That's good. Thanks for coming. You may wonder why do we look like this? When we were organizing our first meet-up one of the guys suggested that we probably Are going to cook something? Yeah, and then another active member suggested that we would exchange bread recipes What a marvelous idea. We can do that of course But of course we can do other things as well Let's talk about Drupal So my name is Anna my name is Anna, and I'm the founder and CEO of coding girls and I'm Maria Totovl. I'm a Drupal developer from Bulgaria and coding girls for the community leader Gender gap. Oh, no, seriously. Oh Again some feminists talking about discrimination In fact, that's the most common perception that we receive from when we organize our coding girls meet-ups What's wrong? Like what is gender gap? Are there any gender gap? What the gender gap are you talking about? So in this talk, we are going to present the latest research the real number of the of the women in Technology and provide our roadmap on how we can call that To begin with 64% of females are studying stem subject in school. So the interest is pretty much high While the percentage of women studying stem subject at the university is twice less No wonder only 3% of females said that the Korean technology is the first choice As a result, we have only 11% of females that are working engineers According to the latest research according to your start, there are less than 17% of females in the ICT sector another interesting fact that The majority of leadership roles are taken by men less than a half in fact less than 40% of females are In junior as our managers in the EU. What about Drupal? Well, you see here only about 20% of the Drupalist are female and When we we know the Drupal Association are making their best to make the Drupal community more inclusive and diverse and We can help here and we are curious about the number this year I'm very happy to see some ladies But maybe they come just because we are talking about the gender gap. I'll ask you afterwards Yeah Speaking about contributing to Drupal the statistics becomes even worse You see that only 6% of Drupal developers that contribute to Drupal car and Modules and introduce themselves as women. It means that there may be more, but they're not identified But you may wonder what or who stopped this women from entering IT field So according to the survey, there are three major barriers like lack of mentors lack of role models and gender bias in the workplace According to the European Union currently in 2016 there were eight million people that were employed in the ICT sectors like in general Based on the current trend we can assume that by 2020 there are going to be 10 million females at 10 million people working in the IT field There will be places basically for for different specialists and the question is how many of these places will be occupied by women So in order to close a gender gap and the talent gap in technology, we need a diversity of thought Companies communities organization should allow diversity of thought to serve as the competitive advantage to stimulate new growth attract new talent and generate new market opportunities To begin with Everything starts in the childhood From early ages boys and girls are told what they supposed to like and who are they supposed to be?  I like it. I enjoy they don't think oh, I'm coding Programming because I'm a girl because I'm a boy They just have fun coding to support our arguments. We have conducted an online survey It's ongoing, but we have more than 100 results now So we want to show our some of our results with you the one of the biggest question of our query was What is the most challenging part of being a woman in tech? and answers were Not taken seriously people assume that you're not technically technical or that you're rather a secretary than a coder a Bit of an outsider the only girls in the boys club lack of female co-workers Imposter syndrome in general can be sending man The most interesting was that women feel like they are talked Over by man. They can hardly get a word. That was one of the things that actually was astonishing and It's important not just to state the facts but to outline what we can do to change this and Role models are the case. There is a saying you cannot be what you cannot see But we would rather rephrase and say that you can't be what you can't see a Shortage of female role models is one of the major barriers and there is also lack of understanding How technology can enable women to change the world in fact some of the females aren't Considering technology queries because it's no one is putting a forwarded to them as an option They also think that they won't make a good fit. For example Usually when men apply for position open position They when they apply when they meet 60% of the requirements while women Usually in most cases when they meet 100% of the requirements And in order to support our arguments with role models So they have done one interesting thing So we interviewed role models in the tech field and Drupal and we conducted a video survey And we want now to present our results. This is going to be presented for the first time and was Especially prepared for the Drupal con. I hope you will like it To continue If you look at coding at the skills that affects every industry in some shape or another and coders are created huge Breakthroughs new inventions services capabilities product solution system and a lot more So having the ability to code or even just understanding how the things work can give you a seat at a table And it allows you to be part of the conversation so you can make part of the future Oh my god Yeah Coding is a skill is not enough. We can use it for some purposes of course girls need the sense of community They need to sometimes they need to see role models because they need To see that there are people there are women out there who have succeeded What else do they need more mentors like minded girls and here coding girls come to help We give them support and empower them to get started in coding and to solve world's problem We coding girls believe that together we can empower Educate and engage girls as a together we can build the tech community. Everyone wants to be part of Okay Since you couldn't see the video maybe I can present my story. So here I am with a really big picture of me but Who I am Well I'm a drobo developer from Bulgaria. How all started for me Well, I was about four years old when I enjoyed going to my parents offices and playing on that amazing machines They now seem pretty ancient, but they were great back then. I spend a lot of time playing games I am just making some word files and whatever and Then in school, of course, I loved science subjects. I Studied maths till high school and then I I showed interest in writing poems short stories and that kind of stuff. So I continued studying in a communion humanitarian high school and After that I graduated. I took a BM by tour of art degree in English language and literature But I have always known that I want to work in the technology field Even before I graduate. I decided that I will continue with some master of science degree and Here's how I ended up in software engineering I Needed to start practicing after that and back in 2012. There weren't many companies in Bulgaria Who would take young graduates without experience? then I Was searching for some options and I found that amazing European Union program for young people till the age of 29 and Then I needed somewhere to start work, of course so I asked a friend of mine if he will agree if he would agree to teach me and Thankfully and fortunately he did I Started working in his small company and he taught me the basics of PHP HTML CSS JavaScript then I worked on some small projects start to you started using WordPress, but yeah, it wasn't enough I needed something more. I wanted to work in bigger companies or more complex projects and Then some friend of mine mentioned about Drupal. Yeah, what's that? I went to the Drupal dot org and the first thing I saw was some teams They didn't weren't as good as those of WordPress. I didn't like it first But I decided to give it a chance so I went to the docs again and when I write about Content types and nodes and all they we can do with them. Oh, it was fascinating. I loved it at once and I decided that I'll make I may use Drupal, but for what I need some real project work on I can't just watch some videos or read docs. It's boring What do I need? I want something that I can use later That's how I told to myself. Well, why not create a portfolio website and use it to apply for a job? Yeah Well, that's how I started reading docs watching videos working at the same time and here is the result Thought of a dot EU came to world. I Did apply for a job. You know what happened? I got a call on the very next day. It was amazing I didn't know Drupal developers. I was so charged back then but then I started working he Rather be company with offices around the world and there I met one of the best guys ever he was a great mentor and he Somehow well, he's the reason that I'm here today speaking and working with Drupal at all Yes, we talked about role models before I I don't really need a role models And I didn't met a lot of problems because my parents were very supportive And I actually don't care what other people think if I did I wouldn't be able to work with Drupal You know how many haters they are out there? Sure but Here I am using Drupal and ready to teach it to other people It wasn't so smooth You know, this is one of the famous and my favorite pictures of Drupal learning curve Yeah Well, I thought oh, I must be very stupid. It's so hard. What's wrong with me? And then I read I read that amazing article where I saw whoa people out there. They are feeling the same It was pretty normal. Okay. I won't give up. I'm not that kind of person. I'll just continue And today I joined not today But today here I am as a community leader because when Anna mentioned About her ideas and when she established coding girls organization I thought hey, I can't do the same that other people did for me And I can't help I can be a mentor to other people. Why not little girls? They need to see as a part. They want to See that it's possible if they like it if they show interest why not try because opportunity is everything and these are some of the children from our courses that we conducted and Of course, I they're a dh of seven to nine and We use scratch for starting for their first steps in programming. It was amazing they could do anything everything I show them and We create the game we created Interactive animations and other things it was amazing. I'm sure you can see it on their faces So one of the things that Maria have mentioned we do organize courses we do