So good afternoon everybody. My name is Malcolm print. I work for Intel. I joined Intel in 2015 in January and since about March of 2015 I worked pretty much exclusively on this Intel quark microcontroller software interface so yeah after about a year and a bit I thought try and give some Description or discussion about the sort of thing that we're doing inside an Intel And so I'm really hoping that most of you have got the question of what is QMSI if you don't this probably gonna be a bit boring for you, but So just sort of to begin with so QMSI is so it's a hardware abstraction layer. It's written in C and it's for Intel quark microcontrollers So as a version 1.1, there's around a hundred thousand lines of code inside there Version 1.0 at like 25,000 lines, so it's just getting bigger all the time That's just code because we've got like 25,000 lines of comments and stuff. So it's it's relatively well documented It supports most of the Intel quark microcontrollers. It doesn't support one of them Give you a reason why later on Because they're microcontrollers and obviously they have very limited amount of space and memory and stuff One of the main objectives that we have for this this abstraction layer is that we want to try and as much as possible give functionality but in a small possible code space and then also because microcontrollers wouldn't be Anything if they didn't have any sort of low power functionality. We've also got some low power functionality tailored to each different microcontroller Provided as part of QMSI so That's what it is but How does QMSI fit into the ground or schema things like if a new developer was coming along and they wanted to build some application and stuff like that how would they go about the whole process of You know getting the hardware building software and doing all that stuff. So that's sort of But this slide is kind of trying to show you so it's Partially the agenda. It's also partially just to show you where you are in progressing. Um, so obviously the first step Whenever you if you're doing a new application or something is you've got to try and evaluate your hardware options to see What suits your application type? so We've got these quark microcontrollers She's Intel's microcontroller option and then we've got QMSI It's just on top of that which is a hard abstraction there And then we've also got other other components that we it all sort of fits together in a package Which people can use pick and choose as they wish So the different libraries is tiny crypts, which does Encryption there's a thing IPPM which is Intel performance primitives, which is sort of a DSP like functionality And then obviously we work pretty closely with Zephyr So you've got your real-time operating system and you got communication stocks and there's also other RSS that people trying to port thing poor QMSI across to you and then there's also Integrated development environment, which is this Intel system studio for microcontrollers So that's sort of just an initial the sort of things. I'd like to talk to you today about But so if you take it say say you're starting a new project and you want to build something you decided you want to choose an Intel quark MCU and you Search on the Internet you say what are these things? You'll probably be greeted with this this slide Which just says you know, it's it's all microcontrollers basically this is Targeting the things part of internet for things right because you've got you know servers and gateways and you have the actual microcontrollers at the edge and So this is Intel's faray into the edge part of things. So They you know has the pictures suggest so they're they're They have low power in mind when they're being designed by the hardware engineers Some people might scream at just seeing integrated security. What does that mean? but for us currently it's Authentication and encryption so we have some things for that and then the scale of architecture is basically because these quark MCU's are they're all Intel Pentium you know processors So you you've got Intel architecture all the way up if you if you take the whole solution You've got Intel architecture all the way from the edge up to your servers in the cloud. So it's scalable architecture So just to give a quick Bit of an overview about the different MCU's that we have at the moment So the first one is this quark D2000 And basically this is sort of like a really low powered entry level market controller It's got 32k of flash. It's got AK a RAM. It's a 32 meg controller You know it's clock speed is 30 to make and it's x86 based You can see as well there's a bunch of IO and peripherals and stuff So like standard things you'd find on pretty much most microcontrollers. So there's you are to PWM this and spy GPO RTC and stuff and So this also comes in is part of a development kit So you can buy it from I know did you key your final or whatever and you can see there is the box And it comes with a nice form factor and it's also got sort of Arduino You know support for the rails and stuff so you can you can use Arduino shields and stuff like that if you if you if you wish So that's sort of a really basic You know sort of entry-level thing The next one, which is this SEC 1000 is like really beefy. It's like a much bigger brother version of the D2000 so Whereas the D2000 has only got 8k runs got 80k around Whereas it only had 32k of flash. This has got 384k the 384k is actually split over two flash controllers So you've got two banks of 192k The previous one there was only the one core. This is actually got two cores. It's a multi-core SSC So there's the this is the Intel one which runs a 32 meg and then there's also an arc core Well arc core means core so the Argonaut risk core that also runs at 32 megahertz And then again, you know You've got pretty much most of the same peripherals that you would have on the on the D2000 But in this case you've also got the additional thing of the sensor subsystem, which is the arc and that's got its own peripherals But then also because there's multi-cores you have to be able to talk to you know same messages between cores So this inter processor communications is dealt with there's a mailbox IP inside the there so you can send messages between your cores if you want to do any sort of synchronization or message passing there's also a USB Controller on the on the SSC and then sort of the the main sort of attraction of the whole C1000 is it's got this pattern matching engine So I don't know if anybody's seen any of the videos or anything, but it's on recent like the X games they have There people you know doing snowboarding or BMXing and whenever the people do it in real time They've got these little SSC strapped to the boards of the bicycles And if they do a flip or whatever it is then you know It it matches that flip and it will send the data real time over to some gateway waiting on and then currently in the Like in the X games will actually show the live stats of the athlete as they're doing so that's sort of one of the The really nice things about this one, but it's also quite a bit more complex comparison to the previous one so depending on whatever you need for you know your your Your application decision you choose one or the other whichever is most appropriate And then say you've done that and you say okay, I've chosen my my SSC and now I want to go and I want to actually see What is this this hell about because this house house is supposed to make life a lot quicker and easier for us, right? So just hammer it home again it's a harder abstraction layer and what it is basically we've got a whole bunch of APIs and They provide us sort of a standard interface. So if you're dealing between IPs your APIs will not exactly not be the same obviously, but they'll be sort of similar enough and offer similar sort of naming conventions and Things like that. So it's sort of you get a look in the field that you know lives on through the different things The API is a consistent across the different MCUs So if you develop something for like say a D2000 your API then you know all your code could just port across to the C1000 in Most cases Sometimes with if the hardware is completely different you need to change But but it provides as much as possible the same so it sort of reduces any sort of time when you're developing for different hardware's As well in the API collection, we've got a whole bunch of bare metal examples. So if we have any of the IPs you can just look into our examples directory and They could we'd have samples of how do you use the I2C controller or how do you use SPR? Whatever so there's a whole bunch of things that people can look at there and Again, so because these got really small amounts of memory We you know, we're trying to minimize the the usage of our code size as much as possible We access all of our IPs as memory mapped out. Oh, so it's kind of quick that way We don't do any a dynamic linking or anything. So everything we do is static so whenever you build your thing, it's that's the size of your application that's not going to grow a shrink and The whole library is Larger than the size of the flash but so we do garbage collection when you do compile time So any unused functionality is removed from the application that's generated So you you only use as much as you need to use so it gives us much spaces for the for user applications so here is just like Examples of some of the different things that like QMSI covers So you can see there's like all the different all the different IPs and peripherals and things and then also there's other things like Identification so you can at runtime you can Identify what SOC you're running on if you need to I mean if you want to have one that can run on multiple ones And they can do different functionality based on them. That's it's possible, you know If you don't want to do it at a compile time And then there's also things like a bootloader and firmware upgrade so from so if you see you get there sort of the overview of all the things that happens and then Pretending that you're curious you can look into because you can look into the bootroder bootloader or the ROM You can see all the sort of things that it does So mostly what it so it does the initialization because obviously whenever it boots up because it's because it's Pentium It starts off in like 8-bit real