Welcome back everyone. We can resume where we had stopped. We had just seen how Paul makes an escape from the city of Ephesus and we also saw how he goes to a different place from there. But now he has, if you count the number of people within about a seven member team, you know, as he is continuing on his third missionary journey. So let me quickly show us a map of the third missionary journey, which will be helpful to capture all that we've been discussing about. Okay, I hope you can see it, everybody, are you able to see? Okay, wonderful. All right, so let's look at this. We said earlier that he finished a second missionary journey, went to Antioch. We didn't read too much about, you know, what happened in Antioch, but then the third missionary journey began very quickly. And the specialty of the third missionary journey is you don't really see, you know, new ministry as such. The route is the same route, you know, that Paul had taken earlier. So, primarily the main cities are the earlier cities are the ones that you continue to read about, but we know that he spent most of his time in the city of Ephesus. So we start off at Antioch, the upper regions, remember we said Galatia, this is like the region of Galatia, you can see the name written over there. So the region of Galatia. So he went through there, came directly to Ephesus this time around. And he stayed there. He taught in the school of tyrannous. And what else did we see? We saw all the supernatural things that took place through his ministry, the uproar that was caused because of the man called Demetrius. Demetrius was a silver smith. He was a silver smith who made the shrines of Dinah and then that was by God's grace, it was quietened by a clerk and Paul escaped. Now he makes his journey out of Ephesus when the time got, you know, there was a rise in opposition and things got difficult. He moves out, he goes to Troas and then he goes to the Macedonian region. Okay, so this is, we saw last time that this is the present day Greece, this is the present day Greek region. So he goes to the Macedonian region and will go to cities such as Neapolis, Philippi, Thessalonica, Beria and then come to the Achaean region. And the important city of Achaea is Corinth. We also know that, you know, he had already ministered in Athens so likely that he went assumption.  He may have gone there and he may have spent some time there. So he goes to Corinth and then he comes back, right? He comes back. It takes slightly different route from here. So we will read about all these city names. We will read about, you know, Samos, Mithili. Then he will come back. We will read about Miletus, over your pronouns and then he's making his way back to Jerusalem. So the reason why he wants to go to Jerusalem is actually we construct the understanding of Paul's ministry and, you know, Paul's intentions with the help of the epistles as well. Okay, so though we read the book of ads, we don't get the full picture. So we have to pick scriptures from the epistles to add more to the life of Paul. Okay, now we are doing this course. It's about the book of acts, but it's also about the life of Apostle Paul. So I'll just share some of the things that he may have done and we are picking all this up through the epistles and I would encourage you to particularly go back to the APC publication known as Revivals, Visitations and Moves of God. And I'm told us that there is an account of the book of acts and the life of Paul has been very beautifully reconstructed in the chapter from that book. Okay, so that's how we will gain an understanding. So this would be the third missionary journey of Apostle Paul. He goes to Jerusalem. We know that he goes there because he wanted to take relief to the impoverished believers of Jerusalem. So that was one of the reasons why he was in such a hurry to head towards Jerusalem. So he goes there and from there we will see a very sad sort of an ending coming upon Paul. So we will see his first imprisonment. After this, we will see his second imprisonment in Rome and finally, you know, his sunset years or the last few years that he will actually be able to live here on the earth. I'm just trying to give a defense for himself and which is why we also look at the book of acts as that defense brief that Dr. Luke wrote for Apostle Paul. So that's how his life ends. We read about the third missionary journey and then of course are the imprisonments and the last days of Paul. Some people term the imprisonments because that is also a journey. You'll notice that he had to travel. He had to travel from one place to the other place to be tried by the Roman authorities. Some people call that as the fourth missionary journey because, you know, knowing Paul, he was never quiet. He was never silent. He was always giving witness to the gospel that he believed in. So you might find in some literature that they have an additional missionary journey that they attribute to Paul, but basically it was more about his imprisonment and his last days. So intentional church planting equipping sort of a missionary journey of Paul is this third missionary journey, which is rather long. 53 AD, 258 AD and he spent most of his time. You know, some people say three years. Some people say more than three years he spent in Ephesus. So that was the place where a lot of his ministry took place. So let's continue from here. I hope that you now have a good picture. Oh, I missed all your comments. You're not able to see the city. Okay, we observe that Silas did not accompany Paul in his third missionary journey. There is no mention, Brother Manohar. So I don't know if he left somewhere midway and I can't recall from the epistles about the exact place still where Silas traveled with Paul. Of course, we know in Philippi he was there. He was imprisoned together with him. But later on, yeah, we don't read about him. So maybe he departed and he headed back to Jerusalem. Okay, do you want me to show the map again in case you couldn't see the cities? Yes, of course, sir. Yeah. Is it clear? Yeah, sure, sure. Let's do that. I'll try to zoom in. He increases. Are you able to see now? He better? Yeah, now better. Okay, okay. So then you can have a good look. Antioch, Galatia region, straight away to Ephesus, taught here, you know, demonstrated the supernatural here. Opposition arose, so traveled out, pro-ass. So we saw about the seven member team, then he will go to the Macedonian region, spend some time here. So Macedonian cities are, here you have it, Neopolis, Philippi, Thessalonica, Peria, Achaean region, you have Corinth and maybe he spent some time in Athens also. And then from there, return. So you can see the arrows, hopefully. So the arrow heads back. So he's just strengthening the churches, heading back, slightly different route on his way back. Italy, Chios, Samos, then, you know, Trojillium, Miletus, and then he makes his way back. We will see that he'll go down to Jerusalem. So he's in a hurry to take relief back. He'll touch Tyre, Ptolemos, Caesarea and Jerusalem finally. And here Jerusalem acts 21. You will see how he gets, they seize him and from there starts his imprisonment and, you know, later on all his trials and all of that. So third missionary journey, officially, we are saying it ends, you know, with his trip back to Jerusalem. We don't read all the other missionary journeys where like a full circle, he went back to Antioch, the base church, the mother church, but no more. Right? So this time around, he's stuck in Jerusalem. He took the aid back. He collected some money for Jerusalem. And also, you know, collecting money from different churches just shows the feeling of brotherhood and unity and, you know, camaraderie between the local churches. And it's beautiful. So whatever the others could give, they gave and he took it back to Jerusalem. So I hope you have a better understanding now. So this would be the third missionary journey. So this again is your Asia Minor region. This is present day Europe. So two continents. Now we know in our current way of looking at the maps, this is obviously Asia. So this is Asia, this is Europe. So you see how it acts, 1-8. The promise that God, Jesus gave the disciples is, you shall be my witnesses, right? Judea, Samaria and to the ends of the earth.  But thank God, they were at least able from their place here, right? We have Judea, Syria, all those places here. From there, they at least went, touched another continent. They touched the continent of Europe. So Asia, Europe. But of course, with so many leaders raised up, churches planted. We know that from that point up until now, the work of the gospel has not stopped. So the ends of the earth, it's happening. Remember, we began in the introduction of Acts. The book of Acts, we said Acts 29 is who we are now and the gospel is being preached through our lives to the ends of the earth. So some regions were actually covered by the ministry of Paul and the team members. So agency is also another important part that you might come across. So you can register that agency. Okay. All right. So we stopped sharing the map and let's go back to Acts 20. We have seen how Paul, you know, he left Ephesus, he went to Macedonia and in Greece he spent three months. So a few other things we can pick up from the epistles is that it's likely that when Paul was in Ephesus, he wrote first Corinthians. So he wrote that book to instruct the Corinthians. Remember, he had to flee Corinth, right? Even there, there was a lot of opposition. So he wrote the book from Ephesus. Okay. And it is said that he wrote second Corinthians from Macedonia. So Paul was in Macedonia and that's where he actually wrote the second book of Corinthians. Later on, when he goes to Corinth, it is said that he wrote an epistle to the Romans. So, you know, the book of Romans was written when Paul was in Corinth. So these