organize workshops, but I want to tell you What do we actually do except for that and what do we want to do? So one of the things that I want to tell is coding girls clubs and what is this for? So boys and girls do usually equally good and mass elementary and middle schools, but at the age of 11 and 12 the girls start to lose their interest in science and maths because of the peer's pressure Social media influence and this has to be a thing like teenager girls also don't want to be seen as nerdy They want to be seen as cute girls. They want to be seen as smart girls, but not smarter than guys and That's one of the reason that they need this role model so they can see okay. She's cool I want to be like her and I can be like her and That's one of the things to foster the interest another thing is of course to organize the club where each and every girl will feel comfortable expressing the interest and being part of the community that will support and Could the coding girls clubs are in fact easy to organize because you need you need a location You need internet and laptops and you need a facilitator Who just leads the program and in fact if this person could be a volunteer who is in technology? And who is a teacher for example in the school where the club can be organized except for the school? It can be organized in the library for example community centers and any other place it supports sports education and inclusion Another thing is coding girls hackathon. It's I don't want to today's event where participants will be grouped into teams and Ideally it should involve the mix of talents developers and designers and team works on a project and Yeah, we are planning to have hackathons for a cause so if you can do something cool together and have a reason to do that The summer immersion program is for girls of 10 to 11th grade usually one to two months program each week and Which of the progress comes covers project related to computer science such as storytelling web design apps? And we are planning also to invite females as guest speakers and help connect girls with the Miss engineers and entrepreneurs and the final step the result of the summer immersion will be the the product That but like base in the project will be presented to others so Our mission is to empower girls to begin to start it in coding in order to become and in order to become In order to become Leaders innovators and entrepreneurs and be able to change the world with the help of code Somebody says that we are dreamers But we are not the only ones And here comes our coding girls meetups and guys also come to these meetups And they usually organize for the members and people who are interested in becoming our members and we discuss our achievements our Ideas and our next steps so everyone can join who has the interest and This is one of our recent meetups that was organized in soft tuning in Sofia In fact, we do believe that each city has a lot of young and motivated people So you can unlock the potential of your city and here we are in Vienna So why not start a coding girls community here? I'm sure there are some of you here who could really help a younger to Become future innovators entrepreneurs and leaders and make a positive change with the help of code Of course all the things that we have achieved So far became possible with the help of our volunteers and their real ears and I do really want to send them for everything that they have done and There is one Latin Proverbs that says he who teaches learns I would paraphrase and say she who teachers learns as well So one of the benefits of becoming a mentor is reverse mentoring learning from those who are less experienced so It helps you to understand some things more and even the ask questions it helps you to go deeper and of course It opens opportunities and doors for them and you can position also yourself as a specialist and Benefit from the self of fulfillment and personal growth Sometimes parents might not see the potential of their daughters and they rather imagine the boys to be in technologies and girls so This is this is one more time increases the potential of organizing communities and having clubs where Women who are in technology and men can become also mentors when technology could support the young generation to help them to pursue the career in tech and Recoding girls want to do that and already doing of that Since we know that the interest of girls in technology falls dramatically Down when they become teenagers. We focused on preparing some courses and the curriculum for teenage girls And why not use Drupal? It's as a site building of course as a starter and then if they like it They can create some yeah, you know project Maybe a blog about something that is interest is interesting for them like why not fashion dancing whatever or maybe some school projects And they can do this They can try and see what it is to create a site if they like it They can they can continue and then choose rather front-end or back-end developer They may continue working with Drupal which we really hope or they can choose another field and This is how actually This can help to grow the Drupal community because you all can agree that we need more people Our programs our courses our workshops summer immersion hackathon. They are free of charge That's why we need the support of those who believe into the positive change with the help of code and We are looking for partners What to partner with us? What is in it for partners? In fact, that's probably one of the things that partners are wondering and maybe some of you are Representing some companies not just being a developer or maybe building developer and having your own company so one of the thing is to invest in the future because there is not just the gender gap there is a talent gap and in order to invest in future in order to inspire educate and creep girls with the With the computer skills to pursue the 21st century opportunities and you can also become an active educator of gender equality and position yourself as a supporter of diversity of thought and Of course as every organization you want to have our big days coding girls conference day of sharing networking and getting inspired and We dream big though. We start small. We are currently started in Bulgaria Started already in Bulgaria and but our vision is to empower girls all over the Europe to get started and pursue their career and tech Because we think education is the most important thing and we can do our best and we should do it We must do it and on Monday We took part part in the community summit where we worked in teams with some of you here today And we chose one of the chosen topics was our proposal about the Drupal curriculum for teenage girls Which was kind of transformed for all children for our target different target groups And I think that it was amazing opportunity to see to share our ideas our plans to talk to people from other countries from other background and actually do something together one of the most asked questions can boys join the organization come to meetups and Courses for example to train and we invite men we in because in fact The world is not black and white and we cannot just grow girls and okay go Because when they enter the tech field of course the guy is there and that's why we need to Make to raise the awareness of both men and women in order to create a support in a safe environment once we help girls to get started and one of the Major benefits of having both females and males in technologies cross-mentary for example men are mentoring girls and women are mentoring boys. That could be one of the ways and Yeah, to sum her up change is possible change is possible with code and with your help Sometimes we want to change some things, but why to wait? Why not do it today? Why not start doing that and we'd really love to have you as part of coding girls and you can support us being mentor of speaker a starter club and the smaller things that you can do is to spread the word about our organization in order to Get more people know about that so that we can help them to pursue their career in technology The dream of a young girl to become an engineer the dream of a young girl to be a businesswoman The dream of a young girl to become an entrepreneur is a dream of a young girl to change the world It is possible. It is reachable and we believe that the great change is possible with the help of code We believe that giving a chance to girls and women and Putting it forward as an option in order to for them to become innovators Leaders entrepreneurs will make the world a better place for all of us and the last but not the least They were very Fascinating by the sessions and keynotes that we got inspired and came up with some rhymes So let's turn the challenge into results and make a change It doesn't have to be perfect. It's okay to be a bit strange and Drupal gets more inclusive and the worst Let's make it real not just rehearse So everyone feels important and of course Give us a reason why not Thank you Now it's the time for your quick questions, please Hi, thanks for the presentation was very interested I Don't have a clear idea about the mentors as a man I need to think about maybe today in the women in Drupal. We can talk about longer But I think that is very great idea. What? You are doing it. It has a lot of value I would like to know then the meetings with the adults is to talk about what you are gonna do with the girls or is about women in general Well, we have different target groups The first target group is for young children ADH of 7 to 11 But we use crutch there because we want to make it fun to raise their interest and make them think start think logically About teenage Teenagers this is the second target group. Yes, we chose Drupal. It's perfect because it's easy to install You can start Optimizing using as a site builder and then if you show some interest you can continue in technology well about we are thinking yes about Actually, we have a third target group That's the instructors because in order to start making courses We need some somebody to teach these young people these girls So we are planning on making a curriculum for and train instructors and We are preparing at the moment some materials because we think that it will be a self guided a self-training But guided training guided by us and we want Whether these will be men or women or even high school seniors or University students they can come and Join our training then they will receive these certificates and we'll check that they have the skills needed so they can go back to their schools to their university to their community center and Start training children teenagers and why not adults as well But at the moment our focus is on young children and teenagers as for the adults is about