The Mayor and Commission of Athens, Georgia, ended Cache Bale for local ordinances. Alright, motion passes. Excellent. I wanted to know more about how this came about and what it means. So I caught up with Mocha Jasmine Johnson. People have to be vocal. They have to come up to the Mayor and Commission. They have to write letters. They have to do phone calls. All of that. And the commissioners have to listen. And also Commissioner Tim Denson. Cache Bale is an extremely flawed... There's other ways that we can make sure people are showing up for their court dates. They're much more effective and much more just that we're pursuing instead. Hear their take on the end of Cache Bale and the next steps to reforming our justice system, coming up. First, let's explore the history of Cache Bale and figure out how we got to this point. Thanks for joining me. Make sure to hit that subscribe button so you won't miss a thing. Back in the early days of American history, Cache Bale was used to make sure people showed up to their court dates. And that's still what it's used for today. The difference was that usually your friends or family would be the ones to agree to pay a certain amount of money if you didn't show up to trial. But not everyone had friends, or at least not friends who would vouch for them. In that great American tradition, that created a business opportunity. In the profession of Bale Bondsman was born. In an age before state and nationwide police agencies, before phones, and especially before everyone had a phone in their pocket, this system did make some sense. If everyone knew they could just skip town to get away with basically anything, the courts would have to keep everyone locked up before trial, which would have been expensive, and also would violate our constitutional liberties as described in the Fifth Amendment that we just fought a war with England to ensure. It wasn't a popular idea. So if Cache Bale works to get people to show up to court without having to hold everyone in jail, what's the problem with it? Cache Bale has always been an imperfect solution to get people to come to court.  And then we've created a justice system for those who lack wealth, and therefore lack the ability to pay their bail and have a very different experience where they get to await their court trial sitting in a jail cell, losing their job, almost guaranteed, not being able to provide for their family, not being there for their kids. The Supreme Court, even while upholding the constitutionality of pretrial detention, decided in 1987 that this detention should be a carefully limited exception. Yet, the number of legally innocent people kept in jail, pretrial, grew throughout the 90s in Georgia and elsewhere. That doesn't seem limited to me, what's going on? Of course, when you look at the criminal justice system, you see that it's disproportionately impact with poor and minority people. So when you look at the whole scale of things, and I started doing research dealing with racial disparities within the criminal justice system, I saw that at the time Clark County had almost 69% of their inmates that were African-American that were currently locked up in the jail at that time. And being that we're fighting for discrimination and trying to tackle those different issues, I look at that as discriminatory. Somehow it has, it's just the system is not right, it's not fully equitable. What other ways can we use to get people to show up to their court dates if relying on cash bail is discriminatory? Well, we're now funding as part of the FY20 budget, a notification system through our municipal court that's going to rely mainly on text messaging to send text reminders to people that their court date is coming up. A great thing about this is we're talking about not just texting the individual who's been arrested, but also we'll get their, the telephone number of their wife or their mother or their father so that we can also be sent notifications to them so that you have people around you who care about you also reminding you making sure that you're accountable and show up to that court date. Let's go over the Freedom Act that ended cash bail in Athens earlier this month. What offenses does it cover? These are local violations. We don't have the purview on higher misdemeanors that are set by the state or set by the magistrate judge. So these would be the local ordinances that such as public intoxication, that's been one of the ones that people have been arrested on the most. Disorderly conduct is another one that people have been arrested on and have had this in the jail for before that we're now getting rid of. It's another big one. What does it not cover? Are there any exceptions? With especially those two that were the most common, if the violence is present, the officer does have the ability, if they feel like they are a danger to themselves or an immediate danger to others, to still take them into custody.  Are you worried that some officers might use their discretion in a not so great way sometimes? Yeah, I am. I'm hoping that our officers will do what's, you know, what's in the best interest of the people of Athens and knowing that we, knowing that we just advocated for this, you know what I mean, to use their best discretion and really take the time to see is this a local thing that I can write this person up or do I really, really have to do this in a criminal way to where they got to go to jail. They have to, you know, they have to pay that bond to get out. Most people are arrested for state offenses rather than local ordinances. Will AADM keep advocating for the end of cash bail statewide? We have to continue advocating for no cash bail because it hasn't it hasn't been eliminated completely, especially on a state level. You know what I mean? So we have to continue to monitor the different bills that they might pass in 2019. Atlanta ended cash bail last year, but there were some pushback. Some state legislators tried to take away local rights to end cash bail. Fortunately, these attempts failed. With Athens now joining Atlanta, more pressure is applied to end cash bail statewide. Moving these ordinance violations, well, that's a small number of the people who are in our jails and stuff. It's the first step, it sets the example. It puts pressure on the state and our state's elected officials to also being looking at, you know, their bond schedules and saying, okay, what, how can we be making this more just? How can we be moving things away from getting people out of jail and instead keeping their jobs, staying at home with their families, being there for their children and still showing up for their court day? But also the backlash may soon become more intense. The fight is not over. You know, our mayor and commission, that's why we commend them so much because this is not a thing that's welcome on the state level. I'll be watching this carefully and for future developments on this issue, you can hit that subscribe button. Thanks to my patrons who make these videos possible and thanks for watching.


