We've already seen the individuals of all Chinese. Today we can come at it from the perspective of the internal reconstruction of middle Chinese. And you know if middle Chinese comes from all Chinese then we would expect the internal reconstruction of middle Chinese to be somehow compatible with the proposals that we had come up with for other reasons. So here we go. So how do we get our individual both Chinese as well through the internal reconstruction through the creation of evidence which you've already seen. So let's look first and foremost at the internal reconstruction. In the slides are also the Chinese stuff which when I get to it all there's a list through right because you all know it already but it will help you see let's say how far we can get that's how the presentation is organized. How far can we get with the internal reconstruction and then what further distinctions does the do the decision series give us. So we will remove the the real attribute and the palette of applicants and the records of stocks. We draw you know things work we're you know we just added the palette of applicants yesterday. But you're like why should I remove them but well now we're running backwards in time right. So basically through internal reconstruction you can remove these things. That's me. I will. It's sort of important what we're holding. Yeah we haven't done this yet because we because we basically I haven't been asking so from the beginning I had been asking you to just sort of take middle Chinese as given right. But then I wouldn't want to do internal reconstruction of middle Chinese until you would actually have a good look at middle Chinese instead of how we actually make middle Chinese. Yeah so I kind of done this right at the beginning and just said like well take middle Chinese as given as some sort of language attested in Roman script right and we could be kind of reconstructed. But I somehow feels more ethical to say you know now following on yesterday you know what's going on with Chinese. So now you can use middle Chinese more comprehensively with greater confidence to reconstruct all Chinese. And then what I'm going to add we're going to add legal dealers which are the main thing that we haven't discussed yet because you can't really get them. I don't think just based on Chinese series. So first of all the origin of the oh and I messed this all up. This I have. This should have the circle here. This is this is yeah. You know this is the problem. I had only power points impacts certain back foot thank you and I'm trying to switch it into line but not perfectly. So yeah so we're in with actually the voice delivery which makes better sense. So you see this component distribution between type A and type A syllables and I did follow this yesterday right. So we have the voice delivery only type A syllables and G only type B syllables. I'm leaving aside the discussion of this initial line which we talked about yesterday. So forget about him. We're only talking about these ones which the line fables all dealers. So anyhow. So Crawford suggested that G change to the in type A syllables. Of course you can call it type A syllables. I feel like actually Crawford in my district does come up very often. So I think this is a lot that's happened since he was working in the 20s and 30s but here's one. So that's that. We've gotten rid of voice illiterative by expanding the distribution of G. All right. And any more you know while advocates we've actually been through this one before from the perspective of children's theory but now you know it's the same thing but from the perspective of internal readings from him. So dentals, kind of Crawford dentals only occur in type A syllables and the end of the year. And then the palatal advocates only occur in type B syllables. So why don't we just say that the palatal advocates come from dentals. So you saw this one. We did this before based on the fact that Shashen series makes them. But you can just do it in the combination of distribution inside new changes without looking at changes. And then looking at louds and retrospect responses. So these two vowels which we can call A and E which only occur in division two which you can understand it as meaning branch two. Only occur with dental initials. So we have maybe I'll write this down. We have things like this little chain and we have things like this. And then I'll just say if we want to imagine this is like this one. That's actually how the Baxter writes in the 1992 book. It is 1992. So Baxter wanted the Middle 20s to be told as typeable. Which would say only use Ascii characters with don't die crits. But his culture who talked to Reuter said no this is learning western spoken. Please use these. So in the 90s you'll see these but later he writes. So and then only very rarely can love occur with these. Which is to say like something like this. It doesn't really occur. It occurs very very rarely. And actually maybe the most common word is the Lu in An Lushan. You know like the An Lushan rebellion. Come on. Someone you know say oh yeah An Lushan rebellion. Yeah okay. Well now we feel like I didn't tell you about the An Lushan rebellion. There was a guy An Lushan who was sick of living under the yoke of the emperor in the sort of well in the middle of the Tom. And so he led a rebellion and it was quite successful. Really shook the Tom really like the Tom receded out of Central Asia. They stopped being a kind of international player basically for a while. And then An Lushan. This is his name right. So An we now know means like in Parthenon right. I think that's what we said. Anyhow it's some kind of Central Asian. And then argued by Beckwith although I think it's why they read. This is like carbonate with Robson. He was probably a sodomite in any case. But anyhow the Lu either is basically the only division to Lailu in Asia. Probably not a coincidence that it's writing something foreign and violated. So these vowels are this is using back to the system. So I read the Schwab side of it. I didn't realize you know I look at it this morning actually it's like oh yeah it was good. But hang on. Oh and eh so that's division one slash four. Don't occur with W. W. We don't have things like this. So these are just you know these are facts about the the foreign tactics in the training. So Yath and Paul proposed that the dental and record books initials have the same origin. And basically what you can say is that well that these vowels come from some kind of R coloring. He's doing it. So what we propose then is that in general the vowels let's think of a case where they do occur from the like am and pun. So we say these vowels are our colored versions of maybe these vowels and or who knows right well um but some some vowel and let's just say this one's from R and we'll say this one's from R. So the R in some environments causes the the R coloring the vowel but then in other environments the like goes back to Tehran right. So basically the R either changes the initial into a reference like or it changes the color of the R. Could have done both but I think it's okay. And then we also we take the L back from R and that explains why uh why we don't have things like this because that would have to go back to I don't know what happened which kind of doesn't make any sense. So that explains why we don't include all of these things not attested to R and then this one to be constructed. So that so this R proposal which actually this all of this stuff uh Baxter calls the R hypothesis which is to say R so L comes from R middle Chinese L comes from Mou Cheney Bar and then all Chinese are honest way middle Chinese either changes them or are reflected or it changes the color of the neighboring vowel and there's not a dental around. So that's set. Okay so now the Lagovillas. So middle Chinese syllables with W which are orco we heard about today fall mainly into two categories. So one is check lines that occur only after wheelers or levels. So these rhymes yeah so what am I saying? I'm saying that we have syllables like like co-analympics yeah but we don't have syllables like twin I would say these are these are things we don't have. Other rhymes like win one that's uh go ahead one yeah so we have quit and we also have twin so uh let's just say there are two kinds of rhymes in the way that's right we have the the it's called the velar happy rhymes uh so let's just you know in a totally mechanical way in the first instance uh we construct one as w one so we'll call these this one w one let's call this one w. So w one only protects the letters and vowels uh both any rhyme and w two only in certain rhymes. Now I just think I've made a little bit of a slight of a handout right which is to say like if so so these are the don't care rhymes and these are the velar happy rhymes so another way you can do that is to say w one can occur anywhere and w two can only occur with these rhymes. Does that make sense right which means that if you like quinn as two sources quinn in middle chinese could come from quinn with w one or quinn but quinn can only come from when w one. This is maybe more steps in internal reconstruction than you need because you probably are already from the fact that this section is called old chengen blade of velar you anticipated where the art is going. So otu four is and if you don't usually I don't think you even get the credit for this. Forget who does. I think it's yawing probably again um but hey i'm otu four uh propose that uh this w one uh you know velar plus w one goes back to the lake over so then we get things like this so uh quann comes from quann and quann and then for the moment and this is just for me to point it out this otherwise you might uh we have to also reconstruct monster like this um but uh that's just because we're only taking the perspective at the moment of internal reconstruction right in fact you already know that i'm gonna take you back to you so that in old chinese we all will only reconstruct uh labial uvulars and labial velars which makes good sense and actually I would say in a way that um this is an argument for