Proudly, we hail! From New York City where the American stage begins, here is another program with a cast of outstanding players. Public service time has been made available by this station for your army and your air force to bring you this story. As proudly we hail, Jean Lafitte. Today's story is entitled, The Patriotic Pirate. It is a true story of Jean Lafitte, who aided General Andrew Jackson in the defense of New Orleans in 1812. Our first act curtain will rise in just a moment, but first, young men of America, do you hear that sound? That's the sound of one of America's newest defenders of the American way, an F-89 Scorpion jet, an airplane that travels faster than the speed of sound. If you're between the ages of 19 and 26 and a half, if you've had two or more years of college and are otherwise qualified, you are eligible to become a part of the jet age in the aviation cadet training program that the United States Air Force is making available. Visit your United States Army and United States Air Force recruiting station as soon as possible and get full information. Don't hesitate, America needs you. Now. And now your army and your air force present the proudly we hail production, The Patriotic Pirate. If you've ever been to New Orleans, you know the charm that pervades the colorful and historic French Quarter.  The building and the name still stand after a century and a half as a tribute to the man whom history calls the last of our great pirates. For, though he was a pirate, without his help the war of 1812 might well have ended in a victory for the British. Already the British had made a thrust from Canada. Their main object was to capture New Orleans and thus close the mouth of the Mississippi to commerce. But General Andrew Jackson had different ideas. Old Hickory declared martial law and set about converting the gayest city of the new world into an armed camp. I'd say your speech was very well received by the people. You're very kind, Mr. Livington, that I'm afraid the populace wasn't too impressed with me as an orator. I just told him the red coats will only reach this city over my dead body and by the eternal I mean it. We all know what a rich prize New Orleans would be for the British. We've been prevented from doing anything about it only because of the jealousy and political intrigue that pulls the city apart. But I always thought that Governor Claiborne was a very conscientious man. Oh, he's conscientious and well-meaning enough, but he just doesn't have the force to weld the various elements together. They'd eat an iron hand to guide them and you're the man for the job. Very nice of the Governor to invite me to stay at his home. It'd be quite a luxury after what I've been through at Pensacola and Port Montgomery. I could well imagine. I wouldn't mind it so much. I can do without sleep. But by the eternalist stomach of mine it gets upset I can't keep anything down but little boil rice and hominy. I must say it hasn't dimmed your ardor any. Oh, here we are already. That was a quick trip. I thought it'd take much longer. Oh, evidently we've arrived before the Governor expected us. I don't see anyone around. Here, let me help you, sir. That's all right, I can manage. We might as well go right on in. He's probably in his study. My guess would be that he's having another crisis. Probably over that Lafitte fellow again. General Lafitte, the buccaneer? Yes. After you, sir. Thank you. It sounds as if my guess was correct. It does sound rather brailed. It must be about Lafitte. I must say in the face of things it would seem wiser to enlist Lafitte and his men to our cause rather than fighting them. As a matter of fact, I've made that very suggestion to Claiborne, but he'll not hear of it. I would knock, but the door's already open. I hope we're not intruding. Yes, Livingston, and General Jackson, I had no idea you'd be here this soon. I had meant to... this is a great honor to meet you, sir. Honest old man, I'll show you. I was telling Livingston here how much I appreciate your hospitality. Well, it's nothing, sir. Are you going to introduce me, Papa? Oh, oh, yes, yes, of course. General Jackson, this is my daughter, Catherine. And a credit to your father's house. Thank you, sir. I say, Miss Catherine, that's a very beautiful show you're wearing. I don't believe I've seen it before. I'm afraid it's responsible for Papa's violent outburst just before you came in. How so? Well, you see, sir, I bought it at an auction this afternoon. An auction held by the very famous Jean Lafitte. I thought so. It's incredible, General Jackson. In my own house, in my own daughter, I find a sympathizer of this bandit, this pirate, this fugitive from the law. What laws are those? I'll tell you what laws. It is forbidden for American citizens to attack the vessels of a country with which the United States is not at war. We are not at war with Spain, but this Lafitte and his gangsters seize and rob every Spanish ship that sails the waters of the Gulf. But it's also true that the British are enlisting the Spanish aid whenever and wherever they can. Be that as it may, sir. The law also forbids the entry of goods into the United States upon which a duty has not been paid. This Lafitte smuggles his captured goods through the bayous which lead to the city and sells them to people like my daughter. I was only too glad to get the things. Perhaps this seems strange to you, General, but Lafitte's quite captured the imagination of New Orleans. He'll hold New Orleans in the palm of his hand before long. It's time I personally took a hand in the matter of breaking up this gang. I can see that. In fact, I'm going to offer a reward for the capture of Jean Lafitte. $500. Do you see that, men? $500 to be paid to any person delivering the pirate Jean Lafitte to me. Signed Governor Claiborne. How about that, men? I have a price on my head. That's proclamation, sir. I laugh at the irony of it, Monsieur. $500. Anyone here need $500?  In fact, I will do better than that. I, Jean Lafitte, offer a reward of $30,000 for the capture of Governor Claiborne. I think that's very funny.  When will he realize that I mean him no harm? But Jean, when will you realize that as the governor, my father does mean harm to you? Why? What have I done? I am an honest man. It is just that I am a victim of certain vices of the law. Nevertheless, there are laws. And certainly, you can see how my father feels about anyone who breaks them. Catherine, ma petite, you must forgive me if I seem disrespectful to your father. I would like very much to be friends with him, I assure you. But...  Then you agree with me? No, Jean, I don't.  It's just that... Well, he doesn't know you as I do. Then why do you not talk to him? Explain that I am not so bad. Am I, shall we? Oh, Jean, you don't know what you're asking. If he even suspected that I knew you so... so well, I... I'm sure he would... Jean, Jean, pardon me. I must interrupt something in the room. What is it, Pierre? Can you not see your father is busy? I am very sorry, Jean, but I must tell you.  Note? What does he say? I have not the time to read it. Besides, it is addressed to you. Let me have it. Ah, to Mr. Jean Lafitte. Colonel Nichols of the British Marines has directed me to contact you with a proposal to join his forces. Ah, the British want you? Ah, quiet, quiet. Let me finish. We are recruiting all the strength we can. The only requirement is that the men should know how to fight. If he has agreed on against the United States so much, the better. You could be most useful to the British cause. Ah, you see, Miss Claivonne, some people appreciate my talents. But Jean, certainly you wouldn't. Hey, where's that early road, Jean? What else does he say? Ah, let me see. Ah, it is just what they offer, if I accept. And, um, a warning of the danger I would be in if I do not. And oh, yes, they will send a boat to pick me up at Barataria Bay in order to make further arrangements. And he gives the time and place. You're not going to do it. How can I answer your truth, Willy, when I do not know myself yet? Ah, yeah. Why are you shaking your head? I think so. It was not wise to read the letter in front of the Governor's daughter. Now he will even put the higher price on your head. Do not worry so much, my brother. If Miss Claivonne here wishes to tell her father letter, perhaps he will develop a little respect when he realizes how valuable I am to the British. You mean you'd actually turn traitor? Who can safely say? After all, with your father against me... I thought you were at least a man of principles. I thought I understood you, but I see now I was mistaken. And to think I had hopes of... Oh, you really had me fooled. Goodbye, Jonathan. I hope I never see you again. I bet the stopper... No, no, no, no, Pierre. Let her go. I have other plans. Mr. Livingston, when you described the stagnation in this town you weren't exaggerating. If I'd only known how things were, I'd certainly have brought more men. Then again, I'm still not convinced that the actual direction of the British invasion won't come from Mobile. But we still have to be prepared. Hmm, if that's what you can call it. One battalion of volunteers and a handful of militia who are having enough arms, who've got no money and no credit to increase the supply. But I thought the government has shipped arms from Pittsburgh. They did. But they're still on the way down to Mississippi. So what can we do in the meantime? I've issued orders to fell trees and raise other obstructions and all the bios leading to the city. Now I've been pouring over these maps trying to figure out the most logical line of attack. What do you think it'll be? Well, there's several. Take a look here. The British take possession of the lakes. They can end their puncture train. And there use the bio St. John, which is... I hope you'll excuse my breaking-in like this, General, but... Oh, good evening, Livingston. Good evening. What's the trouble, Governor? Catherine has just told me of a meeting she had with that pirate Lafitte this afternoon. Oh? Naturally, I was boiling mad. But when she told me what that rascal is planning to do, I decided to bring the matter right to you. It's out of my hands now. This is something for you to handle. Well, well, what is it? The British. The British have solicited his aid in planning their siege of this town. What? That's right. They obviously want him because of his knowledge of this region. And because they recognize good fightin' men when they see him. By the eternal, it's too bad we didn't get to him first with an offer. We could use some experienced hands. Sir, you could hardly expect me to, after all, the man is a...  