And welcome to tomorrow, my name is Jamie Higginbotham. Oh, hey, look, we have little banners now. You can find me at Photonic Empress on all of the socials. I am joined by a Jared, oops, Jared Head, and by a Ryan Keaton, and we will be your hosts for today. By the way, I loved last week's show, where you all got to call in.  Like, it should be a fun, exciting show where everyone has a voice. So to that end, we're going to continue the ability for you to call into the show week after week. And if you want to add your voice into the show, if you look into the description, you're going to see a URL you can click on and you can join in, add your own comments and thoughts into the show itself. It's pretty cool. So I think that's going to be a lot of fun. I realize that generally speaking, you're going to have a lot more people viewing passively than you are going to be participating, but like, you know, if you want to, I think it'd be, I think it's pretty exciting. I think it's pretty cool. We're all space nerds, right? And we all want to geek out together. Certainly another way you can participate is through the comments section on YouTube as well. So on that note, I did a little bit of a clickbait title. I forgot exactly what I wrote, but it was something along the lines of can old space survive Starship? Obviously Starship hasn't fully made it yet, but when we think about where it's at, you know, we've got a super ultra heavy lift. What is the classification of Starship, by the way? It's beyond heavy lift, right? Like super ultra heavy lift? Big. Thanks, Ryan. We have, a rocket classified is big. So, but really, does it have a classification above heavy? Heavy lifter? Like, is it super heavy? Is it like, isn't like a Delta IV considered a super heavy? I thought that would just be heavy. I thought, I thought we have small, medium heavy, which would be like your electron, your Falcon 9, your Falcon heavy.  So let's not use that. Super heavy, I think would be a fair notch up above into this next generation of vehicles that we're getting. Godzilla heavy. Well played, well played. Love it, love it. So, all right. So just call it super heavy, I guess. So we've got this super heavy rocket that is fully going to be, oh, article super heavy is Falcon heavy enough. But okay, this is, okay, let's put a pin in this. Someone make a note that we should talk about this in the after party. Like, I wanna, like it feels like, yeah, yeah, yeah, I feel like we're missing a classification. I don't think there's enough granularity because I think there's a pretty big difference between something like a Falcon heavy and a starship. But let's move that to the after party, right? So, okay, so we've got this super heavy launcher, but the super heavy launcher for the first time in history will be fully reusable, first stage and second stage. So if you've got this fully reusable rocket, how in the super duper heavy, how in the world is traditional aerospace going to compete? They're still struggling to get basic reusability done, right?  A majority of the price of the rocket is in the engines, if we're being honest, right? But also, you lose all of that, like, now you gotta just build, just constantly be building tanks, right? I think it misses, in its entirety, the point of reusability. Ariane-6 just did a static fire, right? Like, what's the reusability on Ariane-6? I feel like they were targeting something. So Ariane-6's current reusability, oh, they don't. But weren't they targeting something? Wasn't there gonna be a future reusability plan there? Or am I just crazy? I say pictures, pictures is a strong word. There's renders of Falcon 9 knockoff looking things, just, like, you know, kind of taped to the side of an Ariane-6 core stage and then they've kind of drawn in crayon a reusable crew thing on top as well. So, you know, let's give them a pat on the back. A plus for effort with the conceptual drawings. But at the moment, Ariane-6 really is, you know, what they are currently developing in terms of what they have on the pad in French Guiana is very much not reusable stuff. Now, to credit where credit is due, they have been doing extensive research and development on reusable engines in Europe, but they're no good in Europe because they're not underneath a rocket. They're on a test stand. You want them underneath a rocket in French Guiana and launching. Yeah, that makes sense. So, and actually, Don't Panic just brought up a really good point, which is constantly building tanks like the fuel tanks and the LOX tanks. That's kind of the point. It's a jobs program, but that actually goes directly back to my point, which is if you've got these traditional aerospace programs that are jobs programs, how do they compete with a company that is not a job? Whatever the opposite of a jobs program is, right? Well, and then fully reusable rockets. Like, they're already, you look at Falcon 9, it's basically just spanking the industry, right? I mean, can anyone argue that? I guess, like, I'm obviously biased. No, no, I'm not gonna attempt to argue against that. The statistics speak for themselves. Yeah. Right, and that's half reusable, right? Think about that, right? They gotta build a second stage every freaking time. What happens when the vehicle's not just super ultra-duper heavy? I want someone to put that into Wikipedia. I got NASA to say, embegnate on comms. I now want to get the community to put super ultra-duper heavy into Wikipedia. That's my next life goal, super ultra-duper heavy. That's a fair trade for having our article deleted from Wikipedia. Yeah, exactly, that's a fair trade, exactly. Oh, boo, Bennett, boo, boo, boo. Oh, and you just hear, I don't know if Dudda's mic is up, I hear him chortling in the background. So, how does? Just a thought to dig into for a second. SpaceX is spanking the rest of the industry because, is there a portion of that spanking that is because they're absolutely not a jobs program? That's a good question. I'm not sure I'm allowed to answer that, like I've backed myself into a corner of things I can't talk about. But, Ryan, do you want to take that?  Like, you know, a governmental agency, fair play contracting things out, but cost plus, right? This is very much different to the way things are being done nowadays. So, I mean, I think it's a fair point to make because this new era of how things are being contracted out, which isn't cost plus, it's a fixed price, you do it for this price, there's very strict restrictions in there. If not, you're gonna have to spend your own money, right? I think that could have a key point into it, especially considering how SpaceX is able to provide launch services at much lower costs to everyone else. Like the internal launch cost of a Falcon 9, so launch a batch of Starlings is ridiculously small. And then they obviously put their profit margins on top for other customers, but the ability to undercut everyone else in a fixed price contract game gives them the advantage because they can spend less money, which means they can use more money elsewhere, which means they can do more things, which means that they are then able to spank the entire industry because they have the ability to launch more, it's simply the way it is. They don't have to build a new rocket the entire time. They have one sitting in the hangar ready to go effectively, which they've just landed. That speaks to the financing aspect of it, but the employment aspect of it, I think that misses the mark because SpaceX has very high turnover. They go through people left and right, and I don't think that that's the case across the rest of the industry with companies that are not doing things like SpaceX. Ah, wait, wait, I'm gonna push back a little bit. I feel like the space community is fairly small, right? Like, we're all pretty nice, tighten it, and I feel like we all just kind of rotate between companies. Am I wrong? I think rotate is not the right word. There's a particular kind of culture that comes along with every company, and if you are amenable to the culture of company A versus company Y, then you would migrate in that direction. And there are times when maybe that doesn't work out, or you thought the grass was greener on the other side of the fence, so you may come back home for a little bit, but in general, there's a handful of people that kind of rotate through, I mean, again, rotate, I don't think it's the right word, that kind of migrate through companies as the challenges and opportunities that are available present themselves. And as you finish up a project and your usefulness becomes open to other avenues or other projects, maybe there's something more entertaining and more lucrative that's going on elsewhere, and you might move over there. But at the same time, there's a life, again, that lifestyle that SpaceX has, or I mean any company has, is something that you have to contend with when it comes to finding, hiring, and retaining talent. And the bigger companies seem to retain talent for a longer period of time, or longer stretches than the newer companies do. Sure, okay, but are they going to be able to, right? So first off, would you consider SpaceX a new and big company? Like where would you put SpaceX in that classification? Because they are arguably a new space company, but they're also the most active launch provider on the planet today. So it's a weird classification, how do you classify them? I mean they're an island in many respects. They are still new, their operation mentality is still new, it's still the startup mentality where everybody's putting in 60 hours a week as opposed to a cost job that's only 40 or maybe 36. 36, what? Hey, I mean, if you can get, there's places, if you can get your job done, why do you need to be here? This is what we ask of you, this is what you, that's again a different mentality, right? Yeah, yep.  Right, and there are older, larger companies for which that's the case, and it's a lifestyle, I'd choose your lifestyle. So really quickly, Norman contributed $10 to this comment saying aerospace planes such as those depicted in the series, planets. I think what Norman is, I think what Norman, that's an anime, so. I think what Norman is saying is that in order for traditional aerospace to compete, they're going to need to build something futuristic and awesome and awe-inspiring and above and beyond what they're doing right now, like an aerospace plane, right?  