instructors I'm not afraid that if it's with also guys or children or men maybe the focus of The beginning at why you are doing this is missing because The feeling that I get it is like the gender gap And if we don't focus that part in girls in women then we are making something general Okay, yes, we have two parts that we focus on if it's going to be a man the lecture that it's going to be a man He will teach young girls only girls If we make courses for our children boys and girls The trainers the instructors will be ladies only so you see we focus on ladies training as students and as instructors It's less about focusing on the gender gap It's more than focusing on the educational aspect of it But in order to to yeah, but I mean is in girl coding girls And then the topic is gender and then at least my feeling that the first idea I mean the presentation all the topic is about gender. That's why my question Do you have some connection with another? organization of women coding Even more more service no Organizations around the world if you have some connection. Yeah, yeah We have if you have some ideas we can talk afterwards and yeah Maybe you'd like to introduce us or we could get into I know some of them. We can treat it right. Yeah, thanks Thanks a lot. Thank you more thing. Yes We are coding girls on one hand because we help girls to start coding but on the other hand The members of coding girls are women. That's why we are coding girls. We are the coding girls helping others Thank you Hi, thank you for the talk I have two questions First can you tell us where to find the movie that we were not allowed to see the film the movie is great Sorry, yes, of course we wanted to present it especially for the Drupal economy will post it afterwards the sound is not working That's unfortunately because it is awesome We will post it on our page and maybe together with a session So on our website and I don't know if Twitter allows that we can provide the link for example there and to share it with My second question was I I run local meet-ups for Drupal developers and I've found it really really hard to to get girls to come to these meet-ups You have any general suggestions and tips how What I can do to improve this I'm doing something wrong. I know I don't know if we are scary or we too geeky Are we hard to find? Maybe we communicate? Just among ourselves and likewise people and that's not where Woman are I don't know Oh Well, yes, it's all about breaking these barriers that exist and why we started making courses Especially designed for girls not for all children. We often get that question. Well Parents that they are the biggest factor when they when parents see a course for programming They might bring their daughters, but most probably they will not But when they see that it is especially designed for girls, they They tell themselves. Well, why not? Let's get her there. Let's try and that's how we got all these girls Because yeah, okay, but my question was Older girls Well, it all starts in the early age and when we used to these stereotypes, it's too late now Yeah, so you want to invite ladies that are already in Drupal do you understand, right? Yes, that's my question. Did you have any ladies that came to your meetup? One one. How did you feel about that? I? Should never came back Sorry, what was your project? Were you making some project developing some project? I'm sorry At your meetup what was about it? Is it just about showing what Drupal is or starting developing some project? No Well, it's general different topics So it might be nerdy back-end stuff or it could be just showing off what's going on in Drupal core And so the the one one time when a female showed up It was about showing off the media initiative in Drupal core and the current state where it was but Yeah, well, maybe we can tell We are making two days course now at Plovdiv during the European Code Week and We will present Drupal there and we have designed these weekend is especially for girls Maybe you should do something like that or a special workshop or a meetup a special design for girls So they feel that they can mix there Yeah, where are you based what country? Norway nor and how many ladies in technology are there? Have no idea Do you organize camps or like other events that are bigger than meetups? I don't know I'm So this is we've been running these meetups for only half a year. So So we are I'm kind of Reaching out I've been sending email to to girls or women that I know work in the tech industry and kind of Specifically inviting them please come and join us and see what it's all about and try to Be inclusive and maybe spread the word But so far I haven't been really successful. So I think we can help you. Sorry We can we can help you really I think we can find this women Okay, I think they're there. So we would like to help you really can talk afterwards. Thanks for sharing Hello, hey there. Thank you for this great presentation. I really appreciate it this whole inch initiative I want also to say here in Vienna. We have also some coding Club or like there's the rails girls for rails coding, but it's nothing regular So it was like one time in some event for coding other for more like women like you older one but I think really great great thing if someone set it up in Vienna for really girl girls and small and like small girls and younger one and If you like can I can give you contact that of the rails girls and python girls people Maybe they're like interested to make some regular event. Yes. Thanks a lot. We'd love that Connect with you. Yeah, thanks Hi, I guess wanted in general to invite everyone to go today that are interested in this topic to go today to women Drupal days and talk about them the topic because last year I was there and was another meeting I mean we didn't spoke about women in Drupal that is the main topic in this session or wherever Yes, we are true to come this idea. Thank you Thanks, everyone And one more thing would you appreciate your feedback? It's actually our first time at Drupal cone and it would love if you take one minute or two and to leave us your feedback What do you think? Maybe you maybe you should watch the video first as well Thanks. Thanks one more time and wish you a successful and productive day


to jump on it. I go by the name of Bygmosses or It's Bygmoh on every social media platform. So it's a pleasure. It's hip-hop Thursday official weekend starter and this is our first segment of the day, our first interview of the day rather. So, we have something on Facebook for you guys. The question is, Calligraph has been nominated for the AFRIMA Awards. Our question is, do you think this new cuts like the guys who are doing the gangitone, it's dubbed the gangitone from the sailors to the ethic to the Chunglo family to the rest of them? Do you think they have what it takes to take it where Calligraph has taken it? That is a question. Be sure to interact with us on our social media handles, your views, your comments, and your opinion is invited. So without much further ado, I'd like to introduce these guys representing Nakuru County to the max. Currently we're living at Rui Rundani. All right, loud back. Representing Rui Rundani. Representing hip-hop beer to the max. So loud back is a very interesting name. It means all sorts of things where I come from. But before that maybe he intros the solo, solo, solo, solo. So maybe we can start with you right there. Your camera is number four. My name is Buluma the Plug from Nagas Gang, we're the three of us. We've been like this since like from like it's been like two years. Two years now. All right, so it's family. It's family. I chose these two are brothers. Who is the last one? Who is the last one? Wow, he looks like the last one. You got that a lot. So Gina. Neto Lusko, Nax. Lusko? Lusko Nax. I represent Nakuru City and Nakuru County. But currently I'm situated at Rui Rundani. I represent loud back gangs. LPG. LPG. LPG. Gas. Gas. Kimby. Kimby. Gas. Gas. Yeah. You already know? Yeah. You already know? You already know, yeah. Yeah. You already know? Yeah. You already know? Yeah.  What I do I do. All right. That's the stage name. That's the stage name. All right. So how many people are in the movement? The last one or the first one? So he learns how to learn how to use his voice. That's loud back. So they are doing their thing. They learn how to use their voice. They join them with one force. So we are like loud back gangs. Loud back gang. Yeah. So what is the difference between loud back gang and gas gang? No, it's not. It's the same thing. It's just an alias. Alias. So gas. Loud back. Yeah. Yeah. What does this mean, man? Like, he gets to know what's going on. Okay. And I'm like, I'm the man with gas. Okay. So I start to get tired. And I say, and gas can be a giant. And then you need gas. You need gas to get here. You breathing is the unit. And gas. You breathe your gas. So gas is life. Motivation, yeah. Okay. Yeah, yeah. Many people are like. Yeah, yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So gas gang is two years. Two years. Yeah. Two years. Two years at a quail. Yeah. How many songs deep or how many albums deep? The two years really, we had like two tapes. First one came to a loud pack and we recorded infinity. That's where we started our like... Journey. Yeah, yeah, infinity. Big up, motto, in order to connect with it. So after, you know, gas gang, your loud pack, the second one came to a band. The loud pack started like five songs. And then like ten songs. Actually, we've started dropping many videos from this year. So do you consider yourselves rappers, hip-hop artists or trap artists? We are trappers. But mostly we're trappers. You're trapping, trapping. I like it different. I like it different. So what's your style, if I ask? Mostly, I'm trapping. You're trapping? Hip-hop, I evolved into a trap. So after that, I have a ride now. And I have fans. All right. Like me, I have fans. You're hoping to grow the fan base. Yeah, yeah, yeah. All right. So trap, what does trap music mean to you? Trap music, basically, it's not anything. It's a lifestyle. It's not described like a trap. So the problem is people don't know what a trap is. They don't know what a trap is. They don't know what a trap is. So trap music can be related to something specific? So trap music is related to what trap music is, right? So what is trap music? Do you listen? It's like what you listen. So everything is related to what we are talking about. Everything is related to what we are talking about. Anything related? There is no lamp of a Healthcare team. Oh, there is no lamp of a Healthcare team. There is no lamp of a Healthcare team. So Rui Rundani, you're representing Rui Rundani. There is your studio in Rui Rundani as well. Yeah, yeah yeah. All right, so I'd like to there's a there's a frisk by a rapper called into a Nami Forgotten the name when someone you don't you can't rap if you don't practice What does practice mean? Parties mean a lot because actually serious seriously could record music it means it was started like two years in man but serious demands I could drop a moka so like Practice says I can't say I have a talent What has brought to me is like the practice always Motivated to kill kids. I don't live together and that's a Produce it to make a man up. I don't mean Yeah Like three sides it would have a video penny to con a mosh Shady bigger bigger former producer to a boy farmer. All right Yeah, we I'm looking to see you here sometimes in the producer's edition So you say practice is very important very that is something you tell somebody wants to pursue rappers Yeah, I do this every day. Even if you have a talent like practice man the practice was a trap recording is easy But when it comes to standing out your game to maintain it's actually hard to keep practicing keep practicing everything What are your drills practice drill if I mean we record Like almost on a daily basis So with time out at Napa to sound a twin improved like Practice makes perfect and Okay, the problem with recording daily you need equipment and you need studio time Do you guys pay for studio time? And how do you go around this? Actually, that's why we moved in real Because they didn't come through my stuff. So like we record ourselves. Yeah. Yeah, we have our own equipment Yeah, it's a very good investment.  