Down Dodge City and in the territory on West, there's just one way to handle the killers and the spoilers, and that's with a U.S. Marshal and the smell of guns smoke. Gun smoke. Starring William Conrad, the story of the violence that moved West with Young America, and the story of a man who moved with it. I'm that man, Matt Dillon, the United States Marshal, the first man they look for and the last they want to meet. It's a chancey job, but it makes a man watchful and a little lonely. Circle B, I think. Come on upstairs and have a drink with me. I got to get it clear up here for a few minutes. All right, let's go. Fed up with it, Matt? With what? Everything. Come on in. Make yourself at home. Thank you. What's bothering you, Kitty? Nothing special. Just the whim whams, I guess. Who else to drink, huh? Okay.  Why don't you get out of it? Go back east. And get married and settle down. Nice, quiet, bank clerk, tub of wash, cook stove. And kids. I'd like kids. Let's have that drink, huh? I'm not getting out and neither you. So let's live while we still have it. Oh, if that's some drunken herders, I help me up. Yes. Well, let's sit downstairs. The marshal was up there. Come in, Matt. What's on your mind? I thought maybe you could give me some information, Marshal. I'm looking for some folks named Crail, Mr. and Ms. John Crail. I understand they got a place around Dodge somewhere. Yeah, Ms. Crail does. John Crail died about three years ago. No. Are you old friends of theirs? They're my folks. My mom and pa. What? I'm Billy Crail. Maybe they've mentioned me. Yeah, your mother's always said that you'd come home someday. She's never given up hoping. How is she, Marshal? She's not too good.  We've been trying to run it alone since your dad died. Uh, you think she'll recognize you? Well, she might not at first. It's been 17 years since I run away from home. But I'll convince her, all right. Yeah, you probably will. Where have you been all these years, Billy? Just drifting. Here, there. You know how it goes. Yeah. How do I get out to the place? I'm anxious to see you. It's about five miles east of town. Follow down a river. You can't miss it. Oh, thanks a lot, Mark. I guess we'll see each other again since I'm going to settle down here. Oh, sure. So long. All right. Let's have it. What do you mean, Kitty? Something was wrong there. What was it? Just this, Kitty, a few years ago, Miss Crayle asked me to try to trace her son. I did it, and I didn't have the heart to tell her. Tell her what? I got a report back from the War Office. Billy Crayle had joined the Union Army at the start of the war. He was killed in action at the Battle of Shiloh.  They ain't an area one of them, fits the description of that Crayle fella. Keep looking, Chester. It might be two or three years back, but I've seen that face of his somewhere, and it has to be in one of these circulars. Just don't understand how he figures to get away with it.  You might in this case. She hasn't seen him since he was a boy. She's pretty old now, her eyesight's failing her. Her memory's not too good. Well, apart with that ranch and all the money she's got put by, he sure is saying, come on out. Wait a minute, wait a minute, Chester. Find something, Miss Dillon? I'm sure it'll look like him. It is him, Chester, three years ago. Height 6'1", weight 185, sandy complexion. Sure fits him. Wanted and Lubbock for questioning and connection with holdup of the Lone Star Bank. Previous arrests, Pekka's crossing for cattle theft. They quit it for lack of evidence. Convicted San Antonio eight years ago, armed robbery. Served four years paroled. Known associates, Nate Barger, an Apoca City kid. Reward $1,000. Calls himself Johnny Redd. Hello, Chester. Yes, sir. Let's go get him. Begin now from here. We will now commence our lesson in stereophonic reproduction. Listen to the call of the spotted bull snicker on ordinary stereo. Now then, on a Columbia Stereo-1 phonograph. Home, obvious difference, what? The Columbia stereophonic system really causes all others to blush. For it is not composed of just a few separated speakers. Columbia is the originator and exclusive conveyor of stereo projection. Only Columbia fills every inch of a room with real life-like sound. Now, when I was bird-watching with the duchess of... But let that pass. You simply must hear the Stereo-1 phonograph by Columbia. Ask your Columbia phonograph dealer for a demonstration. And, chaps, portables are priced as low as $39.95. The home sales commence at $129.95. Low, that bird. I was hoping I could talk to Ms. Crail first. Can you put up a fight, Mr. John? I don't know. Good to see you, Marshal. And you, too. Mr. Proudfoot, ain't it? Yes, ma'am. Oh, weren't you sure? My eyes ain't quite... Come on in, gentlemen. Landscapes, I do like company. It seems like nobody ever comes out this way no more. Now, set yourselves down there now. Thank you. Rest your feet. I'll get you a cup of coffee. No, don't bother, Ms. Crail. We don't have much time. No time. Won't take no time. Got already made. Just fixing to have some myself. That's a lie. Everybody can't do a little something for a company. She ain't fit to have none. As, ma'am, I guess it does get pretty lonesome out here. Oh, dead.  You mean your son? Shucks. The way gossip flies around Dodd City. The body don't have a chance to get ahead of it. He's come home. Just like I always knew he would. As, uh... Has he changed much, Ms. Crail? Oh, good heaven, Jess. You were just a boy when he went away. Now he's a grown-up man. Fine, strong. But there's no doubt in your mind that this really is Billy. Oh, boy, that's downright silly, Marshal.  She can always tell her own. Well, the second Billy walked up on that porch and said, How are you, ma? I knew him just like that. I see. You know, I'd been sort of going downhill since John passed on. Work was hard and seemed like I'd kind of lost my reason for living. I don't think I'd have lasted, Marshal. Well, now I... But it's different now. Well, I'm happier than I've been in years. You sure seem to be. My son has come home. Could a mother ask for more? No, ma'am, I guess not. I suppose that's all that matters. That's all. Well... Oh, I'm sorry, Marshal. Here, I've been talking a leg off of you and I haven't even thought to ask what brings you out this way. Oh, nothing, Miss Crale. As a matter of fact, we just rode out for a friendly little visit. Well, I'm mighty glad you did, Marshal. You'd just stop by anytime. You too, Mr. Proudfoot. Thank you, ma'am. Goodbye, Miss Crale. Goodbye. You couldn't have done nothing else, Mr. John. I had to broke her heart, if you'd have told her. I guess so. But she's gonna find out anyway sooner or later when he steals her blind and then runs out on her. And that's a bad deal, Chester, anyway. You look at it. Marshal, look. Kind of sets you a problem now, don't it? Well, I may set a few problems for you before I'm done with you, Johnny. And breaking old lady's heart? I don't think so, Marshal. And the name is Billy, by the way, Billy Crale. Not in Lubbock. Lubbock? Where is that? Don't worry, Johnny. When I send you back, there'll be somebody along to show you the way. I don't know why you keep on calling me Johnny. Because that's your name, Johnny Redd. Bank robber, gunman, cattle thief. You fill out the list. Maybe you could get my mother to fill it out. Miss Crale's an old woman. She doesn't know that her son was killed at the Battle of Shiloh. That report was a mistake, Marshal. But I figured it was best to let it stand. I deserted two weeks before Shiloh. Yeah, sure you did. I don't know where you got this crazy idea. I'm somebody named Johnny Redd.  And before you go off half-cocked, I'd say it might be a good idea to check with the sheriff in Lubbock. Meanwhile, I figure it's like your friend there was saying, you wouldn't want to break an old woman's heart, now would you? Afternoon, Mac. Oh, terrible, terrible, Matt. Lost another patient this afternoon. Oh, somebody died? No, no, no, no. You figure on that happening. But you don't count on them getting well on you. Oh. And they don't very often. Well, who was it that pulled this mean trick on you? Oh, Lady Craio. Oh? Mm-hmm. A month ago, I wouldn't have figured it had lived through the winter. Even thought you might leave me something, and I will. But, darn it, she was jumping around out there this morning as chipper as young fully.  