Like they're gonna have to think outside of the box. So many thoughts here. So first off, so Norman, thank you for the contribution, but also, when we look at traditional aerospace, like Boeing, and we talk about those cost plus contracts, you know, or the fixed price contracts, right? Boeing tried to compete with fixed price. That's the, not the Orion, the... Starliner? Starliner, thank you. Like, that has not gone well for them, right? Like when they start doing these fixed price contracts as opposed to cost plus, Boeing does not seem to know how to operate in that world and they're limited into cost plus. But then if I'm a company and I want, and I'm looking at, or I'm even a government agency and I'm looking at, do I want a cost plus contract where I have no idea how much I'm gonna have to spend and we need to go back to Congress multiple times to get this program off the ground, or I've got a fixed price like go once and they have to succeed or they don't get paid, which one would you do? Now it is government, so like, who knows what the answer might be, but like, right? I mean, there could be some behind, but like, there's incentive in, I'm just saying that, I think they've, these large aerospace companies have maybe had the wrong business model for so long that they no longer know how to compete. Like they're not incentivized to compete, they are incentivized to take forever and never actually deliver a product, which is the opposite of competing and doing anything. It's what I feel like, it's part of why aerospace has fallen so far behind and with these companies being so used to cost plus, can they get off of cost plus? And if they can't, you know, done it to your point like, okay, you know, engineers maybe are used to cushy jobs with 36 hour work weeks. I can't even say it without laughing. Okay, maybe that's the case, but like, if companies like Company X come along and they just clean house with everyone, where those engineers, like, those legacy aerospace companies aren't going to be able to compete anymore, they're not gonna make money in that particular division anymore, what's gonna happen to those engineers? Right, like. That's why we still have jobs programs, like smart reusability. Well, do we though? I mean, ULA, I jokingly call it blue ULA, it's like Dracula, but with blue, right? Because there's rumors, there are unfounded rumors, unfounded rumors that blue is, well, there are founded rumors that ULA is looking to be purchased, right? That ULA is like, nope, we're done, right? Like that seems like that part may be legit. And it sounds like there might be a few different people who are like really interested in picking them up. Blue, which I really hope happens just so I can call them blue ULA. Just personally, I wanna call them blue ULA. But then also, what was it? It was Aerojet Rocket Time, I think was one of the prospects. Again, all rumors, a handful of different, and then there was one, well, we talked about Amazon, but I don't think that's real. I thought that was brilliant. But no, it's brilliant, right? But I mean, isn't this just kind of the beginning of the end for these legacy space companies? If ULA is already looking at this going, hey man, we've got these government contracts and even we don't know how to keep this going, right? Like, are they maybe just reading the writing on the wall going, nope, we can't do this? Yeah, I think it's probably, I think everything, my opinion is everything stems down to just the company culture. Because there is a difference between the culture of a traditional old space, aerospace company and the culture of say, SpaceX. SpaceX's entire ideology is, especially around the Starship Program, is to build, test if it doesn't work, fix. Build, test if it doesn't work, fix and just keep doing that cycle. And that's something, if you subscribe to that, that's brilliant and they make some cool stuff with that ideology. The other ideology of let's work everything out on paper first and then do it in 15 years time, it's worked in the past. They've built and successfully flowed SLS on that in recent years, last year, but it's much slower from the outside. It looks like they're not really doing much perspective. So I think we've seen behemoth airlines go bankrupt largely because of company culture. Newer, fresher airlines, let's say, who have been able to swoop over and pick up market share just because they, because of company culture, you know? I think if the traditional companies want to survive in the new space age or whatever you wanna call it, I think there just needs to be some switch somewhere if they want to survive of a more rapid, kind of build stuff kind of mentality rather than a, let's draw stuff mentality. How about you, Jerry? You haven't chimed in too much. What are your thoughts here? Well, I think work culture is always a very interesting thing to look at, to examine and see how it works. And I feel like with a lot of the rapid iterative design and other things like that, it makes sense to me that you would have these very young workforces that last for two to three years.  And that makes sense to me at least because your ideas in that kind of an environment are coming on quick and fast and you're gonna want that kind of attitude there that's present in order to handle something like that. However, if you go somewhere, say where there's gonna be a project that's going to be at a set time with as much money as we need to and we don't have to rush or anything like that, then it doesn't really make any sense to end up having a type of employment where you're gonna be burning through and eating talent as fast as you possibly can with it. It makes sense in order to develop a work culture that would allow for something to sit and simmer and cook for a very long period of time. So I don't necessarily think it comes down to the contract and how I wanna do money and other stuff like that necessarily. I feel like that ends up stemming from the work culture itself and what do we really wanna do here? Do we wanna get humans on Mars within the next 10 to 20 years or are we good kind of just puttering around low Earth orbit with what we wanna work on? And I feel like that's also a little bit unfair too because there's absolutely plenty of new space companies that are working on systems for low Earth orbit that are also putting in this tremendous amount of effort in order to make that happen. So I feel like your work culture influences the people that it's gonna bring to you and in turn that ends up influencing a lot of the work that you're actually gonna end up doing. Oops. So a couple of really great comments that came in. We'll start with this one from Jack asking, Dada's eating the banner. Is part of the problem that some of the companies that are publicly traded are shareholder risk-avers and slowing them. So I think a really great example of this would be the Rocket Laboratory. They're a publicly traded company now. Like can they move with the agility necessary to keep up with someone like SpaceX or whoever, right? Like, and I think it was you or Dada or someone, well, it was one of the three of you, brought up the point that you do kind of need money to make all of this go, right? And so becoming a publicly traded company is a great way to infuse cash into your company, which may be required in order for you to just survive, right? But then, like, exactly, not every aerospace company has an angel investor worth hundreds of billions. Having a few billing to throw in the ground breaking design isn't easy to reason about all these days, especially in this current market, right? So like aerospace companies are really, really hard. I was gonna say, just look at small SAP launchers right now, we're basically entering into the, well, it's going to be the end of quite a few small SAP launchers. It's sort of that thing that we all said was coming over the past three to five years. We're now starting to get into that point where the bodies of the companies are gonna start to pile up. I mean, we've seen this before too, right? Like, Beale, Aerospace, like, it just seems to go in cycles. SpaceX is a little bit of the anomaly here, but like, yeah. Also, like in all fairness, Daniel has a really great point, which is we keep talking about SpaceX burning out engineers, but isn't it still one of the most desired jobs for engineers and highest happiness among? It says EEs, to me, that means electrical engineer, I don't know, but I'll just say engineers in general. And then like, yeah, I would argue that, again, bias, but I would argue SpaceX is one of the top engineering companies in the world, not just the country. Like, engineers from all around the planet want to work on these insanely difficult problems. And like, you just, it's, there's cache that comes with it, you know? I mean, now. So like, yeah, I don't know. All right, there's a real fine line that you have to walk with that, though, because you don't want to, you wanna have a level of institutional knowledge that's built within your own company, but at the same time, you don't want to destroy the prospects of being able to have capture and hold on to that institutional knowledge. And I don't know what SpaceX is doing, but even with their extremely high turnover rate that they have, which I feel like really in any area would not allow for that institutional knowledge to build very well. They've still been able to do a really good job of being able to hold on to that. And I don't know if it's just in like the methodology of documentation or how things are handed to people or specific aspects of work culture that they do that are different from other aerospace companies, but it's been able to do a really good job of that. And again, much like Dada said, they're sort of an island on their own in these areas where they have a very high turnover rate, but for some reason, they're able to avoid a lot of the issues at that. Actually, this is a great question. Is this turnover talk? Go ahead. Their institutional knowledge has a name and it's Jira. Is the turnover talk back by statistics? Like everyone keeps saying, oh, they've got high turnover, high turnover, high turnover based on what? Like I've been there for 12 years saying, like I think there's a story in the industry that there's high turnover, but like, is there? I don't know the answer I'm asking. I was about to say, I could definitely try to hunt for it, but I don't know if that's, I don't know if you're gonna wanna watch me on air do that, so it doesn't make for, I think it's a good question. Turns out statistics doesn't make for compelling viewers.  I think we veered off course a little bit, right? Because I think the fundamental topic here is like, we're going into work culture and like that's not really what we're talking about, right? What we're talking about is, can old space compete with new space? Specifically company X, right? Like you've got this super ultra mega heavy lift rocket that's gonna be fully reusable, coming online imminently, right? Like we're not talking 10 years away here. Like this thing was close last time and yeah, there's gonna be more stuff that goes into it, but like it's coming online here soon. So you look at other companies that don't have reusability or don't have plans for reusability, how in the world, how in the world can they compete? It takes forever to figure out reusability.  