Yeah, I decide like drop six videos over. Yeah. How is the response online? But you don't give attention to actually good. Yeah, you see All right, so if you've been following hip-hop a Crank came it went Now we have trap music and people claiming trap is weep and it's going to come and go What do you guys think about this? I it's not going to go It's actually going to last longer than hip-hop Because now now if you look at hip-hop if you look at trap size it was say when I'm back Okay, what one I'm about what's the experience? We look at a boy and a him but like for real feelings and experience feelings What day keep on week one hip-hop? You're like supposed to be strong talk about gang shade But now there's trap is what you bring to the table what you experience Mm-hmm. They don't talk on a late night. What are you cookies on a fill on a late night? So it's actually going to last long. All right when I talk about trap I'm talking about the that the sound in particular But I get your point and I get where you're coming from you guys have a new song on YouTube It's how many days old now like a week like a week old I can't take it But take I can't take it Take it as sugar. You can't I'm not going to use it I'm tired of singing so I'm going to be having a Bible in school Gonna sing you so you can't do it I'm going to take it as sugar It's not like I'm in a place where I have to take a sugar or a shank shank. I'm a boker. I'm a boker.  Yes, I'm a boker. Alright. We're going to do a trap in Amanisha. Yeah, our trap. I'm up to bar. I'm up to speed. Yeah. Alright. So we're going to do a trap. Yeah, yeah. Alright. What's the concept? Actually, for me, I like to take a... where we live, we call it the trap. I said to you a trap mostly so you work at 2-bit online. You know, I'm not saying it's your bit. You're one of our producers. You know, the two skills that you have are like...   So like, basically, you work triple-per-mode. Like, you can hook. You hook it with a catch. You know, you can't come through with anything. You can't come through with anything. Yeah, hook it with a catch. You can't come through with anything. You can't come through with anything. You can't come through with anything. You can't come through with anything. Alright. So there's power in a catchy hook. Yeah. When it comes to trap music. Yeah. There's power in a catchy hook. A catchy hook is very important. Yes. Very important. You value that. Yeah, yeah. Alright. You can't go in balance. Catchy hook and the verses. Catchy hook. Because if you look at statistics and what we can do because we're at home, they look for the first few seconds of a catchy something. Basically, most of these are called hooks. So if you don't have a catchy hook, it's very hard. Yeah. So you guys are standing hooks out here? No, no hooks. Yeah. Hooks is like the heart. Like in kaha. Yeah. Yeah. I get your point. So the name of the song is in beteka. Nisheng to the world from Nairobi to the world. Now you guys are representing Neku. Do you have a fan base in Neku? Yeah, very. Actually, the biggest for me is because my best friend went to a conax. Yes.  So me and my fans went to a conax actually. So the trap is the trap city.  The trap city. You went to the conax resort? No. I was born actually in Ruiro. Yeah. In Zaka and actually in Losco, high school, which is a rouge. Yeah. Yeah. Then we were staying in the same place, Ruiro, when we came to Ruiro then we linked up to come and visited. That is how the loud park was. No. Gas gas? Yeah. Even we were like friends for like three years before we started like... Thinking about this music here. Yeah. What is the vision with this trap thing, with this loud pack thing, with this gas can thing? What is the vision? What do you envision the loud pack becoming? One thing, as I said, we are trying to transform the sound that is currently running in the music industry. We are trying to do something different. We are trying to do something different. We are trying to transform the sound that is currently running in the music industry. So you appreciate that these guys have made this trap thing popular? Yes, great. They are making a way for us. They are not making a thing for us, it's because they want to be heard like this. So the loud pack is really, they want to be heard like the way they sing. So, from Kittambu, Kranki, his hip hop is in Trapika to Pata. So, like, on that Vib, your style, you can do it on a trap, with a killbird. And this is going to be a wave. For sure. For sure. Performing they take up for the first time on TV as the loud pack in studio on why and the morning hashtag hip-hop Thursday supported by DJ Rajiz But before they do that social media Social media Social media Personal The The Group Gas Gang Gas Gang Handling But at low speed Gas gang LPG Same handling I miss Bitgas Gang Gas Gang All right You know what social media What drove you that election? I just take it Not as impermanently, I do it sometimes but I don't have a handle Check things out. Actually, I'm the one running the account. Like more managed, low-key. Low-key. Alright, let's do this for the first time. LPG performing by Taker, supported by DJ Rajiz. Let's get it. Then we'll be back with some more wine in the morning and some more interviews for you. Thank you.


Congratulations. You made it to work again. Whether you think about it or not, in order to get here, you just went through what is statistically one of the most dangerous parts of our world. Our nation's streets and highways. And now you're here. You're safe. Well, not quite, because you're entering what is statistically the most hazardous part of our building, the stairwell. This is not the time to let down your guard. It's still time to be safe. Stairs in our building to be safe. Providing proper lighting. Installing treads that are engineered with good traction. Solid camp rails. And windows in the fire. But there's one safety factor that we can't buy. And that's how people actually use those stairs. So that's why we made this video. To dramatize some of those things people do that contribute to mishaps. And to those statistics. Believing cause for mishaps? Not paying attention. And being in a hurry. It's also important to remember that the rules of the road apply to the stairwells as well. Stay to the right. It prevents traffic jams and collisions. And here's another common hazard. The spilled coffee. And what most people do when they spill something on the stairs? Right. They look around to see if anyone else saw them. And then they leave. But that just sets the scene for another mishap. And what should you do if something spilled? Warn other people right away. Then get it cleaned up. Here's another situation. I think that would be great if we could get together and talk about that issue. Oh, thank you. I'm really sorry. I'm late for a meeting. Can I give you a call back? I'll try to get a hold of you this afternoon. Thanks, guys. Uh-oh. Sandy's running late again. Here's one more example of what can and quite often does happen. Here are two more very common mistakes people make on the stairs. First, not using the handrail. And second, carrying things that restrict their vision. We've had quite a few reported injuries to backs, knees, and ankles from people who thought there was another step left when, in fact, they had reached the landing. You're carrying something that interferes with your vision and requires both hands. Take the elevator. It'll stop when it's supposed to. Finally, we have a situation that doesn't come up very often. But when it does, it has a lot of potential for getting people hurt. It's what happens when the evacuation alarm goes off. What is this person doing? Probably going back to their desks to get their car keys or their purse. That creates a dangerous situation for everyone. Everyone is hurrying to get out of the building. They don't know if it's a drill or a real emergency. And only the people in the front of the pack know why there's a slowdown. The ones behind are pushing forward. Remember the stairways are statistically the most hazardous locations in our building. But you can be safe by following a few basic rules. Pay attention. Don't rush. Obey the rules of the road and stay to the right. Clean up spills, use the handrails, and watch where you're stepping. Open the door slowly and watch out for other people. And if the alarm goes off, go with the flow. Evacuate the building as the rules say you should. When the alarm sounds and it's time to evacuate the building, persons with mobility issues, either temporary or permanent, need to go to the north stair tower, which is the glass stair tower. And they will be staged in that area until a determination has been made as to whether or not we need to evacuate the building. If evacuation is necessary, you will be assisted down by your partner, our members of the Urban Search and Rescue Team. And while you're there and staged there, a member of management will stay with you at all times, therefore you're kept informed as to what's happening and what needs to be done. Remember we are L&I. We're supposed to set the example for the rest of the state. We're supposed to be safe. For thought, serious. And now you look real surprised when you're falling backwards. Yo, what do you think, third chair?


