It is so wonderful. It is just, ah, hello. Welcome back to my channel. I'm Megan and today we're getting Lux's here getting cosy with us. You okay? Do you want to say hi? He's very sleepy. Today we're going to be going through the cosiest winter reads that I can think of because I think in winter when it's like the Christmas holidays and you're at home you just want to be reading books that make you feel really cosy and wintery.  Lux is feeling really cosy. So my first recommendation is going to be the winter night series. I'm doing a very bad job of holding it up. They enjoyed it. They loved it. So that makes me happy. It was worth all the stress. Very Like a Girl is the first book in this series and oh my god, it is incredible. I'm trying to figure out my favourite book of the year is I really don't know. This is definitely up there. I read them all fairly close to each other, not like one half, well I read the first two one after the other but there was a bit of a gap between these two and I find it really difficult to separate in my head between them. It's just all one big story. To me does that make any sense? I think they're all as brilliant as each other so I kind of just I can't even pick a favourite between these. I don't have a favourite in the series. To me it's just like one big magicalness. In this we follow Vasya who is a young girl in Russia and it's her story of self-discovery discovering her magical powers. We have the Winter King who plays a big part in this series. I don't want to give anything away. The way I always like to describe it is that this series expands really really well. So in the first book she's having to kind of save her town. In the second book she's kind of having to save her country, her city or whatever and then in the last book she's having to kind of save the whole world essentially. She's up against so many different forces because obviously the society is quite not only kind of really negative towards women doing anything by themselves but also it relies really heavily on religion and religion is used to manipulate people in the society so she's got that to fight against as well and just on the whole this series is just so magically written. I always say it it reads like you're reading a Russian fairy tale like someone just handed you an old Russian fairy tale and you're just reading that because it is so wonderful. It's just ah it's so good. It's one of my favourite reads of this year by far. I just loved it. I read this in summer so but it still made me feel so cozy and so wintery and I think maybe next winter kind of this time next year I might reread this because I want to reread it in the winter and god just holding these books makes me feel so happy you know when just a series is just it's just everything so I would really recommend picking this series up if you haven't already. I always say I don't feel like enough people talk about it on here. These are every book I could possibly think of. Stop it mate come on stop it now.  I think out of every book I could possibly ever think of ever read this is just the cozy I mean just don't the covers come on come on don't the covers make you want to get cozy. You cannot tell me the magic in this is so well thought out the politics in this so well thought out everything sometimes I read like I just read Shadow and Bone for example let's talk about that. I just read Shadow and Bone by Lee Bodugo and it was like fine it was good but I didn't fully understand the world like I felt like the world was a bit like uh oh you're leaving. Yeah sometimes with the world I just didn't feel like it was fully thought out and it is a debut novel but is this I think these are a debut novel as well and I just felt like I completely understood everything in the world like I just got it and it was so complex and things were revealed to you at the right time and it's just it's just perfect like I don't know how anyone could read this and not give it at least four stars like I understand that some people have different tastes but it's just you've got to recognize art when you see it. So next one of my another new favorite books is The Starless Sea. I haven't gone in this jacket at the moment but The Starless Sea by Erin Morgenstern I just read this and I posted a vlog of me reading this which I will link it's that side isn't it I think I've I think I've learned it now and uh and in the description down below now this is essentially impossible to describe to you I'm not the best I'm not the best at describing books we all know this but I just I've I read it a couple weeks ago maybe a week or two ago and I still don't know how to describe it to you but essentially we follow Zachary as he finds a mysterious book and as he reads the book he discovers that he himself as a child is in the book and he doesn't know how anyone could have written the scenario that was in the book he he was alone he doesn't know how anyone could know how he felt uh stuff like that and so it freaks him out and it takes him on a twisty internal journey uh into the starless sea where he meets some mysterious people and uh he goes okay so he goes to the the uh it's just impossible there is a library with loads of mysterious books and the story switches between Zachary's story and passages from the books that I mentioned in the book does this make sense and then those stories because the books in this magical world hold importance those stories then somehow affect Zachary's story does this make any sense I hope it does and it's just so cosy because it's books and cats and libraries and mysterious worlds and warm ins and it's oh my god it's it's it's amazing I still I'm still I just I still don't have words when it comes to this book I didn't when I wrapped up that vlog and I don't now because it's just like it's impossible I feel like I'm not clever enough or like worthy I feel like I'm not worthy to describe it to you it is just the most magical thing ever I'm obsessed with it and I want to reread it straight away it's just perfect it's just perfect for you to be sitting by a fire with a cat on your lap because there's cats in the book and just just feeling all like warm and cozy you know pretty legendary if you ask me I love it and this era will always have such a close place in my heart if you haven't picked up yet I really don't know what you're doing and yeah you should know better by now so no never so the next recommendation I'm gonna give I've spoken about this a few times on my channel but it's truly devious by Maureen Johnson now I didn't love this I gave it four stars but I think what it's perfect for is it's the kind of book that you can read over the Christmas break and it's kind of quick it's kind of light but it's got enough mystery and kind of like intrigue that you you get like something out of it I'm not saying you don't get anything out of books that I just like with no mystery or intrigue but I just feel like sometimes over Christmas what I want to read is kind of light books but also something that gives me a bit of like you know and this is what this book is so we follow Stevie as she attends a famous private school where there were murders related kind of to the owner and students uh in the kind of I don't know what years it is hang on this is bad yeah 1930s there were murders and at this school everyone who attends is kind of got a specialism at something and what she is really good at is kind of true crime solving crimes and she believes that she can solve the murders because they're unsolved to this day and so that's why she's there and when she's there things start kicking off you know things start whoa thing oh okay and it's a little bit you're a little bit you don't know who to trust and you're just sitting there like there are a few twists and turns it didn't quite I want it to be a bit more like you know I want it to be a bit more crazy it wasn't quite as crazy as I want it to be but we were almost there and I feel like at a private school setting where there's kind of like old 1930s houses that's a very cozy environment to read about I'm really excited to read the rest of the series I think the third one comes out in January I haven't read the second one yet I need to get my hands on it but really good really good so I recommend you pick it up so my next recommendation bear in mind I haven't read this for like six years but I feel like I would be letting myself down if I did a cozy winter recommendations I didn't recommend let it snow by John Green Maureen Johnson and Lauren Miracle Maureen Johnson is actually the person who wrote truly devious so she's lucky she's getting two recs for me from me today so um this is kind of like it says three holiday romances everyone knows John Green it's done in his marketing style to get people to buy it and we essentially follow three different stories in this same town and then of course they kind of all come together and intersect and as you can see this copy was well loved by 13 year old Megan I just really I really enjoyed it and I think it's just a really fun uplifting easy going book to read over winter and I mean you can't really get more wintery than it right and I think it's really fun to read anthologies over like the winter break because you get to dabble in a lot of different short stories and a lot of different authors and I think that's something really fun to do over the winter break I just think I don't know I just feel like anthology is still wintery to me I don't know well this isn't quite an anthology it's not quite an anthology it's three three authors where anthologies are usually like 10 right but like I don't know it's a lot of cute stories if you're looking for something cute YA I just think if you haven't read this then you should just go for this because it's kind of like the epitome of cute YA Christmas books I thought I'd go with a bit of a different recommendation for the last one um I spoke in my 1k Q&A which I'll again link I'm sure I'm right I need a drink I'll link that up above about how you know nonfiction is something that's really uh important to me and I try and read a lot of but I've been reading much less of since starting back to you and if you've ever wanted more recs just let a go no and um a few said yes so that's all I needed this book I read oh let's let me just hold it up so it's remember this when you're sad by Maggie van Eyck I think that's how I pronounce her name and so I read 15 books last year and I wanted to read 15 really badly and I only read 14 and so I picked this up my uh boyfriend's mom got it for me and I picked this up on the 31st or the 30th or something and I read it on the last day of the year and it was it it just it was really I've spoken about this I think I recommended it once before and this was really just a turning point for me um over last winter and things got worse they got better after this but this was a really big part of um just my journey I think and I would really recommend it Maggie van Eyck