You did what you thought was right. I'm afraid it's driven him into the enemy camp. Perhaps not. This Lafitte is a very shrewd man. I'm not so sure that he'll join either side. Maybe you're right, Livingston, but we can't take the risk. Maybe too late already. He's probably on some British manor war this very minute, Plotton. I'll issue an order immediately for the capture of Jean Lafitte. Dead or Alive. You are listening to the proudly-we-hail production of The Patriotic Pirate. We'll return to our story in just a moment. The music in the background is recognizable to anyone as the song of the United States Air Force. Its words ring with the mighty story that began in the era of the flying flippers and continues in the modern jet age. Newer planes mean newer techniques, which in turn must be taught to the new generation. Here is your opportunity, young men of America, and a chance to strengthen the defense of the nation as part of the great Air Force team. Enlist now in the Aviation Cadet Training Program. You have the preliminary qualifications if you're between the ages of 19 and 26 and a half and have had at least two years of college. Inquire today at your nearest United States Army and United States Air Force Recruiting Station. Ask about the Aviation Cadet Training Program. And now your Army and your Air Force present the second act of the proudly-we-hail production The Patriotic Pirate. December 18th, 1814 was a Sunday, and General Jackson held a grand review in New Orleans. The historic plus-darm was thronged with people and the war spirit was running high. But that night, when the Fuhrer of the Days activities died down and only the lonely sentries kept vigil over the sleeping town, a strange meeting took place in the House of the Governor. Catherine had just snuffed out the candle and crawled into bed when a shadow cast by the bright moon stretched across the room as a man crawled through the window. Who's there? Do not cry out. It is only I. Charlotte! Charlotte! Fade, what are you doing here? I have been waiting for you to blow out the lights so I could climb up here.  It is very important that I talk with you. This is the only way I could do it. If I were so much as seen in the streets, I'd be shot. You must listen to what I have to say. Without your help, I am powerless. Powerless to do what? Help your British friends? Now, do not get the wrong idea. I went out to see them, yes. In fact, I even suggested to them an approach to the town that is virtually unguarded. No doubt they appreciated that. Of course they did, and so showed General Jackson. How? I don't understand. It is very simple, much of it. The British expeditionary forces have been increased by several regiments of native Jamaicans. The land troops in all number from seven to eight thousand. With the sailors, it brings the total up to about ten thousand. And there are more coming. Already they have no less than fifty ships including men of war and transports. Those are very impressive figures, but if it's true, what does it have to do with you? Ah, just this. When they told me all these things, it suddenly struck me as unfair and just. They far outnumbered the forces under General Jackson here. Yet they needed me. Why? Ah, that is just what I asked myself. The answer was obvious. They did not know how to plan their attack. They did not know from what direction to enter the city. So, I showed them. You showed them? Ah, yes. Very explicitly. With maps and diagrams. What is more, I am sure they are going to follow my advice. They were very grateful for such information. I should think they would be. Why are you telling me all this? Why have you risked your life to come here and tell me of your treachery? So, you can arrange for me to meet with your father or General Jackson so that I can inform them of the British plans. I don't understand this. First you tell the British, then you... Miss Claiborne, I owe allegiance nowhere and yet. Ha, even a man without a company must have something. Be it only an ideal, a dream. Yes. Now, I have a chance to do something about it. Do you not see it? Yes, I think I do. But how do I know this isn't just another trick of yours? You may be purposely trying to throw us off guard with misinformation. I do not blame you for that, do you? All I can do is ask you to trust me. You must. I do believe you. You can take me to your father. Now, at this time of night? Why not? That way. I can be sure he would not have a chance for his guards to put me in irons. No, no, no, it's out of the question. He'd be too furious to listen to reason. I'll talk to him in the morning and arrange for him to meet you tomorrow afternoon at the Café Antoine. Very well. If you think it'd be best. But I will not come unless I have his written promise that it will not be a trap. I swear, if he so much as tries to take away my freedom I will do nothing to help. You are sure this is the place, Jean? Yes, we are at the Café Antoine and the governor's note to us this morning said he would be here at exactly four o'clock. Well, we still have a few moments. The place seems very deserted for a coffee house at this time of day. Jean, perhaps this is a trap after all. But we have the word of the governor in his own hand. You saw the letter? Still, Balouche and I, we will go in first, Jean. Just in case it is a trap. If it is, then the governor is a fool and his daughter is... cannot believe that. I will all the same. You wait here. Come, Balouche, I'll give you the feat. A strange reception, Lafite, assuming they want our information. A clever reception, Balouche, if it is a trap to snare pirates.  All right, man. Hey, Caesar! Come on! Not without testing my sword, you won't... All right, all right. Never mind. Never mind the other one. Doesn't matter if he gets away. We've got Lafite. Imbeciles! To let him slip through your fingers. But Governor Claiborne, sir, I was certain we had the right man. I heard the other one call him Lafite. Idiot! Don't you know Jean Lafite has a brother? You captured his brother, Pierre. Oh, Papa, you realize what you've done? You promise? That was no promise. They're outlaws. And you have to treat them like outlaws. Pardon me, mademoiselle. Could you direct me to the prison? What? Jean Lafite, it's you! You're not so loud. I do not want everybody to see through my decision. Oh, Jean, you don't know how desperately I've been looking for you. What are you doing? As I told you, I go to the prison to bring my brother comfort. The comfort of escape. Oh, no, no. You must not even try. I can never succeed. Jean, your brother will be freed and New Orleans saved if you come with me. You forget what I said about helping if your father went back on his word. I swear to you, I knew nothing about that. I never guessed he'd go back on his word. Believe me, I had no idea. Yes, I do believe you. But still, I was fooled once. I do not intend to be fooled again. Oh, Jean, please, you must believe me. I had faith in you. I still have. Now you must have faith in me. Please come with me. Well, where would you take me? Directly to General Jackson. I told Mr. Livingston all about it and he feels sure that the general will want to talk to you. Ah, do not forget. He has put a press on my head the same as your father. And look what happened there. But you won't be going anywhere near his headquarters. Mr. Livingston has arranged for the whole thing to take place in a special out-of-the-way hotel. Only he and the general will be there. No soldiers, no trap. All right. I only hope you are telling the truth for your sake, as well as mine. It doesn't look like your friends are coming, Mr. Livingston. There's only half an hour later than was scheduled. We must wait. This whole thing may be a hoax, as you suspect, General. But if it's not, well, we just can't take the chance of ignoring him. That must be them now. I'll let them in. I'm afraid we're late, but we got here just as soon as we could. You did get here. That's the important thing. Come in. Mr. Lafitte. General Andrew Jackson. How do you do? Monsieur. Sit down, Lafitte. Thank you, sir. Lafitte, if what Miss Claiborne tells us is true, we owe very much to you and to her.  Well, sir, I believe I can do it. After all, I realize that my life, as well as my reputation, is at stake. Very true. I notice that you have brought maps along. Very good. However, because of the nature of this information, I would like to request that we can talk in private. I believe that's a reasonable request. But, General, don't you think... Oh, it's all right, Livingston. I'm sure we can accomplish much more by ourselves. Why don't you and Miss Claiborne wait in the next room? Very well. Catherine? Of course. I don't know if I'd rather wait out here or be in there with them to see how it goes. It would certainly be an experience worth remembering. But I don't suppose anyone will ever know exactly what was said between those two. I must say General Jackson seemed a lot more agreeable than I thought he would be. You should have seen him before. I wasn't at all sure that I could keep him here until you arrived. Then you think... Oh, maybe he won't give Jean a chance to really explain. Oh, I don't think we have to worry about that. I know both the men to be very persuasive and very shrewd. We'll just have to wait and see what happens. Well, they're still at it. How long have we been waiting? About 20 minutes, but I think that's a good sign. How do you mean? If General Jackson wasn't impressed, he wouldn't waste this much time with them now. Oh, I do hope you're right. Yes, I can see your concern for the well-being of Michel Le Fite. Does it show that much? To an old friend like me, I'm afraid it does.  Yes. I guess I am. And yet I... I realize that it's hopeless. I could never hope to win him away from his life, his freedom. Perhaps... someday. It's been over an hour now. Seems to me they could have planned the defense of the entire country in this time. What could be taking so long? Do you think maybe we should find some excuse for breaking in on their discussion? No, I don't think that would... I think I hear someone coming now. Haven't kept you too long. Then I'm afraid I've also kept Michel Le Fite waiting for my decision. So if you have nothing more to say, Jean... What else can I say? Very well then. Gentlemen and lady, I believe the facts that have just been given are absolutely true and correct. I would like to ask Michel Le Fite to muster himself and his men into our ranks immediately. Ready to fight. Yes, sir. If there is one thing my men like, it is a good fight. Sir, have you decided exactly what you're going to do to stop the British invasion? Sir, the British are below. We must fight them tonight. History speaks of the Battle of New Orleans. Actually, there were four separate and distinct battles covering a period of two weeks. Not until the smoke had cleared away was the overwhelming nature of the American victory realized. The tenacity of the British had cost them no less than 2,600 men. This stunning defeat the Americans accomplished with the loss of only eight men killed and 13 wounded. Yes, without a doubt, New Orleans was the decisive battle of the war of 1812. But who knows what the outcome would have been without the help of the patriotic pirate, Jean Le Fite. Young men of America, answer your country's call today. If you're between the ages of 19 and 26 and a half, have had two or more years of college and are otherwise qualified, you are urgently needed to take your place with the United States Air Force as an aviation cadet. You'll play a leading part in the drama of the jet age. As an aviation cadet, you'll get the finest flight training in the world. You'll feel proud of your silver wings while piloting the new jets of your United States Air Force. See your nearest United States Army and United States Air Force Recruiting Station today for full particulars. This has been another program on Proudly We Hail, presented transcribed in cooperation with this station by the United States Army and the United States Air Force Recruiting Service. This program featured a cast of outstanding players. This is Kenneth Banghart speaking and inviting you to tune in the same station next week for another interesting story on Proudly We Hail.