Or are they just gonna all keep merging, right? Just merge and merge and merge and merge and merge again. Cause we kind of again, we see this in cycles in aerospace, right? Like Northrop Grumman, oh God, what? Sierra Nevada and Aerospace Division of Northrop Grumman Orbital ATK. Like it's, right? I mean, we joke about it, but we've joked about this for years and it just, it's absolutely what happens is these companies keep gobbling each other up and you end up with one behemoth of a company and you talk about culture, imagine the culture of that company that's been gobbled up by nine other different companies. Look at what happened to Boeing, right? Like Boeing and who was it, McDonald? Yeah. They bought, yeah, right? Like they went from the premium, Boeing arguably was the premier aerospace or engineering company on the planet. Look at them now. Not to say bad things about Boeing, but like, oof. Yeah. Aravail has a good point. Even the companies that do have plans are targeting where SpaceX is now not where SpaceX is going to be in five to 10 years. I don't think the larger older space corporations have the foresight to understand where they want to be. They're relying on government dollars and decadal surveys for what we should be doing that have crazy whack-a-doo ideas from one scientist or another that are competing for funding and attention. And it's like, if you want to operate the old space way, we need to all get together and find an old space solution or problem to solve and agree on how we're going to solve it. And then you divvy up government dollars to be able to get that done. But there's, we're still competing on are we going to go to the moon and Mars or how we're going to get there? Are we going to have a Mars Cycler or like, let's figure something out and get it done.  And they just do it. All right. Have we, I did have one person join, but I'm not sure if they have a microphone. So I'm texting on the side to see if that is going. Any final thoughts on this particular topic of like, can old space compete with new space? Like, I feel like my answer is no, they can't. And as was just mentioned, they're, you know, they're going to where the puck is now and not where the puck is going to be. What is that, Wayne Gretzky, right? And like, there's just, it's just mean constant miss, miss, miss. And if that's the case, like I don't see how they survive. If you don't have a reusable rocket in the drawing board right now, like starting to build parts and testing it right now, I just do not see how they can make things go. So older established firms need to adopt. Exactly, Keith, right? But that's really, it's easier said than done. Also, let's be clear. Starship is not proving yet, right? Like, now I would say never bet against Elon. That's, those are my, that's my advice to the, all people everywhere only fools bet against Elon. So like, but yeah, yeah. Okay, any final thoughts on this, Jared, Dada and Ryan? I just think if you're an old space company and you want to, you want to be able to survive over the next decade, you're going to have to basically look at yourself, figure out which parts of yourself to completely rip apart and then be like a phoenix and rise from your ashes from that. If you can, if your management is willing to do that, which I am pretty, pretty confident, most upper management C-suite people not willing to do that. Risk averse, risk averse. Ryan? It's comfy at the top. I just, I'm going to be honest, I really don't know what to say because you know, Vulcan is a rocket designed for the 2010s at the latest. The Ariane 6 is a rocket designed for the 2010s at the latest. There's, there's just, nobody seems to be designing for the future apart from SpaceX, Blue Origin and the new company's rocket lab that are coming through right now. And it's just, yeah, I just, it's not a really, you know, happy way to end. Is it like, well, everyone's done for them, aren't they? So it's pretty, pretty big outlook on it. And it's just, you know, like, all right then, I guess Ariane space is done for, but we'll just have to wait and see because like you said, I think Starship isn't proving yet. I think it will be proven very soon, but I might be wrong. So, you know, I just, I don't know. I hope they survive, but I'm a bit depressed now. So, I'm sorry, I didn't mean to make you depressed. All right. I'd like to make a quick little point on that. I think in our recent history from the big major companies that are also in space, I feel like the SR-71 is one of the last things that was created with any kind of vision. Mm. Well, that you're aware of. And actually that, this is where, oh yeah, and Sack actually has a nice Wikipedia article. I think he's looking to try to find a nice picture of the SR-71 and I'm gonna hit a button. Boom. Oh, wait, yeah, cool. Right, so like, that's the last thing. Like, you're like, that's the one. It was so far ahead of his time. So, then the question becomes, well, this is, this goes into conspiracy theories and I think is maybe something that we talk about in the, maybe we do this in the after party, but you know, some of these companies, and if I were to say specifically like Lockmart, I think their material designs are far ahead of where we think they are, right? Cause a lot of these aircrafts is all about materials and I'm not sure that we are fully understand the level of materials that they already have access to. Us mere mortals, we do not know what lay with the gods above. And I certainly don't. So they develop all these advanced materials and then they let the F-35 hold them back.  If you guys wanna go into conspiracy theories with me, join the, join the after party. The link for the after parties in the description, you do need to be a member.  I think I will surprise you as to where I stand on a lot of this stuff. I think you'll be like, what? You're crazy. All right, cool. We know you're crazy. All right. All right, let's, I think we hit this topic to death. I would love to know your thoughts as to whether old space can compete with vehicles like Starship. Leave your comments down below. We do read all your comments and I'll answer anything that comes up. Like, yeah, yeah, what do you guys think? Where are we going from here? I really need to figure out how to bring like last week comments into the next week's show. Right, wouldn't that be cool? So, yeah. All right. Jared, what do you have for us this week? Oh, I got a really cool thing that actually happened. It has been happening just this week, which I wanted to talk about a little bit by our friends up at JPL here, NASA's Propulsion Laboratory, local here in the LA area in Pasadena. They've been doing some cool stuff with a little vehicle you may have heard of called Ingenuity. Anybody heard of Ingenuity? No big deal. It's a helicopter that's on Mars. So, you know, it's just doing its thing. No big. Yeah, exactly. No big, you know, it's just hanging around with that there. And what I've really been enjoying is that they have been doing a lot of testing work lately with Ingenuity. And I've got some footage that JPL put out of the most recent tests that they were doing with Ingenuity, which is now instead of just doing regular flights and things, they're starting to really push Ingenuity and really take it right to its limits. So this is a high altitude test that they were actually doing with Ingenuity. They took it up to about 50 meters, which is five times higher than it's flown before. So they've been really cranking it and trying to figure out what is Ingenuity itself capable of. And then from there, how can we continue to push the envelope and see what we can get away with. And at this point, because the initial testing to just basically be like, will a Mars helicopter work? You know, after five flights it's been proven to be true. Now it's all about just how far can we push this helicopter? And they're doing this because they wanna have a Mars helicopter as a big part of the Mars sample return missions. Basically they wanna have the samples returned by a actual Mars helicopter. So it's gonna fly out, it's gonna grab the samples, bring them back, and they've actually started testing the new rotors that are gonna be used on it. And this is a great footage of that test happening with those two contra-rotating rotors there. And this is in the space simulator at JPL. So they've basically got a chamber that you can put a spacecraft in and you can simulate very similar environments to places in space. So they simulated- Is this supposed to be a video or is it a still image? It's a video. I don't know what I'm looking at. So what we're looking at is there's two rotors there within a test rig that are driving it. It's just the rotors are spinning fast enough that you don't, it's really difficult to notice that they are. And I don't think the sound's coming through on it either. But yeah, they're spinning it like 35. They're spinning it at 3,500 RPM. So it's gonna be a little difficult for most of us to notice it. But yeah, they're basically trying to develop an improved rotor system for that there at JPL. And it's just really exciting because we're finally being able to see some of this Mars sample return work actually happening. So yeah, and just like, we're talking about wanting to do the next things and get all the big next generation projects going to things like that. Here's one, there you go. They're working on it. So. Yeah, we were talking about Cost Plus before, but this was a Cost Plus program, right? Like this is actually, and I was just harping on Cost Plus, but this would have been an example of a successful Cost Plus program, right?  