Okay, good morning, my name is Mike Keating, I'm an Acting Assistant Commissioner with the Queensland Police Service and thank you for being here today and allowing us to share our message in relation to community safety for New Year. I'd like to wish you all a happy New Year of course and I hope your dreams come true, shall we say. Tonight's a great night, it's a family night, it's an opportunity for people to go and enjoy time with their families and friends to go to large places where big crowds gather and that's a great part of the year but it's important that we do that safely and we take account of our own safety and the safety of people around us. So we'll have a large contingent of police deployed across the state tonight, somewhere between 2400-2700 police will be on duty across the state between 6pm and 6am overnight. So that's a large contingent of police, they're there to assist the community to enjoy the night so everybody can have a hassle-free and enjoyable occasion, so let's say it all goes well for them. How many have stationed here in Brisbane? There's around five or six hundred in the Brisbane area, both on the north side and south side, they'll be attending the South Bank area, the Fortitude Valley area and the larger community gathering areas across the CBD and the city. So big numbers there, nearly 600 police down at the Gold Coast and many hundreds are at the larger provincial cities and locations around the state. So there's about 65,000 people at South Bank last year, what are you estimating this evening? The forecast is about 80,000 people for South Bank, about 110,000 to 130,000 people in and around the CBD so it's a big night, many tens of thousands down at the Gold Coast of course and the north coast and the other regional cities, so we've got large numbers of police deployed, they're there to help the community enjoy the night. We ask people to behave responsibly, to act responsibly, if they're having a drink, to drink responsibly. If you're going out with your friends, look after your friends, look after yourself. If you're driving, please don't drink and drive, take a designated driver and reward those people tomorrow for helping you tonight.  Well look, that's a decision for everybody to make in their own right and the weather outside today is not that positive but I notice the forecast is for inclement weather in Brisbane today but improving tonight so people shouldn't go out if they're concerned about the weather but you know if the weather's fine, tracks good, go and enjoy yourself. So is the message firm but fair?  You know, people who are out to stop other people enjoying themselves, well that's not acceptable to us, it's not acceptable to the general community but if you're out enjoying yourself, enjoying your friends' company, you've got nothing to worry about the extra police. There are restrictions on liquor, there are designated areas where you can't have liquor. If you're in possession of liquor, you do commit an offence in those places, such as Southbank, so you can't take liquor into Southbank or other designated areas. If you are in possession of liquor, it may be seized by the police, it could be tipped out and you could be issued with a fine. Do you know how many arrests were made on these last year? No I don't, I'm sorry. Is there anything that you're particularly focusing on this year from incidents that might have happened around New Year's last year? Well the message at this time of year is to be responsible for your own behaviour and your own circumstances. If you're out with a group of people, be responsible for your friends. From time to time we do see people who drink too much and can't look after themselves, so drink responsibly, mix your drinks, non-alcoholic drink for every alcoholic drink is a good way to do it, drink plenty of water, have a good meal before you go out or while you're out, but you know just generally enjoy your time with your friends, but be responsible for where you are and what you're doing. Cowbrings can be a source of great frustration, will there be more police at Cowbrings tonight? Well the police will be deployed across the cities in the areas where the community are, so if they need to be rotated or moved to particular places that'll happen quite quickly. You know we do have to be a bit patient later in the night when everybody's trying to get around the city, but public transport is free, so if you can access the public transport that's a really good way to get around the city. If you're needing to wait for a taxi, well you need to be patient and enjoy the company of those people around you as much as you can. Don't jump the queue, you know everybody lines up and we'll have a great night. You had to tell people if people have started drinking now, how bad would it be to wake up in the watch house tomorrow morning? What could they experience in the watch house to make them not do it? I've never met anybody who enjoyed waking up in the watch house on New Year's Day. It's not a really nice way to start your new year. For that matter you don't want to end up in a hospital waiting room or an emergency centre, so you know we can go out and enjoy ourselves. We just need to be sensible about that and if we're with friends take care of each other. We have three police officers injured at the Gold Coast overnight and obviously there's a huge crowd expecting him to bruise when it's a volatile situation. Are you showing out to police in terms of their safety? Well police are well trained. We do a lot of work ensuring that our police know how to handle these situations, how to work with the crowds that are around. It's not a matter of threatening people, it's a matter of working with them, explaining to them what we're doing and why we're doing it. But police are very conscious of their safety and if they need to act in a way to preserve their safety well we endorse that, there's no problems there. And how does the numbers of police out tonight compared to previous years? Is this a big police blitz? Are we seeing more numbers of cops out than we have previously? This would be around the same number of deployments as we'd see every year for these types of major events. I notice in a media conference this morning, Victoria, we're talking about a thousand police across Victoria tonight. Well we've got two and a half thousand people across Queensland deployed to help the community enjoy the night, be safe and everybody gets home and has a great night and that would be a fantastic outcome for all of us. Are there any parts of the country that are going with mounted police and sniffer dogs? Will you have a similar response to that? Our deployments will include uniform police, plain clothes police, specialist police from public safety response team, some of the other specialist areas. There'll be a high presence from the road policing command ensuring our presence is noted and that people who take the risk of driving while they've been drinking that we can meet those people on the road and we can deal with that situation. We've had a really good success this year with our road safety campaign over the Christmas national campaign period and we really want to continue that through until the 3rd of January. What is the total at the moment compared to this time last year? As of today the total is 272 which is eight less to the same stage as last year. It's 19 less on a five year average that where we would see it so that's a good result. Importantly compared to last year we have many less injury traffic crashes than we would have had at the same period last year. So overall it's a good result but there have still been a number of people detected for drink driving, number of people detected for driving whilst under the influence of drugs. We're seeing thousands of people being intercepted and issued with traffic infringement notices for speeding, seat belts, driving whilst using a mobile phone. So the message is clear take your own responsibility, take a measured approach to what you're doing and we'll all get home safe. What court drunkenness will it lead to tonight? Look the circumstances will depend what the charge may be but they'll be, they may be taking to a place of safety and release from there, they may be charged at the White House, just depends on their circumstance. But it's a penalty to consume liquor in a public place or a place where you're not entitled to consume liquor and that's $110 fine. Some people will unfortunately receive the benefit of that fine tonight but please have discretion, we would encourage them to have discretion in appropriate circumstances. Up to 100,000 people coming to the city tonight possibly, that's a huge number of people. This is really kind of a great training exercise for police ahead of what they could expect come G20 this year. Well if we can build on the experiences we've had for many years with these types of events in the city, South Bank has been a large gathering point for large crowds for a whole range of events over the last 25 years and they're all important, one on top of the other, they build our experience, they give us an understanding of the environment. It's a good lesson for any event in the future in the South Bank area and that includes G20. And just what sort of shutdowns on the River and air traffic has that been affected? The Harbour Master has put some restrictions in relation to the use of the river. They're available through the Queensland Transport website. There will be road closures in the general CBD area around Brisbane from time to time as people move in and out. Across the state various areas will have temporary road closures as well. The message there is pretty clear. If you can use public transport do so. At times during the night various bridges in the city will be closed off to vehicles and will be used as primarily as pedestrian access and movement. So be conscious of temporary road closures, take instructions from the police and other transport people that you see around in terms of moving around the city and overall we just hope everybody enjoys the night and we all start 2014 on a great note. Is there any particular area that police are concerned about this year? Anywhere where there's a large gathering is always important to us because there's families about, there's community members about so they're important. So South Bank is a big area, Fortitude Valley, any of the drink safe precincts around the state but so too are any areas where people would gather and from time to time we see incidents that occur in private homes where parties spill out and so forth. So we'll be mindful of what's happening across the city, across the state. And we'll be aware of the circumstances that arise. Great. Hope you all have a new .