I'm Alex Pallador. I'm a junior at Immaculata. I'm a music education major. I play guitar and piano and I'm going into my senior year. I feel privileged and blessed to be able to choose a major that it's a passion that I really care about, which I don't think many people can say the same. So the scholarship given to me was some of the great deal of stress off my family, allowing me to come here and continue in Catholic education. So I'm fortunate enough to go to an all-stime-way school where it really brings our performances to the next level. And even over my three years, they've really repainted things, redecorated everything, and it makes it more enjoyable to play in and even to enjoy in with the audience. Donations have helped us out a lot, letting us buy new instruments, let us do fundraisers, get to go field trips, we do all kinds of great stuff. So the scholarship given at Immaculata, it really is a heartwarming thing because it's music majors in the past have donated it to you and it helps me to live on the legacy and keep the tradition going. Thank you so much for your donations. It is truly an honor to go to an all-stime-way school to receive the Stymway Award. Come to the school, come to some more concerts, some of the games, and I think once you get involved and experience it, you can definitely see the benefits of donating to Immaculata. The Immaculata University Charter Day of Giving is November 9th and we are counting on your participation.


Hello all, my name is Arnab Dutta, I am an assistant professor in chemistry department IIT Bombay and today we will discuss the fundamentals of an interesting spectroscopic method known as NMR and we will also look into its application in the form of MRI. Let us start. So most of the nuclei we see around the world contains an intrinsic spin angular momentum and this spin angular momentum is the main reason behind the NMR spectroscopic. So this spin angular momentum is actually defined by the spin quantum number I, this spin quantum number I is actually how we define a spin system. The spin quantum number can have different values, it can be 0, it can be an integer value or it can be even a number like half or three half. The actual value of this I depends on how many neutrons and protons are actually present inside the nuclei. If I have a nuclei with even number of atomic number and mass number typically they give us a overall spin quantum number of 0. But if it deviates from it we can have different I values which are non-zero. The magnitude of the spin angular momentum is given by this term root over I into I plus 1 into H by 2 pi whereas the value M I can be in different forms plus I to minus I whereas M I into H by 2 pi defines the component of the angular momentum on a arbitrary axis. So let us define what do I mean over there. So we can have any particular direction we have a spin angular momentum which has this value I into I plus 1 into H by 2 pi. However if I want to find out what is the value at a particular axis it is the z axis. We try to find what is the projection of this spin angular momentum on this particular axis and they can have only particular values and over here I am showing in such a way that it can have values from plus I to minus I. It can be also on the opposite direction and the projection of that is over there say minus I over there it say it is plus I and defining that it is the M I values. Now with that thing sorted out we also found that when we have a spin angular momentum it also generates a spin magnetic momentum. The spin angular momentum also generate a spin magnetic momentum because the spin angular momentum actually has an electrical component. So obviously it also gives a magnetic component around it and this magnetic component is the reason to creation for the is the reason for the creation of a spin magnetic moment. And say I want to find out the spin magnetic moment the presence of the spin angular moment also is the main reason for the creation of a spin magnetic moment. The spin magnetic moment can be also found along with a particular axis. So over there how much spin magnetic moment is going to generate that depends on this particular equation shown over here mu j equal to gamma into M I into H by 2 pi. We already knew that M I into H by 2 pi is the component of the angular momentum if I multiply that with this term gamma which is a proportionately constant is gives us how much of the angular momentum is actually transferred to the spin magnetic momentum. So that is why this proportionately constant gamma also known as gyromagnetic ratio. So it defines how much of the angular momentum is actually converts into the magnetic moment and for each particular nuclei this value will be constant. Each of the nuclei has their own distinct gyromagnetic ratio. Now when this particular spin magnetic moment sees an external magnetic field what happens? The energy of these systems will be dependent on the magnetic field that we are producing the strength of the magnetic field. And following the equation we can say the energy of that particular system in presence of a magnetic field B 0 will be minus mu z into B 0 where mu z is nothing but the spin magnetic moment which is already given over there gamma into M I into H by 2 pi. So you have to just multiply B 0 into that. So this will be the energy of a particular state with a magnetic moment where M I is defining its nuclear spin. So taking proton as an example where the I value can be half we like to see what is actually happening over here with respect to its energy. So when we start with this particular spin state over here we said field is off that means there is no magnetic field is produced externally. So there is no presence of an external magnetic field. So all the states are in the same energy because they cannot be differed in the absence of a field. However at once we turn on the field the 2 M I states because proton has the I value of half so it can have the different M I values plus half and minus half. And in the presence of magnetic field it get differed in minus half and plus half. Over here the plus half is actually lower in energy why because as we know over here energy is actually given by minus gamma into M I into H by 2 pi into B 0. Now M I can have a value of plus half or minus half. So if I have a plus half value because of the presence of this minus sign that is going to be lower energy which will have a value of minus half into gamma into B 0 into H by 2 pi. Whereas when it is minus half state this minus sign from this M I value and minus sign already present in the equation will combine together and give me an higher energy state whose energy will be plus half into gamma into B 0 into H by 2 pi. So that is how they split it up and the difference of their energy if I subtract them down it will be gamma into B 0 into H by 2 pi which is given over there. Now again coming back to the system why this M I state differs because whenever we are putting a magnetic field from outside the magnetic moment present due to the spin state actually start precessing around this particular magnetic field. So say if this is the magnetic field it start precessing around it. So it will look like more of like a cone around which it is recessing. So this particular moment is actually generated which is also known as the Larmor frequency. So over here when it is recessing around this external magnetic field B 0 what is going to happen how much of the magnetic moment is actually projecting on that magnetic axis of the external magnetic field axis that is going to be having two different values it can be either plus half or minus half and depending on that we say we have these two particular values plus half and minus half. So that is the main reason behind the splitting of the magnetic spin state in the presence of a magnetic field otherwise the spin state cannot be differentiated only in the presence of magnetic field they get differentiated. So once they get differentiated now we have a particular energy gap and we can go from the ground state to the excited state if I can give an electromagnetic radiation whose energy perfectly matches that energy gap that we have created which is nothing but gamma into B 0 into H by 2 pi and when these two actually can be equated we can say the resonating condition has been made. So again just telling that thing one more time. So once this energy gap is created in the presence of the magnetic field this energy gap is gamma into B 0 into H by 2 pi you can see that this full system is depending on two factors one is the B 0 the strength of the magnetic field one is the gamma the gyromagnetic ratio which is actually property of the nuclear itself. And this part is going to equate with the resonating condition we can actually match that with an external electromagnetic radiation which can bring the ground state nuclear spin to the upper state by flipping it and when they match we have the resonating condition which says that it is going to be equal to H nu. And as we just said the difference of this energy state depends on two factors the gamma value and the B 0 value. So generally we actually use a magnetic field strength around 12 tesla so typically we use a magnetic field strength around 12 tesla with that amount of magnetic field we created enough space such a way that this space can be covered with H nu where the nu is actually belongs to the radio frequency region. So that says that this energy gap is actually pretty low because radio frequency is one of the weakest electromagnetic radiation with respect to energy. So if we look back again so it is a electromagnetic radiation can be the important factor to bring the lower magnetic spin state to the higher magnetic spin state where the spin can be flipped. Now the other important factor as we just discussed is the gamma factor which actually says that how much the energy gap will be the nuclear itself will have a say because each nuclear has their own electromagnetic ratio. And over there we can say if I use the same magnetic field 12 tesla the energy gap will be different for different nuclei and over there I am taking example of three different nuclei. So we have taken their three different nuclei proton 13C and 31P each of them has one common thing all of them has a nuclear spin of half. So that means in