It's like sometimes you can actually get good things. When you're doing something that's never been done before, sometimes Cost Plus actually does make sense as long as it's not abused. As long as it's not abused. There is a significant difference though between a crew rated capsule to deliver people to the International Space Station and a historic science mission that's sending a helicopter to Mars for the first time. And there's, if you're using Cost Plus on something that, I'm gonna reword that. With Cost Plus, you remove financial limitations. However, with say a mission to Mars, you have time limitations. You can only launch for a couple of weeks every couple of years or so. So I don't know, maybe by removing the financial limitations, they're still eager to get going because they have the time limitation of if we don't make the window, we've got to wait two years. Yeah, a really good way, I think I heard someone once say is that Cost Plus works really well when you're doing something for the first time. Cost Plus doesn't work really well when you're rehashing 60-year-old rocket technology. So, ouch. And I would agree with that, so, you know. What else can we use this Mars and helicopter technology for, right? Are there future technology things we'll be able to do on the red planet with? Oh, yeah, I would imagine transport of items or materials or other things like that. Amazon Prime, Mars. Yes, exactly. Okay, great, got it, yeah. Amazon wants to do drones here on Earth. Why can't they do drones on Mars? I could see them going between SpaceX, Mars bases and, you know, like, you know, get that Jeff and Elon handshake to make that project happen. That would be pretty cool to make something like that. So, yeah, we could do something like that. We're already gonna be using it for transport because the idea is that what we're gonna do for Mars sample return is instead of having a little itty-pitty rover go out and grab the samples, they're gonna have the helicopter go and get the samples because it will logistically be easier. If you could do that. JPL has somehow made the case that a helicopter is easier than a rover. So now I kind of want to be like, well, I want a helicopter pad at my house because logistically, helicopters are easier than cars. And honestly, a helicopter would probably be more reliable and less maintenance than my Jeep. But there's no world in which I want to be near you flying a helicopter. Let's be clear. This idea scares the absolute BG brosotomy. I'm gonna nope out of this one. Why? What? Also, amend that to note that it should be, that it's cars that are autonomously driven or remotely driven from another planet. Yeah, that's a, well, I mean, so is the helicopter. The helicopter has to be, the helicopter's making, ingenuity is making its own decisions and flying. So, you know. Ingenuity doesn't have the FAA to deal with and other air traffic. Oh, yeah, okay. Okay, now I understand where you're coming from. Well, I will say ingenuity hasn't crashed yet. So, so there is also that. Why did you put that into the universe, Jared? Geez. Jared, it's on you now. You know the rules. Change the title of the episode. Jared crashes ingenuity. Jared crashes, if ingenuity crashes in the next week, Jared, I will not let you live that down. I will basically exit the aerospace world without being able to show my face anywhere, anywhere. Oh my goodness.  Yeah, I'm just gonna be sitting out there. Which you have not done yet, mind you. I have. Peter Beth ate a hat. You've not eaten your RS-25. Somebody get me an RS-25 to eat. I will do it. God, how is this so difficult? Why is it so difficult to find one to eat? I don't, who knows who does. Am I gonna have to, Ryan? You know what, maybe if I go get one from the bottom of the Indian Ocean. Call up Bezos and have him retrieve one. Yeah, it's been pre-salted and I'll be good to go. Salted and cured. It's and cured. Ryan, how about you? What excited you this week? It's, the thing that excited me this week is incredibly exciting and I'm sure everyone else will share my excitement for this really incredible topic. And that is, how should we number the versions of Starship? Everyone. Don't. Reptress of Paws, I know. Settle down, settle down. Names. So. You brought numbers to the show. You were like, hey, the thing that gets me excited is vehicle numbering. I just want to be clear. This is what you brought to the show this week. You were like, yeah.  You're chastising an escalator fan of bringing numbers to the show, Jamie, really? No, no, what I'm pointing out is that if you're gonna try to bring logic, this is the company who, it was Falcon One then Falcon Nine, then Falcon Nine version 1.1, then Falcon Nine full thrust, then Falcon Nine block four. It was, no, it was V1.2, then V1.2 full thrust, then V1.2 full thrust block three, then V1.2 full thrust block four, then V1.2 full thrust block five.  I don't know what you're complaining about. It's incredibly simple to keep track of. So, okay, I want to know how you think, I want to know how you think you're gonna make that company change the numbering schemes. Do, do please, ready go. Okay, so Elon Tweet is onto his social media network the other day saying, four more starships, the last of V1, an attached image, which I won't share because it's from the Rival 24.7 stream of the full ships, which are currently sitting inside, slash kind of leaning out of the high bay in Starbase, which is ship 28, ship 29, ship 30 and ship 31. However, I kind of personally, on a personal level, I disagree with Elon's assessment here of ship 28, ship 29, ship 30 and ship 31 being bundled into V1 with every ship that's come before it. Because I don't think in any world that SN8 can be compared to ship 28, ship 29, ship 30 and ship 31. So instead, I propose a better versioning scheme. If you can call everything version one, but we should introduce proper block numbers for starship. So let's say like mark one through to, let's say the end of the, not the flapless hop tests. Let's say that's like block one. And then we have the flapped hop tests, thinking like SN10, SN11, SN15, that should be maybe block two, block three, a bit of an upgrade, let's call that ship 20, block four, ship 24 and ship 25, what we've seen now attempt to do a suborbital hop over to Hawaii. And then we have block five, which are these last four ships. And I think that they deserve an extra block on top of ship 24 and ship 25 because there's significant upgrades between just ship 25 and 28 alone. They're moving from hydraulic TVC to electric TVC. So I think that's a very fair assessment to make. All right, Elon, you can call it version one and whatever version two is gonna be will come in the future. But we need to divvy up the individual ship classes because I think it is incredibly unfair to compare ship 24 to ship 28 and the amount of work that's gone into improving the ships, hopefully we're gonna find out in the next flight in a few months time. But you know, I just think... Why not just call it by it's top assembly number in CAD? We need something that the public will easily understand. The general public already understands very easily that blowing up on a test flight is perfectly normal. Just look at the heavy ones, everyone understands that. So that's why we need very simple block numbering schemes for the different versions of Starship and not just bundling everything together into V1. But Elon says things like this. I think everyone's on board with me, to be honest. In our comments section, Psycho is saying don't forget about super heavy version schemes because there are multiple versions of super heavy or maybe different from the versions of Starship that were flying together originally. So you've got three, five different versions of the two vehicles. Yes, they're different. Wait, wait, wait, hang on. Can we just back this whole thing up to just the whole naming scheme? So you've got super heavy and sitting on top of super heavy, you've got Starship and then it is an integrated unit. What do we call that? Starship, can we fix the just fundamental naming scheme first? Can we just change the name period? It's not a good one. I liked BFR. I was always, BFR will live on forever in my heart. I know, but Star BFR doesn't really fit into the whole new SpaceX naming scheme, you know. BFR, Link. Star Biffer. BFR command, you know. It doesn't really write Star Command, Star Command. Everything, you know, by naming everything Star with a company that's called SpaceX, it makes perfect sense. I don't understand how you can't see this, just here. The branding is on point.  I will say, I never used it. Very Buzz Lightyear kind of thing. I never used it. So in one of the control rooms is called Ad Astra and I really wanted to rename it to Star Command. And on, so my team runs the com panels that you see all the mission controllers using. So all of the, like the countdown nets and whatnot, like that's on my team. And those com panels, in order to prevent burn-in on the LCD screens and whatnot, they have little screensavers that pop on after like, it's a long time, we'll call it an hour. I don't remember what the time is. And so I built an image that said, it had this, the company X logo, and then it just said it had a little line and then it said Star Command. And that line, I had transition from purple to blue to give homage to Buzz Lightyear. Cause I thought that would be a fun little thing. And I have that image ready to load, but I need them to actually officially name the room Star Command. And then that thing is going on to all of those screens. It's going to be amazing.  Oh, I almost did Buzz Aldrin. Quick, quick. Somebody write an article about this, quick. Yeah, I know. Well, actually, Ryan, if you want him to start doing this, I think you, like you just need to get Chris and Tim Dodd the Everyday Astronaut and a handful of others that Daddy E follows to start referencing it, like start calling it. Like, instead of block, I think Mark sounds cooler, right? So just start calling it Starship V1 Block 3 or whatever you want to call it. Like, would you say Starship V1 Block 5? My personal opinion, which I'm sure everyone agrees with, is that Falcon 9 uses the block numbers. So it's an easy thing to try and say, everyone's already used to using block numbers to designate different versions of the versions of the version, right? So if we just use that name as a subversion for the full version. But Ryan, Mark sounds cooler. Mark is outdated. We had Mark 1 ship. We had Mark 2 ship. That's from years ago. Mark is a very outdated system. SN then took over and, of course, just S for ship. Now, it makes so much more sense. It's a naming scheme that everybody understands, you know? I mean, if you ask anyone on the street, what does S25 mean?  It's such a simple naming convention. It's just wonderful. And yeah, I also have an anecdote on talking to Elon on Twitter from the NSF account, but I'll save that for the member show. All right, all right. I'm calling it the after party now. If you didn't notice, the after party. I will say that your sarcasm has been brilliant and brought me some incredible laps today. I love all of it. I think this is pretty fantastic. I actually do think that they, I love, so for all of its faults, the space shuttle program did a lot of things right. And when you're talking about vehicles that are designed to be reusable, right? Giving them names, I thought was pretty cool, right? Like, obviously the best orbiter they have. Yeah, but shutters have character. Falcon 9 boosters are bland. Oh, no, I would argue, how dare you, sir? Those are fine words.  Especially when you see them come back and they are just covered in soot.  I'll do it again, but like, whoo, right? So don't tell me that Falcon 9 doesn't have, I'm sorry for swearing.  Wormy is special. Steven Lewis says, and I agree, ships that carry people need a name. I think they've done that, though, right? The dragon, the dragon spacecrafts have names, don't they? Yes, the crew, the crew people, yeah. Yeah, when starships begin carrying people, they're gonna need names. So apparently I'm turning into a Twitch e-girl because every time you contribute money, I put your comment on the screen, you're welcome. So Caleb, thank you for, let's be honest, let's just be honest.  