Greetings from the Commonwealth of Learning. It's an honour to be virtually present at this conference hosted by the Namibian Open Learning Network Trust or NullNet. The theme, the role of open distance and e-learning in the fourth Industrial Revolution is extremely appropriate and I'm very grateful to the organisers for the opportunity to reflect on it. But first about the Commonwealth of Learning, you know the Commonwealth of Learning or CALL is an inter-governmental organisation that helps Commonwealth Member States and institutions to use technologies for expanding access to education and training. We are very grateful for the consistent support that we receive from the Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture, Namibia. CALL also enjoys a very productive partnership with NamCALL, NullNet, the Namibian Qualifications Authority and the University of Namibia. In my presentation, I will first look at the evolving role of open and distance learning in the fourth Industrial Revolution and then focus on the opportunities that this revolution offers. Finally, I will look ahead at three concrete steps that we can take to make ODL relevant to the needs of changing times. From mechanisation in the first Industrial Revolution to artificial intelligence and robotics in the fourth Industrial Revolution, we have come a long way. So what has been the impact of these revolutions on ODL? In the first Industrial Revolution, when the steam engine was invented, higher education made a transition from being elite to one which anyone could aspire to. The second Industrial Revolution was marked by the assembly line and mass production when it became possible to produce self-instructional booklets and offer correspondence courses. The rise of the computer and internet in the third Revolution led to the rise of open universities and today in the fourth revolution marked by artificial intelligence and robotics, we have MOOCs and Open Educational Resources or OER. Now, 50 years ago, ODL was a disruptive innovation. Clayton Christensen defines disruptive innovation in business as a process whereby a smaller entity with fewer resources is able to successfully challenge established players and displace big businesses by addressing a specific need that had hitherto not been addressed. If we use Christensen's disruptive innovation model in higher education, we find that open and distance learning was the innovation that challenged mainstream face-to-face higher education and catered to marginalized and unreached constituencies. ODL as an innovation has evolved and served the needs of different contexts and constituencies. It has evolved and grown from face-to-face teaching, blended and flexible approaches to entirely online provision. The philosophy of openness which underpins ODL guides us to be open to people, to places, to methods and to ideas. But have we really reached the unreached, the marginalized and people with disabilities? How can we harness the new developments in technologies to become more open and inclusive? So let us begin with Open Educational Resources or OER. These free resources can be reused and repurposed to suit different needs. One key difference between OER and other educational resources is that OER have an open license which allows adaptation and reuse without having to request the copyright holder. The rise of OER can open up access by providing free content. For example, in Bandar College of Agriculture, Malavi, a lecturer developed a communication skills textbook using 75% OER from the internet. A lecturer in Jaws, Nigeria, who was looking for a similar textbook found this useful resource on the internet and was able to use it for his own students. So you can see how helpful this is. The second is MOOC platforms which allow us to offer free online courses to thousands of students around the world. MOOCs have major implications for both campus-based and ODL institutions. Some institutions allow learners to complete free MOOCs and give credit for those subjects, even towards their formal qualifications. We can use a blended approach for MOOCs by offering the courses offline and online using various devices including mobile phones. So this makes higher education much more affordable. Artificial intelligence is beginning to have a presence in education. Intelligence tutoring systems use AI techniques to simulate one-to-one human tutoring and provide immediate feedback, all without the presence of a human teacher. AI helps to analyze and summarize the discussions in online courses so that a human tutor can guide the students towards fruitful collaboration and problem-solving. Let me give you one example from the Open University of Malaysia which has developed chatbots for tutoring a course on object-oriented programming. So I think AI can help us to personalize learning and to provide immediate feedback to the learner. Let's come to augmented reality and virtual reality technologies which have a great potential to improve learner experience. However, these are so far available in well-resourced urban centers but we can use these technologies to conduct virtual experiments and experience real-life situations without leaving the classroom. These technologies will be particularly relevant for providing skills training at scale. In the fourth industrial revolution, learners have more choices and will demand greater flexibility. They will move back and forth from academia to employment. This will give rise to networks of multiversities. So collaboration will become key. Microqualifications will be as important as degrees and the faculty will have to become lifelong learners to keep pace with these changes. Are we ready to harness emerging technologies to make learning more affordable, interactive, personalized and interesting? So let's look at the road ahead. You know the global community has adopted 17 sustainable development goals of which SDG4 aspires to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning for all by 2030. So how can we as the ODL community contribute? First, refocus on lifelong learning. From the very beginning, open distance and e-learning has catered to the needs of lifelong learners through its flexible and learner-centric approaches. Lifelong learning includes the whole spectrum of formal, non-formal and informal learning. And as countries need to re-skill and re-skill their workforce, ODL can be a cost-effective option. Second, address the issue of employability for our youth. Youth unemployment is very high in many of our countries. We will need to prepare our youth for livelihoods, whether it's employment or entrepreneurship. This will require a curriculum that addresses the needs of industry and society. To create a higher education system that is responsible to the market needs and future requirements, it's necessary to reimagine our policies and practices. Third, focus on inclusive education. In developing countries, 90% of children with disabilities are out of school. The situation is no better in the tertiary sector. We can integrate principles of universal design in preparing ODL materials. Assistive technologies such as voice recognition, Braille displays, screen magnification and various mobile apps are already available on smartphones. We need to use these technologies to make ODL more disabled-friendly. While technologies are becoming pervasive in the fourth industrial revolution, let us not forget the human, social and moral dimensions. We need to remember the three E's – empathy, equity and ethics. Let me explain. As robots take up cognitive tasks which they can perform much better than us, what is special about human beings is empathy. We need to have empathy for our learners and we need to skill our learners to have empathy with others. The second, the costs of emerging technologies often disadvantages people in remote areas so there's more inequity. What policies and practices do we need to put in place to ensure that we don't widen the existing digital divide? Finally, there's the question of ethics. How can we use these technologies ethically to develop good citizens who are in peace and harmony with the world? I'm sure some of these thoughts will resonate with you and lead to fruitful discussions but not just that, also action plans. So with that, let me thank you very much for your kind attention.