are all, where are we getting all this information? We are getting this information from the epistles, you know, things that he will mention when he writes these letters. And I'm not mentioning the scripture, the chapter and verse, but I'm taking this information from the APC publication. Okay. Revivals, visitations and Moves of God. So you could study it from there. So now we are in Macedonia with Paul. And let's continue at chapter 20. So from verse seven. Yeah, verse seven. Let's move on. Ministering at Troas. Okay. So he goes to the Akan region. Now he's back. He's back at Troas. Could somebody please read from verse seven to verse 12. Now on the first day of the week when the disciples came together to break bread, Paul ready to depart the next day spoke to them and continued his message until midnight. There were many lamps in the upper room where they were gathered together. And in the windows had a young certain young man called Utesis, who was sinking into a deep sleep. He was overcome by sleep. And as Paul continued speaking, he fell down from the third story and was taken up dead. But Paul went down, fell on him and embracing him said, Do not trouble yourself for his life is in him. Now when he had come up at broken bread and eaten and talked long while, even to daybreak, he departed. And they brought the young man in alive and they were not a little comforted. Yes, thank you, Christopher. Never a dull moment in the ministry of Paul during his missionary journey. So he comes back to Troas and the kind of individual that Paul was, he wanted to ensure that he equipped all these believers really well. So praise God in Ephesus. He had, you know, that kind of time in the school of tyrannous.  And he was teaching in the school of tyrannous. You know, every day and commentators say that he would have probably taught from the time of, let's say 11 a.m. to about 4 p.m. every day, because that could have been the break time of the school of tyrannous. And it would have also been the time when people probably rested from their vocations. So that rest time, Paul made use of that. And for two years, thousands of hours, he stopped them. What in all did Paul teach them? You know, we can pick up bits and pieces from here and there, but we can assume that he covered, you know, everything he knew from the scriptures, from the teachings of Jesus which were passed on to him, from the experiences of the apostles. You know, absolutely everything that he could cover, he would have taught the people there in Ephesus. So he was the kind of person who wanted to impart and you see his desire, his concern, you know, when he writes to the Corinthians, we read about the concern which he had for all the churches. So he comes across as this apostle with a great burden, incredible burden for the churches that he planted, the believers that he raised up. So now he's in this place called Troas and we can observe that there, the church is established there or Ecclesia, the gathering of believers and they have a pattern somehow. Okay, till now we didn't read first day of the week when the disciples came together to break bread. Earlier we read they went from house to house breaking bread. They were meeting daily, they were meeting in homes, they were meeting in the temple. That's what we saw when the church actually began in the book of Acts. But now somewhere you read about the first day of the week when bread was broken, so communion, communion on the first day of the week. So Sunday people take that as Sunday first day of the week, communion was taken by the churches. So many churches adapt this and they practice it. But then these practices have emerged over time and for whatever reason such things were practiced and of course they are adopted by some of the churches today. So we see a pattern. Okay, what else? So Paul, ready to depart to the next day, spoke to them and continued his message until midnight. So you see his concern. He's making use of the time that he has. He didn't have much time in Troas but he wants to impart maximum. So Paul, the zealous guy that he is, he's talking and talking and talking and is going on till midnight. Just think with me. These days if you have a service which is slightly longer, people will already be quite tired and they will have feedback for you for the pastor. Why is it being dragged for so long? But the people in Troas, they were eager to listen because Paul, I'm sure he had an idea that he may never come back in this direction again and he had to deliver the message that God had put in his heart. No matter how long it takes. So Paul is talking till midnight. There were many lamps in the upper room where they were gathered together. So they had lit up the place to ensure that people were comfortable. They were able to listen to Paul's message. So there was a certain young man by the name of Eutychus who was sinking into a deep sleep. So there are some places where you read about the layout of the place where these believers of Troas gathered. It's likely that he was sitting in some corner, something like a balcony. He was sitting in a place like that and he was overcome by sleep. Why was he overcome by sleep? Again, we can make some assumptions. These people would have worked all day long. They were first of all tired. Second, Paul is talking so much. He's dragging his message up until midnight. So it's a rather long sermon that he has. And because of the lamps, so they used to light these lamps with some kind of a fuel. And maybe the smell of that oil burning was also something that was uncomfortable. It could have caused people to feel drowsy. So because of all these reasons, this man, Eutychus, a young person, he fell asleep and the unthinkable happened. What happened? He was overcome by sleep as Paul continues speaking. He fell down from the third story and was taken up dead. So unfortunate. He fell from the third story and he was actually dead. So some people joke around and say that people even slept when Paul preached. So it's okay. Someone sleeps when you're preaching. Don't feel too bad about it. But we know there were other reasons why this man could have fallen asleep. But then what happens when this sad incident takes place? You see the supernatural power of God.  What would you do if you were the preacher? What would you do? Paul went down, fell on him, embracing him. He said, do not trouble yourselves for his life is in him. Basically, he ministered to this young man and this young man was resurrected back to life. Paul goes back. He continues his meeting. They broke bread. They ate. He talked till daybreak. Then he departed. So just think about this. Nothing could stop him, not even a dead man. He just went to minister to the dead man. The man was raised from the dead. And of course we read when he was leaving Troas. The man was brought back. He was actually alive because he had risen from the dead. So incredible ministry there in Troas by Paul. Yeshri Kumar, you have some comments? I have a question. Pastor in the seventh word and in the eleventh word, the Bible, he is saying that they broke the bread and eaten. So is it represents to the Holy Communion? Because both the time they took the Communion after the resurrection and after. Thank you. That's my question. Is that the Communion it represents Communion? Yeshri Kumar. That language is used for Communion only. Went house to house, breaking bread. Breaking bread is Communion. Thank you, Pastor. Thank you for noticing that within 24 hours twice they actually had the Communion. That's what we understand. Okay. So that's how he ministered in Troas and he went ahead from there. So let's read on from verse 13. Could somebody please read till 16, 13 to 16? Yeshasha, today seems to be your day. Please go ahead. Paul went by land to Ososis where he had arranged for us to join him. While we traveled by ship, he joined us there and we sailed together to Meteorium. The next day we sailed past the island of Troas. The following day we crossed to the island of Samos. When a day later we arrived at Mutes. Paul had decided to sail on pacificus for he didn't want to spend any more time in the province of Asia. He was hurrying to get to Jerusalem if possible in time for the festival of Pentecost. But when we landed at Mutes, he sent a message. Sarah Caster. That's okay. Yeah, that's fine. So, you know, as it is given here, it's quite clear. It's basically just covering the locations where Paul had been and mention of all those places that we saw on the map. You know, Mitalin, Chios, Samos, Trojillium, Miletus. And Paul, it says decided to sail past Ephesus, meaning he didn't want to go there because recently, a couple of months ago, there was this uproar. So it was dangerous for him to actually go back. So he didn't go to Ephesus, but he was hurrying to move to Jerusalem. He wanted to be there possibly on the day of Pentecost so that he could take the relief. So, no problem, Asha, we will continue to read. But maybe someone else can read because she's already read quite a bit. So from verse 17, would someone please be able to read? You can read till 38. The entire section. 