mode. So there's a bunch of code in there to transition it into 32-bit mode. So it's useful for us There's also trim code calculations, which I'll get to in a bit there. It's kind of important, but you know just Don't worry for now there's firmware update management, so we have like a You know processor. It's a fork of DFU utils So from version 1.1 What we did was you forked DFU utils and modified it so that you can use DFU utils with UART as the transport layer But then in version 1.2 we now have USB support so we just have the original DFU utils as an option there so you can Do your device firmware updates over USB or UART depending on which one you want and there's some host tools provided to do that so the ROM has this capability inside it and then the final one is is this unbrick me thing which When we got our first boards like you know this because you're dealing with micro trolleys There's a chance that you can leave it in a bad state So we added this little functionality in that if you if you ever are in a bad state with your your SOC or whatever It will basically wait for a pin. So if a pin is grounded It will just loop on that pin so you can always get back in and you can save your SOC So it's just a little bit of protection that you know we used and we think is quite handy so the General flow of how things go when the when the microcontroller or the SSE starts boots up at the start So they all start off at a resect vector and we've got we've got code in there as so again the assembly start up so you You set up your GDT so your or your interrupts and stuff you transition into 32-bit mode you set up your cache if it's on carcassie and Also, you set up your your stack pointer Then it goes into doing some prime primary peripheral setup where it sets up the clock modes, which I'll talk about on the next slide And it does trim calculations inside there as well Then it does this little unbrick me But where we'll check and see if you need to like get in there so you can talk to talk to it with open OCD and JTAG and then it sets up your Your secondary peripherals where it sets up the whole IDT and the IRQs and things so it gets your interrupts ready and Then it gets to a split so there's this Standard flow goes to the left and then there's the update management mode goes to the right so for the standard flow What we have is if you So you can see that the the arc box is a slightly different color and the reason why it is is because Prior to version 1.2 if you're running on the carcassie We would kick off the arc as part of the ROM flow But then we sort of realized that this wasn't exactly great if you needed synchronization or anything So now we've done from 1.2 on as we've actually removed that option from the ROM So user applications now have the ability to start the arc themselves so that you can do your own synchronization instead So after that step then this step now is starting the Lake Moncore is Common to all the SOC's so basically just jumps into your main So as you know embedded developers it just start running from there And then if it if there isn't an application flashed onto the SOC or if the user application actually finishes It just goes into power down mode so it can conserve battery and this is sort of like a if you if you are Are transporting your SOC or whatever and you're on battery mode Then you just go into power down mode to conserve battery life Going on to the other side of things with the with the boot manager flow basically just comes in if if It checks it checks for It's a compile time option and it also checks for flags and it says do I need to enter into Sort of DFU mode and if it does and it will first set up a flash controllers Then I'll do some sanitization of the bootloader section and then it will actually enter into bootloader mode Which itself is quite a large body of work. So not for here So I was saying before about the sort of clocking capabilities of the SOC's and so What you have on on the quark MC use is For the main system clock source You can have a selection of what you want to use the main system clock source as So you can choose to either use an external crystal oscillator We should be running a 32 megahertz and it's obviously it's a it's as accurate as your crystal is The downside of it is that uses around four milliamps current to operate on the crystal So you have to sort of decide Are you in a situation where you need the sort of accuracy and can you expend the sort of power if you can't? What we have is we've got a little silicon oscillator inside there and you can choose that to act as your main clock source So the silicon oscillators you can tell it operate 32 makes 16 8 or 4 meg and then also has prescalers You can prescale down from that But the so sort of and it uses only like 450 microamps at 32 meg which will be quite a lot less It's like an order of magnitude lower, but the accuracy is not as great So this is where the sort of the trim codes come in because if you So part of the trim code process you've got it, you know trim the oscillator and So the if you don't do any of the calculations and you say I want to operate at 32 megahertz because the trim codes would be Potentially wrong it would be operating You know 29 megahertz or something else and then everything would break down because you you're expecting it to be one frequency But it's not so that's why the boot loader then does It does the trim code calculations So that it will set up all the correct trim codes for the different operating modes of the silicon oscillator So if you change clocks clock settings, it will be correct and it'll be what you're expecting the final option that you would have for the system clock source is you can choose to have it operated of the RTC so the external RTC crystal. So there's obviously, you know, 32k crystal and For these ones is obviously it's if you're into sort of super low-parameters where you have really long delays between needing to wake up That's when you'd use it. So These can all feed in as an option. So it's one at a time as your system clock source And that's what your your processor run off of but then also The peripherals most of the peripherals are sourced from the system clock source so like the examples given here, I just like to see an SPI and So what you have is you've got your system clock source running at whatever speed it's running and then you can Assign a pre-scaler value to the to the clock source which would then feed in as the clock source for whatever IP So you could have your clock source running at 32 meg and you can pre-scale that down by like four or something And then your SPI will run it at four eight meg instead And then also as part of sort of power states and all this you know power modes and things You can also enable or disable clocking for different IPs for different peripherals as you want I'm saying that most of the IPs are sourced from the system clock source. There are three That are sourced from the RTC clock source So these are the RTC obviously The the watchdog timer is on that that sort of tree and then also the always on periodic timer So if anybody's ever dealing with those ones as opposed to the any of the other ones you could be Wondering as to why? Registers aren't updating so you know in that sort of time, but that's most of that stuff We've sort of taken care of in the hydro abstraction layer instead So then so if you've got like or your clocking done stuff in part of it is is checking out to what sort of different power states So I was saying that like each SOC, you know Chemo site provides power states based on whichever SOC that you're working with so d2000. It's it's a pretty simple thing It's got pretty simple power modes to go with it So you're either in active mode or you know completely off But so in active mode you can go into hold mode, which will just halt The the system clock, but won't hold anything else So everything else can keep on running and it's sort of a really fast way But she just conserve a little bit of power while you're waiting for some you know some slow Short transaction to complete and then when an interruptive request happens Then the whole system goes back into active mode, but then also you've got sort of deep sleep Options where you can power down more more clocks and the more clocks you power down the more power you would save obviously So then the sort of options we've got in d2000 so we got You can do deep sleep with no clocks at all or deep sleep with an RTC source So the RTC source you can wake up as RTC as your wake-up source or with the no clocks at all It would be on like a comparator, you know to wake up your your SSE So though that was really easy and it's you know not that intimidating But then when you go across to the C1000 You know it starts to look a bit more because you've got to start managing multiple cores now So there's obviously a lot more choices and options you can have but you know it's sort of almost analogous So you've got C states, which is an Intel thing, right? So you you're see C0 and SS0 as your active states And then you've got similar things where C1 and SS1 where if you just do a halt and then C2 LP and see you know is where you start to saving more and more clocks to get lower and lower power and then eventually you have like the sort of the lowest power consumption mode for for C1000 Where is the low if both are into C2 or SS2 mode and then you can enter into lower power standby state Which is sort of you know as good as it gets So One final little thing about the actual the code So this is just a little sample of how you'd actually use QMSI in general. So at the top, this is all lifted from one of our examples So you can see we've got a little QMRTC config struct type top We call a config and inside we've got different options So you set whatever your initial value if you want to have an alarm or a callback and then your alarm value like how long between alarms and If you want to use a callback and if you want to pass any user data and sort of a prescaler value and then When you set up all your configuration options for whatever IP it is, they're all Relatively similar, but they're obviously tailored for whatever IP you work on But then you would do a register an interrupt request if you need interrupts Which is part of the you know, just how the interrupt mechanisms work and then you can