Stacey Snyder wanted to be a teacher. By spring of 2006, she had completed her coursework and was looking forward to a teacher's certificate. Then, from one day to the next, her dream was over. She was summoned to the dean of her university and told that she would not receive her teacher's certificate. She would not be a teacher, although she had the credits past the exams, completed the practical training. She would not be given her certificate, she was told, because her behavior was not becoming of a teacher. Her behavior, a photo. Showing her with a cap and a cup. Captioned drunken pirate. Stacey Snyder had put this photo on her MySpace page for her friends to see and perhaps to chuck her. But the university administration found the photo to induce minors to consume alcohol, and thus to be inappropriate for a teacher. When Stacey was confronted by the university administration, she considered taking the photo offline, but it was too late. Her photo had been indexed by search engines and archived by web crawlers. As much as Stacey wanted the photo to be forgotten, the internet would not permit that. Remembering instead of forgetting. Remembering, forgetting. In 2001, Andrew Feldmar, a Canadian psychotherapist living in Vancouver, wrote an academic article in a journal in the article he mentioned that he had taken LSD in the 60s. In the summer of 2006, like many times before, Andrew Feldmar wanted to cross into the United States to pick up a friend from Seattle International Airport. The immigration officer Googled Feldmar and discovered the academic article from 2001 because Feldmar had failed to disclose to the immigration officer, although he never denied it, that he had taken drugs 40 years earlier. He was barred from entry into the United States forever. Remembering instead of forgetting. Of course, you may say now, Stacey's and Andrew's cases are tragic, but at least in part, it's their own fault. Had they not put information online, Stacey would be a teacher today and Andrew could still travel into the United States. Everybody has to decide for herself or himself what to make available online. What once has been put on the web is no longer forgotten. But not everybody knows what data is being collected about them, stored and made accessible. In the German city of Eisenach, there is a very large and very popular nightclub by the telling name of Mad. Every visitor of that nightclub must get registered before entering. During registration, passport data is being recorded, a photo is taken, and a database entry is created. So far, more than 15,000 individual guests have been registered. In return, guests receive an electronic charge card for the evening. Every transaction that night, every drink ordered, every tip paid is being recorded together with temporal and locational information for every of the roughly 1,200 guests a night and kept for years. More than 60 video cameras record every part of the club, store the video stream on 8,000 gigabytes of hard disk space. Since its inception, the club has never raised a single second of its recordings and has provided local law enforcement access to the information it stores via the internet and without a warrant, just in case. Of course, you'll say who enters Mad implicitly agrees to the information being collected. Really? Do we really know every time information about us is being collected, stored, and made accessible? For most of us, Google is the search engine of choice. Millions of people around the world sent more than a billion search queries to Google every day. Google is showing them the way. Google also shows us what is being searched, where, when, and by whom. This, for example, is a picture of the trend line for searches on Iraq over the last couple of years. Google can do this even for events way back because Google does not forget. Since Google's humble beginnings more than 10 years ago, Google has stored every single search query it ever received and every search result the user ever clicked on. Through cleverly combining information streams, Google believes it can link queries to people. Google does new for many years, which each one of us has searched for and when and on what search results we clicked. Quite literally, Google knew more about many of us. Many of us then we can remember ourselves. Remembering, forgetting. For millennia, for us humans, forgetting has been easy spilled into us. Biologically, we forget most of what we experience every day, our feelings, our thoughts. Remembering is the hard part. Since the beginning of time, we humans have tried to overcome that biological forgetting and to hold to memories that are precious. For thousands of years, we have tried like this Navajo to pass on our memories to our children in the hope that they too may thus be able to remember. This is how the great epics of the world emerged thousands of years ago. But human memory is not fixed. It changes as we reconstruct our past. Depending on it is not sufficient, especially when we want to capture something precisely or for a long period of time. Painting is one way of encapsulating visual impressions to create an external, more precise and lasting memory like this beautiful cave painting of Altamira. Script originally developed, can you believe it, by accountants searching for a precise method of remembering has for millennia remained humanity's preferred external memory. Language, painting and script provided us with the capacity to remember through generations and across time. But these tools have not all but the fundamental fact that for us humans forgetting is easy and remembering is hard, time-consuming and costly. The book did not change this either, neither did the photograph or the phonograph neither did film. Remembering remained expensive for most human beings and was thus chosen carefully. In other words, forgetting was the default remembering the exception. This enabled us to deal with time. Through our physiological capacity to forget, we rid ourselves of excess memory. What has long been passed fades in our mind. Thus, we pay tribute to time and depreciate what is no longer relevant to our present. But because forgetting is biological, we humans never had to cognitively develop a capacity to deliberately forget, to depreciate memories and to make them fade. Today, this is different. Google remembers, Yahoo remembers, Amazon remembers, the Internet Archive remembers, flight reservation systems remember. From biological forgetting, we have moved to permanent remembering. How does this happen? First through digitization, as you know, that enables very different types of information to be translated into a universal code and thus enables us to use the same information processing, storage and distribution infrastructure. That's not only enormously efficient, it's also surprisingly future-proof. Second, through advances in storage capacity. In 1965, Gordon Moore surmised that the density of integrated circuits, quote, might approximate a doubling every two years, unquote. Unfortunately, digital storage capacity has tracked the impressive increase in processing power that Gordon Moore first witnessed more than 40 years ago. This has permitted Google to create a global system of server farms holding a capacity of perhaps 100,000 terabytes of data. That's 100 million gigabytes. And growing. But storage alone is not sufficient. East German Stasi had hundreds of millions of facts on file on almost a million of its citizens. Yet with its elaborate system of pseudonyms and codes and mostly paper-based files, it had difficulties at the end retrieving the information it had in time. This, too, is different today with full-text indexing that was prohibitively expensive only a few decades ago and today is built into most major file systems. Global access, if we add that, that enables us to access information through a global infrastructure. A few minutes are sufficient to disseminate the document globally, even accidentally, and have it distributed as this page, from the manual of Operating Air Force One, which was made available online accidentally for a very short period of time. Once the mistake was realized, it was too late. Compare this to a conventional library with limited space for books, which forces libraries to periodically eliminate some books, in essence, to forget. Access is time-consuming and full of hurdles. You have to first locate the appropriate book, then using the book's index, if it has one, and then the right page, and then read the page or paragraph to find the information. And you have to be at the library during opening times. The Internet is very different. Taken together, this has led to remembering becoming the default and forgetting the exception. It could be a reason for celebration. After all, haven't humans tried for millennia to overcome the straight jacket of our biological forgetting and failing human memories? To be sure, our vast and accessible digital memories offer enumerous benefits from increased accuracy and efficiency to the promise to help us transcend human mortality. At the same token, undoing forgetting has consequences beyond the narrow confines of information efficiencies. Two terms characterize what's really at stake. Power and time. Power is relative and relational. As privacy scholars have long argued, power over information may translate into power over the individual the information refers or pertains to. If others not only have information about us, but the capacity to keep such information accessible for a very long time, this informational power increases. And has the potential to influence how we transact and interact. But power is not only dyadic. Jeremy Bentham's panopticum is the concept of a prison in which the guards constantly watch the prisoners without them knowing whether they were actually being watched. The aim is behavioral compliance through the permanent threat of invisible surveillance. Others, like Oscar Gandhi, have suggested the internet may help create a global panopticum in which everybody has to assume that she is being watched all the time. Such a panopticum may lead people to self-censor, fearing that their utterances might be misconstrued by any one of the hundreds of millions of individuals and thousands of jurisdictions connected with it. But today we face more than a global panopticum because of comprehensive digital memory. We have to assume that what we say today or do on the net will not only be witnessed now, but will remain accessible for years, perhaps decades into our future. This