Hey, hello everybody and a very warm welcome to today's IED debates event where we are looking at heteronormativity in the development sector and where we are now. My name is Juliet, I'm an Events Officer at IED and I'm going to be behind the scenes and providing some technical support during this event today. So if you're having any tech issues, hopefully not. If you are, just give me, send me a message on the chat panel and I'll be around to provide some support. That is it from me on housekeeping, which means I now have the lovely job of introducing our moderator for today, Tucker Landsman. He is a researcher in IED's Human Settlements Research Group. Tucker, over to you please. Thanks Juliet. Welcome to everyone joining us. Good morning, good afternoon, good evening depending on where you are. As Juliet says, my name is Tucker Landsman. I'm a researcher at the International Institute for Environment and Development or IED. I lead a project called What Does Queer Have to Do with It? Making Space for LGBTQI Plus Contributions to Sustainable Urban Development and Climate Action. And I will be moderating today's event. I'm joined by my colleagues Anna Carthy, Morgan Jennings and Juliet Tunstall. And by our invited speaker, Suzy Jalee, Honorary Associate at the Institute for Development Studies and guest discussant, Dr. Essen Nyak, Associate Professor at the University of Colorado Boulder. In the year 2000, the Institute for Development Studies hosted a seminar series on queering development convened by Suzy Jalee. The seminar series and subsequent publications sought to call in queer theory to development studies. Participants challenged essentialist understandings of gender based on the sex binary, as well as heteronormative and Western-centric focus on material development trajectories. Dr. Karine Mason referred to IDS as a central hub for integrating sexuality in development and Jalee's work as foundational towards a queering of development studies. Over two decades later, research on gender and sexuality now exists as a small but established subfield of development.  In practice, civil society has developed programs that target the health and well-being of gender and sexual minorities, and we've seen significant increases in resources flowing to LGBTQI plus civil society groups, driving visibility and civil rights. However, this subfield remains very much a subfield, leaving gender and sexual diversity fragmented and largely unnoticed by major actors and resource streams. According to the Global Resources Report, nearly 80% of funding to LGBT focused programs and projects outside of the USA focus on either civil and human rights or public health and well-being, and the vast majority of that public health funding goes to HIV prevention and treatment.  Notably, of the global funding flowing to LGBT civil society, 1% or less targets housing and homelessness, labor and employment, food security, and humanitarian response. No funding was identified for climate action or environmental concerns. This points to a glaring gap in our knowledge regarding how LGBTQI plus people access housing and essential services. Are gender and sexual minorities served by or excluded from grassroots initiatives? Can they take part in economic development programs, governance projects, and resilience boosting activities? Too often, we have to make decisions based on anecdotal evidence and small-scale observational studies. Coming through what little quantitative evidence does exist, the World Bank concludes that gender and sexual minorities are disproportionately poor. And multiple reports note how disaster relief and COVID recovery programs have excluded queer minority populations. We think the time is ripe for change. Today is the first public event of the project. What does queer have to do with it? In the coming months, we will convene dialogues to explore how organizations led by gender and sexual minorities are responding to the climate crisis and urban inequalities. And we will ask, how can action research and work programs by organizations like IED can support those efforts and build inclusive responses to sustainable urban development and climate action? We will use creative writing as a methodology to explore how gender and sexuality have shaped our experiences in the development sector. And we are working with old and new partners to examine the everyday urban lives of LGBTQI plus refugees and asylum seekers in and around Nairobi, Kenya. This new area of work is based on three premises. First, we believe that there was an ethical obligation to include gender and sexual minorities in our frameworks and programs. From COVID recovery to climate resilience to sustainable urbanization and forced displacement.  Second, we believe that we have a lot to learn from queer thinking and from working with LGBTQI plus civil society in different geographic contexts. For example, how to ground intersectional approaches, thinking beyond the binary or building networks of solidarity among diverse populations. Finally, we think the time is now.  However, political violence and anti-LGBT policy are not confined to aid-receiving countries in the majority of the world. The recent news out of Russia is terrifying, as are the LGBTQI attacks in the United States and the policies that erode the dignity of trans youth and adults in countries like the U.S. and the United Kingdom. So yes, we've experienced and continue to experience backlashes. But in the recent past, there has been a groundswell of initiatives led by gender and sexual minorities. And this work is increasingly relevant to the climate crisis, to rampant economic inequality, to housing, forced displacement, and other traditional subfields of development research and practice. Opportunities for building truly inclusive approaches to development and climate research and action exist. It is our responsibility to identify and follow them. It is now with great pleasure that I introduce our speakers today. Susie Jolly has over 30 years of experience working on sexuality and gender. They are an honorary associate for the Institute of Development Studies, where they teach and supervise students and work as a freelance consultant, researcher, communicator, facilitator, and trainer. From 2010 until 2017, Jolly led the Ford Foundation's Sexuality Education Grantmaking Program in China, and supported the development of Chinese philanthropy and research on gender and sexuality dimensions of China's global-south relations. Before working at Ford, she founded and convened the sexuality and development program at IDS. 11 years ago, Jolly published an article titled, Why is Development Work So Straight? Detailing the ways that international development was heteronormative. That is to say, designing interventions based on heterosexual household stereotypes, and framing sexuality as a problem of ill health or violence rather than its potentially legible contributor to well-being. Jolly revisited her assessment in a recent paper titled, Is Development Work Still So Straight? Heteronormativity in the development sector over a decade on. We welcome Susie today to continue those reflections in dialogue. Our discussant is Dr. Esa Niak, a multidisciplinary scholar and associate professor in Africana and gender studies in the Department of Ethnic Studies at the University of Colorado, Boulder. They are trained in political economy of development at the University of California, Los Angeles, with specialization in international relations and comparative politics. Dr. Niak has pursued two research streams to date. The first stream is centered on the political economy of development, governance, and global public procurement reform, with an interest in social justice, race, and gender responsive schemes in government contracts. The second stream reflects on gender and identity politics. They have written extensively on interdisciplinary topics such as queerness and politics, public policy, gender equity, ethics and religion, public procurement reform, economic inclusion, and human rights. Without further ado, I will hand over the floor and remind our participants that the chat function is open for you to introduce yourselves, to share comments and resources. But if you would like to ask a question to one of our speakers, please use that Q&A function and feel free to write the questions as they occur to you, and we will come back to them during the Q&A session. Susie, the floor is yours. Thank you so much, Tucker, for that lovely introduction. And thank you, SN, for being my discussant. I am super honored that you're here. And I'm also very excited about the audience, which is very intersectional. I can see there's people who work on refugees, LGBT, poverty, climate, and a whole range of topics. So I'm really looking forward to you helping together think through some of these questions and sharing your experiences and insights as well as your questions. I just want to check. Can you see my screen? Does it? That is perfect. Okay, great. Okay. Thank you, everyone. So heteronormativity in the international development sector, where are we now? As Tucker said, this comes out of an article that I wrote 11 years ago on why is development work so straight, and which looked at how the development sector is heteronormative, assuming heterosexual gender stereotype household models, and framing sexuality as a problem of ill health, violence, or population control, and never a potentially pleasurable contributor to well-being. And I've revisited these ideas and reviewed what's happened with the development sector and heteronormativity in the last decade in an article published this year is development work still so straight. Now much has happened in between the two articles. So it's not been a great 10 years. There's been COVID, new and ongoing wars, intensifying climate crises, and a crop of new leaders with associated with democratic deficits, right-wing populism, anti-gender movements, and in the global north also attacks on the development sector and cutting development sector budgets. In the development sector in the global south, south-south cooperation has grown and can now be seen as bigger than north-south development aid in size, depending on how it's measured. Very little research has been done on how south-south cooperation engages with gender and sexuality, and I do look a little bit at this in my article, but I'm not going to have time to talk about it today. So on to the main question, heteronormativity in the development sector, where are we now? So Christine Clopier describes a discursive explosion on the topic of LGBTI rights and development aid. With President Obama instructed USAID agencies to include LGBTI, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon expressed solidarity with LGBTI, but then UK Prime Minister David Cameron called for decriminalising same-sex sexualities and making development aid conditional on LGBTI. And in response, the Ghanaian president said he would not be cowed by gay aid, and activists in Ghana saw a rise in violence against people perceived as LGBTI due to their association with this Western power. So these kinds of statements can make things better, but they can also make things worse, and mostly they've stayed on the level of statements, not commitments. One exception is the European Union, a very important exception, which adopted legally binding guidelines on how to take forward LGBTI rights in international development. And these are the statements, the commitments and the discourse. What about the resources? As Tucker said, there have been an increase in funding for LGBTI-specific initiatives. This chart put together by the Global Philanthropy Project, which describes how LGBTI people organise for rights to survival, as well as to access joy, pleasure and embodiment. They've tracked the funding to LGBTI in Global South and East. Each block is a two-year amount of funding together. So you can see in 2019 to 2020, there was 184 million US dollars. And so this is real money.   