17 to 38. Yes, Kom. Asha, can you hear me? I can hear you. Okay. For 17 onwards. But when we landed on Miletus, he sent a message to the elders of the Church of Ephesus, asking them to come and meet him. When they arrived to declare, you know that from the day I set foot on the province of Asia until now, I have done the Lord's work humbly and with many tears. I've endured the trials that came to me from the plots of the Jews. I never shined back from telling you what you needed to hear either publicly or in your homes. I have had one message for Jews and Greeks alike. The necessity of repenting from sin and turning to God on having faith in our Lord Jesus. And now I am bound by the spirit to go to Jerusalem. I don't know what awaits me except that the Holy Spirit tells me in city after city that jail and suffering lie ahead. But my life is worth nothing to me unless I use it for finishing the work. Assigned me by the Lord Jesus, the work of telling others the good news about the wonderful grace of God. And now I know that none of you to whom I have preached the kingdom will ever see me again. I declare today that I have been faithful. If anyone suffers eternal death, it is not my fault. For I didn't shrink back from declaring that God wants you to know. Declaring all that God wants you to know. So guard yourselves and God's people. Feed and shepherd God's flock his church, purchase with his own blood, for which the Holy Spirit has appointed you as leaders. I know that false teachers like vicious wolves will come in among you after I leave, not sparing the flock. Even some men from your own group will rise up and disorder the truth in order to draw a following. Watch out. Remember the three years I was with you, my constant watch and care over you day and night and my many tears for you. And now I entrust you to God in the message of his grace that is able to build you up and give you an inheritance with all those he has set apart for himself. I've never coveted anyone's silver or gold or fine clothes. You know that these hands of mine have worked to supply my own needs and even the needs of those who were with me. And I have been a constant example of how you can help those in need by working hard. You should remember the words of the Lord Jesus. It is more blessed to give than to receive. When he had finished speaking, he knelt and prayed with them. They all cried as they embraced and kissed him goodbye. They were sad most of all because he said that they would never see him again. Then they escorted him down to the ship. Yes. Thank you. That was again a pretty long passage there. But it very beautifully summed up the heart of Paul, the heart behind the ministry that he did, especially for the Ephesians. So, you know, we know that he did not go to Ephesus because it was dangerous at this point for him to visit the city. But what he did was he asked for the leaders. So, it was 17 from Miletus. He sent to Ephesus meaning he asked, he had sent somebody. He asked that person to invite the elders of the church to come to Miletus where he was. So, the elders came. So, notice so many things we are observing. You know, first day of the week when they broke bread. So, there are some patterns that have emerged in local churches, patterns of their format, their leadership structure. So, elders of the church. So, there were elders in the Church of Ephesus. So, it's no longer just the apostles managing the churches, but there are leaders, there are elders. So, the elders of the Church of Ephesus came. Now, what else do we read? He begins to talk to them. And this speech or the sharing is very heartfelt because Paul knows that he will not have another opportunity to talk to the elders. So, do you see the kind of relationship that he has built with the people?  But he had built a very, you may even say there was an emotional connect that he had with these people whom he had raised up in the Lord. So, it was very heartfelt sharing and he was pouring out his heart in other words. So, basically he touches on different things that might be relevant to the elders. So, he shares about his own intentions. He says that he served the Lord with a good attitude, with all humility. Humility before God, before man, he served the Lord. He served during trials. So, the elders of the Church of Ephesus had already seen how there was an uproar against Paul and how he must have struggled. Initially, he tried sharing to the Jews, but they were not very receptive. So, he had to find the school of terriness. So, it was not easy. He struggled in his ministry in Ephesus and they had observed it. That's why he's saying many tears and trials which happened to me by the plotting of the Jews. How I kept that nothing that was helpful. So, you see with humility, with suffering for Christ. And the suffering is suffering opposition, suffering persecution for Christ. And then he goes on to say that his ministry was such that he gave it his best. So, he said, I kept nothing back. The way we see passages in the Old Testament which says enlarge your tents, hold nothing back. Paul never held anything back. He gave his all in the ministry and he says, I never held anything back that would have been helpful to you but proclaimed it to you and taught you. How did he minister? He says, both publicly and house to house. So, he made every effort to impart the word and the work of the spirit to these believers at every opportunity. And verse 21, he's in testifying to the Jews and also to the Greeks repentance toward God and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ. So, basically the proclamation of the gospel. He goes on to say that he is no longer accountable in the sense that he has done his best. He exhausted his energy, his resources. He held nothing back so that the Greeks and the Jews would hear the gospel and have an opportunity to respond to the gospel. And he ministered in such a way that he did not even count his life dear. So, we are observing that it was quite dangerous in every city right from the beginning. You remember city of Antioch from that time there were crowds which were against Paul and they were even chasing him city after city but that did not stop him. The fear for his own life, his own preservation, his own protection that did not stop him. But he continued the work of the ministry. But look at his intention, very beautiful in verse 24. He says, now do I count my life dear to myself so that I may finish. So, that is the kind of person Apostle Paul was. His eyes were fixed on the goal. In our first year we've done that fulfilling God's purpose for our life. Apostle Paul is a beautiful example. Of course Jesus is always our greatest and best example but Apostle Paul is another additional example for us of a man who wanted to fulfill the purpose of God for his life. And he says that I may finish my race with joy. So, he wanted to finish the work that God gave him well with joy. Simply tells us that he wanted to do it well, complete it with excellence and the ministry which I received from the Lord Jesus to testify to the gospel of the grace of God. So it basically is just pouring his heart out and we can see that and he was telling the elders, look I did my best and my goal, my intention is to finish this ministry that the Lord Jesus has called me to do. And he goes on and he says that nobody has an excuse because I've shared the gospel. So, you know, I'm not responsible for the blood of all men, he says, or his way of saying that the opportunity is before all because I did my job of preaching the gospel. Now it's up to them if they want to respond or not. And then he goes on to encourage the leaders and see how beautifully he puts it. He says the way I have, you know, held on to the ministry that God gave me, I want you to hold on. So he says, take heed or take hold on to the ministry that God has called you to. And he also says to all the flock among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. So who is it who gives us the ministry?   So take it seriously, take it, hold on to it, you know, serve well in the ministry that God has given you. And he says the Holy Spirit has made you overseers or the Holy Spirit has made you the elders to shepherd the church of God. So what is the responsibility of the elders? Beautiful shepherd, just the way Jesus is our good shepherd. He's a shepherd to the extent that, you know, the good shepherd lays down his life. So building up the church, nurturing the church in every way possible, even sacrificially, you know, if it calls for that. So he says elders, you be good shepherds to the church to which the Lord Jesus or the Holy Spirit has assigned you. And how did he actually, you know, bring this or give birth to this church or the body of Christ? He says he purchased with his own blood. Okay, very beautiful. So we recognize that the church is so precious, the body of believers is so precious. You know, we don't take the body of believers lightly because it isn't free. The Lord Jesus paid his blood as a ransom. He gave his life as a ransom to purchase the body of believers and which is why we must value every believer. Okay, anyone part of the kingdom of God, we have very high value because their life in Christ didn't come easy. Lord Jesus himself shed his blood for these people to be purchased. So you see how Paul is thinking about the church and why the church is so valuable to him and why he has put his life on the line to raise up and equip the body of believers. That's a very heartfelt message. He's clarifying his intentions and how he is actually thinking about the ministry, how he is actually thinking about the people of God. It would really help us as we serve God's peoples. He uses all these things, these words that says the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, shepherd the church, which God has purchased with his own blood. And then he goes on to say that there will come a time where you might even have to deal with opposers within the church. He puts it as there will be wolves, savage wolves, he says, among you will rise up speaking perverse things to draw away the disciples after themselves. So false teachers, false prophets, people with wrong intentions may arise from among you. But please make sure that you continue to shepherd the flock or protect the flock from all kinds of wrong teachings. So he's warning them, he's warning them and verse 31, therefore watch and remember that for three years I did not cease to warn everyone night and day with tears. So he had done intentional and sacrificial ministry among the church of the Ephesians and he says, please preserve what I have done. Don't let any of these false teachers or false prophets or false apostles have their way. So basically he's telling them, you have the responsibility to protect the church of the Lord Jesus Christ. And then he goes on to come and then he encourages them and he tells them, I want you to hold on to the word. So in verse 32 he says the word of God which is able to build you up and give you an inheritance among all those who are sanctified. So you see the value that Paul placed on the word. No wonder, thousands of hours he taught the people the word. How is it that the people can overcome external opposition, internal challenges just by themselves or just by their state of being motivated or inspired. It's not possible. It wouldn't be possible by just being encouraged and motivated. They needed something concrete and that was the word of God.  