reconstructing uvulars you know from the perspective of internal reconstruction which is to say although we although i don't think internal reconstruction gives us grounds to uh reconstructing uvulars we allow ourselves to reconstruct uvulars it makes this look much less crazy yeah but hey i just want to say that where we are with internal reconstruction is we have uh we have labial velars and labial gloves okay so now this is our provisional inventory of old chinese niches so uh basically what I did is just take the mill chinese initials and then I got rid of the towels and I added labial velars right uh and then uh you see this nice this nice this is du again which I just put there because I haven't done anything with it that's just one that's one we'll talk about next so uh so we have we uh didn't do it right now yeah this is what we got okay so uh and then this is type type a so which is the thing and that was it basically that was what you know that was the thing that I really wanted to do was the uh internal reconstruction of middle chinese uh but now there were this what they were here let's kind of do what we did in the folder where we add more uh in these tools using the chechon hypothesis okay okay so remember our laterals and then for its resonance for six laterals so here just remind us of basically you know the the name was kind of and then and uh what about the graves that's the very top and then over here uh and then top for this weird uh outcome there okay and then there you go so now we can get back to the fixed problem with the glottals uh and you've seen on the floor so oh oops i want to get back uh yeah so jump right so this is our sort of these are the things we're used to by now i think well i'll stop going back to uvular it goes back to uh before so yeah this is where i really meant that that's a thing on here so um um so yeah the the voiceless feel it goes back to the qh and the voiceless go back to the g uh and then uh in these lateral types uh for high point valves also yeah okay uh now this is the new part does all chinese have a why yeah so we so far we should say yeah we so far have said that uh let's say that guh is one source of why in uh i think we play in traditional and actually i mean yeah all all initial yes the middle chinese are in type these like this kind of my definition so so we so this works for us um but uh some people are not happy to just say okay then whenever you see a young little chinese uh take it back to uh a new healer so these are yeah these are the sources all right yeah i should just wait for this site so these are the sources that we have that's one that i that i'm in here but we also have this and l as sources for young so there's three sources for young so uh so that's something that's enough we can give it all the others uh but actually we could put in a young job don't think so they think we need some kind of primary others and this is their uh evidence for that so i'll just go through that here this is the word for she young right so back into garland take it back to come uh but it has a to that cognate uh young car where car means white yeah so it's a kind of white sheet and this g i mean my this is where like look i depends on what what what you think maybe the g goes back to the uv but no no no people feel like they know what rebix is but so uh the young makes you think nah maybe it goes back to yeah but in any case what whatever you think it's about in this uh which also as a young thing you kind of pre-young and i don't know how to pre-young i just like you don't talk to the formula but you know you don't know if there's a job or something for us signing out to make it a concrete claim both actually chisler and young jock points to the young year and year as evidence that this probably should be a yacht there yeah and take another one uh this itch word uh uh see here we don't get a new year job so we have each in chinese which is young and then we got a gal it is uh finally it's connecting with your regular year so maybe you can just say they're not part of it so we should say reveal the names of the problem but whatever i'm not trying to convince you that this car is a real i'm just trying to communicate to you that the young jock and i hope chisler think they're real uh and um but yeah the first one was some kind of more normal right so i mean you have to be amazing but they're also something after that are you talking about these about this uh problem oh oh oh so this in so this now we're betting here right so this symbol needs to bet on i think was a voice deal of rickett which is also why i use it when to write a voice deal of rickett in chinese uh but it would have it would have the voicing wouldn't have been the meme in this local position so how would how would i do this i would reconstruct it as yeah um but uh yeah so so but but most people think that this is just some kind of orthographic device uh i'm gonna i i want to make the case for them thinking it's some kind of orthographic device but i can't because i don't believe it in some cases i'll give you one uh like this is a verb to exist uh and so if it's good stuff something like that but if you didn't have this here you would read this because the betting doesn't write the initial on you would read it as god so because of cases like this people think it's purely orthographic books but actually here even if you didn't have it there it would be totally clear how to read that so that's one reason i think you know um the way i would put it but i this is you know it's not a the way i would produce probably at some point in some kind of places they use this this final uh and the orthographic device pointing out that the vowel is in awe but they do that because it becomes possible to do that because it's lost it's not something that they kind of came up with as an orthographic proposal that was needed of and cases like they showed me that because here it would be totally on ambiguous either way so anyhow uh all of that's just the same do do are you comfortable with you know like yeah okay oh yours that's what you're saying is lost out here right so maybe yeah yeah i see a kind of mismatch but there's more yeah so so maybe this call stop is somehow caught in with this you know voiceless feel and forget or voice the alternative maybe phonetically uh who knows but these the the outlawed correspondence is between uh sign language or a mess uh although they're not as much of a mess as the initial correspondence and if you want i go through it like it does 19 but i just pretend them all just like per se okay here's you know here's not a correspondent and here's where it's a mess and whatnot so um you know it's i'm in the hopes that you know i mean i'm now i tell this uh story like uh i can remember the guy's name oh laughing more or something but there was someone who assembled all of the exceptions to grim's law and you know it's a sort of public paper that would be very hard to publish now literally i don't have any proposal i don't have any arguments here's just some well-organized data but then bernard picked it up and was like ah i know this yeah um so i'm sort of hoping that you know people will do that with this section of my book they'll just say oh it's clear that he was mesh missed this obvious condition environment but it hasn't happened so far but the point here is just i do think this reflects the state of the art in the sense that i don't think that young god or actually proposing these as cognates is at all a bad idea and we it's it's uh it's kind of we don't have any reason to think they can't be cognates maybe that's the good way to put it i'm not suggesting that there are some if you like using the sort of traditional uh signological terminology there are primary yo's in uh sign language yeah i've already covered oh this is to get delayed yo and good question this is uh reason why i think there was much reason to start you know the goal of the presidential bill and stuff there's no industry value for the taxes if i think that so it's uh the specular reason you know you don't want to know it then here's what i'll say it's like i don't think it's coincidence that actually christler wants her to be both initial w and an initial yeah whereas bach's and cigar want her not to be an initial w or an initial yeah right uh and and both of those are kind of intuitions about elegance right and i think the let's let me sort of say what the intuition about elegance is from back from cigar side which is if they have enough machinery to get them everything they need to get then they shouldn't add any more machinery right uh and actually i would say that generally speaking people criticize them for having too much machinery right so so here's a moment where they're showing restraint we do not allow ourselves an initial yeah so um i think that can only be applauded uh but what baxter sorry what um what schuchler says i mean this is maybe being unfair to him is like ugliness what kind of language has ugliness yeah um and that's a lot of a lot of people have that reaction uh i think because uh you know if you look in southeast asia if you look in among chinese dialects you know there aren't any ugliness yeah so so if you're trained in kind of east asian studies uh and you only speak european languages other than east asian languages you know it will seem typologically aberrant to propose ugliness but of course tichuan is full of ugliness as is central asia right so i don't think that i don't think that kind of uvular phobia is a good reason to to not reconstruct ugliness yeah and then i'll also say that um at least on this score let me put this way uh back from cigar have the right amount of machinery right they they're able to explain all the sheshen series and they don't propose an initial yell which they don't need whereas schuchler proposed the initial yell and he doesn't propose any of the ugliness which means all kinds of sheshen theories don't work for him yeah and then what does he say about that and says look the sheshen series the sheshen hypothesis should be taken with a great assault