I feel like the back half of the show is more fun than the front half, but all right, whatever. Caleb contributed $5, so thank you, Caleb says, SpaceX nomenclature should follow speculation naming conventions. Speciation, I don't know that word. Speciation, like. Speciation. Kingdom class. So we should make Star Citizen a Kingdom class. That's what we should do. Dispe, okay, I mean, okay, when Jamie Twitch, I should probably do a Twitch show with you guys after this, if I would, God. All right, did I just completely kill the show by doing that? Is that what happened? Yes, yes, that's exactly what we did. Thanks, thanks. Well, I'm excited to see, are you guys, all right, let me ask you, is NASA spaceflight going to team up with TimDot the Everyday Astronaut and like Smarter Every Day and all those guys and like just create a campaign to have Uncle E change the naming convention for Starship to move to, I really think you should go for Mark. I think Mark is cooler. I think the community at this point has made up more names that SpaceX have just ended up adopting anyway. You know, I think that's just kind of how it is. So if I start saying ship 25 V1 Block 5 on all the NSF streams, I'm sure, you know, that'll become the official name they've done a couple weeks. You know what, it's funny you mentioned that. So like the communities did make up things like OFT1. As far as I know, that was never an internal name ever at all, and then like it started seeing that inside of the company and I'm like, wait, wait, wait, wait, is this actually real? And then it was like IFT and I'm like, where are all these names? It's just Starship, like you look at the banner, it just says Starship Flight Test. That's like the actual name. And like, yeah, I think you guys have more power than you think you do when it comes to stuff like that. Trim started tomorrow, yeah, no, they don't.  So Cal Jerry, is it Uncle E or Daddy E? Daddy and Uncle should be the same person.  Oh, the answer is yes. Yikes, yikes, yikes, yikes. Wow, oh wow, all right, on that note, Oh, that bombshell. Woo, I hope everyone had a really fun time with the show today. By the way, Sack, thank you for showing it. So for those who don't know, Sack showed up and has been joining the show. I wonder if I can add. All right, so this is gonna go right on top of us. Here's Sack's icon, or avatar thingy. And Sack has been following along with the show and then doing things. Oh, Sack does have a microphone. Mmm. Ah ha ha, got it. So Sack has been doing things like this, there we go, so that when we're talking about stuff, we can actually see it, we can bring it up on screen. We've actually brought it up a couple times, right? So the Mars helicopter he brought up, Neutron rocket, all this fun jazz. I thought that was pretty awesome. Ooh, that's a good one. I think, Sack, if you're willing to do this for more shows, I think that'd be really cool. We just didn't prepare our scenes in advance to make it really easy for us to bring that in, but I loved that. I love, I absolutely love that. And if anyone else wants to help out with the show, again, I know all y'all hate being on camera, but I think this was a really active comments room. If you wanted to be part of the conversation and laughing along with us, you should have clicked the link and joined EVmux like Sack did. And I hope next week you'll consider doing it. I would love to have more people in on the conversation, asking questions, laughing along, doing whatever you need to do. So thank you, Sack, very much for joining the show and helping out. I hope that you'll come back next week and do the same thing. Also, I wanna thank all of the members of tomorrow. So I've been talking about the after party. We're gonna be going into the after party, which is the member show, whatever you wanna call it, after dark, up next. And this is a, we'll be talking, I think that one of the topics was my conspiracy theory on materials design. That'll be a fun one. There was one other topic we brought up at the very, very beginning of the show that I put a pin in it. And oh, wait, hold on, I have to e-girl this. Norman, he's calling it e-girling now. Norman says, I don't know, I think BFR was more to the point, oh, I fundamentally agree, I love BFR. I think that's exactly what it should be. The thing is, and thank you for the contribution, Norman. And when you guys contribute, so contribute, Norman, be a member and then you can join the after party show. There's a link in the description below for everyone who is up on the screen. And then the system will automatically be tweeting out the link if it hasn't already for how you get into the after party right after this. And like, legitimately, it's our way of saying thank you for contributing to the show and helping us to keep this going week after week, month after month. I hope you guys all enjoyed this particular episode of Tomorrow. I'm still always trying to find ways to make it more fun, engaging, and exciting for everyone. Ryan, well done. You brought us off the rails in the most epic way possible. I didn't bring anyone off the rails. I was on the rails the entire time. I think everyone would agree with me, especially. On that note, I've actually thought of a new name for the after party, what you're calling it. I think Tomorrow Block 2 would be a far more suitable name for the members' show. It clearly denotes what we're about to do. All right, hang on. Just because of that, before we end the show, let's see here, we're gonna go over the tomorrow account here. Let's see here, where we got. All right, Tomorrow Block 2, not Mark 2, but Block 2, right? Is it the number two or Roman numerals? Ryan. Roman numerals, Roman numerals. Roman numerals, making it even more obvious as to what's going on. Very clearly. It's starting right now for our members. Ryan, I have legitimately just tweeted that out. You are welcome. It's now a thing. Everyone's gonna be like, what in the world is this? And your argument is, no, no, it's very basic and everyone understands exactly what it is, right? Who doesn't? Who doesn't? Tomorrow, Tomorrow Block, I, I starts right now. Thank you. This after party, excuse me, I'm sorry. This Tomorrow Block 2 is gonna be something else. I hope to see all of you there. Thank you all so much for joining. We'll see you over in the after party. God, I, I.


What we can do with each of these though, of course, is we can start to get a bit of an idea of how these might look if we were to represent them in some sort of a model. So if we had a model and we knew that within our model we had some water molecules. The more water molecules we have the more dilute the solution is going to be. But we might also have some molecules of the acid. And what we might also find is that some of these water molecules also have some ionization that has left the anion from the acid floating around. So when we start to look at representing models of each of these we would be looking for the anions themselves and the degree to which they have been isolated. The formation of the hydronium ions the H plus which would become H3O plus like this when these are being added to water molecules. And also the fact that there may or may not still be molecules of the original acid remaining in the solution. So we need to make sure that we've got a I guess a visual representation of what strong and weak acids might look like as well as a mathematical value that helps to tell us something about them. The problem with the mathematical value is some of the some of the absolute values can be quite low and yet comparatively very high and therefore indicating quite strong solutions. In order to see that we're going to have to do some calculations and of course you're going to have a look at a few of these in class in order to help you understand some of these concepts in just a little bit more detail and also in terms of their application for particular types of problems. To take a couple of specific examples and go just a little bit further. Let's look at an example of a monoprotic and diprotic acids. One of which in each combination is strong. The other which is weak or weaker. So we've looked at hydrochloric acid. I'll leave the water out for the moment, but accept the fact that the H plus ion is usually in the form of hydronium ion. We know that this is pretty much a completion reaction. The equilibrium is so far to the right on this one that effectively we have no hydrogen chloride molecules in the water. We just have hydrogen ions and chloride ions. However, hydrofluoric acid on the other hand is not as strong as hydrochloric. We can see from the Ka value, this is the Ka value here, that the concentration of the hydrogen ions and fluoride ions has meant that we don't have complete ionization. So we would describe hydrochloric acid as a strong acid and hydrofluoric acid as a weak acid by comparison. And what I talked about before was the absolute values and 10 to the minus 4 looks like a small value, but compared to 10 to the minus 6 or 10 to the minus 10, it's quite large. So some of these terms are relative terms. So when I talk about strong and weak in relative terms, and it's useful to talk about these two, because both chlorine and fluorine are in the same group in the periodic table, so they're a nice thing to compare. What about something though like sulfuric acid? Now sulfuric acid is another acid that we know is a very strong acid, but when it ionizes, it ionizes to H plus and HSO4 minus. So this is what we call the first ionization, and the HSO4 itself is capable of acting as an acid and creating an H plus and an SO42 minus. And you might think this is the second ionization, and you might think that both of these would be the same, and therefore they would present a solution which is pretty much only hydrogen ions and sulfate ions. But in actual fact, we can see, and you can see that the order of magnitude is actually larger than the previous one. So this is stronger if we were to compare HSO4 minus with HF, we would say HSO4 minus is a stronger because it has a larger Ka value. Nevertheless, this doesn't fully ionize. So it's something to keep in mind with something like a di-protic acid like sulfuric acid, in that its second ionization is not always a completion. So in fact, when we're looking at sulfuric acid, we might actually say that the second one is more of an equilibrium. Now it still lies a long way to the right, it's still relatively strong compared to other acids, but it's not as strong as the original sulfuric acid that it started as. So these are just some of the different ways we can use the Ka values to make comparisons between the strengths of acids, and of course we can do likewise with the strength of base solutions. But we'll look at some more examples in future videos. Thanks for watching.


