Hello you guys, I am so excited to be filming today I've been off the channel for like five weeks, which has been crazy I've never taken that long of a break in my ten years on YouTube And so I'm just I'm excited to be back on as many of you guys probably saw my last video I shared with you guys a little bit of a personal situation, which is my insomnia and my anxiety, which I can say I Don't know how much has progressed since I last talked to you guys about it It isn't it's challenging. It really is but all I can say is that me keeping my mind off it is the best thing So I'm not gonna dabble too much into it today. I swear to you guys I feel like I've done like 20 makeovers in this space already, but something about reorienting Reorienting the furniture in the living room got me really excited But then when I took out all the Christmas stuff and the Christmas tree was gone and a lot of the decor was gone It just felt empty and I kind of was like, you know what? I have some ideas for the living room So this is the fireplace and I love the fireplace. I love how it adds a focal point to the living room It's an automatic focal point But it's not focal enough and I've always left it white like this because I've been able to add to it Kind of change up the style of it and keeping it white It's just like a simple way to make sure that it always kind of is cohesive with the space However, it also makes it blend in so much like it blends in with the curtains It blends in with the white background wall and I was thinking to myself, you know What color should we do on the fireplace and I went into my craft room? I have a ton of excess paint in there and I was pulling them all out looking at all the colors But then I kind of decided that I'm gonna stick to black because the window trim in this entire space is black And I loved when I added the black accents in here It just amplified this space so much and I kind of feel like a black fireplace would look so good in the living room I Always suggest going in with your wall color I have some Chantilly lace which is my wall color here And I'm just gonna paint it along the kind of crack or I guess the separation of the paint and where we're gonna be painting This is gonna essentially fill in any bleed areas And then we add our black to this section here when we pull it up Anything that bleeds is gonna be the white which is also the same color as the wall So we're gonna have a nice clean line This a hundred percent was the right move for sure This gives us that focal point we needed in between the couches kind of distracts your eye against this wall here as you walk Through this door and I just think this looks absolutely incredible. I love the black I think it's a perfect option and I feel like it just makes it look more like a fireplace Whereas before it did but it really blended in so I'm gonna let this dry Then we're gonna apply a second coat and style it up you guys the fireplace It's perfect. I still have both of the cabinets in here This is the old Ikea hutch that I created and this is the one I just did for architectural digest if you guys haven't seen It such a amazing moment in my life I absolutely love that project so much probably gonna do a little bit of re-styling on there But I actually got a new rug for this space as well So if you guys remember this one It was the one that I had bought when I first moved into this apartment And I just didn't really know if I wanted to actually use it in here So I kept it in my little storage room and now that falls kind of over with I thought I'd be nice to implement A new one in here. So I got a brand new rug from the Loi and Amber interiors.  I don't know if you can kind of see that. It's very very Blue but I'm gonna try my best to make it work because sometimes when I have like challenges like this The room actually ends up turning out a lot better than I expected because it's like an unexpected rug I would have never chose and it just kind of works in space So I'm gonna go ahead and see if I can implement some pieces from my like little stockloom Fox studio area I have a lot of really cute thrift finds and vintage finds in there I want to pull them out and see if I can tie some of this together kind into this basket I got at the thrift store Jug I just love this like big huge base. It was it was actually turquoise blue before I painted it to have like this brown and black effect to it When it comes to styling a mantle, there really is no rhyme or reason to it I always start with something on the wall usually so like a wall art or picture Normally in the center of the mantle and then to the right and left sides I add my larger pieces of decor and then fill in the middle section with books or any smaller decor pieces I updated the mantle just a little bit. I actually opted for a new piece of art now this artwork I got at the thrift store probably like six seven months ago if you guys remember I think I actually just posted it on Instagram stories But I was just at a thrift store came across it It was 10 bucks and I bought it and a lot of people actually had voted for me not to get it But I think it's really pretty and I've never really gotten the opportunity to use it So I'm gonna put it above the mantle there And I did some simple taper candles here with those kind of distressed DIY Taper sticks that I shared with you guys if you haven't seen that tutorial It takes five minutes and they just look so much better than natural silver We're like, you know normal silver and then did a little jug over here another DIY And yeah, I just think this looks great The apartment is coming along really really nicely I redid this little area over here and added that artwork that's always been there instead of that peacock mirror Just I feel like it fit the vibe a bit better And then we also did the mantle styling up there and I just love how it is coming along I do want to go ahead and just head over to Target I think I want like one or two throw pillows and just maybe a couple of accessories for the table and Then we can work on the dining room. I found some items. I thought I would share them with you I got a couple of throw pillows this one right here, which has a ruffle on it and it has just like a grid pattern This one has blue in it, which is perfect for the rug I don't know if this style is gonna go and then this one right here. So just three pillows just to swap out I also got this linen box, which I thought I could use to put the remotes and stuff in I've been seeing this face everywhere from the new studio mickey line and I just wanted it I think I'm gonna put it on maybe the coffee table or something and then I got two more packs of the beeswax candles Which are my favorite tapers. I just love these It is time to style the coffee table, which is one of my favorite parts Especially when I have a large coffee table to work with first thing I'm gonna add is this really cool vase Obsessed with this and then this kind of distressed vase like that Just right next to it like that another section that I want to create is a book section I've been loving styling lately with open books Which I think is really nice because you can just kind of flip through that and it actually makes use of the coffee table book I feel like a lot of times people don't actually look at them whereas if it's open like people might You know flip through it skim through it actually made this you guys in a ceramics class with McKenna We did ceramics class together. You can see the little LF or maybe you can't on the bottom. They're so cute Hostas right there. So we're gonna pop that right there out a little bit of height But it doesn't obstruct your view from the person across from you. All right friends What are we thinking of the behind the sofa throw so originally with a throw blanket? You kind of put it on the front side of the sofa But I thought for this one because the back side of this couch is towards the dining room area I thought it'd be really cute if it had some visual interest on the backside So I actually laid the throw over the top of it and I'm letting the tassels kind of hang This is actually a plaid throw from my online shop. It's finally back in stock It's such a popular one and I'm obsessed with it because it has a blue and the brown and like the cream Which is kind of the palette that's in here at the moment So I think I'm gonna leave this here But I'd love to know your guys's thoughts and then I also added just three pillows that kind of coordinated with those colors there Okay, so over here my plans are to get a planter that is substantially larger than the one that is currently here This is just one that I spray painted from Lowe's I want to get one that's like very very big that kind of fills up this area that has like a distress But terracotta look to it I might try to DIY it myself and just get like a basic kind of ceramic pot at the hardware store So I'm probably gonna get that either tonight or tomorrow But that's my plans for this section is to create a really large pot. I stopped by Lowe's Just as I was getting some coffee this morning And I was like I'm gonna stop in Lowe's and see if they have any just terracotta pots that I could DIY to achieve this look This is kind of the look I wanted to get and I walked in and saw this bad boy sitting right there in front of me And I was like oh my god I need that so I asked how much it was because there was no tag on it The girl says it was a hundred and twelve which was I thought was a decent price because the one that was just a little bit Larger to the left of it like literally like a hair larger was 280 so I was kind of expecting it to be like 250 She said 112 But then I got to the register and told the girl at the register that the lady said it was 112 She gave it to me for $47 because she couldn't find the price tag of 112 So I got this plant pot for $47 you guys. I can fit inside of it like I can fit in the pot Thank almost But the idea for this pot, which maybe I'll give you guys a little look at it right here Look how pretty see that there was no price tag There was like a sticker on the side, but it does not price on it. I want this To take place Everybody we are starting out in the dining room today This space is gonna have quite a few changes which happened all over the course of a couple of days Honestly now the first thing that I did in here was restyle the bookshelf, which I absolutely love I just love how I played around with scale added a little bit of color in there overall I just really really liked the styling in there and I think it's perfect because I Bought a new dining table now. There was absolutely nothing wrong with my former dining table It was the article Senno dining table, which I loved so much had zero intentions of getting rid of it No plans at all, but as I was scrolling through Instagram at there's an account I follow called Badlands vintage and she had posted this dining table that was a reclaimed wood table I'll pop up a photo of it right here and I was just blown away you guys I never have seen a piece of furniture where I was instantly like I have to have that I don't care how much it costs I have been looking for a reclaimed wood table that didn't pull farmhouse But pulled like actual legit like reclaimed wood like a really unique one of a kind piece And this table really did that for me and then I'm just kind of playing around with rugs in here This was the old rug that was in the living room before if you guys remember and I feel like it looks okay I just don't know if it's gonna look great with the table, but yeah, I'm so excited about the new dining table coming I think it's gonna just add such a fun element in here And I'm hoping that my current dining chairs that I have will kind of play on that table and