Hello friends and welcome back to another VGC 2020 battle series episode My name is Lee also known as Osiris and to everyone that's new to the channel welcome everyone else. It's already here Welcome, I hope you're all doing well and staying safe in this current situation that we're all in But earlier in the week getting into this episode. We played and kicked off with G max toxterity It's a lot of fun and but I did say we'd make some changes coming into today's episode So as you can see the team is on your screen now It's got a lot of hidden tricks up its sleeve and we'll get into those as we go through the episode today And but it consists of the intelion the G max toxterity is still there to send a piece of the team the mimikyu Kanto 9 tills dragapult and venus or some it's a mad bunch of Pokemon I might be mad in what I'm doing here, but it will work. We needed speed control. We've got it in abundance Even if it's not super apparent on the face of it But as always there will be a rental team at the end of this episode. So do stick around for that and as well If you do enjoy this sort of content, please remember to drop a like on the video Do hit the subscribe button as well for more content like this and more Pokemon content in general So got a first poke opponent. They're ranked 37th in the world. So I'm Gonna be a good match They're playing a team of bravery ex-goodwill lapras in Cinero got the tell and the Grim snarl So we've got the trapping element from the got the tell Pivot options within Cinero G max is gonna be probably lapras here And then you've got fake tier support potentially from the Grim snarl the ex-good will is going to be a bit of a pain Bravery, I don't really worry about too much But it does offer speed control with that tailwind and the max air streams tell you what let's go for it Let's go in telly on toxterity here to kick us off with tox Obviously got to be a bit careful around the got the tell and the ex-good drill but other than that We do all right. We do all right. I think and what do we want in the back here? Let's see. Let's see. Let's see. Mmm. Probably Venus or nine tails, you know Let's do that But a lot of psychic weakness here, but we've got a lot of firepower as well So we can we can do stuff to the goth hotel.  We're fine Grim snorlax drill coming out my opponent. What I have to worry about here is does the Grim snorl have Does the Grim snorl have take out if it does when knackered? but Thing is Are they gonna max? I don't know if they will.  That makes sense. Probably not We could always max and tell you on but it kind of defeats a purpose. I Want to go for this. I want to go for it. Let's go for it Okay, well the idea behind this was we can I see when break the session the extra drill and Then if you max it and go max flare, and we've got a hasty nature on Do max toxicity? Will outspeed it and it also gives us a way to knock it out, but if it does Max, I don't think we pick up the knockout. So I think we need the Sun It's gonna be interesting to see what the Grim snorl does here. Maybe Maybe screens maybe goes for a fake out as well. Like I said, if it does then we're pretty knackered There's a lot of ifs, buts, and maybes here. It's just a thunder wave, but that totally Breaks breaks everything that we're trying to do and maybe they predict into the intelligent rather than the talks How they do huh? Okay We're back in the game my friends. This is alright. You see we're doing the silly thing So my opponent playing safe doesn't realize what we're doing, but We might be able to get the X control here There's the max flare not expecting this Okay, so if we can get the icy wind If you get the icy wind we can actually get the knockout the next turn Come on and tell you This is so so ridiculous Okay, well we got the max flare the next turn Does the X control max guard though? We keep Intellion around Like honestly, no, I don't think we do We could we could so I will just go for another icy wind I think it's probably the safest thing we've got for another max flare as well Okay There's a max guard coming out that makes sense Exense Sucker punch into tell you I'm gonna get rid of that thing That's alright though because now we've got a good old Venus order coming, but we will get we will get tea waves so It's what do we what would we prefer to get tea waves probably nine tails because Venus or relies on its speed so Let's get nine tails in Because then we can heat wave the ex-good real and then we can max ooze a grim snore But it's probably not a good idea to do that We should just heat wave and then go max flare again because the thing is you can paralyze nine tails like we just Be talking about so we're better off. Just go max flare get rid of the ex-good real Would okay saving it for later. That's fine What's coming in and sooner off? Okay Okay There's the intimidate and the way that's fine. I mean ideally we want to be getting rid of the grim snore Yes, that really all we've done is clap click max flare the toxic is ridiculous We do get the heat wave off sun boosted doing some nice damage as well, you know And as long as nine tails is on the field, I mean we need to keep an eye on They're gonna go fake out I think we need to keep an eye on our weather how long we've got the sun up for two more times You know what? I'm gonna switch into being so here I'm just gonna protect and burn the fake out potential fake out coming out I don't think if you're in scenario you go for flablets into the nine tails You might go for a parting shot, but I Want to want to try and do this next turn Okay, um Yeah, we want to protect Venus or here We could switch back into nine tails, but I don't know it might be nice to get rid of grim snore right now. We might go down to an incineroar bledlets This tox isn't the most bulky Pokemon and we are hasty as well So but I'm hoping you chase down the Venus over here. That would be the best best thing Don't for the taunt He's got for a flablet into Venus. Oh We should get the grim snore But it does depend whether the insinuars Targeting excellent Excellent. Okay, sunlight does fade, but that's fine Exkidrill are you gonna make in the little appearance right now? Is it super obvious that we switch into nine tails? Um There's an earth bar probably gets incineroar. So the extra real just protect I'll go for we need to preserve I'm gonna go for this play. I'm gonna go for the overdrive and the the earth part into the Yeah, okay, we get it Because the thing is if if we if we lose Venus all here Then our nine tails is paralyzed. So exkidrill has a way easier time against it might proc a berry Yeah, we're back to square one is the earth power. It is expert belt It's enough. There we go. Okay. Now. We might be able to clinch this one Okay, now we can switch into nine tails pretty safely Oh, can we well we can because Tox will deal with bravery all day long. We just a part into the exkidrill Switching to nine tails and then we we get rid of the exkidrill And and then talks can clean up the bird So all going well, we should we should have a little victory here to kick us off with today against a pretty high rated opponent And Which is a nice a nice victory for the Tox it's actually done some work in this match even though G max is just fire punched every time max fled But it's specifically for the exkidrill matchup. It's just when they max it can get a bit tricky Now you could play something like a balloon on there to kind of get around that I guess but The plan is it hopefully doesn't max even though most of the time it probably will There's the brave bird. It does take down Venus. Oh, but it's done its job We've got good old talks to come in now and I think the combination talks risky and nine tails we should be fine With an overdrive life or boosted it should do the trick and And Just to make sure we neuter this thing if things go south But we actually outspeed it so that's good Come on talks there we go. That's what we want to see Okay, well we get a win with the team A really good game to my opponent I think we got a bit like we said, you know turn one They made a prediction and we kind of Capitalized on that Which is it's not always going to go that straightforward But really nice game there and hope you guys enjoyed that one hit that like button if you enjoyed that game We're going to have one more before we finish up today and for the week with toxicity And like I said, I'll um, I'll put the rental code up at the end of the the episode Um, hopefully we can get the pledge mod working in this next one because we've got Venusaur and intelion that can both Be pledge pokemon so we can maybe do some pledge stuff. Um, hmm Okay, next opponent tug of the morrow tyrannotor wheezing Rotom cut alcanine and garrados double intimidate um Very little speed control outside of max airstream on the garrados and then nuzzle on the tug of the morrow um overdrive really good here, um because It doesn't help the garrados escape. Um the electric type attacks So i'm quite happy bringing Toxicity to this one. I think you can do a lot of work as well to be honest wheezing is it causing us any issues at all not really Really really not really not really. Um, hmm It could just go the same again, you know You could literally just go the same again But we might be better off going for Hmm Now we'll go the same again. We'll go and tell you on Toxicity. It's a little sad. We're not going to get to see the pledge stuff going but we might do We do have the combination there. We'll just leave the ghosts at home If we can get soak going as well, that'd be nice wouldn't it? If we can soak because intelion the main reason where I started from the starting point was intelion got soak It gets ic runes. That's ideal. It's so fast as well It's gonna have to be the most things in the format So we're always gonna get ic windoff first and then toxicity gets the the dynamic speed change to start throwing out some damage Which is really nice. Um, but soak as well is such a powerful weapon in this format Um, hmm Terranitar I did not expect you to make an appearance Okay, um You've got to be expecting Tell you on max, right? We can't use our gmax move which is a little bit unfortunate Unless it's not lightning rod But it blatantly is with garrados on the team has to be we could we could max Blair and get rid of the sand that might be an idea. Let's do that Let's do that see how much this does to a little toga tomorrow Pip squeak and then that might force it out the next turn I swear the one thing that like toxicity is missing as well as a good fire type move If you've got something like heatwave or flamethrower Oh, I would like completely change the dynamics of this purple one Um, and we're scraping the barrel here with fire punch and it's only because we're able to um Max that it's even something that I considered You still need the life or boost there. Um, it's just a shame because it The coverage that the the fire type move gives it is just it's incredibly good. It's incredibly good. Um, It's just a shame that it doesn't actually get anything Maybe when the tutors get introduced in the dlc later this year, maybe we see that change It will protect Hopefully we see a fake outcome into that slot Nuzzle. Okay. Well, that's that's super fine. Super fine Uh, because we'll get out max flare up probably cv tyranitar go for max ruffle. Wow It does so much damage Wow, it takes it down to its sash now if intelligent gets through this turn, which I'm presuming it will Uh, we should be all right to get rid of it the next time with a nice wind Max quick This is like the one thing we didn't want How many t-tars run max quick Really Okay Right. Well, I wasn't expecting that it is something to consider This this match might not go as swimmingly as the last one Hmm Okay, right. Well it could suck I need I really want to icy wind so I can just get rid of that the threat of the nuzzle I don't want to hit the t-tars with a super effective attack though. That's a problem um Because I do not want to activate a weakness policy Okay, let's just protect venus or here. Let's just let's just protect. Let's try and stall out these these Dynamax turns I think now probably Suit us a little better. Okay max guard. That's fine That's super fine. Now we get rid of the top of tomorrow Tito you've got worn turm there We can we can pledge we could pledge make a pledge Your pledges are pretty powerful as well Hmm Yeah, the intimidating coming out I think we pledge we wanted to get the pledges off didn't we? Let's do it Let's get the marsh setup.  