enable or you you can start your your Clocking because you because on the the clocking slide You can enable or disable different IPs on the clocks and then finally you can get around to set the config Which just takes your parameter and also takes a an enum of which instance of an IP you want to target So like if you because so with RTCs We only have you know the one at the moment But if there were two or three RTCs you could use the same function, but you just change RTC zero to be RTC one or two or whatever depending on which one you want to access So it's sort of the same and it will just handle multiple IPs instead one little thing about the The like set config functions and things like that in in a lot of our functions What we have is we've got a bit of parameter checking, but only if you're working in debug mode So if you compile in debug mode your applications will do some nice parameter checking for you So if you put in wrong values It will catch it and I'll say no you're wrong, but then if you compile and release mode instead It's it's not as forgiving. It will just assume that you're right You know so that because basically again it reduces the code size because you're not doing any you know Sanitization or you're not checking anything and it's so it's faster and you know It's just all better, but it also has a bit of a dangerous side because if you put in wrong values, it'll You know have Who knows what it'll do? But anyway, so that's sort of QMSI in general so then moving Along onto the sort of the library side of things so this so we have some new loop as part of the thing and So we provide a few you know system calls inside that so one of the things we have is is peak or printf which is It's like a modular Very tiny version of printf So what you can do is you can actually go in and at compile time You can disable certain options if you know you don't want to use it or you can even add stuff on At the end if you want to have your own versions, but you'd have to write the code for that So currently what it does supports du xx and s so you know integers hex and strings Then we also have a puts and There is Malik and free there so you can do some dynamic stuff if you really need to but We don't but it is an option and then we also have asserts which if You're interested you can dig into the code and you can change what happens on an assert behavior So there's a few defines which you do at compile time and you can change what happens if if an assert is called Then if you have sort of say you so you've got an application and you Want to actually sort of Run it on a board and sort of debug it a bit and you know your feel that you sort of like at that first sort of stage This is sort of the sort of the flow that you do So you've got your Harder at the bottom you've got whatever code that you've written and then for the standard case with whatever like our reference boards and things Is we've got open ocd is our communication method method and you can either talk directly Into open ocd or you can use gdb to do debug commands You can separate points view memory do all those sorts of things whatever you need to do Then the tool chains You know a bit confusing but so basically you've got two different tool chains with the both based on GCC So if you compare if you're compiling for Intel architecture You just use normal GCC and then if you're compiling for the arc We've got arc GCC and these do all these tool chains and open ocd and everything is provided as a It's a standalone download so you can just go into software Intel.com You know I system tool chain only and you can just download these four windows or or Linux Whatever you want and you can just use them as on their own if you wish So there's sort of the libraries And there we have and then so you know because security is king. We have a we do some tiny crypto stuff as well So for the tiny crypto basically as I was saying at the moment, it's all you know either encryption or Authentication so you've got you know some implementations of Shah and HMAC Shah for authentication And then you've got your elliptical curves or AES if you're doing encryption stuff So you can you know use whatever is appropriate for whatever you want so But it's up to you it's up to you to Use whatever has been implemented So then moving on towards this the DSP like stuff. So what we have is because Because there's no floating point unit on the on the ESSEs Basically, we just use fixed points instead much like Kim's this or other people would do So you got Q15 and Q31 formats and then there's a bit of floating point emulation or simulation but it's You know because there's no actual Floating point unit it's all in software. So it takes takes a lot of space and takes a lot of time to do that sort of thing But we have so for the DSP like things you've got a whole bunch of different functional groups So you know fast math or matrix functions or transforms whatever need Each Function that you use obviously would increase the whole size of whatever application you're using so you have to be judicial Is it is optimized as much as possible? But some functions take two kilobytes and some functions take a few hundred bytes of memory It all depends on the actual, you know the hard requirements of the functions and how much they use So that's you know things that are there There is like I said, there is the floating point library. This is only for Lakemore processors And it just emulates floating point operations, you know using these hardware into your instructions instead So yeah, you can read it yourselves, but you know, it's however Qx format goes and So Pretending now you've got like your hardware you got your Hell you've got your little application using tiny crypt and you got all these things going on, you know Left-right and center and then you also want to do some comm stacks on top of that Could potentially write your own, but it's much easier to use an RTOS instead that they've done all the hard work for you, right? so You know, we work really closely with with Zephyr and we're there now where they their Harder driver of choice when it comes to Intel architect Intel SoCs and microcontrollers And then they support all the things I'm sure everybody's heard a lot about this whole conference with Zephyr where they do You know a lot of different comms protocols like a six-low pan and things like that So then as a developer you can choose if you want you can either do All of the stuff yourself like you can download cum aside yourself. You can get all the libraries yourself. You can get Zephyr, you know time you get everything you could do all of that and it will work. It all works together Or instead what you can do is you can choose to use the central system studio for microcontrollers And basically this bundles everything together So you just have one download and we'll do all the all the work for you to make sure everything's in correctly So it's it's based on eclipse. So anybody's familiar with the clips should be fully I mean it should be fairly familiar with this It has the debugger so it has like open OCD and GDP integration built into it It also has some register of you stuff built into it. So you don't need to query everything individually On Windows only there's some extra drivers for USB support, but it's not required on Linux and Linux it's slightly better and Then you can see the nice pretty eclipse thing in action where you've got you know sort of code I'm there if you're doing if you're doing debugging your code on the left You've got disassembly on the right. You can see the actual you know Assembly instructions and then at the bottom. There's a register of you So you can if you are stepping through your application, you're wondering why something isn't working You can always stop at any point you can go down to the register view and you can just say What's the actual status of you know my you are registers and it will show you everything inside there So it's pretty good, you know, but it's It's pretty standard I say at this stage. So then the sort of final bit is How would you use all of the stuff together, you know, how would you take everything that's in a package and Go forth with it and do what you want So as I was saying before we've got a whole bunch of like existing applications in bare metal Zephyr comes with their own example applications as well, but here we have things of how exactly we would use RIPs in whatever situations There's a few classics Blinky, you know, just in case you ever need to blink lay it on and off forever We've also got hello world. Otherwise, we shot and Then also some specific power examples for the different SOCs because again the hardware is different So controlling the power modes in them is different and then also Some Grove shield examples as well where you know Grove shields a little sensor kits and you can use them and do what you wish So If you've done all that and you think maybe I'd like to you know, have a look at QMSI There's a couple places you can go where you want to get it so the first place would well one of the places is You can go along to this Intel developer zone and you can just download The latest bundle for ISSM on whatever platform you choose and that will give you, you know, everything tool chains code Zephyr all this stuff or You can go to github so prior to Version 1.1. We had github. We were hosting on zero one dog But then we sort of moved to our own little github project instead So we've got now and github is you know, we've got QMSI project We've got the bootloader project and we also have the do a few utils for the you are to paste updating and you know, it's It's there. You're free to do whatever you want. Copy it fork it who cares, you know Contribute to it that would be best of all right So that's you know the link up there Feel free to go along and then if everything else goes terribly wrong and you don't know where to turn to We do have a community page which is fairly actively looked after by some people inside So there's the the link for that and you know if you're welcome to ask questions about Quark stuff, you know like D2000 or C1000 whatever things, you know pertinent to that like and then generally will Answer as quick as you can or get onto somebody who can answer you Yeah, so otherwise this is this a little bit illegal stuff and Thanks, everybody