I don't have to get new Ones that's not really the plan and something else I actually did this morning which I want to share with you guys was I actually put back on The door and I'm actually going to be giving it a coat of that copper kettle paint which is on the wall here Just so it all coordinates painted the door And I just kind of have been sitting with these rugs for about two hours and neither of them are working for me Like I can't picture the table and I know the table is extremely heavy So I want to have a rug down that I don't have to you know Switch maybe in a week or so because it's gonna be a bit of a challenge And I was just looking at Ikea to see what they had and I remember that I used this rug if you guys remember in Marco's apartment and I love it. I think it's really simple. It's clean. It's minimal I kind of feel like a bit of a lighter color will look nice in here So I'm probably gonna end up heading to Ikea right now and grabbing that before the tables delivered And then probably just listing both of these rugs online Hello This is just my new dining table that weighs 800 pounds morning guys It is the next day and as you can see the table is here I am so so excited about this So I picked up this table which I kind of mentioned to you guys yesterday from Badlands vintage on Instagram And she was able to deliver it like the next day Which I didn't even know was a possibility and they brought it to me yesterday the guys like I'm outside with it So I go outside and I asked how much it weighed and he's like oh only 800 pounds And I was like that's great and so they had four people moving it It was definitely a challenge, but they got it up here. I'm hoping it doesn't break through the floor Crossing your fingers Mirror has been replaced as you can see I did some spackle on the left there Just patching up that hole and then I placed the mirror here because what I'm actually gonna do I had the artwork here before but it just really wasn't fitting the vibe for me I got these from World Market which are tape or candle holders if you guys remember I use these in Marko's apartment And I think I'm just gonna do two on either side of the mirror just to give a little bit of detail and Interest and I feel like it's perfect for the dining room vibe a lot of you guys know This is one of my favorite DIY projects. I loved creating this It's one of my favorite pieces in the apartment But I do feel like the style of it doesn't particularly match the style that I'm going for in here and I've been seeing a Lot of stained cane lately that I have been obsessed with like when you kind of add a stain to it It just deepens it gives it some depth and dimension And I think it's gonna look really really nice with all the dark tones in here I'm just kind of a little bit over the yellowish more natural tone of cane and I've really been into those stained looks So let's see what we can do. I feel like the dining room and living room are completely done I am so so in love with the makeovers in these spaces And I know I've been making over these spaces quite often on the channel I always get comments being like why are you still making over your dining room? Why are you still redoing your living room? But I feel like with my spaces It's always an ever-changing space especially where I'm gonna live for the rest of my life It's gonna be changed every like couple of months. That's just how I am as a person. I've always been like that even when I'm younger I love changing around my room and just kind of redecorating and restyling And I also feel like I've really been inspired lately with color And I wanted to just practice a little bit in my own apartment before going into another space and doing anything a Little bit more daring so I hope that you guys loved this makeover And I'm gonna go ahead and share with you guys the reveal of these two spaces right now In this space, I really wanted to play around with natural tones But also incorporating bits of color here and there and I really loved the way that I implemented it through the rug Through candlesticks bits of decor pillows Just little elements here and there that draw in colors from larger aspects and just kind of place them throughout the room And make it look more intentional Any room I was really working with two focal points So I wanted to make both of those shine one being the table that we just got and then one being the bookcase I love how all the elements of the bookcase kind of bring in this vintage antique vibe Which kind of coordinates back to the table I feel like this space really meshes well together and I like how the white really brightens everything up But we still have that pop of color on the wall, which just adds a bit of warmth


I'm Sam Baknien, and I'm the author of Malignant Self-Love, Narcissism Revisited. Healthy narcissism is an integral part of the phase of personal development we call puberty or adolescence. We must therefore carefully distinguish between the narcissistic traits of adolescence and the full-fledged narcissistic personality disorder which is more commonly early adulthood. Adolescence or puberty is about self-definition, differentiation, separation for one's parents, and individuation. These inevitably involve narcissistic assertiveness, which is not to be conflated or confused with a full-fledged disorder. But some adolescents do cross the line and become malignant narcissists. Here is a letter I have written to the adoptive mother of one such adolescent. Donovan, 16 years old, is incapable of loving, and therefore has never loved you, his adoptive mother, or for that matter anyone else, himself included, his entire life. His natural capacity to love and to return love was all but eliminated by his horrid childhood. Repractice loving first and foremost through our parents. If they fail us, if they turn out to be unpredictable, capricious, violent, and unjust, this capacity for loving is stunted forever. This is what happened to Donovan. The ideal figures of his childhood proved to be much less than ideal. Abuse is a very poor ground to breathe healthy emotions in. Granted, Donovan, being the brilliant and manipulated person that he is, knows how to perfectly simulate and emulate love. He acts lovingly, but this is a mere act and it should not be confused with the real thing. Donovan shows love in order to achieve goals. He wants money, a warm house, food on the table, a duration, or a cystic supply. Once these are available from other sources, the former sources, such as yourself, are abandoned callously, cold-heartedly, cruelly, and abruptly. You, his adoptive mother, have been such a temporary stopover for Donovan, the equivalent of a full-board hotel. He had no chores, no requirements on his time. Not only was he able to secure his material needs from you, but he also found in you a perfect source of narcissistic supply. You were adoring, submissive, non-critical, wide-eyed, approving, admiring, perfect narcissistic fix. You describe a very disturbed young man with a clear case of pathological narcissism. Donovan values intelligence about all. He uses foul language to vent his aggression because the narcissist resents his dependence on his sources of supply.  He hates old people, though he calls upon them if he needs something. The narcissist is never above exploiting and manipulating his human environment. When not in need, he does not contact his friends, not even his girlfriend.  In the pursuit of narcissistic gratification, there is no place for hesitation or pause. You put it succinctly in your own letter. Donovan will do nothing for others. Nothing matters to him if it is not for himself. As a result, Donovan lets people down and refrains almost religiously from keeping his promises and obligations. The narcissist is above such mundane things as obligations undertaken and chose to be performed. They counter his conviction that he is above any law, social or other, and it threatens his grandiosity. The narcissist is above reproach. He says to himself, Who is qualified to judge me, to teach me, to advise me? He inevitably reverts to blaming others for his misdeeds. They should have warned, reminded or alerted him. For instance, they should have walked him up if they desired his precious company and wanted him to keep a date that he has fixed. The narcissist is above normal humans, and he is above their daily chores. He doesn't think that he needs to attend classes. He doesn't need to attend classes because other people attend these classes, average people attend classes. The narcissist is bothered.  This is niching. Most narcissists are predictable, and therefore they are boring. Donovan is no exception. To love a narcissist is to love a reflection, not a real figure. Donovan is the most basic, primitive type of narcissist.   Some of these preoccupations attain a phobic aura, is freaky with germs, you're telling me. And that is a very bad sign. Hypocondriasis could be the next mental step. But Donovan is in great danger. He should seek help immediately. His narcissistic personality disorder has been and still is being compounded by other more serious disorders. He is led down a path of no return. Donovan is constantly depressed. Maybe he has had a few major depressive episodes, but he is distinctly dysphoric, sad, and unhedonic. He hates the world. He finds pleasure in nothing. He alternates between hypersomnia, sleeping too much, and insomnia, not sleeping for two days. This is one of the surest signs of deep depression, deep clinical depression. Narcissists suffer by their nature from an undulating sense of self-worth and from an all-pervasive feeling of guilt and recrimination. They punish themselves. They dress in ragged clothes contrary to their primary predilections, and they direct their pent-up aggression at themselves. The result is depression and, sometimes in extreme cases, suicidal ideation. Donovan also seems to suffer from a schizoid personality. These people prefer to stay and work in their rooms, in solitary confinement, chained to their computers and books. And they resent and reject and avoid any social encounter or diversion, sex included. They rarely possess sufficient trust in others, and they requisite emotional baggage to develop stable interpersonal relationships. They are miserable failures at communicating and confining their interactions to first-degree relatives and to adoptive mothers. The total picture is that of a young person suffering from a borderline personality disorder with strong narcissistic and schizoid traits. His reckless and self-destructive spending and his eating irregularities point in this direction. So does the inappropriate effect, for instance, smiling while pretending to shoot people. Donovan is a menace above all to himself. Borderline patients entertain suicidal thoughts, suicidal ideation, and tend finally to act upon them. His aggression can perhaps be directed elsewhere and result in catastrophic consequences. Remember Columbine. Yet, at best, Donovan will continue to make people around him miserable and uncomfortable. Treatment, psychoanalysis and other psychodynamic therapies, cognitive behavioral therapies, all of them are not very effective. My advice to you is to immediately stop your what you call unconditional love. This is since blood where others see only love and altruism. If, for masochistic reason, you still wish to engage this young person, my advice to you would be to condition your love. Sign a contract with him. You want my adoration, admiration, approval, warmth, not to mention money and food. You want my home. You want all of this as an insurance policy. If you do, these are my conditions. And if he says that he doesn't want to have anything to do with you anymore, count your blessings and let him go.


