and B. So, putting on a lattice has its advantage and that done in a in a way to a in polymer by Freud-Hurgin's theory very famous theory which still plays a very important role in all studies of polymer solution even in ordinary solution. This is very similar to Bragg Williams approximation with it in quasi chemical approximation with it in a model. Then we have a external mechanism with the lattice for the lattice model which we will discuss briefly of lattice model done in a model we will describe it and decodal description base which will stress theory these are the famous things on stanzanic equation which we will discuss little bit and then many other things we do not need to know now, but everywhere remember everywhere the main central issue remains the issue of the force fields that is where osmotic pressure plays a very important role that gives way and that is what Freud realized and used it in the polymer and now we go to Freud-Hurgin's theory. So, as I said when you put A and B together in a mixture A and B together then one thing I get is an entropy of mixing and that is very well known is the entropy of mixing per particle I would rather take it out from here and put it here by N is KB XAL and XA KB is Boltzmann constant. So, XA is mole fraction of A, B is mole fraction of B. So, this is say B and this is this is my A ok. So, I have XAL and XA plus XPL and XB these things by MAM mixture you know from come from simple combinatorics you calculate the Boltzmann omega number of ways from N factorial by N, N factorial by NB factorial that is where lattice finds N number of lattice sides and you are putting A and B together it is very very useful to get that. Now, this is the entropy of mixing now comes in extremely important which we have been talking, but we have not quantified that how do I talk of A, B and I need something to say A and B different from each other I need a quantification that is done by this guy is discriminant. So, epsilon delta E I introduce a term delta epsilon AB in terms of now if epsilon AB is epsilon A plus epsilon B by 2 what is this called? Suvam what is this called? This is Barthel rule there is one more called geometric rule ok. So, if A and B interaction is just some of the average of do then you get the ideal solution then you get Raoult's law, but that is not like what are DMSO you cannot say what are DMSO interaction by whatever interaction the DMSO-DMSO interaction at the because then the hydrogen bonding between A and B does not appears ok. So, the interaction between A and B brings a very essential new ingredient and that is captured by this term delta epsilon AB. So, we called it discriminant that how different A and B how different A and B are in their properties and in their interactions that what captures by this is flowy still we are doing all along flowy. So, flowy then said ok this is something we discussed a little bit, but if Z which is in gamma in my isent model things is a number of your coordination number in a lattice site if this is my lattice site then my coordination number is 4 into D simple key will lattice in 6 D would be 6 3 D will be 6. So, Z is now I want to know that number of contacts within A and B then I can say ok I pick up number of A there then I can say ok the coordination number and this is a very mean field means average and the mole fraction. So, that gives you number of contacts AB these also give they are these two are exactly same quantities. Now I have the I have the entropy I am doing all these things in order to do the enthalpy and sure enough once I know the contact then I say ok I can also write in terms of any it makes sense to focus on N B little bit more because they are in our mind they are less in number because B is this or A is this or that is the kind of picture we have. So, then N B Z X A this will be the enthalpy because these are the these are the contact this is the number of contacts and each contact brings a discriminant. So, the enthalpy of mixing is the change delta H mixing is the change like entropy of mixing is the change in entropy this is a new thing that comes in ok which was not there because of mixing and that is delta H mixing. So, now I add the two enthalpy I get the free energy now define flow redefine the following parameter which is famous as a flow parameter which is this quantity chi F is number of coordination number delta epsilon AB by dimensionless dimensionless quantity this is no dimension then we get delta H mixing now this term we are going to rewrite in terms of just introduce the Z Z into delta AB combine that divide and multiply by KBT and then we get this thing the delta H mixture remember now we have explicitly the flow interaction parameter flow parameter. Now, I get the free energy of mixing I get the free energy of mixing by doing entropy term and the enthalpy term and low and the odd I have this beautiful thing. Now, I have a elementary theory elementary I am not yet connected with my osmotic pressure that is my goal I will do that, but now I can start saying some little bit more little bit more teeth into my understanding of chemical chemistry the phenomenology that we did in the other graduate and that you already I already told that now I want to say if they are structure making or structure breaking if they are structure making and structure breaking I will be able to tell them in terms of flow parameter because if flow parameter is there negative then is structure making because they like delta H they like each other more they are more negative, but structure breaking is the flow parameter is positive. So, suddenly I am beginning to have little bit of sense of structure making and structure breaking and I can now begin to see if I can have some idea of structure making and structure breaking then I can put them into a statistical mechanical theory. So, from these structure making delta H epsilon AB if I can estimate of that then I can take it over to my linear zones parameter and I can do a statistical mechanical theory. Now, Florie now said that in case of polymer I am not going to go into details of that into polymer what Florie showed that this number that goes in here this number and this volume fractions volume fraction. So, number of contacts that we have done NA and B depends on the volume fraction if one guy is much bigger than the other then you have to talk of the volume fraction and that is then goes into this we will do derive these things when we do the polymer theory of polymers, but right now I am just going to quote it that because this is a beautiful work of Florie that the same thing goes over and a much more powerful and direct way where Florie parameter becomes a really powerful parameter to talk of ferrous solvent and many properties of the many many properties of the polymer solution because solvent is so small and polymer is so big it now it over that interaction between solvents effective interaction between solute and solvent becomes very important this remember the term effective interaction and we will come to that, but what Florie parameter is trying to do is an effective interaction and we will come back to that again. But before that I want to this beautiful theory delta in the x-sync for a polymer is you instead of you have volume fraction, but you also you have the mole fraction of solvent, but in case of solute the polymer it becomes the volume fraction this I can trivial thing, but this is not that trivial okay. So, now I want to do before going on I want to connect the that we have done little between the ising model how these two models are. So, I now say spin up is equivalent to a particle a spin down is particle b. So, in a lattice I have a spin up that means I have a particle spin down have a b particle.  If down spin like each other then that is called anti-ferromagnetic interaction that is also very well known thing, but the main idea is that see part of ising model you remember doing after making all the approximation after those five variables n plus n plus plus and n plus minus n minus minus n minus eliminating all these thing by three conditions of the bonds of nearest neighbors. We get n plus n plus then we did a combinatorics after making a Bragg Williams or quasi chemical or whatever mean field approximation. So, here down I do exactly same thing I write the binary mixed energy as just like I do epsilon a n a a these are the n a a are contact n b b n a b. So, just like there I have there I have n plus plus this is n minus minus this is n plus minus. So, now just like in model we have these three conditions. So, the same as five variables become equal to three variables exactly same thing goes over we will not know as the total energy can be written in the following plan by eliminating all the other variables keeping a a and a this is our n a a is n plus plus and n a is n plus. So, same as before we do not have to do an extra work now or everything has been done by Bragg and Williams we just map it into and use the free energy that exactly happens. So, here is the given the a between then connection between them n plus is n a then n plus plus is n a a here and then energy of the Ising model is this quantity and that we did in the Ising model class remember the factor of four the two and this quantity except z is gamma in Ising model I am sorry about the change of notation, but z is very common in it is very common in polymer literature and while gamma is quite common in Ising model. So, they are the we went by the kind of z also used in Ising model and lattice coordination number actually chemist like z more than however this is kind of gamma is linear it is never interactions. Partly came probably from Carson one once famous takes book of studies mechanics. But main thing is that there is a complete isomorphism between them as a result of that we can now write down the free energy. So, write down the free energy in the case of Bragg Williams approximation this was the free energy wrote down that free energy in the presence of a magnetic field H is this quantity now here the free magnetic field H of course we are doing magnetic field H equal to 0. So, this is the for H equal to 0 or our B equal to 0 this goes over and this is the expression the equation that we need to solve and epsilon here is epsilon ad. So, we get the solution of binary mixture by implicit that has the beauty is that now. So, the Ising model Ising model mapping allows us to explain very important this phase separation of binary mixture wonderful that means we need not do any extra work. But we realize that it is an isomorphic problem this wonderful realization was done by physically in 1952 two wonderful papers where these did and that is gas many other people and it has done also by Guggenheim I should not give only a name other person who do and he has a beautiful book theory of solutions Guggenheim beautiful beautiful beautiful beautiful book at that all the students would really go through I was really in condom it is amazing how these days students do not learn in I should not really start thinking about it, but I find that there is much less and because of the internet probably and because of the our everything at your desktop all the world is coming to you at your computer. But you know what time is to go and and the advantage was that we used to discover many old books many classic books like the Guggenheim books there is one book by Fowler and Guggenheim statistical mechanics wonderful book and another is Guggenheim theory of solutions where he does the quasi chemical approximation actually quasi chemical approximation was done in respective of the Ising model by Guggenheim I think I understated and underestimated the contribution of Guggenheim. So, theory of solution and then it was found by T. D. Lee and C. N. Young that they are they are exactly the same and but Guggenheim did it quite to the force in solving the quasi chemical quasi chemical name was given by Guggenheim and Brad Williams was done in Ising model quasi chemical was done by Guggenheim and these two are the same that was shown later by T. D. Lee and C. N. Young I think it is important to know this history. Now, we will the last bit we will try to connect now the importance of the osmotic pressure and so I said that the osmotic pressure is so important something not realized in