What's going on everybody? My name is Alex Friedberg and today we're going to be talking about the difference between a data scientist and a data analyst. Now, as many of you know, if you watch my channel, I am a data analyst. But what you may not know is that I actually work on a data science team. And so I work alongside a lot of data scientists. And so I know a lot of the work that they do. And so I feel like I have a pretty good understanding of each position and the differences between these jobs. And so we're going through four main areas today, which are responsibilities, qualifications, skills, and then at the very end, salary. And after all of that, I'm going to talk about what position might be right for you. So let's start off with responsibilities. What kind of things are you going to be working on in your actual job? Let's start off with data scientists. As a data scientist, you're going to be using your data to discover opportunities. And what that means is you're going to be using your current data to find trends and patterns that are going to affect the future business that you are working in. You'll also be developing analytical methods and machine learning models. And most people when they think data scientists think that is the core work that they're going to be doing. And that's actually not true. That's actually probably be five to 10% of their job. And most of the time, they have these models set up that they used over and over and over again. So they already know what kind of models they're going to be using. They are just working with the data to put it into those models. And then at the end, they're tweaking their hyper parameters to really narrow down their accuracy and get better results. But genuinely, they aren't doing a ton of work in these machine learning models. They're not developing new models. They're just trying to fit their data into these models to get the best results they can out of them. The next thing is data cleaning. And when I say data cleaning, I mean a lot of data cleaning. Because genuinely they are doing so much work, just cleaning their data, making sure it's going to be good and usable for their models. So when they plug it into these models, it's going to give them the best results and the best output and that it's formatted correctly for their machine learning algorithm to actually work and actually read the data and give them the output that they want. And you'll also be conducting A-B testing. Now this looks very different in different industries, but basically you're going to be doing two independent tests, getting two different results and seeing which one actually gives you better results. In a nutshell, that really is all A-B testing is, but it can get quite complicated. And so I'm not going to go too much into that. But let's look at the data analysts now. As a data analyst, you're going to use your data to solve problems that your company has right now. So instead of trying to find trends or opportunities for the future, you're trying to answer questions that your company has now and have an immediate impact. Other responsibilities are also creating reports or creating dashboards. And for creating reports, a lot of times you'll use either SQL or some cloud platform or any number of other tools that are out there for creating reports. And then for dashboards, you might be using something like Power BI or Tableau or maybe even Python. It just depends on what your company is using. I've seen a very wide variety, but creating reports and dashboards can be a large part of what a data analyst actually does. And often they'll also help with gathering incremental data from different sources. So you need the data, you have to get it from somewhere. So you may work with a client or an internal team to help gather that data or get that data into your systems, whether that's your warehouses or just your SQL servers or whatever that is for your company. But you have to be getting that data somewhere and using that data for these reports and for these dashboards. So that may also be a part that you're doing. Now let's look at the qualifications for each of these positions and let's start out with the data scientist. As a data scientist, you're often going to need a master's degree or above. That can be in anything from computer science, econ, mathematics, physics. It really depends on what industry you're going into and what they value. But oftentimes those more STEM backgrounds are really good for a data scientist. Now it's not to say that you have to have a master's degree, but oftentimes that is a prerequisite for most positions. But there are some positions where they're really just looking at experience and your skills to see if you're a good fit and they might take you if you only have a bachelor's degree. But again, this is the prerequisite for a lot of positions that you'll find on LinkedIn or Gloucester or other job posting websites. You need a master's degree just to meet the base requirements. And for a data analyst, you're going to need a bachelor's or above for most positions and that's going to be in a lot of the same degree fields that a data scientist had, which are computer science, mathematics, economics. But you don't have to have a bachelor's degree or have a bachelor's degree in those fields. You can have no degree and have really good skills and work your way up. And you can also have a degree that's completely unrelated, but you've made the switch and it is absolutely possible to do that. I will say that for qualifications, the bar is much lower for a data analyst than it is a data scientist. And you may have a lot better chance of getting your foot in the door as a data analyst than you would if you're trying to actually get a data scientist position right off the bat. If you were liking this video, be sure to like and subscribe below. And now let's look at these skills section. So for a data scientist, some of the skills that you might need are SQL, R and Python. And in Python, there's a few libraries that really stand out, which are pandas, NumPy, scikit-learn, and TensorFlow. Then you have things like Tableau, Power BI, data visualization tools. You may also be working with NLP, which is natural language processing, which could be structured or unstructured data. You may be using Apache Spark, Jupyter Notebooks, PyCharm, some type of IDE. And then you may also be using some statistical tool, which is SAS or SPSS or any number of other tools that are out there. So for a data analyst, you may need SQL, R and Python. And then some libraries for that are going to be pandas, NumPy, and Matpotlib. You'll also need a data visualization tool like Tableau or Power BI. You'll need to be doing data modeling. Also need a statistical tool like SAS or SPSS or many others. You'll be working in Excel a lot. And then you'll also probably work in something like a cloud platform like AWS or Azure. Now, before we get into salary, we are looking at salary ranges. These aren't going to be specific answers for either your location or your industry. So if you do want specific answers for either of those things, I recommend doing your own research on those. But let's get into it and let's look at data scientist salaries. So for an entry level position, you're looking at around 85 to 95,000. For a mid-level, you're looking at 100 to 120,000. And then for a senior-level position, you're looking at somewhere around 120 to 150,000. And for a data analyst, for an entry-level position, you're looking at around 45 to 60,000. For a mid-level, 65 to 85,000. For a senior-level position, around 85 to 110,000. Now, looking at these salaries, you might think, well, Alex, I'll just go be a data scientist. Obviously, they make a lot more money. I'll just go do that. But I want to urge you to really look at these positions and see which one fits your skillsets, your education, and the kind of work that you want to be doing. Because I will say that although there are a lot of similarities, there's a lot of differences as well. I think for a data scientist, it takes someone who's very driven to get either a master's or a PhD in a specific degree and really pursue machine learning and know how to use those models correctly. Although a lot of your time is going to be data cleaning, you have to know how to use the models and which models fit best for your data. But if you have those qualifications and you have those skills or you are actively looking to pursue those skills, that might be the perfect career for you. And it might be a very lucrative career for you, especially if you get into the right industry. Now, for a data analyst, I think that a lot of people are going to fit into this category instead of a data scientist category. And I think this is for a few reasons. One, I think it's a little bit easier to learn the skills that you need in order to become a data analyst. And two, since the qualifications are a bachelor's or above, a lot more people are going to be included or have the opportunity to become a data analyst. Overall, it really is up to you on which one you prefer. I think you should really look at yourself and see what kind of work you enjoy doing. I think both of these careers are fantastic options long term. And I don't think these jobs are going to be going away at all in the near future. I think the popularity of these jobs are only going to increase over the next 10 years. So getting started now and knowing what you want to do and just going for it is really the best advice that I have. So that's all I got. Thank you guys so much for watching. If you like this video, be sure to like and subscribe below. And I'll see you in the next video.