This is what pissed me off even more is the way he came about it if you got a problem Just tell me straight up. He was beating around the bush I've lived here the last three years and well that was What did you see no, did you see that guy? Dude, I don't know if I got that on video. You might have to blur it out at this moment Norm realized that he was looking at a full grown man, but naked Yo, what's popping folks welcome to another video. Thank you guys so much for clicking on this one If you're new to this channel smash that freaking subscribe button hit the like button and also hit the notification bell Well today I got my two boys of me a dump fishing right here, and then we got old fishing with no People go with bass and folks and we're gonna try to catch the big fish So this is a searching for Giants video. I haven't filmed one in such a long time So I was like today we're gonna be going out searching for the big bass and I have a little twist on it today All right a dub so show them the lures that we're using today. Yes, sir If you guys are wondering this is the super six box by six cents.  It's the juice I mean it's all premium baits. They're gonna last a while all the paint jobs the hooks on them are amazing and You know, I'd highly suggest even if you're with another company. I would check out this You know, I check it out go look at it and we're gonna show you what's inside of it today Let's see what we go. Oh, baby. We got a bunch of stuff in there today. I got a bun. Look at this Oh, baby Look at this. What is that? Is that a raw glove sleeve right there? Oh, that's cool All right a little trap dude.  We got six lures and a rod sleeve and they are looking juicy. So can I pick one? Yeah, you could pick one, but wait, which you already have one of mine. Yeah, I have the one that you have in mind So guys I'm gonna go ahead and pick mine out the one that I'm gonna be throwing and this is the quake thud 70 by six cents right here that thing is amazing. I've actually been killing them on this recently But it was in more of a shad pattern. The exact name of this is jungle rose and that one is looking hot, baby So this is what I'm gonna tie on. We're gonna be putting this one on My Mach 2 combo right here by Luz if you want to check them out you can check them out as well All right, Norm. So what are you gonna? What I gotta go second The swim jig all right cool cool. This is like a golden shiner color or something like that Yeah, I call it at six cents The gizzard flash dude that thing looks like I love throwing a swim jig as soon as I saw that I knew it But there's also another swim jig here. That's that's a hybrid. That's a hybrid jig. Yeah, but You wanted the swim jig So I'm looking at these two, but we need to decide should I go with this with the jig or the underspin They're both kind of similar to the swim jig though. So should I just like go with a crankbait or um see this is my thing I think you could get away with the crankbait. I do You know this one smaller little square bill right here This is the crush mini and then you got the cloud nine mini mag right here And that's in a great color for this time of the year. You know that That's a big crankbait though.  I've caught some toads on this jig Yes, I know no no I was using a different jig because I ended up breaking this one off But uh, yeah, I did catch a seven on it this year. Remember I was with you You got it. Oh my gosh norm.  That might be your pb, bro. Here. I can go down and grab him if you need me to you got him He's bigger or he's smaller. I thought he was a still freaking tank, dude I thought it was like a 12 pound look at that guys I'm gonna show you guys that My camera died right when I hooked at him All right Really? Are you kidding me? Like it would be at least eight. He's seven. Yeah, seven on the I didn't even show the camera, did I? No. Oh, it's still showing So, oh, yeah Seven on the money. He's just not fat. I guess I swore he would have been eight pounds I remember you had this jigs in your box. That's not like seven of them Well, I caught some tapes on it though. Yeah, so uh, yeah, dude the underspin I think it'd be really good I got some swim baits in the back of my truck that fit well on that And I just think you know overall this time of year as well, you know fish eating shad Just chasing bait and it's just gonna get them and I've actually caught them on this pond on an underspin I've used the regular fish head and uh completely smacked them. So I think that's gonna work pretty well for you That's probably the snazziest look in swim jig I've ever seen like for real though. Look at that paint job on there Yeah, that thing's that thing's clean. That thing is freaking fresh. I'm excited for this.  I've never been here before but I'm I still know it's gonna be all right if I had the swim base I might have ran out, but I needed to check my box, but I have a swim bait that will literally It would look amazing on there all right like the perfect color Do I have any in my pocket? No, I normally have like all my pairs of shorts There's like eight soft plastics in every single. Oh Calm down bro. Careful All right, we're good the box in the back left, right? Yeah, I don't understand how the box got back there We have tackle everywhere in the back of my truck We've been filming so much the last like what six days dude Everything just starts getting lost after like the six day mark because we're running low on sleep And we're just fishing everywhere and we just start losing stuff really side view, but yeah back back left for yourself there normie Yeah, you got it, buddy We had to sit norm in there because he's got the long arms, man I do have the world's longest wingspan. It's a proven fact Give it to a dub, bro. Give it to a dub, bro.  You're scaring me The whole steak It's extra tender, bro. What do you think? How's our review out of five stars? What do you think? I don't know including price because be very he's pretty expensive You got him.  Oh, he's not bad, bro It's a solid two pounder Dude solid one. Let's go. Do that. That's a two and a half.  Yeah, did you so you got hit too? There's a little shad baits right there. Look at that. Dude. That is a fatty, bro That's a two swimsuit came right out. That's a solid two and a half founder. He's freezing cold too, bro Is he? Oh He's an icy boy Pretty fish, bro. Good job, man. That was good. That was right off the bat. Norm just threw out there. He's like, oh, I got him Lips are red too. He's wearing the lipstick. Oh, yes Yep that under spinning that swim jig is probably gonna tear him up. Good job norm got Yeah, broke the ice, baby. Let's get it dude The swim jig is doing it I thought he was off for a second guys just because he felt like he didn't even feel like a fish He was just that light. He didn't fight at all. But when I set the hook, I couldn't even feel him But I will take it man That's the thing about a swim jig guys is instead of a chatter bait, this thing is silent So I love fishing this thing in like pressured lakes and stuff like that A lot of people will throw loud baits But if you throw a more natural bait a lot of times you'll be able to catch these fish And we literally caught that right behind the uh, the rattle trap there, which is honestly surprising I love the rattle trap. It's the best bait in the whole entire world. But anyways, we're gonna let this guy go See you both Dude, I'm talking about like when I set the hook I thought I didn't have them I thought I missed them when I set the hook Dude, I just had another one right here Got him got him Guys, that's the second cast in a row No Dude, they are just attacking this swim jig right here. They're hitting it so soft too I mean just the softest I've ever had a swim jig bite before but Hey, we'll take it man. We'll take it.  They're they're all super healthy out here.  You also have this skirt on here. Just makes it look more realistic We're at the end of that brush file Yep On the swim jig boys is not switched with norm I was like dude, let me give this thing a shot real quick I just think it's the subtle approach of this swim jig Oof little fat guy there munching that swim jig. Look at that. It is just crazy how You know guys it's a little slower day. I know we're trying to search for these giants We haven't got them yet, but you know, this is the process of it And we should eventually be able to hook a good one But they're just munching the swim jig if you guys are wondering about the conditions It's actually overcast today a bunch of all in trap You got him So he actually hit the trap right there Dang bro. Look at that little fatty. This is such a little football. Oh my gosh. Well guys, that's four on the swim jig Nothing on anything else right now Come on fish.  He's so cute Yeah, you're in out of the backyard. I don't know. I don't know what to do. I don't even know how he got out, dude Look how cute he is. He just wants to play.  He just wanted to play Yeah, let's just walk over here We got a little friend. Oh no, he thinks I'm oh geez Hey, buddy. Oh, he's excited. He's excited because I sat down Sit down and we'll get super excited So guys, uh, I don't know. So we were just right here. Wait, hold up. They're in the backyard. Let's let them know At this moment norm realized that he was looking at a full grown man, but naked Well, that was um What a little friend. Did you know did you see that guy? Dude, I don't know if I got that on video. You might have to blur it out That dude comes out in his backyard guys. His dog runs out.  He's just got his hand over his junk.  What? Dude, I never in my life. That's the weirdest thing that's happening to you all fishing. What's going on is a real question Like that man, I just we can't say it on youtube. I mean I didn't even notice for the first 10 seconds. I just heard his voice Adam is not gonna do we got to let him just so you understand what happened. We heard him. So we're like Dude, there wasn't a piece I've never seen just a stranger naked For I don't think ever. All right. That was interesting, man. I like this dog though He wasn't even like embarrassed He just walked out naked. He's out That was hilarious, dude. That was definitely one of the crazy things He was having a full on conversation with us without clothes on.  What's up? I come back here every once in a while. I live just right there I live right there. It's a pretty day outside All right, you have a good one.  Dude, I've fished here for three years. I have never had one person complain Not one The reason I moved in here is so I can fish you We're in the water. We ain't standing on as Huh, how you doing? I'll come over to you real quick. How you doing, brother? Doing good It's like two seconds ago. There's a guy who came out here I've lived here the last three years and the reason I moved here is so I can fish because this is what I do for a living So I've never had a problem and everybody's been kind and nice. I've talked to the homeowners and They're cool about it. So you guys live in there? Yes, sir. I live right over there. Um in this cul-de-sac I mean, I know the people are the homeowners and we were talking about stock in the box So, yeah, I mean I've Yeah, he came out a second ago and I talked to him and he was like, yeah, he's like just keep that in mind that You know, some people might not want you fishing here. I was like, all right. Yeah, for sure But I don't know exactly they call and they refuse. I don't want to talk to you Yeah, we don't even know who called my home. No, it had to have been that guy. Yeah Because we were just we've been out Yeah, I mean he came off a little rude. What's your name in? No, nice to meet you. Nice to meet you Yes, sir, I do uh You know, we make make some videos on it, but very blessed man. It's it's awesome It's been uh, it's been eight years since I've since I've started it. So it's It's been a while Well, if you guys want to go fishing sometime just is kicking their best tv you just send me a message. We'll go fishing You have a good one, man Well, that was interesting I don't I don't understand I don't understand the point of that whole like why he came out literally 20 seconds before they did like How about you come out and talk to me first like I've lived here for three years, buddy Like I do I've literally fished Yeah, because he was like, where'd you guys come from? I'm like my how like I've literally kayak fished here for three years, bro I literally have my own house in here Dude, I've fished here. So he probably just came off of work because it's friday.  He was beating around the bush You know what I mean? He's like just keep that in mind. I was like, okay, we'll keep what in mind really, you know I haven't like I've fished out here for three years, bro I've the reason I moved in this neighborhood was to fish this pond like I moved on a pond for a reason I mean, would he rather me be standing in his backyard or on a kayak?