So it's so important. This is how churches should be built, equipped, strengthened, established without the word of God being taught to the believers. They will never be able to grow up in the Lord. So all this is coming from Paul's heart and he's saying, see this is how I've done the ministry. I want you to continue this.  And then he talks about his sincere work. He says, I did not covet anyone's silver or gold or apparel. So again, so much to learn from this. As ministers of God, if there was one person who could have gained the favor of the people and we know there were many rich people in his team. And even when you look at the city of Ephesus and we saw one to five million dollars of money was burnt up as these people who had turned from black magic, put their faith in the Lord Jesus. So there were opportunities for Paul to build his own kingdom to amass wealth for himself. He could have done all kinds of things but he says, look, I was very sincere. I had only one goal. I wanted to win people for the gospel, equip people in the word of God, establish them so that the kingdom of God is established. I did not have any sort of covetous intention, silver or gold or apparel. My eyes were not on those things to build myself up. And then he goes on to say, yes, you yourselves know that these hands are provided for my necessities and for those who are with me. I have shown you in every way by laboring like this that you must support the weak and remember the words of the Lord Jesus that he said it is more blessed to give than to receive. So that was his attitude. What was Apostle Paul's attitude? As far as possible, I will sustain myself. I will not be a burden to the believers. I will have an attitude of giving wherever possible. I will give to the believers. He says that the believers and the elders had observed him laboring, working very hard. We know that he was a man who was so determined, so focused, so zealous for the gospel and so hardworking, so hardworking in the ministry but even in work so that he could have a good testimony.  Did he take any help from believers and leaders? Yes, he did. But only at times when he needed that support, but in general, he was a man who worked very hard to maintain a good testimony among the believers and very hard touching. The last section of chapter 20 was 36 and when he had said these things, he knelt down and prayed with them all. It was 37, then they all wept freely and fell on Paul's neck and kissed him. 38, sorrowing most of all for the words which he spoke that they would see his face no more and they accompanied him to the ship. So there was a bond which had been built with these leaders and these believers and such a beautiful bond. He never looked at them as, okay, you're my work, now you go extend the kingdom and that's all. There was a relationship, there was love, there was tenderness. They were able to relate with him in such a close and intimate way. And so there was really a beautiful bond that he had developed with the elders of Ephesus and I'm sure knowing Paul's attitude and approach, this would have happened in all the churches. But the good thing was he had a lot of time in Ephesus. Okay, so let's pray, we'll wrap up for today and we have three more classes so we should be able to complete the book of Acts. Could somebody please pray as we close? Finally, Father, Lord, we thank you for this powerful teaching from the life of Paul. Lord, so precious teachings for the thank you of this law help us to emulate it and to imbibe it into our life, Father, that we may follow this pattern in our life also. He has preached day and night without ceasing in spite of persecution still or what a beautiful verses he spoke to the Ephesian church. Thank you, Lord Jesus, for teaching it. Thank you for the precious teaching from Pastor Nancy. Blessed Lord Emmanuel for the ministry he is doing and their passion for teaching like this to the people. We thank you and even praise you, help us Lord. I have heard this in a fully, Lord, taken into our hearts and spirits and let this be our pattern also in our life. How you said that, that I may finish my race with John, help everyone of us also to say the same word in our life. In Jesus' name we pray. Amen, amen. Thank you Brother Manohar. Thank you everyone. Thank you for staying on longer. God bless you. Have a great weekend. We shall meet again next Friday. Bye for now.


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today we are having one very nice and important informative session with the sixth JPSC topper, अंकितराई but let me say something about the Chanakya IS Academy, most of you are though very much known to it but some of the new students are also joining to get the tricks and strategy planning from Ankitaraay Chanakya IS Academy, one of the pioneer coaching institute for civil services examination and the man behind this Chanakya IS Academy is success guru A.K. Mishra sir the most proud pride of us as well as the proud part of the thing is success guru A.K. Mishra sir was even he is from Azariba that is a home state Jharkhand he is not only a managing director of Chanakya IS Academy is a great motivator too a person with a long vision optimistic and with a great achiever he started out Chanakya IS Academy in the year 1993 at New Delhi which is our head office and with his leadership and the direction today we are running around more than 22 centers across the country apart of that the most interesting part is because he is from Jharkhand you might have seen our India map that Jharkhand is the only state where we having three branches whereas in the other state we are having only single branch just to promote the student of Jharkhand to develop the student of Jharkhand to bring the student of Jharkhand in the top list of civil services he has opened up three branches Rachi, Dandasegand is Azariba and the third is Dhanba all the three centers are commonly walk as a one that is Jharkhand center Saksish Guru Eke Misra side has given additional responsibility to his brother Vinay Misra sir who is the vice president of Chanakya IS Academy to have a close look and to personally monitor the three branches so that Jharkhand students can get all the facilities what Chanakya wants to provide under the leadership, direction and strong motivation of Saksish Guru Eke Misra sir Jharkhand centers are also being well and to assist our vice president Vinay Misra sir we have another legend Rima Misra ma'am the general manager of Chanakya IS Academy you must be knowing and you will be proud to hear it out that under their directions under the strong motivation and guidelines Chanakya IS Academy has been able to provide more than 4800 results since 1993 in the civil services field Indian Administrative Officer used to be the dream be it from the central level or be it from the state level we are there to provide all the platforms Chanakya IS Academy known for its commitment and excellence in education our managing director as well as great motivator Saksish Guru Eke Misra sir has never compromised with the quality of education with the standard of faculties and the talent of the working persons on the top parity he has always kept the benefit of the students he has always kept the facility which to be provided to the students so that they can come up to a successful candidate with all this aspect from the Jharkhand after being closely monitored by Vinay Misra sir and Rima Misra ma'am today we are in a position to provide good results Jharkhand Centres has given good result in UPSC as well as in JPSC also today Anki Tarai who is going to take up the session is also from Jharkhand Centres if Chanakya IS Academy would have not been in Jharkhand then we would have not been able to get Anki Tarai and this session would have not been possible the sixth JPSC topper and now he is posted in Raji in the post of Deputy Superintendent of Police today she will come on the screen she will share her experience, strategies Anki Tarai ma'am has already come up listen to her whatever she is delivering on behalf of her part I will take some important questions which will help you and at the end we will give you the options one by one you will raise your hand we will take up your queries so I welcome Anki Tarai ma'am it's very nice to see you virtually thank you so much and I hope you are feeling better incomparatively so without wasting much of time I would just stick to the points that basically this exam has six papers a general Hindi English which is 100 mark and apparently in your advertisement it is called qualifying nature so there is no requirement to score but still before giving the exam you should carefully read the instructions of the question paper that what criteria are mentioned in it whether it is mentioned by 3% or not next is your language paper language paper is 150 marks I took a general English I focused more on section B because A was a bit vast in my time its resources were less still I took resources from