she has experienced a lot of different mental health um struggles and she kind of takes you through uh her life and speaks to you about the different methods that have really worked for her so we have sections like remember this when you want to hurt yourself remember this when you're falling in love remember this when you're alone remember this when you're getting help uh remember this when you're in a relationship all of these things and she just gives you really kind of practical ways to work through things in a really accessible way but in a way that doesn't seem preachy right it's just like you're talking to a friend and I think that's really helpful in mental health books to you need to feel like you're talking to a friend in my opinion otherwise it just feels I feel like the advice can kind of flow over your head I mean as you can see I was like highlighting bits of this I really it really spoke to me and I just felt like it came to me a good time if anyone doesn't know I experienced seasonal affective disorder and kind of last year and the start of this year was quite bad for me um yeah like it was just difficult and I think this really was something that I think about a lot in reminding myself some of the things she recommended and I've spoken about this before like how much we all love reading fiction especially when we want to escape from the world we're in but the most and this is like cheesy and not everyone believes this but I believe that the most important relationship you're ever going to have is with yourself right like and you've probably heard that quote so many times but we really do spend the most time with ourselves and if you hate yourself or you're upset with yourself then the relationship like that affects all your other relationships and so I really try to always stay on top of my mental health it doesn't always work and sometimes you really get yourself into a hole but I think that this something like this really helps you see light at the end of the tunnel and um I hope you understand that you know there's not you're never gonna have a quick fix right like mental health is something that we're gonna experience throughout our whole lives and have to work on our whole lives so yeah that's I would really recommend picking this up I read it as I said the 30 thousandth and it just feels really cozy to me in a really really great way it feels like something really warm and positive and really effective so for me yeah I just think of this as a really cozy read maybe that's because of the time of year I read it and how it affected me but if you can get your hands on this I would recommend picking it up so so much especially if you are struggling especially during the festive period I know it can be difficult for so many people um it throws up a lot of emotions and it's a really really hectic time so I think it's more important than ever to take care of yourself during this time and yeah I really really really recommend picking this up so there we have it that is all my cozy winter recommendations I hope you enjoyed this video let me know down below what some of your winter recommendations are I would love to know because I'm always looking for more I feel like I don't read enough cozy winter recommendations so um yeah let me know what some of yours are I can't wait to hear it and I will see you really really soon with another video bye


Okay, good morning everybody. I think one of the exercises that we can do like every other course that I've been participating in, there is an effective half-life for the attendance. And it goes down, I mean, so as time goes on, you know, the attendance, particularly in the morning. Okay, so good morning everybody. Hopefully, I mean, it's not too early. What I want to do is this morning to give a little overview about the concepts and implementation of stereotactic radio surgery. It's not going to be possible to get everything about radio surgery in one hour, but at least what I want to do is to give you some ideas about the things that are specific to radio surgery. Now, how many of you are doing radio surgery? One, two, three, okay, good. So any questions that you have, you can ask them, okay? So let's get started, okay? Basically, I'll just cover a few things, basically some concepts about the targets and those distributions which are specific to radio surgery. But nowadays, as we will see, I mean, there is gradual overlap because some of the things that we are going to see in radio surgery are not very distinct from other 3D and IMRT, 3D conformal IMRT. So what I want to do is give a little bit of an history so you know where we started and where we are now. I'll probably talk about, very briefly, about commissioning and quality control issues, some issues specific about image fusion and target delineation that are important for radio surgery. Some of the different delivery methods and probably will go and illustrate it through the radio surgery treatment process. So where did we start? In 1951, a neurosurgeon in Sweden, Lars Lexel came up with this idea that instead of doing surgery, just cutting the patient open and taking care of lesions in the patient, perhaps a feasible idea would be to give a high dose of radiation and to ablate the tissue without having to open the patient up, basically, okay? So that was the concept. It was not radiation therapy. It was basically surgery.  So the concept, it's quite different from what we have been talking all along. You'll have all this in your handout so it's interesting. I mean, there is a very nice interesting article that you can download for free from Tim Solberg and others about this that gives a little bit of the history. But if we have to define what is radio surgery, it's basically both using a stereotactic system and we'll talk about that in a moment and high energy beams to irradiate that particular volume. So it requires two things, two components. Volume-based defined volume which has its index to a stereotactic system physically that we can point to any point in space in that volume and that we deliver the radiation to that volume using the same stereotactic system. So that's the two things that are a little bit different than what we have been doing. And the other characteristics is that both of them are designed to produce as sharp a falloff of the radiation as we can. So what is the stereotactic localization basically? It's, we have a stereotactic head frame that it's rigidly attached to the patient's skull. So mechanically, this space around the patient's skull is just one unit. And any point within that space that we define can be referenced to a specific coordinate in that space. That's basic concept and very simple. Now any point or any structures should be able to define them and in that space and use that to both define them and treat them. So what is basically a stereotactic localization? If you take that space and here we have a diagram of a reference frame, which basically it's attached mechanically to the patient's skull through that base. And we can cross take cross sections through that. And the thing that is specific about that, if you see this set of rods and there are different configurations of basically localizing rods, but if you look at the cut through this top of the head, you see that there is very little of a head in this space and there is this sets of points which are the cross sections of this rod. Now, as you can see and just pay attention to the ones that are highlighted in yellow, as we move through the different planes, that position or that point, it's going to move in relation to this other two that are basically your reference things. You can see that this point, the distance from this point to those keeps increasing as we move down. That's why this has a shape of a letter N if you want or so on. So, once we have that any point in that space or any cross section or any anatomic landmark can be defined by an X, Y, Z coordinate in that coordinate system. And the X and Y are very simple.  You have to be careful because depending on what system you have, the origin of that X and Y coordinate could be different. Sometimes you go to a CT scanner and it defines zero, zero at the top left, the top right, at the bottom. So, this is something that to be very careful. So, on each cross section we have X and Y and it remains to be defined what's the Z coordinate of that point. And the Z coordinate is given by in this case the angle of that bar at the diagonal. And from that point we can define the Z. And it's a very simple algorithm to come out with those coordinates. So, what is this treatment strategy? We position that point or the volume that we defined at the point of convergence of our set of beams and we want the intersection of all beams to be at the specific point that we target. Where does this thing started? It didn't start in radiation therapy. This is a historical picture of some of the different stereotactic frames that neurosurgeons used to have where they attach the patient in the operating room and they have a mechanism that is different mechanism, very complicated, that they could go and drill into the patient's head to reach a particular point. That's the origin of these stereotactic frames. Historically, I mean, Dr. Lexel introduced the concept of ablating the lesion by a single procedure like in surgery. And initially they use a 200 kV X-ray tube and you can see the mount for the X-ray tube mounted into one of those stereotactic frames. Basically pointing to a specific point. Later on he developed a gamma knife. It was the first gamma knife. It was consisted of almost 180 cobalt sources in a hemispherical arrangement. You can see the old machine here, which covered essentially a good portion of the space around the patient. So the newer gamma knife, basically, it's just the refinement of that system. The patient gets connected mechanically to this head support. This sometimes they use what's called a helmet with collimators because the cobalt sources not always can be made very small. So basically it's like a secondary collimator which is around the patient's head. Some of these can be replaced with different diameters, but basically you have a fixed geometry. It's not a gantry rotation or anything, which allows it to have a very good mechanical stability and precision. I am by training a machinist. I was a machinist before I went to physics. So I know that you can get with mechanisms, mechanic, very rigid mechanism. You can get precision of a few microns if you want.  