Welcome to class 30 on topics in power electronics and distributed generation. Last class we were talking about discussing a couple of problems related to distribution systems issues. Today we will discuss a couple of problems related to DG design decisions based on economic implications. So, in the first problem we are looking at 1.6 megawatt facility consisting of 800 kilowatts of critical loads and non critical loads. The non critical loads are split into electrical and thermal. The electrical loads balance is 600 kilowatts and there is 1 megawatt of thermal load and the facility is connected to the PCC through a main circuit breaker. This particular plant experiences 40 major outages per year and each outage lasts about 20 minutes. The plant is expected to run 365 days a year, 24 hours a day and the cost of electricity for this particular plant is 8 rupees per kilowatt hour 8 units rupees per unit. And we are told the cost of the DG is 5000 rupees per kilowatt standard diesel generator set and the size of this DG if it is supposed to meet some particular critical load is size to be about 1.2 times larger than the load. And we are also told that the installation cost is 20 percent of capital cost. So, it might be commissioning and installation and there is an annual maintenance cost for the DG and that is 10 percent of the capital cost. So, this is the overall system and in the first part we are told that the overall cost of outage has been calculated for each of these 40 major outages to be rupees 100 into 10 to the power of 3 per outage 1 lakh rupees per outage and the DG is sized only to serve the critical load. And because of the outage of the non critical load there is a residual cost of 20,000 rupees per outage due to the unserved non critical loads. And you are asked to calculate the range of simple payback for installing the DG ignoring fuel cost. So, if you look at the sizing of the system we have the critical load to be 800 kilowatts the non critical load consisting of electrical and thermal the electrical part is 600 kilowatts and the thermal load is 1 megawatt. And you can see that the thermal load is being fed electrically. So, whatever thermal load is present we are assuming it is being obtained by the consumption of electricity. So, the total load non critical load is 1.6 megawatt and you add the critical load to it. So, just overall facility input is 2.4 megawatts. So, you can calculate what would be the cost of the investment the investment cost would be 800 kilowatts for the DG power. So, you have 800 kilowatts times 1.2 which is the factor we want as a margin. So, you need a DG of size 960 kilowatts and the cost assuming 5000 rupees per kilowatt. So, this translates into 48 into 10 to the power of 5 rupees the installation and commissioning cost is 20 percent of that. So, that comes up to 9.6 into 10 to the power of 5 and if you look at the cost of the outage we have outages per year 40 per year and the cost of the outages is 100000 per outage and because of the unserved non critical loads you have 20000 rupees which you do not actually benefit by having the DG and 40 per year. So, this turns out to be 32 into 10 to the power of 5. If you look at the operation and maintenance cost this is 10 percent of the capital cost because it is a cost rather than a benefit it is put with a negative sign. So, if you look at the total out go your cost of the DG plus in commissioning and installation is 57.6 into 10 to the power of 5 your annual returns is 32 minus 4.8. So, 27.2 into 10 to the power of 5. So, your payback period is into 12 months. So, this turns out to be 25.4 months. So, this is slightly larger than 2 years. So, you pay for your generator which supports your critical loads and you expect it to break even in about little bit more than 2 years. So, here we have not looked at the cost of the fuel for running this particular generator set. So, in the next question you are asked you are given the data that if diesel cost 50 rupees per litre and the energy content of 1 litre of diesel is 36 into 10 to the power of 6 36 mega joules per litre and the fuel to electricity conversion efficiency is the 32.98 percent what how would it affect your payback calculations. So, if you look at the conversion of fuel into electricity we know that our electrical load is 800 kilowatts and there are 20 minutes of outage. So, converting it into hours 20 by 60 and there are 40 outages per year. So, the units of electricity required is 10667 kilowatts of energy required per year and you are told the efficiency of conversion from your input to output is 32.9 your efficiency and this is your output energy requirement. So, your input turns out to be 32343 units and converting from kilowatts to joules this turns out to be 1.16 into 10 to the power of 11 joules and you know that your fuel cost is 50 rupees per litre and there are 36 mega joules per litre. So, your fuel consumption per year is your E n divided by 36 into 10 to the power of 6. So, this turns out to be about 3200 litres and at 50 rupees per litre this turns out to be about 1.6 lakhs. So, rupees 1.6 lakhs. So, the net annual benefits would reduce because you have to pay for your fuel. So, if you look at the new annual benefits you now take an additional reduction because of the fuel. So, if you look at compared to the capital cost say 40 outages per year and 20 minutes per outage that roughly works out to be about 12 hours per year half a day a year. So, with half a day per year you are talking about 3 percent of capital cost is your cost of the fuel it does not change your numbers by a large amount. Your new payback period is this now. So, this is 27 months. So, you are talking about a two month difference when you are between the calculations ignoring fuel while and while considering fuel, but you need to keep in mind this is for a very short duration of energy outage considered. So, if you consider outages of couple of days a year instead of 3 percent you may be talking about 5 percent or 10 percent, but still that is not too large a number to alter your payback period significantly if you are using your genset only for backup of small loads. Whereas, if we will look at the later questions which are considering not just running it during the outage duration, but it is running for substantially longer period. So, in case your outage duration is half a day you have on it you have outage on a daily basis and it is 12 hours a day then this number can rise quite significantly. So, in the next problem you are asked instead of just backing up your critical loads if you make have a much larger DG which covers both your critical and not critical loads for the facility assuming the DG ratings, initial cost, maintenance or scale with the power requirement what would be the new DG sizing and also what would be the fuel consumption corresponding to this larger sized DG unit. So, if you now look at larger sized DG, so with the larger sized DG you can completely eliminate all penalties of not operating any part of your plant. So, you can actually operate your full plant. So, your PDG is now 1.2 times 2400 kilowatts. So, you are talking about 2.88 megawatt DG and if you look at now your simple payback period because of your larger DG your capital cost is much higher. So, it was originally it was 48, so it is gone up to 144. You can see that correspondingly your installation cost has also gone up. Your power quality benefits which was originally 32 into 10 power of 5 now goes up to 40 because you do not get too much additional benefit of backing up non-critical loads. So, your net investment has gone up to 172 about 173 into 10 power of 5 and your benefits is about 25.6 into 10 power of 5. So, your new payback period is 81 months. So, instead of the 2 years we had it is about close to 7 years that you would have in this case. So, it does not make sense to actually oversize your generator to meet the non-critical loads. That is essentially why many times when you install a DG it would be good for you to separate out your wiring into what is important and what is not critical. So, the next part is to look at the fuel consumption. So, the fuel consumption we will use. So, your energy out is again 40 outages 20 minutes duration. So, this is 32 into 10 power of 3 kilowatt hours. So, your energy in using the same efficiency number is 970 to 8 kilowatt hours and this corresponds to 3.4 9 into 10 power of 11 joules and again using the joules per liter to. So, this corresponds to a consumption of about 9700 liters per year and this would correspond to 48 4.8 into 10 power of 5 rupees per year at 50 rupees per liter. So, if you look at your net returns your net returns now reduced by this 4.8 into 10 power of 5. So, your total returns reduced to a smaller number and your payback period is now about 100 months or about 8 years. So, you can see that if you now start considering fuel cost with a much larger facility your fuel consumption is going to go up. So, that also adds on to your penalty on your system which reduces now from 7 years to almost 8 years it has increased your payback period. So, it may not make sense from a payback point of view to implement such a scheme. So, in the next problem we are looking at the cost of energy. So, we are going back to the DG that is sized only to meet the critical load rather than the entire plant. However, instead of just running it during the outage we are looking at running it at full power and we know the cost of the fuel and the energy content what would be the annual diesel consumption and what would be the cost of energy from the plant assuming a fixed charge rate of 10 percent per year on capital cost. So, essentially the assumption is that your capital is being purchased based on some loan from may be a bank and you are paying back 10 percent of that particular loan as payment to the bank on an annual basis. So, if you look at the calculations in this case your DG cost is rupees 48 into 10 power of 5 from the previous calculation the installation and commissioning is 20 percent. So, 9.6 into 10 power of 5. So, the total sum of this is 57.6 into 10 power of 5 rupees per year rupees and your operation and maintenance cost is rupees 10 percent of your DG your equipment cost. So, this is 4.8 into 10 power of 5 per year and if you look at your annual fuel consumption. So, again assuming you operate it like the plant 365 days a year you have the rating of the of the gen set is 9.6 T the efficiency of input to output is 32.98 and kilowatts. So, 10 to the power of 3 3600 minutes per hour into 24 hours 365 days and the energy content per liter is 36 into 10 power of 6. So, this gives you the liters of fuel consumption per year. So, this is 2.55 into 10 to the power