They're pretty powerful Um, especially the marsh. I do like it a lot Well, look how pixelated that is that's crazy. What's going on? That's like not my equipment. That is the game There we go grass pledge water pledge It's not bad damage. We're gonna activate a weakness policy. You know, it's gonna happen Um, where you're gonna go into probably the Venusaur and there's the bounce Okay, well That was expected. Maybe you're going into intelion now then This will pick up the knockout if you are yeah, okay Because then obviously the sandstorm But this is fine because then we get nine tails back onto the field The issue is well, I mean we can protect the bounce so that's not even an issue I think we could still do this. It's just whether or not the tea towel then switches out this next turn Um, but maybe a solar beam Is enough to get it Let's see Because I don't want Venusaur taken about that's the the thing that we need to protect this turn How do we because No, a solar beam should get the tea towel from here. It should do I'm confident we'll get the tea towel from here The sand isn't up Not dynamics yet. It's gonna withdraw. That makes a lot of sense. Come on. Be something weak to grass It's wheezing of course Still all right. We've still got grass pledge. Uh, we've got plenty.  Yeah, let's do that. Um, and I guess an earth power Into the reason Okay. Well, that's still fine like super fine And the Intimidate prokken doesn't really bother us at all. Um I don't think the earth powers are gonna be enough to get the tea towel A worrying thing would be um A waterfall, but if we land I will always but think we'll be all right regardless and nine tails being a good boy lands it There we go. So we should take the waterfall if it is coming into that direction Lumberry no See how much this does to tea towel I think the fact that it's not got its, uh Mmm Concern it's not going to weakness policy boost anymore. It makes it a little bit easier. Okay three on one Hmm Well, well, well I mean, we just earth power again. I need to probably gonna protect But I can't risk it's it's like the only thing on the field right now that can like cause us a lot damage Begarrados, I don't really worry about if it wants to damage just like a lot it has to bounce Yeah, so we get rid of this And we'll see probably the bounce come up from the garrados now Dragon dance, huh Okay Makes things a little bit more awkward Wonder how much sludge bomb we'll do Oh, this is gonna be close. I think Is it is it though? If we can get rid of the garrados, we deal with the reason pretty well two on one's never good though Is it? I didn't expect the lumbary. It's a nice item choice always on garrados, especially it's always something you want to be burning Okay, there's the bounce, okay So Yeah, we've made the It's done, uh, we can't even protect now. So we are We're we're we're done. Well played from my pond.  I don't think it would be enough And it's likely the reason's probably holding uh shucker if my opponent's got the um Let's us have a look at it. We'll have a quick gander at the team before we make the rental code Okay. Well good game to my opponent We end on one win one loss two really good games. I think today. So I hope you guys have enjoyed them. Um Let's see can we see the team Are we gonna come on communicating? We're gonna be able to We're not gonna be able to Unfortunately, okay. Well, we need to create this rental team. It would have been nice to see I imagine it was probably shucker Um, but they carved out a nice win condition there So we cannot deny them that but we had fun with the the gmax toxicity team I think the two teams that we've um We've played this week have been really good Now we don't want to get rid of the colossal team because that's a that's a great team. Lapras team very good as well. Hmm. Um Let's get rid of it. Uh I mean, this one's pretty old the esku, but the esku is cool. Let's get rid of the giglet one Yeah, don't make a public let's get rid of this one I can't imagine we'll be keeping the toxicity team around for too long But we'll keep it up for a while. So you guys if you'd like to play Some gmax toxicity With uh pledges and double double ghost then Here is your team And it'll just take a minute and we can check and there we go. There we go friends And that wraps up the episode for us Uh, you can see the protect soak I see when mortar pledge and then the rest all makes sense. Uh, the fire punch was actually all right It was the first time I've tested that and uh, it's It's it's not bad. It kind of covers a a big hole in the team that you've kind of got otherwise.  It's really nice Sword stands to get super threatening if you want, uh, the bivouary berry Uh, just gives you that a little bit of a cushion against those steel types Especially something like more breaker x could drill that could be a little bit problematic otherwise But you do have things like nine tails and intelion and drago pull will add speed it and do some decent damage Um, I'm going to change the beat up Because that was from another team that should be uh, that should be flamethrower. So we'll change that and I'll make the update and um Post that so you guys can play this team, but that is that my friends I hope you all have a great evening afternoon morning. Whatever time it is when you're watching this And I'll check you out next week with a another brand new team We'll play something a bit more solid than we played this week, but we can't say anything But given gmax toxis the ago. I do like it as a pokemon. I just think it's really hard to get to work in this format Um, but I'll keep working on it in behind the scenes And if I do get something I really like we'll bring it back and we'll have another go with it But until then take care of yourselves friends. Uh, thanks for tuning in and I'll see you all for the next ones until then take care. Bye. Bye


What's up guys and welcome to trendy updates up our SPM buzz. Now unto the trendy news today is the Shakahola Forest in Kilifi County, whereby now, the Haki Africa Human Rights Group Executive Director, Husein Khalid, amezaku sema kwaomba that that forest is not associated with a controversial pastor, Paula Mackenzie, alleged cult. Kwaibun kuma nisha kwaomba atazile 200 bodies that have been exhumed from this forest will not be associated by this pastor. The executive director, Husein Khalid, amezaku sema by the autopsy results, some of the bodies could be victims of police or gang brutality. Tuna jwa kwaomba kuna report zileza kusema a few weeks ago that some of the bodies, especially za wa toto zili kuwa zime kato akidogo, buleku nyeshungu and that is why they say now these autopsy results could be victims of police or gang brutality. And from the investigations that have been happening now, Kilifi County Governor Gideon Mungaru Aliadis Amanda reviewed 3,800 eka piece of land where the composing bodies have been recovered does not belong to the pastor. And of course Kenyans have reacted to this story. Nebulaz Kenyans says, ah, Shakah. Wasa wa Kenyans amezaku responda. Ana ito marube ana sema kisha wa ramba. Yani kisha wa ramba. Umbimana ana sema hii imeenda. Karemina 254 seiza nani iwi serikali merambisha hii Kenyans walae. Captain Constanana uliza sasa what next kina tu ramba hama. Ayamo kesh seiza this tan shop, ah, you then you haven't been paying attention. Naki ni ebonik effect nai ana uliza wunajuwa wneza patata shakahola ni graveyard nawana sumbu wa tu mahaka mawalisha zikua. Mr. Bradley Nai ana sema iani demoza kaiwa na ungeza tax demo bodies. Mtu necessary nai believes that serikali meanza kusafisha rada na even yohi kesi imeisha. All right guys, that is Kenyans reacting to Haki African Human Rights Group Director saying that the controversial pastor Paul McKenzie does not own the 800 acre land and therefore those bodies exhumed there are not associated to him. Himalizia pali e tangi even. Ameanza kusafisha sasa when something takes takes longer than usually in Kenya just forget and move on. Angila lu on watch connections my friend. Uiwa tasa fishwa kwen imuope kama pamba very nice. Let us know down on the comments section what are your thoughts about these results but in the meantime keep it trendy update hapa SPM buzz.


We've seen her eldest Chapman floor with disaster before but that's a tough situation to be in second and third nobody out how nerve-wracking was that ninth inning as you watch it unfold in the dugout. Yeah that was exciting you know he made pitches early a couple self-contact to the opposite field you got tip your cap to the hitters there excellent PFP you know driving the runner back to third and then he made big pitches when he had to. A strong for you tonight clearly not an easy offense to keep at bay over there how are you able to get through it allowing just to. I'm I thought we pitched the contact well we created some good ground balls and fly balls try to keep count leverage best we could and execute a good amount of pitches. You got a lot of whiffs on your slider tonight also you incorporated that change up quite a bit how big were those two pitches in particular for you. They were both pretty good I got away with a couple sliders to be honest. And you know but the change up was there for us locating and all the strike strike the ball and the fastball command got better throughout the throughout the day which I think was what ended up setting up some of those so it's good pitches.  Yeah but Chappy's pretty good so.  I mean he's he's playing the game pitch run home run put us in the lead slid right into the flow of the game behind the play was making great calls obviously kept them off the board while I was out there for the last two and then signed the door to Chappy in tight situation.