She's a young mother now. It's no joke, Matt. That's exactly what it is. That boy of hers has been home three weeks now, and it's made a new woman out of her. Yeah. Only he's not really her boy, Doc. He's not really her boy. What do you mean? He's an ex-convict from Texas. I had a reward circular on him from Lubbock. Oh, now, wait a minute, Matt. No. He might be able to fool other people, but his own mother. I know, I know, Doc.  And that's right. Well, maybe this is the exception that proves the rule. Well, if you really think that, and if he's wanted, well, then why don't you go out there and arrest him? Because I got no charge against him. A wired Lubbock, it seems that he was wanted, but he's not any more. They'd already picked him up, and then they turned him loose for lack of evidence. No, no, I just can't believe that, Matt. If he's not Billy Crale, then what's he up to? Huh? You know how much that ranch is worth, Doc? And Miss Crale keeps ever since she's got out there at the place because she doesn't trust banks. Now, what more reason would a man like that be? You better come quick, Mr. Dillon. What's wrong, Chester? Jake just brought Simmer on stage in. He got held up right outside the town. They shot the guard. Let me get through here, please. Will you stand aside? Please, let Doc get in here, please. Will Marshall? He finally got to me. How'd it happen, Jake? The boldest thing I ever seen. It was about three miles out of town.  And that's when they jumped me. How many of them? Just two. A couple I never seen before. Brassy as sin, didn't even bother to wear masks. And they hauled off and shot Barney there without even giving them a chance. But what have they got? The cash box. I don't know how much was in it. Matt! Yeah, Doc? There's nothing I can do for Matt. Two bullets right under the ribs. I'd doubt if he even knew what hit him. Well, take charge of it, won't he, Doc? Matt? Matt? Somebody said Barney got shot. Yeah, he's dead, kiddo. Jake, would you recognize either of those men? I sure would. One of them was a tall, skinny fella. The other one was kind of a kid. The tall one called him Ponca. Ponca? Yeah. They were strangers, though. They ain't from around here. That sounds like a couple of fellas I saw in the long branch today. Talking to Billy Crale. Oh? Billy finally left, and they stayed another hour or so. Talking real serious together. Well, it's still gunman. Jake, where did they head for it when they left you? Well, it was a funny thing. Well, I figured they'd make a run south. But instead, they rode east, down river. Now, that trail don't lead nowhere. That's right, nowhere's except to the Crale Ranch. Like London-born Hermione, the darling of the music halls, and Kenny Del Mar and Parker Fenley, graduates Magna Cum Laude of Allen's Alley, is a man-sized job even for Burt Park. Keep your funny side up every weekday with this delightful new comedy show, CBS Radio's Funny Side Up. Burt's new comedy panel show has taken its place in the CBS Radio Daytime family of hits. Joining shows like Art Linkwetter's House Party and Pat Buttrom's Just Entertainment. Always a grab bag of listening surprises, Art Linkwetter's mad cap Hollywood House Parties are ever among the liveliest of fare on the air before dark. And Pat Buttrom's Monday through Friday excursions in humor and song make Just Entertainment just that for all takers. Land on your weekdays and we'll fill it with the new funny side up, House Party, Just Entertainment, and the rest of the best from CBS Radio. Now the sound of life, McDonnell, looks real quiet. Yeah, too quiet, maybe. Ain't no lights, neither. Let's walk from here. Right now watch yourself, Chester. That's right, I will. Jerk the screen open, I'll go in fast. I'll keep you covered, Mr. Allen. Chester, come on in. See if you can find a lamp. I think there was one over here on the table the other day. All right, light it and bring it over here. The lamp down, Chester. Be bad, too. Well, it's not questioning that he's wanted for now. It's murder. Rage! It's you, Marshall. Who are you expecting, Johnny, Nate Barger and the Ponca City Kid? That's right. They're down there digging by the river bank, but they'll be back. They won't find what they're looking for. Now who shot you? I don't know which one of them it was. It don't matter, though. I'll last till they get back. But not long enough for murder charge, Marshall. I don't try for your gun, Marshall.  I wouldn't want to shoot you. I got nothing personal against you. But your way of handling this ain't the way I aim, too. Put out that lamp. They're coming back. They're out there now.  I gotta get to a window. All right, Chester, let's ease out the back way. Come on. Yes, sir. Stay close to the house. They'll walk toward the porch. We'll have a chance to take them from the side. Yes, sir. She sure won't lie about it this time. A hot brandon iron, Michael. All right, hold it. You're covered. Over there at the corner, Parker. Y'all get him. Now drop that gun, Parker. Drop it. All right. All right, I did. I'll give up. Don't shoot. Keep your hands up. That's right, Nate. Keep them up high. Johnny, no. Say hello to Parker for me. Now you drop your gun, Johnny. Sure, Marshall. He had his hands in the air. You had no call to shoot him. You took him alive. You might have got out of it. This way works out better. More sure. Yeah, Marshall. I guess you know how you stand. You don't have a chance. It don't matter. I lasted till it was finished. What started it? An argument over the split? There was no split. I wasn't in with him. They followed me here from Texas. That's right, Marshall. I'm Johnny Red. I never doubted it. They thought I was double crossing them. They laid for me out here at the ranch. They thought they'd killed me and her. They beat them, Marshall, trying to find out where she kept her money. But she wouldn't tell. She lied to him, said it was buried down by the river bank. Where is it buried? No place. I took it into the bank for a last week. What? I figured it wasn't safe for her to keep it here.  Sure, Marshall. I've been called Johnny Red for years now. But my real name is Billy Crail. I wasn't lying about that. She was, my mother. That's that. He was Billy Crail, after all. If he'd only just stayed away, hadn't come back home, she'd still be alive. It was her own son. You might say that caused her death. Doc says she wouldn't have lived through the winter anyway. And Billy made her happy for one month, at least. But there are much more to parents whose children attend them. When your children and mine are in those buildings, they take on personal importance. They influence the futures of our young people. Schools are our only buildings, but to ignore them is to ignore those precious futures. We do the very minimum for our young and we take part in community efforts to build better schools. If we do less, we flagrantly shortchange our own. If your community is like many, the chances are there's a real and growing need for better schools, better school rooms, higher teaching standards, new textbooks, and more room. This miracle won't come about without help from all of us. If you want to give that help, but don't know how, write to Better Schools 9, East 40th Street, New York 16, New York. For Houston, directed in Hollywood by Norman McDonald, by William Conrad, as Matt Gillan, U.S. Marshall. The story was specially written for Dunn Smoke by Les Crutchfield, with a tutorial supervision by John Messon, featured in the cast with Sam Edwards, Helen Cleed, McFerrin, and Luke Rubin. Farley Bear is Chester, Howard McNeer, is Doc, and George McNeer. This is George Walsh, inviting you to join us again next week, when CBS Radio presents another story on Dunn Smoke.