creates a temporal panopticum in which we may self-censor not because we are afraid of how others might interpret our words and deeds today, but because how people and institutions in the distant future might view them. My second concern is time or more precisely how we humans deal with time. As I mentioned, forgetting is biological so we did not have to develop conscious mechanisms to put different or perhaps contradictory pieces of memory into a temporal perspective. So consider the following hypothetical. Jane and John are old friends. Although they live in different cities now, they try to catch up once in a while. One day Jane receives an email from John telling her he's coming to town and is looking forward to having coffee. Jane is excited. She hasn't seen her old friend John in almost a year and wants to reply right away suggesting a nice place to meet. To remind her where they met last time, John was in town. She queries her mailbox folder. Up pop dozens of email messages she had received from John over the years. She's actually browsing through, but then her eye catches a 10-year-old email with a strange subset line. She starts to scan the text and then begins to read. Surprised, perhaps even shocked, she reads about how John deceived her and revisits an angry exchange back and forth between them. Slowly the events and the feelings she had triggered by this concrete external stimulus comes back to her mind. Her sense of betrayal and deception. She reads on about how over the following months and years John and her parent and herself apparently reconciled. Although exactly how and why the emails don't tell. But the forefront of her mind now is how John, her good friend John, deceived her. And suddenly she's not so sure anymore she wants to meet John and whether she really is looking forward to seeing him. As much as her analytical mind wants to disregard the revived memory, the angry words she read triggers her past mind. They are the external memory that help us remember things that we thought we forgot. But they also cloud our ability to devalue it and to decide. Put in abstract terms for us humans it is difficult to realize time as a dimension of change. When we are confronted with two pieces of memory temporarily apart it is cognitively different, difficult for us to evaluate these two pieces with time in mind and not be captured by the memories coming back. We can try, but frequently the act of remembering something long ago perhaps facilitated by an external stimulus will bring it back into our minds with a certain freshness and intensity. That may trigger incorrect decision making. In analog times the dangers were limited. Our biological forgetting obscured or our cognitive difficulties with time. But what when we are not permitted to forget anymore? We know a little bit about the consequences through studies of less than a handful of human beings who have biological difficulties to forget. This is AJ a woman who has difficulties forgetting. Ask her about a particular day she's able to tell you when she woke up who called and what was running on television. 30 years ago. That's not a blessing. It's a curse. She's haunted by her past so much that in fact it limits her ability to decide in the present. As Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges said perfect memory pushes humans to get lost in detail with no ability to generalize, to abstract, and to evolve. They lose Borges' rights what makes us truly human. T either to an ever more detailed past rather than living and acting in the present. This is the fate I fear we face with comprehensive digital memory. To perfect digital memory we also deny each out of the capacity to change over time to evolve and to grow. Without forgetting it is hard for us to forgive and so with comprehensive digital remembering we may turn into an unforgiving society. This is the real danger of shifting the default from forgetting to remembering. But there is another wrinkle to the story. What if frustrated with the shortcomings of our own human memory we begin to disregard our own recollections of our past and begin to depend on digital memory instead. Does that give those that control digital memory the power to change history? Hmm, so what to do about that? Well, there are conventional responses. The first one is the idea of privacy rights. The basic premise is relatively simple. By giving each and every individual a right to informational privacy we empower the people to fight for their own rights. Enforcement is both decentralized and delegated. It sounds great but comes with a number of inherent weaknesses. For example, in the U.S. the enactment of informational privacy rights is politically not feasible, at least in the present climate. But even if it were feasible I have my doubts about its effectiveness. The Europeans have in fact enacted strong information privacy rights decades ago but people have not used them. Whatever additional incentives frustrated lawmakers later offered the public no fault compensation, attorney's fees, a shift in the burden of proof nothing could change the bitter reality that individuals do not seem to want to enforce their privacy rights. At least not in court. Information ecology, the second conventional approach is the conscious regulatory restriction of what information can be stored and for how long. Part of the idea of privacy regulation these are norms that mandate, for example, the deletion of information after a certain period of time. Such norms necessitate government action and compliance enforcement may be costly. But they have two advantages over individual privacy rights. They do not require individuals to go to court for enforcement and they protect against an unforeseen future. Unforeseen future. Consider the case of the Dutch citizen register put in place in the 1930s for a perfectly good reason to ensure administration of social security. The register included information on religion and ethnicity. Once the Nazis had occupied the Netherlands they raided the register repurposing the information in it to identify Dutch Jews and to send them to concentration camps. It is a horrific lesson. As we cannot foresee the future and thus how personal information about us will be used it may be better to store less than more. This is the essence of information ecology norms. Unfortunately, since 9-11 we have seen a significant backlash here together with a wave of information retention laws in addition to the rather pervasive rhetoric of fear and security that we are exposed to information ecology goes against another emerging dogma that of transparency. Transparency has become our preferred mechanism for ensuring good governance both in the private and in the public sector requiring information retention and thus limiting the political chances for an expansion of information ecology norms to address digital remembering. Perhaps therefore we need to augment our conventional approaches and add some alternative ideas to the mix. Some have argued for digital abstinence for staying away from the technical tools that enable digital remembering. Not sharing everything on Facebook as President Obama recently reminded us may certainly reduce the threat of digital remembering but is it realistic? Over 200 million people have Facebook pages with other social networking sites around the world accounting for another 400 plus million registered users. Two out of three. By the end of 2007 two out of three young Americans put their information online. Two out of three. Did all these millions know that their information would be preserved long into the future? The exact opposite of digital abstinence is the idea of full contextualization. That is to store as much information as possible. Here is the rather intriguing argument. The difficulty of digital remembering that are associated with what I call time dimension stem from the lack of our ability to create the perfect context of a past situation or decision. So if we could only store everything including the context we could avoid the negative effects of digital memory. In essence this full contextualization would help us to regain our ability to think in time. We could revisit our decisions and at the same time it would equalize information imbalances. This is Brinn's proposal of a transparent society. But will full contextualization ever be technically feasible? And if it were will it actually address the challenge of digital remembering? Do we really have time to relive all our past again and again only to grasp what experience is no longer relevant to us today? Another alternative is to hope for a cognitive adjustment in our society. That is to hope that over time we'll learn to devalue older information and to live in a world with an omnipresent past. Not society has to change or its laws but our individual process of information evaluation and decision making. Sounds right. And that would solve our problem. But is it likely? How long will it take us humans to change the way we assess information to modify what we've been doing for ages? What is the appropriate mechanism for us to make that change happen? Cognitive psychologists are very critical of our ability to change our way of decision making and the short run. I hope this may work but I don't hold my breath. A very different idea then is not to change humans but to change technology. Some have proposed to use technology to change behavior. We could create for example quasi-property rights to personal information and build it into our technology into the PC, smart phones and so forth. And the technology would then ensure that only those that can access my information are those that I have permitted to do so. In short, the suggestion is to create a global digital rights management system to protect privacy. But do we really need to create a global technology infrastructure that watches every of our moves to ensure that nobody abuses somebody else's personal information? Would we thereby not create a perfect surveillance system to ensure privacy? For such a system to enhance privacy rather than to undermine it we would have to ensure privacy is built deep into the infrastructure. And while some engineering progress has been made recently we don't have that ability yet. I presented six possible approaches to deal with the challenges posed by digital remembering. Three of them on the left side here mainly target the power aspect of digital remembering. Three of them on the right side aim at addressing the time challenge. None of these offers us