For government, international development aid, it's only 0.04% of this aid goes to LGBTI-specific initiatives, and it's a little bit higher for foundation funding, but still small. But I do want to recognise that this funding has enabled many wonderful initiatives to happen. These are just three examples that I picked. I could have picked so many examples from around the world, but these are some of the things that international funding have helped happen. So one is the sexual minorities of Uganda suing the US evangelical pastor Scott Lively for crimes against humanity for fermenting homophobia in Uganda. Another is the Chinese queer comrades and gays and lesbians of Zimbabwe running Chinese-African queer exchange and documentary making, and then the Latin American Caribbean network of transgender people catalyzing change in the region. But this programming remains limited. It's niche programming. There has not been a broad review of development programming for inclusion of LGBTI people. There has not been a response to Dr. Niax call for sexual rights agendas to engage with public priorities such as poverty reduction. And there hasn't been an engagement between poverty reduction and LGBTI or other dimensions of sexuality. So with the heteronormative household models still largely in place, the bulk of development sector funding continues to exclude LGBTI and a little bit of niche funding around the edges won't solve that problem. And furthermore, there's been co-option on many different levels. So Christine Clopier talks about homo developmentalism, which is the idea that more developed nations are more tolerant of homosexuality. And Andal Gossini refines this. He explains how in colonial times the existence of homosexuality in global South contexts and other sexual norms which diverged from Victorian moralism was judged as an indicator of backwardness and lack of civilization. And now the schematic has flipped and a tolerance for LGBTI is dis is or a lack of tolerance for LGBTI is judged as being backward and uncivilized. And this is a very unhelpful and inaccurate construct, particularly because it feeds into the homo colonialism identified by Moomin Rahman. And Rahman explains what homophobic Arab state leaders and colonialist Western LGBT movements agree on is that leadership on LGBT comes from the West. So I'm not saying that by any means that all Western LGBT movements are colonialists, but there are strands of thinking and practice that emerge that are colonialists in these movements sometimes. And the this thinking sees the West as somehow more advanced on LGBT and sees the constructs around LGBT identities and strategies as automatically transferable to non Western contexts, and that somehow the Western LGBT movements are going to save and rescue LGBT people in the global South and East. And this in turn enables homophobic Arab state leaders to identify to to argue that LGBTI is a Western import and to name a homophobic strategy as an anti colonialist move. And this leads on to global homo capitalism, which Rahul Rao has described with global institutions of capitalism, such as the World Bank, positioning themselves as external to the problem they seek to alleviate, and pinkwashing themselves with support for LGBTI. And so in the 1980s, the World Bank structural adjustment programs undermine the health sector. And this meant that the this particularly in Africa, African states, African governments then needed to procure services from the private sector to provide health support, which can be sometimes less accountable and less inclusive as Dr. Nia has addressed in their work. And sometimes the providers of services were evangelical churches, which were homophobic and promoted abstinence only approaches, which were very exclusive in terms of health provision and particularly damaging around issues like HIV AIDS. So the World Bank economic policies can be directly connected to exclusion of LGBTI, but instead of recognizing and examining the exclusions within their economic policies, they can pinkwash themselves with by voicing support for LGBTI, which serves to soften their harsh economic image. So I've raced you through how the international development sector has included an instrumentalized LGBTI in the past 11 years. And now I'm going to do the same for pleasure. So Anne Philpott from the Pleasure Project has described a pleasure wave hitting the scene. Is this the case or not? Well, it's certainly true that the idea of pleasure has been emerging in influential places. So for example, UNESCO's International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education, which is a very powerful framework that's one of the main guidance for comprehensive sexuality education globally. In the 2009 version, pleasure was mentioned just twice in the text. In the 2018 updated version, it was mentioned 11 times, including as a goal, an indicator and a key topic. And Latin American Caribbean governments have made a call for young people to be able to have pleasurable and healthy sex lives and make their own decisions regarding their sexual orientation in the groundbreaking Montevideo consensus on population and development. And the World Association of Sexual Health has adopted a declaration on sexual pleasure. And all of these platforms are framing pleasure as a right and good for health and well-being, which in turn is argued to be good for development and helps to meet the sustainable development goals. And some evidence is being gathered. The Pleasure Project together with the World Health Organization did a meta analysis of the impacts of sexual health programs and found that if they include pleasure, if they include sexual pleasure, it increases the likelihood of safer sex and can also improve self-esteem and self-confidence in relation to sex. There's also been work on the links between pleasure and empowerment, including this book which I co-edited in 2013, which looks at how some populations, excluded populations such as lesbians, bi and queer women, postmenopausal women, people with disabilities and people living with HIV have expanded the possibilities for their own pleasures in ways that has empowering impacts and help gets beyond victim paradigms. And there's also been framings of pleasure as decolonizing. So for example, eminent African feminists such as Sylvia Temali, Stella Nyanze and Bibi Bakari Yusuf argue that pleasure approaches can challenge colonialist framings of African women's sexualities as about either sin or victimhood. And these concepts are put into practice by the Association for Progressive Communication Erotics Program, which supports marginalized majority world people to contest online violence and build online spaces for their own pleasures. And also the Agents of Ish, Indian sexuality education media site, which challenges Western dominance around sexuality by mining the erotic traditions of India and repurposing them for contemporary life. So all of this is a huge step forward to see pleasure becoming visible in international development, work on health rights and empowerment, breaking previous silences. And it is limited to some statements, commitments and guidance. It hasn't shifted to mainstream approaches, but it is a huge step forward. But we also need to consider, is there anything inherently liberatory about pleasure or can it be co-opted like LGBTI? So what are some of the limitations of the pleasure discourse? Sexual pleasure discourses can be normative and exclusive and something that people experience pressure to live up to and not necessarily freeing. And we all know that pleasure is a huge marketing strategy for commerce, advertising and pornography, which are not necessarily liberatory. And in one case, a pleasure promoting intervention replicated the worst of international development practice. Clitterade, a US-led initiative, promised to build a pleasure hospital in Burkina Faso to perform operations to restore the capacity of clitoral orgasm to women who had undergone female genital mutilation. The project lacked consultation with women who themselves, it lacked consultation with existing hospitals already providing related surgery, and it focused on technical rather than social solutions and lack transparency. So classic bad development practice. And even worse, they invited supporters to contribute donations by adopting an African women's clitoris with appalling echoes of colonial occupation of African women's bodies. So this example shows that bringing pleasure into the equation does not in itself save an intervention from appalling development practice. So in some, these 11 years have seen some progress on pleasure and on LGBTI, but with limitations and co-option. So in conclusion, I want to think about if an integrated approach to sexuality could help overcome the limitations and co-options. And part of the reason why I think a more integrated approach is needed now is anti-gender movements, which restrict sexual and reproductive health, rights and education, abortion, oppose acceptance of LGBTI and create a new definition of gender based on biological determinism. So they've put all the different sexuality issues in one ball. So a fragmented or disconnected response is inadequate and can leave us divided and more easily co-opted. So what kind of an integrated approach? What might this approach look like? On a conceptual level, a framework is needed that recognizes how sexuality intersects with other axes of inequality, such as economic or north south, and how sexuality is deployed for political ends, such as homo-colonialism. And some grounding can be found in Gayle Rubin's classic work, calling for sex to be understood in terms of social analysis and historical understanding, and seeing gender and sexuality as systems of power, which reward and encourage some individuals and activities while punishing and suppressing others. This is the framework deployed by Sexuality Policy Watch, which is a brilliant organization based in Brazil or led from Brazil. And they, for example, use this approach to analyze how COVID's impacts are mediated by sexuality and gender systems. So for example, economic impacts disproportionately hitting women in the service sector, particularly domestic workers and sex workers, domestic violence increasing, including against young queer people trapped with their families during lockdown, sexuality education being left out when schools go online, and in some countries in Latin America, there were gender segregated lockdowns with on some days only men permitted out in public and on other days only women, leaving people with non-conforming gender expression in a bind. And governments such as Poland, Hungary and Brazil used COVID as an opportunity to enact anti-gender and anti-abortion laws and anti-gender forces connect with COVID conspiracy theories around sexuality. So that's an example of how you might use this framework to analyze a phenomenon. And what would such a framework mean in more concrete terms for the development sector? Part of the answer is about more collaborative movements. So again, this is from the Global Philanthropy Project, who've tracked funding to find that the anti-gender movements worldwide received three times more funding than LGBTI movements from 2013 to 2017. And their risk conclusion is that donors should fund a collaborative response to the anti-gender movement, bringing together LGBTI, sexual and reproductive health and rights, children's rights and women's rights. And I add that these collaborative approaches need to be sex positive, intersectional and decolonizing. And there is some experience of working in related ways in HIV work, for example, the pitch program, which supported over 100 organizations and networks of young women, LGBT people and men who have sex with men, drug users and sex workers, using sex positive approaches to collectively organize and advocate to shift governments from punitive to public health approaches. They weren't always successful. A broad-based coalition in Indonesia did not succeed in bringing about a more liberal civil code, as you might have noticed from the news these last few days. But in some countries, such as Mozambique, Uganda and Vietnam, there were shifts away from punitive approaches for some populations to more public health or more supportive approaches. And these are the kinds of thinking and action which give me hope. And in these dark times of war, pandemic, climate crisis and conservatism, we