When the narcissist makes the biggest mistake of their life When the narcissist first met you They love bombed you They overwhelmed you with their words actions and behavior They manipulated you They seduced you They showered you with affection gifts and promises For a future with you It made you believe that you had met your soulmate It made you believe that you had finally met the right person for you So you were all in Because you didn't want them to think that you were not interested and You thought they were serious about building this relationship with you in the past You may have been cautious about getting involved with people But this time It just felt right It felt like you had finally met someone who understood you It felt like you had finally met someone who had your best interest in mind It was very flattering for you So it was hard for you to resist their charm, but you felt like you were making the right decision You felt like you would be a fool to not give them a chance So you invested your time and energy into this relationship You gave them everything Because you wanted to make them as happy as they had made you But this is where the narcissist made the biggest mistake of their life Because when the narcissist love bombed you They demanded all of your time at attention They expected all of your focus to be on them Without considering that you had other commitments in your life As soon as your attention was on anything other than them They got very angry They called you selfish They said you only care about yourself They were very mean Because they couldn't understand how you could have anything else going on in your life So they tuned against you When the narcissist loves bombs you They expect you to act how they want They expect you to do what they want you to do If you don't they will begin to devalue you They will take away all of their kindness And then they will punish you They will get very angry Or they will give you the silent treatment Because they don't understand how you could have other important things in your life They lack empathy So they cannot share your experience Everything has to revolve around them They demand all of your time at attention Even when you weren't around them they would bombard you with texts and phone calls It's like they could never be alone When if they had just given you the time that you need for yourself Maybe then things wouldn't have tuned out this way The biggest mistake the narcissist made Was to devalue you because they did it without any justifiable reason And by doing that they ended up shooting themselves in the foot But even the character you saw in the beginning wasn't real It was a false character they used to manipulate you So they knew the relationship was doomed from the start They knew that you wouldn't want anything to do with them Once you had discovered that it was just manipulation But once they let their masks slip That's when they know it's game over Now all they can do is keep you down And make you think you're not deserving of anything better Because they already know they're no good When the narcissist makes the biggest mistake of their life They found someone who was there for them They found someone who cared about them They found someone who loved them Even when they were angry Even when they had these irrational behaviors You still stayed by their side And you may even have taken responsibility for their actions You may have tried to fix things for them But that still wasn't good enough They took you for granted They demanded more and more Nothing was ever good enough for them Because they never learned to be grateful They never learned to appreciate what they had with you So in the end, they just ended up pushing you away They ended up showing you every reason Why you should not be with them Because they couldn't control their own emotions Although the narcissist may have made the biggest mistake of their life They don't tend to see it that way Because they were playing a game right from the start They were deceiving you And they don't really believe that anyone could ever love them They believe that they are unlovable Which is why they created a false character Which is why they manipulated you Because they knew that was the only way that they would be able to get in with you If they had shown you who they really are right from the start They knew that you would have run away So they had to manipulate you At least until you had invested something into the relationship Because once you've invested something It's hard for you to walk away But they don't see it as though they made the biggest mistake of their life They see themselves as the victims They believe that you wronged them And that is why they become so bitter and resentful towards you Because they believe that you have wronged them Narcissism is a coping mechanism and a defence mechanism For how the person really feels about themselves They don't want to self reflect They don't want to hold themselves accountable Because it's too painful for them to deal with So instead they blame you for everything that went wrong They become very arrogant and entitled They start a smear campaign against you Even though deep down they know what they did to you Deep down they know that they made a big mistake But they bury it beneath their arrogance and entitlement They act like you weren't good enough for them When deep down they know the truth And it's that shame that eats away at them It's that shame that makes them want to destroy you Because you become a reflection of their insecurities You become a reflection of everything they hate about themselves Thank you for watching I hope this video resonates with you Please like, comment, share and subscribe If you would like to donate My PayPal link is in the video description Coaching Inquiries You can email me at coaching.naxify.uk Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon


Hello City of Columbia family. This is City Manager Teresa Wilson and I just wanted to take a quick moment to let you know that we continue to keep everyone in our community in prayer and uplift it throughout this pandemic but just wishing and hoping for some happy holiday moments for each and every one of you as we continue to endure and look forward to a more prosperous and happy new year. With that, I want to just tell you from my family to yours, from my home to yours, Merry Christmas.


Here we are in our Form 1040. We're using LASERT tax software to populate it. You don't need tax software to follow along, but if you have access to tax software, it's a great tool to run scenarios with. You can also get access to the Form 1040 related schedules, related forms at the IRS website, irs.gov, irs.gov. We're focused in this time on the filing status, which is right up top on the Form 1040, where we have the single filer, the married filing joint, married filing, separate MFS, head of household, HOH, qualifying surviving spouse, QSS. So we'll go through some scenarios on some of these items. Down below, we've got our filer starting off the single filer, Mr. Anderson address down below. No dependence at this point in time. The income, we're just going to stick at the 100,000 W2 income for our generic start point. And then down below, we're just going to have the standard deduction, the $12,950 get-ness to the taxable income of $87,050. Now, the impact of changing the filing status on the actual tax equation will mainly be here in the standard deduction. So notice this is kind of linked to the calculation of the standard deduction. We're going to talk about the standard deduction in a future presentation. So we'll dig into that a little bit more in the future. And then it has an impact on the actual tax calculations because we have a progressive tax system. And you would expect there would be different tables depending on the filing status most easily seen. If you're going from a single filer to a married filing joint, then you would think that the income levels will be like doubled or possibly could be. And therefore, you'd have to kind of adjust your progressive tax tables to kind of fix that whole system. So let's go back to the first tab and focus mainly up top on the status. So the single status, and this is my thought process with the statuses, usually would be your first thought is someone either married or not married, right? And if they're not married, then the options that they have available to them would either be single. That would be the worst option for the purposes of tax filing, at least. And then if they could step up, they would step up to the head of household, which could give you added benefit in terms of the standard deduction and possibly the tax tables, but you can only do that if normally you had a qualifying dependent in the mix. If you're married and then you could have a step up from there to