the physical chemistry books just give the applications of osmotic pressure osmosis then there are all other biological applications and chemical applications. But first that my guy who is trying to explain binary mixtures and non-ideality and phase separation and binary mixtures, spin order decomposition and many other things we need the force field and this a measure of the force field comes from the osmotic that is the absolutely gold mine and so we already did osmotic pressure now we kind of connect it together to do and so the basic idea now is that I want an effective interaction is so important polymer in every possible way because it is called implicit solvent model that means we remove the solvent we are left with only if a and b and there a is numerous and small b is little larger then I can remove the a and do take on the bb but now the bb interaction is not the pure bb interaction because it is mediated by a and b it is mediated by a and it is actually very different this how do we do that then and how do we get an estimate this is what was done by this great great theory of MacMillan and we are really wonderful theory and a very very sophisticated so what may MacMillan may have did MacMillan was a student of Joseph Mayer and they mapped this problem in a very beautiful and very formidable theory very difficult theory in our book the stat mac book by Bakchi we have this is what a major thing that was done to really bring home the point okay so mayer's theory we did that interaction potential as in a binary mixture if I do a mayer's theory then it would be ua r u bb r and ua b r this would be done MacMillan mayer now said okay I will use mayer theory but I will eliminate out a and I want to get that if I can get that then I have an effective interaction now if I can have a virial series of osmotic pressure my second virial coefficient will have the interaction between b and b I hope but that means I am talking about flow charts and in the flow chart how to get the effective interaction so the basic MacMillan theory with osmotic pressure gives me this quantity which is very important quantity that explains the structure making structure making all non-ideality and this kind of thing so this is a flow chart I hope you can read it that integrate out solvent molecules to obtain solid on the system solids interact with an effective potential WR perform mayer's cluster expansion and then once you do you get these beautiful see is the concentration now or the mole fraction you get the second virial so the osmotic pressure you have a virial expansion of osmotic pressure so what you have is a virial osmotic pressure pi which is the concentration dependence so now I can vary the concentration I can vary of course temperature and I can now get these b to t and then I can measure again with an effective interaction and some form I can use and I can get that so the isomorphism continues MacMillan theory is very difficult theory it is again given in my book in quite a detail asm by Bach she will have quite a bit of that but I you are welcome and invited to do this is very important I write 19 now and they just shows that what where I spend much of my life in the last century so this is the mayer's virial expansion and this is the MacMillan mayer except these are the virial coefficient we know and this BAMM as the MacMillan mayer virial coefficient and then this was very important then what this did what MacMillan mayer did derive an expression for BAMM and so that it is exactly same thing so it is exactly the it can be explained virial coefficient can be expressed in terms of this GDD so interaction between so these quantities are the radial distribution functions they kind of tell you A and B how A and B so now I want to know if this is my B and this is A then how many how B's and A's are connected with these are placed with respect to each other in a random system in a liquid how A and B are arranged with respect to each other is of course fluctuating this continuously changing so we will have an average distribution and that average description is provided by average means is still microscopic time average description and equilibrium structure so this G is a very famous thing in the theory of liquids or theory of disorder system one of the most important equilibrium property these are called the radial distribution functions or the partial radial distribution functions and they form a very important thing of the structure of liquids so before you go any further we will now go into do the structure of liquids little bit and then we will come back so now as I said that in a very low temperature A and B phase separated if A and B do not like each other how do I know that they are phase separated microscopically I can say okay how many A is around B and how many A around A then I find in a in a locally phase separated if A and B do not like each other even at normal temperature when they appear to be homogeneous they might be locally micro heterogeneity is there they will be locally phase separated how do I know that I can calculate how many radial distribution function which it gives me how many A around B and how many B around A how many A around A how many B these are the radial distribution functions these are these quantities how A is the joint power distribution how many A is around A how many B is around B and how many A is around B they give the time average structure of the liquid and now if they are then I would know okay A and B will be lowest and that is here A and B this is A and B this is the lowest and A and A is maximum number that is A and A next is B and B so this A and A A is around A then B is around B and A and B are depleted so this is the way one would try to describe now A phase separation structure making liquid or structure making liquid is this the way we will go into it. So now we will go to the next class and try to construct and describe these radial distribution functions or how these theory of liquids are built to do these things.


With the smell of glue and old paper filling the air, Libyan volunteers gathered around cramped desks at a workshop to restore old or damaged copies of the Koran. The Mirzan workshop was established in 2006 in the coastal town of Tripoli, where one of the founders said they have restored upwards of half a million of Koran. They have also held courses for others who wish to learn the craft. 10 to 15 volunteers offer their services at the workshop on a daily basis.


t watch it fresh I think you'd be better off having seen the tv shows or the movies that lead into it but that doesn't mean they don't explain who everybody is but I think you'll get more out of it if you've seen these characters before I thought it was great fun I'll be going back I enjoyed it more the second time Franula came along with me yesterday she's not available today but she enjoyed it as well I don't think she enjoyed it as much as me but I don't think anybody enjoys the marvel films quite as much as me but she did enjoy it she came along yesterday with me do you think it's off-putting to new people to go oh have all this homework to do it's really off-putting to me but yeah that's why I asked about do you have to watch as I said before but I don't know is that how you presented is it my sauce it could just be Michael Eddie yeah it could just be him as I say before and not the whole movement most of them like up until this they've been standing alone you don't need to have seen the other ant-man movies to go and see ant-man you don't need to have seen previous Dr. Strange on this one I think this one is a rare exception in that you're probably better off it's just it's like if you advice us to you have you seen break and brad it's fantastic but you're gonna have to watch five series of the short shirt not the short shack redemption the thin blue line and you know what I mean and you go right okay sounds good but I'm never going to start all of that so I'll never see breaking bad as I sit here saying to you you don't need to do that what do you actually hear me saying no I don't really hear I heard you say you need to watch Miss Marvel you need to in this instance in this instance yeah as I said but if you do the payoff is worth I think the payoff is worth it yeah I mean if you're happy it's short or you wish it was longer uh well the thing is it's a good thing to be able to say about a film like oh my god you know I wanted another half hour if when I came out of the scars it is easily to fill them and I said and finula said and everyone I've spoken to said my god that's an hour or two long that's not a good thing that's not so much the length is it that's so you feel like just potting in this that's our attention span do you know maybe being conditioned do you know what I mean that right I want to do you know like because what you'd have no problem at home because you would say right I'm going to split this into three hours you know what I mean and and you would conclude it and you go actually you know what that was quite a good film and you broke it up oh yeah being conditioned now that you go to the cinema it's no longer than two hours our attention span I think you could do that with killers because I'm speaking of that I'm gonna have to take an ad very shortly um right so yeah what very good what did you think of it then oh nine out of ten I thought it was great fun uh any diehard marvel fans will enjoy it and anyone who's looking for a fun family friendly movie uh will definitely enjoy this as well it's got comedy it's got action and it's got pussy cats and they're durable kittens and they're flying around and they're I won't spoil anything but they're they're the cats in these movies are not cats the radiance it's great fun right we're going to give you a chance now to win a 50 year old fuel voucher thanks to our friends at Kelly's Centre at the mountaintop and electric Kenny we ask are you getting ready for Santa season and a celebrating our community this Christmas uh they are we will be working with little angels and raising funds over the festive season we will have a number of giveaways in store and on social media there'll be golden tickets in store with discounts and a grand prize and you may see the crew at Kelly's out and about with a very special guest now to celebrate this we are giving one of you a chance to win a 50 year old fuel voucher to fuel up at Circle K and the question is what is the name of the robot in Kelly's diner in the mountaintop is it a Oreo or is it be marching text your answer and uh you name and where you're from to 08 6 25,000 what's the name of the robot in Kelly's diner in the mountaintop is it a Oreo or be marching and one of you in this next 46 minutes will win a 50 euro fuel voucher to fuel up at Circle K i'll give you another reminder of that in about 10 to 15 minutes hi all i watched all the light we cannot see on netflix set in occupied france during world war two starring mark ruffalo and Hugh lorry enjoyable watch also started a tv show payback which is set in Edinburgh dodgy accounts and gang bosses what else do you need okay two recommendations there i was on uh i think it's amazon jack reacher the series and it says there's two series and i clicked into it and i went to series two and then it says no episodes available december 17th so they've they've listed it and i don't get are they doing it weekly or i think they're dropping all the episodes on the 17th yeah we're south of luna we're actually chatting with that yes two we're both very excited for season two of reacher which is an excellent action show yeah but they shouldn't list two episodes oh yeah seasons of course there's okay we're going to be back with more from michael leddie and connor malone after this quick break the county's number one talk show the nine till noon show on highland radio the nine till noon show is brought to you by letter kenny credit union digital loans now available apply online or via our app today and get your loan transferred directly to your current account at the central statistics office we're trusted to gather all sorts of information so we count lakes stakes and holy gintex we count wages ages and all of life stages we count loans phones still living at home we count euros and cents and housing and rents we count mars electric cars