don't push it you know to the limit every time right uh and i guess even i said that with this knuck example you remember from a long time ago now uh but um which is that you know if we need to add 10 vowels or even hundreds of initial consonants in order to make the sheshen hypothesis work then we probably shouldn't and different people have different intuitions about how far to push the sheshen hypothesis but then you know i've been making the case that in general i think you should push hypotheses until they become certain right um because it's only then that you learn where that kind of you know where where well where where reality is is if you sort of overshoot it in that back track right um but anyhow so that was you know now i've just flagged for you that whether or not there's an initial yell is uh controversial but the main reason that it's proposed uh is or maybe let's say there are two reasons one is to make comparisons look better which is kind of a bad reason yeah uh or uh because people feel like it makes the language look nicer which is also kind of a bad reason although i will say if we if we have only evidence that Simon DeVette hadn't yet you know in the in word for um sheep let's say if we look if we had Burmese and Tibetan and you know Kiranpe and whatnot and then went to uh this in Chinese in order to then become young again well of course that would not be very obvious yeah but i don't think that reconstructing young in probably Simon DeVette and i'll say from this person then all chinese you know i would say if it were the case that this would you know really solid this young in for something other than i would agree with trisler and uh and uh young jock but at the moment i don't think it's you know i think that why don't we just say that the young in young long-ended um and it's a better than it comes from a voice you've learned it's not that's you know not the best of this actually oh come on yeah that's not good i mean you can't do the icing first when you're called only in type b syllables right so yeah okay well then you probably found something out if you don't like it yeah that's i don't know i would go for what i was well i think and we went through this before but i think it would have gone through this stage right yes and and maybe that's as far back as we should push it i was actually thinking to myself because of conversations with you why don't we just reconstruct them as forgiveness yeah but it's because of the blood stop yeah but i would i would then say the aspirated column yeah this is the blood this is the blood and the blood service was the most that's right oh yeah okay maybe and then you just say blood stop and you dealer are close enough in terms of their position of articulation to be allowed inside a changing series uh you know us most realistically they they are often like this maybe the time they have a professor in spots they are very conflicted yeah especially about yeah i i mean i'm dry well i i leave this to the you know the kind of you your you your neurologist yeah um but i think it doesn't look bad you know and well and i would also say let's say from baxter's regards perspective if i propose you know uh if i propose this one and uh and uh and what's it what's the one i just did yeah this one and blood stop then why not make the shations hypothesis you know work by by taking it back to this yeah both of the solutions yeah i don't think i mean i think they would admit that the the uvular hypothesis is a weak point of their reconstruction especially because in their reconstruction then you also have pharyngealized and underutilized uvulus right that's not which is that we need some other source for these things ultimately um but you know well it gets a bit worried that uvulus and regularize uvulus and regularize regularize yeah yeah yeah yeah i agree with that but so i mean and i think i don't know if i don't see class we're just talking to some of you but here's how yours here's what what i think the best case is yeah let's for students okay so uh let's do it backwards in time yeah so so in the middle chinese we have uh now oh except we don't have this this is by a this by b so so we're going to move this one up here yeah and then we have this yeah so that was that was totally sleight of hand uh but but i needed in order to say these things we already called kind of distribution but so now i go back to sort of this let's call late old chinese and then uh in late old chinese i would have a g and g and k and k and a either trick or do oh and then also we have you know you have and so and then i was all at it so uh then in let's say in middle like old chinese yeah we know from loanwords into come on the end the type a uh dealers were new dealers right so actually this was um this right so um i mean i should have actually yeah i'll do it why not okay i'll have to write small we have late late old chinese and remind what i just wrote uh g and then i'll say i'll have the b type b is power yeah uh so g and g k and k uh and then uh and then something like this no that's late old chinese and then middle old chinese we would have and then probably these were dealers right maybe this maybe this this maybe maybe this maybe that this was also dealer and like the who knows it doesn't matter i'll i'll write some lines here so that we know where we're going so at this point what we have are stops and the brick it is in both uh you dealer and dealer right uh but then when we go back to old old chinese means that we uh we would say that they are just again g and g k and k and then now we would add the capital g for this one and then a p oh and then i the whole time i think we're getting them all stopped so we're going to go stop we're going to go stop we're going to go stop and then here i would make them all stop with q right so um at this moment i think it's fine to say that type a was perennialized right in middle old chinese you know but in all the old chinese it has to be something else and that's what i think yeah what you were saying is like is we we don't want you you dealers that can be legalized or pharyngealized yeah uh where we would have sort of we would have you know uh this looks like too much and i agree with that but i would basically say that we shouldn't the principle we can start with we need so if we need something straight we should we can start with but i mean it's becoming gradually more alarming yeah um but but so i'll say like some big event happened uh which uh actually this guy's own islam calls the rig vowship uh which which happened in sort of the the the kind of well maybe you say the early and it really you know in some ways resembles the great sub vowship to english which is why he calls it that yeah uh so in the great vowship the uh the the the vowels moved they moved backwards in type a syllables and forwards in type b syllables so then the like in the 1992 book baxter takes type b all the way back as a medial j so we we kind of this one yeah uh but that's also ugly in some way because you end up with like half the syllables in the language of the middle j in them and then there's no evidence for it from early indian transcriptions it doesn't come up in carbonates so so basically when he abandoned the type b is middle is is is a medial yeah then you turn to type a is a pharyngealized onset right and the person who first proposed this pharyngealization hypothesis was uh norman gerry norman uh and and it's nice right because it explains why the vowels sort of front with pharyngealization and no back with pharyngealization and front without uh which also would explain why you know basically to maintain the contrast that you had these paddles and whatnot and that also would make sense of why the in-lones stuff on yet you end up with um with uh uh velars borrowed as uvulars so i think the pharyngealization hypothesis is nice but the evidence for the pharyngealization hypothesis let's say begins in the hawn which is when you get loans into uh other languages and uh and when you have the very fellowship and ends you know in terms of the ab distinction ultimately coming from the rhyme tables ends in the song right so our kind of the evidence for whatever type ab was goes from sort of 200 to 1200 if you like yeah whereas the evidence for these uvulars comes from the structure of the characters themselves which presumably are much older like uh let's not go 1200 bc but like i don't know 500 bc 800 bc something like that so i think the best way to do this is to just say i don't know what the type a type b syllable were up here it's something that can become pharyngealization is what type a goes and something that does not become pharyngealization is what type b was and the best thing to do is to look at cognates in other languages right so um cigar things that uh that uh you had something like like well i'll just erase all this now yeah okay okay so so the cookie chin languages are languages of the sort of west of barma east of money for you know a little bit in Bangladesh and they have a vowel length distinction and i don't know i don't have any car mates in my head so i'm just gonna make them up yeah um so holy blank suggested that a let me say right that um yeah that type a the old Chinese a corresponds to long vowels in that type b corresponds to short vowels i think i have that right uh and that sorry cigar likes this idea uh and then what he uh proposes is that actually which would make sense that this comes from uh an interocalic consonant right so i'll give an example that uh might work although i'd have to check all the forms uh cigar things that the word for brain in uh i think of scam right so Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian is punuk and then it goes into Austronesian as still punuk thing oops like that uh but then in Sino-Tibetan uh well no i'll say in cookie chin uh it would i mean i don't think this form exists but it would become you know yeah uh and then in all Chinese it would become uh it would become no type a yeah so that's i think is his theory and he wrote a little article not that long though like maybe