Welcome to the Generation Connect podcast co-designed with Youth for Youth. The ITU Generation Connect initiative aims to engage global youth alongside the leaders of today's digital change by empowering youth voices in the digital development dialogue. Tune in every month to listen to inspiring stories of youth all across the world on the power of technology for sustainable development. Get involved by joining our global community of future leaders shaping the world of tomorrow. Good afternoon everyone. My name is Sophia Etzedek and I am a Generation Connect Youth Envoy. We are live here in Kigali Rwanda for the Generation Connect Global Youth Summit, the first one to ever happen. Hello, I'm Emanula from Kodiva. I'm a digital youth convoy and please could you introduce yourself? First of all, it's a pleasure to meet you. I am Ali Al-Tiblani. I am here representing Bahrain. I'm the Arab Regional Youth Group and I'm also the ambassador of the American University of Bahrain. Hi, I'm Simran Sahani and I'm from India. I'm the representative of Generation Connect Asia of Asia Pacific Region. Hello, I'm Franca. I'm 24 years old and I'm part of the European Generation Connect Youth Group. I'm a youth envoy from Europe for the ITU and I'm really, really excited to be here in Kigali from Germany to join the Generation Connect Youth Summit. How are you feeling today? I feel overwhelmed. It's been an amazing day meeting so many young people from around the globe. It's just something that you can't really absorb at first but it's really exciting to be here and so far it's been great. I'm feeling pretty excited, motivated, inspired actually after meeting all my gender champions fellow. After meeting so many people that are so motivated to make a change, especially in the digital world. I'm feeling very emotional to be honest. It's been two years working on this, working on Generation Connect. It's very, very nice to be able to see everyone in person after two years, you know, seeing everyone online. We got so used to that now it just feels so weird in person but feels good.  So far my experience has been nothing short of amazing. I've met so many changemakers and young people eager to change the world and their respective communities. What's your your goals for these three days? I'm here mainly to raise a bit of my voice, hopefully to contribute, to connect the unconnected which is the theme of this year and of course to broaden a bit my professional and personal skills. My goal for these few days is to make the most out of it. Obviously we're here because we have a chance to make a difference and us as youth we don't get this chance too often. So in these three days I will definitely try my best to make the most out of it and make as much difference as possible. I'm most excited or what I really, really hope will happen is that we will have the chance to influence the future of digital policy so I really hope that this will be impactful and that we as youth from so many countries can work together and bring in our perspective for youth perspective or perspective for future generations. Yeah so far it's good. I like it. One of my favorite sessions so far was in the recognition. I got to know a lot of people from different walks of life in different fields so it's been an amazing journey so far. Yeah Ronda is beautiful as well. I find it very the summit here very informative and educative for me personally and I really grateful that I'm here. I think the summit is a good opportunity for young people to connect, to share experiences, to share ideas, solutions and for us to realize that we're not very different from one another just because we're from different countries and from different backgrounds and cultures. As young people across the world we have a collective identity in that many of our challenges are the same and it's only up to us to come up with the solutions for those challenges. Can you please share your favorite moment of today's event? From yesterday one thing that stood out for me was the statement that the minister of youth and culture for Rwanda, Rwanda government stated that in order for us to be successful we have to first think about the people, think of the people and not to profit. My personal interest is about bridging the gender digital divide so making sure that you know we have more women in tech, more women in STEM because there is such a growing need for them to be included and to be part so that we make a smarter society so what you do would bring your kids together no matter the gender well that's very important. Unless the people are satisfied there will be no development happening but if the people are satisfied with the services you provide then you will see the fruit of it as well. The intergenerational talk that we had I think that was the best session that I attended for today. They talked a lot about how the youth can leverage opportunities and can leverage the support of the adults and the people who are representing the policy making process the government and different institutions. Yeah so far I've enjoyed every activities they've been having year I've made new connections I've learned a lot about youth and digital inclusion I'm looking forward to more sessions they are going to have a competition too and I'm looking forward to participate in it. I've certainly enjoyed networking people and like I literally made somebody with my name from another country entirely yes and I've enjoyed the conversation I've certainly enjoyed the experience and I'm actually looking forward to more sessions and I'm looking forward to networking with more people from and various youth from around the world basically. I felt very comfortable and I felt heard that there are people higher up the hierarchy there are more experienced adults that are there and value our voice value what the youth think and they are willing to listen they're willing to co-create and they're willing to take action from what we have to offer as well. I am here with Miss Heidi who is a super super important but also amazing individual I don't want to break the ice so I'm gonna let you introduce yourself. Well thank you very much for that very kind introduction I'm Hades Krederos-Pox and I work at the UN headquarters in New York and I head an office that looks after and supports the 91 most vulnerable countries in the world in groupings of least developed countries landlocked developing countries and small island developing states and we support them as much as we can on so many issues connectivity of course being one what we do at the global level is we really advocate to make sure that the issues and the priorities of the least developed countries are in the forefront of the agenda that the decision makers globally know what they can do to help the countries and we are there to build partnerships to make you know these kind of partnerships that can really support and help the least developed countries move forward in achieving the UN sustainable development goals. Thank you so much Miss Heidi I loved that you mentioned youth because that's why that's why we're here we're here for young people the inclusion of young people in decision making spaces during your session earlier I was listening with rapt attention and everything you said was amazing but I loved how you also highlighted the work that you're doing in Doha and just getting so many young people into spaces that matter and you mentioned how there's going to be a summit and you're sponsoring 92 young people which is a huge number you know a lot of organizations speak about youth inclusion but you know they never really just take that extra step and I am absolutely impressed astound and just happy that 92 young people from around the world are going to get that opportunity you know to physically be in a room of power and to just make changes happen and so I just want to ask you're doing all of this work for young people why do you think it is important it is really important to make sure that the the new ideas the power of the youth the enthusiasm uh comes to the table uh together with the the people who are there already now as decision makers governance is not made for older people yes governance should be included and I think it was one uh one participant that was saying that you know we need the ideas and the ways of thinking from the youth from the people who make this century and of course we need elders to guide us they have wisdom they have experience that's great but we should be much more embedded young people's voices matter because we make up about 50 percent of the global population in Africa specifically majority of our population up to 60 percent is young people so it would be almost irrational to have discussions to have decisions where young people's voices are not reflected or young people's sentiments are not reflected it would be abnormal considering we make up a large portion of our of our societies and populations so it's important for young voices to feature in those spaces so that we are able to make the right decisions that are inclusive of young people's realities Africa has the highest youth population in the world you have huge numbers of young people with great ideas they need to be involved as much as possible in shaping their future because you young people are the ones who will have to find the solutions to the problems that we have today so we need to make sure that you are engaged and Rwanda has been very active excellent host great to see participation from many many African countries so the the important part I think is the togetherness and being all together working finding solutions we will have to deal with the future that is not like the world we are living in right now we will have to deal with a lot of more challenges and just making us able to think outside the box and allowing us to think outside of structures that we are currently thinking in would really really help us one of the speakers talked about how huge the population of youth is and how advanced it is when it comes to digital technologies when it comes to experiences in in in digital literacy and I feel like that can be leveraged since we are living in a digital era and that experience that exposure I think can be leveraged a lot the best way is to do that to do that is by engaging with us and finding out the respective challenges and then giving us the respective tools that we need to thrive and go in the future youth has a lot to offer and already has a lot of knowledge regarding ICTs your voices your views they matter and you are the one who will inherit these issues and opportunities and challenges so you need to be part of finding those solutions I need to be part of that the voice of the youth matters quite simply because we are the future we know that there are other projects for the future ICT is developing very fast but we are the ones who are going to meet all these developments in the future so that's quite simply why our voice matters the most I would say what is that key message that you have for them be bold have courage don't be afraid don't be afraid what other people think about you don't be afraid to stand up have resilience go out there and explore ask questions hold people accountable and and really be part of the moment you are the present you are the future and step up use digital technologies and make a positive change that can help make the world we want don't wait for the future be present be hard today thank you for listening to our podcast you can find all the podcast episodes on the ITU Generation Connect website and if you don't want to miss an episode subscribe to us on SoundCloud Spotify and Apple podcast thanks again and see you next month for a brand new episode of the Generation Connect podcast so again thank you to all of you the youth here because this has been an extraordinary experience