presence of magnetic field they will all split between plus half and minus half. If I use the same magnetic field of 12 tesla their energy gap will be different. Why they will be different because the gamma value the gamma value of these three different nuclei are different. And we can see the proton has the highest electromagnetic ratio has an energy gap that can be covered with a radio frequency of 500 megahertz whereas 13C is way too weaker than it and it requires only 126 megahertz. The 31P is stronger than 13C but weaker than proton as per the value of the gamma magnetic ratio of that particular nuclei and we have a resonating frequency of 202.5 megahertz. So over there we can say that the overall energy gap will differ in two different the overall energy gap between the different nuclear spin state in the presence of magnetic field will be dependent on two different factors. One is the external magnetic field its strength and the second is the gyromagnetic ratio it will be intrinsic property of the nuclei itself. Now how the NMR spectroscopy can be used to understand the property of a molecule. So whenever we produce an external magnetic field and try to see how it is affecting the splitting of the different nuclear spin state there is one more thing can be important and that is each of the nuclei in a molecule is present around electron field and the different molecule different nuclei not all the time their environment is same and depending on the environment they can have a little bit more electron density or less electron density coming from the structure of the molecule and those electronic environment around the system also creates a local magnetic field which is generated because those electrons are present in an orbital and orbital generates an orbital magnetic momentum which actually creates a local magnetic field which is given over here as B dash and this local magnetic field can come around the system along with the external magnetic field. So when we have the external magnetic field B0 this local magnetic field B dash can also come into there and they will combine to give the actual magnetic field actually felt by the nuclei. So this B dash can be positive or negative depending on their orientation of the electron and the actual resonating condition will be different now. So in a condition where there is almost negligible electronic effect what do we expect that the resonating condition will be made with gamma into H by 2 pi B0 because B0 is the magnetic field that is their experiencing and that can be resonated with the H new 0. New 0 is the condition where it matches the energy gap created by this magnetic field B0. However in a molecule the presence of the electronic environment creates an external magnetic field which gives us this value B dash so altogether the actual magnetic field the molecule is experiencing is that B0 plus B dash and if we now want to resonate that cannot be happening at H new 0 it needs a totally different value which is given by new. So this will be the new resonating condition to balance the presence of this extra local magnetic field and the difference where and this new condition where we are actually resonating this new can be differentiated with respect to the new 0 where it should be in the absence of magnetic field and it can be given by this term delta which is given by this expression which is new minus new 0 divided by new 0 into 10 to the power 6. So why this particular expression? Because new minus new 0 by new 0 is giving an idea no matter what is the B0 or extra magnetic field I am using if I use this particular expression that will be independent of what is the strength of the extra magnetic field. So this will be a more of a universal number this delta value will be particularly constant at any particular condition all around the world. So that is why it is known as chemical shift and that is a universal factor when we are expressing that with this particular expression and over there we multiply that by 10 to the power 6 because the new 0 has a value of 500 megahertz if you are talking about the proton whereas the difference comes in the unit of hertz. So megahertz is 10 to the power 6 hertz and the difference is hertz. So we multiply that with 10 to the power 6 so we can have a number that we can play with very easily. So we have a number like 5 or 6 rather than 5 into 10 to the power minus 6. So that is why we multiply that with 10 to the power 6 and that is why there is a unit comes along with that which names as PPM parts per million which is not really an unit because over there you can see new minus new 0 divided by new 0 it should be dimensionless quantity. It is but we still consider this PPM written around it so that it can remind us that it actually gets multiplied by 10 to the power 6 or by a million number so that we can get this particular value. So that is known as chemical shift and again coming back to that this chemical shift is totally dependent how much local magnetic field I am creating.  Now the unique thing is that this particular delta value is going to be constant for a particular group in a particular molecule. And if we want to measure different molecules at a time we also need to know where is the new 0 value. So we need a standard molecule which we exactly know it has such a electronic field present around it that it cancel each other out and there is the local magnetic field is almost negligible it only fills the magnetic field created by the external one. So one of such molecule is tetramethyl silane in short from it is known as TMS which is nothing but a silica bound with 4 methyl groups. And this molecule gives us a delta value of 0 so that means if I am doing an experiment and use tetramethyl silane we know exactly where we should expect to see that graph and in that graph the signal is going to come at delta equal to 0 ppm. And why it is very easy to use because it has a very good solubility in all different kinds of solvents and all the same time we do not need to use a lot of this particular standard because it has 12 protons present there which are all in the similar environment. So we always got a very good signal even with a minute amount of this standard. So that is why this tetramethyl silane is used as a common standard all around the world especially for the proton and also for the 13C NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shift values as we just discussed is actually gives us an idea what is the electronic environment around the molecule especially around the nuclei we are discussing for an example say we are talking about proton NMR. So what we found for different compounds what we have produced what we have extracted over the years all of them we can record and proton NMR and for each particular group we can find a region where this particular signal comes out. And those are kind of the signature region for this particular groups for an example we can start with this alkene groups and we can see the alkene groups comes around the delta ppm value between 0 to 2 whereas whenever I put an alkyne group over here or a alkene group or a ketone group you can see they actually move towards a little bit higher value of delta. So it says that if you have this kind of electron withdrawing groups or electron reach environment then you are expected to have a shift in the delta value. Similarly if we have a aromatic group you can see it is way shifted towards almost 6.5 to 8.5 region. So it is actually signature region for aromatic compound. If you have a acid group you can see it shifted further beyond 10 ppm region. So each of this region is actually signifying the presence of one particular proton in a chemical environment. So that is why this chemical shift values can be a testament for the presence of particular groups. So with respect to that we can easily follow and find out not only whether this particular group is present or not and even can follow that change during an experiment. So that is why NMR spectroscopy is a very powerful tool for the structure elucidation of different compounds. Now we come to the second part of this NMR spectroscopy which is an application which is known as MRI or magnetic resonance imaging. MRI is quite a common term nowadays in the medical field because whenever we get injured in our body we generally try to do an MRI scan and it actually give us an idea what is actually happening around our body. So in MRI which is nothing but a particular kind of NMR where we actually follow the proton NMR and the proton NMR we follow from the water molecule because water molecule is quite common in a biological system and then we try to find out what is the behavior of the proton in a particular region generally in thin slices of our body. And over there we try to find in three dimensional orientation how the protons are behaving. And over there we try to mostly find out the behavior of the proton under this particular condition where we put the external magnetic field of 1 to 1.5 tesla. You can imagine that it is almost 10 times lower than the 12 tesla we use for a 500 megahertz NMR machine. So over here the resonating condition met with much more lower energy with 40 to 70 megahertz of radio frequency. The NMR at the same time these are non-evasive techniques because we are not using very strong magnetic field or very strong radio frequency which can affect our body otherwise. And at the same time this NMR experiment we can find out what is happening in the water very quick from seconds to minutes so it is a fast and rapid diagnostic tool. So this is a diagram how the NMR actually looks like. So over here this is where we put ourselves in and over there you can find out two different coils one actually contains the magnetic field the other one is the radio frequency coil and we use both the magnetic field and radio frequency coil simultaneously to get the idea what is happening about the water around our body. And this is how it looks like from the outside the MRI instrument. Now when we look into the proton NMRs of water molecule in MRI we actually generally try to look into their intensity and we look into the intensity by following what happens to their relaxation dynamics. So what do I mean by relaxation dynamics? So whenever we actually put an external magnetic field the two states splits up i