Yes, all that mechanism perhaps can be made to be precise to a quarter of a millimeter, but let's talk about that a little bit later in terms of what's the implication for the precision of the treatment. So the collimators can be of different diameters. As I say, once the patient is attached to this, this rolls into the head of the machine. They open the shutters, the patient gets irradiated and that's done. So you have an arrangement of beams. All used to cross at one single point, which gives you very nice spherical distribution of those. The initial uses of radio surgery were not for tumors, were for arteriovenous malformations. If any of you has had any experience with plumbing, you know, pipes and so on, well, that's what happens in the brain. We have the arteries, we have the veins. The arteries become smaller and smaller. They deliver the oxygen to the tissue and then the veins start collecting the blood without oxygen and drains. So normally there is a lot of impedance or pressure gradient between the artery and the vein. Some malformations are such basically that there is no microscopic vessels and the blood just goes through. I mean, there is no resistance. What happens, the tissue doesn't get the nutrition and the patient suffers the consequences. Typically arteriovenous malformations are pretty dangerous and once they happen, they can be deadly. So there was not very good alternative than to surgery and to go and cut off those shunts if you want. And with radio surgery basically they say, well, we know that if you give a high enough dose of radiation, the tissue will become hardened. And basically that's the idea.  The only problem was that how do you tell where you have to irradiate? Well, typically they used to have radiographs with two orthogonal views in which you can see they put some dye so you can see the vessels and here you have an area where there is leakage and you can see it here. So from those two views you have to decide where you want the radiation to be. Later on with digital structure and geography you could do that with a digital system so it was much faster and you can avoid high contrast, the inclusion of contrast. So in order to have a reference frame you could have basically two views and in this case the images were registered to each other and you could tell the coordinates from those roads and the markers. The problem is that with two dimensional views you don't have three dimensional information. We saw that couple of lectures at the beginning of the week. So just as an example, if you have an object which is like this, like a half moon if you want, you project it into two directions, lateral and AP or whatever and what do you get? You get these areas. But from these areas alone you cannot reconstruct this structure in space. So you have only partial information. So how do we translate the location of whatever we decide that we are going to treat? That was the early stages. Into the stereotactic frame. We have these boxes with fiducials. I don't know if you can see them but there are fiducials that will show up on a radiograph and you can then take coordinates and you will come up with a coordinate which is more or less the center of that blurb of material and project it to the center. But you didn't really have three dimensional information. So just say let me choose this as a center. This is the volume that I want to treat. It's this size by this size by this size. So this is one of the, a little bit newer gamma knife units as I mentioned that. So what happens if you had a volume which was not just a sphere? You wanted to cover something that does this shape. Well with the gamma knife, the way to do it, you couldn't treat except little spots. So you started covering that volume with individual shots. You take one shot, covers that area, take another shot, move the patient to another coordinate, take another shot and keep on building your dose distribution like this.  And there is no technical way of avoiding that. For these purposes where you wanted to ablate tissue, probably didn't matter much. As long as you had a big sharp gradient on the outside, what happened inside didn't matter much. If you exceeded the dose per screen by three or four times, not three or four percent, three or four times, it was still, you ablated the tissue and it was okay. Clinically it was okay. So later on, people started developing linear accelerators to reproduce this gamma knife. First of all, the gamma knife was limited and it could only treat patients which where you could do this in one shot into the machine. You couldn't do multiple treatments because you couldn't reproduce the position on the frame. I mean you had to take the frame for the patient to go home or maybe just you could do a second one the next morning and keep the patient overnight. But that was about it. So people started to adapt the idea of the gamma knife to linear accelerators. Why? The main reason was that there were not that many patients that needed this procedure. And if you had a linear accelerator, you couldn't dedicate a linear accelerator just for that but you would do something that you modify the linear accelerator just for one treatment maybe once a month. For the X knife was one of the developments, early developments of commercial development in which you could do a number of things. You could do use collimators which were also circular collimators which they tried to mimic what you had on the gamma knife. And you could do a variety of things more than with the gamma knife. And you could do also lesions outside of the cranium and not only outside of the cranium. Initially you could only treat this part because that's the part that could go into the machine. But now you could expand to do a little lower lesions also. Later on we will see that we did it, et cetera. So these are the clinical results. Before radio surgery you have all this blood that is leaking here. And six months later, I mean you achieved basically control of that thing. So obviously the thing. So it is historically the first, I believe it's the first, linux-based radio surgery system and it was developed in Buenos Aires. I don't know if you know that. You do, okay. So it was a very strange contraption. If you can see the patient was sitting here and instead of on a regular couch, the patient could rotate like this, okay. And then you could rotate it on the base. You can see it's like on the couch rotation and the accelerator could rotate around and you can see the amount of the special collimator onto the gantry, onto the head of the machine. The delivery techniques with stereotactic radio surgery nowadays are done in a multitude of ways and we will just cover a little bit of a detail with that. First of all arcs with circular collimators which were supposed to mimic what the gamma knife was doing. We can do conformal beams. We do arcs with conformally shaped beams that they shape as we rotate around the target and later on even IMRT. So with the linux with cones, now we can do more than one isocenter of course. I mean that was feasible with the gamma knife as well. But typically the first treatments this was a technique that was developed at the Harvard Joint Center in Boston. You would treat basically with arcs that went, we were used to treat with arcs around the body but now you could put the patient onto the couch, rotate the couch and have arcs that go in different slices if you want. And basically once you do that you can make all those convergences onto a smaller volume. This is a diagram of the mechanics and that was the technique that was initially developed. You had an arc which was essentially on a cross plane and then three more, three more, four more arcs, three more arcs, sorry, okay, out of plane. So how did you create those things? Usually the collimators, you have to remember this is in the 1980s. The machine didn't come with the MLCs or anything. I mean that was developed much later. So in order to get a sharp enumbra, we did two things. First of all, we created the tertiary collimator, X and Y Jaws that they're secondary collimator. You have the primary and you create a tertiary collimator where you have a small aperture made of lead, usually precisely machined with a mount that mounts to the head of the machine. So this is a tertiary collimator. And this is one of the first commercial ones, so you can see here. This is the beam that is hitting the tertiary collimator. The collimator in some cases was made of two pieces and the final collimation was the lower one. And this part was mounted into the head of the machine from what I remember this is a Siemens machine. I recognize the collimator mount, that's the way I know it. And you have to define your field with the X and Y Jaws to just hit the center of that collimator. Remember that picture. So this is defined by your field. Okay. And then people manufacture a variety of collimators with different diameters and here you have some scans. You can see how sharp of a penumbra. Look at the scale here. This is one centimeter from here to here. Okay, so it's a penumbra of about a couple of millimeters. The collimator assembly therefore had to be mounted very precisely because any change in angulation will ruin the penumbra. And also will give you an isocenter. Now the isocenter is produced or defined by the projection of those cones. So how did you align that? Usually you had some kind of target which you mount on an XYZ mount that you can move precisely with 10th of millimeter precision. And first of all, you use your light field. So in this case, you can see there is a little, I don't know if you can see, there is a ball. You can see the shadow here. This is your light field through the cone. And this is radiating this little ball. This is probably a piece of film. And you can see it here. This is the spherical ball. And if you can move that precisely, you can make adjustments or use that as a reference in the space of the room. Okay, now you are rotating the collimator around it to test how accurate your rotation is in relation to the room coordinate. So, and you, I'm sorry, once you have that aligned, you can probably align your lasers to hit that little sphere, which will tell you this is the isocenter of the machine in the room. So the QA for the stereotactic system, many of you have heard about the Lutz Quality Assurance Tool or Lutz Test, yeah? Anybody didn't hear about that? You didn't hear about it? Okay, so you need to read about that, okay? It's basically a test that says, well, if I'm radiating this object in space, I'm radiating in these directions and the object is fixed in space. I don't move that. And I rotate the machine. I can look at where is that object in relation to something that is related to the machine? In this case would be the projection from the collimator, light or x-rays? Typically, it's used the x-ray beam. And the position of that target in space in relation to the image that you created through the collimator, you can look at the coordinates of that in different directions. It's just a geometric exercise. And you can say, well, this is off by three-tenths of a millimeter in the gun target direction up and down in the room and so on. The trick on these things, nowadays there is sophisticated software that you can do it all. It will calculate it for you, but it can be done manually as long as you keep track. What are the directions? And you have to concentrate on having just one system of coordinates because you'll have an image that will correspond to some point in space and you need to refer everything either to the room coordinates or to the machine coordinates, okay? But this is basically, so I'm not going to go into detail. You can probably read in that many articles and this is an example of software that does it for you automatically or semi-automatically as long as you know that you took your images in the right sequence that the software expects you to take, okay? Because if you took the first one with this gantry and the second one with this and the other one like that, it's not the same. The images will be in different order so the algorithm will not know which direction you were coming. It's just looking at the piece of film like this. And you can tell, you could probably measure physically on a piece of film where is the center of that collimator field and where is the shadow of that target, okay? And here you can see the variations and you have the automatic edge detection in this case and so on, so it makes it easier. But we used to do that by hand. I mean, it's not so hard. So what is the idea of doing this multiple beams, multiple arcs?  