Assalamu alaikum. How are you? I hope you are fine and enjoying life and this course as well. Well I cannot say anything about life but if you have any problem about this course you have got all of our contacts, contact us and we will try to sort it out. Today we are going to do the lecture number 30 of this course. The course is Database Management System and the code is CS403. At the end of previous lecture we were discussing the Order by Clause of the Select. The objective of the Order by Clause is to display the output of the Select statement in a particular order. I mean it will be sorted on the basis of value of some attribute. It could be one value, it could be one attribute or more than one attribute but anyway the output will be in the descending or ascending order. I hope you know what is what is meant by descending and ascending order. So we discussed the format of the statement yesterday and today we are going to see the examples of the Order by Clause. So let us start today's lecture. Now this is a query basically display the student's data in the ascending order of names. Again this is the requirement of the users and notice your job to transform this requirement into the form of a query. So how do we do this? This is select star from student. Well this part of the statement it accesses data from the table and Order by student name. As we discussed yesterday in the format of the statement we saw that there are two possibilities ascending or descending. I mean whatever values you are sorting on the basis of which the value will be higher or lower and by default it is ascending. This means that if you are sorting on the basis of a name the name starting with A will come first and then those with B and C and like that. And obviously it is obvious that the alphabets and the characters do not have any name in the table that start let us say with E. Obviously it will be skipped. So by default it is ascending order but in some situation if you want to have the output in the descending order then you will have to mention the descending specifically. So the output of this statement is here is the output. If you see here that we have got all the attributes of all the records because we do not have given any condition that is why all the rows are included in the output at the same time because we have given the star we have not used any attribute names that is why you are seeing all the attributes as well. So all the attributes all the rows but the order by clause played its role and you are seeing these records in the order of name. And because we have two amjits that is why we have got amjit at first position and amjit at second position but obviously they are two different amjits and that is ensured from the student ID. See the surety is from the student ID that they are two different amjits because you cannot be sure seeing the just father name because there may be two different students having the same name and the same father name but the surety that they are two different people this is assured by the fact that they have got two different student IDs when they have two different student IDs it means they are two different records. Then we have got RFZIA then MLE then SADIA and all the way through. So this is how you get the output in a particular order and again the thing that I said yesterday as well that the data in the original table it stays as it is as it was before this command. This command source orders the data only for the display purposes it does not affect the storage of records in the actual database file I hope it is clear to you. Now here I am giving you a practice theory display the name and CGPA of students for all those students who are in the second or above semesters in the descending order of names. Now if you analyze it a little bit what we want is name and CGPA these are the two things after that it is said for all those students who are in the second or above semester. This means that as we have just done the practice theory, there was no where clause there but here in this query in this requirement we only need the names and CGPA of those students who are in the second or above semester. It means you can guess it very clearly very easily that there is a need for the where clause as well okay and the final part says in the descending order of names. So this means that now you have these three different parts of this requirement. According to this query you will write, so I hope that you will touch every component of this part appropriately. See you have got the idea of functions from any programming language. Functions are normally defined in two types one is your built-in built-in means that are provided by the language or in this case by the dbms and the other functions are written by the user. So they are called user-return or user-defined functions and you must have definitely used them. For example, you have done your course or you have read your data structures and when you have written different programs you must have used your functions. Likewise the SQL also supports the functions and basically the idea of function is that when we are talking about the built-in functions. The built-in function is a pre-written program. Pre-written means that is a part of the software tool that you are using. Let's say if you are using C then you get it in some library format or if you are using SQL server or Oracle then in system software or in software there are some functions or some programs which are built-in which are written from the beginning and they are defined to do some special work and the definition of those functions included in the documentation of that particular tool. For example, if you include the functions in the SQL server then the description of those functions will be in the books and in the online help house. So normally you are not interested as a user. You have no concern how the function is practically implemented. Always know. The only thing that you need to know is how to use this function. How to use means how to call it. What are the arguments, what are the things that you will provide to this function and what it will result to you as an output. So for a function it is enough. In any language, in any environment. So this is the only thing that you have in the SQL server. Those are some built-in functions provided and we will do some examples of them. As I said earlier that we are not covering all of them and it is not objective that we are covering them because we are not doing some course on the SQL. We have associated it as a tool, some lectures for it. Let us see. Accepts, arguments and returns the result. This is a normal way of working of a function. Categories of functions. And mind it, they are specifically with respect to the SQL server. This is the reference here because in some other tool it can be categorized in some other way. Although this categorization is very general. It may be implemented somewhere else as well. But specifically it is for the SQL server and in some other place depending on the arguments and the return value. The functions can be categorized into mathematical. There are some examples here but there are some examples. Not all of them. If you look at the documentation you will see a lot of them. See, the approach of categorizing the function is almost the same in everywhere. It means that the type of argument it accepts and more importantly the type of value it returns. Because sometimes it turns out that the function accepts different values and returns different types. Normally the type defined in the category, the function's category is defined on the basis of arguments and return value of both. Now the categories in the SQL server as you saw on the screen are mathematical. In addition, you have the function of text or string type. Similarly, you have the mathematical. You have the system and the conversion. So mathematical, date, text, system, conversion. So these are the categories specifically in the context of SQL server. You will find the same sort of functions in other DBMS as well. You will find different sort of functions exactly the name of the function. And secondly, the argument, the precise argument that it requires, it may vary from DBMS to DBMS. Same be it, different be it. So that is why you will try to use it in the SQL server. But if you are using some other DBMS, then you should try to use the same function as we will read here. But if it does not work, then try to find out the precise or the exact form of the function in that particular tool. Let us go ahead. Now here we have an example in which we are using different functions in the select statement. If you look here, we said select upper student name. Now the student name in your database can be stored in any format, be it in the lower or upper or mix. Like when you use upper. So it gives a sort of uniformity to your output. It is certain that whatever format that I stored in. And the interesting thing is that it is not necessary that all the student names that are stored in your, let's say student table. For example, we have 1000 students' records stored here. So it is not necessary that all the names are stored in the same format in the same style. In fact, it can be that some names are in the lower case, in the upper case, and some mix names are like that. This is a different thing that a good program would have developed. It will take care of that. That it should try to store in the same case. Anyway, so your student name will be in any case. When the output is in the upper case, it will transform it into the upper case. Similarly, we are seeing that what we have used in the father name is lower. This means that if the father name is in any case, for the output, the lower function will transform it into the lower case. And the same thing that I said earlier that whatever functions you are using here, they are only for showing it on the screen. This is only for displaying for the output. The actual data, it remains unchanged. And if you think about it a little bit, if we want to bring uniformity to our data practically stored, first of all we want to do it in the upper and lower case, then what we will do? There are two approaches to that. One approach is that when you write your data entry program, the user who starts doing the data enter the data in the lower case and the upper case. But this is not a good approach. You put restrictions on the user who is more than working through their program, underlying so that the user doesn't even know. So the smart approach is that the program that your data is accepting from the user will accept it. And when you are moving the data to the database and for that what statements do you use? Insert key. So you will do it in the insert that when you get your data you will transform it in the upper case. From this you will get a guarantee that all the data that we have stored in the table is in the same case. Anyway, I was telling you that how do we move the data in a particular case when we are inputting the data into the table. In this case, we have used the upper on the name and the lower on the name. And the address that we are placing as such. And that function is length, convert, character, student address. The first thing I will warn you here is that this approach is again specifically with the SQL server. Don't take this as a generalize. Especially the functions that we are using, the approaches that we are using, if you are using any other tool then this is the activity that we are using by using some other function or by some other methodology. Anyway, one thing you see here is that where the functions are nested. This is called nesting of functions or nested