of 6 liters per year. So, at 50 rupees per liter this would correspond to rupees 1275 into 10 to the power of 5 per year. If you look at the energy being produced from this particular generator your annual energy production is 960 kilowatts into 24 into 365. So, this is 8.4 into 10 power of 6 kilowatts. So, now with this data you can actually calculate your cost. So, your cost of the capital was 57.6 into 10 to the power of 5. So, this is 10 percent is your fixed charge rate. So, you get 5.76 your operation and maintenance cost is 4.8 into 10 to the power of 5 and your fuel cost is 272 or 1275 into 10 to the power of 6. So, if you look at the cost of capital that was 57.6. So, this is about 20 more than 20 times the capital cost. So, you can see that if you are running this plant on a continuous basis you are dominated by the cost of the fuel. The cost of your initial equipment is actually much smaller your energy production was calculated into 84 into 10 to the power of 5. So, the cost of energy this works out to be rupees 15.29 per kilowatt hour and we saw that the cost of energy from the grid was 8 rupees per kilowatt hour. So, what you just generate from the gen set is much more expensive it would not make sense to just run the gen set all the time. So, you can see that the fuel cost in the case when you are running it just for a day a year is probably in the range of 10 percent, but here this is actually 22 times your capital cost. So, depending on the number of days per year usage on your gen set you can end up with a substantial cost as fuel. So, in this case you can say to decide on whether to upgrade this particular generator from just a generating electricity to combined heat and power. So, CHP unit so that the waste heat from the generator is used to provide for the thermal load. So, you need to add some heat recovery equipment to this particular generator and we calculate that the efficiency from your fuel input to thermal output is about 45 percent which is fairly good. The cost of the thermal system including heat exchangers is again 3500 rupees per kilowatt thermal load requirement and the installation cost is again 20 percent of the capital cost. And we will assume that the operation of maintenance is also the same 10 percent of the capital cost. What is the cost of energy for the CHP DG under three conditions one when it is running at its rated power level which is 960 kilowatts. The second when it is running at a lower power at 800 kilowatts. The third when it is running in such a manner that the output thermal power is matched and whatever is being generated electrically is just being put out to the grid. And we want to see which of these cases leads to lowest cost of energy. So, in the first case we will first look at the cost of the CHP DG the cost of the thermal system there is 1000 kilowatts of thermal load and it is 3500 rupees per kilowatt thermal. So, this turns out to be 35 into 10 power of 5. So, your total cost considering installation is 20 percent of that. So, that turns out to be 7 into 10 power of 5 and your equipment cost is 42 from your electrical system or 42 from your thermal system plus 57.6 from your electrical system that you had previously calculated. So, this is rupees 99 and your operation and maintenance cost is 10 percent of your capital cost without the installation. So, this turns out to be rupees 8.3 into 10 power of 5 rupees per year. And the cost of energy from the grid is 8 rupees per kilowatt hour and your efficiency thermal is from fuel to thermal is 45 percent. So, when your thermal output is at P electrical being 960 kilowatts. So, your input power coming in is 960 by your electrical efficiency which is 32.98 this is the input power times 0.45 is your thermal power thermal output. So, this turns out to be 1310 kilowatts. So, out of which your load in the facility will consume 1000 kilowatts and the remaining 310 goes as waste. So, because now your facility is being fed from your from your DG Genset rather than previously it was being consumed from your point of common coupling electrically you now have thermal savings. So, you can calculate your thermal savings per year is 1000 kilowatts into 24 hours per day 365 days per year and 8 rupees per kilowatt hour. So, this turns out to be 700 into 10 power of 5 rupees per year. So, if you look at now your calculations your annual payment of for capital we saw the capital was 99.6. So, this is 10 percent of that which is your annual payment your operation and maintenance is 8.3 into 10 to the power of 5 your fuel cost which we calculated in the last problem was 125 1275 into 10 to the power of 5, but now you have benefits because you are not consuming electricity for your thermal loads your annual energy production stays 84 into 10 to the power of 5 units. So, your cost of energy can now be expressed by this which turns out to be equal to 7.06 rupees per kilowatt hour. So, you can see that now you have a number which is less than 8. So, it starts making sense to see whether you can actually run it because the cost is less than what your service provider is providing you which is 8 rupees per kilowatt hour. So, we will look at the next case where the DG is run instead of at 960 kilowatts at a lower power rating if the DG is run at 800 kilowatts your thermal output is 800 divided by 32.998 which is your efficiency electrical efficiency 0.45 is the efficiency from input to thermal output. So, this is 1092 again your thermal load is 1 megawatts. So, you 92 kilowatts goes out as a loss your annual energy production we can just scale it from the previous number the previous number was 84 into 10 to the power of 5 that was when it was running at 960 kilowatts, but now it is being run at 800 kilowatts. So, this is 7.01 into 10 to the power of 6 kilowatts. Because this is now equal to 1092 your thermal savings is still the same number as calculated previously. So, your cost of energy in the second case in the new case when it is running at 800 kilowatts your annual payment stays the same your maintenance stays the same which is what we are assuming, but now your fuel cost has come down because it is running at lower power your heating benefits stays the same because you anyway are generating excess heat which meets your facility requirement your annual energy production has come down from 84 to 70 into 10 to the power of 5 units. So, if you look at the cost of energy in this particular case this turns out to be rupees 5.42 per kilowatt hour. So, you can see that the costs are coming down and then your asked in part 3 what would be the cost if your operating such that your thermal load is just being met. So, the thermal load is 100 kilowatts then you can calculate what would be your corresponding electrical output. So, this is 1000 kilowatt thermal your thermal efficiency is 0.45 your electrical efficiency is 32.98 percent. So, this turns out to be 733 kilowatts and again you can scale your annual energy production. So, with this you can also look at your fuel cost annual fuel cost which can also be scaled was 1275 into 10 to the power of 5 into 733 divided by 960. So, with this information you can again go back and calculate your cost of energy. So, your capital cost stays the same operation and maintenance has stayed the same your fuel cost has come down further your heating benefit is just sufficient to match your load requirement which still stays at 700 into 10 to the power of 5 your energy production has gone down. So, if you do the overall the calculations this turns out to be equal to rupees 4.53 per kilowatt hour. So, you can see that the cost of electricity has come down substantially from the 8 number. However, that depends critically on the fuel cost which is a big number over here. So, if the fuel cost fluctuates quite a lot then the cost of energy would also tend to jump quite a bit. So, you if you now take your power level further down you will see that your energy production goes down your thermal benefits would also go down and your cost of the fuel would just go down proportionately.  So, your typical combined heat and power systems are run. So, that your thermal loads are matched and whatever you generate as electricity is actually a byproduct of the end of the process. So, in the next problem you are told that there are couple of options for now connecting this particular genset to the electrical grid or to electrical loads when the grid is not available. One is using the a fixed speed synchronous machine and that is typically the way most diesel generator sets operate you have a internal combustion engine followed by a synchronous machine which whose output is connected to loads. So, because your output frequency is 50 hertz your electrical frequency requirement is 50 hertz the rpm of the of your IC engine is determined essentially by your frequency requirement of your electrical load. So, the speed in that particular case is fixed. The second option is to actually connect make the IC engine operate at variable speed and whatever electrical output is generated by your speed is the IC engine that is running you run it to variable speed generator the variable speed generator might consist of may be a permanent magnet generator followed by inverter which means that the inverter can produce 50 hertz irrespective of the frequency of your IC engine. So, essentially we are looking at a variable speed generator versus a fixed speed generator and the effective electrical efficiency of the VSG option is 35.15 percent which is higher than the 32.9 percent that we considered for the fixed speed generator. The capital cost of the variable speed gen set is 10000 rupees per kilowatt. So, higher much higher than the fixed speed generator. Using the assumptions that the DG is running to match the thermal load which is the best operating point we like to do a comparison between the cost of energy when you are running with a variable speed generator and with a fixed speed generator. So, if you look at the configuration of the fixed speed versus a variable speed can see that from the mechanical from the fuel to thermal point of view your efficiency is same your synchronous machine by itself can have a higher efficiency in this particular case you have a PM generator plus a high efficiency inverter. However, its overall efficiency might actually be lower than just a simple single stage synchronous machine, but because you are able to operate at variable speed you can operate at the maximum efficiency point of your IC engine. So, your efficiency of the IC engine goes from 34 percent to 33 percent your efficiency of your electrical interface comes down, but you get a bigger boost coming from your IC engine now being operating at its optimum point. So, if you look at the structure of this particular system use of variable speed. So, you get a higher efficiency from your P N T R thermal is 45 percent T R electrical output is 35.15. So, you can calculate the cost of capital for this DG system with the combined heat and power unit. So, capital cost is 960 kilowatt electrical into 10 the power of 4 10,000 rupees per kilowatt R plus your thermal load is 1000 kilowatts into 3500 rupees per kilowatt cost of the heat exchangers. So, this would be the cost of your capital equipment 131 into 10 power of 5 20 percent for installation, installation plus commissioning might be 20 percent that works out to 26 into 10 power of 5. So, your overall total capital plus installation is rupees 157.2 into 10 power of 5 your operation and maintenance cost on an annual basis is 10 percent of the equipment cost. So, that is 9.6 into 10 power of 5 plus 13.1 into 10 power of 5.  