Hi, this is Samantha House and today I'm going to show you how to create a very simple Google Slides presentation. There are a few different sites that you can go to to find some unique and creative templates for your Google Slides.  And what you can do is just search for the topic of your template. So if I wanted to search for history, I'm going to type that in and you can see that there's lots of different templates that come up. And the little icons under the slide show you how you can use the slides. So for instance, this one can be downloaded to Canva, Google Slides or Microsoft PowerPoint. So maybe I'll choose this one and I'm going to click on it. And I'll choose that I want to open this in Google Slides. And it's going to prompt me to make my own copy of the slide deck. So here you'll notice that I have a lot of different slide templates that I can use. And I can rearrange these by clicking on them and dragging them. I can also change the text by clicking in the text box and typing it. I can delete slides by clicking on a slide and simply pressing the delete key on my keyboard. I can also insert some different elements. So for instance, if I find a video on YouTube, I'll click on it. I'll preview it and I'm going to copy the URL. I can go back to my Google Slides and choose insert and I'll choose a video. I can insert the URL. The video will appear and I can click on it and choose insert. Then the video is kind of in the middle of the page.  And I can resize it by dragging the handles. Similarly, I can insert images. So if I want to insert an image of a flag but I don't like this one, I can click on it and delete it. I can go to Google and I can go to images.google.com. Search for the image that I want. I can right click it. I'll click copy image. I'll go back to my presentation, right click and paste. And then again, I can drag the handles to resize. Down at the very bottom, there are some images that you can use throughout your slide deck. So if I wanted to take some of these graphics and copy them to use on another slide, I can do that as well. And then I'll delete that page when I'm done with it. To change the title of my presentation, I'm just going to click up here and I can give it a title. And then to share the presentation, I'm going to click on share. And I can decide what access I want to give. So I can share it with only a certain group of people and I would type their email addresses here. I could share it with people only in my organization or I could choose anyone with the link. And then I want to be careful and make sure that I'm giving people the correct role of viewer, commenter, or editor. And then once I've given my permissions, I can choose copy link, paste it where I need it to go, and click done. And that's it. You've created a simple Google Slides presentation. Thanks for watching. Don't forget to like and subscribe for more tutorials like this one.


So, far we have seen a class of languages called regular languages. We had studied their properties, they are very interesting, but we also saw that there are many languages which this class of languages did not contain. Today, we start looking at another class of languages and this class is called context free languages, the class of context free languages. And we will see that they are very natural class of languages, in a way we will be familiar with in some context or the other. And these languages are defined through context free grammars, that is the way to define these class of languages. So, what we are trying to say is that we are going to define a class of languages called context free languages. Recall, when we say this is a class of context free languages, that means this is a set where each set is a language or a set of strings. And if you go back when we considered regular languages, the way we defined the set of languages, the class of regular languages was that for each regular language, we had an automaton, a finite automaton and the class of strings accepted by that automaton was the language considered. But here instead of a machine or an automaton, we are going to look at a totally different way of capturing a language, describing a language and that notion is that of the grammar. Now, grammar is a notion of course, we are familiar from our school days. For example, let me what I am trying to do is notion of grammar and at this point this notion is informal. We consider a sentence like this that good students regularly. This is of course, an English language sentence and if you recall in a school, we said this is a grammatical sentence that this is an acceptable English language sentence, because we can parse it according to a grammar, grammar of the English language. So, the way we would parse it in school may be something like this that we will say that a sentence, an English sentence it has two parts noun phrase and a verb phrase. A noun phrase may again have an adjective and a noun and a verb phrase can have a verb and let us say a noun phrase preposition followed by a noun as well as an adverb. The details are not important, but I am trying to remind you that we did something like this in school and an adjective, there are many possible adjectives in particular one adjective is good and one noun of many nouns, one noun is students and verb is go preposition is to school and regularly. So, we justified that this is an English language sentence, good students go to school regularly by what we called in school by parsing it according to the rules of English grammar and what were those rules which we have used here that any sentence or a sentence is composed of two parts. So, we say a sentence this thing is a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase then for example, so we have we had rules like this that a sentence can be rewritten this thing can be seen as a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase and noun phrase if we expand further then we had it can be adjective followed by a noun also possibly a noun itself and an adjective good etcetera. So, again the details of English language grammar is not important, what is important here is the abstract notion of what is happening. So, firstly how do we see English language sentences, we say that English language sentences are composed of words, but any juxtaposition of you know set of words will not be a sentence unless they follow certain rules as we derive that sentence you know all these notions will come naturally to the definition of context free language context free grammar. And the set of all grammatical English language sentences are those which can be derived which can be generated using the rules of the grammar with some of these rules that I have said here. So, as an example of a formal language which is in the same style which can be described by means of a grammar let us take this example which is a very simple example here I am considering a particular language over 0 and 1 and very similar to what we had done there let me write in this fashion that an s can be either an epsilon or an s can be 0 s 1. So, these are the rules of this grammar I will describe these things more carefully define these things a little more carefully, but let us understand this example very simple example the way it is what we are saying that look the thing that you can do is to generate strings using these rules why because for example, you say I start with s and then apply this rule s you can this arrow will let us read it as s can be rewritten as 0 s 1 the way same way we can show that or you know we can think of a sentence this whatever the entity is this can be rewritten as two things noun phrase and verb phrase same way I am saying this rule is basically saying that this symbol s can be rewritten as 0 s 1. So, let me do that why stop once applying this rule let me apply it once more right now I have 0 s 1 why not apply the same rule once more. So, that would mean 0 now this s I am rewriting as 0 s 1 and the this old one is there may be I want to rewrite this s again using the same rule. So, then what will happen I will get 0 0 0 s 1 1 1 and then now I finally decide that I will rewrite s using the first rule which is s goes to epsilon, epsilon recall epsilon is an empty string. So, when I apply that I will get 0 0 0 1 1 1 can I apply any more of these rules no because the only way we could have applied these rules if I had an occurrence of this symbol s all right. So, it is very clear that just by using these two rules starting from this symbol and this rules basically rules of rewriting what I have done I have come to a string and that string is over 0 and 1 is this the only string I can generate of course, not this is very easy to see I can generate all strings in this using these rules I can generate all strings of this kind say 0 n 1 n where n is greater than equal to 0 right. So, this set of strings over the binary alphabet 0 1 can be generated simply using these two rules right. Now, what have I got I have got a set of strings right over 0 1 in other words this is of course, is a subset of set of all finite strings over 0 1 and therefore, this is a language in our terminology it is a language it is a formal language this thing is a formal language over 0 1 and I have described it very simply I can describe this set very simply by saying that an element of this set an element is the string over 0 1 1 is a string which can be obtained by repeatedly applying these rules of rewriting the symbol s starting from just one occurrence of that symbol s. So, let us now formalize this idea a little more carefully we starting from this very simple example will try to obtain the notion of a context free grammar. Now, again let us look at this example we see two kinds of things here immediately two kinds of symbols ultimately we are generating a language over 0 and 1 remember the language was 0 and 1 n where n is greater than equal to 0. So, it is a language over this alphabet 0 1, but other than that we are also using a symbol in this case which is this capital S right. So, right away we see there are two classes of symbols one is of course, sigma right sigma is the alphabet of the strings which will constitute the language that we are going to define. So, let us look at it once more clearly suppose I want to define a language over sigma some alphabet. So, of course, I will use that alphabet, but besides that alphabet I am also using here one symbol which is s. So, let me use a set v to say this is the set of non-terminal and this sigma is of course, I let me say it as set of terminals. We will see immediately a little later why one we are calling you are using this terminal as a terminal and non-terminal besides this two of course, these two these two are set of symbols we also have these what we call you know some rules of rewriting. So, let me say this p to be a set of rewriting rules right. So, in this example I have already taken care of s I have already taken care of the binary alphabet 0 1 as well as I have taken care of these rules is there anything else in this example which we need to you know generalize for the notion of grammar s and that is I have to say that look we have how do we start this process of rewriting right. We start we said that the strings will derive will start getting starting from just writing the symbol s. Now, here I have a set of these non-terminal I must say which of these will be the start symbol let me write this s this s is going to be an element of v which will say the start symbol which of course, is an element of the set of non-terminal these four things together let me call to be a grammar g in particular when the rules are like this we will call them context free grammar. So, in this example let us just write this that v was the set s sigma was the alphabet 0 1 p the rules of production incidentally these are also called rewriting rules also called rules of production production alternatively p was just these two rules s goes to epsilon and s goes to 0 s 1 and s there is only v consists of only one particular symbol one non-terminal and the start symbol has to be an element of v and therefore, s is by default the start symbol in this example. Now, we will also we should say that this v and sigma they are disjoint in other words there is their intersection is empty because they serve two different purposes as we shall see little more liberately now and now what we are doing exactly the same thing I will now say in terms of our terminologies that what we are doing is derive or to get such terminal strings we start with the start symbol s and then use a production whose left hand side is s in this case both the production at the same left hand side. So, I instead of this s I replace the left this s with a right hand side of a production whose left hand side is s and we did all this and in the process finally, at some point of time when I have a string in which there is no occurrence of any symbol from v. So, that means the string that I have consists solely of terminal strings or what we are our alphabet sigma then we say that is one string that we have generated. So, using the rules as and when as we wish little let me let me get give a couple more examples before we proceed with the formalism. So, this particular grammar gave me a set of strings as we had seen here which was the set of all strings in which the zeros occur before and the ones occur later and number of zeros is same as number of one. Come to more about this language generated, but let me tweak this a little bit same example or to get something like this let me again. So, this was our example one grammar and what is another example which is also very simple again I will have only one non-terminal s let me use a different alphabet a, b of terminal string terminal symbol and for production I will have this s goes to a, s, a, s can also go to b, s, b and let us say s again can go to epsilon. So, this these three rules will constitute capital P the production rule what kind of strings do I generate from using these rules again we start with s. So, let me let me choose to use this particular rule. So, I will get a, s, a then why not do it once more use the same rule once more so a, a, s, a, a. Now, let me use this rule so a, a, b, s, b, a, a and once more let me use the first rule a, a, b.  