for listening. Does anybody have any questions? Pedro is nodding. Yes Pedro is nodding. Yes You're inside Yeah, like we work so closely with the guys like we're you know meeting something like all the time So really tightly, you know integrated there Anybody else? Okay Yeah, it's just about to say yeah, it's pretty good Sure Well, the C1000 definitely got a lot more memory right so you've got 80 K of RAM and you've got the 2 by 192 K of flash if that's enough for Linux or not Well, so there are quarks like the the X1000 like the Galileo or the Edison they they run the next things But they're they're not the MCU side of things. They're Much much much beefier So for my videos It's for a batch I don't want Yeah, the guys want to port their software on there. That's already Do it in the winter winter situation See You can always drop something in email maybe and check The price point so on if you go into like Digikey or Mauser, I think it's it's around five No, you can go you can check it on digikey or wherever it's like Yeah, I think like I think in singles it's like if you if you're doing the C1000 I think for singles It's like I don't know it. Yeah, it's it's it's a number X And then if you're willing to buy in batches of 2000, it's like, you know, you get like it I don't know, you know 20% discount or something whatever the X is like Yeah, but the prices should be on Well, yeah, yeah, I'm sort of use the term a bit So this is the SOC is the the whole package, right? So the SOC contains all of the things inside of it. Whereas the microcontroller is maybe just So use case would be any internet of things I think so like some of the things you you might have seen before would Be like the X games they have these These ones in particular they have them on like snowboarders and BMX there is and stuff and as people do tricks It shows you in real time, you know, their speed and their velocity and their rotate angular rotation and stuff there was also Our CEO did a demonstration at CES last year We had a he had a button on his suit and it showed him walking You know, he showed his stats as he's walking around for the whole presentation. So Whatever you need for everything you things You're right, so Okay, thanks very much


Today's podcast is brought to you by FreshBooks.com. Get a 30-day free trial at gofreshbooks.com forward slash David Feldman show. The David Feldman radio program is made possible by listeners like you.  Tony Hingecliffe joins us. He's a brilliant comedy writer and comedian and he's joining us via FaceTime Audio in Los Angeles. We're in New York City. How are you, buddy? Hey, how's it going, David? How are you, buddy? Good, good, good. Good, buddy. Good, buddy. You know, I was at the Republican convention walking through Cleveland and I look up and there, is it Hilarities? Yeah, yeah. I was there. Coming to Hilarities, Tony Hingecliffe, I guess the week after. Yeah, what were you doing there? I was working for Trimfee and Selcomic Dog. Oh, very cool. Covering the conventions and... Are you allowed to talk about the roast? I believe so, yeah, let's do it. Because I just signed a confidentiality agreement. Oh, oh, I don't think I did. Oh, no, I think we can hang on. Alex is our producer. We can talk about it now to promote it. So it's coming up on Labor Day. Yeah, and I worked with a dog as well. It wasn't Trimfee, but it was Ann Coulter. That's why I want to talk to you for many reasons, but... Unlike Trimfee, she didn't take and do any of the jokes that we gave her. So have you ever done that, David?  Well, no, because Robert Smigel is brilliant and can reckon has good taste and Ann Coulter is a... Well, so let's review because I don't think we've introduced you properly. Tony Hinchcliffe, besides being an amazing stand-up comic, is also a great comedy writer. We worked together on The Burn with Jeff Ross and you've been working with the roastmaster general for about a decade. Yep. And you wrote on the Comedy Central roast of Rob Lowe, which I believe airs Sunday night. It's Labor Day. Monday night, I do believe. Monday night on Comedy Central and it features Rob Lowe, Jimmy Carr, Nicky Glaser, Jule, Yeah. David Spade, and Ann Coulter. So let's hold off on Ann Coulter. I was in LA for my divorce, so I didn't have time to go to the roast. Tell me how it went and why people should tune in and watch it. Well, it went really well. It was awesome. You know, I love these roasts. They're my favorite day of the year. It's like Christmas for assholes, you know. It's a day where everybody can just let it rip and it was really good. You know, Jule and Peyton Manning really stole the show. They were really awesome. You know, Peyton Manning did a lot of good work. He put it in. He studied his script. He executed it. He took what the writers gave him. You know, that type of thing. A lot of the comedians did that. They all did a really good job. And then there was Ann Coulter who was booked late. She was booked late with a few days left. Pretty much everybody was. It was, you know, it was one of those roasts where, you know, a couple people dropped out for reasons and a couple people joined in late. She was one of those people. And I was actually really excited when she signed on because, A, I knew it'd be fun for the rest of the day is to make fun of her and, B, I thought it would be a fun, challenging thing to write for and an exciting thing. Like I'm an old pro wrestling fan and so is Mike Lawrence who actually worked on this with me, worked with Ann Coulter with me.  We wanted her to steal the show. I mean, in a weird way. You know what I mean? We really wanted to help her. Best in show. Since she's a dog, it would be best in show. Yeah. And we wanted her to, we wanted her to do good because that would make us look good as writers. And so she got booked on Tuesday. Tuesday night, we sent a, what I would call a great script in, in which I think she would have absolutely killed and people would be talking about how Ann Coulter killed instead of how Ann Coulter bombed horrendously. But anyway, so we sent to Tuesday and then Wednesday morning, we got an email that she had rewritten the jokes that we gave her and got cut made up cuts of a lot of the jokes that we wrote. So she got rid of a lot of the jokes and she took a few jokes and rewrote them without punch lines. So she sort of left the funny parts out, but she wanted to like play comedian instead of being Coulter. And she doesn't realize the comedians are trying to find an angle and use their own voice. And you know, Ann Coulter just thought she was a little smarty pants and she got roasted.  By the way, it's the Rob Lowe rose. She has, it's a bad enough, she has a tenuous connection with reality. What's her connection to Rob Lowe? I don't know what her connection is to Rob Lowe other than- Oh, I know what it is. I know it's by a lot of people. She's the only woman he hasn't stopped. Yeah, probably. That's her claim to fame. I guess so. I haven't heard of Rob Lowe being in the bestiality. Sorry. Just a specter.  Wow, that's pretty. She is a monster of a human being.  Okay, so I was talking to Ray James and I don't think we're not violating a confidentiality agreement. It's no secret that Ann Coulter is a monster, human being, a human being. Anything but a human being. Ray James who wrote on the roast calls me afterwards and says it was unbelievable that according to Ray, she went into it thinking that people actually like her or there are some people who like her that she was capable of getting laughs because she lives in this bubble, this New York, Washington bubble where she only speaks at CPEC. And other Republicans laugh at her but in the real world she's loathed and despised. And according to Ray James, she almost cried. Oh, I think so. I think so definitely.   Writing on these roasts, it was interesting because normally you don't have a person on the dais that everybody wants to die. So it really did add an element of originality to it. I heard during the commercial breaks, as is customary, everybody talks to one another and says, hey, was that joke okay? And then they'll go, oh, that was fine, I wish it had been even meaner, it wasn't mean enough. Okay, you know, I love you, all that kind of stuff. But I heard that she just sat by herself, people sit out, I hope you die, we'll be right back. And during the commercial breaks, she just sat by herself, is that true?  Everybody's having fun. And Ann Coulter actually, between each commercial break, hung out with her favorite person in the world and that is Ann Coulter. And I guess she was giving herself some punch up, unfortunately not with a right hook.  I mean, it's almost incredible. Okay, so here is what I wanted to ask you. I have this theory that regardless of your politics, but it's none of my business, but I would, I maintain, yes, George W. Bush, horrible person, Donald Trump, horrible person, if I were at a dinner party and they were there, I would love them. I always say, forget meeting your heroes, don't meet the people you hate because you'll fall in love with them. I honestly believe that if I met George W. Bush, I'd think this guy is amazing. Same thing with Donald Trump. Right. Ann Coulter, when I first started working for Bill Maher, she was hanging out and doing the show. And I, at the time I thought politics was fun and games, don't take it too seriously. She seems like a goofball. And Janine Garofalo was sitting with me. And I said, I'm gonna go talk to Ann Coulter and Janine grabbed my arm and said, stay away from her. She is a horrible human being. And I said, okay, but you know, I don't know that much, but you know, but this was back in 2003 and she just grabbed my arm and said, she is as wrong as the invasion of Iraq. That's how bad she is. So you got to work up close with this sulfuric vial, quote unquote human. How bad? How bad a person is she? Well, you know, she is a lot like the invasion of Iraq. I agree with that, except the invasion of Iraq was a lot funnier. I think the invasion of Iraq had some sense of humor about itself. Was she nervous? She wasn't nervous going into it. You know, she also, one of the things that's interesting, David, is that we asked her if she had seen a Comedy Central roast a few days out. And she said, no. And we told her that we wanted her to watch some of the Comedy Central roast. And then she said, no. And as it got closer to it, like, it's a lot like the invasion of Iraq, totally unprepared. Yes, yes. And she had no idea what was going to happen, going into it.  