In this case, this is where the micro-MLC but the concept is the same. If you treat this target with one beam, you have this distribution. If you start adding beams like this is a lateral, you get a better coverage, okay? We spoke about this in my first talk the other day, yeah? You start using multiple directions and if you do two parallel poles, I mean, you get even better coverage and if you start adding more directions, you'll get a very nice coverage. And if you now, on top of that, do this in different planes, now you get a real good coverage. Look how sharp this covers your target, okay? And very nice follow-ups. So this is basically the whole idea of stereotactic research. Multiple planes, multiple arcs, okay? And here is a comparison of the dose distribution. Both of them cover nicely but with this one, the 50, well, that's a 30%, that's the blue one. The blue is between 40 and 60% you can see it's much bigger for fixed, nine fixed fields versus nine arcs, okay? So when do we use circular arcs? Well, if you have a very small target, that's ideal. You have a very small, very well-defined target. With one shot, you will cover it and you are done. Typical examples, small metastases in the brain while they are still small. Trigeminal neuralgia is one of the areas where people have been trying to push the limit. And the reason this is pushing the limit is because, yes, you can put a four millimeter cone into the head of the machine. But your field is going to be, and I will show the distributions for very small fields. The uncertainty of where your field is in relation to how well can you target could make the difference between hit or miss, okay? Because we are talking now about sub-millimeter precision. So spherical targets, you could do up to nine arcs or six or seven arcs with the collimator of the correct diameter. But what happens if you have an elliptical target? Because not everything in the body is a sphere. So if you have an elliptical target, you can do a couple of tricks or techniques. First of all, you can just eliminate some of those fields or those arcs that go perpendicular to the major axis. If you have an ellipse, something like this, and I want to do arcs, I probably shouldn't bring arcs that are coming from here because I'm eroding in and out. It's much better to come with arcs that I'm pointing at this. But if we want to still make arcs and we want several of them, it's not all or nothing. So we will just select a few arcs that are more directed to the long axis, along the long axis of the target. You can see it here. We eliminated some of the fields. The other thing you can do, if you have a target like this, you could do the arcs that are in this plane and eliminate those. So that's one strategy. The other strategy is to use different diameters. The problem with that is that now between arc and arc, you have to go back to the room, change the cones for a different size, and that takes time and it's patient. It's not particularly comfortable, but that you can do also. So for circular collimators, these are examples of distributions. You can get distributions which are even like this with circular collimators. What other techniques can we use? Depending, so we looked at the circular cones and arcs which look the best, I mean the best penumbra. It's very precise. There is a very low integral dose to the brain. And the other technique that we started doing with targets that were a little bit larger, and you can see the range here between three and six centimeter, that was a rule of thumb. You could take the cone projection and some systems allow you to plan that and close the jaws within the field. So if this was like a three centimeter cone, you may have put the jaws here to give you a centimeter and a half in this direction and the rest is blocked by the jaws. So that's another way to do it. Or you can use a MLC or a micro MLC. This came out much later than when we started doing these techniques. This usually will result when you don't need super duper conformation to the target. If there is something that it's not very critical next to it or so on. This is an example of a complete arc. That's the dose distribution in space from the complete arc. And we see this target and we can select, for instance, this is a critical structure. We can select the position of the jaws. I'm sorry, the graphic is not very good here. But you can leave the X jaws open and the Y jaws, you close them to avoid this part. In some planning systems, you can just go and you look from the B inside view and you just separate one from the other with your jaw. And this is an example. In a standard arc, we get this distribution with a shape or conformal arc. We call it conformal, but it was really using the jaws. You can get this flatter dose distribution around the target.  Well, if you are going into multiple isocenters, you are back to the situation with the gamma knife, okay? Covering this in pieces. So it's much better to use static fields which are conformal but not coplanar. So you still have the culture rotation and you can treat that. Micro-MLC probably it's the best option. It's best if you can reach your target from about two pi sterillion. So what happens when we collimate with the micro-MLC? This is obviously, you can see by the pixelation, it's a very large, magnified target. It's probably about only three, four centimeters by, maybe three, four or five centimeters by three. And you start putting an MLC around it. You know that you have two techniques for MLC use. One of them is to bring the leaves halfway into the field, other ones just to keep them outside. And there is advantages and disadvantages to do either of them. But let's say that we keep them a little bit out, just touching the sphere. And we use a different collimator size. This would be a centimeter by centimeter. So your resolution is such that you may have quite a bit of normal tissue irradiated here. So as you reduce the leaf width, you are better able to close that. So the use of micro-MLCs, initially the micro-MLCs were not built into the machine were add-ons, like a tertiary collimator to the machine. This is an example of one that was, I don't remember the brand on this one. I think it's, it's was Brainlabs, yeah? Yeah. And you can see that it's add-on. This was pretty heavy piece of equipment. Had to be mounted to the machine just to mount it. You needed the cart with the mechanism to lift it and so on. So these are the parameters, nothing special about that. And the key thing is you have to mount it on your tray holder. Now, you all know that the tray holder is not the very most rigid attachment. So just putting it to, as if it was a tray, it's definitely not enough. You have to have some way of pinning it mechanically with essentially sub millimeter or a tenth of a millimeter precision so you can lock it and tighten it in place. That's very important. So the, usually they had mechanisms to do that, that guarantee that. So how do we do is now we don't have the cons. We have the MLC shaping our fields. You can do exactly the same thing with the Lutz, that's the phantom, okay? The Lutz phantom. So the same test just now you have small fields and now what is the procedure typically for a radio surgery? You have the MRI images typically because CT is usually not good enough for contrast resolution in the head, inside the brain. You prepare the patient, you have a ring placed on the patient. This is a, you can see it's an invasive ring so it goes with pins into the skull. Not particularly comfortable but it's not the end of the world. You have to be careful that this is really rigidly attached because I have seen cases where you have these pins that go into the skull and you tighten them up to a certain pressure but I have seen situations where they were put in the wrong place. First of all, you have to make sure you avoid blood vessels. You don't get some hemorrhage from the hole but also that you come in a way that is mechanically stable. I have seen cases where one of these was put almost like at an angle to the skull and just moved during the process because you do it in the morning, you treat the patient in the afternoon. Patient is waiting while you do the plans and so on QA and by the time you bring it to the machine it was in a different position but you couldn't tell because it was on the skin and they had some swelling of the skin so you couldn't see it. So this is a different type of localizer which is not invasive and this was developed at the Harvard Joint Center also in Boston where you replace the pins now with a system that has an occipital mold to keep the head in relation to that. I mean, this is to take the weight and to make it a little more stable and I'll show you there is one more part. There is also this bite block which secures the position because the lower jaw is movable but the upper jaw is part of the skull. So if you have something that you bite into it and it's well made, you basically have a number of points and you apply pressure. Now you know who this guy is? This is Wendell Lutz, the one that invented that Lutz test, okay? He was just testing this and demonstrating how to mount this, okay? All colleague of mine, bright, bright man. So with a relocatable system, now you have the patient being supported here that is made custom for the patient. You want to have as little possibility of movement. Now this is less rigid and precise than something which is invasive. There is no question whatsoever about that. But we are talking now about fractionated radiosurgery. It's therapy, it's not ablation anymore. So that imprecision, I mean, it's something that over a period of five or 10 or sometimes more treatments will be. So how do we know that that frame is positioned on the patient's head the same way every day, okay? We put it once and now the patient goes back and it bites again into the mold and so on. Well, there is devices that you can make that are geometrically rigid. You mount them onto the base that the patient is supported by and you make those measurements which is basically the distance between this sphere and the patient's cranium. And if you go in all directions, you can get a pretty good error detection of the order of a millimeter to two millimeters. But you have to do it several times.  