equal to half i equal to minus half and whenever we excite that with the electromagnetic radiation some of the spin flips and go to the excited state from plus half to minus half and then it relaxes back again and then we give the electromagnetic radiation so that it can go back again. And this process continues so when the high energy state nuclear magnetic spin state comes down to the ground state it is known as the spin relaxation. And this spin relaxation can give me an idea how the proton is behaving because the spin relaxation is dependent on its environment because it can relaxes through these two different methodologies spin lattice and spin-spin interaction. Spin lattice is the interaction between the spin and the other environment the electrical environment around it whereas the spin-spin relaxation happens when there is another spin moment present around it. So with this particular system it gets relaxed and we can follow what is actually happening and that is what we do in MRI. However, we generally use a paramagnetic agent which creates a huge amount of local magnetic field and that help us to understand what is actually happening when this paramagnetic sample present near the system we are diagnosing. And these are known as MRI contrast agent because they actually create a very good contrasting when they are present. For an example one of the system we use very regularly is the gadolinium plus 3 system. It is a F block element which has 7 unpaired electron in its plus 3 oxygen state so 7 unpaired electron which has a huge local magnetic field. And you can see over here I am showing it is an MRI of a brain and over there there is a tumor over here but we cannot see it very properly although we can see there is a difference when you are doing the MRI but we cannot see it very precisely exactly what is happening. But once we inject this gadolinium system near to it it actually clearly shows what is happening over there because in presence of this strong local magnetic field the water molecules over here behave differently compared to the other parts and that actually creates the contrast and over there we can easily see the tumor over here. So that is the effect of an MRI contrast agent which actually nothing but creates a local magnetic field around it and generally this gadolinium F7 system is the most common one that we actually use during an MRI. So with that we will come to the summary of our this segment. We start with the NMR which is nothing but a study of the spin magnetic moment and how it behaves when we create an external magnetic field around it. The spins actually deviates with respect to its spin quantum number and it can go to plus i to minus i values the most common one is proton which actually goes to plus i to minus i state and this energy gap depends on the strength of the magnetic field and also the gyromagnetic ratio. So that is why this difference is also very specific for particular nuclei. We can find out what is the energy gap because that is not only dependent on the external magnetic field but also the local magnetic field created by the electronic environment and that is why the actual resonating condition differs by small amount and that difference we actually expressed with this expression of this chemical shift or delta value and over there these delta values are quite specific for different groups. So with respect to that we can not only define a particular group but we can also follow their changes during the course of a reaction. MRI is one of the nice examples where we actually use it for diagnostic tool very regularly and very widely all over the world which actually nothing but monitors the spin relaxation dynamics around different biological system. Over there during this MRI we actually use a MRI contrast agent which is a system with a lot of unpaired electrons like gadolinium with 7 unpaired electrons which actually creates a strong local magnetic field which help us to see the environment much better in absence of that. So that is why it is known as the MRI contrasting agent which actually gives us a much better visualization when it is present. So with respect to that we would like to conclude this section of this NMR and its application over here. Thank you.


And welcome to Salon Shalom report on Palestine as we're I'm Mark Cage. This shows the production of Ramoners for Justice in Palestine. Please visit our website at vtjp.org. Tonight our program will be devoted largely to a film by Harry Friars. It's called Gaza Still Alone. Friars was in Gaza in 2014 and Israel launched a massive and devastating assault on the territory. He returned in 2019. This film documents the intensive and long lasting impact on the mental and physical well-being of Gaza's people by having to endure now more than 10 years of equippling and illegal blockade. Friars said of his film, quote, I wanted to re-approach Gaza with questions that would refresh people's engagement with and compassion toward Gaza's people. And we'll close our program with a short video produced by Jewish Voice for Peace. It's part of a longer video project entitled, Wrestling with Zionism. Thanks for being with us. Here now is Harry Friars Gaza Still Alone. By all accounts, Gaza is a unique place. Two million people live here. Most are refugees. Most rely on food handouts. Most are children or youths. And most bear psychological scars of war. It's the most impoverished Palestinian enclave besieged by Israel and Egypt for more than a decade. There have not been elections since 2006. Hamas still governs here. Palestinian factions can't agree on reconciliation. I witnessed the last war with Israel in 2014 and saw the utter devastation. Mass loss of housing and life. But then Gaza left the headlines until, more recently, ongoing protests along the border have highlighted Palestinian's desperation. Four full years after the last war and after 11 years under siege, how are people coping? How is mental health? This film is not about Palestinian reconciliation politics or the politics of Israeli occupation. Nor is it about rockets or bomb craters. Rather, it is about the scars and craters in people's minds. Aya was victim to one of the most widely condemned episodes of the last war. Several UN-designated shelters were hit indirectly by fire from Israeli tank shells. Israel blamed Hamas for drawing fire toward Gaza's civilians. I hope we forget about it. Because it was a war in the past. I hope it will be forgotten. We'll go back. I remember how the planes were flying. We were near the school. We were watching it and hearing it. Nine family members were injured while seeking shelter. Aya, then 10 years old, was hit by shrapnel in her arm and both legs. I remember everything. After that, I think about it again and again. I remember the time of the war. But it was right. When I saw my body, I felt something inside me. I felt it. I felt it when I saw my body or when I saw my body. Oh. Back then, I reported on the psychological effects of living under heavy bombardment. In the impoverished and densely populated beach refugee camp, I interviewed Malak, who's now 12. The vast majority of Palestinian children in Gaza suffer post-traumatic stress symptoms. Emotional and cognitive effects include separation anxiety from relatives and what's called an exaggerated startle response. Behavioral effects include aggressiveness or withdrawal. Physical symptoms include bedwetting among children. Hassan Ziada is a lead psychologist at Gaza Community Mental Health Program. We have programs for the kindergarten. We are working with teachers. We are working with the children. And some of the children, they are in need for advanced intervention. They can be referred to our community centre. We have three community centres in Gaza Strip. We will see the exhibition now for the drawing of the children. This picture is after the 2014 operation. And we asked the children, they brought some of their toys, broken toys. And they continue to have a picture. What ages are the kids? The ages, it's between 60, 12 years old. And you can see one of the children choose this and he tried to continue around the bloody issue. The average child over the age of 10, they have seen multiple traumatic incidents. Yes, yes. It's unexpected, uncontrollable, unavoidable. It's actual threat for your life, for your integrity. So all of these things, it's a traumatic thing. And all the time you have the worry and you have fears that something will happen to you and to your family. And this is at all that you can see, it's imputed.  It's not easy for the children to talk about their fears, about their concerns, about their nightmares verbally. So sometimes we are using a drawing as an activity for the assessment and for the intervention to help the children to talk, to express what they are thinking about, about their intrusive moments, images, their dreams, their fears. Israeli psychologists Jamal and Mohamed helped bring some of the latest techniques to treat trauma to Gaza's clinics. They're with the Israeli group Physicians for Human Rights and joining medical delegations to Gaza for a decade. Trauma and grief are everywhere here, among children and among adults. During the war also it was a terrible experience for me in the individual level. It was on the 22nd of July, I lost six immediate family members. I'm sorry. Three brothers, my mother, my one of my nephew and my sister-in-law. And that was the family who was totally diminished by that attack by the Israelis. So it was affected in that time. Aya still has shrapnel inside her leg. With time it's moving, risking tissue and nerves. But it's worst, the physical pain reminds her of the psychological scars. Every day I feel pain in her leg. I feel pain inside her in every moment. And when I feel pain in her leg, I remember the war. I remember the face, I remember the life we lived together, the war days, the school days. For so many here, the past is still very much present. I thought I changed after the war. Of course I was in the war. When we arrived in the war, I was afraid. It was in my old age, I was so scared. I had so much fear, I became so scared. I got so mad, I was so scared. That's all it was. There was no change in the world. It was the first time in the world that you were afraid. You say, what happened to the war? And then