And Bob, you got to talk to her on the phone. Was she pleasant? Is she polite? She played pleasant. She played like she liked the things that were happening. But then via email, she would change everything. She's on the phone, she said, oh, that's funny. That's in my voice. I like that. We explained to her why it would work. And then she sent us an email with everything changed. I worked with Martha Stewart last year and she killed. And she did it with her voice and everything. So I told Ann Coulter, just look up the clip of Martha Stewart from last year. And I sent it to her and she refused to watch it. So she had no idea what was happening, going into it. She just didn't want. She thought she had it all figured out. She's one of these people that surrounds herself with yes men, or yes women, or yes people, or whatever they are. And she just, I'll tell you this, is that most people, when they bomb, you sort of feel bad for them. Even the situation from the Jersey Shore years ago and the Trump roast, it was like, you know, he bombed, but he had no talent. But this person, Ann Coulter, you know, I think her ego is just so out of control that she really thought that she was funny. And she doesn't realize that there's an art form to it. And yeah. It's the first time I'm grateful to hear that she was taken seriously. Yeah. And I'll tell you this, it was a train wreck. It was absolutely awesome to watch. She hurt every time somebody made fun of her. Unlike everybody else on the dais, she didn't laugh. She just absolutely had this weird stuck face. You know, and she has an Adam's apple for some reason. And that's just protruding out. And I couldn't help but to stare at it the entire time. Nobody really made fun of it, but boy, is it there. You know, and she was just sort of stuck. It was like, you know, just roasting a wax figure of Ann Coulter. And her performance on the podium was a lot like of that of a wax figure of Ann Coulter.  She thought it would be funny to pull out her book first thing and promote it. And the booze just rained down immediately. And it was awesome. It was like watching a gif of a train wreck just over and over and over and over and over again. So when we tune in, is she gonna be protected or are we gonna see the blood? We doubt it. I don't know what kind of editor they have over at Comedy Central, but unless he has Spielberg like CGI, I'm pretty sure that there's no way they can make that set look good. And do we want it? And do we want it to look good? I mean, what is the obligation? It's a good question. You know, I think that people would like to see her bomb more than do good. And I think she gave us that opportunity. The genius that she is maybe, you know, she probably did what was the best thing for the roast. You know, she really ate it, which is crazy because she looks like an anorexic seabass. She was a lot, going back to it, she was a lot like the invasion of Iraq, but I think she bombed a little bit harder. How was the room this year? Did you guys have a lot of fun? Oh, it was a blast. It was an absolute blast. They had, you know, you would have loved it, David. They had free food, free fresh air. It was amazing. Everything was free, fruits, iced coffee, it was incredible. So, going back to Ann Coulter, because I asked this of Ray James, she got really slapped around. Do you think she's capable of any self-reflection? Do you think when she flies back to her cocoon that she for a moment thinks, hmm, I'm despised, why do people hate me? Am I doing something wrong? Should I reevaluate who I am? Do you think she's capable of that? I actually read, I've stayed away from the press reports from this roast all together. I haven't read anything on purpose because, you know, I just sort of, I don't know, I'm just sort of like in a place where I'm a little bit over it, you know what I mean? I thought about these people continuously every day and night for an entire week, and I'll sort of catch back up when the roast happens. But today I stumbled across the Hollywood Reporter interview with Ann Coulter about the roast. And sure enough, she thinks that she was funny, first of all, which is just insanity. And she thinks that everybody else was just taking low blows and wasn't funny.   I've never seen anyone more hated in my entire life.  It was. Well, maybe not. Maybe she is. It was almost impressive. It was literally like if the devil was on the dais. Comedy Central was able to look the dark Lord Lucifer himself. And that's how the crowd treated it. She's so insane, though, that she actually rationalized. I could see in the interview, she said that, you know, she did jokes that everybody else was half-brained and immature, and she did really good jokes. And she gave her and her couple writers who were not on our staff credit for what she did. She actually named them by name and, you know, not staff writers, but her own helpers. And it was horrendous. I feel really bad for those guys that got mentioned by name by her as being her writers for that because it was one of the most embarrassing comedic performances I've ever seen in my entire life. Well, she thinks, you know, she wrote a book defending Joe McCarthy. She's a big fan of naming names. So, yeah, so before you go, we're talking with Tony Hinchcliffe. He's a great comedian and comedy writer, and we'll find out where you can see him live. The Rose Battles. Did you work on Jeff Ross's Rose Battles at Montreal? Yeah, I was one of the competitors. And Sarah won. Sarah won. Well, Sarah made it to the championship. There's actually a guy named Mike Lawrence won. He's hilarious. He was in the writer's room this year. Him and Sarah Tiana were both in the writer's room, actually, this year for the first time, which was awesome. Getting to have a couple of my fun peers in there with me was a blast. And, um... Was Benji in there? Benji actually just sold his own TV show, Benji Aflalo, great comedian, who I started with actually just sold his own TV show that he wrote, created, and is starring in. For what network? Um, I've talked with a network, but I know that Andy Samberg is the executive producer. Wow. Who he met during the roast of James Franco. So... That's fantastic. Yeah, he's doing it. Benji's living the dream. Wow. Uh, God knows he needs the money. But, uh... Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha. Ha, ha, ha, ha. The roast... So what's happening is, when you describe the roast, you describe it as wrestling, it's a live event. Yeah. Is that why it's so popular? It's one of the few things that television can still do well, and that's a live event, in fact, a sporting event. Right? People... Yeah. Because I never really realized this, but I guess a roast, they say, hey, he really scored, but now somebody can actually keep score and determine who did the best and who did the worst. Is that good for comedy? Yeah. Is that good? Because I was always told, don't keep score. Well, I don't think it's good for stand-up comedy, uh, you know, but I think these roast battles, when it's one against the other, I mean, you gotta see it, Feldman. I think you would absolutely love it the most.   It's incredible, because it gives it an element of just absolute competition.  Like, you know, so it's like counter-punching. So you go in there with some ammunition, right? You have some jokes prepped? Yeah, very much so. You almost want to prep for everything that is weird about them, that you can make fun of about them, and people also have prepped comebacks in case they make fun of anything about you.   So, Mike Lawrence won because he had great jokes going into it, but he was also quick, right, off the top of his head. And also, another thing is he's just super-duper likable.  He's so likable, you know. He can laugh at himself. He doesn't take it too seriously. There's all these elements that count. You know, likability goes up a very long way in roast battle, which is tough for me because I sort of look like... You sort of what? I sort of have like this villain, you know, villain-esque, almost like the Joker. I'm sort of like a bad guy. Right. And, you know, it's tough to go up against these likable sweethearts like Sarah Tiana and Mike Lawrence and Earl Skakele.  And one of them's being likable. And that's a big part of it, too. Yeah, being likable, that goes a long way. In fact, if you just work on your likability, you don't need jokes. Just, but some of us have that. Which is a lesson, which is a lesson for Ann Coulter, as well. She decided to not have jokes and be unlikeable. And it turns out that doesn't work. Was she smoking cigarettes? I didn't see her smoke cigarettes. Did she smoke? I think she smokes. So where can people come see you perform? I am going to be all over. I'm doing oddballs this weekend. Amphitheaters in Chicago, Detroit and Toronto. I'm doing Sacramento, San Francisco, Australia at the end of October.  Great. Since Wilbur Theatre, October 8th, which is a big one for me.  That's gonna be cool. We can find all this out at TonyHinchCliff.com. And how do you spell Hinch? How do you spell Hinch Cliff? It's H-I-N-C-H-C-L-I-F-S-E. Like H plus inch, Cliff plus E. Beautiful. Tony. Heck yeah. We'll talk to you soon. Thank you for doing this. All right. Thank you, David. I'll talk to you soon. Bye. I'm gonna tell you about a podcast that I listen to. Two of my friends host it. And I think you should listen to it. Andrew Goldstein. Maybe you remember him as my Jew on some of our more popular episodes of the David Feldman Show. Andrew Goldstein is a brilliant comedy writer from MTV and Race Wars. And Matt Goldich writes for Late Night with Seth Meyers, brilliantly funny comedian and comedy writer. They have a new podcast. You can download it on iTunes. It's called Sorry I've Been So Busy. You know, everyone always says they're so busy, but what exactly are they so busy with? Well, in their podcast, Sorry I've Been So Busy, writer, comedians Matt Goldich and Andrew Goldstein talk to their interesting and funny friends to find out what they've actually been so busy with. Everything from major life and career events to everyday minutia. Sorry I've Been So Busy is the only podcast that will never blow you off unless something comes up.