I want to speak about idea generation. This has been an idea that has been going on in my mind forever. It started with a fact as I said that online courses is the future. So what is the problem with the online courses and what how we can handle it. So one of the problems is that a class is a group, a physical education is a group. So I need a mechanism by which I can form a group and monitor it. Again when I talk online what is the requirement that the group need not be physically present. Now we all know that there are hundreds of tools which people use to do that for communication. There is whatever you use I do not use any of those. I pick up the phone and talk that is the only communication I have. But there are so many tools. There is video conferencing, there are video chats, there are discussion forums, there are chat rooms. So all these social media or social communication platforms are already available. So why cannot we leverage that and turn it into a group learning environment. So the idea is not to build these tools which are commonly used. But to build an environment on top of the tools which will allow a teacher or a mentor to use it as a means to further the thing. So that has been an idea which I had. I also had an idea as I said I am against teachers. Somebody asked me can a teacherless world really work. But I think the best way going forward at least at a school level is if a 6 standard student mentors a 5 standard student that is the best way out as I can see. So basically anybody who passes some course also has a mentoring job to take the next people. Because it cannot be teacherless. When I say I am against teachers is because the teachers are not good. Teachers have got a job to do. Their spread one is to 60. So when come up with an environment where one person helps other and by the way if you mentor anyone your subject becomes very solid. So you learn in that process also. So e-mentoring has been my thing forever. Then there are these various things that came in. Dr. Fatak when he used to run the CS 101 course. By the way he has not applied for Guinness record but he should get it. He ran a class with what 950 students. Have you seen the convocation hall? No in front of main building just have a look. Sometimes it is open. So his class was conducted there. His class was conducted normally class are 1130 to 1230 because they were in the lecture theatre. Since his classes were there in convocation hall it started at 1140 because 10 minutes people had to walk to get to that class. Just have a look that is where he conducted his classes. Of course that is not feasible unless he had a support of 40 teaching assistants. Now what they have done is after he has ran that memoth course now they have split that course CS 101 is a basic primary requisite for all people who join. It is done in the first year in IIT. It is programming class. So what they have done is half the students will take it in the first semester, half the students will take it in the second. So that was one year when they did everything in first. So anyway later on also he took the class with 500 with about some 20, 20, 30 years but what he used to do was he found that many of the students could not understand English. Anyway all of you know that well to the way you learn in a engineering institute it is a major grit anyway. The way of teaching is different. The way of evaluation is different. It is only problem based. Teachers do not wait for you to understand and all those kind of things. So he found that a lot of people could not understand lectures. So in the first month he used to take lectures specially for Hindi students in Hindi. He can speak fluent Hindi. He said he got educated in Indore now. Hindi is quite good. So he used to do that. Then I thought instead of doing this physical thing would not it be here got 40 TAs remember. So can he not form a group of the Bengali TAs. So he gives a lecture in English and is Bengali TAs takes care of Bengali students, Tamil TAs takes care of Tamil students. We have got like he said IIT Bombay is the whole country all kinds of languages. So this kind of thing will help. I will now have a formal mechanism by which I can what I call it slice and dice. I can slice and dice a group any which way I like. I can have normally in school what do you have. Last schools division A good students division B second best division D all the first. What is that slicing and dicing based on your expected performance it does not work that way but that is what they I do not know whether it is good or not also. Secondly some people think that there should be a mix that is again slicing and dicing. So slicing and dicing is a phenomena which happens in the education all the time. Now there is no mechanism currently where I can slice and dice and open online course and take it away to give a special treatment for slice and dice. If it is if it is a group of extra significant performer well performers I should be able to give them tougher questions. People who are struggling I should be able to form a group and do it separately. There is no such mechanism. So the basic concept of this is I should be able to slice and dice any large learning group into virtual groups and manage their learning in a manner using virtual technology. So that is the basic idea. So you will not be writing any of these tools. You will be writing an interface where a teacher or a mentor or a TA who is not very familiar with all these tools. We will have a wrapper by which he can use these tools. He can extract information about these tools and I am assuming that there is a big fellow sitting at the back like Dr. Fatter or the MOOC faculty who wants to know how is this slices and dices are working. So we need an information back and forth that is what we call as MIS. How well the students are doing. Have you given extra quizzes to them. Again another reason why I wanted to talk to you about is you have to keep your eyes and ears open. When I listen to people I get ideas. Always keep getting ideas and is ripe for getting ideas. Whether you implement it or not you should get into a habit of getting ideas. Blend and MOOC. Nothing but another model. Except now I do not have a group interaction. I have got a physical interaction at the other end. Basically you are slicing and dicing now based on is from this college is from that college. It is still a slicing and dicing. So the examples of slicing and dicing and applicability is that. But you will be doing only integrating tools which you are comfortable with and it is a proof of concept thing. We have to show how it works. And then later on they will integrate it with EDX. So I do not want you to start integrating it with EDX and all right now. The most focus would be to come up with a learning environment which actually allows a group mentor to measure his effectiveness and the effectiveness of the group in terms of learning mechanism. So that is what it is. So though the idea one of the ideas is Dr. Fartuck having TAs and I keep telling everybody whatever Dr. Fartuck does he is not a requirement. He would never take Dr. Fartuck as a requirement value because he always has special requirements. And this is one thing about ideas you have to generalize. Dr. Fartuck's requirements are important because they are stress requirements. But his requirements should be met because they are not he may be half mad but not completely mad. I am completely mad he is half mad. So his requirements are always a special case. So his requirement of teaching Hindi separately is a genuine requirement but it is a special requirement for IIT. It does not happen too much in other places. I think Hindi is probably a good name of requirement every colleges but no colleges 950 people in one class. Now it is about 500 everything. 500 you know is it 500 no CS1 over or how they have broken it further into two professors taking it. They were going to try and make two professors take that programming course. They become manageable 250. Oh that was a great experience when he did that 950. The 40 TAs were formed into teams of I think some 4 or 5 depending on number of questions. Remember 950 questions I would be graded. 950 question papers. And Dr. Fartuck does not use technology. He may be CS he does not use technology. So it forms groups. This group of TAs will solve question number 1. This group of TAs will solve question number 2. This group of TAs will solve question number 3. Then even in question number 1 cut TAs he will have some I think some 20, 30 question papers like the whole thing put in an envelope. So he will open that envelope he will grade all the question ones. He will close the envelope give it to question number 2 group. And then somebody will open it in the end and enter the marks in an excel sheet. Results are to be published 950 of them. I think I got this R.S. to do some work then he stopped teaching. So 950 you cannot handle like this. I think that must be a Guinness record I do not see. Physical lecture of 950 students is too much.  He has not taught me at all. He was my guide in M.Tech. And you him in B.Tech but he was my guide in M.Tech.  I won. I did it first. No that is that is only because I got a job in state bank. And the state bank insisted that I should have a degree. After joining within one month I am supposed to produce a degree. So I sat here and completed my M.Tech project. Programming project. I had completed academics.  Dr. Fattab is very kind art. He does not go after anybody. And his guide did not go after him. So he took I think 9 years to complete his PhD. I took 4 years to complete my M.Tech. I did not do anything. I did not do anything. That is why group learning is like that. And for upper now many of the projects will be assessment. I think that is a big, big weakness. Very, very big weakness. If assessments are good I do not need teachers. So give me a solid assessment. And I do not care where you learn from now.  Are you a good programmer? Solve this test.  Why should I insist? I should learn only this way and that way. It does not matter. Assessments are big, big weakness. If you can handle that properly we will handle everything. Again I got very different views. I believe in self-assessment more than anything else. So unless you have a desire to learn nobody can push you