a silver bullet although all help in their very unique way. Hence we may need to mix and combine them and perhaps even add something else. Something else. I advocate a revival of forgetting. That is to establish a mechanism that eases forgetting in a digital age and that makes remembering just a bit more strenuous. Not by much. I don't want to overly burden remembering just enough to shift the incentives of forgetting and remembering back to what we humans are used to. Some have called it an expiry date for information. That's pretty accurate. I propose that whenever we want to store information we are prompted to enter not just the name and location of storage but also a date until which we want the information to be stored. Once that date is reached the information is deleted. Of course we can choose the expiry dates that will and change them at any time. The core proposal is not the automatic deletion. The core of the proposal is the prompting for expiry dates will remind us humans time and again that most information is not timeless but linked to a specific context and situation. That it loses its value as time passes. Expiry dates offer us a meaningful way to linking digital memory with time by choosing an expiry date and thereby implement the temporal dimension into digital memory. So for example, search engines could offer us an easy way to tell them whether we want them and for how long to add a search query to our search history. If I search for something that will not be relevant for me tomorrow and once month's time it's better not just for me but for the search engine as well to know. Ask.com has already implemented such a possibility in rudimentary form and Google, Microsoft and Yahoo! over the last year have progressively lowered the length of time they keep non-anonymized digital memory from forever to 24 months to 18 months to 12 months and out of 9 months. Or take a bit more complex case expiration dates for photos. Here people could carry a small device on their key rings that would permit to set a small number of expiration date presets. Digital cameras would query the devices of all people in front of a camera and the resulting digital image would be tagged with perhaps the lowest, the median, the highest expiration date chosen of those in the picture. These cases are just quick illustrations of how some scenarios of expiration dates could play out. In fact, we can envision a wide variety of differing expiry date flavors to take into account the specific preferences of societies or the particular requirements of information types. I only foresee two common features. The first is that any expiry date system must aim at changing the default from remembering back to forgetting. They must give us choice. Forgetting can be slow or gradual or reconsidered. Empowering users to set it as they desire they must. And it must be made the default and remembering must become the exception. Second, the second core feature of any expiry date system that I envision is that it keeps reminding us of the temporal nature of information. That most information is not timeless but linked to a specific context and thus loses its usefulness as time progresses. Expiry dates make no mistake, come with a bag of weaknesses of their own. They too are no silver bullet and they are not designed to solve information privacy challenges beyond digital remembering. But expiry dates also offer some unique advantages and thus have used perhaps in combination with some of the other approaches I mentioned could significantly strengthen the effectiveness of our overall societal response to digital remembering. Forgetting remembering. Since the beginning of time forgetting has been easy for us. In the digital age the relationship has become reversed. Today digital remembering is the default. Google Total Information Awareness CCTVs. And it is forgetting that is often forgotten. I urge you to give back to forgetting the role it deserves. Let us remember to forget. Thanks. Let me tackle the second one first. If you do a little math on a billion queries a day and all that the amount of information that you have to record every day if you Google in order to keep that history going is actually not that big. It is surprisingly small. So you can do that for a couple of hundred dollars a day. I was shocked when you actually sit down on how relatively limited that is. So that I think the capacity problem was not a factor into their decision making. Certainly some regulatory rumblings particularly in Europe played a role. But also changing market preferences or perceived changes in the market space did play a role. The competitive of Microsoft they save information for a shorter period of time and they made that quite explicit. Put Google in the awkward position to kind of have to follow suit and so forth. So that is one. Your first point is very well taken. What is interesting to me is when I did the research was that Google is wonderful because they have such a huge amount of data and so they worry a great deal about the capacity to continue to keep that data alive. It turns out that the way they have set up their system is highly efficient and relatively reliable and future proof. So they have a whole set up of using off-the-shelf hard disks for example. A lot of server farms use highly high quality hard drives because they shouldn't fail. Google is using off-the-shelf and they found that off-the-shelf hard drives have a very, very high reliability rate. Much, much higher than we would think they do. Not as high as the manufacturers suggest they are but very high indeed. And so Google has come to the conclusion that they have not sold but reduced the problem of keeping data alive significantly. That was a much bigger problem in the past. I still have 8-inch and 5-1.25 inch and 3-1.5 inch floppy disks lying around somewhere that I will never be able to look at or access again because I don't have a floppy disk drive again. I should throw them away. Packret that I am, I don't. Which actually reminds me of one thing. This session is recorded speaking of international privacy. So this is obviously really, really interesting. So thank you. If we were to take the word remembering and divide it and actually save the word remembering for the mental human process that we're all familiar with and some of us have more and more difficulty with over time. That's remembering and don't call what we do with digital stuff. Don't call it memory, don't call it remembering. That's sort of an extended use of it. It's storage. Whatever. It's what we do with writing. That's not memory. That's something else. So if we do that then it looks a little different to me than the way you've been painting it. And the question I want to ask is just taking memory that we do. How has that changed? Is it changing in response to this new environment that has so many more records that are so much more retrievable globally as you said? What actually has been the effect on the real and literal human memory, the remembering and the forgetting? Well, I mean we've had a little bit of that discussion earlier today. And that gives me an opportunity to try another answer. I use the term digital remembering quite deliberately. And I use it because as I see the challenge, the challenge is not only that we have hugely increased expanded digital storage capacity. That alone wouldn't satisfy me if I think of my video, my analog or digital video archive on tapes. If I can't access that quickly and easily and from anywhere in the world it's pretty useless. It's sitting there and sort of dusting away. So digital remembering to me is a combination of the binary code, the increased digital storage, the ease of retrieval and the ubiquity of access to a lot of that information out there. And that's what I call or refer to as digital remembering. Now how has digital remembering changed human remembering? I don't know. There's a couple of ideas about that. My argument in that it has changed human remembering per se. What it has changed is it has increased external stimuli that trigger human remembering or that cloud our ability to decide because some remnants of human memory are being brought back to our consciousness. One of the ways that a culture gets is that it lets books go out of print and it lets be forgotten on library shelves and then moved off of the stacks into the depository where nobody will find them again unless they're really, really looking for them. Now we have the Google book search project which aims to reverse this by basically taking everything that's ever been printed and still around and making it available again and leaving aside all the copyright you see some negative effects of this project in the area that you're talking about? I haven't given it enough thought. The idea of expiry dates to try to limit the amount of digital information that we accumulate and have accessible would probably have little impact on the Google book project because authors would like to set their expiry dates very far into the future but it may have some consequences. I can only hint at something because our research is not completed. I can only hint that research that we're doing on courts and court decisions in the U.S. where we see an interesting effect of memory. The author of a book is not necessarily the only party concerned with the information in it because if it's a non-fiction book it's written about real people and maybe about events that those people who are written about would rather have forgotten in the culture. That's very true and of course we have to keep in mind that the author's rights are not necessarily with the author all the time but publishers might have some say in that as well. Thank you. This is a bit of a follow-on to that question of sort of cultural memory. Because it seems to me that the only culturally significant memory is not in books but a lot of this stuff that's digitally remembered now has a cultural value as well in the long term beyond the span of a lifetime. A lot of the sort of things that we're recommending we put expiration dates on we do well to remember even if they're contrary to the interests of the people of the time. Why? Because they yield enormous troves of potential meaning significance for people in the future. That's just conjecture. Sorry. No proof for that. That's just conjecture. Well the conjecture is the question of what that meaning will be. That we don't know. We don't know what that means right now. That we would willfully erase seems to me somewhat