So this is patient immobilization. That's a different type of immobilization mask, but there is a number of them now in the market. This is the key. I mean that the setup errors can be up to several millimeters. How this is made, I mean you have a mask that it's made custom for the occipital part of the head and then you make strips that secure it and they're rigid as much as you can. And then on top of that, you put another mask so the patient is mostly stable. Now, when you do angiography, sometimes I mean you don't, you have the angiography done without the mask, obviously, that sometimes it's done days before. And you can either do a CT scan with the localizer frame or with the angiography similar to the other one and you need to relate those coordinates. Now what happens? Now you bring the patient to the treatment area, you did the plan, everything looks great. Now you bring it to the, in this case, it's with a system that has what's called the localizer target frame and you can print these templates that go onto that frame. Now this space now is the stereotactic space and you can tell that there is some patient identifier, obviously you don't want to take one from a different patient so it's specific to each patient and you can have the marks that correspond to the isocenter line so you can align this with the lasers initially, that's a first approximation and you can see for each arc or for each fixed shape beam we'll project it onto those drawings on the box. Now what happens if you do that and now you take a port film or a radiograph of some sort and you find that, well, I need to move but I need to move your six tenths of a millimeter in one direction and two millimeters in the other direction. Now you have to have something that you can control the patient position before you treat. Now, there is a number of ways to do that. Most of the holders that hold the patient in place have veneers that you can just make very well calibrated motions or there is another system that has a set of two cameras that point to the patient or take images of the patient with reflecting spheres. If you took those spheres in your CT's set and you know where they are and this gives you the images in the room coordinates now it can tell where that frame, this frame is now in space and since it is attached to the patient you can make small corrections. This is a set of, it's not very clear from your distance probably but this is a set of x-rays in two orthogonal or two orthogonal directions and you can compare them to your reference images and it will tell you, well, just move this direction so much and this direction so much. Now, because this can give you the coordinates of that frame in space you can move the couch and you verify that with that infrared camera. So the question is how do you translate images from one system to another and we spoke about that briefly the other day. What we call image fusion in reality most of the time is image registration not really fusion because you have the information superimposed from one system to another and if it was important to know that in IMRT and 3D conformal, here is critical because the precision of your treatment will depend completely on how well you identify the target in one imaging system and you move it to the other coordinate system for the CT. If you have an error of two millimeters forget the fact that the gamma knife said you have a 10th of a millimeter precision in the machine you don't know the target to better than two millimeters. That's something to be remembered so this fusion algorithms are very important and you have to obviously verify them with much better precision or a position that is suitable to what you are doing. So you may have structures which are very complex. Here is your structure on the CT that's from the MR and you have margins as you do in conformal, et cetera. Your margins probably will be much smaller because there is much less room for something to move inside the patient. So you are really relying on the precision of your registration. Here you have a case where you have critical structures which are just nearby what you want to treat. I'm going to skip go through this. If you look there is a report 54 of the APM which is number of years old now but it gives you the different factors what affects the precision that you can expect from the system. So if the importance of this is this one the CT slice thickness and nowadays you can do CTs with multi detector CT and so on with slice thicknesses of a fraction of a millimeter or a millimeter. When we started typically you didn't do any more than maybe two or three millimeters and that they will also be a problem because your image sets were huge and this is the most important thing. If you see all the contributions to the uncertainties the stereotactic frame, the alignment of your isocenter and other things tissue motion and so on the one that is critical is the CT resolution. If you have a CT which is three millimeters thick that's where your resolution is being limited by. You cannot tell anything better than probably about half the slice of the CT. So planning with conformal arcs. I mean just you want to. So I'll try to skip some of these. You can always look at that. There is different ways of planning. I think what I want to really focus more than anything else is issues of QA. The comparison between dynamic or conformal arcs versus multipliesocenters is an illustration of what you had in terms of those distribution. Yes you can do cover very well but with multipliesocenters you are giving much much higher those inside. And if you are talking about therapy that's not trivial. The QA of the isocenter I mean this you need to verify that periodically on the machine that things are correct. I want to skip that to some of these. The pymdosymmetry of small fields and I'm not going to go at all into that. There is a whole series of publications at the difficulty of getting accurate those in very small fields. And the factors that you need to measure in order to put your data into treatment planning system are here. But the critical one is this. This is for gamma knife but it's the same thing for small cones. If you have a small cone about the smallest here is about four millimeters. That's your dose distribution and look at the scale. This is half a centimeter. So basically you don't have an area where you have a flat beam to measure to begin with. So let's say you put your detector and your detector is four millimeters wide and that's not a big detector. That's not a far better. You are covering basically your detector is going from here to here. So part of your detector is looking at the different dose fluence. Correct? So what is the result of that? First of all, you have effects of lack of buildup. So as you look at your TMR curves or percent-depth doses they are going to be significantly different just going from one cone to another. And more than that the output of your machine is this. It goes severely, severely down. Look at the scale here. This is about one here and this is about 15% lower. And they have been comparisons where very sophisticated institutions measure output and for small cones, look at this difference. The same person or the same group measure this relative output factor, 0.3. They re-measure it 0.7. So if you did that, what happens to your patient? If you made an error of this type of magnitude on your output factor, what happened to your patient? You either over those or under those by a factor of two. Not two percent, two, huh? Okay, so this is a very critical thing. Anybody that is even thinking about doing radio surgery better understand what they are doing in terms of the absolute dosimetry, okay? I cannot go into that because Eugenia will just keep me out of here. So then you have issues with the verification of your dose calculation because we are talking about small fields. The calculation algorithms are not perfect, okay? And you need to do patient specific measurements. Measurements, I'm not going to go into this one, but you have to do those volume, those evaluation surface, those summary size, those volume histograms. I'm going to skip that one. You need to define quality indices for your treatment, but you need to do this. If you are going to do radio surgery, this is an absolute must before you treat first patient. Treat a phantom, which is anatomically designed, and have somebody review that totally independent from you, both in terms of the dose and the dose distribution. This is a report from the RPC. Now it's called the IROC at MD Anderson, and you can get that done wherever you are in the world. They will agree to send it to you. You have to return it, of course, with all the measurements done, but you treat this as if it was a real patient from beginning to end. You submit it. You have a TLDs and film now inside the phantom, and they will tell you, this is the dose that you reported. This is the dose that we measured. Okay, so we say, well, yes, you did it good, you did it bad, and where is the error? This is a list of, this is from another paper that you can download, typical errors in radio surgery, major accidents in radio surgery and the causes. And one of them, remember I told you about the collimator and the field size heating that collimator? Okay, a major accident happened where somebody was setting the machine, put the collimator, somebody says, let me set the field size. The therapist sets the field size, or the physicist sets the field size. One or the other, one tells the other, well, what's the field size? It says 40 by 40. The other one says 40 by 40. One meant 40 millimeters by 40 millimeters. The other says 40 by 40 is a 40 centimeters by 40 centimeters. So all this collimator, it's just a waste of your time. The beam was open, completely delivered. You know, thousands of rats to the patient outside of the target. Okay, a total disaster, okay? So, QA communication is extremely important. Task group 54 has a little bit of a flow chart where it shows that, you know, what are the things that can go wrong along this sequence? One of them is to set the collimator. In this case was six centimeters by five centimeters. Whatever it is, somebody has to double check it before you do anything. That's probably the worst thing that you can do. All the rest is, you know, okay. So, thank you for all that and for your attention. I'm sorry about being the first one in the morning. Okay.