he made it easier, easier, easier. You say, what happened to the war? What happened to the war? Everything was like a war. Everything was like a war. War, war, war. Malak's school performance worsened after the war. It's all too common. Images of trauma and questions of life and death distract the mind. Two events shook Malak's world. The family was asleep, sheltering at her grandfather's house when a neighbouring home was destroyed by an airstrike. And then a playground that was a reference point of her childhood world was also attacked. What were you afraid of? I was afraid of my brothers. We all thought that this was the result. We went to see my mother. My father went to bring your brothers. We went to visit them. We were very scared. We were very close to each other. Thank God, we didn't leave. Every time I heard something, I was afraid. I was like this. We don't talk about a normal bird. We don't talk about a flying plane. We don't talk about flying planes that are flying from the canals and destroying entire buildings. What I'm afraid of in these moments is that I'm afraid of death. I'm afraid of war. I'm afraid of death. I'm afraid of the future. I'm afraid of the future. Hanging over Gaza like a dark cloud is the deep dread of more war. It's the morning meeting at the Gaza Mental Health Centre. I'm sitting in to better understand the challenges faced in trying to help others keep things together. So could you tell me about this? We have the power. The life is based on understanding the people on their own, their lives. We don't have to deal with it, we're going to do it. You and I are in the middle of all these things. We're going to build a Palestinian man who has a goal, but even that. We have to love life to keep doing it. There are many young people who try to make them feel comfortable. Today, we are trying to create a value in the middle of nothingness. A value in the middle of not having support. How do we make a social network that is connected to the success of every family and hard life? Today, the world is a matter of order for human beings. We are like those in the desert and we have to live and learn. We are in the middle of nothingness and we have a lot of success. We have reached a point where we are the second in the system of values and morals. We are the ones who have become the houses of God. We are the ones who have been put out of the war, who are the homes and who are the humans. Okay, that's right. But there is a new way to continue the resistance. This resistance instead fastness, psychologists call an adaptive belief system that strengthens people's psychological resilience. Greater resilience means better protection against trauma symptoms and, what's worse, debilitating trauma disorders. The same psychological trauma, but until trauma symptoms are developed and the other person doesn't develop. This happens because of their personality, their culture, their social support. Some people don't have these things, so they need to be resistant to them, because they develop less psychological symptoms than others. Gaza has experienced three major wars in the last decade. Varying between each person is whether the repeat traumatic shocks build up or wear down an individual's resiliency. How well one copes is often interdependent on those around them.  Some fathers used to run away before their children. Some parents can't stop their children from hearing the sound of the plane. Even today, they are oppressed, and all the noise they hear here and there makes them in a dangerous area. I came to the kingdom to hide, and if a new war came, I wouldn't hide. Why? Because we are all in Gaza, we are exposed to any kind of war. At the same time, things have become normal. I also have an answer. No one is afraid. Psychological research confirms Palestinian's remarkable coping ability. Muhammad did his thesis in 1995. His research found Palestinian's culture of resilience had helped children better cope with their trauma than Sicilian children traumatized by mafia violence. Ahmad was our driver during the war four summers ago. During the war, Ahmad received a brief phone call while driving. He showed no reaction to the call until, after a few minutes, he told us his apartment building had been targeted in an airstrike. His house was bombed just now. Let's go there. After seeing the rubble and remains, Ahmad continued to work for the rest of the day. Many times, he came to work for the stop, to work for the bad feelings or the psychological trauma. Even for the children. Because the children in the heart of Gaza know that we are Somod people, we are resistance people. Somod people and resistance people are not allowed to be oppressed. This is one of the things that prevents people from expressing their sorrows. In front of others, I should not be strong. But when I am at home, when I am here, I can see the weakness. If we want to stop living, we can't make a step forward. We may live in our homes, we may have a big event, and we will continue to live. We have lived our lives. Because I had three wars. During that time, I saw a lot of things. I saw a lot of people, a lot of people, hundreds of people. I reached a stage where I had a kind of pain relief. I had a kind of cold. I didn't see much of it. I reached a stage where I had a kind of pain relief. I had a kind of relief. I was moved by the situation. How could I be moved by it? Whether it was bad or good, I was moved by it. Fritz's case is something that is a natural reaction. Many of the people who suffer from emotions, who gather emotions, it is a very natural reaction. We see many people. There are children in schools who have lost their lives because of the war. They are living their lives. This is Fritz's case. This is a defensive message. Many times, there is a need for it. In a situation like this, what can we do? What can we do? Other than that, they can heal themselves and feel pain and live and live their lives. We are talking about pain that is not easy, or any other children can bear. The house that is being built now with the other children, the campfire. It is not over yet. The house was closed for six times, and now it is not on the first floor. Of course, I checked it, I put it on the third floor and it didn't work out. Almost 20,000 homes were hit in 2014. The Gaza Strip is just 140 square miles. No neighbourhood was spared the effects of the last war. Israel's targeting of the homes of Palestinian militants was controversial both politically and militarily. But the psychologists here have their own professional take on the tactic. There is a lot of family massacres. Because they knew that one of the main protective factors in our community is the family. It's one of the strongest survival mechanisms for our community. Because of that, if you can't talk about how many mosques were demolished, how many schools, how many organisations were demolished during the last war, because they are knowing, because they have a question, why still this people have this resiliency and they still have the motivation to struggle for their persecutors. So they tried to proc these protective and strong aspects in our community. So you have to not to deal with any national activities as a Palestinians because you will be punished. You will be punished, yes. If you will have, you are living in a building that somebody, according to their perspective, as a suspected, as a resistance one, that all the building will be demolished. If somebody is a family member, all the family will be killed. I'm putting that to the Israel Defence Forces, that the military tactics hurt the civilian population at large more than Hamas. I got no response. But previously Israel has said this. During the 2014 Gaza conflict, the IDF took various steps to mitigate the risk of harm to the civilian population. Unfortunately, some of these attacks resulted in damage to residential buildings, mostly when these sites became lawful military targets due to Hamas's use of such sites for military purposes. The short and long term psychological effects of attacks from the Gaza Strip on Israel's civilian population have been devastating. But Israel's army is not unaware of the pressure cooker of stress in Gaza. It's ironic that within Israel, army chiefs are often the first to raise the alarm on crises among Palestinians. Their pulse on people's desperation informs their war preparations. Israeli government critics say the current leadership is occupied by a zero-sum game mentality that any Palestinian weakness is Israel's strength. In the Middle East, in many parts of the world, there is a simple truth. There is no place for wars. Wars are coming, they are coming, they are coming. They are coming from history. And the terrorists are the best of them. They are the ones who are coming. There hasn't been a war in Gaza for almost five years. But the soundscape of war still plays out here and not just in people's minds. Aya lives in the north, near the fence with Israel. Drones fly overhead, buzzing every second of every day. At school, kids and teachers regularly talk about a potential imminent war. It's been a long time since there was a deadly war. One day, I asked a woman, how many children did you have? She answered me, in the next war, there will be six years. Unfortunately, the problem we face is what we call un-gong trauma. Through my experience, children feel that they are doing well. After that, especially the children who live in the north or near the fence, if they hear planes, if they hear things related to politics, they get back to the present. This is our problem in Gaza. If something happens, people in the street, in the school, there will be a future war and children will be afraid of it. The Gaza community mental health program offers a qualification in community mental health. It's like a story about a woman who is suffering from depression and derailation. How can we say this? It's a story about a woman who is suffering from depression and derailation. It's a story about a woman who is suffering from depression and derailation. There is energy here, and the will to resist suffering by helping others. These are tomorrow's psychotherapists. But the human resources currently available mean it's only possible to tackle the toughest, most chronic cases. That means mental health care in Gaza is