and the price of a jar because this data informs important decisions on everything from economic 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tuesday the 21st of november in the any shown gateway hotel boncran discover exciting career opportunities in the health care sector connect with industry professionals and explore educational pathways don't miss this chance to shape your future in health and social care that's tuesday the 21st of november in the any shown gateway hotel boncran from 10 a.m. till 2 p.m. on business matters this week my guest is jackie fegan founder and proprietor of four pause kennels and dog hotel in kill mcranon business matters in association with the faculty of business at atu dunny gall for a career in financial governance consider the level 9 ma in governance and it in financial services starting in january contact the exec ed coordinator on 91 86 206 or email donal dot hanigan at atu.ie today highland radio time checks with expressway travel route 32 from letek entity doblin when you book online and travel for less expressway bringing you the time asked just turned 18 11 11 18 former rt presenter ryan tobert is announced his movement to virgin radio uk in london he'll helm the mid-morning show on virgin radio from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. monday to friday from early january uh they've a listenership of about 1.9 million i thought it was bigger than that but that's their average listenership on weekends he'll present a dedicated irish weekend show across wireless arland stations doblin q102 court 96 f m live 95 in limberick and l m f m that's an interesting move as a as i'm a radio consumer here a listener that uh we are going down the route in this arland of networking shows because i when i was working at northwest radio there was one show a lot of the shows actually were jewel shows that went out midwest and northwest radio and my recollection at the time was the bi weren't too in favour of that because each region deserved their own output if you know what i mean yeah but now what we're going to see is one show across those five stations which of course is going to displace people from jobs it's going to be broadcasting it from from britain i suppose it's great for him he can give rt a two-fingered salute but it does change the landscape of irish radio and local and regional radio i think to have one show across five stations along to you but what do you think uh michael yeah i agree and i do think yeah that's one of the absolute aces in the whole that local radio has around the country or in any country but it's that it has that local thing and it's that specific thing when you start working against that and you start networking things then surely you're just doing the same as what's available it's meant to be an alternative and you know the number of times you would turn on this show and hear something that's important to us locally that you would never ever hear in a national platform then when you start working against that it does seem to defeat the purpose of exist if the existence so i agree completely and i never even thought of that thing about obviously shows and well people are already doing it and talent you know this type of talent that maybe might get their break on a saturday across five stations that that potentially uh won't and those five new talents will probably actually end up being cheaper than one round talk oh where is being more relevant to their listenership listen i i wish him nothing nothing but success um because i would wish that of anyone but i just thought it it does change for anyone with an interest in radian media it does change the landscape and i don't see how it can do it for better because you're going to have one person one voice across a whole host of stations as i say i'm surprised the bei signed off on that if the truth be told right are you in a star wars uh rabbit hole or something god's name is going on i disappeared massively down a star wars rabbit hole i tell you what happened was uh i saw the trailer as far as new series asoka that was coming out and it's well out now at this stage and but then i was told well if you really want that's a bit like what i'm saying about the marvel movies you really should watch the clone wars and rebels which are two cartoon series animated series and uh but it kind of suited because i'm working a lot of nights and these these they're the only kind of bite-sized 20 minute episodes so you can come in you can watch it stay with them you know you're not making that huge commitment right this is an hour you can go i can bail out after 20 minutes and then i got really really into them and god help me i still haven't got around to wasoka i'm after watching seven series of the clone wars and i just and i just finished all four series of rebels wow this is over about three months it's got to the stage my kids come in and they go are you watching cartoons again you know it's a total role reverse but they're really good yeah all right and uh you're a big fan of them too i know star wars isn't my thing at all star trek yeah i mean it's just star trek to the cartoons as well they do all right okay that's where i go yeah you're right you see and here's the thing because i was i was thinking about this right and see star trek was a tv series right whereas with star wars traditionally you had buying a movie yeah and of course what you can always do in a tv series that time and latitude to develop characters and they do this in the animated series and in actual way it's it's it's funny the real life characters in the real life movies are actually more cartoonish than the characters in the cartoon series wow because you have three hours he's a goodie he's a baddie yeah where there's loads and new ones there's character developments there's character arcs and they delve into some really kind of interesting concepts but why would go down the route of doing it uh through animation and then not live action because i assume the audience would be broader for live action i presume it would have presumed to be people that would be just turned off by animation you see them it's for kids i also assume that you know you'd be talking about what probably that's 70 80 hours across the two series which is going to be very very expensive to produce but you're you're dealing into like there's just questions like you know in a war between good and evil is pacifism a choice which is kind of a deep philosophical question yep they also kind of look into you know the whole idea of the military industrial complex that there's these people that just want more to keep going and don't want any side to win because there's money in it so it's delving into a lot of you know it's not just star trade or look i am your father they're delving into these quite really interesting deeper quite mature concepts should be should be if they're target audiences 13 14 15 year old kids and they get they start raising these questions and get them thinking like this i think that's a great thing i remember when michael was talking about the star uh star trek animated series that it sort of gave it a bit of latitude to go where it would be difficult to go with live action uh yeah do um is it the same with star wars it is i mean you can kill off a kind of beloved character in cold blood easier in animation it doesn't have the impact you know uh and there are a few things that have happened and you go oh you wouldn't see that in star wars film so again you know with the with the characterization with the teams that are brought up and also what you can show paradoxically the the cartoons are less cartoonish than the films if you get them yeah and i suppose the longer you watch them then you step out of that i'm watching a cartoon don't you oh absolutely absolutely the thing with star wars a lot of that kind of the CGI animation is you know in the space battles and the outdoor scenes it's not a power what you're saying in the cinema anyway yeah so you very quickly adjust to the fact that they're not you know real human faces they still do a fantastic job of even subtly conveying emotions and a look here and a look there you know so i would say you know when you get past the first 20 minute episode you're actually past the fact that it's animated interesting i can sometimes find that with with um with subtitles as well completely different but kind of the same all right more from michael eddie and column alone in a second but i want to introduce to the program now uh filmmaker ken uh war drop good morning to you ken hopefully you can hear me okay no he's actually frozen right we'll get back to ken in a second because we want to be talking about his new show or his new documentary very shortly i'll try and bring it back in here so we get on the wonders of technology everything was working grand and then that's you know we were doing so well all day right ken's going to be joining us very shortly just a reminder that you can win a 50 euro voucher for fuel at circle gay by answering the following question what's the name of the robot in kelly's diner at the mountain top in ledger kenny's a orio or b marchine text to whatsapp 086 60 25 000 or give us a call on 07491 uh 25 000 right okay um let's see what i want to go to next with you pick one out for me there's a lot of stuff here and yours going from apple to netflix we'll go to the stage again in a moment just to take something from the streaming services let's talk about an irish film uh lake lands which is on apple i had a chance to see this up at the disappear film festival a couple of months ago and it's an irish movie it's a movie that stayed with me it's an irish movie that i heartily recommend it's always great when you find something that's just it's as good as any now this is not like last year the best movie of the year for me was on colleen q which i thought was just i thought nothing came close to that so this isn't in that level but that doesn't mean it's still not a great film it's a very simple story of a young lad he's a g a a up and coming g a a star and uh on a night out uh he gets into a little scuffle it seems quite minor he's shoved he's fall nothing major but it actually ends up being an injury that impacts on his ability to play anymore he can no longer be part of the g a a team and the story of the film is just the story of how he doesn't really cope very well with that and it's that very human thing that i think we've all done at different times is pass it off and not let on to people how badly injured you might be and carry on despite the fact that the consequences of his injury will get more severe if he doesn't cop himself on and stop playing there's nothing else to that story and yet it's as engrossing as any big summer blockbuster for me it's so well acted uh in a hard week and daniel galligan who people will probably know best now from being uh the best friend on obituary which is arty's uh highly praised weekly series which finished there before halloween this is a very human story it's not a true story from what i can gather but it feels like the sort of thing where you think you i think we've all known a ladder we knew of a lad who was in a similar sort of position and it's just this ordinary guy working on the farm and over the first half hour second half hour third you really care about him you become very much invested and even though the stakes seem quite low by the time you get into that final act of the movie you really care you're wondering is this guy going to cope with this is he going to pull through what's going to happen to him um i thought it was a brilliant film is there a review system on apple uh plus it'd be interesting to see what the what the response to it is yeah i don't know i'll stop me i don't know how many people have apple plus here is it kind of buried a wee bit and even on rotten tomatoes um the critics have raved about this but there's not very many critical reviews but there's no audience score because it's not you know it's not it's not sufficiently big deal to get on that platform oh yeah yeah we'll have to wait and see but i do point people towards lakelands i thought it was a wonderful and again go in there with your expectations music to the fact that it's a very simple basic story uh there's no fireworks it's