need more than ever joined up thinking and solidarity that can't be twisted to other purposes or used to pit one progressive cause against another. Thank you. Thank you very much, Susie, for that talk. As moderator, I'm going to be very brief here and just hand right over to Dr. Nyak for their discussion. Dr. Nyak. Thank you, talker. And thank you, Susie, for your presentation. I am particularly delighted to be here because the question of LGBTI and development has been one that is at the center of my heart, but one I have struggled with because I was born and raised in Cameroon and I was there when the movement, if you may call it movement, started in Africa to talk about LGBT issues. And while at the beginning we sort of adopted this acronym as we're trying to figure out things, it became very clear to me very quickly that we needed to recalibrate approaches. But it was a very hard sell for partners and NGOs and people who based in the US or Europe were interested in the question of LGBT. There seemed to be a tacit consensus that the way to go is the political way only. So I am delighted that about 20 years after or so this conversation is coming back. That was introduced to you as a scholar, but let me add something which I think is very relevant to the conversation today. I also hold the title of Bumbo Kokua among the basa impu and bati of Cameroon that is three ethnic groups. And that means that that is the highest initiative title a man or a woman can hold. And I'm going to be responding a little bit more from that angle because I think this is something that is important. I see some folks from Quebec and I don't know whether there is a translation, but shout out to the French speakers in the room. Now back to the issue ahead. Development and again I'm going to be talking about Africa, but I think more or less this can be applied or to other regions. Development in Africa is a problematic term. I think we are witnessing the fifth rendition of what development is. And our stake here is the fundamental idea and pattern that in fact if we ask each other, we look at each other and say, what do you think is an Africanist definition of development? I bet you a few of us will come up with a line. So development has been from the decolonization era, a way of kind of maintaining the puppet government that we put there. So there was an era of that sort of thing. Then we move to Europe, Tatcher and Reagan in the US kind of thinking, oh, what is the state? Nonsense. Gotta have to make it shrink it. But in Africa it meant oh, giving more money to the dictators. Democracy wasn't a big deal. But we were hit later with something called structural adjustment, version of no small government. Telling African people, don't send your folks to school, right? No, don't treat them. Health and education, gutted. Which means that the luxury of sitting and debating ideas, we were told, that's not what you need. Then came an era of, oh, money to the state, no, no, no, this is democracy now. Civil society becomes a buzzword. Democratization, every way. We don't want one party, multiple parties. And as we say in French, I do think in Montaigne-Couche-Souris, a giant mountain gave birth to a mouse in that democratic project. And now we are being told, even that civil society were maybe not. Now we are in the model of public-private partnerships. I think that's the aloof did too. Whether that means, whether the private means corporations or the private means civil society. So then when we talk about development and bring the question of LGBT, it is important that we hold two things in our hands. And I know a lot of you working in development agencies have your heart in the right place. We have to hold, on one hand, the realization that we are not escaping this pattern. Whether we as individuals actually have our heart in the right place. And then ask ourselves to the extent that we are leveraging this new category, come my name, LGBTI. What is it that cannot escape the pattern on one hand? And what is it that we can do differently? And as Suzy mentioned, there is certainly a need for integrating a lot of things. But again, development in Africa has always been a reaction to something else. Whether it is about global politics, and that is exactly how colonialism happened. So what is it that the LGBT, as a special group or a group of concern, allows us to bring to the table? Is it just sexuality? Or pleasure? What is it exactly? And I'm raising this question so that we can enter a conversation. I'm not here giving you recommendations. But I'm sitting here mostly with that cultural title, because I think there is some question that you, in such a friendly conversation or place, is important that I raise because they are important. It is important that you hear these things. Now, Suzy mentioned, and a lot of people have said this, and this is true, that the colonial Africa or the pre-colonial Africa is a place that is eclectic at best. You have societies that are inclusive. You have those that are not. And while all of these things were suppressed in many ways, others actually survived. And hence comes the trap of a state centered only approach. And that is to say, should we be making a distinction between, on the one hand, human rights, which by definition are matters of laws and given to by the state conferred by the other state? Or are we then going to go back to that which Africa has developed and survived, which is a bad protection, social protection? Because why would we invoke better inclusive practices in the past? If the rationale, the imagination, the content, the thing that went into it, we are not interested in integrating. And that is to say, I do believe that to some extent, African cultural imagination and practices must be taken seriously, because it is only through them that we understand our relationship to the environment. If you were concerned about looking at climate and these sort of conversations, let me give you a very practical example. I began by telling you that I hold this title, and that means I went through a series of initiations. And one particular level of initiation, we had to tweak things, because it had to take place in a like at a riverside, except there is no river, because it dried up because of climate change. So, Africa to me is not just bodies that are suffering or having pleasure or doing this and that. It is a place that is a container of everything else. It comes with the ability to conceptualize phenomenon, social phenomenon. It's the meaning that we put into this river that gives us the ability to safeguard the river. It's the meaning to give to the body that allows us to respect the body. It's the meaning that will give to friendship, sexual or not, that allows us to safeguard certain ways of being erotically or not. Hence, while people like myself do engage in scholarship from what has become scholarship from what we have in the 21st century, and that is not a bad idea, we are facing a cognitive crisis. And that is to say, our intervention, if we truly want to use this LGBTI body or person or group or community, and do something that is fundamentally different, what that body, what that agent, what that person, what that community must be calling us to do, is to engage in a deep relational approach with Africa. We have today a phenomenon whereby some state, we had two problems after independence, some state criminalized homosexuality, yes, and some did not. Now, if in your intervention, your priority is about going where and working uniquely with those who criminalize homosexuality, how is that different from the pattern I just told you? Why is it that in our intervention, some places, some communities, some region, are just overfished? What is it that you extract after 10 years, I say almost 20 years now, by fishing in the same pond? That is what we should be doing that is different. Yes, some countries criminalize homosexuality, others do not. Let's work with both so we understand how eclectic, both welcoming and really challenging Africa is. Some countries have deep criminalized homosexuality, some have increased criminalization. So we cannot say that this is a one-size-fits-all. And it will hold this to be true. Therefore, when we are saying we need, which I fully support, because I do think that it is impossible if we cannot build these coalitions between women's rights and all of that. But coalition-building is not just about convening a meeting and writing a report. It is about spending time to locate that which, the thing that resonates with the African mind. And I'm not saying it's a special mind. I am saying that we are too eager to dismiss that part and get into the technicality of this and that. And that is a problem. Now, let me perhaps end with another example. Many of us know countries like Liberia, you know, where for many, many years in a civil war, it took women to stand up to say, we want peace. And Muslim and Christians coming together, that is a documentary about the work of, I think, I don't remember her name now, but I think she won a Nobel Prize for her work for peace there. When you watch this documentary, they tried everything, the women's movement there to bring about peace. They tried the Bible to talk to the president who was allegedly a Christian. Oh, they realized that it didn't work. They tried the Quran. No, the rebel were not interested. They tried everything. They tried politics, negotiation, calling for men to sit at a table. None of that work until at one convening in Ghana. When the leader of the movement decided that those men were either going to sit and talk, or the women were going to take off their clothes. That is what turned the things around. At that point, you saw all the president coming out of the conference room talking to women, now begging them not to do that. That is not a recommendation from a human right declaration. That is a long practice that resonates everywhere in Africa. It has a cultural meaning that once you tap into it, things must change. So let's not undermine or neglect this idea that Africa is a repository of ideas and perhaps locate those that truly work and give us a chance, even if we are locked up in an institution, at least for those of those who want to do things differently and better to allow ourselves to do that. The human rights concept in Africa is not about rights only. It's about duties. The language of duty resonates because I may be queer, but I still have a duty to my family. Let us not throw it away because we have adopted this liberal idea that the individual is independent and omnipotent. So on the one hand, you can really be disenfranchised based on your sexuality. But on the other hand, you have other mechanism that says you are also claimed as belonging. And I think until, and this also is a dance, when we are integrating or thinking about coming together, are the things that we need to inject in our interventions or what I want to call them intervention partnerships or conversation or dialogue so that this project of harmonizing, integrating can actually survive and bring about something that is different from the usual practice of development. I will stop there for now. Thank you. Thank you very much, Dr. Nyak. There's a lot for me to process and to think about. But Susie, I'll give you five minutes to respond before we open up to, and clearly in five minutes you couldn't respond to all of those provocations, but perhaps you pick one or two and then we'll go to the Q&A. Thank you. Yes, thank you so much, Dr. Nyak, for that really rich provocation and also the corrective around which perspective of sexual rights we're talking about. So a sexual rights perspective which focuses on decriminalization laws and the state is completely inadequate and may not be appropriate, something I agree with, and also that building coalitions isn't just about convening a meeting or convening people together. It's really looking at deeply at what people have in common and intersections and also what they're bringing from their contexts. And I mean that as much what a Western group might be bringing from their context, which should be seen as completely contextually specific and not necessarily transferable or helpful in a different context, and also what you said about engaging with African cultural imagination and practices and taking these seriously, including the meanings that have been given to the body, the environment, and relations, and the safeguarding that can come out of that which might be a very different approach to human rights perspective based on the state. So I think that's very helpful for me to think about what a more integrated approach to sexuality might integrate and what it might do or how it might be developed. So I think I'll stop there. Those are my initial responses, but I hope we can carry on your input and responses to your input throughout this discussion. Thank you. Thanks, Suzy. I think something that really resonated with me was also what is that coalition building look like with organizations such as IED that kind of prioritizes and privileges kind of what we might consider deep or longstanding partnerships and to remember that we probably often look for examples in civil society that is quite easy for us to read, right, to identify with and thus we end up replicating this very Western ideas around sexuality. And that's something that I and my colleagues will need to pay close attention as we move forward with this work. At this point I will call in my colleague Anna to kick off the Q&A. Thanks, Tucker. And thank you so much, Suzy and SN. Those are really, really such rich discussions. So I'm really looking forward to hearing the other questions. I think the first thing that I wanted to, the first kind of question I wanted to frame around climate change and the context of the climate crisis.  