Oh my god, guys. 10,000 subscribers. 10,000 subscribers. We just hit 10,000 subscribers and that's absolutely amazing. Like, I... Ninja, I am just so happy that we actually hit 10,000. I never really bought... I would actually hit... This is so sad that I bought every other YouTube does. But, Ninja, I never thought I would hit 10,000 subscribers. It's just... It's just mind-boggling for me. Like, I... Like, I really... Really didn't expect that. Because I've been doing YouTube for three years, almost four. And only this year... Well, not this year. Last year, around June, I started to actually grow because I was doing something else that I enjoyed doing. Because I used to do gaming for like two and a half years. And so, for three years actually. For three years I did gaming. And then just recently, like June, July, you know, just like 2017, I've been doing other type of videos that I like doing, which is K-pop reactions. Because I love K-pop. I love listening to K-pop. It's amazing. It makes me happy. It makes me forget about things, you know. It's real cool. And I decided to start doing my videos on that. And just... Dude, it was just awesome seeing what was happening. You know, I actually got a lot of comments saying people loved my reactions.  Which I just absolutely loved. You know, I just love seeing how people love seeing me doing that for my videos to entertain you guys. Because that's what I'm here to do. I'm here to entertain you guys and, you know, follow my dreams of just doing that. You know, I've always wanted to, you know, kind of do YouTube just by saying like people like Nega Higa and all that stuff.  It's awesome to see that I'm now starting to do that for you guys.  You guys like my videos. The community is just absolutely amazing.  The community is amazing. I love this community a lot. It's way better than the Call of Duty community. I'm not even gonna talk about how terrible that was. Like just people were so, so toxic in that community really. Like I hated it a lot. So I'm glad I escaped that community and went to a community where there's still toxicity. But there's way more love and stuff. And it's just awesome seeing that love from this community coming onto this channel. I do get hate every now and then because everyone gets hate. But like it's mainly love. It's legit just mainly love. And I love it so much. And this love is going to continue to grow. You know your love for my videos and my love for you guys. It's just going to continue to grow. And we're up to 10,000. 10,000. That's more than 10 fingers. But I am still mind blown that we've reached 10K legit. It's 12 am right now. Well 12, 30 am. And I'm like I need to do a video as soon as this happens because it's like the best moment. Just like I don't know it's just awesome. When you achieve your goals you just feel so happy. But yeah to celebrate 10,000 subscribers I decided to do a giveaway. And if you guys are wondering what this giveaway is about it is art. It might not sound cool having art but this is what the art is like. I've shown this off before. It's like pixel art that someone's made. I also got a Star Wars one. But I got like the Star Wars one here as well. And I know the person that actually makes this art and she is making me free things. I could ask her to make art and she would do it. And I got an LJL one. So my logo. I got a Preston one and SF9 one. She's making them now. And I'm super excited for these. They're going to be freaking awesome. They're logos. But I might actually have them like on this wall or something. I don't know where I'll have them because I want them to be in my videos to show my support for those groups. But she would make anything if you pay her the money. So what I'm doing for this giveaway is that you guys can make any art. Don't make it too complicated. Not like a full group or anything like that. If you have a bias for a group then that could be the person that you want. I don't want her to work too hard for this because I know we reach 10,000 subscribers but I don't want her to stress out and all that stuff. I'm going to ask her to make one when we have the winner. Which will be in about two weeks time. So you've got two weeks to enter this. But you guys can have your art as a logo for a group which I've done. Pristin and SF9. It's going to be freaking awesome when those arrive. And I think this is cool because it's a different type of art. I'm going to pay for this of course. But it's like a different type of art that I've never really seen. And I freaking love this. I love like this 8 bit pixel art that's just on my wall. I dig it a lot. So you guys could be in the drawer to win something. It could be anything. It doesn't even need to be Kpop. It could be a can of Mentos. It could be that. It could be absolutely anything. So all you need to do for this is comment down below what you would like your pixel art on. And you could also follow me on Twitter if you want because I tweet out quite a bit every day so you guys get to know more about me. So yeah, that's literally all you got to do. You've got to comment down below you don't have to follow me on Twitter but it would be cool if you follow me on Twitter because I don't know. I don't know. It would just be cool. And then when we choose the winner I'm going to talk to the winner about like what size they would want it. I don't want it too big because that's going to be quite expensive. For getting free things I have to pay quite a bit of money because you can think about me as well and also think about Jade the person that makes this. I'll also leave a link in the description down below to her store so you guys can go check it out for stuff that she's done. I'm actually going to buy some stuff later this year but anyways, when the winner is decided I'm going to buy the random generator because I just go into a YouTube comment generator and it just chooses a comment. So when that chooses the winner I'm going to talk to the winner about the size, what they want the address and all that stuff and then you'll have to wait a while you will have to wait a while because it does take time to create these masterpieces. Do that stuff. Comment down below what you want for your art. It could be absolutely anything and make sure it's not too big and all that stuff because that's going to be really expensive. But it's for you guys so you know it's going to be absolutely awesome. And also I want to do a few different type of videos on my channel I kind of want to do this video called Storytime with LJL and it's just me playing a video game it's like a commentary really like basically what I'm doing but I'm playing a game and it's going to be more entertaining more funny and all that stuff you know I'm going to be I kind of want to start doing that maybe like once a week just like play a game and tell a story about my life so you guys get to know me more. I got an awesome idea for the first one what game I want to play the story I want to tell it's going to be pretty cool and I kind of want to do a few things what like Terry TV does you know how he like finds those sides and it's like nine pranks that you never expected at high school or something like that you know I kind of want to do a few things like that I'm still going to do reaction videos never going to stray off that because that's awesome just watching new music videos and like reacting to it because oh my god it's oh it's so good that oh my girl reaction video I did before oh I love that so much I started tearing up because it was so beautiful I just want to start doing new things I'm going to continue with my live streams for learning Korean I haven't done it for the last two days because two days ago I was sick and tired and today I was stupid and stepped into 1pm and then I had one hour to get ready for work so I couldn't really live stream so I'm going to start my live stream tomorrow so stay tuned for that and it's going to be a lot of fun learning Korean because I have been studying still but yeah that's basically all I had to say for this video really but I'm going to say this once again thank you guys for you know subscribing to this channel we're going to grow we're going to hit 100,000 subscribers and it's going to be awesome and that happens so stay tuned for that subscribe, stay tuned for the 100k thousand video we'll also do a video for 50k and 75k but yeah 100k is going to be it's going to be awesome and yeah I hope you guys have a great day and just keep on smiling and adios amigos when you achieve your goals you just feel so happy