not the major but i swear as soon as the story gets up around you become very invested in this guy and uh you just really care about what happens to him and it's it's very realistic all right now just to let you know the dunagol's annual fully inclusive purple tai gala ball takes place at harvey's point uh lochesk on friday the 22nd of december there's a drinks reception dinner a live band disco and raffle and the master of ceremonies is mr null cunningham who's a very special night this weekend uh marking his 70th birthday and uh his retirement from harvey's point but he'll be back there before he's actually officially left so to speak uh to be master of ceremonies uh for this event uh we're joined on the program by uh wendy Fitzgerald mccarrie chief executive of the blue stack special needs foundation and it's always a it's always a big night wendy and it's going to be proved to be another great night again and it's right in the mouth of christmas as well yes it is how are you greg good nice to talk to you again so tickets are still available tell us about the night i mean i've run through the headline stuff there but it's a great night out isn't it it is a fantastic night and i supposed to tell you where it all came out of my own daughter as you know um has additional needs and she was she's coming up to her 18th birthday and you know it just kind of dawned on all of us that um the chances of her being ever invited to a ball are pretty slim the chances of her ever going you know um and having an opportunity to go and dress up and you know get the makeup in the hair done and are pretty slim and we were very lucky in that uh tony from the mill park hotel had approached us last year and wanted to do something for us um as a fundraiser and we had a good chat about it and what we could do and we thought well wouldn't it be great if we did have a fully inclusive gala ball you know and it last year was our first year running it um it was a fantastic night um and this year harry's point have very graciously um agreed to host it with us and given us very favorable terms um and uh you know along with all the rest of the support that they do first down in harry's point and as you probably know know is the patron of the organisation and is a huge supporter for us as well but yeah it is a fantastic night you know and that favorable uh rate you talk of has allowed ticket prices to be set at 60 euro uh for all of what we mentioned but also there's a rate of 25 euro for young adults with additional needs 16 plus as well so it that that that also talked to the inclusivity of this event 100 you know i mean i think it's really important that we make it as accessible as possible um it is a fantastic value for money night out it's a brilliant night in terms of you know local companies who support us having their staff parties having their staff nights out you know nobody enjoys themselves like our young adults when they get out and they the fun they have there's a lack of inhibition and you know it just makes us all really have a good night and i know last year was a fantastic night and i'm hoping that this year will be equally fantastic you know and uh the tickets are still available there's not a whole lot of them still available um but you know it is a very inclusive night and it is you know last year you know for my own daughter it was really lovely her brothers were with her so it was lovely for them to be going somewhere that for her you know rather than her always tagging along with them and everybody really enjoyed it it was a fantastic night absolutely brilliant suggestion to harby's no problem just to remind people it's donnie gall's annual fully inclusive purple tie gala ball it's in the beautiful setting of harvey's point it's from 6 p.m on friday the 22nd of december so you can set it as your christmas night as well or whatever you want to do with it there's a drinks reception dinner live band disco and raffle and master of ceremonies the one and only uh mr noel cunningham the tickets are 60 euro or 25 euro for young adults with additional needs 16 plus now if you want more information or to purchase tickets you can call 9740828 or go to bluestackfoundation.com and as you mentioned there tickets there are a few available people really need to get on as soon as they can wendy i think if they want to go yeah like i say if you can actually book the tickets online by going to the website bluestackfoundation.com all right a night to remember no doubt about that okay wendy listen thank you very much thank you so much no no it's our pleasure and hopefully you'll be all sold out really really soon okay that's wendy Fitzgerald mccarrie there watch the show live now on youtube facebook and at highlandradio.com donnie gall local development company is hosting a showcase event celebrating donnie gall businesses in the central hotel donnie gall town on friday the 24th of november from one to seven p.m this event is free to attend and features the best local startup businesses find your perfect christmas gift perfect tradesman beauty product or outdoor venture and much much more all in one place come along and support your local businesses and find out what's newly available in your area on a day that's guaranteed to be fun for all make celebrating donnie gall businesses your business on november 24th for more visit dldc.org to help with the cost of heating your home during the winter months the fuel allowance scheme is now available this allowance is paid at a rate of 33 euro a week for 28 weeks to find out more and check your eligibility visit gov.ie forward slash fuel allowance the quickest and easiest way to apply is online 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shane connelly cars you'll find mix and models for every budget great finance options and we also accept readings check out shane connellycars.com or call on to us at shane connelly cars from london road dunnig all town see derrick ryan live in concert at the mo derrigal hotel letter kenny this saturday the 18th of november with special guests louise marcy and t or dallas that's derrick ryan live in concert at the mo derrigal hotel letter kenny this saturday the 18th of november tickets on sale from hotel reception or a derrick ryan music dot com the nine till noon show with letter kenny credit union now offering mortgages from 40 000 to 600 000 euro with no hidden fees or transaction charges letter kenny credit union 9102 127 now i hope i can go to ken war drop filmmaker good morning ken good morning how are you great to have you i am great and well done the documentary so this is christmas released throughout arland today including locally the sentry cinema in letter kenny um what's great feeling oh of course it is it's always great to get an opportunity to get your film out into the world and we've had a wonderful reaction to it we had our premiere at the cork film festival there on friday night and we've done some preview screenings and it's getting a lot of buzz which is really wonderful because it is obviously a documentary and encouraging audiences into documentaries this is kind of complicated and uh but uh i think this is particularly important film it has a message there that i think will all relate to as well and uh yeah it's super exciting and thank you so much for your support no no it's a pleasure and i'm really interested for you to describe rather than me trying interpret because i haven't seen it uh i want you to describe while it's about uh and how you made it yeah sure well the film is about five characters and their struggles i guess and the lead up to christmas last year and the premise really came from the fact that i lost my grandmother on christmas day when i was 12 years of age she passed away she was staying with us at the time and that left a darkness and a cloud over christmas thereafter for quite some years because she was very close to my mom and to all of us but it really impacted and meant christmas was something different for our family and it i suppose it stayed with me and christmas it can be a very complicated time of year for people it can be almost the perfect star storm if you have problems and then you're subjected to all the kind of you know the commercialization and the frivolous and the joy and you know what it's meant to be and the expectations and i just thought it would be interesting to throw a light on that and see what real lives are like as opposed to the insurmountable ones that we see and i suppose you have to strike a balance in that because especially as it being released into christmas you don't want to say how dare you enjoy christmas because it's not like that for other people do you know what i mean that's not what you want to do you want maybe people to think and reflect and enjoy christmas even more or maybe even think about things a little more oh absolutely i mean it's only i've thrown out something for us all to think about it is full this film has lots of humor lots of joy but most importantly even though there are a lot there's a lot of tears and darkness in this there is so much to hope because these people are so resilient and i think that was something that came out of the to be honest the first working title for the film was i hate christmas so it was going to be a more irreverent approach to it all and then i suddenly started to meet all these wonderful people and they changed my perspective on it so i'd like to take some of the credit but i'm afraid i can't take all of it because it was through their stories and what they taught me about life and the meaning behind christmas really um and it has come out to be quite a a special film like that and it's it's it's not a downer by any means and it's not out there to ruin people's christmas because i like christmas as much as anybody else but the thing that i hang on to the memories that i have um and this will be poignant for myself to explain but some of the memories that i have about christmas are like my mum having the the fire in the good room i think we'll all know that there's the good room that only gets used once or twice a year sometimes and we this good and it was coming down and that fire being lit and lying down on on the carpet and playing with the toys and that's why i do remember the toys but i remembered the feeling i had and i think that's what i wanted to create with this film and this year and it's kind of ironic and terrible at the same time but i lost my mum this year um earlier in the summer and christmas for me now this year is going to be you know a difficult time of year and although i have my own other worries apart from grief it's just the addition now of grief and the memories and all that i'll have around the kitchen table and just seeing her empty seats will be uh make it very different to say the least and i think the irish mommy makes christmas they are heart and soul of it all i was especially in our eyes so i think uh anyway as i said it is full of joy and it's full of uh love yeah uh very sorry for your loss can it's clear that both your mother and your granny meant so much to you and we all deal with things in different ways but as we do get older christmas does change uh and i think even if you have a sadness in your life that's not or loss in your life that's not around christmas you do feel it even more so at christmas and for some they can they can celebrate that and for others they can't celebrate at all and that's what makes us all different isn't it how we deal with these things but i hope you have lots of very loving people around you nonetheless can for christmas uh do we know uh when or do you know when it'll get a release outside of the cinema and all these these wheels can turn quite slowly or maybe you've got something in place we want to encourage people to get along to the century cinema and watch it of course on the the big screen as you intended when you were making it but but when do you think we might is there any other platform secured at this point again well of course there will be down the line but essentially we've got us window of opportunity to get it out in the cinemas and you're right people have to see this in the cinema because even though it's a documentary it's not a flying the wall thing it's not like we were running around with a camera we actually were shooting