So the root causes of vulnerability to climate change are linked to that power and privilege and who is being disadvantaged or excluded and LGBTQI plus groups are those who are historically marginalized in decision making processes and in access to rights and resources. So in a context of heteronormativity and cisnormativity that marginalizes queer people in everyday life, that it can be exacerbated during climate shocks or in times of societal stress. So we saw that happening in the pandemic and with compounding climate impacts that will only become more important. So in your article and in your presentation, Suzy mentioned the need to address gender and sexuality in ways that are less identity based and that move towards this integrated approach to sexuality. And you've previously written as well that simply including LGBTQI plus people in existing approaches may not address the injustices in the development sector, which I think links really nicely to what Essen has been speaking about. So I wonder how do you see that applied in the context of climate crisis? What do you see as the climate just way forward for climate action to be inclusive of diverse expressions of sexuality and gender and to challenge homo polonialism as we address these urgent issues of loss and damage and vulnerability to climate change? Thank you. That's a very good question. And I think it's important to see and make the deeper connections. So things like looking at how colonial forces have exploited environments and at the same time suppressed sexual and gender diversity among the populations they colonized and how the anti-gender movement links with climate denialism. So it's on the basis of these deeper understandings that climate action needs to consider how to become less heteronormative. And this will need to happen on many levels, including, for example, the narratives and framing. So it's often talked about saving the environment for future generations. Does that make sense when many LGBTI people have been denied the right to have children or don't have children and many people are not having children specifically because of the environmental crisis or cost of living crisis that we're in. And then in terms of practical work on a practical level, I think there has been quite a bit of work from organizations by organizations such as Edge Effect and the Humanitarian Advisory Group looking at how to build a longer-term resilience of LGBTI to deal with the climate crisis. And if that needs to be part of a longer-term strategy to help build the resilience in humanitarian responses and to respond to climate crisis. And I think there's also questions for LGBT movements to consider. For example, I've heard of several examples recently of Shell funding LGBT action in Vietnam, in China, and we have to get beyond this short termism where we think, great, I have funding for my little part of the puzzle and don't connect it up to the broader implications for people of LGBTI or not. Thank you. Asen, do you have any other thoughts to add or shall we go to the next question? Next question. Okay. And this actually might follow up with what you were talking about, Suzy, on the heteronormative stereotype models in development. We have a question with a number of likes from Clara. Can you please say more about the relationship between heteronormative family models in development planning and the women and girls agenda amongst development agencies and actors? Yes. I mean, my original article came out of an experience where I was working, doing research in rural China. And we had a very backward kind of questionnaire based on a very heteronormative family model. So we go and ask who start with who's the head of the household, which was assumed to be a man and positing everyone else in relationship to him. And often the man had migrated. So that really wasn't helpful or not even feasible. And then assuming what is your marital situation and assuming that people are going to be married, which is the norm in China and the law in terms of family planning, you weren't allowed to have kids without being married. So that they were normativities, which in some ways reflected the law of the Chinese legal context, but not the Chinese reality because some people were saying to me, I'm, you know, I some people describe themselves as illegally cohabiting because they weren't old enough to get married because you had to be age 22 as a man to get married at the time in China and age 20 as a woman. So there were lots of people. And then we never asked about anyone who was not heterosexual, even though I was there as a bisexual researcher. And even though I knew Chinese LGBT people who'd migrated from the countryside specifically because of their sexuality. So it's it was very that kind of research was automatically right from the start erasing any kind of non normative agendas. And that research was the basis for a program on electrification and poverty and gender and energy. So I think it it needs to start from the research and the questions asked on which the programming is based. And there also needs to be checklists and reminders about what needs to be addressed and included, not just on LGBTI, but on things like Mo Min Raman has a very useful little article on the homocolonialist test for interventions. So you can think, you know, necessarily, people are busy and you can't have a you need to have a deep reflection that gives the grounding for the action. But you also need to have some kind of short cuts for people making things happen that don't involve too much time. And those kinds of tools can be helpful to kind of getting beyond the limitations of heteronormative thinking in household or heteronormative assumptions about households, whether it's in research or programming. Thanks for that. And I think that homocolonialist test is actually quite a useful tool that maybe other people would like. So maybe if anyone in our audience has that open on their browser or knows where it is, they could pop the link in the chat so other people could see it. I think then the next question I'm going to kick to Essen. And I'm going to combine two of the questions from the Q&A, the first from Thomas Kloeg and then Eliara Michaels. And so on the one hand, we have the question, what is the importance of language in the context of coalition building and advocating for policies to advance LGBTQI rights? And what is the role of researchers in choosing language that brings important stakeholders to the table without watering down or decentering, particularly marginalized, and then using communities? And I think related to this question is what can be done to shift perspectives so that these conversations are actually led from those perspectives of African sexualities, including queer African sexualities. And what can we do to avoid repeating the same patterns we've seen with feminists or other forms of social movements being co-opted into business as usual interventions? Well, that is a good question. I think language matters. And also in Africa, most of the continent, as far as I know, is a wealth of a great repository of our tradition. And that's where we derive our meanings. And what is interesting is that there's a lot of imagination that goes into understanding all of these stories, how we derive meanings, how we make meanings, et cetera. Now for the researcher, let me start there. It depends because, I mean, there are some researchers who are based in think tanks that are at universities and the game is not always the same. But one of the things that I've seen, as far as African queer study is concerned, it has become a white field, which is very puzzling to me. And if you are a researcher and you do care about this and you do care about social justice, you have to ask yourself, why is it that 20 years after people, the majority of people who are holding good jobs with the safety to actually say what they think with that privilege of Africans, there are very few. But I guess that would take us far afield. But for practical stuff, I think also Simon wrote something that is really important in the chat says that, for example, the way we enter the conversation, there is a lot about the economic impact of when you are writing, who are you writing for? Economic impact tend to be research that wants to speak to the word bank, right? Folks who are interested in those sort of macro numbers, but they actually have little impact on the ground. So here are choices that everyone of us can make in terms of where do you want to calibrate your intervention? And what is motivating you? Is that just about a report that is due at the end of next year? Or is it commitment to some sort of social transformation that is long lasting? I know the pressure on the NGOs is always result result but I'm not trying to change that. But we have to also interrogate that and understand that that is a particular neoliberal management style that we are all rocked in, right? And not behave as if this is like the normal course of doing business. No, it is that's what I said in the beginning that I think on the one hand we have to recognize the constraints, all of us myself included as a scholar, right? The constraint in which we are, myself less so now. But there are also ethical choices that we can make. And I think for all those of you who are in Europe, in America, in Canada, you have more wiggle room and more leeway, right? Especially at the beginning of LGBT activism in Africa, there was a phenomenon where a funder will say, I have money for this and then look for people who want to do that. Things have evolved where now people can have actually an input in saying, you know, maybe those 60 days of activism are not the best way to go. How about we are not just going to say we are discriminated. LGBT needs to become the lawyers that are going to defend the community, right? They need to become the doctors that are going to defend the community, right? And unless we start investing in society in that way, the idea that you can come to Africa and pick the LGBTI person as a thing and focus on it, it's going to have, I'm not sure how the mileage that we can derive from it. I think climate change is an opportunity, is frame right. I am very hesitant to link climate change and talk about LGBT. I think what it would do is that it alienates actually conversation about climate change. Not everything has to be about LGBT. I know that when something is like the new thing, people want to hop on it because, you know, funding and all of those things. But here is how you could message it. Because in fact, climate change doesn't choose sexuality when you