We have the application that displays the IG recognizing the whole spectrum, blah, blah, blah. Here's some sample. So we have the app. Another question. So yes, up by mudplotlib we already have it. Okay, it's doing more than we have. Small, comprehensive. Interestingly, we have FS. Yeah, that can be 250. Insert at cursor. Can insert at cursor. That's nice and simple. Okay, this can be 250. Can just create files. Yes, signal is not defined. We can just do co-pilot. Fix this. Let me just fix this. It's really weird. It's not doing it right. It's importing signal from scipy. So it seemed to be getting the context from the folder structure, which is good. Function is generate URL. Generate a JavaScript. Looks like the provide code is incomplete. Which code is incomplete? That was a template from somewhere else. Now this has a lot of issues. Why? It's not defined. Power function is empty list. Process data, power, the whole spectrum. Same thing for signal. It's probably an easier way of doing it. We need to add a phone line. Is it this model I already have? Spectrogram. I also need the signal. Did it actually work? Looks like not sure why it's in a different... Allah. With this run. Bash terminal. Not sure about this one. Especially forcing. Forcing reinstall. Why do I need to force reinstall? Because if all the rest is working. How do I do this? Importing signal. Do I have to upgrade? I don't think there's an issue with sci-fi installation. We are importing sci-fi. So do I import it from sci-fi signal or just sci-fi? And this is odd. Do I also need to do that? Okay, now it seems to respond better. Do I have a camera string? What? Why am I... What? A column? A door? Could not to float? Don't have camera, do I? Camera. Line 20. Right, we need to load the data. It's got nothing to do with camera. Okay, loading the data. We already have that code in another application. Let's see. Loading the data. Okay, we obviously have it in this application. It's not great. It's super slow. It's still loading. And there's also features with display. But it's loading that it's able to load the data. Okay. So this will be... Now question is if the copilot chat has access to all other files. It should. So if I copy path and just tell it to... Can we load the data in the same way as in... Yes, you can load the data. Is it a text? But it's not how we load the data in that file. So I'm not sure if it has all the content from... Sorry, did I make a mistake in the folder? No, I didn't. It's the right folder. Do you have access to... No, I don't have access to a lot of files. I can only provide suggestions based on the code you provide. So what's the point of... I thought the whole point of using it is that it already has access to all your files. That's a bit odd. So how do I provide it? They'll call the same. They'll call up.py. Right. So this is the other file. And it would have loaded that... It is a text file that has to be specifically this one. The other question is do I need to copy it again into this folder or not? I don't want to. How do I access this folder? So this file will be in data. Yeah, this one. RelativePathStun over here. This is the relativePath in data file path. It should be in single quotes, isn't it? And loadText. This just works, I don't think so. DataFilePath is a very large file. We load a small portion of it. Oh, are we already doing this? WindowSize is 10 seconds. Yeah, multiply by sampling frequency. That's correct. And then taking... I just want to take one channel. There are 16 channels, but there's a select one channel. Eventually the selected channel will be coming from the web application. But currently, yes, zero should be fine. Let's make it one. ChannelProcessData. Shouldn't this have data as the input? Where's that function being called? I'll stuff it up, wouldn't I? ProcessData. Let's control I. Let's go pilot. It was already doing this. So it's taking the selected channel and window size as well. DataPath. WindowSize, I don't think I need to do this. It's doing something, my CPU is running. I can hear the fans, all the fans, all the 10 fans. Why is it loading for so long? Now it's loading the page again for quite some time. Okay. Do we already need the wsgi file in here? Where should I be getting my error from? Let's see. So it's loading for too long. Then I get an error. Okay, slow down. GPT-4 was much slower, so you could actually watch it generating text. But this one is much quicker, so I have to slow it down. So there are a few issues. The first is through warning message GUI outside the main thread. Subplots function calls in the processData function. To fix this, you can add the following lines. To begin off, I import mudplotlib, we're already importing it. To understand what's the difference between when you import something like something from mudplotlib or import the whole mudplotlib and then use that, whatever. The line should be added before. So this should be going after. The second issue type error that occurs when rendering index HTML template is that it goes by the channel variable not being defined in the app. I had to fix this issue the following line in the beginning of the app to define the channel's variable. So we can comment this out, put this one in. And we don't have the data yet. Because the data is all the way down there. We sure we don't need that code. We need this up top. Maybe even outside the Flask application. Okay. So where's the data shape? Is it still loading forever? Well, because the window of the data is too large. We actually don't want to load the whole file. Why we're loading the whole file? Let's see how we do it over there. Yeah, we're loading only a certain portion of it. Yeah, with white space. True. Skip rows. That's also handy. This is because that file actually has a seizure in it. So by doing this, we're actually skipping to the seizure. The difference is that we want only one channel. So we're selecting one channel. Because we're plotting spectrogram of this channel. So if we plot all the channels in the spectrum, if it's slow already. Yeah, we have to select just one, just work with one channel. So it's essentially should be the same as this. We didn't want to copy the data file again. We got the file correctly. Should we just read the one channel to begin with? I guess we need this line for sure. Instead of just loading the whole file. What's pdpd? Yeah, so we want to do the same thing because it just worked before. So we have pdpd. It's a very large file. So we don't want to read the whole file. This should be okay. Number of points to load. Duration to load. So yeah, I think in this file we're loading 100 seconds. So then we can scroll through it. Right, and I also remember that our sampling frequency is not to 50. It's definitely 400. So that's just what the data set is. Escape rows is not defined. We actually need those. Right, we use it over here. And we will have a Y and X. Access to it, but instead of like here where we're loading all the 16 channels, we just want to load one. And those numbers should be legit. And we want to create a time array. So this will be data. We'll have a time array, df, just df. Right, this should be a data as well. Do we have something with time? A control i is this. How do we use this? The code is part of Flaskware application. The process is in this place, i.e. g, electroencephalography, e.g. Whatever data and the code reads data from a file, loads the base and start time duration, then the process. Because provided it adds a new column to the loaded data column, contains the time values. This is done by defining more k that close that. So we're not using this for now. And let's try this again. Right, this is loading a bit quick. It's still getting an error. Some variables have been missing or something with pandas. I think I know what the problem is, but the error message to that variable is pandas, not numpy array. We cannot use numpy array indexing to access the column data. You can use the following column data frame. So what's the problem? I'm not actually using this at the moment. I can just comment it out. Still loading for some time, not as bad. Is it the same error? And the fact that I'm getting 500 for the HTTP, it is missing a bit in here. The error message is CSV file, something with the file path. That's what I'm doing already, am I? And data file path is obviously a problem with the data file. We need a relative, any more suggestions? No, it should be something like that. And relative path to... Okay, it's easier to copy the file. And fortunately, or fortunately, whatever, yes, this was copied. Yeah, I need an up root index. Do I have it? No. My rendering plot, it should be an index HTML. It's actually a different error to promise that data is loading okay. I thought I made it one. This seems wrong anyway. Copy, let's explain this. Select the code plot signals from a pandas matplotlib. Very bad partners. Actually, it creates line plot. First argument of a function call specifies x-axis. That's not the x-axis. Okay, we do data time. It needs to be rewritten. Yeah, it needs to be just so the second ago. Data time, data channel. Yeah, that looks more like it. Line 52. Select code return BNA. It's not related to... The code part of the function. So which line am I modifying? Can it regenerate? No. I get that, but I meant with the error and to access the first column of the data, but I'm not on node anymore. So why isn't it not getting updated? Select code channel variable that is used to specify the channel to plot subplots unified channel variables and integer plot content signal, the plot signal function to extract the signal data from a specified channel. What's it talking about? There's no... It's like getting to clear the chat or something. Not using getlock. Don't care. You should check the code that is calling getlock and make sure that the key being passed as well. Yeah, we have pandaspd. I must get full like a more specific... Don't care to fix this. Windows has no access. Yeah, we're not having a great time. Code is unreachable. Because the return is there. Of course code is unreachable. For file, let's explain this.