three four years ago uh where he compares uh whether or not there are long vowels in cookie chin with uh old Chinese following up on Hollywood yeah but but he comes up with very two cognates and there are cognates in both directions uh so then he does which is which is in style now uh you know ben so far did the other night if he uses Fisher's exact test and me i'm a total you know cretin or troglodyte or something so i say the moment you start doing statistics and historical linguistics my eyes blaze over and i think you know we don't we don't need those fancy tools and uh and if we and if someone is tempted to use them it means their argument isn't very strong yeah um which is to say yeah as a neo-gramarian you know i want everything to work perfectly every single time uh and we're not to that point with this cookie chin about this personally i don't think it's very promising like if i had to use to give the also the system some fresh air or there's something extra on the problem just move the right yeah you like it you're saying in principle yeah i also like it in principle i just don't think it works yeah which typically this is they i don't personally i will see a correspondence between uh long and short vowels in um and in cookie chin and type a type b so well um in uh all chinese i'll just mention another one that people have tried to do which is tibetan loves to paralyze things yeah so um well just take my word for it tibetan loves to battle us things so um we could sort of say all chinese has a b where tibetan has plain and color wise so that's another thing you could you could look at and sort of works is i mean i think it's about as good as the cookie chin where you're like you can maybe find more examples going the one way than going the other way but it's it's really like oh i found 17 examples of the correspondence and 15 counter examples or something like that so i don't i don't find it very promising and i'll just give you a good an example which is that um the old chinese word for fish is not basically i think i'd be so uh and the tibetan word for fish is nya which is paralyzed so you're like oh fantastic it works yeah but um the old chinese word for uh i like me i right i think the it's this long right so it's five over i think it's also type b syllable uh and it in in bed is it's not on the house yeah so i so for me this this kind of is a good example of like well what are you going to do it back no uh whereas if it were if it really were i would want this one to be better although now i actually am worried because when it's uh you know you can always check everything i say you could check right uh okay anyhow uh that sort of uh is made me now set about the origin of type a and b distinction but i think it's on the right track what do i mean who am i even saying it's on the right track but the the the place to look for coordinates of the type a to b distinction in old chinese is cognitive languages that have some you know syllable feature that's in a binary contrast so paloas unpaloas it's been short and long vowels in kuhi chin velarized versus unvelarized uh in gyarongic i think that one's pretty obvious but but work on gyarong or let's say the expansion of work on gyarongic studies is uh recent enough that i don't think comparing you know pharyngealization in old chinese with velarization gyarong has really happened yet uh the gyarong people tell me that doesn't look very promising from their perspective uh but i think that's you know it would be nice to study more systematically these kind of uh i don't even know what to call them binary syllable type phenomena inside of them uh and then one of them is going it's going to be probably with the type a b distinction right just this has to be the case yeah um so anyhow that's uh that's enough about that about type a and type b we even care about problem a syllable structures because we we know that boros that as you know you know they have vowel they they borrow velars and a syllables as the in type a so yeah and we have vowel automations so we are pretty sure that a is the originalization for sub-stage of chinese yeah so rather look how originalized systems arise right yes uh i agree and i'm going to just repeat for the benefit of those people that are online uh the the suggestion is well look we have enough information to know that at some point in the history of chinese the type a syllable were pharyngealized and type b syllables were sort of plain so then the question is we also have reason to think that wasn't the original system because we don't want uh pharyngealized uvillage so then the question becomes not one for comparative linguistics but for typological linguistics where do pharyngealization contrasts come from yeah around the world if we find from the typological literature that there's a particular phenomenon that tends to be what the origin of a pharyngealization from contrast is then yeah we should just reconstruct whatever that is yeah so kind of pharyngealization of vowels that is um also different input as the types of tongue roots um it's a kind of vowel arm system that you see mostly in most asian but also in african in the west african so that might be an area to do for this kind of contrast but do you know of any work on where these things come from how do you get a vowel of an atr harmony contrast in your language yeah that's so the thing with um at least in northeastern asia it's it's mostly an aerial feature so all of this language is half that and you don't really know where it comes from it's just that and sometimes it's sort of spread from the east to the west but in that case it's just like a documentation from the impossible to really figure out where it comes from but it might be a bit more easy in for west africa given that this language is part of what your family is doing so sometimes the type a syllables have been actually i think mark miaki in a nice presentation that given us a long time ago it's now on youtube uh he compared the emphatic consonants in somedic with uh with uh what's going on in chinese and and his comparison specifically about what they do to vowels i think in in the hondiastee and comparing it to maltese yeah but um the problem there is if you ask the you know the somedicists uh these emphatic consonants are also poor alt yeah um although i think i heard someone saying that well i don't i don't i don't i shouldn't talk but i i think yesterday i heard someone saying that uh the current consensus is at the earliest stage they were probably injectives yeah so you know maybe we should reconstruct adjectives yeah so you agree that it's a good mark was on the right track in terms of the type of language uh well i i i guess that electives before the other prompts have ejected yeah that's not yeah it's not yet probably yeah i think that's probably next to see yeah so uh we saw this yeah so here are uvular changes there's simpati uh okay so another question to ask ourselves and this one i'm doing just for the sake of thoroughness there's no controversy even though isn't one about it as far as i know is uh the sources of the velar primitive so we have these sorts of we have the voiceless and the uvular aspirin stop so a bachelor in cigar i think that's enough yeah young that's uh enough so uh so they don't reconstruct uh a and their default like so yeah there's default is the qa if there's some more logical or some uh some special in particular connection to m or not then they really start to as a voiceless and m or not but uh uh they don't do they take back to like here and then here are just some some photos and then the other one that we haven't really talked about is uh so this is just to remind you i still end in some sense internally we're starting to look at these right so first we got to how far we could get with middle chinese without looking at ché ché series then we add a bunch of other stuff using ché ché series and then we see like okay what's left over in middle chinese that we haven't talked about even you know whether or not to get rid of it so we talked about the ya where bachelor in cigar gets rid of it and acts of trust we're in young dark dong then we have the qa which bachelor in cigar get rid of it and i don't think anyone else is really fond of the dong but let's say they also want to get rid of it say they're they're enough for another so similar with z so um yeah so baxter in 1992 just projected it straight back to the beginning uh so he thought old james had a z and then schruxler allows for z but only seems to this is yet written about explicitly that just looking at the examples and instead of logical picture all these things are positive and pre-initial before uh what and remember that in general his was or baxter in cigar was so baxter in cigar would have you know this and then he would have this which seems like a distribution that would be hard to account for uh and then baxter in cigar have all kinds of origins of so that we've seen before uh and they're they're like an s free fixed voices uh before voice stuff but not before they remember that in like like slug becomes and slug and slug and slug becomes but like this guy actually i i think only in some environment i think some environments it becomes go and others think we become uh so and so on a little days ago we should say that baxter in cigar have lots of ways of getting deep so they think that there weren't any beliefs in old chinese so uh now we look at sort of what we have done yeah so the inventory of old chinese uh simplex concepts uh we have added this is making the trinket series we've added the laterals we've added the voices residents we've added the uglars and then we removed uh uh and and possibly also yeah yeah uh and then uh this is what we get uh the four type these are rules this is what we get four time and then i will say uh i think i covered it in another class but uh shouldn't we get rid of the law of soft right because you could just say all the law stuff come and do and it seems like the main reason they don't do that the main reason they keep the law stuff is well too full in there are