So, your thermal output your electrical output is now 781 kilowatts. So, it has gone up from 733 to 781 your annual energy production is again you could scale it kilowatt 6.84 into 10 power of 6 kilowatt hours per year and your annual fuel cost stays at 973 into 10 power of 5 rupees per year, because your thermal requirement stays the same. So, you could then calculate your cost of energy. So, your 10 percent of your capital 15.72 into 10 power of 5 your operation and maintenance cost 13.1 into 10 power of 5 your annual fuel cost stays the same, because your thermal load has to be satisfied your heating benefits is 700 into 10 power of 5 your annual energy production has gone up a bit, because your your electrical output has gone up from 733 to 784. So, if you look at now your overall cost of energy you get an expression 9.96. So, essentially the sum of these two amounts. So, this calculates out to be equal to rupees 4.4 per kilowatt hour. So, you can see that there is a further reduction in cost of energy if you by going into the variable speed option. However, your capital cost has gone up. So, if you are willing to have access to the higher capital then potentially your cost of energy can be brought down further by looking at a variable speed option compared to a fixed speed option when you are considering a system which is running continuously for a long duration of time. So, in the next problem you are asked to look at a net present value or the effective initial cost calculations not for the entire system, but only for the electrical part of the system. So, essentially whatever is contained in this particular block we are looking at the net present value again from a design perspective someone who might be coming in might be looking at different subsystems. So, if someone is interested in looking at what sort of inverter or what sort of generator what is acceptable you want to look at a particular subsystem and make a decision. So, for the effective initial cost calculation you are given this is the system that comes from the shaft of your IC engine to the AC electrical output and the data that is given to you is that the DG capital cost is 5000 rupees per kilowatt consists of two parts 2500 rupees per kilowatt for the IC engine and 2500 rupees per kilowatt for your synchronous machine. The efficiency of 32.98 can be considered of to be 34 percent for the IC engine and 97 percent for your synchronous machine and for the variable speed gen set the capital cost is 10000 rupees per kilowatt again consisting of 25 rupees 2500 rupees per kilowatt for the IC engine and 7500 for per kilowatt for your PM machine and again the efficiency of 35.1 percent can be considered to be 37 percent from the IC engine because it is operating at a more efficient operating point and your inverter is now at a lower efficiency of 95 percent and a few factors that are being considered that you can get a benefit for the IC engine because it is able to operate at variable speed often engines have once they go up to its best operating point have a flat torque versus speed characteristics. So, you could operate at a slightly higher speed and get a benefit say of 20 percent and the output power is required is 100 kilowatts. So, the system that you are designing is 100 kilowatts operating on a continuous basis 365 days a year. You are looking at a effective interest rate of 5 percent a product life of 5 years and cost of energy to be 8 rupees per kilowatt hour. So, we want to installation cost is ignored for the effective initial cost calculation O and M cost of both configurations are assumed to be similar and calculate the effective initial cost or the net present cost including electrical efficiency fuel considerations and sizing of the engine. So, for doing this calculation we will we will we can actually look at each particular part of it. So, if you look at cost of interface. So, it is 2500 rupees per kilowatt for the IC engine into 100 kilowatts. So, this is 2.5 into 10 power of 5 for your fixed speed for the variable speed it is 7500. So, there is a increase in cost on the VSG side of about 5 into 10 power of 5 for your electrical interface IC engine power requirement your efficiency of your machine is here I have considered 96 percent. So, this is 104 kilowatts if you are considering your IC engine variable speed option your interface efficiency reduces to 95 and you have a 20 percent benefit because of your variable speed nature. So, you could maybe get by with a 94 kilowatt engine IC engine. So, if you look at the cost of IC engine that this corresponds to rupees 2.6 into 10 power of 5 here it corresponds to 2.1. So, that is about 50000 rupees difference not much if you consider the fuel cost. So, the cost as we saw when we are running a genset on a continuous basis the capital equipment cost is actually a smaller fraction of your fuel cost. If you look at the loss in your electrical system you have in one case it is 96 percent efficient. So, you have 4.2 kilowatts of losses in your synchronous machine and about 5.3 kilowatts of losses in the PM machine plus inverter. So, to calculate the annual cost of losses you take this multiply by 24 into 365 and you know it is 8 rupees per kilowatt or cost of energy. So, the cost of energy cost of the losses this corresponds to rupees 2.9 into 10 to the power of 5 per year is the cost of losses in your fixed speed generator in your variable speed generator this turns out to be 3.7 into 10 to the power of 5. And we to calculate your net present cost NPC of loss what you do you accumulate the losses from over the 5 years. So, your first year comes in then for your next year it is based on your charge rate. So, you have summation i is equal to 1 to 5 2.9 into 10 to the power of 5 divided by 1 plus 0.1 is your interest rate to the power of 5. So, this turns out to be rupees 11 into 10 to the power of 5 the corresponding number over here is rupees 13.9 into 10 to the power of 5. So, you can see that the losses in your variable speed genset case is actually higher and the equivalent cost net present value is higher in that particular case. If you look at your annual fuel consumption. So, in the first case it is 100 kilowatts 96 percent efficiency for the for your synchronous machine and 34 percent efficiency for your IC engine. So, into 3600 24 minutes seconds per hour 2400 into 365 divided by 3.6 into 10 to the power of 7 joules per liter. So, this turns out to be 2.68 liters into 10 to the power of 5 liters per year in for your fixed speed case and the corresponding number for the variable speed case is 2.49 into 10 to the power of 5 liters per year. So, if you look at the corresponding cost at 50 rupees per liter this corresponds to rupees 134 into 10 to the power of 5 rupees per year. In this particular case it is rupees 125 into 10 to the power of 5 per year and you could again do a net present value calculation for the rupees over the 5 year duration similar to how we did for your for the electricity electrical energy loss. So, the net present value turns out in this particular case of fuel turns out to be rupees 509 into 10 to the power of 5 here this is rupees 472. So, you can see that in this between these two numbers there is a difference about 36 into 10 to the power of 5. So, there is a fairly substantial difference in between your variable speed genset and the fixed speed genset if you look at the net present value of your fuel. So, you could then make use of these numbers and calculate what the differences overall are the cost of the interface is higher in case of your various variable speed genset. So, if you look at a variable speed vsg minus variable speed minus fixed speed you are talking about a difference of 5 into 10 to the power of 5. If you look at the cost of the IC engine by itself there is a small reduction. So, delta in this particular case is minus 0.5 into 10 to the power of 5 if you look at the losses in your electrical system here the delta is 2.9 into 10 to the power of 5. So, there is more losses in your variable speed case, but if you look at the delta for your fuel in this particular case it is minus 36 into 10 to the power of 5. So, 36 dominates over all the other numbers. So, if you look at your overall benefit net present cost of the overall electrical interface the fixed speed generator has a number of 525 into 10 to the power of 5 the variable speed is 496 into 10 to the power of 5. So, there is a difference of about 29. Practically this 525 is not a number that you are actually going to deal with 496 is also not a number you are dealing with what you are saying is over 5 years of operation by the use of the variable speed option you are going to get a present value of the savings corresponding to 29 lakhs. So, you can look at the case where instead of say a 5 year duration what would be the net present value if you just restricted to just a 1 year generation and you can see that even with 1 year you get a benefit for the variable speed case if you are running the gen set on a continuous basis. So, from an electrical perspective it makes sense to go to a variable speed case if you just look at the net present value of just the interface and the losses you can see that it does not make sense because you are going for something which is a higher cost and more lossy, but your benefits is coming from benefits to the balance of system in this particular case. So, you can see that these calculations can give you a feel for what might be an appropriate design for your electrical system in a more complex electrical, mechanical, thermal system and what could be the options that you could look at which can actually reduce your overall cost of energy or your benefits on an annual basis. So, these are important engineering design decisions that can benefit your overall system design. Thank you.