The brutal truth if you want to really level up your life. Don't get pissed, okay? Just hear me out.  Once we give away our power to anything in the outside world, anything that is not within our own mind, our own emotions, our own reactions, we lose. We automatically go into victim and blaming mode. And then we take on this notion that everything is happening to us and not through us. And look, it's not to say that there aren't things in your life that have molded your mind or given you trauma. But it is your job to learn and bring that awareness in and understand those things so that you can work with them, so that you can grow from them, so that you can learn from them. And so that ultimately you can use those things for your benefit. So you can grow from them and shape them into something that can help you build the life that you actually want, that you actually desire.  But I'd like to remind you before that happens, if you are reacting to what I'm saying, it's most likely because there is something within you that is being triggered by it. And therefore, something that can be changed, which is a good thing. Triggers, emotions, and reactions are actually a really beautiful thing that our minds and our bodies do, because they lead us exactly to where we are lacking and have room for expansion and growth. So use what I'm saying. Use this video to gauge where in your life that you can improve on. Here we go. It is the easy way out, the easy way out to blame someone or to blame something for your circumstance. It allows you to sit back and believe that you have nothing to do with it, that there's nothing you can do. There's no fault within yourself. But guess what happens when you do that? Nothing, stagnation, no change, no movement, and eventually bitterness. When you look at your role in a circumstance or a situation or whatever it may be, even if your immediate thought is that you have no role, you give yourself the power to change it and to improve it. Let's look at relationships first.  Well, guess what? You've allowed it to happen. You haven't set the correct boundaries, or if you have, you haven't enforced them. So they continue to treat you in a specific way.  But they wouldn't if you wouldn't let them. Look, I'll give you guys a personal example. Years ago, I was in a four-year on and off again relationship and we lived together. And even though we cared about each other a lot, it was extremely toxic. Now, people throw this word around a lot. So a lot of times it loses its meaning, but he truly was the book definition of a narcissist. He gaslit me daily. He called me names. He left me in places and drove away and then turned around and blamed it on me. Like everything you could possibly imagine, right? He brought out the absolute worst in me.  I never did anything wrong.  But where is my accountability there? Because for a long time, I didn't take that accountability. I did push everything on him and the blame on him. And I did play victim because my accountability, my own personal blame and fault in the situation, it wasn't there. So how did I get him to stop treating me this way? I finally got the courage to break up with him and move out. And it was very difficult. The bottom line is, you know, I remember about two weeks into us dating. I'm really weird with dates.  Like I'm just weird with it, right? I remember it was literally day 14 into us dating. So we weren't even in a relationship yet. And I was crying. Like he made me cry. And I already felt like I was working to prove myself to him. That narcissistic, empathic dynamic had already begun. And I didn't even know what that was at that point. I mean, I knew what narcissism was because my mom's an attorney and she actually teaches law students about narcissism. But I didn't know like what an empath was. I didn't know that whole kind of, you know, dynamic or anything. But like it was my fault. I didn't enforce my boundaries. I didn't pull out of it and say, hey, like this isn't right. I don't accept this. This is disrespectful, blah, blah, blah, blah. It was my fault. The part of it that was my fault because it's not always all of our faults, right?  But you have some blame in the situation. And in my situation, it was my fault that I stayed. It was my fault that I allowed this dynamic to continue for so many years. And I allowed it to get more toxic and more toxic and more toxic. Okay, because at that time, and even for a little while after, I was in that victim mode. I was in that victim mentality where I didn't do anything wrong. It's him that's treating me this way. It's not my fault. Yeah, a lot of it is. And look, this doesn't have to be just within a romantic relationship. This can be friends. This could be family. This could be a work environment. It could be any type of personal relationship that you have in your life. We tell ourselves these stories that, well, this is the reason I'm this way and this is the reason I get triggered by this and this is the way I react to that. We cling on to this story for dear life. We have allowed these stories to define who we are. And therefore, we have allowed other people to define who we are. And if you want help on how to let those stories and past regrets go, I will post this video here so you can check that out right after this one. But I also want to talk about another kind of hot topic that people tend to play victim mode on. And that is, manamana. So I want you to take an honest look at yourself and your relationship with money. And I bet, tell me if I'm right in the comments below. But 95% of us, including most likely you, yes, you, have a negative subconscious belief or feeling towards money and why we don't deserve it and why we can't get more and how it's just so hard to get. Let me know if I'm right. But it's just not true. It's not true.  You have to stop acting like there are no other choices out there. There are millions. There are millions of other options and choices out there. And choosing to be in the circumstance that we are currently in is in fact a choice. You know, we might get a degree, for example, and pigeonhole ourselves into a career that maybe we don't really want to do. Maybe it doesn't bring us fulfillment or joy or whatever. Maybe it doesn't make us the money that we desire. And so we blame it on our boss or we blame it on our location or we blame it on our industry or we blame it on the fact, well, oh, well, I should have gotten this degree in college. I shouldn't have done this. But all that does is, once again, give away our power. So stop taking the easy way out and blaming everyone and everything around you for your circumstance. And I say this with love, okay? I do, I say it with love, but some of us need to hear it. Look, take risks, okay?  That is like, if you're gonna take away anything from this video today, take that. Step out of your comfort zone and take the risk. Life is not as serious as we make it out to be. And look, I'm not saying it's easy. It's not. You know, my dad has always said to me, if it, whatever, you know, fill in the blank is, if it were easy, everyone would do it. And I have lived my life by that. But it's worth it. Look, I did the four year college thing. I got the degree. I'm still paying my student loans. Because what? I never used my degree. And that's okay.  Or I can just say, well, it is what it is. What can I do now moving forward? I didn't allow myself to not have other options. And you don't either, either. And you don't either. You have options. If you're not making the money that you want or you deserve or whatever, stop bitching about it to yourself, to everyone else around you, and do something about it. Try a brand new career. Start a side hustle. Network with people. Research, research. Just try something. It might not always work, okay? But guess what? It's just as likely to not work as it will work. Right? So just try it. I've tried plenty of things that haven't worked out, okay? Things that I thought I would love. It's okay. Sometimes you try something and you learn that this is not for me.  I'm so glad I had the courage to step out of my comfort zone and do that. Okay, so do that for yourself. If you're spending too much money on shopping, on going out to eat, on alcohol or cigarettes, or, you know, whatever, pick your poison, take responsibility again for your own actions. Stop using the excuse. Oh, it was on sale. Oh, well, you know, I've always needed a drink to wind down at the end of the day, so I still do. But you don't. You didn't need to buy that because it was on sale. You don't need a glass of wine at the end of the day. You know, it goes back to the stories that we tell ourselves. But we have the power to change those stories. We don't have to continue in the pattern that we're in. Start telling yourself a new story. Start creating life that you want. Like, okay? You can do it. It's not easy, but it is empowering. You deserve to feel empowered. You deserve the life that you want to live. So stop giving your power away and continue to be in victim mode because you're not going to get anywhere being there. Empower yourself and take blame for all the good, okay, not just the bad, but all the good in your life and the bad.  You know, it's actually, it's quite the opposite. It allows you to gain control over your life. It puts you back in the driver's seat instead of sitting in the passenger seat. Be the driver of your own life. Find your role, okay? Find your role in every aspect of your life. One, be proud of yourself for the things that are positive that you love that bring you happiness and joy, okay? But the things that you don't, change it. Take your power back and change it. You just, you just have to be willing to. That's all, that's all that this comes down to. You have to be willing to change it and to look at yourself under a microscope and take accountability.  If you need a little bit of guidance or help in a specific situation where you're like, I can't find my role in this, I want to take accountability, but I don't know how. Drop it in the comments below. I'll do my best to help you out.  Just, you know, comment below and let me know. We'll try to work through this together, okay? It's why I'm here. It's why I made this channel. It's why I created this video. So just let me know in the comments below if you are having trouble figuring it out and we'll do it together. If you found value in this video, I would really love if you would consider liking and subscribing. It really helped me out and I would appreciate it very much. I love you guys so much and don't forget. Be limitlessly yourself.