a few kind of uvular looking series that are short and don't have the usual uvular stuff like like um like uh hub initials in old chinese yeah so if it doesn't have so we only have say uh k and law stop uh then they will say well you know maybe we should just uh oh i don't know k it's not maybe we check that that series because just you know i don't know up and ups and whatnot then they say okay let's take it back to law stop and then we did see that complicated one with the k prefix which is why we have k there right uh the k prefix before law stop that they use to uh propose that you have one simple type like this and one simple type like this we went through that uh a couple days ago as well but um but let's say that's this point which is should we reconstruct separate um law stop and initial in old chinese is something that changed their minds about now yeah and i think that's it's like i told you a period ago got very l happy like in the early 2000 so all the bees were changed to owls yeah uh basically and then um and then you know maybe there was a phase where vaccines are a little uvular happy and they change all of the law stops in uvulars uh but maybe now they've gotten just to the happy balance so um those are the simplex onset uh which we have gotten to by combining internal reconstruction and traditional series basically uh and then throwing out some things where we feel like we have enough ways of getting them that we don't need to cost them as uh as you know still left over from the internal reconstruction in chinese okay so that's uh that's it for this presentation any questions really so bad do you have two homophones in the series no i don't think anyone would die if i i think that's a that's a question of uh aesthetics you know do you do are you bothered by two uh homophonetration series i think i am a little bit yeah i would be but i won't worry about it because it wasn't yeah but we don't we've already decided we don't need it okay but at some point we want that right at some point you know oh you're right yeah yeah yeah we wouldn't we wouldn't need to pass through a phase where we had perigalage bloodstock maybe this is the only thing that i don't know yeah you're right that's a good point now i can't say oh don't worry about it because it wasn't always perigalization but but if the if the type a and the type b bloodstops don't merge then uh we would have needed perigalize and unperigalize bloodstops as in principle contrasted at a certain moment in chinese history so that is a little bit disturbing uh or you know maybe the maybe the ufilers were i don't know i thought the future was really somewhere else in the city oh yeah yeah yeah yeah maybe it was freaky vowels yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah so let's say we had let's say we have this you know versus this so so this is this is what they actually reconstruct no well possibly yeah this is what they reconstruct yeah so uh we would then imagine that sort of once upon a time in early old chinese we had this mysterious a and a mysterious b okay and then in let's say middle old chinese it had become this yeah so with the freaky vowel uh i think actually so in chinese so this is a you just like it was dominant but i guess in ipa you're right filled on um and then this yeah i'm not okay right uh and then later you would add like yeah here uh and then here you would have this and this would be like full chinese slash um so i think that's is that okay i guess yeah you guys need an onset no we don't need phonemically we don't need an onset uh but i'm not sure that like there's still the phonetic question right like we we don't need a claudal onset in english but we still have one yeah yeah so we hold it out and now like this goes and we stand in close and echo on six which is fine i guess yeah i mean so just to make that explicit bathrooms, regards, reconstructions are always cv or you know or other stuff but but but there's always at least one c there in their reconstructions so another thing you could say why not is that uh this one had a claudal stop and this one had an actual zero initial in time b why not they're saying this one had an actual zero initial that's you know a big one not a little one it's not a bigger one yeah uh and and then the claudal stop you know came back in later that would also be fine with me right i think some of these questions are never gonna get decided on the dynamite of the thing is foible lists two languages the pharyngealism of the subject oh foible lists two languages but pharyngealism don't stop which one is never decided on the says another term again says another term i mean i i will say sometimes like like um uh someone did once a uh a review of the phonologies of Tibetan dialects and then there were like two to bend dialets that had you know all sorts of everything crazy you could imagine you know and uh and turns out and he said oh that's fine with these two you know and turns out they were describing the same god right so uh i do think that when when you're only dealing with one language that has something two languages that have something then then then the competence of the describer is something that uh okay by a lot by a lot of different people well good yeah then maybe and there's also the um pharyngealized local stuff that is ejected in two languages to even have it and so ejecting so yeah so then so two languages have a pharyngealized non-pharyngealized contrast on well stops and two languages have ejected and non-objective well stops so we're not doing anything too perverse here in in all Chinese yeah um all Chinese right so the middle of those two languages yes there's you know some there's some latin poet somewhere who said you know anything that man is talking about doing evil yet anything that man is capable of i'm capable of but not necessarily like sporting events yeah uh and and and i think maybe you know all chinese feels that way but if you've got it i'll have it yeah


Hey everybody, welcome to The Waldoch Way. I'm Jessica and today's video is going to be a look inside our brand new curriculum, Traveling the World. When you purchase Traveling the World, you will receive a teacher's manual, an animal profile, a student notebook, a game pack, and a passport with coordinating passport flags. First up is the teacher's manual. The first page in the teacher's manual is the table of contents that is going to tell you all 30 of the countries you will be traveling to. Now these countries are listed on the product page so I'm just going to list that in the description box down below instead of reading all 30 of them to you guys. Next we have the page that tells you the required and suggested resources. There are two required resources for Traveling the World, the first of which being the Lonely Planet Kids Travel Book and the second of which being the Global Art Activities Projects and Inventions from Around the World. Now the Travel Book is 110% required. You have to have this book to complete the curriculum. The Global Art Book is highly, highly suggested. However, there are additional activities listed so if you either cannot get your hands on this book or maybe your children really aren't into arts and crafts, the curriculum can be done without it and I'm going to show you how in just a little bit. This one is required. This one is highly suggested but you don't have to have it. There are also suggested resources right here in the front and these suggested resources are resources you can use throughout the entire course of Traveling the World. Most of them are books and games that are around the world so they are relevant the entire time you are traveling and all they will do is enrich your learning. All suggested resources are there to give you an idea, to do the thinking for you. None of them are required. The curriculum will still have your child learning whether you use them or not but they're just there to help you with ideas. Next we have a Traveling the World Checklist. Not every family likes to complete things in a specific timeframe so this allows you to complete things on your own timeframe. You just simply list whatever country you're working on at the top and basically once you've checked off all of the boxes you're done with that country and you can move on to the next one. You can do that in a day, a week, a month. You can put the things on the shelf in a basket or a bin and do it at your pace. Every single continent starts with a resource page. These resources while suggested will last the entire time that you are studying countries in that continent. There are non-fiction book selections, there are myths, legend, folks, and fairy tales. There are games and activities and there are family movie night ideas. All of those things can be used again the entire time you're in that continent so all of these are good for the whole five or six weeks that you are in Africa. Next up is what I like to call the meat and potatoes of the curriculum. Every single country has this same layout. For an example we will be looking at Egypt. Here we have a weekly lesson plan checklist. The weekly lesson plan checklist breaks all of the activities down into a five-day week for you. Now they're listed as day one through day five so you can choose to do that however you would like whether that's a five-day week, whether that's two days this week and three days next week, or whether that is one day every week for five weeks. That is totally up to you. But basically on day one you are going to welcome your family to a new country, find that country in this case Egypt on the map, and stamp your passport. You will also read page 94 in the travel book while your students color their coloring pages. On day two they will watch the YouTube playlist which is linked over here for convenience and that playlist has things like introduction to the country, more information on the animal, more information on the landmark, national anthems, the geography of that country, and then you are also going to complete the flag profile page in the student notebook. On day three you will do an activity of your choice, or their choice, and complete the country profile page in the student notebook. On day four you will read the animal profile out of the animal profile book and complete the animal profile page in the student notebook. And day five you will read a myth, legend, folk, or fairy tale based either in that country or that continent. And I have linked here World of Tells which is a free option that has tons of different myth legends folks and fairy tales that you can explore if you don't already have some that you like. You'll make a recipe together and play your choice of game or games. This page over here is going to have all of the suggestions and the information for you. There is a suggested book list up here at the top. Again that is suggested. Those are picture books that either talk about or take place in that specific country. So those are all going to be really great picture books about Egypt. Here are the activities that they can choose from. One of them is the global art pages that correspond to this country, but there are also three additional options. This is where you can get away with not having that book. There is a postcard option, a snapshot option, and a Steam building option.  