dangerous. So should I burn down the house because I'm afraid that my heater might not work 10 years from now? No, I'm saying just the opposite. I'm not saying that at all. I'm saying aren't there I mean what about the question of countless authors to see what's been in there. Thank you very much. That's a fantastic example a fantastic example. So suppose you're an author. You wrote love letters or terrible short story whatever shouldn't you be able to just throw that into the trash bin? Does society have a right to take that away from you and say we're expropriating that because you know what all right over what you do. You have no control over it anymore. Quite frankly I would not want to live in such a society. I would want to live in a society in which I can write something down and throw it away in the dust bin and it actually is forgotten. And if Shakespeare wanted to forget and wanted his plays never to be played again he would never have put them on stage. He would have perhaps written it down and then burned it up. If famous authors wanted their works to be forgotten some of them perhaps because they didn't like them shouldn't we permit that to happen? Should we always paternalistically go in and say you shouldn't be able to do that because that's cultural value I am very hesitant to follow your own path. Yeah I think that's a great point although we still do struggle with this question. I mean J.D. Salinger at present is in the midst of litigation about this kind of question. I think that's and I'm going to give the mic up but I think that's a really important point. Nonetheless I would recommend that we give thought to how these things might sensitively be balanced so that a lot of stuff that will have no impact on the legacies that we leave may be lost. I think of the Iran election Twitter stream which is very difficult to mine even now enormous amounts of fascinating material have been lost in that kind of stream. How do we balance this? But it seems to me that there actually is almost a solution built into this the solution is that for certain types of information for certain context we may be required to mandate a very long expiry date or an internal expiry date and we do that. We do that all the time. We have certain whole lot of mandates out there to keep information and to keep that on the record. We should not diminish that that's not what I'm arguing for. What I'm arguing for is to keep this the exception to the rule and then to have the default as to forgetting. I want us to preserve as much as we individually as well as we as a society believe is important to preserve and neither should trump the other. I accept many parts of your argument. I'm a historian trained as a medievalist. In other words, my main field of inquiry was originally a field where there's a kind of data scarcity as part of the ecology that's so fundamental that anything that was preserved is a kind of miracle which you pay attention to no matter how trivial it might be. So maybe I bring a slightly different perspective to these questions but I think this point that was just discussed I think it really has to do with the argument which has to do with the question of who decides I think it's a central piece of your argument as I understood it who gets to decide to make the decisions about inclusion, preservation and the like. Now in the history of the kinds of institutions of memory whether they're state bureaucracies or whether it's Google on the contemporary scene essentially performed the filtering role Google is not interested in all of your data. Google is interested in certain data. It's choice behaviors patterns your navigational patterns in particular, right? Other institutions are interested in your social security number, your tax records and so forth. So I think one of the core issues here is who are the gatekeepers of memory versus erasure. And do I think that there is a power to I want to just go back to this earlier argument to approaches like you know Brewster Kale's approach which is really to throw everything into his Internet Archive on the argument that precisely the kinds of categories of materials which a traditional archive for instance would not preserve could actually prove to be the most interesting materials for reconstructing features of the daily life of the year 1921 or the way driver education was taught in 1967 in American high schools, right? My core argument again to restate it one more time is to give back the choice to the individuals and I feel that the choice now the decision power has largely been shifted to very large organizations and institutions like Google and to implicit preferences and defaults that are implicit in application softwares that we use. So I guess I got a couple of things. The first is that I guess I too am a bit of a believer in the cognitive adjustment perspective just because I see myself and you know many many people who use these sorts of media are already doing that and of course there are these problems when you're looking back through your email and you find something that you wish you had forgotten about but I think that also people do learn to be able to take that into account especially as your email archive goes back on me so far I remember a sense of intense loss when I actually deleted everything before 2004 and that's gone forever but you know I've still got everything back to 2000 before it gets on anyway I adjust Do you want me to respond to that and sort of take it time turn by turn otherwise I might not remember each of the questions so okay so the I have to confess I too lost all of my emails at the end of 1998 and I was horrified completely horrified and then I discovered doesn't really matter just perfectly fine in fact I was perhaps an early trial run to Larry Lessig's email insolvency or bankruptcy that he declared a couple of years ago I actually was relatively close to the cognitive adjustment argument when I got into this project and reading the literature of cognitive psychologists and what we know about how the mind works particularly folks like Daniel Schecter here at Harvard really made me switch my mind and think somewhat differently about that he has a wonderful book out that I want to plug you know it's my book talk but I'm plugging on a book and it's called the seven sins of memory and that's a very good explanation of how we reconstruct our memory all the time and that told me that rational conscious readjustment is probably hard to actually I think there's an essential difference in my power as an individual in deciding what I wanted to keep or remember about myself and my life and then what others may keep or record about me and there I would actually argue that European data protection law has deletion as its default I mean the data holders whether public or private are required to delete data after a certain amount of time and okay then you could argue that much of the internet service providers Google etc are not European based but even with regard to those entities there are a lot of discussions going on between the European Commission and Google etc about how to actually enforce that rule when operating under European privacy law okay that's a very good point and that gives me a chance to sort of go a little more into detail on this one we need to differentiate between information privacy rights that is individual rights and then general privacy norms processing norms and what you're referring to is in particular the purpose limitation principle that is a core principle of the European directive and most national data protection laws in Europe that does limit the amount of information opposed to limit the amount of information it's an information ecology rule one of the many information ecology rules that we find in European data protection laws there the enforcement is usually through the bureaucratic state that is through some administrative procedure or so forth that enforcement is great on the books highly efficient on the books but the reality is slightly different we I think everybody in the field would wish more enforcement on this one but that is an element an important element in the whole picture of how to deal with the time dimension that's where information ecology norms come in information privacy rights however have as I said in Europe failed mostly not just in the United States but in Europe as well what are the what are the technical implementations of expiry dates what will it look like have you looked at the semantic web at all did the privacy functions contained in there do they confront the issues so basically expiration dates are like metadata or meta information and modern file systems that we use are capable of dealing with a lot of meta information so this is not something very new or very different we just have another type of meta information associated with it most expandable file systems can deal with that pretty nicely what is interesting to me is that I see more and more companies who are offering something like expiry dates in their applications and I am kind of surprised to see that so ask.com about a year and a half ago came out with a button to delete search history search query history there is a company called Drop EO that offers a document in image sharing site or sharing capability with expiration dates you can share photos with others for a limited period of time and then they are automatically taken down and there are attempts by the University of Washington you might have heard of that the vanish project to basically make emails and other documents disappear over time which is another kind of application of expiry dates I also suggest that expiry dates are really cool and they are they are very binary today you remember tomorrow is gone and that gives me great trouble I would wish a system that would be closer to our human forgetting rusting perhaps or something like that Ours was also very pointedly asking me earlier today whether we couldn't come up with a system whereby we can adjust the expiry date at a later stage more easily so that the system kind of has a somewhat of a sense of our changing preferences and ever helps us change then the expiry dates as we go along because we might not know by the time we save something the timeline that we want to attach to that so all of this is incredibly helpful and I hope that technological innovation will push us into that direction expiry dates are just a way by which I want to capture that idea that we should give forgetting a chance and revive it thank you very much