Newjavski out across the line and it is two wins in a row for the North Macedonia. Hello everyone, I'm here and we are going for round three of the Formula E Accelerate Championship. We have got Aaron Jarovski, leader of the championship, won the last two races and Risto Capets doing a great job as well for Nio Racing Team. So today I'm going to talk about we're in Berlin and I'm going to talk you through a lap and car balance, understeer, oversteer. You know we always hear drivers talking about understeer and oversteer but obviously sometimes it's a bit difficult to understand exactly what it means so I'm going to try to explain to you what it is right now. So there we go turn two and you see I put a lot of steering lock and the front end doesn't really want to turn so this is understeer. Here we go again you know struggling to get the car to turn and understeer is never really fast because you're positioning the car on exit not the way you should. Now we're going to try to get some almost here oh yeah it is you see there were very little steering angle meaning the rear end wanted to snap that's called oversteer and it's actually much more efficient. There we go oversteer and I've got to come to steer to avoid the rear just spin. So when you drive the car it's really trying to find the right balance between the understeer that I picked up here a little bit too much and also the oversteer and having to lift off the throttle on exit. Well that was far too much oversteer so you've seen you can play with the brake application if you brake really hard and you lock the front wheel then you're going to have understeer. If you release the brake and then you get the rear axle a little bit lighter then you're going to suffer with more oversteer. So the key really when you drive a racing car is to find the right balance you see missed it here because I release the brake too much and carry too much speed into the corner meaning the rear end was very light and spun around. I hope my explanation on oversteer and understeer were clear and now I guess the best is that I'll let you go on the lap with Evangelovsky that is the master of Formula E and yeah I think you can enjoy and learn if you're racing Formula E at home. Hello everybody I'm Mert Najowski I'm a driver for the RAG Esports in Racing team and today I'm gonna take you around the circuit of Berlin in the Formula E Gen 2 car and I hope you enjoy. So here we are for the start of our lap we want to maximize our exit through the last corner so we take a nice and wide line for turn one we brake at 100 and try to stay as tight as possible for the next couple of corners for the next one we brake after 50 it seemed a bit slow that we are trying to maximize our exit through this long straight for the next hairpin we brake at 100 I tried to clip the apex that was I overdid it a bit not bad the next one is really tricky because it is really bumpy you can lose the car if you enter too fast this one and we brake after 100 we hug the apex of the hairpin a bit oversteer on the exit but nothing too dramatic this one is tricky too we need to brake a bit earlier than expected because the car can oversteer on us and here we go to the line that's a lap around Berlin and I hope you like it


25 October 1984, interview in the cabinet room with Scripps Howard, editors, green camera had the recording coverage closed. Yes. I'm outnumbered. Hello there. Mr. President, I'm Dan Thomason, editor of Scripps Howard News Service. I wish to say thank you in advance for your time in this very busy schedule. We'll just go right from there. Okay, hi. Mr. President, how are you? Fine. It's nice to see you again, sir. I'm Jim Wehart with the Washington Bureau of Scripps Howard. I thought I'd like to ask you today, in a relaxed way, looking ahead to the next four years, what do you think will be your main priorities in your second term? And secondly, do you anticipate making any changes in the cabinet in your second term? Well, first of all, the priorities are, in a sense, going to be a continuation. We, economically, we're going to continue trying the same overall things that we're part of our program to begin with, and that is to continue trying to reduce the share that the government is taking from the private sector from the gross national product, because I think that government can be and was a drag on the economy, still is. This, we believe will, if we proceed with this, will also take care of the deficit problem, because the real, only real way to raise government's revenues are not through tax increases, which further increase the drag in the economy, they're from growth in the economy. And we're going to continue trying also to make government less of a burden on business and private individuals with excessive regulations to show you what can happen with just even a minor element in government. We lump together 62 categorical grant programs into 10 block grants to local and state governments. That not only eliminated 3,000 people who had been administering the 62 grants at the federal level, but it changed the regulations out there at the local and state level, which had taken 885 pages, reduced them down to 30. And it's this type of thing, and this is much of this is what's contained in the recommendations of the commission that we had that is, and we're studying in those 2,480 recommendations. We're going to proceed, as I say with all of that, with tax reform, hoping to simplify it and make it possible for rates to come down again. At the same time, we broaden the base and hopefully can get some of that $100 billion that is now not coming in because of the underground economy. And in the international scene, to continue our two-track policy, one of them is, of course, the building of our own defensive capability, but at the same time the other track is to try and get the Soviet Union to join us in realistic arms reduction talks. The overall goal is peace, and this is what we'll continue. Now with regard to any cabinet changes, I would be just satisfied if there were none at all, but I do know that while no one has said anything other than the resignation we know about of the Attorney General who has to return or feels he must return to his private practice, I know that whenever I ask people to serve, whether on staff or I made it plain that I'd take them for whatever time they could come, and if they then felt they had to leave, I'd go out and find somebody else. No one has made any suggestions about that, but there possibly would be some that might want to get back to their own private lives, and if so, I would understand. But I have no intention of, in other words, I'm not unhappy with anyone. My name is David Brown and I'm the Executive Editor of the Commercial Appeal in Memphis, Tennessee. As you are aware, a group of private citizens, many of them from West Tennessee and from North Alabama, in the past year have been engaged in taking supplies to the rebels fighting the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. Not only have they taken supplies down there, but they have engaged in training, and two men were shot down slain within the past few months. Since those two men were killed, hundreds more citizens have joined this group known as the CMA. I'm wondering about your attitude, how you feel personally about private citizens getting engaged in this way and what is happening in Central America. As I asked this question, there are 30 Memphians who are getting ready, who are prepared to fly to Honduras this weekend to work with groups, they say are in that country, whom we want to overthrow the Sandinistas. So is there an ever growing number of people in our country who want to do something on their own to, as they put it, stop communism before it gets to our borders, and how do you feel about it? Well, I have to say, it's quite in line with what has been a pretty well established tradition in our country. Nothing was done legally about the formation of a brigade, a communist brigade of Americans in the Spanish Civil War. In World War II, we had pilots being recruited to go to the Flying Tigers. I recall, if I'm correct, there were some people, even one very prominent actor from Hollywood, who became an ambulance driver in the French Army in World War II. So I don't know, I'm not a lawyer, so I never asked about what is the actual legality of anything of that kind, but at the same time, as I say, it's been a tradition, and Americans have always done this, and I would be inclined to not want to interfere. What are the examples that you raised? People who want to fight for governments, who are fighting other governments, tyranny. In this case, we have Americans who are going to Central America to help rebels. They call them freedom fighters. Do you see a difference there? Well, as I say, I'm not so wise as those lawyer guys, as Mr. Service said in his poem. I haven't really gotten into that. I was giving you my own personal reaction to what it was, and seemed to be a long and honorable tradition. And in a sense, our own interest in Nicaragua has to do with their overt support of guerrillas themselves, who are trying to overthrow a duly elected government of a neighboring country, El Salvador. So no one has raised the issue before these individual Americans. If it would not be illegal, would there be anything wrong with it in your mind? And in the other way, morally, or can they get in the way of our government and try to do something about the problems in Central America? Well, if you get into the moral issue of it, we were certainly tested with regard to that Spanish Civil War I mentioned, because I would say that the individuals that went there were in the opinion of most Americans fighting on the wrong side. Mr. President, Angus McCarron from the Pittsburgh Press. Mr. President, you took office four years ago determined to drastically cut what you said were overly generous welfare programs. And in February of 81, just one month after taking office, you introduced 84 proposals to reduce or eliminate federal programs that obviously took fat from the domestic side of the budget. Among those reductions was a 17.4% decrease in unemployment insurance, a 14.3% decrease in aid to dependent children, a 13.8% decrease in food stamps, a 28% reduction in child nutrition, a 6.8% decrease in Medicare and a 2.8% in Medicaid. Obviously a great number of American people have agreed with you that some cuts were necessary. But the Urban Institute's sites that the poverty level grew faster in the first three years of your presidency than any other period since the 50s. The Congressional Budget Office in July reported that budget reductions alone, taking unemployment as a side, but the budget reductions alone had pushed 560,000 people below the poverty line, 325,000 of them children alone. Mr. President, what further cuts in welfare spending will be necessary in the next raving administration? And secondly, how do you answer your opponents who say that you're practicing social Darwinism? Well, I answer them first of all. I challenge the Urban Institute's figures. And I don't think that they can be substantiated at all because we are spending more money today