Here is your YouTube playlist. Everything here is clickable links and the YouTube playlist includes a QR code to scan for convenience as well. At the bottom of this page here is a suggested recipe for each and every country. Every country is going to follow that same layout with the new continent having a resource when you get there. In the appendix there are postcards, snapshots, landmark cards, and a final project. Here are those postcards that are an example of an activity you can do. So if your child is not like arts and crafts and they may be like writing instead you could have them draw and write a postcard to family or friends as one of their activities. If they would rather draw pictures or maybe even stage and take pictures, here's a snapshot page where they can do just that. They can draw pictures of the things they would have seen in that country. They can draw pictures of themselves doing the things that happen in that country or they can like stage pictures with legos or little dolls and tape them in scrapbook from that country. These are the Steam landmark cards. There is a landmark for every single country and a cute little globe that tells you what continent it is from on there as well. There is a picture along with the name. There are multiple ideas listed in here for how you can use these. You can have your child build them from blocks, have them make a diorama, have them build them out of legos. I am actually considering having Emily make a traveling the world world in Minecraft and recreating each of these so that at the end of traveling the world she would have a whole Minecraft world full of all of these amazing landmarks. And then the last thing on the appendix is a final report. So once you have finished traveling the world you will have your child pick either their favorite country or the country they most want to visit and dig just a little bit deeper by doing a final report on that country. Next up we have the animal profiles. The animal profiles is basically one animal chosen from each country that is prominent to that country and we have done all of the research for you. You can do additional research and you can have additional books but this way you don't have to have them. There is a realistic picture. There is facts about the animal, the animal scientific name, adaptations that animal has to live where it lives, their predators and their prey. And again there is one for all 30 of the countries. Next we have the student notebook. The student notebook is probably my favorite thing of them all. Each time you enter a new continent there will be a map for your child to color all of the countries as you visit them. They will color in the different countries that you visit as you are heading there. There is a coloring page for each country. Each country's coloring page features the name of the country, the animal prominent to that country and the landmark that we have featured on the landmark cards. These coloring pages are original and hand drawn by my husband and I just have to tell you guys these are my favorite he has ever done and he's done some amazing ones. There is a flag profile page for every country. That page features the flag, the current flag, the year that it was adopted, it's a ratio or size, it's usage whether it's national or civil or both, a little bit of information about its design and a flag fact. The bottom half of the flag profile page is an outline of the flag so your child can color it to match what the flag actually looks like. Then we have a country profile page. The country profile page has the outline of the map where they will mark the capital city. If your child is a little bit older and you want to extend the map work you could have them do things such as major landmarks, rivers, mountains, etc. They will fill in the continent the country is located on, its capital city, its population size, its land mass, the life expectancy there, interesting facts and things to do and see. The animal profile page is where they will put all the information they learned about that animal from the animal profile book such as its name, its scientific name, they will illustrate the animal and its habitat, illustrate either its predator prey or both and list all of the interesting animal facts they learned. And each country is set up in the same way. Once they have finished all of the countries in a specific continent there is a tales around the world page that they will complete. Because you have read myths, fairy tales, folks or legends throughout the course of each week when you have finished all of the countries in a specific continent in this case Africa they will either narrate by writing down their favorite tale that you read so they would draw a picture and write or recount that tale or create their own tale based off of the things they learned from reading the tales. So basically here is a place for them to create their own African tale or their own Asian tale or their own North American tale when you get there. Next we have the passport. Now in the passport there is this page of passport flags that is a flag for every single country that we will be visiting in traveling the world. You can choose to print it on regular printer paper and have your child cut it out and glue it into your passport or you can choose to print on sticker paper and then create stickers out of them. That is your choice whether your child likes stickers or maybe needs some cutting practice you can choose either way but it is there for convenience. And then there is this little passport where they will fill out some information about themselves and then these visa pages that have little stamps in them to make them more realistic and you can have your child just put the flag stamp or sticker in there glue it in maybe write the date I'm going to buy one of those little stamps where you actually stamp the date into the passport the date that we're there and you can have them write the country name or a fact that's up to you how much you have them do but this is just to add that little bit of fun hands-on experience of actually traveling the world. Last but most definitely not least at least in our opinion is the game pack. The game pack includes four different games to help give you variation while you are playing games each and every week. This way if you cannot find or afford or get your hands on any of the games that are suggested in the curriculum you have tons of different options to play while you learn and help just have fun together as a family while you're traveling. The first game is bingo this bingo is where you will be matching the capital to the country so here on your calling mat you would have somebody do the calling and if they called out Cairo you would cover Egypt. I have included multiple different ways to play bingo to keep it fresh and exciting the standard you know straight lines the four corners the entire blackout believe there is eight different ways to play listed so that way there is tons of different exciting variations of playing and learning while you're doing it. The second game is memory or match but this memory includes four different types of cards again to give you multiple variations of gameplay. The first type of cards are cards that just list the different country names the second type of cards are cards that have the flags with the country names the third type of cards have the animal with the country name and the fourth type of card has a landmark with a country name so you can play four different ways you can play with the country name in the animal with the country name in the flag with the country name in the landmark or you could play with all four and have to match all four in order to make a match that way if you have older learners you're making it more advanced and more complex for them or as your learners are memorizing more and more and learning more and more you can make it even more difficult and challenge them a little bit more. The third game is a top trump style game so I made a top trump style card for each of the countries that are included that have different stats on them and if you are not familiar with top trumps it is basically a war type game where whoever has the highest stat or number in a specific stat wins so this way you are playing learning the different stats and having fun at the same time. The last game in the game pack is a sorting style of game so you're going to use those same cards that you have for memory and you are going to sort the animals, flags or landmarks by continent so that way you're getting a little bit of hands on and map work all at the same time so for instance if we picked up the phoenix fox which is from Egypt we know that that is africa the african dog obviously is from africa as well but you would just have your child sort them and you can either just do one at a time or have them do all of them.