on 35 millimeter i had nine crew it looks absolutely spectacular and it has um it is the music has been scored by emir noon who was the first lady ever to uh conduct the oscars orchestra so it has that big uh feel to it so i don't want to even talk about the future and i just go to the cinema yeah okay it's all about the cinema and you know what it is it is a shared experience and having had the responses to this movie and coming out and hearing audience talking about you can sense that people want to talk about this and they want to share and they're holding hands during the experience and so forth because these people um that feature in the film are so familiar to us all they could be our neighbors our cousins our friends you know and i think so i'm not going to go there basically i hear you ken look after yourself congratulations and i hope it gets the audiences it certainly deserves by the way you've described and the audience reactions so far thanks for your thanks for your time thank you all right it's been great having you on the program take care that is ken wardham a filmmaker there more from our two guests in studio michael and connor after these but before i go it's going to be the last shout here i just want to remind you what kelly's are doing uh they're getting ready for the santa season and they're celebrating their community this christmas they're going to be working with little angels and raising funds over the festive season and they have a number of giveaways in store and on social media and there'll be golden tickets in stores with discounts and a grand prize and you may see the team out and about with a very special guest and as a december 25th approaches i wonder is it you know who but anyway today one lucky listener will win a 50 euro fuel voucher to fuel up at circle k the question is what is the name of the robot now working in kelly's diner in the mountaintop is it a orio or is it be marching text or whatsapp oh wait six sixty twenty five thousand caroline you check that question did you it's not my fault if anyone gets upset all right but text in your answer your name away you're from it's fun like but i've tried to have fun before and gotten trouble but anyway it's caroline's question uh we'll have a winner pick for us in the next 15 minutes more from caroline michael after these the nine till noon show is brought to you by letter kenny credit union seasonal loans now available for christmas apply online or via our app today and get your loan transferred directly to your current account give the gift of beauty and rejuvenation this christmas with the voucher from janis's aesthetics and skincare clinic adore your loved one can choose from a range of transformative treatments including paedial thread lifts and skin boosters designed to improve facial contours by lifting and tightening the skin also offering fat dissolving treatments dermal fillers and laser treatments for all skin concerns christmas party hair and makeup packages available secure your voucher at janis's aesthetics and skincare clinic adore on 07495 32575 adult safeguarding day takes place this month safeguarding involves keeping ourselves free from harm and protecting our rights this includes all adults planning ahead to reduce the risk of adult abuse go to actions that we can all take to plan ahead are to make an enduring power of attorney designate a health representative and choose who can assist with decisions from safeguarding ireland supported by the hse get informed at safeguarding day dot i e real awards members only plus get money on vouchers every week on the real awards up to share the magic this christmas with super value enjoy alcohol responsibly teas and sees apply it's time to transform your smile with the help of blue poppy dental letter kenny and dunagall town their expert team offer orthodontics teeth whitening implants and composite bonding all in house start your journey by calling<PHONE_NUMBER> or easily book your own appointment online at a time that suits you through their user friendly patient portal available anytime anywhere at blue poppy dental dot com blue poppy dental and orthodontics medical card patients welcome enter dunagall town practice the high on die electric family designed for yours the ionic five with a range of up to 507 kilometers the all new kona with a range of up to 514 kilometers and the ionic six with a range of up to 614 kilometers high on die our family designed for yours your local dealer is diverse high on die canal road letter kenny call 9122600 wrap up some dunagall love this christmas with thoughtful sustainable gifts made by the dunagall designer makers join us for our annual christmas fair in rath mullen house this saturday and sunday from 11 a.m. till 5 p.m. a weekend of festive food drinks and stress-free gift shopping highland radio weather updates brought to you by grant from condensing oil and hvo biofuel boilers to heat pumps and underfloor heating you can trust grant to heat your home visit grant dot i e okay so it'll become increasingly clear this afternoon rain will spread spread north eastwards this evening highest temperatures of seven or eight degrees with light south to south east wind strength think it's funny the weather forecast they'll always talk about rain spreading from the northwest uh but it still actually only spreads into us it never emanates from the sunny southeast or the sunny southwest does it but anyway uh right john bresnan's going to be broadcasting around the northwest live from boyce's centre on main street falcara from 12 30 celebrating the revamp of the store there so if you're it's good crack you know where there's an old b uh to a premises so call down and say hello bring the kids down if they are with you or off school or whatever it might be or even maybe not at school as i say it's a nice little buzz and there's normally nice little things to enjoy for free when you get there as well and to see the the great investment the boyce's have made uh in centre on the main street there in falcara high highland radio station does any uh does anyone of your listeners know when the movie in the land of saints and sinners on netflix or when it's going to be in the cinema now this is the Liam Neeson film that was shot an awful lot down the south of the canty i was checking wikipedia and all the sources i thought it was coming up a few checks in no no no you don't know wait i'm like oh so i presume it's going to be a limited cinema release in netflix but there's no indication as of yet when it's going to be shown or i haven't got it maybe listeners out there have the inside line uh two things i watched this week and would highly recommend convicted on netflix uh someone reinvestigates their cases it's great another the billionaire the butler and the boyfriend can't say too much without giving it away but definitely worth a watch the billionaire the butler and the boyfriend sounds like quite the triangle there uh hi greg and the tv treats that's used to i'm assuming you saw the toy show ad last night i'm reminded that i remember gaybo enjoying it better than pat um i did see it on socials i thought they've done really well there although there was a memorable moment when a caller brazenly only wanted the 10k and pat tore up two toy show tickets after being rebuffed as far as i know that carried on in the media for days can you tell head of social media katie that she can catch more festive films on christmas 24 and a premiere most saturdays from the us as i've taped these but you can't with channel five dirty dozen on five tonight for michael but i'm sure they've done a christmas special and tell michael brie larson sequel it was okay funny but not marvellous okay and i've heard of snakes on a plane but cats on a rocket funnily enough samuel l jackson was in both that is always kevin puts a bit of thought into his uh into his um uh contributions thanks kev right uh christmas panto foundered uh it's in the baller and you've got it down on your list as well michael so i'll go with you for his connor oh i touch myself i know you're really all that yeah that's a kind of fleet footed presentation i won't win it i won't win it let me mention we're just over a week away now from opening it opens on saturday january 25th so it is essentially it's frozen but we've done equalised the name to foundered which is brilliant i laughed when i read the thing like i laughed so much we're getting a great reaction off people for it and so instead of letting it go it's like cup yourself on cup yourself on well do you know i was i was going to say that because we were trying to rack our brains and go what could you put in what would be a done a goallessized version of let it go um try your eyes no you know did you have to come up with something so that do you done a goallize the songs as well i don't know i'm not involved in that end right okay excited right so kind of we had this kind of this this was when when they came up with the idea it's it's the butt ram circles plant us so when they come up there we're doing flows and we're going to call it founders and we had that conversation but i don't know if it ever got anywhere they might have progressed in a rehearsal since but anyone has a last minute suggestion there for a done equalised version of let it go you'll be grand you'll be grand you'll be grand yeah copy your head copy copy well copy so far now let it go it's more like let it go it's more zen like yeah let it go let it go anyway yes that's not really this is like where we've just decided to make a yeah no it's actually made it's rehearsed it's ready to go folks um and it's next it starts next saturday the 25th people love the panto for some people it's the toy show for some people it's the panto that starts it off uh michael because by the 25th of november even your scrooges are gonna have to concede we're in the christian in the christian period you're at that yeah it's running from the 25th to uh the 9th of december on different days you've got the saturday sunday wednesday thursday friday then the saturday sunday then the tuesday wednesday thursday friday and then it finishes up on the saturday uh at the ninth um i mean they're going to be packed houses pantos it's a huge family thing uh across the region obviously and people are going to be excited about it and i i say i read this last night and i was chuckling away i was like ah i love it foundered and it's yeah it is frozen but it's um i should warn people the 7 of the 12 shows are sold out already um the saturdays and sundays are the matinees they're four o'clock oh right yeah the the weekday the weekday shows are eight o'clock but essentially i think uh all the yeah all the the matinees are sold out and the fruities so you're left with the you don't really have to market that much do you for that to happen that's not to do the marketing team any disservice but i mean that's a huge response really isn't it it is it is and you know i think it might be it's it's pretty similar every year and it just is the fact that it's the institution of the panto and it's always on it's the last week in november it starts and as you say for a lot of people you know especially in the twin towns area you know the start of the panto is right it's officially christmas season the panto is on now and you know so you have it you have the christmas lights going on in the town you have the panto starting macklehenny's window macklehenny's window and just uh it has just become an institution essentially i'll still take the credit for it but essentially it sells itself i think it sells itself connor you do well for the rest of the year you get enough for it now but i'm it was more just that the it's it's reputational you see you know people know they're going to get something yeah and that's because people don't go back to something unless they know what to expect yeah and there's yeah if you're a hundred percent yeah and in fairness to the to to you know the bud drama circle they put on they do have an on the greats whoever you are and they also they keep the prices really really reasonable yeah i mean so it's well well euro for an adult to founder the founder the christmas panto it starts saturday the 25th november uh on runs till saturday the 9th of december is effectively actually you know one of the biggest