really think about it. So isn't this an opportunity actually to reframe intervention and actually talk about, hey, yeah, we may disagree on this and that. That's fine, right? But is this thing choosing? It doesn't choose. The rain doesn't choose the rooftop to where it lands, right? And this is where I'm talking about really spending time to think about how we conceptualize the message because a lot is lost. You know, when at the beginning I started saying to folks, this state-centered activism is going to create a lot of backlash. Nobody believed me and it did because we were not prepared politically to enter the field as strategists. And the same thing I'm saying, it really might sound sexy to say climate change and LGBTI, it is the wrong way of talking about it. It will not work, not for the work of climate change, not for the LGBTI. But it is an opportunity, in fact, to say, hey, how about we start bringing community around this thing? When that river dried up, it's not just a matter of who is initiated. I can see the impact. But guess what? That whole village, that whole region is suffering from this. And this is where I'm saying that you ought to have some kind of belief or some kind of respect for Africa in that sense, right? That it's not about things happening. The meanings behind things is what bring us together. And that has always been the context in which queerness rise in any part of Africa, including my own country. So let's think about to what extent this discourse on discrimination works. And how can we, or not working actually, and are there other ways to engage in a way that gives back Africa that agency to appropriate certain questions and frame them? I mean, why are we even calling ourselves LGBTI? Because that is an acronym that works. But do you know there are countless ways Africans call themselves? Why is that not adopted by any organization in programming? So that when you actually enter a community, you make sense. Those are small things that we can do. But they require a vision. They require commitment to engage and not just perhaps a project to work on and move on to something else. Thank you. Thank you, Esen, for that response. And there's also maybe, Susie, you would jump on the kind of, are there type of any quick wins that you are looking for there? People recognize that this work takes years, decades, generations, but they're interested from an organizational standpoint, what they can do now in order to perhaps set the stage for some of this more inclusive work. So is there anything that you would like to see or you think that organizations should be doing right now? Well, there are some things that also connect with what Esen said that I think are happening from some angles which address some of those issues, which is if you want to give organizations space to develop their own agendas instead of being pulled into some maybe western, maybe global agenda, which isn't what's needed, then donors providing core funding for organizations makes a big difference. And that has started on some level. And I think if you're partnering with an organization, then that's, I mean, there's the obvious things about how co-creation of the intervention, not just kind of contracting people in to do what you want, but also can you be providing some kind of core support and organization building to enable that? And then another thing which is happening and which it depends which organization you're coming from, whether it's something that you can do, but kind of democratization of the decisions around who gets support. So, for example, the East African sexual rights initiatives, which pools donor funding from international donors, which is managed by a Kenyan organization, and it's specifically for sexual rights, particularly LGBTI and sex workers, and the people who make decisions on who should get that funding are a committee of representatives from those organizations which are elected and change every year. So, you're ensuring some kind of contextualized decision making by shifting the power closer to the ground. And just one example of what that has changed, that is before those organizations, before that mode of funding, as usual, organizations which speak good English and can relate to donor frameworks and have good relationships or can foster good relationships with donors were the ones that dominated the funding. And after the East African sexual rights initiative was found, it diversified the organizations who got funding. So, there was one organization of Maasai tribes people who wrote a letter on hard copy on Swahili as their application and they got a small grant in response. So, it kind of changes what's possible and who can get the funding. And those organizations, there has been since this funding network was founded, there have been others developed for each region in Africa and it's part of a broader participatory philanthropy movement. So, I think those kinds of approaches can really make a difference in terms of shifting power which enables people to make shift approaches. Thank you. And I think as you were really talking about how climate and LGBT won't work or won't it does put us in a difficult position almost for you to rock in a hard place because whether or not we name people of diverse sexual orientation gender denies expressions and sex characteristics as having a role to play or as stakeholders in climate action. They are disproportionately suffering when they don't have access to shelter after a disaster when they are deemed ineligible to receive certain aid packages and services. And so, I think what you're doing is you're pointing to there's a lot of work to be done in how we talk about these issues and how we build programs that are truly inclusive because as of now and also not just climate but IID has been a leader in responding to urban informality for example for decades and we often talk about inclusive approaches to urban poverty but gender and sexual minorities are totally invisible in our data. And so, I think this first recognition is a first step and recognizing the challenge is indeed an action. Language is important, language is an act. And there was another question that popped up in the Q&A. Can I just say something, push back a little bit if I may. Can I say something in response to what you? Please do. Yeah. Okay. I know of no country. Let's say this is, we had a massive rain, we have a flood and what happened, people helped each other in most African countries where before any government solution or public solution comes in. This is not the U.S. where we're talking about shelters. Yes, if you live in a refugee camp that is a completely different conversation.  Let's just say that a handful countries in Africa that have such a system in place. So when I hear for example, LGBT disproportionately discriminated for things like shelter. What I have to ask myself is, how did that happen? How is that possible? I am very, on that note, I want to be skeptical here. Now, I know the case of Kenya, I know the case of refugees there in a camp where to get there, they had to be identified. What is the reason for you to be here? That is a completely separate issue. But it's not like anybody is wearing a LGBT on their face. I have heard a lot of, it is the same thing about HIV discrimination and I don't know where people get that sort of idea. I lived in Cameroon my whole life, at least until 26. In fact, Cameroon started testing people for HIV as a result of grant money given by the World Bank and things like that. And these were campaigned. Anybody could go there for the testing. And please, I want to beg all of us here to really reconsider the assumptions we make about what it means to be out. I could be out in the U.S. It doesn't mean I am not in danger in certain spaces. So I have to check with my friend, should I drive there alone? Should I dress? Should I present myself? Why is it that when we are dealing with Africa, we do not afford this subject called LGBT, the ability to navigate spaces. Where in Africa, it is true that somebody can go for health service and be discriminated against. It doesn't happen. Why is it that you have to go as such? And this is the question we have to really, really think about. How have we come to frame freedom or LGBT or identity as a matter of being open and everywhere? It doesn't work like that in this country, the United States. It does not. So this is what I'm saying that really let us afford that subject to be. Because that person may be able to know, here is health service. What do I want? I want a vaccine. What is the goal today? I need a vaccine. I'm a Cameroonian. I have my ID card. Vaccination is free because subsidized. I go and get it. That may not be the place to say, oh, you know what, I'm going to go as an LGBT because I know my context. So these are, I don't know, folks who work in. This is part of an education that that is important. And this is the statement like that really makes, give ammunition to the other side. Let us be true and authentic about what is happening. And let us not feel like we have to extrapolate things that may not be true and don't make any sense. There is no country in Africa who limit access to public resources to its citizens. Now, the question provided, there is homophobia. It is a matter of strategy. How should LGBT be entering that space? In which case they should be making a political statement. In other case, in which case they should be retracting. That is how politics happened, including in this country. So there is not such a thing as LGBT everywhere. I wish I could do that in America. And I don't. So please let us afford Africa a wiggle room to be and negotiate because it is a bad negotiation. Negotiate this identity and not always jump on the bad story. And I'm not talking about talking as a person. I'm just saying that since this is a conversation, I think you should just hear it from me in a friendly way rather than from the conservative. Thank you. Yeah, I'm going to give Suzy the last word. But I will say that I hear you. I'm not sure we're on the same page, but I'm also think that there's multiple conversations happening and also about multiple geographies. So I've worked in the public health sector in Latin America and I saw discrimination within the health sector against trans women, for example, and HIV positive people. So I do want to make sure that we also stipulate that we're not just having this conversation about homophobia in Africa. That is not, I think, what I'm here to debate or to solve. But Suzy, I'll give you the last word. We have about a minute. Well, thank you so much. This has been a really rich debate and I hope we can continue in other forums. And I do observe and see the evidence for people in different positions, including along sexuality and gender, sometimes experiencing climate crisis impacts differently because of discrimination around their genders and sexualities, some of which are more visible. For example, if you're transgender, then possibly if you're transgender, then other kinds of differences. But I also see climate change as an existential crisis, which can bring us all together and bring us together with people who are outside our normal realm of coalition. So just for example, I've got a friend in the sex-based rights movement who I've known for decades previously as a feminist ally and now as someone who me and her can disagree, can agree nothing about gender. But we can agree that climate crisis is the priority and that we have to find ways of working together on that. So thanks so much. I've learned a huge amount today from SN and Tucker and everyone else. And thank you. Thank you everyone for joining us today. A great deal of thanks to Suzy, a great deal of thanks to SN. Thank you for joining us, especially SN had to wake up so early to be here. And we may wake up even an hour earlier than necessary. Still apologies for that. I'm sorry, we didn't get to everyone's question that posted in the Q&A. Feel free to get in touch with us via our website. You can find our email addresses. We would love to hear from you if you're also engaged in the space and want to chat. Thank you everybody and have a good rest of your day. Thank you. Thank you so much. Bye-bye.