That's weird. To our Steven Ragsley and Ted Corbin, I am an expert in pH balance. No he's not. Today we got a video, it's called, When an Indian Historian Lashes Out at the West, because we've never done anything. Okay. Yeah, I was going to say, I think it's more, it's kind of similar to that politician in India. Yeah. What's his name? He revisited my suspicion and it will be like, amen, brother or sister, whoever this is. They'll be saying, you guys in the West have revisionistic history based on your perspective and you completely doubt realities. I'm assuming that's what it is. That's what it is. We'll see. Let's see. The United States. Oh wait, I see. Okay, let's see what this is about. Don't see it on the thumbnail there. Let's see what this is about. He has some terrible hair. Yeah, he likes the three Stooges, I think. He's been inspired by Mo. Here we go. Listen to Boris Johnson. When I listen to people like Joe Biden, when I listen even more to Emmanuel Macron, all I can think of is how condescending you are. Glasgow was the UK's second most important city. Beautiful buildings, beautiful streets, a gorgeous city. When I see cities like this, I think also about the other side of it. There's a phrase from Walter Benjamin. Every monument of civilization is also a monument of barbarism. I think of the famines in Bengal, the jute workers in Bengal sending jute to Dundee through the Glasgow port. I think of human beings from Africa enslaved and brought from Ghana to the new world and all those profits getting sucked into cities like London and Glasgow. Between 1765 and 1938, the British Isles stole 45 trillion pounds from India, 45 trillion sterling from India. We never got paid for that. When the British left India, when we threw the British out, our literacy rate was 13%.  Meanwhile, our landscapes were destroyed. You know, coal was foisted on India. You foisted coal on us. You were the ones that came and made us coal dependent. And then you left and now you dare to condescend to us. When I listened to Boris Johnson, when I listened Joe Biden, when I listened even more to Emmanuel Macron, all I can think of is how condescending you are. You condescended to us 400 years ago. You condescended to us 300 years ago. You condescended to us 200 years ago. You condescended to us 100 years ago. You're condescending to us today. You only know condescension because for you, colonialism isn't something that happened in the past and we defeated. We defeated you. It's not that for you. Colonialism is a permanent condition and that permanent condition happens in two ways. There's the permanent condition of the colonial mentality. You want to lecture us. You want to tell us that we are responsible for all the problems because you will never accept that you're the one principally to blame. You signed the real formula in 1992 on common and differentiated responsibilities. You like the common part. You like the common part.  We're not in this together. The United States 45% of the world's population still uses 25% of the world's resources.  China is producing your buckets. China is producing your nuts and bolts. China is producing your phones. Try to produce it in your own countries and see your carbon emissions rise. You love lecturing us because you have a colonial mentality. Then there are colonial structures and institutions. You lend us money and every time you lend us money, which is our money. Which is our money. Every time the International Monetary Fund comes to our societies and they tell us, here's the money we are giving you. We are giving you. It's our money. You give us our money back as debt and then you lecture us about how we should live. Climate justice movement is a movement that says we're worried about our future. What future? Children in the African continent, in Asia, in Latin America, they don't have a future. They don't have a present. They're not worried about the future. They're worried about their present. Your slogan is we're worried about the future. What future? That's a middle-class bourgeois Western slogan.  How does this sound to a child who hasn't eaten in days? You've got to clue into this, guys. You've got to clue into this otherwise this movement will have no legs in the third world. I'm hoping that was more of like a focus on right now as opposed to lecturing on the future. And not a, there's no such thing as climate change. It almost sounded a little bit like that. Just focus on now. I'm assuming that's what he's talking about. We can focus on everything right now. The climate change is here now happening now. That's what I'm hoping he's referring to. I have more questions than I thought. This is just a snippet. It's a snippet itself. It's an edited snippet without much context. What's the forum he's sitting in? What is the topic of discussion? I see right here. That's why I'm assuming it's what I was saying. Because it's for climate justice. So I'm assuming he's for climate, helping the change of climate. But he's calling out some of the hypocrisies. And where? That's the who, what, where, when, and why. Who are the people he's talking to right now? Because there's a lot he's saying that is, I feel like I have so many blanks to fill in that I don't feel I can give a good assessment in terms of what my thoughts would be on his comments. Because a lot of what he said was true. And then there's a lot of things he said that I could look at as being compartmentalized. But how can I say it's compartmentalized when I just got a compartmentalized clip? You know what I mean? It's only a four-minute clip. Obviously I don't know. Obviously I'm sure he spoke a lot more and there was probably a whole conversation before this that obviously was a mess. Absolutely. And he did make some obviously great points. That one stat about the fact that the United States uses 25% of the world's resources and also outsources all of our production almost to India, to China. And then we lecture them about reducing their carbon emissions when we, the reason they probably, not the only reason obviously, but a big reason they have it is because all of our stuff is outsourced to them. And obviously that is also a product of our capitalism society. And our colonialism, because our colonialism hasn't gone away has just taken a completely different shape. So he's absolutely right in that regard. It's hard to give a full-on. No, and he said something that I would have liked to have heard him say a lot more on because there's something that most Americans are probably not aware of, and I wasn't until recently, which is the way that we have reshaped colonialism, it hasn't changed, but the way that our policies, and he mentioned the International Monetary Fund, that is a big contributor to the expansion of our colonialism, and we do it now with the specificity of going into a country promising we're gonna do infrastructure rebuilding, getting that country indebted to us so that they can't pay back the debt, and therefore we now have leverage against them to do what we want them to do, and they do it because we promise them infrastructure knowing the whole time what we were promising was just so we could gain the control, and most of the time, they've got some resources like oil and natural gas. So I would really like to know, and he's absolutely right, we talk a lot about, and we need to, climate change, yet at the same time, there's a whole lot of issues that need to be done. We talk about it like it's something that's coming and not literally it's here. And we will point a finger at places that like he said, that need to be better with their carbon emission, yet we're the number one importer of their materials so we're actually contributing to it, but saying you need to change it, and not offering necessarily any changes to that, but at the same time, this is where I'd like to know more. Just doing a pure demonization of the West is not only factually incorrect, it's argumentatively bad, because all you're looking to do is pick a fight rather than find a solution. And I'm not accusing him of that in this in any way. Like I said, I'd love to know more about what he's talking about. I'm sure he spoke for more than four minutes.  I liked a lot of his points that he made. Yeah, I did too. And obviously a lot of them were factually accurate. And I'm assuming that look at Los Angeles, he's talking about a four climate justice assembly, not a... Yeah, there's a whole lot more I'd like to know. Climate change is a hoax thing. But I will say for sure, irrespective of all those holes we don't have and questions I'd like to have, we've talked about this before. I just last night, and Johnny and I were having dinner with somebody who's Indian and asked how has everything in your mind changed since you've been doing the channel? And I said, the biggest change is I'm no longer indoctrinated the way I was. And she said, I'm so glad you phrased it exactly that way. I said, yeah, we're indoctrinated. And that anger should be... I feel an anger knowing what we know about India and how many people in the West, us included, have had really bad thoughts because we were indoctrinated, specifically made to think a certain way, not taught truths, specifically made to think a certain way about India and other countries. And I'd be angry too. I hear more. So let us know other informational videos like this if any other speeches from different kinds of people. Obviously, we always enjoy these kind of things. So please let us know down below.