functions. What is happening is that in one function another function is being used. You see that length, convert, character, student address. What is happening is that you have the student address. Now think here that this student address that we have defined as text. We want that the address store of different students has the length, how many characters we want to know. Now the function of the length in the SQL server is not being applied on the text. What did you do? We transformed the text data into character and when it was transformed then we applied length function on that transformed data. Again, your original data that is stored in the table, that still remains as text. But you just for your requirement purposes, for the time being, for that particular moment you transformed it into a data type that is acceptable to this particular function, length. Or even the convert or len function we are using, again they are SQL server dependent from student. What is the output of this? Look here. Since you see that we have columns headings if you note that we had a student name on the upper side, we did not give a column so that is why it is called no column name. Similarly, we have given a father name you can see that all the lower cases are coming and since we did not give an alias, that is why it says no column name. The address we are seeing as such. And the length of the address is written here 11, 6, 7 and like that. So you have seen that we have different functions. Let us make a select statement one thing. The second thing is that the name and their arguments are tool specific. They may vary from tool to tool. And the third thing is that we can do the nesting of the function as well. Means we can call a function within a function and it can carry on up to any level. What you have is called single row function. The meaning of single row function is that they are functions that if you have a table then those functions are applied on every row of the table. How many rows are there? 1, 2, 10, 100,000, how many rows are there? Each row has a different application. For example the upper, lower, length all these are row level functions. So this function will be applied on the student name so this function will be applied on the student name attribute of every row. And it will transform whatever form the student name is stored in it will transform it into the upper case. Likewise the lower and same is the case with the length and convert. The function that we call the aggregate functions those functions do not apply but they are applied on a group of rows on a collection of rows. Now that collection of rows has a camera it could be the entire table. Even if there are 10,000,000 rows when we apply a single aggregate function it will be applied on the entire table on all the rows in the table and it will return a single value. The single row function it is applied on a single row and returns a value against each row whereas the aggregate function it will be applied on a group of rows and that group of row I told you it can include the entire table. And for each group of rows on which an aggregate function is applied it will return a value against it. For example, we have 100 rows it can be applied on 100 rows and return a value. It can be applied on 10 groups and return a value against each group and even the group size needs not to be exactly the same it can be 15, 1, 2, 25, and like that. So if we define it briefly then we will say it is applied on a set of rows, on a collection of rows and results a single value. Apart from that you have row level functions or single row functions they are applied on each row and obviously when they are applied on each row it will again return a value against each row. Let us see what are the examples of the aggregate functions and how they are applied. Operator on a set of rows and return a single value like average, sum, maximum, minimum, standard deviation. Attribute list cannot contain other attributes if an aggregate function is being used. I will explain this in a little bit. As you can see on the name of the functions it is clear from their name that what is their objective. For example, when we say average. So the attribute you will specify this function will return the average of the values of all attributes of that attribute in all the rows of the table. Again if you say average age this means that the average of all the attributes will be returned to you and obviously that average will be a single value. If you say sum sum means that again it will give you the sum of the group of rows. The group of rows can also be a table and as I told you certain groups can also be used. Likewise maximum, max and min maximum value, minimum value and standard deviation will return the standard deviation of that attribute. Here you can see an example of an aggregate function which is cgpa. Here you have given it a column and max cgpa as maximum cgpa from student. Now you can see that you have used different functions like you have used the average and the maximum. And on the same attribute no problem. The thing is these are the aggregate functions they will be applied on the same attribute. And one thing you have to take care of is that the type of requirement you have to give it the same type and give it the same argument. For example, on the date your average and maximum will not be applied. Apply the average on the number or numeric type data. This will be the output. Now here you can see that you have two results. Again these functions are applied on all the rows of the table because you have not done any further grouping. So all the rows whether it is 1 or 10,000,000 in all the rows when you have the attribute on cgpa you have the average of 2.91 and it is a big number. When we talk about the maximum cgpa one of the rows where the maximum value of cgpa was stored was picked and displayed here. In this it will be inconvenient that the average cgpa is written in a very long value. So we will have to do something to get it in a reasonable format. And that is again the approach in SQL server. If you want to ask how to do this work then you have to look at the tool in which you work. Now the other written query is bringing it to a reasonable shape. What is that? Convert Decimal 5, 2 which means the second argument is the average cgpa. Convert is a function that will transform it into the first argument. Now what you have said is that you transform the average cgpa in what form? Decimal 5, 2 means total space 5 and after decimal 2 places. So you have transformed it in this shape. The rest is the same as the average cgpa and the maximum cgpa is this one. It is easier to read or understand. These are the things that with the passage of time with practice, you will think by yourself. Again I am saying that the user will not say use this function and that function and give me this format. And it is possible that the user will not tell you to give 2 digits. It is possible that if you display it then the average cgpa is coming. But as a designer and developer you have to use your aesthetic as well to see how it looks in reading. So in that way the artistic touch or the beauty that should be included in it. It is not like accuracy is first thing and efficiency is second option and second priority. And the third thing is how it looks. As you have seen the example of aggregate functions you have seen that the aggregate function is applied on the entire table on all the rows in the table. Now we have group by clause. This is also a clause in the select statement. In that it gives you this provision that instead of applying a function on the entire table on all the rows in the table you can create a different group in that table. And then it will be that the aggregate function that you have used that function will be applied on these groups. Those groups which you will create on a special basis. It is not like you form the groups on the basis of value of some attribute. Similarly, if you are storing the data of employees then if you say that I give the average salary of all the employees what will happen is that the average function that you will apply on all the rows in the table is the average salary of all the employees. But the second situation is that you want the average salary of the employees department-wise. For example, we have 15 different departments and we have 6000 employees who work in 15 different departments. I want to see what is the average salary department-wise. Now you will again apply the average function but also that group by department number. Instead of applying the average function on the table, the group by clause on the basis of all the departments in which the department number is the same will form a group. As I said before, it is not necessary for the employees to have equal records. So all of them will be equally divided. No! It will depend upon the situation that whatever data is available to you, you have to apply the code of 10, 20, 30 and so on. So if you have the employees' records let's say department number 10 and the first 6,000 of them is 2000. It is a very broad department. So this group will become 2000 employees and then the average function will be applied on the salary. So a special department of employees will automatically become a group and then the average function will be applied. First in this way, you have department number 20 and the first 15 employees. Again, there will be 15 people in this group and then on these 15, the average function will be applied and the departments will be a group and this function will be smaller and now you will get the output. When you applied the aggregate function then you got a single value. Why? Because the aggregate function is being applied on the entire table on all the rows. But this time you won't get one value. In fact, all the groups depend on how many groups they will be. There are 15 of them. They can be more or less. So all the groups of each group you will get a single value. So this means that on one side you applied on the table and on the other side you formed the grouping on any basis and on that group your aggregate function will be applied. Similarly, if we take our student example then we can say department wise sorry, program wise which students who are MCS men or BCS men you want program wise on the average CG page. So when you said on the average CG you got a value for the entire table. But this time if you say group by that is a program name then you will get the average group size. Let's see the example. Here is again an example in which you see you have used an aggregate function and that is the average CGPA. In this if you see we have also included the student name in the select list. Well this is something that we need to discuss. Dear students, when you use an aggregate function in that the select list of things that you want to display on the screen they identify or write you have to be a bit careful. Because when you use an aggregate function with that a simple attribute cannot be used in normal circumstances. Whenever you are using an aggregate function whether it is maximum or minimum when you are displaying that with that a common attribute can be used in normal conditions without making some special arrangement we will discuss what are those arrangements. Without that you cannot display it with an aggregate function. Why? The reason is that we have already discussed it that your aggregate function that is applied or that is implemented on a group of rows. You have 2, 4, 5, 10, you can have thousands of rows on which it is applied and after that it returns a single value. The question is that if you say that I have used an aggregate function and with