the qualifying surviving spouse, but that would be a rare situation where you had a married couple. Hopefully it's a rare situation. And one of them passed away and then you'd be looking at whether or not they qualify for the surviving spouse. If they're married, then they can't jump back to single or head of household unless considered separated or divorced, but rather have to then choose the married filing joint, which is the normal option most people will be choosing. When married, it's usually gonna come out to be most beneficial or married filing separately, which might be chosen under some scenarios, possibly in a situation where one spouse is thinking the other spouse isn't being honest with their taxes or something and maybe they wanna separate for that reason, or they just wanna separate their returns, or maybe in some cases it would come out better tax-wise in total to file married filing separately, but that's fairly rare of a situation on that third one. Note that you could again have different scenarios in terms of the community property states versus non-community property states in terms of how you would handle married filing separately. So you gotta make sure that you understand what the situation would be if someone wants to file in that area. But usually, people would be married filing joint when married. So notice here, we got a single filer and they're not married, so they're locked into the single file or nothing else they can really do.  So then, now if they had a qualifying dependent, which would usually be down here, they might be able to move up to the head of household. So let's add a dependency what that would look like. So now we've moved the status from single over to the head of household and everything else is the same up top for the taxpayer and we don't have a spouse situation, but now we have a situation where we have the dependent down here, which is normally what you would kind of expect to see.  If they're single, if they're not married, then the question would be are there dependence? If there are dependence, then it's possible, quite likely possibly that they can move up from the single to the head of household. Now note this is often where there's kind of confusion or gray area if there's split custody in a child type of situation where you have two parents that have some kind of split custody situation because note that we can normally only have a dependent being claimed in one area. So basically from a tax standpoint, the IRS doesn't wanna have two people getting the benefit of the one child and the benefits that could be gotten from a child from a tax standpoint is if they're a single filer, they can move up the status to head of household, which would have a benefit possibly on the standard deduction if they're taking the standard as opposed to the itemized deduction and possibly to the taxes on the tax calculations from the calculations there as well. There could also be changes to thresholds in terms of income thresholds possibly with relations to credits and deductions. Now note if there's multiple children that are involved, then there's not gonna be any added benefit from the standpoint of filing status. So if someone was single and they had like one dependent, then that would be possibly enough to push them up depending on the circumstances from single to head of household. If there's another dependent involved, then you might get a benefit from the dependent because the dependent has other tax benefits such as possibly a credit, this one being qualified for the child tax credit which we'll get into later. So there's other things involved but right now we're just focusing in on the movement from a single to head of household. So that usually involves one qualifying usually dependent. In some cases you might have a situation where they don't actually have to be a dependent. So if they're in a situation where they don't, where they aren't actually your dependent and that's because of like those kind of unusual scenarios.


Myself Siddharth, I am from Wailtack fighter college. I did appreciating Karnatakaurs in NPTL. The course content was awesome. The material that we got was self-containing. In the sense we were able to know more about Karnatakaurs in a very depth. It was a very good course to continue. Any improvements on our part? The assignments, the materials, the schedule was so tight. The schedule was so tight that we didn't get time to prepare for each assignment. The time period for each assignment should be made a little more.


Now, let's contrast that with jikun do, jikun do, let's say a task. I don't even need to block because I'm attacking and cutting long, okay? So those are two strategies and you decide what's better for you. Are you fast enough to use jikun do? Are you fast enough to read your opponent's attacks that you can use and cut in that task? Now, if you're not that fast, maybe Wing Chun strategy might be better for you because it comes in here. You can see it coming, then you block at the same time. It's basically the second best thing you can do, okay? So those are the two different strategies of Wing Chun versus jikun do.


We've known for over a decade that women who eat meat have the highest levels of estrogenic hormones in their bloodstream and vegans the lowest, but maybe that's just because vegans are so much slimmer. This year the consumption of animal products was definitively linked to the levels of circulating steroid hormones in the blood, regardless of body fat levels. The reason we're concerned is that the increased consumption of animal-derived food may have adverse effects on the development of hormone-dependent cancers. Along dietary risk factors, these investigators were most concerned about milk and dairy products because the milk we drink today is produced from pregnant cows in which estrogen and progesterone levels are markedly elevated. That may be why milk drinkers have five times the rates of twins compared to vegans. That's how much an effect dairy can have on our hormones. A landmark study was published this year in an international pediatrics journal on just how much estrogen we're exposed to when we drink milk, given that the majority of commercial milk comes from pregnant cows. During the 60s and 70s, genetic manipulations of dairy cows enabled them to lactate throughout almost their entire pregnancies. That's why commercials cow's milk these days contains large amounts of estrogens and progesterone.  Eating and drinking estrogen is not just a problem for women. Research shows that among various food items, cow's milk and cheese had the highest correlation with the incidence of mortality rates of these male cancers as well, especially for prepubescent children. There is particular concern about exposure to exogenous estrogens and commercial milk produced from pregnant cows. So what they did is have young men ages 19 through 21, and children ages 7 through 9 try to chug a quart of cow's milk in under 10 minutes. This is what happened to the men. The levels of the pregnancy estrogen estrone started to shoot up 60% within an hour of drinking the milk, and their testosterone levels significantly dropped. You know, there are men who don't want to drink soy milk because they have an irrational fear of phytoestrogens, even though soy does not have feminizing effects on men. Yet they're perfectly willing to drink cow's milk, which has actual estrogen estrogens in it. Within one hour of the milk hitting their intestines, estrogen levels go significantly up, and testosterone levels go significantly down. What about the children? Same thing, but even more dramatic, because they start out with such low levels. Within one hour of drinking cow milk, the level of sex steroid hormones in their little bodies more than triples, and half the kids could even finish the whole quart. Why should we care? Because some of these powerful estrogens could be categorized as carcinogens, and milk is a rich source of these hormones and concentrates in mammary drainage. Never seemed to see that in the advertisements. The corresponding suppression in testosterone secretion means that men are certainly affected by commercial cow's milk, and height growth and sexual maturation of young children could also be affected by the normal intake of cow's milk. As I talked about in the last volume, recent surveys on the onset of puberty show an alarming trend of earlier sexual maturation in girls. During the same time period, exposure to exogenous, containing external estrogens through intake of commercial milk produced from pregnant cows has spread around the world. They think that this intake of pregnant cow's milk is one of the major causes of early sexual maturation in young children. This relationship between estrogens and pregnant cow's milk and sexual maturation in children must be acknowledged as an important theme.