Google so this was my general English option because of this it was possible for me other than that you should focus on your language paper and try to maximize the score because that is one of the areas where your regional specific for example Santhali, Kotha here many people have good grip so that will help you so for individual student language paper there is a different requirement next are the remaining four papers all the patterns are of different ways the main focus is on your MC which is 40 marks and after that you have to ask a lot of questions 40 marks each question this strategy is not special it is simple I had 3 hours paper I divided it into 160 and 20 marks in that you have to give maximum 10-15 minutes to handle MCQ you should not give more time to MCQ along with that you can give time for question selection apart from that you will have so 60 minutes you have to ask 4 questions so please divide it accordingly 40 minutes per question more than that you can give 5 minutes after 15 minutes MCQ so after 40 minutes you can write because paper 345 which is yours word limit is not specified even before going to exam you will get question paper if there is no word limit then try to write in this format your answer should be structured for example an intro, body and conclusion along with that your important point is you should give time and highlight there are some treaties if there is something specific then you can report it apart from that apart from that in pattern way in intro you can start with question what is the question what is suggestion and lastly you will get suggestion 4-5 pages for example it should look like it is a 40 mark answer don't be in the way of beating around the bush one thing is being written again and again different things are being quoted because word limit is not there so time management is its strategy you can do reports you can do statistics you can do international agencies you can put your stats you can put some reports you can put them in your answer you can use diagram flow chart you can explain things you will save your time along with that since this is a 48 page booklet it is not possible to fill it in 3 hours keep the attitude of filling the page and structure the answer along with that if you are an mcq then you will have to study in detail if you have done it then you have 5 days left focus more on revision memorize things go home so that 40 marks are complete because there is no possibility if you have a good quality teacher he can give 100 or 100 plus and scores are even 160 plus so it's easy subject specific history as my strategy was when I had to write 4 questions then I would have selected jharkhand specific so they would expect me to attempt jharkhand so jharkhand whether it is a historical question or a geography question write at least one question because everyone writes in India if you can put specific element case then try to put it especially in geography about jharkhand if you have an economic question then you can support jharkhand poverty, unemployment you can see it on jharkhand's website you will find it in your magazine second is your constitution public administration take the syllabus you can find it and there is a straight forward question Lakshmita will also suffice for pub ad you don't have to venture the MCQ of pub ad it is a bit dicey you will have to read it but I hope you have done it and the questions are generalised in public administration if you have prepared it it would be easy for you to answer but answer it exhaustively and one more thing I had asked in which pub ad last year RTI and finance commission assuming the fact that there is a question of 40 marks RTI will be of 20 marks and finance commission of 20 marks so when there is bifurcation you get more chances to increase the score apart from that you can put your question selection the question you have more than 10 please select the same question where you can write it exhaustively last paper that belongs to science and environment climate change science focus on NCR NCR is mentioned NCR has a lot of NCR it has 500-600 word limit so you can use the diagram NCR can refer to Lucent in that too it has been given a crisp and concise way you can easily write 500-600 for example Mendel sound chapter last time I had asked NCR has a detailed way so make notes of each and every page each chapter is specific and just read it as an overview and just copy it environment and climate change current affairs booklets you prefer basics of environment like Shankar IS NCR is mentioned in daily newspaper magazines that is more than sufficient science portion is the most score maximizing paper people think that economics is not the most score maximizing paper but there are issues but if you ask the basics of economics in a detailed way then you will read it well or you will get your class notes booklets you have to make a summary so that it is easy to revise in the class you have to project it you have to keep your time for 40 minutes in the beginning in the last paper you have 5 questions you can do your time management how much time you want 30 minutes to each question but in the MCQ you have to do 40 marks in detail so I think that is more than sufficient so don't waste more time and please keep revising as much as you can after so many revisions you can easily handle the question because it is very dicey so I think that is all I would want to say without wasting much time any questions? ma'am I just want to ask you one thing kindly share with your children how did you handle this stress this is an important part of students point of view how did you handle the stress of the main exam in the main exam if it is natural then you have to take a leisure for example I studied a card after that take a pleasure of 10-15 minutes do meditation if you are interested in playing then you can play something your mind will get freshen up this is the stress if it is more than enough then the momentum of the person gets less but the consistency of the patient you have to maintain it otherwise you would have done very well but you could not finish it ma'am as you have already experienced you sat in the exam hall and gave your exams if my students have not reached the examination hall will you kindly share the experience of the examination hall there is no panic movement just focus on yourself many people will be distracted they will ask you what is this I have seen this but I think my sole focus should be on my paper I am not here to help somebody else I am here to help myself because I want to select myself so I am not here to do my journey I am here to write my own paper and to qualify myself so my sole objective is to focus on my paper and to handle the MCQ I will read the options sometimes it seems that I am not coming but elimination strategy helps because they have done it in the committee so it is not a complicated thing sometimes it happens that when we read the questions it is easy and when we start the write up then the flow is good but sometimes we forget sometimes we forget so how to manage the time I have already told you that I took 40 minutes time I set it at the time that I have to finish it in 40 minutes 40 minutes plus minus 1 can be a minute so the time which saved me 20 minutes after solving the MCQ I have to select which question to write now when I have selected after that I will make a structure of the answer so the question which is my answer booklet I will make a structure of it so that I can easily recall and write it in a good way so after writing the whole how do we write it after that we have to include it after that we present it in a good way so in the same way in a brief you have to make a guideline sketch that what I have to write you have to recall it well there are many things in between we remember that we have to mention it so you should also mention it so obviously in this your first question is very good you should write it very elaborately but the next question can be that you have to come in a very good way but its quality compromise so the time is very important so that you know everything is good for the teacher it is not that it is not good for the teacher obviously everything is good but that will only be in the last segment not in every question that is why emotional time distribution is important when we are talking about questions we remember that questions are of two types long type and short type so what is your advice we should be the best one in my time I think it was just long answer type there is no short answer type in this and long answer is descriptive type so short answer type is not there right and tell us about the importance of objective because objective is important because it has no number it has no possibility 20 mc is equal to 2 numbers each so if you are ticking the correct mc and assume that 20 mc is correct so 40 mc is the same so if we have 200 papers you will get 40 mc so you have to fight in that number so my strategy is how much more we can get this number because if you have not focused on mc and you have to write in 160 s style then it is subjective nature so long answer type is examination paper whatever you are checking depends on whether he is satisfied that you have not written you may feel that you have written very well but he feels that it is not there so you can get less number but if you are doing mc well then you have to fight in 160 so if you write well then it will be good ma'am JPSC means or any means examination there is a challenge what kind of challenge do you think how to handle this challenge challenge is just to maintain your patience and consistency and your perseverance should be your maintaining means these 3 days throughout same energy should be yours because you have to write exam of mails and time taking you will write in morning shift and even in evening shift it becomes