and helping more people than at any time in our nation's history. With regard to food, the increase in food programs is up 37% over what it was. We made cuts in suggested increases. We have reduced on the domestic side of the budget. We have reduced the rate of increase in spending from 17% down to 6%. But in many of these figures, for example, in food stamps, some of the so-called savings in food stamps, we're incidentally giving more food stamps to more people than we've ever done before in history. There's something like, oh, I think somewhere around 3 million more people are getting them than we're getting them in 1980. But here we found, for example, that in food stamps, someone applied for food stamps, let's say it's three days before the end of the month, they were given the whole month's food stamps for the preceding month for just those few days of the month left. Now, come the first of the month, they would do, again, a quarter for the coming month. And we started giving them food stamps as of the day they asked for them, not retroactively for weeks before they put in the request. And that amounted to quite a percentage in the reduction. We also, in many of these programs, found that there were people who were above an income level as to where they should be eligible for these programs. And what we did was redirect the attention down, and we've set for ourselves a standard of 130% of poverty. That was the limit. Above that, it would have to be an exceptional case, but if they're from below 130% of poverty, they were helped. The result was, for example, in school lunches, there was a big increase for those people that were truly below the poverty line. What we did do was reduce somewhat the subsidy for the people up above that line. I think, in one instance, it pro-rated out like the subsidy increase. These are people that pay something for the lunches, but not the full cost. I think one of those cuts meant that their personal payment was increased three cents per lunch. But this is true of most of the figures, and I haven't really studied the ones I've seen just sketchily, the Urban Institute's figures. But I don't see how they can claim those figures when we can show that in every instance and in every program, we are spending more money and helping more people than ever before in our history. So we intend to preserve the safety net. There's never been any intention to do away with that or to eliminate it. But things such as I suggested earlier, in these 2,470 or 80 recommendations of that commission that we had of some 2,000 business people in this country looking at areas where modern business practices could be put to work. The federal government has a substantially higher overhead cost for delivering a dollar of services to the people in any other level of government in this country. And I don't see why it should necessarily be higher for us than it is for them. And so these are the areas where we think when sometimes you see what looks like a reduction, well maybe we've just been more efficient in getting the job done but we haven't hurt the people that are dependent on the program. Now you mentioned Medicare, and I have to be frank and tell you, there is a problem with Medicare. It is not as bad as the problem we had with Social Security in which it was slated to go bankrupt before July of 1983. Now our opponents, Tip O'Neill and the lead, they challenged us and said that wasn't true. And they were right, it wasn't true. The program went belly up in November of 1982. It didn't get to July of 1983. We borrowed $17 billion to keep the checks from bouncing. That was when we then, after they had used it in the 82 campaign as demagogically as they had, that was when we went back and said, now we've been asking you for three years, now will you sit down with us in a bipartisan commission and figure out an answer to this Social Security problem? And they did, and we figured it out, and Social Security is as safe now as it can be as far as we can see into the next century. And we didn't cut the benefits to the recipients in our bipartisan plan. So I think a lot of these figures to try and point out that we somehow have been trying to balance the budget and the backs of the needy is just not true. The needy are being cared for. And I'll have to get some of our people to go to work on that set of figures. Mr. President, what do you consider to be your administration's most important achievements in the field of conservation of natural resources? Well, they're very much more than anyone's giving his credit for. The criticism of Florida recently about this. Well, the one that they're presently saying the most about is the Superfund and the cleanup of the toxic waste dumps. Well, the Superfund was passed before we got here, and there had been very little time for inventorying these dumps and where they may be in the country. And so it's on our watch that we have found out so far that there are probably 14,000 or more such dumps that do represent the potential for being a toxic waste threat. And so far we have begun work on about 600 of them, completed work on a half a dozen, so the campaign charges that we've only cleaned up six, we think we're doing pretty well. What we had to do, now many of these, they take some study to find out if they truly are a threat. And what we are doing are rating them as to what are the most imminent threats, the most dangerous, and going at those as fast as we can. And we're going to support, of course, the renewal of the Superfund next year when it's due to continue on that, but that's just one facet. We found that the parks were a threat health-wise from a safety factor and just simply from a point of pollution and cleanliness. The maintenance had been so poor over a number of years. So we stopped for a time buying additional land for the parks and set aside a billion dollars for a five-year cleanup plan of the national parks. That is just about completed now a year ahead of schedule. And the parks are restored with regard to cleanliness and safety features that were being violated. And we now have budgeted for going back to purchasing land for parks. We have added to the wetlands. We have added to the wildlife refuges. We have added millions and millions of acres to the national wilderness. The Pure Air and Pure Water Act, which were in a place before we got here, are implemented to the point that we have the cleanest air and water that we've had since 1970. I mean, it's been cleaned up since that time. And the doubling of the research for acid rain was because we discovered that the more we had learned about acid rain, the more we found out we needed to know. And the truth of the matter is the cleanup would represent over a hundred billion dollars if you just simply said we must eliminate all the rest of sulfur dioxide from the air that industry is putting there. And yet we did not. We had to say from the research that had been done so far, there was no assurance that that cleanup would solve the acid rain problem. We found as we continued researching a lot of things we'd never known before. And so we're going to continue as fast as we can with that research and then we'll do whatever has to be done. We are experimenting with aliming some lakes which can restore those lakes. But I don't know what other elements of it, you know, it's being the villain of the environmental piece is kind of strange for me because we started the whole thing in California when I was governor. And the federal government sent people out to see us because they said we were so far ahead of anything that they were doing. Mr. President. Tom, too, away from Edmondville, Indiana. Not far from Dixon, Illinois. Where? Not far from Dixon, Illinois. Oh, well... You mentioned social security. I asked our readers in advance of this trip what questions they would like to ask to the president. And my mail showed an overwhelming concern in our community for social security. There is real fear that in a second term that you would cut benefits. How can you answer those people? This, of course, is the same demagoguery that they heard in 1982 and why in all of 1981 we were never able to persuade our opponents to join us in what we asked for. The same bipartisan commission we eventually wound up with. And they were set on using that.  People that are dependent on social security past their earning years have no place else to turn and someone comes around and telling them that there are people that have got some secret plan to take this away from them. Well, why hasn't anyone pointed out that the increase in taxes in 1977 in the previous administration to try and straighten out social security and they said that they had straightened it out until the year 2015. And they hadn't straightened it out, well, they said for 50 years. They hadn't straightened it out for five. And not only was it a massive tax increase, but everyone that was born after 1916 gets social security at a 25% less rate than the people that are presently on it. So in 1981 the people that started going on social security, they're getting checks 25% lower than the others. That was part of that 1977 plan. But no, there would be no reason for us to change it. The program has been placed on a sound financial basis. And I just think if you, ladies and gentlemen of the press, would go out of the way a little bit to tell these frightened senior citizens that they're going to continue to get their payments and no one's going to take anything away from them. In that regard, good Lord, I volunteered that if we got inflation below 3%, the law said we didn't have to give them a cost of living increase, and I said we would anyway. Because we had delayed them for six months during this new program of ours that they'd gone without getting their raise for an extra six months before it was instituted. And I thought it was only fair that if the first year that we did get this below the figure of the law that we go ahead and give it to them anyway. The point is, and you can with a clear conscience reassure them, Social Security is not a part of the deficit or the deficit problem. Social Security is entirely funded by a payroll tax. And if you reduced Social Security, that money wouldn't go into the general fund to pay back that it would go back into the trust fund of Social Security. So when anyone starts saying, what are you going to do about that, about reducing the deficit, it doesn't have anything to do with the deficit. Mr. President, Harry Moskis, Knoxville, New Sentinel. The anti-nuclear atmosphere intimidates private industry, making it skeptical about committing to long-term, long-scale energy demonstration projects. If the government doesn't fund these projects, is research vital to the nation's energy future to be killed or hopelessly delayed? What is the administration's position? Well, I think there's an area in which you can say that you can't just because someone is afraid to move forward in something that the government then ought to finance that. I believe in nuclear power, and I think the fear that's been generated of it is almost superstitious and unwarranted completely. You stop to think that here is a power source