So, a, a, b, a, a, b, a, a what can you do say about this string that this string reads the same from left to right as well as from right to left is not it a, a, a, a, b, a, a, b, a, a. So, a, a, b, a, a, b, a, a, a whether you read it from the left or you read it from the right you get the same string such a string is called a palindrome as you know we have seen in other context and does it generate all palindrome not really I mean palindromes which are whose lengths are even. So, this is another example now in both these cases what is happening we have you know this v sigma p s we start with s and keep rewriting using p you have seen examples of rewriting that whenever what is rewriting that I have a string in which presumably there will be some terminal symbols and non-terminal symbols a non-terminal symbol in such a string can be replaced by the right hand side of a rule whose left hand side is that particular non-terminal. So, for example, what I am doing this particular non-terminal I am replacing by this because s go s arrow b s b. So, s is the left hand side and b s b is the right hand side of a rule. So, this is what we have been doing all through. Now, let me describe this process little more formally. So, what I am doing is that suppose I have a string which is of this kind alpha 1 then x alpha 2 and x alpha 2. So, this is the arrow gamma is a production rule then from then I mean. So, basically what I am saying is that if I had this and using this rule I can get starting or not starting from this string using this we get we get alpha 1. Alpha 1 gamma alpha 2 right basically I have just replaced this x by the right hand side of this production which now in general x may have many productions. There are many productions whose left hand side is x I choose any and just replace whatever whichever production I choose the right hand side of that is used to replace this particular right. Now, do you see that if I do this then I say that alpha 1 x alpha 2 derives in one step alpha 1 gamma alpha 2. So, is this clear? So, I have again let us let us look at this I have a string what by the way what are alpha 1 and alpha 2 alpha 1 and alpha 2 in general are strings over v and sigma. So, let me write it maybe more clearly here alpha 1 alpha 2 are strings over v union sigma star that means they are strings over the alphabet v and sigma together. So, basically such a string can have occurrences from v as well as from terminal alphabet and I have this string alpha 1 x alpha 2 and I have another string alpha 1 gamma alpha 2. I say that these two strings are related by this relation which I read it as that alpha 1 x alpha 2 derives in one step alpha 1 gamma alpha 2. So, let me write it provided x goes to gamma this is a in a my production. So, what we are saying and saying that look two strings over v union sigma I can relate them by saying that one string derives in one step the other string provided what I do is I rewrite one normal string. So, this is a non terminal in that first string by the right hand side of a production gamma is the right hand side of production whose left hand side is the non terminal which I am replacing. So, this is very simple I had an occurrence of x that is what I am replacing by gamma and that is why I am saying that this particular string is obtained from this particular string in one single step. So, now you know a step here is basically an application of the production rule to rewrite one non terminal by the right hand side of that non terminal of a production. So, this is clear if this notion is clear what does it mean to see a string derives in one step another string. So, now you can you can see that you know I may have some string gamma 1 and I keep on doing this from gamma 1 in one step I get gamma 2 from gamma 2 in one step I get gamma 3 and so on so forth finally let us say I get some gamma n and in the each I am doing the same thing like in gamma 1 there was some non terminal which I am replacing by the right hand side of a production whose left hand side is that non terminal and so on for from gamma 2 also I am replacing one non terminal by the right hand side of a production whose left hand side was that non terminal which I am replacing. So, now I will say that alpha 1 derives alpha n simply derives and let me write it as like this and I will also just for the sake of completeness let me also say that a string also derives itself those of you who are who love long word what this particular relation is the reflexive transitive closure of this relation, but very simply what we are saying that 0 or more applications of this derives in one step if through that I can go from alpha 1 alpha 1 to I should have said gamma 1 gamma 1 to gamma 2 gamma 1 step right. So, here you know I used so many times 1 2 3 and so many times I have made use of n minus 1 derives in one step I have used to go from here to there all right so now using this notion I should be able to describe the language generated by a grammar let G be a grammar and remember a grammar for us as a set of non terminals set of terminals set of production rules and start symbol s and now with this grammar I associate a language we associate a language L G with which is a subset of sigma star that means this is the language consisting of some set of finite strings over the alphabet sigma in the following way the grammar G as follows we say L G is the set of all terminal strings such that s derives remember that notion of derives as opposed to essentially derives in one step derives in one step means that just by one application of the production rules derives when we say derived that means in I can allow many steps to this s derives x. So, what we have seen the look the language generated by the grammar G that is how we read it language generated by the grammar G is the set of all terminal strings x which can be obtained which can be derived from the start symbol of the grammar. Now, do you see every of these notions are every one of these notions are being used in this course to define which all strings s can derive there I am using the set of production rules I am using the start symbol in a very essential manner because a language of the grammar language of this grammar G not only has to be a terminal string, but it has to be also something which is derived from the start symbol. So, I am using p in this what when I am saying that x s derives x I am using p I am using s of course, here and I am using sigma and p is of course, defined through v I am you know v can occur and so in p and therefore, all the notions there are being used all right. Now, let us be a little more clear or you know we have been very informal so far. So, we see G v sigma p s, but with the usual restrictions apply that is v and sigma they are this and so on is a context free grammar each element of p is of the form alpha where x is an element of v.  Now, these are the only kinds of rules we have they need not be they can be you know the left hand side of the this by the way this is called the left hand side and this is right hand side I have been using that now you know also. So, left hand side can be more complex something it could have been a string right hand side also of course, is a string, but in context free language left hand side is always just one non-terminal and notice that what you are rewriting is always a non-terminal. So, you have some non-terminal you replace that non-terminal in the process of derivation. So, now we know what is the context free grammar and a language L is context free. So, let me now give the official definition of context free language we have been we have seen some examples language L is context is a context free language there is a context free grammar G such that this L is the language derived or associated with the grammar G. We you know the meaning of given G what is the meaning of L G L G is the set of all terminal strings can derive from the start symbol of that grammar and what you are saying is that a language is context free language is a context free language if you can find the context free grammar G such that this language is the associated language with that grammar. We also say that this this L G is the language generated by the grammar G let me use that term L G is the language generated by you have to be careful or you know we should appreciate one fact that while talking of regular languages right what did we do we typically we what we did was that we defined an automaton a finite automaton and then we said the language accepted by that automaton and here what we are seeing the language generated by the grammar G. So, you can see these are two different one we use there is a notion of acceptance by an automaton. So, there we said you know consider the set of all strings and now for each string check whether my machine accepts it or not if it accepts it is in the language if it is not it is not in the language here what we are saying that again consider the set of all strings over sigma. Now, if a string is generated in that grammar through is derived from the start symbol you know like this by the grammar then I say that string is in the language otherwise it is nothing exactly that is what we are saying there. So, here they were there when talking of automaton we had this notion of acceptance or string being recognized here we are seeing we are generating that string that is why these grammars are called generative devices. Now, let me take one more example. So, that these ideas become a little clearer consider another grammar this time we will have not just one non-terminal, but a number of non-terminal and it goes like this. Let me first write out the productions I have the start symbol I again use s. So, s goes to a, b and s goes to b, a then a goes to a, s and a can go to b, a can go to b, a can also go to a, b goes to I will give the productions whose right hand left hand side is b. So, b goes to b, s while reading these rules you can say s goes to this or you can say s can be rewritten as this whatever whichever is more natural. So, now, these are the set of productions. Now, you can see what are my set of non-terminal, b is s, a, b, sigma here is the set of non-terminal and this is your set of productions and s is your start symbol. So, my grammar g is b, sigma, b, s and where s is the start. So, let us try to derive a couple of things from here. Now, first of all do you agree that this is a context free grammar, this grammar that I have described here is a context free grammar. Why? Because of course, I have this v, sigma, p, s and my each of this production is of the type that I have a non-terminal to be and the right hand side is some string over terminals and non-terminal. So, this is indeed a context free grammar and therefore, the language generated by this is going to be a context free language and let me just derive a few free of this language. So, we start with s and maybe I use the first production. Now, you see I have a choice, I can use any one of these. So, why not let me use this more complex looking one, let me use the second one. This b therefore, I rewrite as a, b, b. Now, what I can again apply one of the b rules and notice now that I have a choice that I could either rewrite this rule, this particular non-terminal, this occurrence of b or this occurrence of b. We are not saying that which one you should do. So, maybe let me do the one at the end. So, this b I keep as such and that b I write it as b s. So, again I have a string I have from s I have derived a string in which I have this two non-terminal. You see it is in my hand I am doing the derivation, I could either use a production whose left hand side is b or I can use a production whose left hand side is s. Let us say that we use this one and maybe this time let me use this particular one s goes to b a. So, this s goes to b a and now what I will do is where did I stop, s goes to b a and now which one I will replace. So, let me replace this b by this one and then I am going to replace there is nothing to replace here. This is b, this is b, here let me replace this by and a. You know I made one mistake in this derivation. Can you spot where the mistake in that derivation is? I said that we will replace this b. This capital B there what we did was I replaced this b with left hand side of right hand side of this particular rule which is a b b which I wrote, but then I forgot to write this particular the first a. So, I should have an a all the time before this particular a in the beginning. So, let me do this now and I have got a string which is a a b b b a. Just one more derivation of the derivation from the same grammar. The point at least I tried to which I tried to illustrate here was that at any given time you may have an choice choices. You have two kinds of choices that there are several non-terminals which one you should replace. You have a choice. Also given making having made the decision that I am going to replace one particular non-terminal by the right hand side of a production which of which production you know like b when I chose here that I will replace this I mean here I said I will replace this s. So, I had a choice I could have either use this production or that production. So, nobody is going to tell us while we are deriving which one I should do. That is fine you know any one of these productions whose left hand side matches the non-terminal which I want to replace is equally welcome. And in the process of doing this finally, I have come to a terminal string which cannot be can you do anything further no because only thing you can do from a string as in the process of derivation to get another string is to replace one of the non-terminals by the by using one of the production rules. But, here there are there is no non-terminal at all. So, the production the derivation will stop derivation stops once you have a string which is all terminals.