Hi, this is your host, Bill Bhartian. Today, we have with us once again, William Morgan, CEO of Point. William, it's great to have you on the show again. Great to be back. LinkerD 2.9 has been released. Tell us what's new there. Yeah, so this is a very big release for us. There's a couple of exciting features here. The biggest one is probably around mutual TLS for all TCP connections. So LinkerD has had mutual TLS for HTTP and for GRPC traffic for a couple of versions now. But in the 2.9 release, we've extended that so that any TCP connection between meshed endpoints can now be MTLSed. And in fact, we do it in the same way we were doing it before, where it's zero config and it's turned on by default. So the moment that you add LinkerD onto either side, you get all the benefits of confidentiality and authenticity. All the certificate rotation stuff is happening and identity is tied to Kubernetes service accounts. Kind of everything that you would want to have a kind of one-stop shop for making a pretty big step towards zero trust. You have also added support for ARM. Talk about that. Yeah, that's right, that's right. So as of 2.9, LinkerD can now run on your Raspberry Pi, if you want, or you can run on AWS's Graviton ARM processors. So it's pretty exciting. The other thing that we've added is on the proxy side. So LinkerD runs a proxy called simply LinkerD2 proxy. Super small, super lightweight, written in Rust. And as of 2.9, we have extended that to multi-core support. So an individual proxy, it's not only faster and smaller than where we were in 2.8. But it can now scale out to multiple cores. So if your pod has a whole lot of traffic, it should be fine. You're also kind of bragging about the blazing fast speed and ultra low memory footprint as compared to Istio. How does it matter? And what work did you do to make it more efficient? Yeah, so a lot of this comes down to the fact that we use this very kind of tailor-made proxy. And by tailor-made, I mean it is designed for the sidecar service mesh use case specifically. Of course, it's 100% open source. It's part of the CNTF project. It has regular security audits. It's written in Rust. We're doing everything to make this an extremely stable foundation. But really, the trick is, because we are designing it for this specific use case, we can shed a lot of the complexity. We can shed a lot of the overhead, because all we have to do is satisfy the sidecar service mesh use case. And that's a primary reason why LinkerD is so much faster and consumes fewer resources than other options. What traction have you seen for LinkerD, especially after Google's announcement or Google's decision to not put Istio into CNTF? Yeah, it's hard to know how much of a difference that made directly for LinkerD. Certainly, there are people who have told us, oh, this is the reason why we're adopting LinkerD. It's really important for us to be part of the CNTF ecosystem. We're building our entire stack on top of CNTF projects. But I don't know whether that's the reason why people come to LinkerD, especially from Istio, is because it's smaller and faster primarily. And actually, the thing that I think really drives people is it's simpler. It's very, I wouldn't say it's very simple overall, but it's about as simple as a service mesh can be. So how that stacks up, how the CNTF aspect stacks up, a little unclear to me. But certainly, it hasn't harmed anything. I mean, the fact is that people don't choose a project based on where it is hosted. A lot of people are hosting Apache and all that. They choose a project that scratches their edge or it helps them. So you're absolutely right about that. But it does play a big role because they get that confidence that putting all their x in a basket and who owns that basket. But you're absolutely right that at this point, you cannot have that metric there. But one more thing that I want to ask you is that we talked about it last time also. But can you talk about the release cadence of LinkerD? Number one, number two is because of this change landscape because of the pandemic. Even if companies' plans have not changed, they have accelerated adoption, digital transformation, or cloud native journey. So how does that affect LinkerD? Yeah, that's definitely resulted in a big increase in adoption. One of my favorite stories here is HEB, which is a big Texas grocery store adopted LinkerD as a way of expediting their rollout of curbside pickup and delivery because of COVID-19. Suddenly, this was a really important thing for how people could get their groceries without having to go into the store. So they use LinkerD, they have a really nice talk that they're putting together for KubeCon about this. So I think that's a great example of COVID-19, of course, being this terrible pandemic, but technology companies doing their best to respond to it and LinkerD, I'm proud to say, being a part of that. In the beginning, you kind of emphasized on security, zero trust with the release. How important is security? Once again, I'm going back to the pandemic is for companies, which also helps because you guys also kind of specialize in that area as well. Yeah, security is not really important. It's something you can always do later. No one really cares too much about it. No, I'm kidding. Of course, security is vital. Like it's even more vital now that we're putting our workloads in the cloud and in someone else's hardware and someone else's network. And the expectations that we place on our software are only increasing, right? We expect to ship features very, very rapidly and to update the code base on a very rapid basis. So everything that we're doing in LinkerD is very, very focused on security, both from kind of the data plane implementation details. We're writing it in Rust because that avoids us, avoids a whole class of CVEs and vulnerabilities that are kind of endemic to C or C++ code all the way up to kind of the simplicity of the design. LinkerD is known for being extremely simple and a big part of that is because the more complexity you make something, the more room you leave for human error and that's when security issues happen, right? It's not that someone cracks the encryption algorithm, that's not a very common occurrence but someone misconfiguring something or something just being so complex that I don't even want to set it up right now, that's where things go south. And also, there are so many things, I mean, if I look at Kubernetes and the kind of architecture we're looking at, things are complicated and the fact is that we can very easily beat complex index but the fact, it could fix, but the fact is that everybody cares about security but the thing is, sometimes it becomes so complicated that you respect how much they want. So how do you make it easier for them so that when they look at security, oh my God, I don't want to touch that versus it doesn't really matter, you know, you're making it so easier for them so that they make it part of their pipeline. Yeah, yeah, so I think there's two big tools. You know, one is just having things on by default, right? So like that's a big advantage of LinkerD's MTLS implementation. We turn it on by default, we make it zero config. So let me install it, you have improved things, right?  We try and make it as easy as when your web browser, you know, you connect to Reddit and you're looking at cat pictures, right? You get that green lock icon, right? It should, and you don't have to do any work to do that. It should be just as easy as that. So that's one aspect. The other aspect I think is in the inspectability or the introspectability aspect, which is you as the operator need to understand what the mesh is doing. You need to know, you know, which parts are healthy. If there's something unhealthy, then you need to know about it. And so we give you as much as possible in LinkerD, we give you the tools so that you at all times have a model of what's happening, right? This is what simplicity means. It's not that something is really easy and you don't have to think about it. It's that you can understand it and then it's every component is clear and that the sequence of events is clear. So there is visibility as well as transparency where you can clearly see what's going on there. And you have a mental model where you understand what's happening and then when something violates that model, then you know, okay, that's weird, right? That's, you know, this is like, it's basically don't have magic in there. Make it clear what's happening. And it's also held with repeatability because once things are visible to you, you do know what happened, how it happened. It's easy to repeat that as well. Yeah, and unfortunately that's just not, it doesn't seem to be very common in the cloud native space. I think everyone's so excited about building platforms. Everyone's so excited about, you know, adding all these features and being able to do everything that complexity just creeps in.  Like that has to be done from the very beginning. Anything else in the context of this release? You know, the only other thing I'll point out is support for service topologies, which is a cool Kubernetes feature that allows you to specify kind of the, you know, that allows you to kind of hint or inform LinkerD that, hey, these requests, you should try and keep them on the same node or these requests should try and keep on the same zone. So you have ways of both kind of reducing latency and reducing potentially costs as well. So that was a cool feature that we got in, you know, in the 2.9. William, thank you once again for taking time out and talking about LinkerD 2.9. And I look forward to talk to you again. So, but before we wrap this up, will there be more releases or we are looking for the major 3.0 release? I know you may or may not be able to talk more about it, but it's an open source project, right? Everything is public.  We're always gonna keep releasing. So 2.10, you know, which we're looking at, it's probably gonna be around kind of reducing the size of the control plane, even further making it more modular and simpler. And then 2.11, we're probably looking at things like policy. So enforcing, you know, is A, allowed to talk to B? So, and 2.12 and so on, there's a long roadmap of mesh expansion and all sorts of fun stuff. So a lot of LinkerD in the future. Awesome, thank you, Morgan. And as I said, I look forward to talking to you again. Thank you. You're welcome. Thank you.