Live from Las Vegas, Nevada. It's theCUBE, covering EMC World 2015. Brought to you by EMC, Brocade, and VCE. Okay, welcome back everyone. We are live here in Las Vegas for EMC World 2015. This is theCUBE, SiliconANGLE, and Wikibon's flagship program. We go out to the events and expect the students of the noise. I'm John Furrier, my coach, Dave Vellante. Our next is John Sharp, IT manager of Bullrath. Welcome to theCUBE. Thank you. So what's your impression of the show so far? It's an eye-opener. I mean, it's a lot to take in in a short amount of time, but you know, a wide variety of topics, very focused in some areas that kind of near and dear to my heart, taking in some extreme IOs and converged infrastructure. Then I also hit some governance and security. So, you know, wide array of topics. What's near and dear to your heart? Which topics? Converged infrastructure. We're a VCE customer. We've got two V-blocks. We're getting ready to replace the first one. We were actually the first customer in the state of Wisconsin to put in the V-block nearly four years ago. And we were the first ones to buy the new V-block with the Extreme IO. So we're pretty committed. And you know, it just makes it easier for my guys to do more with the very limited resources that they have. So you were there when you originally brought in V-block, right? Yes. Can you take us back to that point in time? What was life like? How did it change? So it was shortly after I started at Ball Rat, probably within my first year, I was brought into Ball Rat to kind of think about how we're going to transform the business and be able to adapt. We grow a lot through acquisition and our infrastructure was aging. We weren't able to keep up and they didn't want IT to be the slowdown in acquiring any companies. So, you know, one of the things that we had to do was we had to move off of a lot of individual server stack and move towards more of a converged infrastructure. I was fortunate enough that VCE had just been in Wisconsin right near us. And I got to sit through their presentation on how if you're virtualized or looking to highly virtualize this one converged stack with one throat to choke was going to make life significantly easier. And, you know, everybody's a skeptic and I have to admit it at first I was, but the more I started to talk with them and understand that we could condense down all of the different physical points and single points of failure into a highly redundant box that had one interface for my guys to go into and move us from a Zen app shop into a VMware shop and have a lot of redundancy, it just began to make more and more sense. You know, we're a manufacturing company, so when we first got going with them, you know, price was clearly a concern, but, you know, they really stepped up and they explained all the reasons why this was going to be good for the business. And we went ahead, we signed the deal. They told us that it was going to take us 12 weeks to get the box and I think they delivered somewhere in six. And they said that you'll be up and running, running production inside of your first week there. And we were definitely up and running by the end of that first week. So they made a lot of promises, but they delivered on every one of them and surpassed them. So, you know, that to me cemented some things for us. Fast forward a little bit and the business continued to grow. We continued to acquire and we didn't have to add infrastructure because the V-Block had so much horsepower and so much flexibility that we had to add a little memory to accommodate some of the servers, but, you know, we were able to bring that on and support that workload.  And that was almost the longest part is getting those network links established, having the communications. From there, platform is solid. We tend to centralize everything in our shop. So again, V-Block was a really great fit for that because with all the redundancy in it, you know, we're not worried as much about the, I got 40 servers and I got 40 different points where my applications can really fail, you know. So for us, it was really an eye opener. So talk about the cost, you mentioned cost, price sensitive, of course, everyone just want to overpay or anything. So they overdelivered on commitment, on shipments and delivery. What was the operational cost that you guys saved or gained from moving over? Because you had a migration here to VMware and other things, virtualized. What was the life like without VC and the V-Block? So let me kind of go back to day number two at Ballrad. It was followed by day number one where I asked my admin, what's your single biggest fear? And he told me the email server, it's not really all that stable you need to go down at any moment. It's smoking. It's smoking. I started on a Friday, figured I'm going to ease into this, right? I get a call Saturday morning from the same system administrator, but email server's down. The raid card has gone bad and I'm not sure we're going to be able to recover this anytime soon. Needless to say, he was managed to perform some voodoo and he got it up, but you know, that same admin used to always tell me I carry around a puke bucket because at any one moment, I don't know what's going to go wrong and I need to have that ready. Life after the V-Block, that puke bucket is a mesh garbage can where it wouldn't help him anyway. He never cries for it anymore and where he couldn't take the time to actually properly maintain his systems. He now has a system that's fully patched. It's got a release matrix so that we know that the patches that we apply aren't going to destroy the system and bring it to our knees versus in the old days, buy that patch and hope it doesn't take the application down and, you know, those days are gone. So stressed out, pins and needles.  I mean, it could happen. It could, and that was all he did is pop fires every day. And that boils down into availability issues because if you're not patching your system and you're bubblegum and bailing wire and then speed when you're acquiring companies. So, you get that. What about, you mentioned cost before I presume you were talking about sticker shock, right, the CapEx, oh no, right, natural, CFO gets you in a headlock and goes, isn't there another way? It's one of my first big purchases at the company and I really wasn't sure how they were going to react to me coming in and telling them that we need to outlay a fairly large sum of money so that we have the agility to do what the business needs and not have to have them ask us to go and do it and then tell them, oh, well that's going to take us four to six weeks to go out and get a server. And, you know, we built a business case is what we did and it was really, we were in a transition at Ball Rat. It's a traditional company in the food service industry. We make a lot of smallwares, kitchen type equipment, everybody's been to a buffet, eating out of the shapers. You know, that's the type of thing we make and we're a typical manufacturer and people like to think that, hey, manufacturers, they'll run it as long as they can, they don't have money for that but in our industry, it's starting to change. It's an older industry and as people retire, the millennials demand electronic digital format whereas we were printing paper catalogs and you could send it out once a year and it's half a million dollars to print out the catalogs and then you got to pay the mailing fees and we pride ourselves on coming out with new products couple times a year. Well, after you've printed the catalog, how do you get that material out to your customers? If it's not digital and you're not marketing in that way, you can't really support driving your product faster to market. So, you know, we certainly had that as a company initiative which eased their pain when we explained that this is going to allow us to adapt to all of these changes. They had a five year strategy and we took time to really lay it out that the groundwork to their success was putting in a solid infrastructure that whether we were going to be on-prem, serving it out to the internet or, you know, co-locate, push it out to the cloud. We needed to have that flexibility and when we think about VMware and VCloud orchestrator and some different things, the VBlock was a perfect platform to help us start moving towards that and do it in a way that a traditional manufacturer that likes to hug their box and our data is secure and inside behind the fortress, we could do that. But we also had the flexibility because it was VMware that hey, if we need to, we can wall things off, expose only parts that need to be out in front of our customers and do that from that VBlock. So, your labor force prior to bringing this system in was doing a lot of, you know, non-productive, I like to call it non-differentiated activities. Post bringing in VBlock, it sounds like they were able to catch up on all the things they had to do. So what happened to the labor force, the IT labor force? Did it essentially stay flat and you're able to do more? Have you grown it less quickly than you would have? And what have you done with that? What else have you done with that freed up resource? So, we've remained fairly flat. We've picked up one or two individuals through some acquisitions, but really the staff has maintained a fairly flat workload. But where I would say 90% of their time was spent fighting fires when I started. I would say that, you know, if they're fighting fires maybe once a month, maybe once every other, that was a huge transformation. And because we got that out of the way, I've been able to shift it to more of a project focused workforce so that we've got planned projects to improve things for the business, to ensure that we take the time to maintain our equipment and they now have the time to do it and they have the time to properly plan and execute. So if you think about that, when you're fighting fires, you hardly ever think about communicating with the organization. These guys, one of their big struggles for them was probably less about the, oh no, what am I going to do as much as, oh, how am I going to tell the business and I feel really uncomfortable because they were always used to, the only communication that came out of IT was more bad news of this system's down and it's not coming available. Now it's, we're going to be delivering this new service. This is the day that we're going to be rolling it out. We're going to run some internal testing and we're looking for everybody to come on and help us load test and see if we can't break the system and we're getting feedback now on things to help improve performance whereas before it was just, how do we keep it running? So people are giving us that feedback and we're able to impact their lives which gives them more time to directly face the customer. Okay, John, we're getting the hook here but I want to ask you one final question. Obviously a lot of goodness going on. You feel good. It's an aspirin, it's a vitamin, it's a steroid. You got a lot of good problem solved with the EMC, VBlock and other solutions. Now that you're at the show, I love the term headroom. What's next? Like, what are you getting excited about here to bring back, to add on to the, to give you more headroom for future-proofing and or new goodness? So, you know, as we look at it, there's different things, ExtremeIO and really trying to boost database performance. You know, that's going to be huge for us. Right now we run a lot of x86 apps and we SQL and we're really positioning ourselves to transition our JD Edwards Enterprise apps over there and further deliver more web-class services out to our customers. And I think there's just a lot of great things coming out of EMC that are just going to help us maintain that solid growth strategy. John, thanks for taking the time. John Sharp here, IT manager inside theCUBE, sharing what's going on back in his world. This is one of the solutions and the goodness of convergent infrastructure and all EMC's products. This is theCUBE. We'll be right back after this short break.