Welcome to this session in the course data structures and algorithms. Last time we looked at the algorithm for converting an infix expression into a post fix expression. Today we shall see a C plus plus program implementing that logic. Here is the algorithm that we shall use. Given an infix expression as a string input, we need to create an output string which is the post fix expression. So, the process is very simple which was explained last time. Validate the infix expression first. If the fix expression itself is not valid, then I will display an appropriate error message otherwise I proceed with the conversion. The conversion process itself again is very simple. Firstly, I traverse the infix expression character by character. So, I will have an outer iteration which will look at every incoming character of the infix expression. Now, if the character is operand, then append it to the string post fix. If the character is not operand, it will be an operator. If it is an operator, we will do the following. Firstly, if the operator is opening parenthesis, push it to the operator stack and continue with the point traversing further. If the stack is empty and operator is not closing parenthesis, then I push the operator on the stack. If the stack is not empty, then I will compare the current operator with the one which is already on the top of the stack. Remember, last time we discussed this that we need to worry about the precedence of the two consecutive operators that might come. If the operator that we now encounter as a higher precedence, push the operator on the stack. If it is a lower precedence, then we have to append the top element of the stack to the post fix ring, pop the top operator from the stack. Now, we will continue doing these operations one and two till a opening parenthesis is encountered or the stack becomes empty. Finally, we will push the current operator, but not the closing parenthesis on the stack. At the end, I will append the remaining operators from the stack to the string post fix by using top followed by pop till stack becomes empty. Simple procedure, let us look at its implementation using a C plus plus program. First, we identify the member functions which we need to write in order to achieve this conversion. Check parenthesis. This is a function which we will write. The parameter is an infix expression which is a character array. It will be called from the validate function and it will return true or false. Purpose is to check if the open and close parenthesis match properly. Is valid is another function. The parameter is the current character. Now, the current character is valid only if it is either an operator or an operand. Note that for this example, we have presumed that all our operands are single later operands A, B, C up to Z or capital A, B, C up to Z. This is of course, a simplification, but for the current purposes, this is sufficient to check whether the character is valid or not using this. Validate is another function which validates the entire infix expression which is a character array. It will return true or false to the main function and the purpose is to check whether the entire expression is valid or not. Of course, while executing the logic of this validate function, it will invoke other functions like is valid. Is operand is again look at the current character and it will check whether the current character is an operand that is small a to z or capital A to z. Priority number is actually an artificial number which we are creating to be allocated to every operator that we encounter. So, the parameter to this particular function is a character which is an operator and it will determine the priority of the operator. The artificial numbers that we have decided are 0 for the highest priority operator namely, raise to followed by 1 which will be used for multiplication or division followed by 2 which will be used for addition or subtraction and so on. Check priority, this will compare the current operator and the top operator on the stack and it will return true or false depending upon which has the higher priority. Infix to post fix, this is a function which takes in fix expression and post fix expression as strings which are character arrays and it will return the post fix string to the main function. Input of course, will be the infix expression. So, this is the main activity converting a valid infix expression into a post fix expression. Let us look at the program itself. What we have done is looking at the program, we will also look simultaneously at the logic which the program is trying to implement. First traversing the entire infix expression. So, for counting the number of opening parenthesis and closing parenthesis and finding out whether they are matching or not. So, this is the check parenthesis thing. It declare some temporary variables and while there is a valid character in the input string namely infix ith element is not backslash 0 which is the end of the string. I will examine if this is equal to opening parenthesis. If it is I add 1 to the count of open, if it is closing parenthesis I add 1 to the closing parenthesis count. If close is greater than open then I will have to say this is not valid. I will return false otherwise I will increment I by 1 and go back continuing with this situation. If open is exactly equal to close which is what is required for a valid expression this function will return true otherwise it will return false. Simple program, simple function this is the one which will check initially whether the parenthesis match in numbers. Next is is valid function. The purpose of this function is to check whether the character that comes in the infix expression is either of a to z or small a to z which corresponds to our operand or opening parenthesis closing parenthesis star plus minus slash or raise to which are the valid operator. In short is valid will check every character in the expression and will confirm that it is either a valid operator or it is a valid operand. Once again please note that we are presuming that our operands are variables with single character name a to z a to z. We continue looking at the next function this is the validate function it is input is entire infix string. We need to traverse the string and if the character is not an operand or operator we should return false else point to the next character. So, while this string is not ended we will call the is valid character for that particular ith element of the infix string which means the ish character of the string. If it is not valid as shown here it will return false else it will go to the next character. This way it will check everything it will finally check parenthesis given the infix string if that is false then again it will return false. If the parenthesis match and if all other characters are valid this function will return true. Again a very simple exercise a simple function which will validate our expression. Next let us look at assignment of priority numbers these are numbers which I mentioned to be indicating the priority of various operators. This will return value 0 1 2 or 3 depending upon the operator. So, see the simple implementation we look at every care which is an operator which is the character in the infix string which is identified as operator. If operator is this it will return 0 if operator is star or operator is slash it will return 1 if it is plus or minus it will return 2 and if the operator is a opening parenthesis then it will return 3 this is the end of the function. We also need to check the priority when we are actually implementing the infix to post infix conversion. This will require looking at the current operator and looking at the operator which is already on top of the stack. So, it has two parameters all that it does is calculate the priority number for the current operator calculate the priority number for the top operator. If the current operator has a lower priority value then top operator which means it is of a higher precedence then it will return true otherwise it is in false. So, please remember check priority will return true if the priority of the current operator is higher than the priority of the operator on the stack. One more function that we need is to check whether a particular character is an operand the current character is given. We already know that we have assumed that the operands will be variables single character variable names capital A to Z or small A to Z all that this small function does is checks whether the characters are within this range if it is then they are truly these characters otherwise not. So, notice a simple written statement is used and if these things are true the function will return true if any other character comes here this will return false a simple implementation. Now we come to the that part of the program function which actually does in fix to post fix. This has two parameters in fix as the input array and the post fix array which is actually assembled in an array called answer in this function. So, I declare these current care i j etcetera. I declare a care post fix internal array which I initialize to blank. I have a stack care which is the operator stack and now I start my procedure which is I look at the in fix string character by character and as long as the character is not backslash 0 that means as long as there is a character in the in fix string. I will examine that character and act accordingly. So, this is what we mean by traversing the in fix expression. We put the ith character into the current care and this current care will have now have to be handled. There are two or three segments which will handle this current care. We have identified them arbitrarily as 2.1, 2.2 the two segments the code which will follow one after another. After this i is incremented and next character is examined. When the entire traversal is complete there is another segment which will possibly help us assemble the final output. Finally, since we have assembled the final output in post fix string we will copy that string to the answer which is the parameter to be written that is the end of the function. Let us look at what is the code for 2.1, 2.2 and the code for 3 in the subsequent slides. These incidentally are point numbers which are given in our algorithm. So, you can easily identify what is the logic that we need to implement here, what is the logic that we need to implement here and what is the logic that we need to implement here. So, the code for 2.1 that is character is an operand we need to append it to the string post fix very simple is operand then post fix j is equal to current character j plus plus. Notice that post fix string will get assembled one by one as and when something is to be appended and that is why the variable j will increment independent of other variables only when something is appended to the post fix string. Let us look at 2.2 if that is not so then we have to do the following namely that it is an operator. If it is an operator then if the operator is opening parenthesis push it to the operator stack and continue at point 2. So, the code is else it is an operator that is it. Now, if it is an operator we have to do variety of things this 2.2.1 is if the current care is opening parenthesis then operator stack dot push current care means it will push it on to the stack and increment i continue means go to the next iteration corresponding to i. So, this is again a simple functionality let us look at what happens if stack is empty and operator is not closing parenthesis this is the point 2.2.2 in our algorithm in such a case we need to push the operator on the stack. So, else it is an operator and we have done this now we are coming to code for 2.2.2 which is very simple if operator stack empty and current care is not equal to closing parenthesis operator stack push current care simple implementation. Let us look at 2.2.3 next for your benefit we have repeated the logic of 2.2.3 inverse which was already included in the earlier explanation. Let us very quickly go through it if stack is not empty then I have to compare the current operator with the one which is present on top of the stack. If it has a higher precedence push the operator on the stack if it has less precedence then append the top element of the stack to the post fixed string pop the top operator out continue these till you encounter opening parenthesis and finally push the current operator, but not the closing parenthesis on the stack. So, this is the logic implementation this is the code for 2.2.3 is slightly larger code, but you will be able to easily understand it. First I check priority if when I check priority I will do operator stack dot push. If the priority is not appropriate then I will have to look at removing the top item from the stack and pushing it on to the output string provided there is a top up. So, this is the entire logic of 2.2.3 b which says while the operator stack is not empty if the operator stack top is opening parenthesis then I pop it off and break. If what now I have to do is I have the post fixed string I will have to append to that post fixed string the top of the operator stack. So, I take the operator stack dot top and assign it to the jth element of post fixed string and increment j plus plus. So, this is the equivalent of appending finally, I pop off the top of the stack which has already been accounted for by including it in the post fixed string. This is the end of while at the end of this while if the current character is not equal to closing parenthesis then I have to push the current character which is an operator on to the stack. This is the end of this l string. It may appear slightly complex, but when you read the entire program in one go which is available at the end of the slides here you will be able to understand it very clearly. Next let us look at appending the remaining operators from the stack on the string which is very simple while operator stack is not empty all that I do is I look at the top of the operator stack and that element I assign to the jth element of post fixed which is the next in the post fixed string and pop that off of course, I increment j plus plus. I do it for all the remaining operators on the stack this completes my program and now I can write my main program which is rather simple. I have an in fixed string a post fixed string I collect from the user an in fixed string. I validate the in fixed string if the validate shun returns false then I will give a message sorry boss you have not given me a correct expression. So, I cannot do anything and return minus one otherwise I will output the in fixed expression indicating there is a correct expression simply invoke in fixed to post fixed which is the main function that I have written supplying it as a parameter in fixed and collecting back the parameter of post fixed and I simply print the post fixed string. Notice once again that the program is actually easy primarily because although we have to write lot of functions primarily the STL has provided all the operations related to stack which we did not have to rewrite. Once again you are reminded to look at these references which were indicated even in the last time. To conclude we have considered the in fixed to post fixed conversion process in a previous lecture and in this session we looked at a C plus plus program which implements a conversion. In the subsequent sessions we will look at the evaluation of a post fixed expression. Thank you.