Hey, this is Brett and this 2011 Ram 3500 Crew Cab Longbox Dueler Wheel Laramie is stock number 12744Z. We're here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, near New and used heavy duty truck and Ram 3500 headquarters. This 2011 Ram 3500 has the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel engine. This truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop per the state of Wisconsin inspection process. It has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. We're going to go all the way around in this video inside underneath, start it up and take a look under the hood. Deep cherry pearl over white gold is the color scheme. We shoot all of our videos in 4K. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone or television, I highly recommend turning them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, options and cleanliness of the vehicle before seeing it in person. And if you like the video and how we do things here at Summit Automotive, that's great because we do videos like this each and every day here at Summit Automotive and in the lower right hand part of the screen is a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel. Click that and then click the bell notifications and you'll get updates every time we do videos here of our new and used inventory. So it comes with the steel rims with the chrome wheel simulators and it has Continental Terra Terrain Contact LT 23580R17 tires. These tires are very new. I wouldn't say they're brand new but I'd say they're probably 90% of the tread or better on them. Frame and underbody is in really nice shape for a 2011. Front fender is in nice condition. It does have a 3M clear bra on it so protects it from rock chips and stuff like that. Headlight lenses are nice and clear and the front bumper is in great shape. I didn't see any major dents or dings on there. You do get the factory fog lights, the chrome trimmed grille and the hood is in really nice condition as well. Now that also has that 3M bra on it that goes up to about right here. So those aren't scratches, that's just the end of the tape. Passenger side front fender is in excellent condition as well. And the passenger side rim wheel simulator is in excellent shape as well. As you go down this side of this 2011 Ram 3500 Crew Cab Long Box Laramie, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the truck, hear the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. And if this video helps you make that decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video that it was helpful and that Brett sent you. So the Dooley tub here, that's in really nice shape. This does have the 3M tape on it as well and I didn't see any rock chips or anything, looks really nice. This back wheel simulator is in excellent condition and the back tires are just as new as the front tires look. You can still see the little wear knobs from when it was new. So these are very, very new tires on this truck. The frame and underbody is in really nice shape. That frame, very little to no corrosion as all the remaining factory exhaust, really the exhaust is the only thing that's not really nice under here but still functional and good. Lower rockers and cab corners are in great condition and it does come with the factory chrome step bars. The whole side of this Dooley tub is in really nice shape, I didn't see any dents or dings on it. Does have some rear bumper steps. The rear bumper itself is in great condition. No dents or dings, backup parking sensors, full towing package which includes a receiver hitch, four pin and seven pin wiring actually comes with two receiver hitches. Tailgate is in very nice condition as well and this one comes with an access soft roll up tonneau cover. Didn't see any rips or tears on that, it's in pretty nice shape. This one has a spray and bed liner, seven pin wiring back here and it does come with a receiver hitch and I honestly can't tell you if this has, this does not have a fifth wheel or a gooseneck so it's good to know, we'll get that back after the video here. But it does have that bed mat in there and like I said it comes with this receiver hitch as well. As we go around the driver's side just as clean as that passenger side, once again no dents or dings on the box, looks really really good, fender flares are all in really nice shape and this back wheel simulator is in great condition as well. Down the rest is side of the truck, the doors and the cab all look really good and didn't see any dents. Has the heated fold up tow mirrors, they have built in directional signals, they also fold in like so and they fold up like that. Inside the Laramie package gives you the tan leather interior, there are no rips or tears on the seats, they are in very nice condition, you do get memory driver's seat with lumbar, factory all weather formats, does have the factory brake controller, auto headlamps, power pedals, power windows, power locks and power mirrors and the wood grain trim. We'll hop inside check out the miles, radio and everything that this truck has to offer. You can see that this one has 27,035 miles, 27,035 miles compass and outside temperature display, instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Comes with the heated leather wrapped steering wheel, you have information center controls right there, audio controls on the back of the steering wheel and this steering wheel is heated. Has the six speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift, has the factory brake controller down there, this one has the Uconnect 430N radio which gives you AM, FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities, it also has the factory navigation system on it that is working nicely. This one also has the Alpine premium sound system, what's cool about this radio is you can download songs and music to it and this one has 16 gigabits worth of storage space on it. You can see the radio is working nicely, turned out four wheel drive, it does have the factory brake controller, dual climate controls, heated and cooled seat buttons and your heated steering wheel button, the wood grain trim and this one does come with a bully dog tuner in it, so this is included with the truck, has a 115 volt 150 watt plug-in and the passenger side format and seat are in excellent condition as well. Headliner is in really nice shape and it does come with the power sunroof, map lights, power side mirror window and home link buttons up there. We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats, these back seats are heated on the outboard side as well, you do get the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may have, power sliding rear window, once again no rips or tears in those seats, you get storage underneath here, you get in-floor storage on each side with removable containers for easy cleaning and your heated seat buttons are right there. Child safety locks on the back doors and the bottoms of the doors all look really good on this truck. All right we'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you will been able to verify the quality and condition of this truck all the way around inside and out. Under the hood we have the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel and Jimbe's very clean, runs very smooth, once again this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. There is your emissions sticker and for the age on this truck, super low miles. I would highly recommend this 2011 Ram 3500 Tru-Cab Long Box Laramie from a quality and condition standpoint. I don't think you'll find too many that are cleaner than this one and to see more pictures of this truck or one of other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SCVs, minivans, Wranglers, half-tons, three-quarter-tons, one-tons. You name it we got to go to that website right there www.summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com and if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Number two like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. Click the bell notifications you'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel in the upper left to link to more Ram 3500 Tru-Cab videos like this one the upper right link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those check us out. We're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2011 Ram 3500 Tru-Cab Long Box Laramie Dooley and Red Cherry Pearl. Thanks again for checking out the video remember to like subscribe and share.