hectic last time people used to say people are like now I cannot write I have seen that examination hall people leave but it is not a good attitude that you are attempting mails and then half heartedly you are saying that you are not writing so you have to maintain that patience and my target is to be in the list my target is not that I have to give interview my target is to take rank and that is the rank which is my preferred choice this is my target so if you set that objective in mind then I doubt that maybe someone will deviate I have not prepared any newspaper I am very honest at my time there was a book publication it was in English since I am from English medium I had issues with resources I did not get them and when I translate to Hindi I used to spend a lot of time so I had only followed one book apart from that I had read a little exhaustively an economic survey the idea was about Jharkhand that if Jharkhand has a specific question then how to read it and for general studies I was civil prepared so I did not have any issues but for Jharkhand I would have preferred only one or maximum two books and I did not only read 10 books I mean you do not have any retention you just keep on reading but you don't remember there is no point of multiple reading so one or two resources if you are referring to a academy study material apart from that if you are preferring a base book then that is sufficient you will not get anything you can do it with elimination studies you can do it with MCQ and you can you can also write an economic survey because I had some help in writing statistics in the question of economics and in geography also helped and other than that Jharkhand website is available what you want to use that is how to use your prerogative so that is your choice that I have read I should use this thing how many resources of English study material are there and how many material of Kortha you can flip it once look at the syllabus analyze where it will be more convenient to write so that is your choice means if you ask me I have not heard anything about Kortha I will not attempt it English is my base even though I do not know literature segment I have done it I have never read the regional language and no matter how many English I know and I can understand the resources was there if you have resources and you have an idea of the language that is your choice look at the resources and compare them analyze the last question paper where you feel that the resources are enough and I will deal with this question paper sufficiently look at the question paper look at the questions and study the day combine these three and do the comparative analysis ma'am I have one question that the answer writing at that time underline is it allowed or not it is all allowed and I have also done underline and I have always done it especially those things which I thought that I will focus on the exam if you are an examiner you have to check so it is not possible for examiner for examiner for convenience and for a good project you should do underline it is not that do underline the whole question if you see the examiner then I will get more than this there is no name there is no treaty there is no year there is no quotation that is how it is you can represent it in a chart you can represent it in a diagram there is no hard of fast rule that someone is refusing ma'am introduction introduction should be small it is not that we are giving introduction on one page maximum one paragraph should be your introduction and after that write the entire body your answer the requirement should be small where in understanding examiner easy book what is written in this paragraph actually I wanted to ask you the answer writing if we write descriptive writing or some statistic like some economic survey or some budget so how much should be the length and the informative description along with that along with that what we see or what we analyze how much content can be written because 40 months these are the requirements of the question for example your any unemployment I will give a basic example so you have quoted any report according to that report in this year this report came this report came through this institution there is so much percentage of poverty you take a line and you can explain it in the same way you will have the perspective of dharkin as per dharkin's economic survey the power of the statistics for the state is this much after that you can explain but informative in the 40th number you cannot write it you have to analyze it and you will see the question what is coming what causes of poverty or what is poverty if you ask the causes of poverty obviously we have described poverty how much is on the India level poverty on the state level and after that what are the causes of poverty and in the last segment way forward what are the suggested approaches and after that if you want to exhaust it if you want to elaborate you can write recent government initiatives highlight it and then jot down what initiatives are there in the government you can write state specific for example dharkin specific initiatives you can write India specific initiatives and Indian specific initiatives you can write that in this way you understand that I have to sell a product I have to sell some examen some answer so it should be like this it should be a mix it is not just written here there is a pattern of essay because 40th number is not a very simple answer what we write in the college जब हमारे पर स्टाएं लिए होता है, क्या पुछ चीज ख़ब अपने आंसर को यूनीक पनाने कोशिष करते हैं, तो उसके लिए आप डायग्राम या प्लोचात को यूँज कर सकते हैं, बर मतद, कोई हाडी पास्ट्रुम नहीं कि आपको करना ही है, अपनोगरी कुछ डहीं है, वो आपके ताएम और आपके उपर दखण करता है, कि अपनी सरीक शे एकना चाएत है? मैं है, में यह पुछ ना चार रहाता, कि यह ज़े इस में कुशन पहले आप क्या जुसर लंबर कुशन नहीं के लिए सफीं लिए लिए ख़िए हैं? यह अप यह यह शोग नहीं बोला, अथ अपना अम्सर जो उनाजी उती पार्द में भटा हो नाजी, how to maximize the model answer. आंववऔी नुपटन दोंगी कन �имоए गए सभात लग todavía कñana, you can address the questions of the inter bull in the course of inflation. उआपनेा पह timberONNउ patta simply not the educationalいや Hindus all of these are using the courseThey are using. औक अ्रीकـ। बच्वात ये बात कHYUN... आई अई अन्टिश्टानिख में जागे लिए खुल। तो इसी तरीके से जो आपको पुष्टा गया है आप उसको दीटेग रेप में इस्प्लें तरें तो ही आपके स्कोर मैच्समाए जो पाहेंगे आप उसके अलावा एड़िए पुष्मे करेंगे अब आपको एड़ ऑ़ाप को नम्पने नहीं लिए और मोडल आन्साद का भी श्टर्ट्ष़् इसी तरीके से होगा है वेड़ लिजे पुष्टेट का पुष एंट्टेएजी पुष देट मीझे तेवार होता है ती आबने वनाँटने सेडींग हो जागा है  Arms, neck and neck. अगर उसि ताय्म को योज़ करि अप योटिम से भूँज देक लीजे देकना एई सज्की नफ या दंगी बास करा. यह्ट वेँशां पस्पेक्तिब से ही कुछ अदर भीटिूज धगी जे पी खब रही आप दिएज़ान भीशांस के आप चारकचंत का आप खब पीशाख लग्दी जाना है. तो उसे अप ख्छ्ण पूली चे, बिया मदिम् दिम्प्रोदिओगत होने का यह थे, जादिन बाद मिरा इजान मेदिम्भिदिएट कर कै पां बेच्टब वेस्टब विश्ट गर लिए उससो जाद्द तो पुछ निंग कर विश्टवाएट कर लिए विश्टब विश्ट योंकी MCQ भी है, तो आप दोंगा देकेल्ट रीविशन पी करना होगा, की अगर MCQ में कुछ है, तो वो आप लिख सकेग, और अगर अंसर अग्टिंग का है, तो उस में अप पा कंटेंच वीशन होगा है. तो आपने अपने अगर नोट्स बनाए होगे, तो उसे पुस को रीवायच करेए, अचर आपने कुछ में है, आपने अपने आपने है, तो उसकोगी ख्या सब जाएए. मैं होंग मेरा कुछन यहे है, की जब हम लुग अपने अपने वाद़ें करतेख गते हैं, तो उसको च्ट्छी कैसा होगा जहे यहे है. बवात हैं, उगर बवात हैं? था आप लिस्निंग। नहीं, आप लिस्निंग, ज़ेक। मेरे खुश्च्छन यह आप एक सबज़्ट कमपीट करते हो दीके है, टो उस सबज़्ट से लेके आप अगर मैंने सांपल केश्छन देखा और बेसेग दूप परने के साति अई सात्ट राइटिग मैं आंसर तो उस में कुछ वेरीएशन या खुछ वेराइटी या वाल्गी अडिच्छन नहीं होगा तो बेटर होता है कि तोड़ा अच्छठ रेखे से आदम दीटेल दोगी ले जो मैंगन कि खुछ गर ईद मैं सेशाश या आद मैं कुछ वेरीएशन देखा टीटेशन तो टेदेखागतई पर ऑसकटोंनाझथ. तो बैंने कुछ रेखे मैंखोझद मैं चीण मैंगच्छन रेखे. वर्ज़ना और बज़ना की निज़ों की लूईट. रईद. तो अगा, वाग़.


My name is Tina, also known as Tina at youtube.com, and I'm here with Psych2go today to talk to you about the article, People's Consciously Take on the Attributes of Their Favourite Fictional Characters by Cassie Hidalgo. So for me, whenever I read a piece of fiction, I end up finding myself kind of acting like the character because when I'm reading things, I'm super engrossed into it and I find myself in the mindset of the actual character and I never really understood why and although there aren't definite answers, there has been research done at Ohio State University which involved the phenomenon experience taking. Experience taking is when you're so engrossed in your reading of fiction that you find yourself in the mind of the character and so you feel and you experience what they go through as them. And so in this study, they gave people pieces of fiction to read so that they could observe the way they acted which included mannerism, speech, and thought processes and so they would observe how these people acted before, during, and after reading fiction. And what they found was that people generally started acting like the character that they were reading, which shows that experience taking can find its way to have changes in real life, but the thing is that these changes will generally be only temporary. So has this ever happened to you? If so, which characters have you experienced experience taking with? If not, do you find it hard to connect with characters on that kind of level? Let us know in the comments below. So if you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up and be sure to subscribe to Psych2Go and also check them out on Facebook, Tumblr, and Twitter. And if you want to see the original article, you can read it at psych2go.net. If you want to see more of me, you can check out my channel, youtube.com, for it is Wallflower. Thanks for watching.