Hi there. Thanks for joining us today. Since the last time we met, we've continued to work with and for developers and partners to build more powerful devices, more engaging apps, and more immersive experiences for people at work, home, and at school. I'm Jezza, and I'm a product manager on the Chrome OS team. We're inspired by how people from all over the world get things done by turning to Chrome OS, no matter what their interests or budgets may be.  Today, we'll recap some highlights from the past year, including new hardware and intuitive development tools that help you build for the global Chrome OS community. We've got a lot to share, so let's get started. First up, devices. Chrome OS comes in all shapes and sizes. Whether you use Chrome OS for work, school, or play, we know that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. That's why we've continued to launch a variety of powerful computers with our hardware partners. If you're always on the go, you're probably looking for a laptop that's light and easy to carry around. A versatile two-in-one laptop computer that can be used in tablet and clamshell forms could work for you. If you love watching movies or playing games, you might want a laptop with a high resolution screen or a desktop option for a lot of processing power. And no matter where in the world you're watching from today, whether you're in Norway, at an L-shop store, in Japan, at a big camera store, in Mexico, at a Liverpool store, or in the US, at Best Buy and Walmart stores, there's a good chance you can see these options for yourself at a store near you. Thanks to our 77 global retail partners. Let's take a closer look at a few of these devices. Many of you already know and love the HP Elite Dragonfly Chromebook. We're expanding the Dragonfly lineup with the HP Dragonfly Pro Chromebook. Both Dragonfly devices offer premium specs and a ton of processing power for all-day multitaskers like teachers and freelancers, serious productivity apps that students and business owners need, and dev teams building immersive gaming worlds. The Framework laptop Chromebook Edition is another powerful option that's great for developers and multitaskers alike. People love this customizable laptop that's built with sustainability in mind and made of 50% post-consumer recycled aluminum. ChromeOS comes in desktop PC form factors too. Those are called Chromeboxes. Two of our latest desktop PCs are the Acer Chromebox Enterprise CX-15 and Asus Chromebox 5, both running on Intel 12th Gen processors. And the Asus Chromebox 5 even has handy wireless charging capabilities so you can easily sit your phone on top and charge your phone as you work. And for people looking for bright displays and long battery life, we've got budget-friendly options like the Lenovo 100E Chromebook Gen4 and Acer Chromebook Vero 712. And then to help us take the Chromebook gaming experience to the next level, we got to work with our hardware partners, Acer, Asus, and Lenovo to offer powerful cloud gaming laptops that don't break the bank. Together, we launched the world's first laptops built for cloud gaming. The Acer Chromebook 516GE, Asus Chromebook Vibe CX-55 Flip, and the Lenovo IdeaPad gaming Chromebook. 1600 pixel, 120 hertz environments with high-performance processors ready to stream top PC and console games. Speaking of games, titles on Xbox cloud games, Nvidia, GeForce Now, Boosteroid, and Amazon Luna are all available on Chromebooks. The Nvidia GeForce Now app even comes pre-installed on gaming Chromebooks, making it simpler for anyone to discover and play games. We've also partnered with Valve to bring Steam to Chrome OS. Play your Steam games library locally with support for graphic libraries such as DirectX 12 and Vulkan 1.3. For optimum gameplay, we recommend using a powerful device that has the specs listed on the screen. You can try it out today. Check out g.co-steam on Chrome OS for instructions on how to switch to the beta channel and enable Steam. Here at Chrome OS, we're constantly adding new features to help you get things done. For example, virtual desks save open windows and tabs until you're ready to use them again. Get to work on your documents and meetings in the morning and at the end of the day, put away all of your work tasks on one desk and then open a fresh one for your side projects and hobbies at night. Users can also open key media file formats including PDFs right in the default Chromebook gallery app. You can conveniently sign forms and quickly edit images without any fuss. We also work with our accessory partners on the works with Chromebook peripherals program from mice, keyboards, external displays, storage, drawing tablets and gaming controllers. We want to make sure that your peripherals operate seamlessly with Chromebooks. You might already know that Chrome OS updates every four weeks but did you know that certified peripherals also update firmware with Chrome OS releases too? No, must, no fuss. Got an Android phone? You can securely connect your Android phone to your Chromebook and then control your phone remotely from your laptop. Imagine your heads down writing when suddenly your phone rings across the room. You can quickly silence it with Phone Hub which is easily accessible from the launcher and then get back to focus mode. Then if Wi-Fi is ever out of reach, you can quickly join your mobile hotspot with instant tethering so you can keep powering on and checking those tasks off the to-do list. We want Chrome OS to be there for everyone everywhere and that includes school and work. So we've been collaborating with developers and industry partners to make tech more accessible, powerful and intuitive across classrooms and board rooms. Let's start in the classroom. Teachers and students continue to embrace online tools every day. So we've been launching more handy apps and features to better empower classrooms. Take the ScreenCast app for example. ScreenCast makes it easy to record, view and share transcribed videos and presentations like group brainstorms, lectures or daily lessons. These kind of solutions help educators and students make the most of their Chromebooks which many schools use all around the world. It's not just in the U.S. 170 million people around the world use Google Workspace for education and more than 50 million students are on school managed Chromebooks. According to future source, Chromebooks were the number one selling device for schools in 2022 across the U.S., Sweden, New Zealand, Japan, Brazil, Indonesia and Singapore. If you're thinking about building learning solutions or classroom tools, one thing to keep in mind is that school administrators manage Chromebooks through the Google Admin Console. That means teachers and admins decide which apps students can access. So it's important to create an engaging app that prioritizes accessibility, privacy and security for students. Want to learn more about Chromebooks and education tech? Head over to Helen and James's talk. We've been busy on the small business and large enterprise front too. We saw more than 22% growth in active ChromeOS devices year over year and 13,000 businesses rely on ChromeOS every day to make the most of their investments. In a recent study, IDC found businesses can reduce three-year cost of operations by 44% and drive an average ROI of 245% over three years by deploying ChromeOS. To help more businesses invest in resilience and growth, we've been improving enterprise solutions across a variety of use cases. One of the ways ChromeOS helps businesses hit the ground running is through Chrome Enterprise Recommended. It's a program that helps enterprises find industry solutions validated for ChromeOS across a variety of tracks, including security and trust, contact centers, virtualization and more. And in February, we announced a new solution track with leading partners such as Improvato One Sign, Practice Fusion and Athena Health that will help clinicians deliver better care. Let's take a look at another solution track, kiosks and digital signage. Businesses, big and small, can use a ChromeOS solution to set up everything from menu boards at local eateries to check in kiosks at hospitals and then manage it seamlessly in the Google Admin Console. Take Hotworks and Buffalo Wildwings, for instance. With ChromeOS devices and Arrayer's digital signage suite, Hotworks delivers digital workouts in its 24-hour fitness studios. And Buffalo Wildwings uses over 2,300 Chrome boxes and upshows software to manage digital signage across its US locations and deliver interactive experiences like trivia and promotions. We expanded ChromeOS Flex last year and we've seen 46% growth in activations year over year as more businesses look for ways to stretch their budgets with existing hardware. Do you have an old PC or Mac and want to make it run faster? Update it with ChromeOS Flex. All you need to deploy ChromeOS Flex is a USB drive. You can find the three-step installation process at chromeenterprise.google. This secure and speedy deployment helps businesses, especially those who need to pivot quickly. For instance, Nordic Hotels overcame a ransomware attack in just two days by deploying ChromeOS Flex to over 2,000 existing computers across 200 hotels in five different countries. Mercado Libre, a Latin American e-commerce chain also used ChromeOS Flex to update old PCs across its contact centers across 18 countries. And the result? It boosted contact center productivity by 15% and saved 150 hours of device boot up