How to not get hacked on YouTube as one Freedom Partner recently did, he was hacked and I'll show you how we helped him get his channel back and lessons learned so it doesn't happen to you. Jack Cole with 310,000 subscribers, 311 now, was hacked. We helped him reinstate his channel and I'll play a clip to prove it. Roll it! And when I was hacked, I have this manager on Skype, Jenny, who Freedom provided me as my partner manager who can help me with my channel, we strategize stuff, etc. And basically I was able to hit her up right away and she has a direct email straight to YouTube and start hitting on YouTube. We had a response from YouTube within one hour of me being hacked.  And it took them six days to get it fixed, but at the end of the day we still had a response within one hour because I was tapped in and linked with this YouTube network, Freedom. Yeah, it's a pretty good network. Have you heard of it guys? The link to this full video is down there in the description below in case you want to see it. So to protect your account, go to myaccount.google.com, what you see behind me and enable two step verification under security. Here you can see mine is enabled. This is where you use your cell phone to get a second code when you log in. That way if someone gets your password, they still cannot sign in because they also need your mobile phone. How many of you have two step verification enabled? If you don't, go set it up right now. It will save you a lot of pain if you get hacked. Enable Google prompts as soon as you finish setting up your two step verification. This allows you to click yes without receiving a text message whenever Google challenges you with the two step verification. You should also generate backup codes. These eight single use codes allow you to access your account if you can't use your phone or you lost it or somehow it's not available. These backup codes will let you sign in without your phone. You should also set up the Authenticator app, which is another layer of security that you can use to protect your account in case you don't have the internet. You can still authenticate your login without a mobile data connection. Are there any other tips that you use to keep your channel safe from getting hacked? Share them down there in the comments below so we can all help each other grow together as a family and click that I to see my playlist of The George Show, which has all the videos teaching you how to keep your channel safe and how to grow faster on YouTube. Hope you like them. I asked you to submit your voice reels Freedom Family when we talked about freedom games and how we published Dreamscaper. Click that I in case you didn't know that we've published a game that is now live on the Steam Store. You can submit your voice reels by emailing support at freedom.tm so that when we need voice actors for future games that we will publish, we have on record who you are. This is Crazy Greg Films. He submitted his voice reel and I will play it now for you to get an idea of what you can submit to us. Roll it! We need to go with Ivo. The gun affair is done.  The Robotniks still don't tell their whole story. They developed what the Light Project is looking for. It's so powerful that it helps create life. Nobody cares about your peace. Different voice. We are warlike creations. We are cursed. There is no peace for us. I'll skip ahead. There is no peace for the fears and hates me. Lately they've become my reputations.  You can hear the breadth and range of Crazy Greg's film's voice in that demo reel. I encourage you to do the same. A variety of emotions and voice types so we can see all that you are capable of. To check out Crazy Greg films on YouTube click the link down there in the description below. And here is Dreamscaper Behind Me, the game we published on August 14th. That is out now. There is a discount of 25% off which you can avail if you get it before August 20th. That's when the sale ends. The link to buying Dreamscaper on Steam is down there in the description below. Check it out if you're curious about our very first published game as Freedom Games. Also check out our website behind me. It is www.freedom.gg. The link is down there in the description below. This is our very first shiny new product and we will have many more coming all connected to game publishing and Freedom Games. If you would like to apply for a position at Freedom, these are our current job opportunities. You can apply at jobs.freedom.tm. The link is down there in the description below. You know the drill. We will be adding more positions over time but currently these are the three that we are looking to fill as soon as possible. Now let's read some of your deserving comments Freedom Family starting with Tech Chip 2.0 who wrote, I love this game, Dreamscaper. Great job. Love from me to Freedom Team. Send us links to the videos and live streams you make about Dreamscaper down there in the comments below. We would love to see them and feature them on future episodes of The George Show. Fine Gaming Connoisseur did send his launch day gameplay video of Dreamscaper. Let's have a look. Roll it! Look he's using timestamps and YouTube chapters so we can jump to the moments that excite us the most. Let's try this one. And the art style reminds me of a game from the 90s. Pretty cool. I think it's from the early 90s. How about Combat is Fluid. Get the idea. The link to Fine Gaming Connoisseur's Dreamscaper video is down there in the description below. Men who stare at games. Now that's a title. Wrote, Thanks a lot for the code and I've just uploaded my first episode. We gave you Freedom Family Game Keys to Dreamscaper so you don't have to buy the game.  If you want to make videos about Dreamscaper, don't have the key yet. Just email support at freedom.tm. We'll gladly send you one. So he wrote, Hope you like it. The game is really good looking and fun to play. Send us your video. We'd love to see it. Men who stare at games. Red Team Review wrote, George, I hope you and Freedom don't venture too far into video gaming and leave the MCN business behind. Never! We are doing this to enhance the MCN business so we can give opportunities like voice acting and promotional opportunities for new games that I hope all of you will love. We're focusing on game publishing in the recent episodes just because it's brand new and we just launched it. But yes, Freedom, the YouTube network and Freedom Games, the game publishing division, are going to be equally supported by us. Awkwardly Vince wrote, I have some human commentary but only like 15 seconds. Would that be enough? Please reply. He is asking about YPP Suspensions due to no commentary. Click that I to see the video behind me. This one here. So you can keep your channel safe to answer your question. Awkwardly Vince. No, 15 seconds is not enough. Typically, you want to have at least 25% to 50% of your video with your original human commentary at a minimum. Ideally, you want to have the human commentary throughout the entire video. Let's stop there Freedom Family. I hope you enjoyed this video. Who am I? I am your Papa George, your George Sunpai, your Obi-Wan George Nobi, and many other names you, the beautiful Freedom Family, has given me. I am the CEO and founder of Freedom for Freedom and the Freedom Family where we all help each other grow together as a family. I went swimming yesterday for one kilometer and the day before that I went to the gym for 30 minutes. Pretty intense bicycle and weight training. What have you guys done? How are you keeping fit and healthy? The irony is today I woke up to a bit of a stuffy runny nose so I am getting my exercise but still I get the common cold. This is not the coronavirus. This is just a regular cold. I hope you are all keeping safe and healthy. Until the next episode, if you like this video, click the like button and subscribe to Freedom Central. Gong that notification bell so you don't miss an episode. I am George and you've been watching Would You Dreaming But Love Here. Click that I to partner with Freedom and join the Freedom Family so we can all grow together. You get many perks like position music, you also get epidemic sound, a lot of other access to royalty-free videos, sponsorships, and many things to help you grow. Just click the links down there in the description below to get involved in our community, our forums, our Discord chat servers, Meet Our Graphics team, Meet Our Community team, all of that on Discord and the forums. What are you waiting for? Get started. And we will grow together as a family because this is the Freedom Family. You are part of it, we are all part of it, and we're all growing together. To get more George, click that big F that will subscribe you to Freedom Central, home of The George Show. And PewDiePie gave one of you Freedom Family a big shout out. Click that video to see the shout out and to see our new 3D sets for you. And click that video to see what YouTube recommends you watch next.