Hello, learners. I welcome you to this video lecture. Today's topic of discussion is accounting for manager. This is the course of MBA first semester. And this particular lecture session will touch upon the first three units of block one of the course accounting for manager. So, besides serving the purpose of MBA learners, this will also serve the purpose for MCOM learners, the learners of BICOM, as well as the learners of BBA programs. And this will also relate the daily life that relates to accounts of general people. So, let us begin with some examples. Generally, when we use the term account, it comes to our mind that it is something related to business. But believe me, this is not only related to business, it is also related to our daily life. So, the first example is when you take out cash by inserting your debit card in ATM, a message immediately comes to your mobile that your account has been debited. Let us go to the next example. Suppose you have purchased fuel, petrol or diesel and you paid by using your card. After a few days, you will get a message in your mobile that your account has been credited with such and such amount. So, this debit and credit relates to account and you are also aware about this debiting your account or crediting your account. So, all of us in some way or the other relates to accounting and the whole accounting process. Your passbook have some columns, particulars, date, then debit column, credit column etc. So, again there is debit and credit. So, all of us relates to these accounting terms and these accounting terms that is debit and credit relates to the accounting system and these are the part and parcel of the entire accounting process. So, we know something about debit and credit. If our account has been debited, means the amount that we have in our account has been reduced by a certain amount. Means that reduction is indicated by the term debit or debit. On the other hand, when our account is credited, the bank balance amount that we have in our bank account increases by a certain amount. It means the account has been credited means our bank balance has been increased. So, this is accounting. Let us go to another example. This example relates to the grocery shop near your home or the shop where you usually go for your purchasing the daily requirements.  What is that? He writes the amount that he has received from you or from other customers. So, for the whole day, he will make some sale and he will write the amount that he has collected from the customers on that piece of paper. At the end of the business hour, at night, he will count the physical cash that is he got from the sale. He will count the cash and tell you this with the record that he has maintained throughout the day. It means the records that he has maintained while selling the goods during the business hours and the cash at the cash box should match. If there is any discrepancy, it indicates that there is something wrong. It may be that he has written wrongly or it may be that he collected the laser amount from the customer. Anything may happen which results in not matching of the cash, physical cash and the records that he has maintained. So, in this way, he makes a record of the transactions or in simple terms, he makes the records when he makes a sale. But the shopkeeper not only makes a sale, he also makes some purchases. He purchases from the wholesaler in a lot. In that case, he paid from his account. He paid out of his cash. Besides that, there may be some credit sale. So, a business runs not only on cash sale, the business also goes for credit sale. Means he has sold the goods right now, but he will get the cash for that sale in a future period of time. Maybe within a week, a month or within three months, etc. So, a business makes different types of transactions. It may be in terms of cash, in terms of credit, etc. It may be a sale, it may be a purchase. Again, by further discussing the example of grocery shop, see there are some other expenses. Like he paid salary to the staff that he has appointed. The electricity that he has to pay, any advertisement, he has to pay the money, phone bills, etc. All these are expenses and the shopkeeper has to make a payment. So, whenever he makes the payment, he gets some receipts. And this receipts serves as some information to calculate his amount of profit or the amount of loss. So, these are all accounting information. If we put this information into the accounting system, then it will result into some accounting statement that is known as financial statements. Means the whole process of accounting is just like putting some information into the system. It will process and accordingly it will produce some results and that result will be in the form of financial statements. These financial statements will serve the purpose of understanding his business position, his profit, his laws, his assets, or the liabilities, his stock, etc. As we are discussing about the term stock, stock means the items that he deals with. So, when he makes a sale, he gets the cash and on the other hand, the stock, the items that he deals with reduces to that extent. If he makes a purchase, then the stock will increase. On the other hand, he has to pay cash. So, whether it's a purchase or whether it's expense, the stockkeeper pay out of his cash or buy check. All these informations together form the information, accounting information for him. If he feeds this information into the accounting process, accounting system, then the system will give him some results in the form of financial statements that we have discussed. Now what is this accounting system or accounting process? This system has certain steps. The number one step is identification of transaction. So what is transaction? First of all, this is the main thing that we have to identify whether we will record this particular fact or not in the accounting system. So how to identify a transaction? For example, suppose the share on which you are sitting right now costs Rs. 5000. It means you have purchased it for Rs. 5000. So this is one point and second point is that the share for you, the share is very comfortable. Now, the comfortability cannot be expressed in monetary terms, but you can express the cost of the share in monetary terms. That is Rs. 5000 that you have spent on purchasing the share. So these both are important because share must be comfortable. And it has cost you Rs. 5000. Both these events are important, but for accounting purpose, for the purpose of putting the information into accounting process, we will choose the cost that we have expressed in terms of money. In case of the example, it is Rs. 5000. But we cannot measure the comfortable level of the share in terms of money. So we will use that particular information, the cost of the share is Rs. 5000, and we will process it further through the accounting system. So that will be recorded in the accounting system. So if we want to identify a transaction, means whether we will put this particular information into the accounting system or not, we have to see whether it can be expressed in monetary terms or not. If it can be expressed in monetary terms, it can be recorded in the accounting system. If it cannot be expressed in terms of money, then it will not be recorded in the accounting system. So this is all about a transaction. So whenever you face some difficulties, you think whether I can express this in terms of money or not. If you can express this in terms of money, you can put the information into accounting system. Then the next step in the accounting process is recording the transaction in the primary book. So this is the first book of account that the transaction will be recorded. This is known as journal book. Every transaction that takes place, transaction means for accounting purpose, anything that we can express in terms of money. So that will be recorded in the primary book, known as journal book, and the journal book is a record of transactions on the basis of dates that they have occurred. So if today a certain transaction occurs, for example in case the example of our fourth example, the shopkeeper example, so he will record all the transactions, all the sell transactions, all the purchase, all the payment or expense transactions, date wise in the journal book. Then third step is we will transfer the transactions from the journal book, that is from the primary book to another book that is known as secondary book. Secondary book is also known as laser book. So the transactions will move from primary book, journal book to secondary book, the laser book. In the laser book, we will balance the lasers, means we will calculate the amount of lasers. Again it will be in terms of debit and credit. So after this, we will prepare a trial balance. A trial balance is simply a list of laser balances, but it has some significance in the whole accounting process. After preparation of trial balance, the next step is preparation of final accounts. We will prepare the final accounts, means final accounts composed of certain statements, certain financial statements that will show the result of the business for the accounting period. So these are the steps in the accounting process and whenever a transaction takes place, it moves from the very first step to the last step. So first of all, we will identify it whether it is a transaction or not and whether we will record it or not. Then it is recorded in the journal, then it is posted from journal to laser, then a trial balance will be prepared and finally the final accounts composed of certain financial statements will be prepared. This way the whole accounting process runs. Now how to record these transactions? Any transaction in the accounting system, it is recorded on the principle of the double entry system. According to the double entry system, each transaction has two aspects. Let us go back to our example number four, the example of the shopkeeper. The shopkeeper sold goods to you. He writes something on the piece of paper. He got the cash from the customer. On the other hand, his stocks has been reduced. So a single transaction means when you have purchased, for you it is purchased and for the shopkeeper it is sale. So when the shopkeeper sold some items, on one hand he got the cash from you and on the other hand his stocks has been reduced. So that particular transaction, sale transaction has two effects, have two sites. One is receiving cash, number one and number two, the going out of stock, stock has been reduced. So both these two aspects will be recorded in the accounting system through all the steps, journal, laser, trial balance and finally the final accounts. So these two aspects will