Welcome to class in the book of Romans, study on the book of Romans. Thank you, John Paul, Rosalind Zalutodi and Jeffina for joining class. We began studying Romans chapter 11 on Monday. We studied right up to chapter 6, so we study verses 7 onwards of Romans chapter 11. Before we do that, can we just pause for a word of prayer? Can one of you please lead us in prayer, please? Anyone? Anyone would like to lead us in prayer? Father, we pray this morning, you would speak to us, help us to know your word, help us to understand it clearly and help us to apply this in our lives. We pray for this time of learning that you would enable each one of us to listen and to follow. We give you praise in Jesus name, we pray. Thank you, John Paul. So in chapter 11, we're basically looking at, you know, we looked at verses 1 to 6. In this chapter, Paul is revealing to us, Apostle Paul is revealing God's plan for Israel. He's showing us of God's plan of sharing the gospel to the Gentiles comes as a means to awaken the Jews from their slumber for them to, you know, awaken them to also, you know, to respond to the gospel. Okay, so in verses 1 to 6, which we studied on Monday, Paul is basically saying or telling the Jews that God has not given up on the Jewish race, or he's not giving up on the people of Israel. Yes, on a larger scale, they have rejected the gospel, yet, you know, God has not given up on them. He's not forgotten them. And he says that, you know, among the Jews that are few who have said yes to the grace of God that has been released or given to them through Jesus Christ. And Paul says that he is one such person. And there are others as well, a remnant of Jews who have responded to the grace of God. So that is what he is mentioning in verses 1 to 6. We will look now verses 7 to 10. So can one of you please read verses 7 to 10, please. Anyone? Verses 7 to 10. Verse 7, What then Israel has not obtained what it seeks, but the elect have obtained it, and the rest were blinded. Just as it is written, God has given them a spirit of stupor, eyes that they should not see, and ears that they should not hear to this very day.  Let their eyes be darkened so that they do not see and bow down their back always. Amen. Thank you, Rosalind. Paul is saying that Israel as a nation, they haven't got what they are seeking because they are trying to receive righteousness by the law. And he says that it's not going to work. He says, but the elect that the chosen people, a few of them who said yes to the gospel, they have received the righteousness by faith. Okay. And then he says, What about the rest of the Jews?  And he quotes two passages from the Old Testament. In verse eight, Paul quotes from Isaiah chapter 29, verses 10 and 13, and Deuteronomy chapter 29, verses three and four. So he's talking of the fact that they have a spirit or stupor or slumber. Okay, so they are asleep. A stupor means they are in a state like a dream or a coma or days, you know, or a slumber, a fast asleep, blinded to the things that are happening around and blinded to the truth. And he also quotes David from Psalm 69, verses 22, verses 23, in verses nine and 10. And he says that the rest of them are blinded. He says, you see here, he says in verse eight, God has given them a spirit of stupor, eyes that they should not see, ears that should not hear. So, you know, it's not that God has blinded them from understanding or receiving the gospel. Then if God has not given them, where does this blindness come from? Or what is causing this blindness? Okay, so there can be two sources. One source is, you know, our own choosing to depart from the truth and choosing not to see the light, maybe for various reasons. You know, John, you know, when he wrote, he says men love darkness rather than the light. So maybe they love the darkness than the light or they're choosing to depart from the truth and they choose not to see the truth for various reasons.  Okay, so he says, you know, you want to go that way. This is your choice. You want to make the choice. You want to go that way. He gives us up to what we choose. Okay, and so this is one source of blindness. The other source of blindness can be Satan who blinds the minds of those who believe. You know, he puts a veil of blindness on people. Okay, so when people, sorry, when Paul is saying that God has given them a spirit of stupor, you know, would God be self contradictory? You know, would he on one hand say, I want you to accept and receive my son and the message of Christ? Or as he declared in his word that he wants all men to be saved and come to the knowledge, saving knowledge of Jesus Christ. So if he's giving them a spirit of stupor and slumber and on the one hand he wants them to accept and receive his son and the message of Jesus Christ, then you know, saying that he is giving them a spirit of stupor would actually work against himself because he himself is saving it and that he wants all men to be saved. Or he himself is saying that he wants everyone to accept and receive his son and he himself is preventing people from receiving the message. Now, would he do that? Would he work against himself? Definitely not. God cannot work against himself. So what does it mean when, you know, it says that God has given them a spirit of stupor, eyes that they should not see and ears that they should not hear to this very day. It should be understood in the light of how we understood what God spoke about Pharaoh in Romans chapter 9. Okay. When he said that God, when we read that God hardened Pharaoh's heart. Did God harden Pharaoh's heart? Or did God allow him to harden his own heart? God allowed him Pharaoh to harden his own heart. His heart was already hardened and he wanted to harden his heart against God and God allowed that. This is the same example of Judas. Now, did God make Judas betray him? Or did he allow Judas to do what he decided to do or what he chose to do? So if God caused Judas to betray him, then Judas would have been a greater savior, right? So did God choose or did Judas choose what he did? And it was Judas' choice and hence we read that he went and, you know, hung himself. Okay. So God just allowed him to do what he wanted to do. God has given us the free will to choose. You know, get the volition and we just choose whatever we want to choose. And God doesn't mean that God does not stop us. No, he does. He's given us our conscience. He's given us the world. He's given us inner witness of the Holy Spirit. All of these things are different ways that he guides us and leads us. But, you know, if we continue to hold on to our own ways and we want to make our own choices, then God gives us up to our own choice. He says you want to go that way, go. You want to do that. You do it. You want to choose that. You choose it. Okay. So here in Romans chapter 11 verse 8, we have to understand it in the same sense, just like we read in Romans chapter 1 verse 24 where it says, God gave them up to their uncleanliness. So God gave them up. It was 26 of chapter 1. God gave them up to their own vile sinful passions. Or what we read in Romans chapter 1 verse 28 where it says, God gave them over to a debased mind. Why did God give them over to a debased mind? Why did God give them up to uncleanliness to vile passions? Because after knowing the truth, they replaced the truth for a life. They exchanged the glory of God for the glory of idols. Okay. And they also, you know, a creation itself, it says in Romans chapter 1, reveals the Godhead, reveals the glory of God.  But, you know, they did not choose the truth.  So why did God give them up? Because that is what they chose. Did God want this for them? No way. God did not want this for them. So the same way we need to interpret and we need to ask the question, has God given them a spirit of slumber and stupor? No. So what is the answer? God chose darkness. They chose to reject Christ and they chose to go their own way. Okay. So what Paul is saying is, Israel is not able to obtain righteousness by the way they want, but there are some who have obtained it by grace and the rest are in blindness and darkness. And they are there because God has let them go their way or let them be or choose what they want to choose. Okay. So that is verses 7 to verse 11, to verse 10, to verse 10. Anyone has any questions before we move on to verse 11? Okay. There are no questions. We'll move on to verse 11. Can somebody please read verses 11 to verse 15, please? Romans chapter 11 verses 11 to 15. Yes, Japhina. Go ahead and read. Romans chapter 11 verses 11 to 15. I say then, have they stumbled that they should fall? Certainly not. But through their fall, to provoke them to jealousy, salvation has come to the Gentiles. Now, if their fall is riches for the world and their failure riches for the Gentiles, how much more their fullness? For I speak to the Gentiles in as much as I am an apostle to the Gentiles, I magnify my ministry. If by any means I may provoke to jealousy those who are my flesh and save some of them, for if they're being cast away through the counseling of the world, what will their acceptance be but life from the dead? Amen. Thank you, Japhina. So he says in verse 11, I say then, have they stumbled that they should fall? So he's asking a question similar to what he's asked in verse one, has God cast away his people? And the answer is no. God has not cast them away because there are some people among them who have experienced Christ. So the next question is he's saying, so have they fallen because they are in a state of blindness and they are in a place where they cannot be brought back because of that have they fallen? So the answer is certainly not. The word fall means have they trespassed? Have they gone out of the way? So through their fall, it's very clear that it is their fall and it is their trespass. It's not God who has put them in blindness. It's their blindness that has put them into trespass or it's their blindness that has got them out of the way. But through the trespass of the Jews, what has happened? Salvation has come to them. Who has it come to? Salvation has come to them. The Gentiles and God is going to provoke the Jews to jealousy. Why provoke the Jews to jealousy? Because the Jews thought that the kingdom of God is for the Jews. The messianic bank it is only for the Jews. There would be no Gentiles in it. And so when the gospel is gone out from the Jews to the Gentiles and they are also part of the church, part of the kingdom of God, part of the Abrahamic blessing, it's going to provoke them. It's going to awake them. It's going to provoke them to jealousy. So he's saying that the Jews are in darkness and sin, but God is going to use the salvation of the Gentiles to awaken them and get them back. And he's just provoking them so that they can come and they can receive salvation. Verse 12, the falling away of the Jews has got so much benefit for the Gentiles and just the failure of the Jews to receive the Messiah has got so much of richness and blessing and inheritance to the Gentiles. And so Paul is saying what do you think will happen if only the