And here the NXP, we have the IMX8 right here. Hello, so who are you? Hey, I'm Arnaud Vanen-Bosch. I'm in charge of the IOTMX in terms of business and marketing for the automotive application in Europe. So the IMX8 is a very exciting new chip, right? Yes, exactly. And here, the one of the example that we're showing here you is not only doing everything about infotainment and cluster in here, you can have, I mean, some neural networks for it only directly. And here is really for the new technology when we're looking at artificial intelligence and not to have something which is pre-programmed. So neural networks, so it's like AI kind of stuff? Exactly. So we have learned the GPU to recognize a few signs. I mean, and we just send them in 40,000 signs. And from there, afterwards, they can recognize any type of signs directly. And what we're trying to do is to rate at least 97% of accuracy. So actually you have three IMX8, right? You have IMX8, 8M, and 8X. What's the difference? So the 8 would be really for the ECOPD solution that we'll show you just afterwards. The 8M is really much more for the application and consumer. And the 8X will be in the lower end devices, much more on a digital display, digital radio system. And right here, we're looking at the 8, which one? The 8-quad mark, the biggest device that we'll be able to reach. Is that 8X? That's 8. 8. So that's the biggest one right there? Yeah. With all these functions right here. This is a 64-bit arm, right? Yes. Let's go. 64-bit, what are the cores you have? So what do we have here? I mean, we have 453, 272, plus we have accelerators up to 128 gigaflops in terms of GPU. We have VPU, and up to, I mean, we are decoding H.265. One of the key things that we're showing here is we can have four displays, 1080p, I mean, running concurrently. Here we have two different domains, and safe domains for the cluster, and an input and domain, with all you have, like Android or whatever, you've got the car play. So two separate domains, which is very important in the core, because you cannot mess up from the application, I mean, compared to everything when you're driving. So all the information, driver information from the cluster, which is ACI compliance. So you have Android, SOC, you have two drivers. Exactly, exactly. And that's one of the beauty of the thing, because if one crashing, it should not have any impact on the one which is not the infotainment domain, but the one which is the driver information. And one of the key thing that we're doing here is the full separation of the system, with really clear separation in the domain, which makes the full system very safe. And so there's no need to have two SOCs. Do you just have one? Do everything. One SOC that will do the entire cockpit inside the car. As I said, here you've got the infotainment system, you've got the HUD, you've got the cluster here, and here you've got the map, for example, I start the route. So this is your infotainment system, you've got the route. Here you've got your cluster, and in the HUD, you've got exactly the same information that's going here. And then you can still play some infotainment. Everything, all the four displays are totally independent, and driving independent information to the four displays. So it's not just the exit cord, there's also four Cortex-M4 in there? So you have two Cortex-M4 inside, so it's 453, 272, and two Cortex-M4. And the Cortex-M4 can be used in different ways, either for safety mechanism, or for additional audio preprocessing, additional cameras, fields, or whatever. Let's go back to just right here. Also that, you know, it's been trained. It can recognize the stop sign. So stop sign here, we just train them to recognize stop sign, but it's not only that, the other thing that we want to do is, for example, face recognition, drowsiness detection, all this type of specific algorithm that will not have any safety impact, but still giving some information to the driver that something's happening. So it's really in addition to all the safety domain that we are developing on some other elements within NXP. And if I look at here again, it says 128 gigaflops. That's a very powerful GPU as Vivante. Yes, that is a Vivante, the GC-7000 Vivante, which is a new one, and which we are giving, I mean, not only, I mean, what we have done here is, we have separated in two GPUs, so we have two different GPUs, and that's what we're showing here, is one GPU will really doing all the neural network, and another GPU is doing all the different camera feed. So there's also GPU compartments. Exactly. And you have all kinds of power management in terms of, you can choose to only power sound chips, not others? Exactly, so what we're doing, so exactly we'll have different power domain on the chip. For example, the cortex will be different power domain compared to the GPU, so you will be able to scale the power of the GPU independently to the CPU. What you will be able to do, for example, if you want to shut down everything and just keep the cortex in for the low power mode, you can do that. Which means that the system, you can put in sleep mode the entire system and wake up very, very easily with a very low power consumption. Is that exclusive to you? Nobody else has done this before? I mean, it's something that we are working a lot on this low power mode because when you have this type of system, especially when you start to separate them in different domains, you need to have this type of different power mode. And that's very, very important. That's one of the unique feature that we have, these two different domains, totally separated. Totally separated? How do you power each one? How does it connect? And you say, I only want to power them four and nothing else. How does that work? So you have a small system controller unit that would make this type of decision, which is pre-programmed and the customer have also access to program it in order to make sure that the different assignment, for example, the peripherals are assigned to the different cores. As well as the partitioning of the memory. So we are partitioning the IOs, peripherals, as well as the memory. And afterwards you have different ways to modulate that through a system controller. So maybe this one, this demo is maybe only using the A53 or maybe it's using the S72, but you can choose. Exactly. You can use some, you can use the other one. Or you can virtualize the Cortex A because everything which has done with the ARM Cortex has been pretty well done in terms of virtualization. So it's good to have kind of an app version on top in order to have good load of the balance in order to have a good power dissipation or some good power consumption. And this is GPU compute under Vivante. And the GPU compute, so here what we want to do is really the GPU only is taking care of the 3D. And after we have some additional 2D cores which will do all the 2D effects, meaning the different layer that you are blending together, how you put them in a different area on the display. So this is all the thing that we have a specific 2D cores and the 3D cores we only do 3D. If I look over here a little bit more, it says this 4K H265 encode decode, right? Both decode and this 24 bits audio, lots of things people want to have. What kind of DSP do you use for? It says High Performance DSP. So we have the High Performance DSP from Tensilica. And this is, I mean, running at the 666 megahertz which makes about 2.5 giga-max available for audio post-processing, which is more and more important in the automotive domain because you can have Activeness Constellation which is running on it without any taking on CPU MIPS. And it says here Full Chip Virtualization with hardware isolation, yeah. What is that about? So that's what I was explaining for the other one. You can isolate two domains. You can isolate the domain for the infotainment versus the one which is for the cluster, which is safe domain. And it will be physically separated because you will have the two GPU, the two display processors which are totally separated on which you will not share anything in terms of domain and each OS will address its own GPU and its own display processors. So when you talk about this, you talk about automotive, but what else is gonna be the target? I mean, the thing that when you look at the health, health is very important because you will have some infotainment but you need also a secure domain because you don't want to that the infotainment domain to mess up with the healthcare of the people. So that's one of the key point that you will have. Any type of transportation in the train or in the plane, this also you need to have a safe domain versus an infotainment domain. Here, another way to make it that we're showing here is for example, you have a domain for everything but I would say neural network, but you don't want to have that, I mean messing up with your another domain. So that's the type of thing that we want to do is really when you need to have two separate domain running on a single SOC, all this type of application can be running on this type of SOC. But it's big little? So if we have this A53 and A72 in a big little possibility. And heterogeneous multi-core, this is with the, specifically when we have the M4, on this M4 you can free RTOS, AutoSAR, whatever, which will make I mean the low power mode versus the Cortex A53, A72 that will do the high level OS. And is long term support? Long term support as usual, automotive 15 years on JVT, industrial 10 years on JVT, as usual that's what we're doing. So people hopefully will be watching this video in 15 years and it's still gonna be irrelevant. Still be irrelevant and still be supported with the, from our supportive. So when we're talking about self-driving cars and all that stuff, is this something else? So this is part of it. This is not the self-driving car because it's not necessarily, I mean it will not do any decision-making, I mean which will really have an impact on the driving but it will helping because for example, it will take care of the image stitching thanks to the GPU that will do a very smart stitching of the image. And this stitch image will be passed afterwards to the vision coprocessor that will do all the analytics in order to take a decision at the end. So this is part of it but just one single piece of it. And what's next with iMac State? So you announce something, you showed it and now it's a chip out. So for the Adotimix 8, we'll have this one, I mean you can see it's working. We have the first sample. We have the new samples in the next few weeks. Everything is already in the fab and that is happening right now. So within this year, we'll have all the different silicon already available for the customers. Next year will be all the qualification. And development boards and everything. Everything will be available this year. Well.