an aggregate function you also give the name of a simple attribute common attribute. For example here we have said that select student name common average CGPA because you have not given any condition yet the average CGPA function it will be applied on all the rows of the table there are 20, 100, 1,000,000 rows When you said average CGPA and you also said student name you must have noticed that the average CGPA is being applied on lets say 1000 rows which will you get the name of. If you have 1000 records so all the records have name. Then when we say We have to give the average CGPA 2, which will be applied on thousands of codes and get a value. But how can you combine a simple attribute like slurname with this aggregate function? The DBMS gets confused. If I am giving the average CGPA, I am giving it on thousands of days. So who should I show the name of? Should I show the name of thousands and show it equally? Well, this is wrong. That is why you should keep in mind that you can't use the name of a simple attribute with any aggregate function. This is what you should keep in mind. The second meaning is that we can include an attribute in any case. The case is when we are using group by clause. So when we are using group by clause, we will give an attribute after group by clause. We are saying that we can use any aggregate function, whether we have used one or two. For example, we have used the average and maximum together. We can use three or four of them in one statement. So when we say group by clause, we mean that whatever function you have, you can use them in groups. And what is the group being used for? You have given the name of that attribute in group by clause. For example, as I said, group by department number. What is happening in that case? Your group will be based on department number. And then your aggregate function will be applied to every group. Simple. Now there is no confusion. Now when we are saying that the aggregate function value will be returned, what value will we represent with that? So you can include that attribute with the aggregate function in the select list. That you have used in the group by clause. Then it becomes simple. We have said that we want to do group by on the basis of department number. So if first we had department number 10, 20, 30, we have formed a group like this. All the employees are there. So we have said that department number, comma, average salary. And then we have said group by department number. Now it is easy that whatever you will have an aggregate function value, with that you have to return the department number attribute value. The same value which was the basis of that group. Simple. What will happen? If first in this case, we will have 10 department number. And 7th place, average salary which is the department number of 10 employees. Then 20, average salary, 30, average salary and like that. So whatever you are seeing here, we have this query here. This query won't work. It won't work. Why? Because it is the same condition which is going to be confirmed. That the DBA will not know that I am giving the average salary of thousands of people. You are asking for a name. Whose name should I give? That's why this query won't work. That's why you don't have to write this type of query. So this is an example. You have the query which will work here. Select program name. Now program name is a simple attribute name. Along with that, you have used an aggregate function. That is maximum CGPA. Apart from that, you have used one more aggregate function. That is minimum CGPA. Now you have used two aggregate functions. I have already told you that if you have used one aggregate function in the select list, you can't give a common attribute name. So in this clause, you have given the name from the student. Along with that, group by program name. It is a simple thing. What will happen? On the basis of program name, all the records of the student have a value of a program name. You will form a group based on that value. MCS students, BCS students, MBAK, BITK, BCEK, MSEK, and like that. So on the basis of every value, whatever attributes you have, you will form a group based on every value. The rows having the same value of the program name attribute, they will form one group. And whatever maximum and minimum functions you have, they will be applied on these groups. You have group by maximum CGPA and minimum CGPA value. Along with that, you have used a program name. Now, this can be done. Because we have a value of every group's value. It is a value of aggregate function. Against that, we have got a single program name value to be displayed. Now, it is easy. It can be done. Now, look at the output. Now, these are the rows that we have got in the student table.  And they have only program name and CGPA display. Now, look at this. This is the result that we got from the previous statement that we saw on the previous slide. On that, you see that all the students who are getting the results, you can see that all the different programs in which your students enrolled, they are all in front of BCS, BITK, MBAK and MCS. And if you look at the data, you can see that in BCS, if you look at the left side, in BCS, we have one student. In MBA, there is also one student. In BITK, there is also one student. In BITK, there are two students, but they are not in CGPA. And in MCS, we have four students. So now, it means that the exact size of the group, it varies. It can vary in different groups. But the thing is that the group will be on the basis of the value of the attribute that you have specified in the group by clause. One thing. And the other thing is that on every group, the function given by you will be applied and they will return single values. And in this case, now you see that the program name here, now you can display it. Because now the group is increasing. I hope you have cleared this. Having clause. Now you have read the where clause. Where clause basically happens is that you have to check every day in your select statement. Having clause, we only use it if you want to apply some check or some restriction on the group, on the value of group. In that case, instead of where, we use having. So we can restrict groups by using having clause. Group satisfying, having condition will be selected. Fine, as it was with where. The difference is that where is with normal table, it is with rows. But your having is with group by, it will come with having later. And in that, you put the condition on group. Placement wise, keep in mind that having can come before group by. But generally, we are after having group by. We have a general format here. You are seeing that select and select list. This is what happens in to new table. Leave it for now. Then from table source. Select and from. These are the clauses. Compulsory is required. Without any square brackets. Because they are required. Or select or from capital letters. That we have to give as such. Or select list or table source. In lower case. Now where we have studied. This is optional. Group by, we have just studied. Again this is optional. We have ordered by. Having, having search condition. What do we mean by search condition? That we have already discussed in the previous lecture. That the detail of that search condition. How it is formed. So having. You apply a condition. But this condition. Is applied on the group. Which is formed on that. And then the same thing. Your groups will satisfy this condition. They will be selected. And obviously they will not be selected. See this example. You said that select program. Minimum cgpa, maximum cgpa. It is written here. From student. And here group by program. This is what we have done. This is having. Maximum cgpa. Greater than 3. Now see. Your function you have used. Aggregate function was minimum maximum. Now what you have applied. The value of groups. Is applied on that. You cannot say here. You cannot say here. Having cgpa. Greater than 3. Because cgpa. It is associated with each and every row. So here you cannot specify. That you cannot apply the condition of the row. You have to apply the condition of the row. That you will apply on the. Using the where clause. So what we have said. Maximum cgpa. Greater than 3. And if you see. Earlier we had. Four groups. When we have attached. Having clause. Maximum cgpa. Greater than 3. Now we have got. Just two rows. Because these are the two groups. Maximum cgpa. Greater than 3. So here you have. How do we use the having. Where and having can be combined. The difference is both. In both. Where is applied. On all the rows Where's having is applied. On the for the groups. So when we combine. So. Where. Where made rest właśnie. Protecting. Going in a. A liquid. These are that. When you have given the wear clause, the condition you have given in the wear clause, that condition will be applied on all the rows. And the rows which are selected from this, only those rows will be forwarded to the aggregate function. And your aggregate function will be applied on those. Now you have certain values in which you have used the group. So in different groups, the rows will be divided and the aggregate function is applied on those rows. But again, you have a second barrier by the having clause. Now the condition you have applied here, that is basically on the groups. Now the condition given in the having, the groups which will satisfy you will be finally displayed. But it will always be that first wear on individual rows and then having on the groups. If you ever need to combine them, then let's move on. Accessing multiple tables. Till now, all the forms of select statement that we have done, your data was in one single table. And this form of access is relatively simple. Do you know that the data is in one table? And while using the forms of select, you have to pay data from one table. But in real life, things are not that simple. It is not that you always fulfill all your requirements from one table. And the reason for this is that when we did the normalization on the basis of normalization, we split the things in different tables. And basically, that was due to the efficiency purposes. And secondly, so that we can avoid the anomalies. But the requirements are that you will not get all the data from one table. Many times, rather more frequently, you have to access data from the multiple tables. And then I will tell you again that the user is not concerned that the data is in one table, in two, or in how many? No, the user simply has to tell you their requirements that they need this data. Okay, you had that requirement. Apart from this, the data that has to be stored in this organization, you also identified it with your analysis phase. And then for the efficiency purposes, you divided it into different tables. Now, when you have designed it, you have also made its physical database design. Now, you have to see how I have to fulfill the requirement. And most of the time, your required data will be stored in the booktables. For that, you have to pick the data from there. If you remember, when we read the relational algebra, we read the Cartesian product and the different forms of it. Like joints, different forms. The same things now we are going to do in the SQL. And look at the thing that you have read, the referential integrity constraint. It plays a very important role in this. The data is in your different tables. But when you have to pick it from different tables, you will pick the same data that is related to it. And if you remember a little bit, the relational algebra had different operations. And it was the same thing that is related to it, linked to it. We ultimately pick them. So in the SQL, we are going to do