be recorded in the accounting system and this is done according to the principle of double entry system. So these two aspects, receiving cash and outgoing of the stock will be recorded in terms of debit and credit that we have discussed in the first part of the discussion. So again debit and credit, so it is related not only to our business, it is related to our daily life also. You will get an idea of debit and credit if you see your mobile phone when you receive the SMS for taking out money from ATM or if your account has been credited. Because of purchase by card you will fill, so in that case an amount will be credited. So whenever the transaction changes the form or nature your debit and credit will change. At the same time for the customer, so for you when you purchase something the debit and credit will be different and for the seller the debit and credit will be different. So when you record something you must think whether or how that particular transaction affects your business. So effects have to be recorded in terms of debit and credit keeping in mind for whom you are recording the transaction. If it is for your business the debit and credit will be different when the other party, the party that deals with you will record the same transaction using the same double entry principle that is in the terms of debit and credit. So all the parties will record their transactions in the different books of accounts by following the principle of double entry in terms of debit and credit or in simple form in terms of recording in the books of accounts by following the procedure of journal, ledger, etc. We are also discussing the final accounts. Let us see what is final account. Final accounts composed of certain financial statements. These statements are very important. Number one trading account or manufacturing account. If it is a trading business buying and selling is the main activity then the account that will prepare is trading account. But if it is a manufacturing organization it is a factory then we can prepare the manufacturing account. So this is the first statement under the final accounts trading account or manufacturing account. Number two profit and loss account. So this is another statement under the final accounts that we prepare. So this particular statement will give you results in terms of net profit or net loss. The earlier one the trading account will give you result in terms of gross profit or gross loss. Then the third statement under the final accounts is balance sheet. Balance sheet will give you information regarding the assets and liabilities and capital of the business. All these are prepared by following the principles of double entry system. And all these financial statements will give you indication regarding the functioning of the business. So there may be gross loss but there may be net profit. Again the balance sheet will show the position of your business in terms of the assets of the business and in terms of liabilities of the business and in terms of capital of the business. So all these systems, all these statements will be tied together to provide certain information about the business position and by preparing these statements you will be able to analyse what you are required to done for your business or how to make more profit, how to reduce losses etc etc. So the information, the accounting information that the subkeeper have used by writing on the piece of paper we can convert it into the scientific system of double entry. So as his business is very small he may be writing on a piece of paper the amount that he have collected by sale the amount that he have paid, the expenses that he have paid. But it is very difficult for him to produce the entire results. So if we follow the double entry system, means recording a transaction in terms of debit and credit it will give you the information that you need for further expansion of the business or for further improvement of the business. So this is the accounting process that helps all of you to know about the business. So another aspect is that when we record the transactions by following the double entry system we have to follow certain principles, these are known as accounting principles. By following those principles we standardised the process of recording the transactions. So let us give one example. As we have mentioned that we record those transactions which can be expressed in terms of money and those transactions which cannot be expressed in terms of money are not recorded in accounting. So this actually based on a principle that is the money measurement concept. According to this concept we record the business transactions, only those transactions which we can express in terms of money. Accordingly there are some other concepts like business entity concept. According to this concept the business and the business men are two different entities. So there may be a transaction between you and your business just like the transaction between you and the shopkeeper. Though you are the owner of the business for the purpose of accounting business and the business men are considered to be two separate entities having separate identities and therefore there may be a transaction between the two parties. For example the capital contributed by you for starting the business that is a transaction between the two parties. The parties are you the business owner and the second one is the business. Again if you withdraw some cash or goods for your personal use that is a transaction between the business owner and the business. So that is withdrawal of goods that is known as drawings or withdrawal of cash. So that drawings is an example of the transaction that may takes place between the two identities you and the business that is your business. So these have to be recorded in the books of accounts by following the same principle of double entry system and this is based on business entity concept. So today we have discussed the very simple form of debit and credit, the steps in the accounting process, the components of final accounts and two important concepts business entity concept and money measurement concept. So hope this will serve the purpose. Again there are various concepts are there. So we will discuss this in the next lecture and let us stop here for today. Hope this will serve your purpose. Thank you. Thank you very much.


I was stalling a little bit because I knew that there was someone else expected there wasn't here yet. But I guess we couldn't wait any longer. Well, members of Congress and distinguished guests, good afternoon. We're here today to sign into law an investment in America's future, the Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988. This bill is a landmark in the quest for alternative forms of energy. And believe me, when you're my age, you just love hearing about alternative sources of energy. I'm particularly proud this afternoon because I remember more than four years ago at a cabinet meeting in January of 1984. And I asked Vice President George Bush to launch a thorough investigation of alternative energy and see what he could find. No, not pie-in-the-sky demonstration projects, but real world possibilities and realistic options that would help keep our air clean and our nation less dependent on foreign oil. That's what's so exciting about the bill before us today. The forms of energy encouraged by this bill are already in use. Methanol, for example, is used in the Indianapolis 500 and in other race cars because it simultaneously enhances performance and safety. And cars that run on methanol have the potential to reduce emissions by an amazing 50% and improve efficiency. For areas like Southern California, this could be a godsend. A few months ago, Vice President Bush dedicated the first methanol pump on Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles. And this bill gives American automobile companies a real incentive to start building cars powered by alternative fuels by adjusting the federally mandated average fuel economy ratings to reflect the gasoline saved by these vehicles. This legislation also opens up new markets for natural gas and coal, our two most plentiful energy resources in this country. The success of these projects could improve employment and the economies in the hard-pressed oil and gas producing areas of the country. This bill takes advantage of existing government programs and mechanisms to assist alternative fuels. Most important, it's not intended to create massive new bureaucracies or new taxpayer subsidies. So I thank you and may God bless you all. And I'm now going to sign that bill into law. Be happy up there. My father, when we finally put a board of alcohol bills on, he said, corn cots.


In the previous video, we found the area of this regular pentagon with a side length of 6 by finding the area of 5 separate triangles. Will that rule work for every regular polygon? So, in a sense, we found the area as the number of side lengths, in this case 5 times 1 half base times height. Now, in these triangles, we had a height, which was found with trigonometry, and then the base length referred to one of the side lengths of the pentagon. So, all of these lengths were 6 units long. And so, this base unit, let me just rewrite that as 5 times 1 half times a side length of the pentagon times the height. Now, this height, the red segment that we've just drawn, when we're dealing with regular pentagons, that height is also called the apathome. Please note that that apathome is different from these blue segments, which are called radii. Radii connect center point to vertices, apathome connects center point to the midpoint of one of the side lengths. So, I'm going to rewrite this. I had 5 times 1 half times a side length times the height of the triangle, which we call the apathome. And now, this works for a pentagon, but what about if I had, let's say, a hexagon, or a septagon, or an octagon? The only thing that would change is this number. That number refers to the number of sides. So, in general, the area of a regular polygon is number of sides times half times the side length times the apathome. Now, we can simplify this a little bit more because multiplication is commutative. You can simplify this to, let's say, 1 half times n times s times a. And now, n times s. In this pentagon, there are 5 sides, and all of those sides are 6 units. So, the perimeter is the number of sides times that side length. In general, the perimeter of any regular polygon is the number of sides times how long one of those side lengths actually is. And so, we can substitute this value into our formula and have an area formula as 1 half times apathome times the perimeter of the polygon.