debates was that we spell it f o u n d e r e d or do we use an apostrophe founder yeah founder apostrophe d you think i don't know i think so what do you think i can see it working i can see it working with the i like to be i love the discussions like that happened i think the plan works come across a bit with the playing words comes across a bit more if it's more casually yeah yeah you know uh right okay founder the christmas panto check the website yes but matinees are sold out okay so people search in for that all right okay you're looking at your Tuesday Wednesday Thursday all right okay anything festive for you in the last two minutes here uh it's not festive but i'm ridiculously excited that the dirty doesn't is on tonight that was a great message that came in i want to see that again it's like it's another one of us like i've been revisiting obviously the clint eastwood movies and stuff like that with the the man with no name trilogy and stuff like that but the dirty doesn't is right in my wheels and i looked to see what was coming up because i like to throw on something to terrestrial on this on the on the thing but i didn't see that so i'm delighted that's and that's on tonight he said so excellent excellent all right okay it's not very festive but i'm gladdened my heart i still have time to speak to you but i'll just want to make sure that i announce the winner ariel of course is the name of the super robot at kelly's centre and i saw it in action yesterday it's quite cool um that comes in from the winning answer comes in from Declan mccrossan in ron in letter kenny declan you have a 50 euro fuel voucher to use at circle k and keep an eye out for all the team at kelly uh who uh kelly's as i say who are uh celebrating the community this christmas working with little angels loads of stuff in store and they may well be at the bout declan mccrossan your 50 euro in your pocket there which is significant you know uh right so connor are you christmasy no really no i didn't think you were gonna be too cool why not because i started because you know i just can't see you in the family in matching christmas pajamas on instagram no no that's all uh yeah i'm kind of uh mellowing i'm being reintroduced through the eyes of the children yeah of course yeah yeah but now they're kind of 16 or 14 so they're going through it as well so it's it's gone back down the trough but no i do kind of just enjoy the days of doing nothing and yeah exactly and that's what the whole idea is you take from it what you will don't you i mean whatever you feel most comfortable with what about you um i'm not very christmasy i mean we don't there's three lads sharing the house we don't put up a christmas tree no we don't do it we don't bow no if i put up a christmas tree or suggested to the other two they would immediately wonder what the heck was wrong with me we don't bother with that we mark it in our own way and i do my own things i like to save up christmas episodes of sitcoms like a christmas cheers or you know a cheers episode or something but and i sometimes uh you know reflect on the past and families and all that but um that we all do that but yeah i'm not i'm not going to pretend that i'm uh at wearing a christmas jump right okay well i'll do it for all of you can do it Connor thank you so very much it's really always great to have you up i do appreciate it a continued success at the baller thank you michael ellie as always you know yourself i love having you up uh that's it for the weekend we'll be back with you on monday morning at nine stay tuned john breslin's live in falcara uh coming from boyce's centre there stay tuned or get along if you can


My name is Mr. Sandesh Bharay, I am currently working as an assistant professor in the department of computer science and engineering at Valchand Institute of Technology, Sallapur. So in this video, we are going to focus on how to accept the user input in the Python. So before going to start this discussion session on this user input, let's see. Okay, what is the output or what is the outcome of this session? Okay, after this session, okay, you will be capable to accept the input from the user, okay, through the terminal. So let's start this session. What happens that there is some inbuilt method which is provided to accept the user input. Until now what we have done is that whatever the inputs, okay, we have to give that we have given by in the program only. Okay, but this makes our program very limited. Okay, so this should not be happened. So it should be robust. Okay, so user expects that it should accept the input from him. Okay, and it should work according to its inputs. Okay, so for that here in the Python, the special method input is given here. Okay, and through that we can accept the user input. Okay, so let's start to implement this one. Okay, what we have to do is that we have to write input function there. Okay, and actually, it is not mandatory to pass any arguments to this function one. Okay, but what happens that when we execute this file, okay, at the time, it will accept the user input and it is expecting the input from the user one. Okay, but user is not aware about that one. Right, so user will wait until any message conveyed to him and program will wait until any user input is provided. Okay, so this confusion may get created. So for that it is for our convenience and for user convenience, it is recommended to provide a certain message there. Okay, in the input function and that is passed as a parameter to this function one. Okay, so let's say we are going to perform here addition of two numbers and these numbers are accepted from the user here. Okay, so what you have to pass here that enter a first number. Okay, so this message is displayed on the screen and hence user will came to know that system is expecting input from the user one. Okay, so this is the general style to write the input function. Okay, this is accepting the fully first number. Okay, but for the addition, we need two numbers there. Okay, and for that, again for the second number, the same pattern will be repeated enter second number. Right, and obviously we are going to perform this addition of two numbers and for that we have to store it somewhere. Right, so for that what I will do is that I will use the two variables that is x is equal to input. Okay, a first number and y is equal to input the second number. Right, and after that we have to print the addition of these two numbers. So for that I will write here print x plus y. Right, so this is the general syntax to accept the user input. Okay, so we will execute this file and we will check whether it is working correctly or not. We will hope so it will work. Okay, let's save this file and let's execute this one. Okay, so at the bottom line you can see it is accepting the expecting the first number. Okay, so I will pass the five here. Okay, and it is expecting the second number now, so I will pass the seven here. Okay, and at the end you can see here that output is 57. Okay, so this will happen. Okay, so why it is happen because it is accepting the input in the string format. Okay, it is the default data type which is of the user input. Okay, and it is just concatenating that both the strings there. Okay, it is not accepting the user input in the integer fashion. Okay, so by default the value of the data type is the string data of the user input. Okay, so for this problem what we have to do is that we have to make a changes in this program. Okay, so we have to convert it into the integer format. Okay, so by default it is accepting into the string format. So for that here I will implement the type casting technique. Okay, so for this I will write integer of this input. Right, so it will automatically convert this into the integer format and after that again in the second value also. Okay, so I will implement the time casting. Okay, so now the both are converted into the integer format and we will hope it will work now properly. Okay, so for this I will execute once again and run module. Okay, it is again asking for the first number and again we will provide the same numbers. Okay, so I will pass the five as the first number and I will pass the seven as the second number. Okay, and as you can see then output that 12 is the correct result we have get. Okay, so this will happen when you are using the input function. Okay, so it will take the integer input in the string format by default. Okay, if you want to check it then you have to manually type cast it. Okay, so let's move to the here. Okay, so there is one question for you guys. Okay, what is the default data type in which Python accepts the input from the user and what are the different techniques which is used to resolve this issue. Okay, so think and try to answer this. So string is the default data type as we seen earlier that in which Python accepts the user input. Okay, if you want to change it then there are techniques which are called as the type casting. Okay, that we have seen earlier and second one is also the indexing term. Okay, the using indexing also you can change it. Okay, so we will check its demo. Okay, then you will come to know better. So what I will do is that I will remove all this stuff from here. Okay, just a second. Right, as we know the character input is not introduced in the Python. Okay, so we will try to implement that one. Okay, what I will do is that I will use this one variable which accept the character. Okay, and for that I will accept the user input as the character. Okay, so what I will do I will write here input just a second and here I am expecting the character input. So I will pass the message as the interact character. Right, and after that what I will do is that I will print as it is. Okay, no any complex code is there. Okay, I will write simply print ch. Okay, and I will save this file first and I will execute later. Okay, so it is asking for the character as per our estimation and I will pass now I will pass the one string there. Okay, I will pass the PQR there. Okay, I will not pass the character. So let's check what is the output. So the output is PQR. So it is not expected guys. Okay, why because we are accepting the character. Okay, so if string is passed then and then it is working properly it should not be happen like that. Okay, so propaganda is compromised here. So for that the second technique as we have seen earlier that we have to implement this to resolve that issue. Okay, so for that what we will do is that instead of printing the whole ch. Okay, we will accept only the first character. Okay, whether the user pass the string then only we will pass only the first character. Okay, I will we will ignore all the rest part there. Okay, for that we can write here the indexing term and you can do it likewise. Okay, so for this I will again run this file and as you can see it is accepting the character but we will pass the string here again. Okay, so I will pass the PQR and you can see the output is only the first character. Okay, so likewise in this fashion using the indexing term you can resolve this issue. Okay, but I just want to tell you one more thing that instead of writing here ch of 0 at printing statement. Okay, what is the problem in that one is that you use the indexing at time of the printing but ch is still storing the whole string here. Okay, so it should not be happen. We will accept only the first character. Okay, we will store only the first character. Okay, so for that what I will do is that I will remove the indexing from here and I will use the indexing at the input only. Okay, so whatever input we have accepted and at that time only we will accept the only first letter. Okay, so now obviously ch will contain only the character and we will print the ch. Okay, so it should not be changed the output. Okay, so let's check what is the output and it is again asking for the character I will pass the string again. Now it say the value of the ch is the p. Okay, it means you are reducing the storage here. Okay, I know it is negligible but it's okay. Okay, so in this fashion you can use the typecasting and indexing technique to change the default data type. Okay, which is the string data type by default. Okay, so this is it regarding the user inputs. Okay, so these are some references I used to make this video. Thank you.