time per contact center shift. There's a lot of opportunity for devs to connect with businesses by building for ChromeOS. Join Joyce and Raluca at the ChromeOS Enterprise Dev Talks to hear more about contact center and kiosk apps. The apps and games you create are essential to how Chromebooks help people in their everyday lives. Your apps help people get stuff done, whether they're making a grocery list on Evernote, designing a social post using Canva or editing photos in Pixel or E, whether you're building a web app or an Android app, we want to make it simple for users to discover and download your creations. Chromebook users can find and download your apps and games with a deeply integrated Google search experience, the pre-installed Google Play Store, and a built-in Chromebook Explorer app. So whether you're building apps on the web or an Android, you'll be able to share the work you've already invested in with millions of ChromeOS users around the world. Let's dive into these Chromebook app platforms and how app developers can offer great Chromebook user experiences. Web devs, you're up first. You can offer a more engaging experience on ChromeOS by making your web apps installable and enhancing them with modern web capabilities such as offline mode. Installed web apps are convenient and functional for Chromebook users. Let's say you've built a multimedia or productivity app. Your Chromebook users could choose to open MP4, GIF, or PDF files in your app by default if it's already installed on their device. People can also pin installed Chromebook apps to their desktop shelf, run them on separate windows and desks, and access them quickly from the launcher. All of that makes it easy for people to use your app time and time again. So what does it take to make a web app installable? Well, it's pretty easy. Your app must be served over HTTPS and have a web app manifest that includes simple criteria like name, icon, and start URL. You can find more details at web.dev slash install criteria. Making your web app installable is a clear step to take if you want to improve your ChromeOS user experience. It can also take your business results to the next level like it did for Codecademy and AMP Studio. Codecademy's installable web app users were two times more active and completed two times the amount of learning content compared to regular site visitors. And when AMP Studio published its web app in the Google Play Store, it experienced a 20% growth in registrations and a 100% increase in premium membership sales. Devs around the world are constantly pushing the boundaries of the web's power and potential. For more inspiration and examples on how web developers use web capabilities to enhance their apps, including offline, check out the Project Fugu API showcase. Exploring other devs' work never fails to inspire us and we know many of you feel the same way. If you're inspired by the showcase and want to learn how to build and extend your own web apps, join us at these web dev talks from Google I.O. 2023. Next up, Android. Did you know ChromeOS can run the same Android apps that run on phones? That's right. Android apps are downloadable and installable from Google Play by default for all unmanaged consumer devices. You can enhance your app experience on Chromebooks and on Android tablets and foldables by following the large screen compatibility checklist. The checklist has guidance for drag and drop motions, input support and more across three tiers. Starting from tier three, the most basic, all the way up to tier one, the best. For more details, check out developer.android.com. Once your Android app meets the tier two criteria for being large screen optimized, it'll be able to take full advantage of the full Chromebook screen and will no longer be limited to a small phone or tablet sized window. Over to DevTools. Android Studio has a number of updates that help you build, test, and deploy apps and games on Chromebooks. For instance, updated lip rules in Android Studio automatically check your code for errors that impact large screen readiness. And if you don't have a physical Chromebook nearby, you can now test large screen capabilities like app resizing with the desktop Android virtual device. To top everything off, the Play Console pre-launch report now includes desktop device results. All of these updates make it easier for you to identify and fix any issues before they impact desktop users so you can launch your app updates with confidence. Android Dev teams from Google Photos, LumaFusion and TyaSui sketches are giving creatives more room to play and explore on larger screens. The Google Photos team built a movie editor for Chromebooks as a large screen compatible Android app. Chromebook users can now use Google Photos to create high quality movies with photos, clips, filters, and more. To serve creatives eager for even more video editing features, the LumaFusion team rebuilt its multi-track video editing app for Chrome OS and Android. And TyaSui sketches used Flutter, Google's open source UI software development kit to roll out a new large screen optimized Android app in just three months. Creativity can also shine during gameplay. Minecraft Education Edition has been helping thousands of classrooms around the globe spark learning and creativity. And in March, mining and crafting got even better on Chromebooks with the early access launch of Minecraft Bedrock Edition on select Chromebook devices. The Minecraft team optimized performance across features such as cross-device play with friends, access to Minecraft Marketplace and the ability to play on realms. They're also getting ready to make Bedrock available to even more people. So stay tuned for the full release. With 52% of gamers playing on larger screens last year in the US alone, many gaming developers are looking for ways to take their experiences beyond mobile. Game engines like Unity and Coco's Creator support large screen Android app optimizations. And now that Google Play Games is available in beta, you can take your mobile game to an even wider audience on desktop PCs. When you optimize for Google Play Games, your Android game will be ready for Windows devices, Chromebooks, tablets and foldables. Already large screen ready, published to the Universal Release Track in the Google Play Developer Console and you're ready to go. Not yet ready for the large screen. We know that many games in Google Play are designed only for touch screens and we understand it might take some time to get your mobile game ready. That's why we rolled out game controls for Android games on Chromebooks, which translates key presses into simulated touch events. This makes made for touch game experiences much more playable on a desktop while you continue to add that support within your game. For more on games, building them, optimizing them and making them a better fit for Chrome OS, check out the gaming talks at google.io. We can't wait to play all the new games you'll build this year. Another tool you can use to build apps and games is the Linux development environment. You can use Linux command line tools and download your favorite Linux apps for development right on your Chromebook. To enable Linux and the default terminal app, just go to settings, find the advanced menu and then click on developers. From there, you can download and install your go-to dev tools such as Android Studio and you'll be all set to experiment in a Linux virtual machine with all the security and convenience that Chrome OS brings. For the best experience, we recommend using a Chrome OS device with a minimum specs listed on the screen. When your apps and games are ready to launch, we make it easy for users to discover, download and dive into them. They can find them through Google Search, the Google Play Store and the Chromebook Explorer app. Let's take a closer look at each one, starting with Google Search. From the Chrome OS launcher to the Chrome browser, Google Search is deeply integrated into Chromebooks and it's often the first stop people make when they're looking to get something done. To help Chromebook users through your download page where you might have many options, let them know which app is ideal for their desktop experience. Next, the Google Play Store. You can distribute and monetize both web and Android apps on the Google Play Store which is pre-installed and enabled by default on Chromebooks. If you haven't already, consider updating your Play Store listing with screenshots of your large screen desktop app experience. And finally, let's take a look at the Chromebook Explorer app. We curate recommendations for explorers so that Chrome OS users can find the best apps and games for their devices. We're always looking for the latest and greatest Chromebook apps that help users get things done and are optimized for Chrome OS. So keep building those stellar user experiences then let us know so you can find your app on Explorer. One of our favorite parts of Google I.O. is getting the chance to connect with you, our global Chrome OS developer community. So we wanted to find more ways of working together all year round. We'd love to collaborate with devs to optimize your Chromebook apps and plan out your app promotions. Reach out and let us know by filling out the developer interest form on ChromeOS.dev. And while you're on the site, check out our resources and sign up for our newsletter to get the latest updates on Chrome OS. Thanks again for joining us at Google I.O. 2023. See you again soon.