that we've had now in operation for quite some number of years, and there has never been a nuclear fatality in that industry. And then you compare that to coal mining and a few other things. You wonder why and how this fear is justified. I know that there's a thing that people think that a nuclear power plant's something that can turn into a nuclear bomb and blow up. Well, that's impossible, and it can't. But what we need is more education of the people. That nuclear power is a safe source of energy. And there are other countries that have gone far beyond what we've done in that regard. And most of them had the same safety records that we've had in it. I don't think it's a case of us funding this. I think it's a case of between all of us one thing that government can do and I've asked our people to do, and that is to see if we can't shortcut some of the requirements that we make. For example, when I was governor of California, I discovered that someone that wanted to build a nuclear power plant, they had to get 65 environmental clearances. And there was no one window stop. They couldn't go to one place and get cleared. Now, they could spend millions of dollars going down through this with the knowledge that when they got to the 65th, that one could cancel out all the progress that they'd made and they still wouldn't be able to, even after they'd spent all those millions of dollars. It seems to me, what we need is a kind of, as I say, a one window stop. And of course, this isn't all federal government. A lot of these requirements are at different levels of government. But this is one of the things that is when you see a company that's spent billions of dollars and they still then can't get a clearance to operate. We've got to do something about that. Mr. President, as granted what you say is true about Social Security, that it is now in a position where it can be funded adequately. What about Medicare? That's a problem coming up in your administration. Well, I did mention that earlier, but I didn't explain. It isn't as imminent. It's got several more years before it would find it. But it has a fund with its trust fund, the Medicare fund. And what we're suggesting right now and are talking about are some things actually rather than aiming them at the recipients. We're aiming at the providers. And we have proposed to hospitals and doctors, particularly the hospitals, that we have a set of fees for various ailments. And we're doing that right now in which the hospital accepts this. And if they can't provide the care within the fee, that's out of their pocket. But if they can provide it for less than the fee, they get that profit. I doubt we'll be able to provide it for less. Well, no, because there's incentive to provide it for less. If they can provide the service less than our fee, they get to keep the difference. But the other way than the penalty is if they spend more, that's out of their pocket. So it doesn't just take a massive campaign with the hospital administrators, the whole medical profession? We've had no great protest so far on this. Mr. President, before somebody else steps in and cuts us off after four minutes, can you finish the California time capsule letter that you were in the process of explaining? I had finished with the letter on the air and was simply getting to the point of what I was going to say, and I've been saying it on these college campuses the last few days that I'd been out there, that I was going to say that we had the responsibility, all of us, as I put it, my generation, and a few generations between mine and theirs, to see that they were turned over by us, or we turned over to them, a nation that was free and a world that was at peace. And that was the gist of it. But I have to tell you, I was telling the truth. And I had lived that whole thing in the 1976 convention when Jerry Ford asked me to come down to the platform and say a few words, and that was the first, well, the only time until now that I had ever voiced this. But what had happened, the idea was, what are people 100 years from now going to say about us? Did we do right by them or wrong by them? But the thing was that I truly was riding down the coast. I said driving, actually, I was riding and somebody else was driving and I was trying to put down some notes. But when I was looking around and thinking that is when it struck me, wait a minute, I'm talking about a letter as if I'm writing to some people that don't know about us. And I realized that I had a much harder problem than I had thought, that that letter, how do you write to somebody that's read all about us in the history books, knows all our problems and what we did. And I wrote the letter then with that same, with that idea in mind that what I could be telling them about they might not know was how we approached it, what we thought about in these things and what were the controversies and so forth in the thinking. I was cutting you off. Mr. President, on that note, I think we should close the session. Thank you, gentlemen and my college. I wanted to tell you, I had lunch with Mel Larrick yesterday and he told me he sent a telegram, Edward Newman, and he said, Dear Ed, thank you for eliminating the President's time. I was afraid he might take a left turn on Highway 101 and drive into the ocean. Well, you know, everyone had told me wrong. I was afraid that I knew what I was going to say in that closing statement and they had it all planned. But I was afraid it might be a little over four minutes. But our people gave me the wrong steer. They said, because I was going last, that it didn't matter then anymore.  But I've told it to the kids and I must tell you, 13,000 students at Ohio State University the other day, they just love the finish. The readers would think he's unfairly criticizing you. Some think it's a parody of your critics. Do you have an application to read Doomsbury and what do you think of it? I am a devoted comic strip reader. I read every comic strip in the paper. And so, when he came back, I started reading him. I have to tell you that I think some of your readers are absolutely right. Thank you, Mr. President. Thank you very much. Thank you. That was good for you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much.


Hi again. Mr. G here with LOL Love of Letters and today is our DSG assignment drawing simple graffiti. So I'm going to take you guys through steps of drawing simple graffiti today and then we're going to embellish that a little bit and add some color to it. First of all, I want to tell you about the materials that we're going to need for today. We are going to need a ruler again. We are going to need a pencil again. We will need an eraser. We will use colored pencils this time and we will use our trusted friends Mr. Sharpie.  These are going to be my registration lines and these will help me start to make my letter form. So we're going to get started. I wanted to ask you guys to either pick your name or word that means something to you.  And again, we're going to start off the same way that we started off in the last lesson plan that we did and we're just going to write out our letter forms. And we're going to do that in single line style to start off with. So I'm just getting an idea of where my letter forms are going to be and start to map them out. And you're not going to worry about weight up line so much now or how big the letters are. You're going to get a chance to go back and do that later. So I'm going to and now I'm going to start to block them out a little bit. Okay. So then once we start to get our forms built up like this and we started to make them 3D, we are going to start to darken them in. Okay. And I'm going to stop for a minute to bring up a really good tip for y'all. Okay. So when making graffiti form letters here, you want to try to have them cross more at the top. It just makes the letters be able to read better and they just register a lot better. And it's just a rule of thumb. It doesn't always work. There will be some things where you're going to have to have your letters join at the bottom of the letter just because of the way that the letter forms. We'll go over some of those things in the next examples that I give you in the next lesson. I don't have some of the letters joining at the top, but we'll show you how that works out. But remember to try to have them cross at the top. And you can see that all these cross pretty well at the top with the graffiti. It's just a really good tip for you guys to remember and it'll make it go a little bit better. Okay. So let's say that you have your letter forms all figured out and I'm going to start shading these in so that you can see this one more time.  And then another rule for graffiti too, instead of making a dot for my eye, I gave it a little pizza slice or something like that just send a little bit of embellishment to add a little bit of love to your piece. So remember to take your time with forming your letters. This is super important. You wouldn't do a painting without brushes. Well, maybe you would, but the simple fact of the matter is it's the more time that you take the better your piece is going to be and the more that you're going to be proud of it. So don't rush like I am right now. Okay. So once you've got your outline pieces, you might want to embellish. You might want to give a little bit more weight to your lines. You can figure that out. Then you're going to start to add color. So I have one here that I started to add color to. And I chose colored pencils to do my color with. Like here with the red, I added a little bit of highlight just to bring it out there. My feeling would be is if you're looking at shading for graffiti and you're not feeling super comfortable with it, and you have access to the internet or you're able to walk down the street and see some nice deads in your neighborhood, take a look at them and take and see how the colors blend. So I definitely tried to blend and give some highlights to my colors. And I chose a color scheme that I liked. We can talk a little bit more about psychology of color, but just pick colors that you like. That would be the best answer I could give you. And here I have one that I worked up a little bit just for time saving, but here you can see that I'm starting to develop drips. And I'll hold this up for you guys too.  So I'm going to add a couple more things to this piece right now. Just just start to make it pop. So one thing that I might start to do is just increase weight on a few lines here, just to give them a little bit more pull or ump and to also set across the color. Another thing I might add a little bit more of a cast shadow to my drips. And you guys might have some things that you like to put on there. Typically things that are always added to graffiti, it might be, you might add a cutout, you might do some little balls, you might do a cloud. And then also one really important tip is to always remember that here you can see the two registration lines that I made up top. Erase them when you're done and so that they don't show up in your final piece.  Again, I really want to thank you for your time today. This was Mr. G's lol, love of lettering.