Hi, everyone. My name's Tal Oppenheimer. And I'll be talking to you about how you can make web experiences that work for everyone around the world. So as we probably know, the world is a pretty big place. Looking at statistics from the end of 2014, we have about 3.2 billion internet users around the world. But when we're actually developing and building our experiences, some of us might have a picture of the world that looks a little bit more like this. And if we're really sort of expanding what we're thinking about, we might throw Europe into the mix, too. But if you actually look at where the internet users are, it's a lot more distributed than that. So this is a map that shows the number of internet users currently online, where darker means more internet users around the world for each country. So you'll notice that while the United States has about 279 million internet users, there's a number of other countries that are also quite prominent. India, for example, at the end of 2014 had about 243 million internet users, so a close runner up to the United States. And what's more interesting is we actually look where the growth is happening. This is a similar map that's looking at users that came online in 2014. And here in the United States, we had about 17 million internet users come online for the first time. But in India, we actually had 30 million internet users coming online for the very first time just in 2014. And to put that into perspective, 30 million, that's about half of the population of the United Kingdom, coming online in India alone in just 2014. And what's more, if we actually look at where we're expecting the growth to continue to happen moving forward, this is the number of people who are not yet online by country. So you'll notice that here the US is less prominent. It's a little bit more saturated. We still see that about 42 million users may be coming online. But this is compared to India that we're expecting about 1 billion and 24 million internet users who are not yet online to be able to potentially come online. So in terms of where we're expecting growth to be able to happen for new internet users, the United States isn't necessarily the main focus here. There's a lot of people that will be coming online in very different areas. So sure, those are some big numbers. But what does this actually mean? And what might this mean for your experience that you're building? So I just want to look at the e-commerce in India and some of the growth that we're seeing here. So a lot of users coming online might not necessarily mean that this has a big impact for you. But this is just a case study of e-commerce. So what we've seen in India is that e-commerce over the last years has really skyrocketed and is continuing to grow. So these are some headlines from a number of e-commerce players in the India market today. But just in terms of projections, there's actually expected that by 2020 the e-commerce market in India will be a $100 billion market. So we're seeing really huge growth and actually having functional impact on the experiences and how users will be interacting with your site in some of these areas. But there are some challenges. So a lot of us, as we mentioned, we're often sitting developing with fast Wi-Fi connections on our laptops, but the users that are coming online for the very first time may never have used a laptop. I was actually just in India talking to a number of users about what works for them, what doesn't, how they use the web, how they use their phone, and what some of the challenges, what they want, what they don't want, just to get a better sense of what's going on. And I was sitting down with a 32-year-old woman in Pune. We were sitting in her living room. And I just asked her if she remembers her first time using the internet. And her answer was yes. It was about a year ago. She had borrowed her husband's phone and used the internet for the first time. And this is very different than my first experience with the internet and probably a number of your first experiences with the internet. We have people who are coming online interacting with the web for the very first time on a mobile device, not on a big laptop, not on a Wi-Fi connection. And oftentimes, when we think of mobile devices, we might be thinking about something like this. We might have this in our pocket or something similar. This is the Nexus 6P. It was released in 2015. It's 5.7 inches, so a pretty large device. It has 3 gigabytes of RAM. And storage can vary depending on which version you purchase, from 32 to 128 gigabytes of storage. Now, when I was just in India, we also talked to a number of store owners and to get a sense of what sort of phones do they have, what sort of phones do they sell, and what do they suggest for someone who's coming in to purchase a phone for the first time and connect to the internet for the first time. And this is just one example of a phone that they sell. So this is the Samsung Galaxy J1. It was also released in 2015. It's 4.3 inches, so a little bit smaller. It has 512 megabytes of RAM and 4 gigabytes of storage. So just as a quick comparison here, we have about 1 1⁄6 of the RAM. And best case scenario, if you get the smallest Nexus 6P, we're talking about 1 1⁄8 of the storage space. This is a very different device profile than what you might have in your pocket, what you might use on a daily basis, and what we often end up envisioning in our head when we're actually building these mobile web experiences. The good news is, the web actually solves a number of these problems that some of these different devices can introduce. Installs, as Darren mentioned, are not an issue on the web. You don't have to worry about your actual experience getting downloaded on the device, which can be a real problem when you're talking about some of these devices that have limited storage space. What's more is you don't actually have to worry about the exact APK size and worry about shaving off megabytes on that APK so you don't get blocked because users don't have quite enough space to download your experience. What's even better is once users are interacting with your experience, you don't have to worry about getting it up to date. Because again, with native apps, you often see that installs can be challenging because they also require more storage space and connectivity. So the web does a lot of things to actually solve some of the problems or challenges that these devices can introduce. But there are some other constraints that come into play that I just want to talk a little bit about. The first is connectivity. So a lot of us here are probably connected to Wi-Fi right now. It might be a little bit slow because it is a conference. But in a lot of these areas where users are coming online for the very first time, 2G is incredibly prevalent. And the 2G speeds that we're talking about here are about 60 kilobytes per second, or sometimes ranging up to about in a good condition 450 kilobytes per second. And just to put this in context, globally, 62% of mobile connections are on 2G. And when you're actually looking at the countries where users are coming online for the very first time in India, for example, you see 87% of mobile connections are 2G. So this means that a user's very first interaction with the internet, borrowing their husband's cell phone, buying their own first smartphone, they're going to most likely be connecting on very different network conditions than what we might be using and what we may be testing and experiencing on our own devices. And just to put this in context, you guys may already be familiar with some of these stats. But a one second delay in page time can lead to very concrete impact in the user experience. So a study found that this one second delay can lead to 11% fewer page views on an experience. And this actually also has a qualitative impact on the user's experience, where it led to a 16% decrease in customer satisfaction. And this is a one second delay, which when we're comparing 2G networks to 4G networks or the fast Wi-Fi we might have, the seconds may be an order of magnitude or two larger than one second delays. So making sure that you can really make your experience as fast as possible is very important. And I'll talk a little bit more about that later. The second is even when users are connected, the connectivity can be quite expensive. So in India, it can take 17 hours of minimum wage work to get a 500 megabyte data plan. So just put this in context of web and what we're thinking about here, looking at the average size of a web page. This roughly translates to one hour of minimum wage work in India, loads about 15 web pages. So this is a web page, not a web site, so every single click on the web would count as a separate web page here. So if you take a moment to think of maybe how many web pages you visited this morning, or how many web pages you visited yesterday, do a quick mental calculation of how many hours of minimum wage work you may have been expected to work to be able to afford that. This can become a really large number. I got terrified when I did this myself and would not be able to work enough to pay for my browsing habits. So what this means, both the speed, the connectivity, and the device is that users are interacting with their phone and the internet somewhat differently. The first big consideration is that users are making trade-offs regularly. Choosing to use your experience comes at the cost of choosing to use some other experience, because they might not have a connection later, or they might be out of data for that day or that month. And so as a result, we actually, I was talking to a student in Brazil about how she uses her phone throughout the day. And what we found is that during the day, as the day starts, she actually doesn't browse as often. Instead, she just only uses her phone when it's absolutely critical to message a friend that she's meeting up with or something like that. Later in the day, when she has a sense of how much data she's already used and how much data she has left, she lets herself explore more, use the browser when she gets home, and some of these other experiences, because she knows she has the data and won't be stuck in a position of not being able to do a critical task, be it a search or communicating with her friend, when she actually needs to. Similar to this, because of the trade-offs that people are making constantly, users are also turning their data on and off. And we've seen this one user that I was also talking to in India mention that they actually go into airplane mode about 14 times in one day. This is because in addition to just the intermittent connectivity, the concern over data usage is very real. And there's a hesitation for releasing that control and trusting that the experiences will be data conscientious. And so users are just turning off data so that data is not being used unless they know and need it. And finally, as a result of these two and a number of these other constraints, every extra step that a user has to take on their phone takes time because of the connectivity might be limited or intermittent, and actually takes