but a drop of supply in an ocean of demand. In Gaza, there are two or three or four institutions in Gaza. There are hundreds of special mental health specialists in Gaza. We need a number of specialists. In fact, it's very difficult for people to live in Gaza. People want to eat in the beginning. And they want to find their soul in the second level. So, when I talked about the cases of depression, depression, fear, depression, mental health, mental health, there are no such places. People don't care about these things. This is what scares me. Israel and Egypt, Gaza's two neighbors, impose a tight blockade on the strip. Generally, people can't leave here, and what goods enter are controlled. Israel says it imposed the siege after Hamas took control of Gaza in 2007. The UN says this has prohibited collective punishment of a civilian population. Economists warn the economy here is on the brink of collapse, that the strip is a step away from de-developing. Even hospitals face chronic shortages of key supplies and medicines. Thank you so much. How have you been? I'm fine. Thank you. I can't say I'm good, but still alive. What is the collective mood at the moment here in Gaza? To live under siege for 11 years without electricity, without clean water, all the borders closed, no one can go out, no one can find the essential things to live in. This makes you feel that you are in a prison. We are really living in a big prison. So this actually is very bad and makes the people very frustrated and without hope, actually. There is no light at the end of the tunnel. A feeling like you're living in a prison creates its own kind of ongoing trauma. The World Health Organization says long-term feelings of frustration, lack of opportunity and crushed dreams are indirect consequences of the Israeli occupation. Almost half the workforce has no means to earn a living. Youth unemployment is at a crushing 60%. Youth unemployment is at a crushing 60%. There is no hope. There is no hope that this situation will change. Our old driver Ahmed still works 14 hours a day, but his brother is not so lucky. God bless you. Are you done with your work? Yes, I'm done. Why didn't you pay for the cash? I tried to pay for it, but they told me that I had to pay for it. I had to pay for a lot of expenses, like 160,000 or 160,000. So I had to give them a chance to pay for it. Thank you. Thank you. We are the ones who are oppressed. We are the ones who have no chance to pay for it. We are the ones who have to pay for it. You can imagine that you are a father. You have the skills and you have the motivation to work. You want to fulfill the basic needs of your family, and you cannot find a job. You can see the feeling of despair and the anger that will be expressed to him very physically, to your wife, to your children or to yourself. If it will be to yourself, that means you are on the path to reach depression. So if you want to suppress it towards your wife and your children, that means your violence, domestic violence increased, and this is the impression from our practice that the level of domestic violence came more than before. Divorce rates have been worsening too, and it's a taboo to say but there have even been reports of women prostituting themselves. All the indications are that Palestinians are reaching a breaking point. Two years ago, a UN official warned Gaza had already passed the threshold as an unlivable place. The people here in Gaza, they start to have manifestations of their suffering. People, they express their psychological problems through physical and somatic complaints. You are talking about headache, back pain, abdominal pain, you are talking about high blood pressure, you are talking about diabetes, you are talking about heart problems and disease. The psychological pressure continues, it affects the body's immune system, and this causes diseases, and these diseases are in this area. You have children, right? How are they doing? I have two young children, one in high school, and the youngest is in the sixth, primary school, sixth grade. How does he deal with this situation? Actually, every day they tell me whenever the border is opened, we don't want to live here, we want to go anywhere else. How do you feel about that? Very sad, very sad. I never imagined that we reached this point. I never imagined that my children were waiting for the moment to leave our home. So imagine this, that people who, although financially they are comfortable, other people who are not comfortable, of course they are more eager to leave this country. So this makes me feel very sad actually, that my country became a miserable situation that no one wants to live in. Like so many young people, Aya also believes life would be better on the outside. I said to myself, let's open 15 cm of meat, it's very painful.  That's why everyone is afraid of the doctor. They told me to try to travel outside better than here. I hope that I can travel outside to get better and better, to get out of this problem, from this psychological problem. But even with injuries requiring treatment abroad, the idea of being granted freedom to leave is more distant illusion than workable plan. Some people's desperation to escape Gaza has been so great that they've tried to smuggle themselves on small boats bound for Europe. Ahmed was seriously considering joining one attempt. He was trying to get out of Gaza, but it was too dangerous. He was trying to get out of Gaza. Today, I don't know where the country is, I don't know if it's their land or their land. Most of them live in the sea, and no one is clear about them. I don't know people who live in Gaza, but I've heard a lot of people living in the sea. We live in our own country. I was living in Gaza, but I didn't get out of the house. God took us out of the house. With war in siege from the outside, with overcrowding and poverty around, Gaza offers the perfect storm in a cage for people's mental health. But the numbness and depression start inside, internally, in people's own minds. It's a global issue that will affect every aspect in your life, by electricity, by lack of the water, by pollution, by lack of medical services. It's not allowed for you to travel. It's everything. You are unemployed. That means every aspect of your life is affected. It means not the specific, it's a global effect. And it's also stable. That situation will continue, and it will be more worse and worse. And that means if you are talking about it's internal, it's a global, it's stable, that means you are in the state of land healthlessness and it's planned. They are using the maximum punishment towards the people here in Gaza. It's the same mechanism. It's used with the torture survivors in the prisons. It's the same. When you are talking about torturing, put the prisoner in a state of total helplessness and he cannot do anything. The psychologists say the siege serves to weaken the Palestinian's mental resolve.  The United States recently withdrew funding for the UN refugee agency here that supports half the population with food aid. Trump now promises the deal of the century to settle the decades-long conflict. The fear is this too is about squeezing Palestinians before imposing a settlement on them. What is going in the news and how we are talking about the deal of the century and how the Palestinian leadership will be under pressure and they have to accept what will be offered without any objection and so it's like putting you in the position you have to accept what will be offered if it also will be against your struggle for your basic rights as a people. It's hard to tell whether Dr. Abu Shaban looks more strained back when I interviewed him at the height of the 50-day war or more strained now because, like during the last war, the ongoing psychosocial war on Gaza delivers its own supply of casualties to the Burns Clinic. Now you're seeing more suicide attempts every month. That's right, that's right. In the past, suicide attempts were very rare but it increased dramatically actually in the last few years. It's at least two to three cases every month but this made me raise my voice to all the leaders in this country and around the world this is a warning thing. It's a very bad thing. It gives the impression that people are reaching a very difficult point and exclusion is not far from now. Raising their voices is what thousands of Palestinians have been doing since last March. Israel, which calls the protests riots, has come under global condemnation. More than 250 Palestinians have been killed, mostly by sniper fire, sometimes after throwing stones, other times for simply protesting too close to the military fortified fence. But this new normal of violent suppression is not deterring ongoing protests. Because I see many people, as I said, as a result of this situation, suicidal cases, people burned due to electricity, they used candles, they used primitive stoves. Actually, these things should not happen, actually. If you imagine living with electricity for only four hours a day and 20 hours without electricity, how can you imagine yourself and your country live? This is very difficult, very difficult. This reflects on everything, everything. So, just we are asked to live as human beings.  This is the simple right to live as a human being, not to live under siege, not to live without electricity, not to live without clean water. We don't have clean water to have because everything depends on electricity. Even the sewage system depends on electricity. For many, especially the poorest families, Gaza's beaches were one of the last places to go to feel some freedom. But now, many tell their children to stay out of the water because even the polluted sea is really no longer safe. For many here, to be still alive in Gaza is to have no real freedom, no real life. And that's why so many continue to put themselves at actual risk of really losing their lives. It means a lot for the Palestinians in the psychological level. To be engaged in the struggle for your basic rights as a people, it's a psychological thing that we will keep our self-esteem and self-respect as a Palestinian because it's an issue that we are fighting for these basic rights. But if the Palestinians will not be engaged in the struggle to end the occupation, that means it will be the moral defeat for the Palestinians and they will lose their self-respect and their self-esteem. Because of that, still the Palestinians, they have a high level of tolerance, they have resiliency because what we are believing and the meaning we are giving for our suffering. With all the pain that you see here, with all the pain that is present, you are making pain and you are making hope in the same time. The Gaza people are the people who are above the expected nature of man, with their ability to survive, with their ability to live and to survive. In the name of God, the Gracious, the Merciful. There is transgenerational trauma here, but there's transgenerational resilience too. Those spared by war have been left behind to survive with the pain and to endure long-haul battles against trauma and despair. Many never begin to understand what is happening to them and what is happening to them. Many never begin recovery. The protest suppression has become another cause of ongoing trauma.  