Ok, dziękuję. To joint work z Sebastian Faust, Wodimil Komogorow i Krzysztof Pietrzak. Generalne idea jest... ...we introduce a new concept, which we call proof of space. It's a type of a proof of effort, where effort will be measured in terms of wasted memory. It's sort of an alternative to the proofs of work. I was talking about proofs of work yesterday, but let me just briefly go through these definitions again. For the purpose of this talk, we will look at proof of work as a tool for dealing with the civil attacks. So civil attacks are popular attacks. There's a popular term in systems community, but what they mean by this term is simply situation when you have some resource and you have lots of people who want to use it. And if you don't have anything like a public infrastructure or a way to distinguish people, then one dishonest guy can create lots of fake identities and do something better. Ok, so this is what they call a civil attack and the proof of work can be viewed as a tool to combat these attacks. They were introduced by Dwork and Noor at this conference in 1992. Their initial motivation was countermeasure against spam, but as I said they can be used for other purposes. So the basic idea is to force the users to do some computational work which is like moderately hard. So it's a moderately hard puzzle and the correctness of this puzzle should be quick. So how they are used, they can be used in many different ways, but let's think about the following. So let's say there is some identifier ID, so it's an email address of some user and you want to make sure that someone doesn't create like one million different email addresses or something. And suppose that they are different for each execution, so there would be a verifier in this proof and suppose that for example this ID somehow contains some nouns generated by the verifier, so you have a verifier and a prover and they both know this ID and now prover computes some solution of the proof of work on the ID and sends it to the verifier and the verifier checks correctness, outputs accept or reject and this should be slow, so it takes like one minute and this should be very fast. So these are proof of work and they have many different applications, so you can say that for example you have some cloud computing and you want to prevent people from abusing it, you can prevent people from launching Nial of Service attacks and the recent application is Bitcoin cryptocurrency syndrome. Ok, so how to measure computational difficulty? Well the original method was the number of computing steps, some later works actually also defines the computing difficulty in terms of the time so the memory is accessed. I'm mentioning these papers here because it may sound like it's similar to what we do because it also somehow measures memory or something else because they were just measuring the numbers of steps, the number of times the memory was accessed. So something else, although the techniques are sometimes similar. Ok, so what is the drawback of this proof of work? So one is high energy consumption, so it's visible in Bitcoin and some people even call Bitcoin environmental disaster because using proof of work consumes energy and it costs money and for example in Bitcoin the problem is that it gives advantage to people with dedicated hardware. Sometimes people think it's a problem, sometimes not, but anyway it's a feature that sometimes may be undesirable. So it's much faster to solve proof of work if you do it on hardware, you know, do it on ASICS. That's why everybody is mining on hardware. Ok, so what to do? So this problem seems to be something unavoidable because to prove that you invested a lot of computing power you need to do this computation, right? It's almost atological, right?  And the question is, is there any other resources you could use? And that's where our new concepts comes. We suggest to use space, ok? So we call it proof of space and instead of CPU we'll use disk space. So an example of an application just to fix something. So suppose we have a cloud service like email system, whatever, Gmail, something like this. And the goal is to prevent malicious users from opening lots of fake accounts. So let's say we will force each account owner to waste a large part of his local space, ok? So whenever you open a Gmail account you have to allocate 100 gigabytes on your hard disk or you have to fill it in some data. And what's very important, this is one of the most important features of this primitive, is this space needs to be allocated for the whole duration of the period where the user is using the system, ok? So as long as I want to use the system I will have to waste 100 megabytes, ok? So it's not enough that I... 100 gigabytes, it's not enough that I do it once, ok? It will have to stay there. So what's the main difference from this and the proof of work? You can look like this way. So as I said, to prove that you dedicated NCPU cycles you have to really perform these cycles while to prove that you wasted n bytes for this proof you will not need to touch all these bytes, ok? So it will be more efficient and I will show you in a moment what I mean by this. But our main motivation is that it should be more efficient than the proof of work. So what are the advantages? Well, as I said, it's more energy efficient. There is no hardware acceleration because we will be just storing bytes, so storing bits. So there's nothing like dedicated hardware for storing particular bits, right? And should be cheaper because well, actually for this first, for the second reason here this is implied by this. So it's cheaper because people can really use their unused disk space for this, ok? Problem z proof of work for Bitcoin was the initial motivation for Bitcoin was that people can use unused CPU cycles but first of all it costs energy and second it's now not profitable because everybody mines in hardware, ok? So hopefully with proof of space this will be different. Ok, so let's think a little bit about what would be security definition or something like this. And well, the first natural question to measure time and space. So here we will measure time in terms of the number of calls to the random miracle, ok? So that's basically the only thing you can do here if you want to have some formal proofs you have to use a random miracle model and the space will be measured in blocks of length L which think of it as the output of a hash function, ok? So say, 256 bits or something like this. Ok, so and again the proof will be done with respect to some identifier ID and you have proof and the verifier they both know this ID. So say this is an email address of this guy and the ID is an email address of this guy and this is a Gmail. So well first there will be some initial phase during which we will fill in the memory of the user with some random data but they will not really be random but think of it as random and like n blocks n is a parameter of length L and then after this is done this can take a while to self-tep then every now and then the verifier will check if this data is still there So there will be this proof phase and in the proof phase the prover will look on some blocks on R look at the entire R but he will look at some so essentially the verifier will ask him to provide some blocks for you and so on and this can be done periodically for example once a day Gmail will check if the user still stores this data and then the verifier says accept or reject so how to define security so first of all it would like some kind of completeness but it's a simple requirement that if everybody is honest then the verifier accepts then soundness and efficiency and this is a little bit less trivial to define so I will have it on the next slides but first let's start with efficiency and to tell you what is the tricky part in this definition jest to sample of an efficient of a not efficient proof of space like a trivial one and of course I haven't defined security yet so it will stay on the intuitive level but it should be clear that it is secure and just inefficient so a trivial proof of space works like this so in the initial phase the server sends random data to the user the user simply stores it and then the server will be asking for some subset of indices should be capital N of size K and the user will be replying so basically the verifier just asks for a couple of random blocks and the user has to reply and the verifier checks if the answer is correct and of course the verifier can actually store r randomly so he doesn't need to store r himself he can just store the seed so this works but it should be kind of obvious to pass this verification the prover needs to store a significant fraction of r otherwise he would not be able to answer the questions and the only problem with the solution is that this initialization phase requires to do a lot of work in particular it requires the server to send the whole string to the prover of course he cannot send the seed because then they will not be secure so we acquire our efficiency requirements are like this that basically everything should be very efficient except of maybe the initialization phase for the prover so this of course this imposes limits also on the communication complexity so efficient way we mean to polynomial in the logarithm of n and the security parameter and only here where obviously the prover needs to work at least linear time in n because he needs to fill in his memory so this is normal and actually these constants are small in our results so it would be like this poly here would be actually in most of cases it would be just k times log n okay so now we are back to the definition of security and the reason why I have it in this order is that actually we will see this in a moment so informally we would like to treat the prover to constantly waste a lot of memory so what would be his goal if he is cheating his goal would be to compress r so instead of storing r he would store some shorter x or of some like n zero blocks which is much less than n and then each time he needs to prove the he needs to execute this this proving phase he would for a he would just look at x and probably just expand x to recover r or do something else i he would try to respond to the questions in this proof phase by looking under compressed r which is x and so on so somehow well here the problem that it's easy to see that a cheating prover if you formulate the problem like this the cheating prover has a simple but not necessarily efficient winning strategy so what he can do is in this initial phase he can just simulate the user the honest prover and then erase r and store only messages that he received from the server and it's actually a variant of this what i said a moment ago well obviously it's not correct if only see this set so think of it like if this is just one way communication adversary here he could simply store what was sent in general it can be more rounds so let's say he just stores the entire transcript of communication and then we said that we want this x we want this communication to be short so so the messages that come from the server are short which means that he can store them in a small space and then of course you can see what's happening so before each proof starts the adversary would just expand x back to r by simulating the proof so he would simulate for the honest prover from his conversation with the server and then once the prover faces over he erases it again compresses his memory to x so to this is a problem and moral is that we need somehow to restrict the power of a cheating prover so the computing power here that's why also this this phase here the initial phase will require to has to require the prover honest prover to do some work ok so we can restrict his operating time or space we say that dishonest prover p dash is n0 n1 t cheating prover if the following holds so this is n0 is the size of his storage after the initial phase ok so this is what he remembers after this in it this would be the length of x n1 is space used by an dishonest prover during