money because each one of these page navigations takes data, and that correlates directly to hours that they need to work to afford some of these data plans. So this may seem a little bit daunting. There's a big opportunity, but there's a lot of unique constraints. So what can we actually do to make the experience better? The first is removing steps to re-engagement. So Darren talked about some of the new features that we have, and those can have a really big impact. So this is just a simulation here of navigating to a web page on a simulated 2G connection. So what you'll notice here is that I'm navigating to Google.com, though there's a number of other entry points for how I could get to a web page, be it a bookmark or from the new tab page or another experience. And every step that has to happen here on a 2G connection just takes time. So this is actually a faster 2G connection that we're simulating here. There is a broad range. And so I'm specifically trying to navigate to a voice memo app. And the big thing here is that each step, in addition to just taking the time, that this video in total will take about a minute for me to get to my final destination, is also costing money. So I had to do two additional page navigations before I actually got to the experience that I was going for. And this is going to directly relate to users having to make those regular trade-offs. If it's taking extra steps, that's just extra effort for the user that they need to go through that is compounded by some of these constraints that we see. So Darren talked about this a little earlier. But the features we have, such as the add to home screen feature, can really help the user actually get what they care about as quickly as possible. So in addition to letting you re-engage with the user easily by just having this access point, you've also just removed a number of steps for the user to get to your experience in the first place. So you're reducing those trade-offs that they have to make and the extra time and money that they have to spend to just get to your experience. Additionally, with the notifications that Darren also mentioned, and we'll be talking about in more detail later, you can make sure that for the experiences that are most time sensitive or most critical to surface to a user, they don't have to spend that time within your app taking those extra steps as well. You can directly link a user to the experience within your app that is most important and critical to them. And so with notifications, this is an example of Facebook one, you can make sure to deep link and remove not only the steps to your experience, but the steps within that. So you don't aren't asking users to take this extra time and money to get to some of the experience that may be time sensitive. But once users actually get to their experience, you want to make sure that it's as fast as possible and that your data conscientious in what you're actually creating. So Chrome actually has a number of features that are aiming to help already. Chrome Data Saver on Chrome for Mobile is already launched and is a proxy service for HTTP content that can actually save up to 60% of data on average. And what we see is that users around the world are actually using this and enabling it and showing that they are more sensitive to data. So globally, Data Saver is enabled for more than 10% of users, and we see much higher percentages in some of these areas where users are coming online for the very first time. What's more is we're actually currently doing a field trial for Data Saver users who have expressed particular concern with saving data to make sure that we're proactively giving them control of where their data is going. So in this particular field trial, we're identifying particularly slow connections and replacing most images on the page with placeholders so that the user can then choose to long press on an image if they want it or click load images to load all the images on the page. What this allows us to do is that on those connections that are particularly problematic and for users who have expressed particular interest in saving data, we're actually giving them back the control so that they can make sure that the experience works for them and they're using the data where and when they need to. We also have a lot of functionality for developers to help with this as well. The page speed module is already available. And with just a single line of code, you can add this in and make sure that you're getting these data saving experiences for both HTTP and HTTPS content on your web page experience. And so what this lets you do is we've run some trials with this. And this does all the transformations for you with functionally no visible impact on the page for the user. And for users who have clients that have WebP enabled, we've actually seen that on average this causes 37% data savings with a single line of code and no user visible change. So this is a huge impact with just adding this to make sure that for all of your users, you're as data sensitive as possible and really creating great experiences. Beyond that, we also have a number of hints, client hints that are available. These are coming out in M46. So we have DPR width and viewport width, which can allow you to optimize your experience depending on the device that the user actually has. So what this lets you do is make sure that for users who are on maybe on smaller devices, you don't need to send that whole large image. You can actually make sure that you're sending just the image and the bytes that are actually necessary for that user. What's more is we're also working on a save data hint that will be coming out in M49. In Chrome, this save data hint is going to map directly to that data saver feature that we have in Chrome. So that if a user has data saver on, you will know that the user is particularly sensitive to data, and you can make sure that your experience works well for them. So just to give a few examples of some of the things you could do here, so for a particularly data sensitive user, you could load only the critical images to make sure that the default experience really works for them and start building that trust that you are aware that they're sensitive to data and you're taking proactive action to make sure that you're building the best experience possible. You could also do things like changing the resolution of the video or removing autoplay on any videos you have, so that the default experience isn't the one that assumes that users are comfortable using data, but rather is optimized for the user that you're seeing. To make sure that they feel that they are in control and that you can gain that trust, that the users know that when they come to your experience, it says data conscientious as possible. We also have a number of features that you can use to help optimize the speed and the experience on your web page, regardless of the connectivity quality that a user's experienced. So Downlink Max, it was coming out in M48 as part of our NetInfo API, allows you to not only see the actual navigation connection type, but see what the maximum expected throughput of that connection type is, so that you know if a user is currently connected to one of those 2G connections, and you can listen to this. So as users change based on where they are or what their connectivity actually looks like, you can make sure that your experience works well. So if you do want to have an experience that assumes a sort of Wi-Fi or very fast bandwidth, you can, but you can also make sure that your experience is really gonna work well for users who may not currently be in that condition, and they can adjust as those situations change. And what can be challenging with a number of these things is we are connected on Wi-Fi. We do have our 3G, 4G data plans, and so it's often hard to simulate and actually see what your experience might be like. With DevTools and Chrome, you can simulate various network conditions. We also have PageSpeedTest, and I know we'll do a deep dive tomorrow on various speed-related issues, but I won't steal too much from that. But with PageSpeedTest, you can actually make sure that your experience is fully optimized and you can see what it looks like on real 2G and 3G connections, on devices actually in a number of these countries. So you can fully simulate, experience it firsthand, see if it's the experience you want, and adjust it if not to make sure that it's one that you think will work for your users, regardless of where they might be. So a lot of these things have been assuming that a user is currently connected. They have a data plan that they're worried about, or they have a slow connection, but sometimes that's just not the case. And if you've made re-engagement really easy, hopefully users can click right into your experience, but what you might want to avoid is them tapping right into your experience and being met with the offline dyno page. Now, I personally love this game as much as the next person and I'm happy to compete for high scores for anyone who wants to later on. But if you're actually trying to engage and create an experience for your users, something more like this might be preferable. So this is the same voice memo app, and when I'm offline, I can fully see all my memos, listen to them, add new ones, and interact with it. And so with Service Worker, which I know we'll be doing a deep dive into, I believe, right after the break, you can do a lot for this experience to actually make sure that when the users are completely offline, they can interact with your experience. And you can also, what's interesting, is make sure that as the user transitions back to online, that is seamless transition, and they can also, any sort of actions that may require you to be online to complete are transitioned over smoothly. So as users are going in and out of connectivity variations, whether it's speed or actually being completely offline, and then back to online, you've created a seamless experience for them across the board. So with all of these things, you've created an experience that's ideally optimized for all devices, not assuming the sort of big devices and the profiles that we might be expecting or used to or have in our pocket. You've made it really easy for your user to re-engage so that you're not adding additional steps that can actually just cost time and money. And when they're actually in your experience, you're furthering this by making sure that any clicks or interactions within your experience are very sensitive to time and the loading speeds that users might be experiencing and the cost that comes with that. And finally, you've also adjusted to make sure that on any type of connection, your experience still works well and can fluctuate and adjust throughout these. And so with all of these things, you can really make an experience that works for everyone, whether it's a user coming online for the very first time or someone who's on that speedy Wi-Fi on that great connection, you've adjusted and built something that works for all of the billions of users that we're hoping and expecting to come online. Thank you very much.