Jews, they fall in line and if only the Jews accept Christ, accept the grace of God and salvation by faith. He's saying just imagine how much more the Gentiles will be blessed. Just by the falling away, just by the rebellious nature, just by the rejection of the Jews, the Gentiles have received so much of riches and blessings. What will happen if the Jews fall in line? How much more the Gentiles will be blessed? And then he says, even though he's an apostle to the Gentiles, what he really likes to do is by reaching out to the Gentiles, by preaching to the Gentiles and thus fulfilling his call that God has for his life. By preaching the gospel of salvation to the Gentiles and by them being saved, he's saying my ministry is somehow provoking the Jews to jealousy so they too can be saved. So he's saying that indirectly his ministry to the Gentiles is going to be an added benefit because when he's preaching to the Gentiles and they're going to be saved and they're going to receive salvation, the Jews are going to get J. They're going to get jealous and so they too can be, and then they get jealous, they're provoked, they're waking from their slumber, somehow they will be saved. So we can see Paul's deep down passion, his desire for his people to be saved, even as he's called to be an apostle among the Gentiles. Again, verse 15, for if there being cast away is the consigning of the world, what will that acceptance be but life from the dead? So saying if the Jews come to a faith, a great and a grand resurrection is going to take place, it's like people coming back from the dead. And some commentators refer this to the prophetic event where the Jews will accept the Messiah, so Paul and God will establish the Millennium Kingdom. This event of restoring Israel can be compared to this phrase, bringing life from the dead. And also some commentary writers say that Israel's acceptance will be life from the dead, that is like the first resurrection. The first resurrection includes saints at the rapture, those saints who have gone through tribulation, their resurrection. So he's saying it would be like that. So he's saying just imagine just by them casting away or being cast away is reconciling the world, is bringing the world back to God. What will be the situation if the Jews accept the gospel, accept the salvation that is through Jesus Christ, it'll be as people are coming back from life from the dead. So just summing up what was said so far, God has not given up on the Jews. The Jews have chosen darkness and hence because they chose darkness, salvation was given to the Gentiles. And it was given to the Gentiles also as a way to provoke the Jews to jealousy. So if the Jews' rejection and the darkness or the rejection of the gospel brought salvation and blessings to the Gentiles, how much more will the Gentiles receive blessings if the Jews receive the gospel or become righteous by faith through grace. So that is what he's mentioning in these verses, verses 11 to verse 15. We'll move on to verses 16 to verse 25. Before that, anyone has any questions? Verses 16 to 25, anyone has any questions? Okay, there are no questions. Can somebody please read Romans chapter 11 verses 16 to 25 please. Verse 16, for if the first fruit is holy, the lump is also holy. And if the root is holy, so are the branches. And if some of the branches were broken off and you, being a wild olive tree, were grafted in among them and with them became a particle of the root and fatness of the olive tree, do not boast against the branches. But if you do boast, remember that you do not support the root, but the root supports you. You will say then, branches were broken off that I might be grafted in. Well said, because of unbelief, they were broken off and you stand by faith. Do not be haughty, but fear. For if God did not spare the natural branches, he may not spare you either. Therefore, consider the goodness and severity of God on those who fell severity, but toward you, goodness.  And they also, if they do not continue in unbelief, will be grafted in. For God is able to graft them in again. For if you were cut out of the olive tree, which is wild by nature and were grafted contrary to nature into a cultivated olive tree, how much more will these who are natural branches be grafted into their own olive tree? Amen. But for I do not desire brethren that you should be ignorant of this mystery. Rest you should be wise in your own opinion that blindness in part has happened to Israel until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in. Amen. Thank you, Rosalind. So this is very, very interesting here how Paul presents the truth to us. He's basically painting a very beautiful picture of the olive tree. And what he presents to us is this. He says, imagine two olive trees.  And there's another olive tree and that olive tree is a wild olive tree which is growing in the wild. The cultivated olive tree represents, what does it represent? The Jews, the Israelites. And says some did not believe and so God cuts them off and he takes them off as branches, you know, from the tree. And he takes the branches of the wild olive tree, which are the Gentiles who believe in Jesus Christ, believe the salvation that is in Jesus Christ. And he grafts them into the cultivated olive tree and he makes them part of what he is doing. So he tells the Gentiles, you know, now those of you who are grafted into this cultivated olive tree, you know, don't boast. Don't boast because you have been grafted. But remember that this tree is standing there because of its roots. Which trees he talking about the main cultivated olive tree in which the wild olive tree branches have been grafted. So he says don't tell the Gentiles, don't boast because the tree is standing there because of its roots. And the roots he's basically talking about the origin. And who is the origin? They are the Jews. It started with Abraham. So he said, don't boast that you are superior to the Jews. You have been grafted in by faith.  Okay. And then it was 22 he says there is both the goodness of God and the security of God. So he's a God of truth. And he's also a God of justice. Okay. God is good to those who respond to him in faith, but those who do not respond to him or God believe he has to deal with them in security. So we already studied this right in the, in the preceding chapters. We studied about this. How, you know, some vessels were brought and some vessels were the grace, the goodness, the glory of God. And it's not that the vessels of God were predestined, you know, and God is waiting to put them as vessels of God. But we all, we said that, you know, he has his patient, his long suffering is waiting for them to change. But if they don't change, they make a billing choice not to change. Then there is nothing else that God can do in spite of his patients and his long suffering. They will end up to be vessels of the wrath of God. Okay.  And he's saying those who respond to in faith and, you know, he shows his goodness and those who do not respond in faith, he deals with them very, very severely. So even among the Jews, you know, God is able to bring them in and graft them back into that cultivated oil of tree if they respond in faith and they don't continue in unbelief. Now Paul says in verse 24, think about how God is grafting the branches of the wild olive tree into the main olive tree, the cultivated olive tree. That's what he says in 24th. If you were cut out of the olive tree, which is wild by nature, we're grafted contrary to nature into a cultivated olive tree. How much more will these who are the natural branches, natural branches, which is talking about the Jews who were cut off will be grafted into their own olive tree when God has been so gracious, so merciful. He will be gracious and merciful to the Jews.   Unless you should be wise in your own opinion that blindness in part has happened to Israel until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in.  This is what he's doing. You know, what is he doing? God is bringing in the branches of the wild olive trees into the main olive tree, and he is bringing them part of his original plan. And he's doing this, you know, and he's doing this because why? Because look at what it says, you know, blindness in part has happened to Israel until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in, which means God has allowed Israel to be in the state of blindness. Loud again, we will not say that God is doing this so that the Gentiles can be brought in and grafted. No, it's not that he can't graft both of them or he can't graft the, you know, the branches of the wild olive trees, not that. He's allowed it because they wanted that way, the Israelites, the Jews wanted that way. So he says God has allowed Israel to be in a state of blindness until the Gentiles have brought in and grafted it.  He still has a plan in purpose. He is going to work among you. He is going to bring you back and he's going to graft you into back into the main olive tree. And so this is what God is doing on the earth right now.  He will also go after the Jewish race, the Jewish nation. Okay. We look at verses 26 to 36. So any questions before that? No questions. Okay. There are no questions. We can read verses 26 to 36, please. Can somebody read that? Anyone would like to read it? And so all Israel will be saved as it is written. The Deliverer will come out of Zion and he will turn away ungodliness from Jacob. But this is my covenant with them. When I take away their sins concerning the gospel. They are enemies for your sake. But concerning the election, they are beloved for the sake of the fathers for the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable. For us, you were once disobedient to God yet have now obtained mercy through their disobedience. Even so, these also have now been disobedient that through the mercy shown you. They also may obtain mercy. For God has committed them all to disobedience that he might have mercy on all. Yes.  You can read verse 36, please. Oh, the depth of the riches, both of the wisdom and knowledge of God. How unsearchable are his judgments and his ways past finding out. For who has known the mind of the Lord? Or who has become his counselor? Or who has first given to him and it shall be repaid to him? For of him and through him and to him are all things to whom be glory forever. Amen. Amen. Thank you, Lyndon. So here Paul brings this section to a conclusion is saying that all Israel will be saved. When he says all Israel does not mean every individual, but you know that salvation will touch everyone powerfully and those who believe will be saved. He says that as it is written, the deliver will come out of Zion and he will turn away ungodliness from Jacob for this is my covenant with them when I take away their sins. So he's basically caught in from Isaiah chapter 59 verses 20 to 21 where it says the redeemer will come to Zion and to those who turn from transgression in Jacob says the Lord. As for me says the Lord, this is my covenant with them.  Descendants says the Lord from this time before ever.  