What's good Josh your boy Ross back again with another video, so I know you guys wanted me to do some more story times So that's what I'm gonna bring to you guys This one is it's kind of I guess you can say a little bit weird for me I will say I'm not used to To this type of situation Happen into me as often but when it has happened it definitely kind of weirded me out So first and foremost, I want to say this I love the subscribers Me and Dub we love you guys, you know people that subscribe to the in the clutch page and our both our personal pages We love you guys man. You follow us on Instagram. You follow Dub on Twitter. You interact with us We appreciate that sometimes you guys can get a little bit overzealous You can you'll start spamming us messages every single day multiple times throughout the day It can be a little bit weird But best believe we still love you guys and we appreciate all love and support. We say this all the time And then there's situations where you guys will tend to Overstep your bounds and I'm not saying everybody, you know, this is like a very small percentage of people they they do a little bit too much.  So I'm not gonna answer or nine times out of ten I'm usually out or I'm busy doing something, you know, so, you know, I can really ignore those But when it starts getting to my personal phone That's when things get a little bit weird So the first situation the scenario that I've accounted is I want to say it was maybe early 2019 I was at At this club called the address in Houston, you know, I literally just finished recording with dub actually So I'm just chilling enjoying my my night or whatnot and at this time the channel is, you know constantly growing even more and I want to say I got a random text message. I didn't know the number Like I just a random text message and then the person called they were FaceTime me they FaceTime me I didn't know who it was because they didn't respond to my text. I was like, who is this, you know I'm saying it was just like, yo, I'm like, who is this and they called so I, you know Central straight to voicemail because I'm out and about and I'm still asking like, yo Who is this and then they called again and I'm like, yo, what the hell's going on here? They're still they're trying to FaceTime me, right? So I'm like, yo, I'm busy right now. Like, you know, I'm saying like, what's up? And then they was like, yo, I'm a subscriber, bro I love your videos, man.  The dude was literally trying to To FaceTime me, you know how I knew it was a dude. Well, I can kind of tell it was a guy only because Well, actually, I didn't I don't know just I automatically assumed it was a guy I just didn't think it was some random cheek that follow us on on on YouTube or you know One of the subscribers one of the female subscribers just randomly just gonna be doing that I mean, I'm not saying that women can't do that But I just assumed it had to be a guy only because he started talking about how How funny my kid or was it kill shot?   You know, so I wouldn't even worried about the Eminem reaction or anything like that So I assume it had to be a guy, bro So I'm like, yo, like how'd you get my number? And he was like, oh, I got it from Instagram Just I just typed in your email address in my phone because we have if you have an iPhone You don't have to have the person's number all you need is the email address I only have my email up there for like people email me not to contact my I like actually contact me on my iPhone, so obviously I took that down Immediately soon as he told me I deleted my email off of there So I was like, you know, he's still trying to talk about the kill shot reaction I'm not kill shot a Godzilla reaction. So I'm like, yo, look bro, like look I appreciate all the support, but this is kind of weird. Can you please not contact me on my phone? If anything, just DM me because the messages are coming to my phone. So just DM me in You know, so we can go from there. He's all my bad cool So the dude literally instantly this is all like I said It just I was my suspicions was correct The dude messaged me like instantly on Instagram and it was a guy and I was like, yo, bro Like I didn't even I was just all that's that's cool, bro You know I'm saying like, you know, just you know, I'm trying to end the conversation And he just kept going and kept going and kept going and I wanted to block him. I did I did I did I did But I was like, I'm not gonna block them. I'm just kind of mute the text thread on Instagram Which you have the option to do that's exactly what I did and I just was like Yo, bro, that that was that was a little bit too far for me Honestly for someone that just being really blowing up my phone to talk about a reaction that I did months ago at the time so I was like I'm not really comfortable with that, but I didn't make no big deal over it. It was I whatever it is what it is I don't have my Instagram. I mean my email on my Instagram. So I'm good This week has a me filming this this week I was playing with the homies is sir dance a lot and a couple of his friends on war zone We're just chilling and it's funny because we was actually talking about the Eminem song stand If you guys remember that was a legendary song we was talking about I don't know if that video will work in today's time because boys would definitely feel some type of way about that whole video and Boys would be trying to cancel Eminem as they already are but we was talking about that and It's ironic. We was talking about that because all of a sudden I got a text message Random text message didn't know the number Dude was like, yo, yo Ross I'm like who is this and I was like, yo, this is Todd in my head. I'm literally in the middle of About to play the game Like we were waiting in the pregame.   I don't even know it Todd. So I'm like Yo, bro, I don't Like I'm confused. I don't I still don't know who this is.  How did you get my number? He's like, yo, I got it from Instagram Like your email address. I'm like what so I went to go check my email address My I have no email linked up to my Instagram and it was an iPhone So I have no email linked up to my Instagram.  They we thought was funny and all this other stuff Like he actually had there was one message. It was heartfelt Like you know, I appreciate you guys and what you guys do and that's cool I love those messages, but you can send that on Instagram like when you start contacting me Via email to text me through my actual phone That's where I cut the line. It's like, no, that's a little bit intrusive. So at that point, I'm like, I appreciate that, bro And then I honestly he just kept texting me and I didn't respond. I deleted text thread It was it was in why I say it was funny ironic because I was like, yo, bro I just had a stand moment instead of the dude writing a letter a man found my information and Text me dog dear Ross. I hope this message finds you You know who's just making fun of that just joking around but it was still kind of weird Like I literally had a stand moment, bro I've had two of them so far But honestly, man, I love you guys and I said this at the beginning of the video Me and the we love the support But sometimes y'all can get a little bit overbearing and this is one of those times where it's like, yo You ain't got a like, you don't have to heal up my personal phone, bro I like you can communicate with me via comments section Dms if we're able to you know, we're able to get to them because we get a lot of messages every single day So that to me was just like whoa and this is early in our YouTube career So I don't know what is gonna happen in the future. All I can do is try to make sure My information's not out there in a public setting where people could just randomly just hit me up and just start Spamming me, you know messages through my actual phone or just talking about videos and I don't know It's just kind of weird.  So it was like, hey, man I don't know. Hey, bro. Just I don't know what to say Don't take it personally and to the other person that hit me up a few years ago Please don't take it personally, you know, I say I just it's kind of a weird thing for Somebody to be FaceTiming you don't even know them and then you keep FaceTiming them and then you're talking about Videos and you just spamming the messages and all this other stuff and you're just like yo, can you not I don't know Text me here and I maybe just messes me on Instagram. I may have a conversation with you I just it's just kind of weird right now. So but yeah, that's just another story time for you guys I got some more lined up. So If you want me to continue just some different story times stuff that I've been through You don't even have to be YouTube related comment down below. Let me know man Honestly, bro, it's just like I said, it's it's not a big deal But it can be a little bit just on a privacy standpoint because like I said, I it's just it's kind of it's kind of weird to you know for some of the subscribers just Randomly be keep me up on my personal phone. So but it's all love man I love you guys and I do mean that every time I say that I love you guys I appreciate all the love and support that you show on my channel and in the clutch page And I know dub that feels the same way, but I appreciate y'all kicking it with me. I see y'all in the next one. Peace Please do not Contact my personal phone Thank you


The federal government has declared illegal the planned protest by the non-jewel labor Congress in solidarity with its tracking members of the Academic Staff Union of Universities ASU. The Minister of Information and Culture, Lai Muhammad, told State House Correspondent after the Federal Executive Council meeting presided over by President Muhammad Bahadi on Wednesday. Most of the Muhammad stressed that the NLC was in no dispute with the federal government and as such, considered its planned street protest illegal. The Information Minister said that the Congress' planned action was based on self-interest and a planned action was capable of stalking Aniki. NLC is supposed to be completely, completely insulated from politics. Now, if we declare this with us, yes, we can go on strike. But this particular NLC asking and mobilizing people to come out on strike with the federal government is clearly unknowful. The federal government is as worried as NLC and everybody. But the law is the law. What we are saying is that rather than what I expect NLC to do as umbrella body is to find solution to join federal government in FISA. And this is what they are part of the corporate agreement that has been negotiating, you know, with the federal government on this as so easy. So why are they now going out to take sides? I would be surprised if you go ahead with NLC to do a demonstration knowing fully well that that is not permissible in international leopoldance. It's all about interest. And so when interest supersedes the correct reasoning, you get this kind of situation. To the voluntarism situation, the Minister of Education volunteered and said, give me two weeks. My proposal to the meeting was one week for him to handle, and he said, I need more than one week. In two weeks, sir, everything I hope will be resolved.