the proof t is time used during the proof so basically there are two ways to restrict two basic ways to restrict efficiency of an algorithm one is to limit space another one is to limit time so we have both we can restrict space or time and we don't actually need to restrict his power during the initial phase so he can as long as he is not like exponential so that he can simply break the random error ok so in fact in our paper we just restrict either space or time so we will have either like n0 and 1 infinity cheating prover which means do we just restrict his space in this proof phase or the other way around we just restrict his time ok so what is the security definition well it's now quite straightforward we say that a protocol is n0 n1 t proof of space if it's complete, efficient and sound where like completeness and efficiency was already defined and soundness means what you would expect so that for every n0 n1 t cheating prover the probability that he convinces the verifier is negligible ok so now I have a few minutes to talk about our constructions so why are the constructions non trivial because of time memory trade-offs well known thing in cryptography so sometimes you can well what what happens when you start to like analyze trivial solutions like simple solutions for this problem you will end up with solutions that can be broken with time memory trade-offs so for example like the adversary instead of storing n blocks will store like sorry should not be n should not be in this instead of storing n box he would store square root of n blocks and he will run in time square root of n these are like time space trade-offs where like baby step giant step type of thing so for many easy ideas for solving this problem actually break here ok so what is our main technique we will use something called graph pebling ok so there is not much time to explain detail but I will just go click through it so suppose we have a graph we have a hash function that depends on the identifier so for execution of the protocol is different say hash is also this idea at the beginning concatenize with the rest of the input and we can start this r1 to rn as follows so let's say this is a simple graph and well what we do is like first we level r1 first level vertex 1 and 2 so this is simply hash of 1 hash of 2 and then vertex 3 will be leveled with with the hash of r1, r2 and so on so we should be free ok so and this is a function that takes an id and produces a long string r1 to rn and informally a graph is bad if can be quickly labeled if one stores a small number of labels ok because of labels so example of a bad graph is something like this where like if this is the baby step giant step basically so if the adversary stores every square root of labels like the first the one number square root of n, the number of two square root of n then he can compute every level in square root of n steps this is like a standard thing so we need graphs where this kind of attacks are impossible and we construct them basically we need graphs where this kind of time-space trade-offs are hard and we use techniques from graph paper links and but we use some classical results actually you can see on the list of the authors that one of the authors is not cryptographer and he was mostly responsible for this graph graph part ok so the details are in the paper ok so how to build a proof of space from a good graph so well so it's quite simple so I'm not going to show you like a scheme that is sort of stupid and I will show you how to repair it so you compute r like you expand this id using this this scheme that I showed you and well in this stupid scheme first the prover will send r to the server so you can see why it's stupid because it still requires long communication and then again the simple protocol that we had before so of course as I said the problem is that the entire r needs to be sent to the verifier so our solution is well also quite straightforward so we let the prover to commit to r using Merkel tree those are Merkel trees, we all know them and what the prover will send will be this commitment at the top of the tree and then the verifier will ask randomly to open some commitments, he will check everything was computed correctly and of course the problem is that he can still cheat small number of blocks but we take care of it and the proof is just an additional difficulty in the proof ok so now in the proof phase the prover just opens the Merkel commitments so as a result in the initial phase he doesn't need to send the entire tree it's enough that he sends the commitment and then he proves in the proof phase that it was done correctly ok and these are the results so we have two proof of space schemes so this C1 and C2 are some constants and we have a proof of so this is you remember the parameters so this is the memory bound after the initial phase this is the memory bound during the execution of the proof so in this first one it's like n divided by log n and divided by log n and we don't restrict the time so he can have as much time as he wants during the proof phase and in the second result we have linear and we bound time on space well there is some small additional assumption that we needed to do the details are in the paper natural question and this is what I'm going to like I still have one minute left so natural question is can you build a cryptographic currency on top of it and it's not so trivial because you need this, if you look at bitcoin then there is this notion of a random new block on which everybody minds and somehow it's clear that this doesn't work here but fortunately there is a recent paper by Park et al which so niprit now where they they construct something like this well I should also say this is my last slide, I should also say about some previous related independent work so the graph pub link just that I mentioned the important work so graph pub link was used in the context of the proof of work already before by dwork now and we now there is something like the razor something like similar to what we have but it lacks two phases it's just like one phase thing so you just have to prove that you at some point you spent a lot of memory and then you can compress and this was introduced by Perito and Sudik in 2010 and then you have other constructions like Carvelas and Kajas and where they actually call it proof of space so there was some confusion about the names but basically this proof of space that we have they imply this proof of operations so our notion is stronger and well I should also mention that similar graph techniques were used by paper, by smith and thang in the context of liquid reasoning and krypton's paper was not published on the print thank you


So Michael, you had brought up that touching the stove earlier. Well, with that, there is, there is pain involved, right? There was heightened emotions. So that imprinting is incredibly strong. So if I just go back and just tried to delete that story from my brain, right? The imprinting is still going to be there. I'm in, I'm in a contradiction with my mind over, I'm not scared of this stove. That happened a long time ago, but that imprinting is, is so strong. It, it drives behavior through those emotions. And this brings up a lot of the work that we do because we want our clients to understand when they're in a heightened emotional state, that heightened emotional state then goes to default behaviors. And if you don't know that you're in a heightened emotional state, then you don't know that you're resulting to those default behaviors. So this is why in moving forward and creating new stories is so powerful because these new behaviors are going to rewrite that story in your mind. Very, very good point, especially in moments of high tension. That's when our prefrontal cortex, the logical part of the brain likes to go offline because we want to preserve energy and our thinking brain takes a lot of energy. So put someone in a stressful situation, be it being chased by a tiger or giving a presentation or seeing that person, that networking event that's really important to talk to, high stress moment, prefrontal cortex goes offline and we're doing what we've always done, which is what we've learned in the past, removes that uncertainty and means we're just standing there in the corner, not making eye contact, not talking to people. And that psychological need for certainty can also lead us to create the wrong stories around those past behaviors. It can color our memory of what happened in a different way than how it was actually unfolding in real life. So it's very easy and it feels very fulfilling to be like, okay, now I know why I have this fear. Now I know why I lack confidence in this one arena. It's because this one thing happened in the past. And now if I just spend time ruminating and thinking about it and replaying and visualizing it, I could do that in my pajamas. I don't have to go out and talk to a new stranger. I don't have to prepare a new pitch deck. I can just sit there and daydream that the pitch actually went swimmingly and I got my idea funded. But that doesn't actually lead to real world behavior change in results in your life. No, that's delusional. Like sitting there and telling myself that actually, I didn't get that job interview because it was totally over qualified and they were intimidated by me. I can tell myself that all day long, but it probably doesn't improve my interview skills. So it's it's not about rewriting in your mind the stories that happened in the past. We actually want to impact our future behaviors. And what we are doing is we're staring at a blank page today and future chapters to be written. It is great to reflect on the past. It is great to recognize patterns. It feels very relieving to understand, oh, this is a behavior that I tend to do over and over again because of these past experiences. But what if tomorrow you don't want to behave that way? What if in the future you want to be able to walk into that room confidently and pitch effectively and know when you leave that room that you're going to get funded? Well, you can't do that by just daydreaming and thinking about all the past failures and pitches that didn't go your way. Yeah, for myself, I've spent many nights staring at the ceiling going back through old stories, trying to figure out, well, what had went wrong in those situations? What could I have done better? Why is this memory still haunting me or that I'm ruminating on it? Well, it's because I'm looking for problems. I'm looking for issues. I've drawn myself to those moments. But the most important piece to that is to understand that all of those past events, all of those memories that I'm ruminating on are taken without any context. So let's say it was a social event. Maybe I said the wrong thing, upset somebody that I consider as a high value person and now they're mad at me. So now I'm thinking about that. I'm thinking about what I had said. Could I have said something different? Was it as bad as I think it was? Or is that what I had said? Is that even why maybe this person doesn't like me or I'm having issues with this person? But you can't put yourself back in that moment. You're not there in that emotional atmosphere. All of that is gone. All you have is these bits of fuzzy memory that you're trying to draw conclusions from. And there was a piece by Michael Shermer that had stuck in my mind. And in fact, I've used this very scientific research to get out of jury duty, which is your memory of past events, especially if there was trauma involved or there was there was a lot of stimuli going on, your memory of those events are going to be distorted. And that distortion is going to cause you to draw out all sorts of things that make no sense, that have no relevance to what you're trying to do. So that rumination only gets worse.  And this is why a lot of people feel frustrated and then eventually exhausted by the whole thing because they notice a pattern, they're trying to figure out what is the cause of this pattern. And that abyss is endless.