Neither the descendants or the descendants descendants again. So that is talking about how Israel will be saved. Verse 28 he says concerning the gospel that enemies for your sake but concerning the election their beloved for the sake of the father. So Paul is telling the Gentiles right now as far as the gospel is concerned, you know, the Jews may be their enemies. You know, it seemed like in the days of Paul's days that the Jews were enemies of God because they were against Jesus again. But concerning God's choosing he said they are beloved of God. You know, if for no other reason than for the sake of their fathers that is the patriarchs of the Old Testament. You know, so as far as God's purpose election and calling and choosing is concerned, you know, they are the root. And so he's saying, you know, if not even for their own blindness for their stubbornness, their hardness of heart, but for the sake of the forefathers, the patriarchs, the covenant that he made with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and David.  So, you know, he's so as far as the purpose election and choosing is concerned, you know, they are the root and they are the main cultivated tree to which God is working out his plan and purpose. So, there is hope for the Jews. That's what Paul is saying and God has not forgotten about them. Okay, verse 29, for the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable. Okay, God does not change his mind regarding his calling, his lifting, his choosing and his purpose.  They went away, even though they had all of the laws, the covenants, the rituals, the sacrifices, everything that pointed to the Messiah, yet they failed to recognize him as a Messiah. But in spite of that, God has not forgotten his calling, his choosing and his purpose that he promised to his covenants that he's given to the forefathers. Okay, so we see how true to his covenant, through his promise to his word, he makes even to man that God is faithful in keeping it because he is God. If he ceases to not be true to his words, he ceases to be God. So when God calls us or when God calls someone, he does not change his mind. Okay, that's something that even we need to keep in our minds. But when God has called us, when he's called you, he's called me, he's chosen you, he's chosen me. He's not going to change his mind. He's not going to cast us away. He's not going to abandon us. He's not going to give up on us, even though we give up, even though we follow it, even though we go away from his purposes. But he's still going to work out and fulfill his plan and his purpose for our lives when we come back, when we realize what we have done and we come back. He's going to continue to fulfill his calling, his gifting, his choosing and his purpose that he has on our lives. And this is a wonderful assurance that we have that we can receive from Romans chapter 11. And then Paul sums up by saying, hey, think about this. You know, verse 34, as you were once disobedient to God, yet now have obtained mercy through their disobedience. Excuse me. Even so, these also have now been disobedient that through the mercy shown you, they also may obtain mercy. For God has committed them all to disobedience that he might have mercy on all. So here it says, you are once disobedient to God. So he's telling the Gentile Christians that, you know, hey, you also came from disobedience. You were also rebellious, you know, you were disobedient. And he says, God showed you mercy and he showed the Jews also mercy in part through the disobedience of Israel. So through the disobedience of Israel, God has shown you Gentiles mercy by bringing the gospel to each one of you. And he says that you have obtained mercy through their disobedience. It says, if God used the disobedience of Israel for the good of the Gentiles, you know, which means the Jews refuse to accept the truth that is in Jesus Christ. And now the truth is taken to the Gentiles. If God can use this, that you know, the Jews refuse to accept the truth and because of which he's taken the truth to the Gentiles. And he can also use the mercy shown to the Gentiles for the mercy that he will show to the Israelites. So that's what he's saying, you know, when God can use disobedience of Israelites to show mercy to the Gentiles, God can also use the mercy that he's shown the Gentiles to show mercy to the Jewish people, to the Israelites. And then he says, God has committed them all to disobedience. The idea is that the Jews and Gentiles are all lawbreakers, they were all disobedient in God's sight. But God in his mercy, God offers his mercy to them and based on the person and work of Christ, you know, they receive his mercy and praise and they are part of the main olive tree. So in verses 32 to 36 Paul is basically celebrating this mystery that is being revealed. And what is the mystery? The mystery is mentioned in verse 25 of the same chapter, Romans chapter 11. It says, for I do not desire brethren that you should be ignorant of this mystery, lest you should be wise in your own opinion that blindness in part has happened to Israel until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in. So he's celebrating the depth of the riches, both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God, how wonderful is God in his working, you know, that even though the Jews have rejected and been stubborn, you know, it has, the message of salvation has gone to the Gentiles, they've been corrupted into the main tree, but God has just shown mercy to the Gentiles, he's also going to show mercy to the Israelites, he's going to bring them back, he's going to craft them into the main olive tree. So he's just celebrating the wisdom, the knowledge, the depth of the riches and the wisdom and knowledge of God, how wonderful is the way he works and that when, you know, this is God at work and his ways are unsearchable and it's something that is, you know, un-comprehensible that we can't comprehend, it's way beyond our understanding. So what God is doing to the nations is actually all coming together to fulfill his plan and his purposes, which is for the Gentiles and the Jews both to experience the mercy of God. So in verses 34 and 35, he's basically quoting from the Old Testament, that is he's quoting from Isaiah chapter 40 verse 13 and Job chapter 41 verse 11. So the last few verses 34 to 36, he says, for who has known the mind of the Lord, or who has become his counselor, for 35, or who has been given to him and it shall be repaid to him, for 36, for of him and through him and to him are all things to whom be the glory forever. Amen. So Paul is saying it is all of him, which means this plan came from God. Okay, it wasn't man's idea. We didn't say, you know, I offended God and have to find a way back to him. So let's work on a plan to come back to God. Okay, in our spiritual indifference and, you know, we were so dead to the tits of God, we were so alive to sin, we didn't even care about a plan. And, you know, even if we did think of a plan, we were not smart enough or wise enough as God, you know, to make a plan or a wise plan to, you know, how we can bail ourselves out or get ourselves out from this net of the mighty pit or the darkness that we were in. It's all of him. It was all him who did it was his plan, his wisdom, his knowledge, and it was not our plan. And then he says it is all through him. Okay, it's all of him. We saw that it's all through him. It says, even if we had a plan, you know, we couldn't make it happen. Okay, we wouldn't be able to free ourselves from this, this prison of sin and self. It could only happen through him through Christ and the great work of Jesus on our behalf. It is through him that we receive salvation by grace through faith. So that is all through him. And it says it's all to him. So we saw all of him through him and just to him are all things. So it's not for me. It's not for you. It's all to him. Okay, the praise, the glory of his grace is all goes back to him. It is for his pleasure that we are created and we find our fulfillment in bringing him all the glory and honor. And then he ends by saying to whom be the glory for ever. The fact that Paul can't figure out, you know, God makes him glorify. The point that he's saying here is that he can't just figure out how we could even get ourselves out of sin and all of these things. But how wonderful is God's plan? How wonderful is his purposes, his ideas, his election, his choices, how he's bringing all of it together?  It is way beyond our understanding and comprehension, but he says, you know, God is doing it and it's all glory to him. So all the more when we understand the greatness of God, you know, or when we are looking at his wisdom, his ways, his purposes, his plans and how he's fulfilling it, you know, we just understand some of the little bit of the greatness of God and, you know, it leads us to worship him more passionately. It leads us to just glorify him and give him all the glory and the honor. So that is what he's saying. He's saying, you know, this is standing in all of God's plan and purposes that how he brings the Gentiles into his kingdom and how he's using what he's doing among the Gentiles to stir up the Jews, you know, so that they can also receive salvation. He hasn't shown mercy to the Gentiles. He will show mercy to the Jews because the calling of God is irrevocable. That means the plans, the purposes, the election, everything that he has, you know, he is going to fulfill that he is going to bring that into fulfillment and to completion. Okay. So that is Romans chapter 11. Any questions? Any questions? So we see that because of the... So does it give us a guarantee that, like for us in the sense that, like, how because it didn't happen even because it always needed to be... The calling of God has been fulfilled because of the root. That is the forefathers. So because of us, there are generations of... I'm just asking, is it a guarantee? Oh, no, no, no, not because of our generation, but it's... Why is he talking about the forefathers? Because the covenant he has made with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. But our generations to come will stand on the covenant that the new covenant that is made by the blood of Jesus Christ. But it's important that, you know, each generation builds on the faith of the previous generation where they have left and impart what they... The truths, the revelations of faith, what we have received in our generation imparted to the next generation. The next generation builds on from... That is important for us today. Okay, no questions. If there are no questions, thank you all for joining class. I posted the assessment last evening on Romans chapter 5 to chapter 8. And your assessment is due tomorrow. Oh, today? No, tomorrow, right? Tomorrow evening. It's two days. Today is the coming day. Friday night. I don't want to... You posted it today? Oh, did you request today? Yeah. Oh, yeah, did you request today? So today is the... Okay, yeah. Okay, thank you so much. Okay, all of you have a blessed weekend. God bless you. I'll see you on Monday. Thank you, everyone.