this. How do we access data from multiple tables? And multiple tables means it could be 2, 3 or even more than that. So what are the different forms of data access from multiple tables? One is Cartesian product. We have read this in the relational algebra. Inner joint, outer joint, full outer joint, semi joint, and natural joint. In this, inner joint and natural joint, we have already discussed that these are different forms of equi-joint. So here, you cannot see equi-joint precisely, but you can understand that it is replacing the inner and natural joints. Cartesian product. As you will remember from the relational algebra, what happens in Cartesian product is that no specific command in SQL for the Cartesian product. We had seen that the symbol of the multiplication or the verb of the product is used. Here, we do not have a command. We just use select. And what does Cartesian product do? You know that every row of one table will be combined with every row of the other table. So simply give the names of the tables involved. Cartesian product will be produced. Produces m cross n rows. If we have 10 rows in one table, and 15 rows in the other, then when we take the Cartesian product, or the cross product, then we have 150 rows. And when we talk about attributes, then all the tables will be included in the attributes. This means that if we talk about the number of attributes, then that will be a plus b, where a is the number of attributes in table 1, and b is the number of attributes in table 2. So the sum of both will be as many attributes as the output. And if we talk about the number of rows, then the number of rows of both tables will be as many as the product. Because every row will be of one table, and every row will be of another table. This is a simple command. You can select star from program, course. As I told you, there is no specific command here. Without any condition, you can select program, course, and give names of all the tables. Then that is equivalent to the Cartesian product. And where we have given star, again you can use the attribute list. If you want a particular attribute, then you can take it here. You can see here, the cross product of program and course, or Cartesian product. Because we cannot display everything on the screen. But you can understand that the number of rows in the program and the number of rows in the course table, the product of both of them will come to the output every day. And all the attributes of both of them are included in it. And you can see that the program name attribute has been included in both of them. So it has come to the output from both of them. Certain columns can be selected. The program column name needs to be qualified. For example, you saw that when we gave the star, it was with the star that you have all the attributes. But first you want some specific attributes. So in that case, you will have to give their names. But if you have some attribute name which is common, and especially the chances of this are more in the case of the primary forum that their names will be the same. So if you are giving a select list, meaning you are giving the name of the attributes specifically rather than star, in that case, if their name is not common, then you can simply use the attribute name. But if the name is same in both the tables, in that case, if you only write the name of the attribute, then DBMS gets confused. So it will give you an error. This means that if you have to give the same attribute name in your list, then in that case, you will have to write the name of the table, dot attribute name. Similarly, it can be applied to more than one table, and even can be applied on to the same table. We will read that how it is applied on the same table. But as I said, if we have to do it on three tables, then the name of the first table, comma, the name of the second table, comma, the name of the third table, then your Cartesian product will be applied on three tables. For example, here we have a select star from the student class program. We have mixed the tables. We said that we will have the Cartesian product of these three. And it will be the same. If we have ten days in the student class, and ten days in the program, and ten days in the class, then the output we have will be one thousand days. Because every day of the student, every day of the class, and every day of the program, every day of the program, then we will have a total of one thousand days. Dear students, let's conclude today's lecture here. In today's lecture, we started reading the different clauses of the select statement. We started with the order bias. We saw its example. In addition, we have read here group functions. What is the objective of group functions? How do they work? In addition, we have read group by clause with group functions. How? Rather than applying the aggregate function on the entire table, we can apply this aggregate function on different groups of rows. So, for that purpose, we use the group by clause. And after that, we also studied the having clause, which your group by clause is used with it, and it imposes conditions on the groups. In addition, what we were discussing at the last minute, was how can we access data from multiple tables? And in that, the different forms of the joint are involved. So far, we have studied just the Cartesian product. And as such, this is not so useful, but the other forms of the joint are more useful and more frequently used. We will discuss these in our next lecture. I will be with you more often. Allah Hafiz.


This is Rick Dodgson, I'm the host of tonight's show, this is the first in a series of shows for ShibiGbTV, and tonight I'm privileged to welcome Straboigan's best local band, Cedarwell, to the show tonight. Over here on guitar we have Eric Neve, on drums we have Jared Beckman, and on lead guitar we have Jeff Padling-Growl, close enough, close enough, okay I'm going to leave it to these guys, this is Cedarwell. Rapids Michigan, it's about Grand Rapids Michigan. That was great guys, I'm really pleased to have you on the first ever episode of ShibiGbTV. Let me take this opportunity to ask you a few questions. Eric let me start with you, I always identify this as your band, could you tell us a little bit about the origins of Cedarwell? Sure, it used to be in a band called Amalgam, it was a local band from ShibiGbTV as well with high school buddies, and then we moved to Boston for about three years, came back to ShibiGbTV and then the other members kind of split off and me and another drummer started Cedarwell in 2005 I think it was, or six, and then Jared joined in when the other drummer went back to school. Jeff has also been kind of in and out of Cedarwell for a while, helping me with recordings, he's from Brooklyn, New York and I met him in 2006, yeah. Well Jeff, I know you're a touring musician as well and you play with other people, how did you first come across Eric and Cedarwell? Well we were on a bill randomly, I play solo a lot, I had a solo project and I had a solo show in Brooklyn and randomly we were placed on the same bill, they were on tour and I somehow got there early enough and saw their set and I usually my friends just would come out to see me play but I called them immediately like you have to come down to this to the club and see these guys because they're awesome and we just hung out that night, became fast friends, started exchanging shows and then I came out to Sheboygan for a visit and the rest is, you know, well you got to love Sheboygan, right, you got to love Sheboygan, but Jared you're an outsider, right, you're from Oostburg, how did you come to be the drummer in this band? Eric was Eric's other drummer, I had gone to college for soil science and my brother Luke designed the album art for for the Gamboge album which was the last album he did with Joel Stadeck who was his previous drummer and I was in the house and Eric had heard me playing drums, I would consider fairly poorly upstairs but he asked me that shortly after the album was finished if I would maybe come or I'd be interested in trying some things with him and then things were grew from there and that was when I was playing drum set before this set up. Okay, well that is a notable thing about your drumming, I had seen you sing and play guitar and perform as a solo artist before I saw you join Cedarwell, but when you did you certainly played drums in a distinctive fashion, is there any reason why you chose not to play a regular kit? Not really, I should say the reason was Eric was playing, the music was not quite as rock and roll as it is now so we were trying to break down the drum set sort of then I found this old like 50s Ludwig floor tom and it had nice sound so we tried just playing using it somehow and then over time this set just kind of grew and then I started bringing in stuff from my drum set and to be able to fulfill some of my ideas to be implemented in the music. Yeah, well it sounds great and I've watched it grow and you make a good point Cedarwell's music has become kind of more raucous and rocky maybe since Jeff's been around, there seems to be a lot of location in your music Eric, you sing about place, I know you're just about to leave town, are we going to get to hear about other places in your music? Oh yeah of course, I mean I think art is just you know an expression of your experience in the world and you're kind of boiling it down and making a song or a piece of work so for me it's a really natural expression to just include places, states, nature, you know experiences have had I always just made sense to me. Well the music is beautiful and I'm proud to be from the same town as Cedarwell. I think we have five minutes left so we're going to run through one more song I guess and then we'll bring it to a close but this is Shibijibi TV and my name is Rick Dodgson and look for Shibijibi.com to find out more and hopefully we'll have more shows coming up featuring the best of Shibuigans music and art and culture. Thank you guys.


Where am I? Who are you? How did I get here? What did I do? Where did it begin? I don't recall. Why did I drink all? Take control! My limitation. My limitation. My limitation.


Our third stem disease is black knot of cherry. And this particular fungus infects cherry. And so if you know the host and you can recognize the bark, it's much easier to identify. This is how black knot of cherry is typically seen. It produces this fruiting structure, this growth which tends to be black and circles the stem. And here's on a smaller stem here. And likewise here on a smaller stem. And a little bit here on the smaller stem. But it can also get on larger stems and it looks a little bit different. This too is black knot of cherry. It does not encircle the stem. It is a cherry. It's causing a canker and killing the cambium. And so we have the fungal growth here. This is black knot of cherry. Here's another example probably from the same tree. Again, it's elongated. It doesn't go all the way around like some of these other do on these examples. Black knot of cherry can also form a little gall or a round thing like this. Black knot of cherry. And even on larger stems like this one produces a huge swelling with the black oozing off the tree and the stem. And much different than the others that we have seen. We talked about nectric canker which is target shaped. And this is certainly not target shaped. We talked about hypoxle and canker which tends to be flat and has the fruiting structure. This doesn't have this. But this will have the black growth encircling the small stems or partial the small stems or in the case of a larger stem just on one side of the large stem. Black knot of cherry.