They don't have to be witnessed firsthand to affect people in this environment of pervasive insecurity. In one school surveyed, 6 in 10 children reported having frequent nightmares. If the psychological situation was dire and dire, this would leave a huge impact on the future. If the country was built in yesterday and there was Palestine, many men will be taken out to take out the young people from the psychological crisis. Their souls will be saved, and they will be saved until the end. Every time I go to Gaza, I see it as a nightmare. Yes, I love it. Every confrontation is comfortable, but the is not just homes not being rebuilt, It's not just homes not being rebuilt, it's people's mental health too. I witnessed the last two wars here. Since the most recent in 2014, people haven't been able to get their lives back together as they could after the war in 2012. Coming back now, I've been shocked to see old faces still shell-shocked. Most people I've met here look like they've been deprived of daylight, or free life itself. How are people here still alive, but a sense of suffocation permeates daily life? Post-traumatic stress disorder has been described as an engine that perpetuates conflict. You relive and re-experience trauma through repeating flashbacks and nightmares. But in Gaza, the trauma is continuous and cumulative. In the eyes of the psychologists, if Gaza were a single person, you'd say it's been trapped in solitary confinement for more than a decade. But Gaza is two million people, each with their own feelings, hopes and dreams. If Gaza has a population of two million, it needs a million trauma experts. Going up in Israel in the 1990s, there was never any particular moment when I started being a Zionist, just like there was no moment when I started being a Jew. Being a Zionist to an Israeli Jew simply means being a good citizen. My father was eight years old in 1948. The family lived in Ramla, city of central Palestine. My family were thriving farmers. We lived in Abyss. Muslim Jewish Christian celebrated each other holidays and worked together. After the Belfort Declaration, everything changed. Palestine was partitioned and also the Zionists got almost 60% of the land. They wanted more. They occupied the city of Lod and many Palestinians were killed. My family went from being farmers' owners to being refugees in camps to being homeless and stateless. My dad just started to share his stories because after 69 years, his wounds started to bleed. He has nightmares when he screams and wakes up horrified. My ongoing struggles with Zionism have been defined by the fact that it was Zionism in the first place that radicalized me. It was in Zionist education that I learned to develop a critique of society and to think about how race, class, and gender contribute to privilege and inequity in my daily life. I'm not proud of how long it took me to reach my current convictions about Zionism. And yet, I cannot regret the attachment to Israeli society that my education afforded me. I was born in Romania during World War II. I grew up in Tel Aviv and spent years on the kibbutz. As a liberal Zionist, I prided myself on my progressive values. I was against wars, racism, and discrimination. I did not know how much I didn't know. The population in Israel-Palestine is divided about half in half, Jews and Palestinians. Yet I did not have one Palestinian friend, a Quinten or neighbor. The Palestinians are on the dark side of the moon. Do you know that in Jerusalem city maps, Palestinian neighborhoods are blank as if they don't exist. It has been hard work to examine my own mind. My solid identity has been shaken and then broken. I am a Palestinian American whose family has lived in the West Bank for over 400 years. I also have family in Jerusalem. In Jerusalem, Israeli soldiers are everywhere. When they see my Palestinian name, they treat me like a criminal. They pat me down and check my bags. It's stop and frisk Brownsville, Brooklyn style every single day for Palestinians. I remember seeing a group of Israeli soldiers going up to a young Palestinian man and slapping him around and calling him names. He looked scared and confused. His hands went up to shield his face. My instinct was to protect him, so I walked toward the Israeli soldiers.  I would show my face in this video, but I fear for my safety. We've been threatened because we're Palestinian and because we're Muslim. My father was born in Hebron, Palestine. He always identified as a Palestinian Jew. He was very Jewish and very anti-Zionist. People are generally surprised by this, but there are a lot more of us than you think. I wanted to learn. I wanted to see.


on one water side or two water sides my whole life. I even been to a water park in 11 years. You're definitely more experienced than me. A little bit more but I'm still uncomfortable. But Michelle invited us and this isn't only just Typhoon of Go, this is Moonlight Magic. So it's actually open after hours between I think it's eight till 11. So we're gonna have some fun. Let's go do this. Okay. And I'm glad we got here before the sun went down because that right there is worth everything. Yep. That's the only thing I could say. Okay. So this is so much foreign territory that we don't even own a GoPro. So or anything like that. This is going to be tough to film here and plus it's been raining all day. But let's just say I brought a Ziploc bag. Yeah we're going to try some improv of water park improv filming. Do it yourself GoPro. DIY GoPro. Wow. We've made it in the water. We're in water. I got my water. It's actually pretty warm. I got water shoes on. I don't know how far we're going to go and it's only about ankle high deep. And I apologize in advance for showing you my foot there for a second. Because that was awful. I actually was thinking about like keep your shoes flat. And look at that wave pool. I've never been in a wave pool. That is true. First time wave pooler here. Wow. So we've come to our first special treat from DVC. We don't even know what they're offering because we did not pick up a map. But I see people walking away with the Mickey bars. Some chips and some cookies and lemonade. But they're the cookie sandwich specialty bars. The premium bars. So I'm excited for that. Cookies and chips. I'll take one. Are these all different? Yeah they are. I'll take two. Oatmeal. And this is sugar. Sugar. And you also have Doritos and baked Lay's chips. Yes. And Cheez-Eps. And Cheez-Eps. Oh. All right. I'm going for the cookies. They also have light refreshments like lemonade and water. I'm gonna have to try this fresh squeeze lemonade. And cookie sandwich. Yes. And we have the cookie sandwich. Sorry if the camera keeps on getting foggy but it is very foggy here today. Or the humidity as well. But I'm loving it. Another pretty nifty thing at the DVC Moonlight Magic is all the cool special meet and greets. And guess what we get to do right now? Meet a character. Who's it gonna be? I don't know. It's Captain Hook. It's me's best friend. Hello. I was just gonna shake that hand. I realized I was like oh no you don't want to shake that hand. No no no. That's not a hand. That's a hook. That's not a hand. That's a hook. Thank you. Good observation. Thank you. I like it. This is kind of interesting. Now we don't know this because we've never been to Typhoon Lagoon and I don't know if this is normally handed out but we don't have our magic bands. We didn't bring them today so they give this little photopass card that's you can tie to your wrist and not lose it in the water or anything like that and you can use it for all of the meet and greets. Yeah I'm gonna wear it. Oh here you go. Thank you. So the do it yourself GoPro thing did not work out too well. So we're gonna have to put the camera in the locker, explore a little bit more, take the hat off and then come back and then bring it back out once we figured out what we're doing here because we don't know where to go. That's the plan. But first is that Elvis Stitch? Elvis Stitch. That is amazing.  Wow there's a long line so I don't think we're gonna make it in that but wow that's pretty awesome. It looks wow and somehow Yip found the only shop that's open where she could buy stuff and she's gone. Yip. Yip. Yip. I know she's in here. I just gotta try to find her. And I found you. I thought you were shopping? I was. I knew it. But I found the locker and went to it. Oh okay. All right now it's time to test the do it yourself GoPro bag. Yeah there was a great vlogging career we had but now I think we're gonna test it out first in the wave pool. Oh the bag is not on yet but I feel like it should go on any second now. Yip. Okay we had a lot of fun. I ended up having fun. Yes. After I got into Ketchakitty Creek and came back out. Oh yeah she had a lot of fun. So we could have recorded a lot of the rides. Our makeshift GoPro did not work as well but overall I'm a fan of water parks now I think. Definitely a big fan. And we ran into Taylor and Josh from the Walt Disney World couple and we got to ride a couple rides with them. Yeah their footage is probably gonna work because they actually have a GoPro. Yeah so they're gonna probably have better footage. So love the life it is. We'll see you next time. Bye. Wait it's Mickey. Oh it is Mickey. Oh no we did not put Josh and Taylor in the video but now we did. It makes it all better. See you guys. Bye.