All right. What's up everyone. Welcome to today's FOMC special event live stream, January 31st, 2024. How's everyone doing today? Yeah, sorry. I, you know, I had good intentions of putting together an FOMC intro song between the last one and today just didn't happen. All right. So the plan is, I've got it in my trade plans sheet in the trade plans channel. But the plan is here in about four minutes. I'm going to enter my FOMC iron condor. Looks like it's going to be about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 55 wide. Little red coming in today, though, to start the day, market getting pulled down by, it's like primarily Google and Microsoft. Google is down 6%, Lulu down 4%, AMD down 2%, Nvidia down 2%. I guess Microsoft's only down 1%, a little over 1% now. Google and Microsoft had earnings. The Dow is being held up primarily by Boeing. Boeing also had earnings and it did well. Boeing's currently up almost 6%. I did not do any zero DTE this morning.  So to me, it's just not really worth it. But glad to see you guys squeezed out some profits. So I put on a theoretical position right at the open. That would have been the $4 strikes would have been the 4870, 4930. So here's, here's, it was trading at about 790. You can see where it is right now. Could have maybe squeezed out a little profit or trading about the same little off center to the left. So it's kind of a refresher of my FOMC trade. So the logic and the idea behind these is selling an iron condor just before the data is released, which is going to happen in about 11 minutes. And what happens is typically after the data is released over that 30 minutes leading up to the press conference, we get some decent implied volatility contraction. And as long as the move stays somewhat muted, we should be able to book some profits. And then we'll close that out just before the press conference starts, because once Jerome opens his mouth, things tend to start getting a little bit more volatile. And so shortly after he starts speaking, I'm going to enter a long strangle and try to capture some of that volatility with some long premium. I'll manage just the shorts and then I will, yeah, I'll probably just close out the longs as well. Reenter my longs around 30 delta. Okay, so it's time for me to enter my short iron condor. So I'm going to go 55 wide. Oops, got to buy my longs. I posted earlier the calls are juiced today compared to the puts if you go equal distance away. All right, so I'm going the 4920 calls and the 4865 puts got filled at 855. So I've got, I just did my normal and I got to change my stops here. So I'm using a $4 trailing stop. Actually, the stop on my back test is not trailing. I used my template that uses a trailing stop into the $5 trailing stop. So I'm going to change that to a $4 fixed. And this template has a, has a scale out. I will, I mean, if I get to 20%, I'll close half. Actually, my back test is 30%. Sorry, if I get to 30%, I'll close half. I'll try to squeeze anymore. I typically, you don't hit your profit target of 30% very often. If you kind of look through the trade log, you'll notice that in the back test. Hey, Sharkey, if you go to the trade plans channel on my sheet there, it's the FOMC trades. There's two of them. And you can pull up the back test and see all the details there. I got 855 happy. Yeah, so I like to close it just shortly after the press conference starts because there's certainly more volatility typically during both when he's talking and then after he gets done. Yeah, that's what I was saying earlier, Daedalus. So if you look at like, okay, we're trading at 4890. So if you go 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, let's say 60 points away. On the call side, those options are trading for a little under a buck. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60. The puts are only trading for 50 cents. It's usually the other way around. I'm doing my normal FOMC 10 lot for FOMC. It's your first time trading either paper trade or do it tiny. Five minutes until the data release. Chat I didn't see in Zoom before. Do you want to jump on here? Are you just going to stay in the chat? I was down some calendars this morning for some nice profits. It looks like it had done better, even better holding longer. Got quite a little ball pump this morning with the market dropping, which isn't that normal. Morning before FOMC, I mean volatility usually doesn't spike like it did today. It gives you a kind of stability. Yeah, I've never really traded the FOMC. So just kind of watching today. Yeah, let's close the balance at 225, correct. Interesting to see if we're going through all-time highs or we're going to get a pullback. Love to see some down movement. Let's wait till Jerome starts talking then we'll get some down movement. Yeah, I hope so. I like that juice in there. I like that juice that was in there this morning. Yeah, promise it doesn't start coming out until about two and a half minutes from now. Yeah, but I want some juice in there full time. With normal phase decay from starting tomorrow. Hey, Gonzalo, check the trade plans, the sheets in there with the option omega link that's got all the details. Thank you, discount. Make sure you guys have a plan coming in. Or just try to jump in willy-nilly without understanding what's going on here. Yeah, that's why I'm sitting out. Paper trade chat? Yeah, I suppose I could have, but... You still got a minute and 15 seconds. Yeah, I don't like to be rushed. Let's do 100 lot paper trade. 100 lot. Had a good conversation with somebody last night to join the pro membership. They're excited to get started. They're going to start paper trading. So did your 10% profit put you over the six-figure mark for the month? Yeah, because it's... Let me see. Let me go to her real quick. Yeah, I'm up. Yes, because I'm up 975 bucks in it. And the only thing I have on now is those wings. So yeah. I'd like to get something. No change in interest rates. Market's coming down. New low of day. Just keep on coming, baby. Yeah, 4880. Well, can we easily expect for the last hour of the day after an FOMC day, Steve? Yeah, a lot of times the most volatility comes after he gets done speaking. It's like the market kind of digested and kind of jostles around and then a lot of times finds its direction. So kind of keeps moving. So I see, and this is more anecdotal than statistical information, but yeah. Sure. What I remember is it just typically the most movement has happened either kind of during or towards the end of his press conference and then through the end of the day. And then the next day, I find the market kind of picks a direction and it's pretty trendy tomorrow as well. So if the market's lower here, do we expect it to just kind of then, I mean, for, you know, you don't do power hour, right? No. On days like this. And why is that? Because things are just volatile? Yeah. The premiums will look super attractive, but. Right. Just from testing and trading it live, it's just not my cup of tea. I was trading at 1080 my stops at 1255. So I need a little bounce. VIX above holding above 14, baby. Did we really get above 15 in the VIX two days ago? Or is that that little misprint spike? I think that was like misprint. Yeah, I can't remember. I don't think VIX got above 15. That doesn't sound right. Yeah. Happy. I sell an iron condor right before the data release. And then as soon as the press conference starts, I buy a strangle. So I'm trying to capture some of this initial decay. And we typically don't get the majority of the volatility of the price movement so you can capture some profits here. And then right before the volatility starts, try to, and after we've already had a decent contraction and volatility, then we buy. Buy premium. That's the logic behind it. And what a time does he come on? 25 minutes. Okay. Happy it's in the trade plans channel. So it's on my trade plan sheet or you can scroll up. Discount double check just posted it here in this channel. Yeah, trade plans channel, channel on the left right below this one. So every month I post a video and a spreadsheet of what I'll be trading for the following month. That's where I, that's where it's posted. Yeah, getting a little bounce. Got down to low of 48.72. Getting a tiny bit of decay so far. So what does it mostly, I'll go ahead. I was just saying my 30% profit target's at six bucks. So does it typically bounce around a little bit for the next 30 minutes until he speaks and then it easily see another move one way or the other? Yep. Gotcha. So my spread is trading at 730. My profit target to close half is at six bucks. Can I mute myself and listen to what the business channel is saying here? So it's 48.90 ish. It's kind of my sweet spot, my center. We can kind of bounce back up to where we started. That would be ideal. Sucks some of that premium out. Vic's still holding around 14. S&P down a full percent. NASDAQ down 1.4. Notes and bonds are up. Ten-year yield down about 1.7. Although it's bounced a little bit since we got started here. Euro in the pound flat. Closed out the Feb nine. Time fly. Feb two still about the same. But on a rut duck yesterday, our MES coming back. Coming back into range with this low down move. So this one that has 44 days. Probably hold this till early next week. We're basically after adjustments basically right at break even right now. Maybe up a little bit. This one is pretty close to break even as well. QQQ up a little bit. Just need a little, little 10 point bounce. Dan the B man. He had a 12 points. Oh, you must be doing a ratio.  I'm sure that's big enough. If I'm reading your post correctly. A little bounce back up to 82. The expected move to start the day was just under 29. Still over 25 for the remainder of the day. Alright, so I'm up about a thousand bucks. Just need a little, little more bounce. Little more theta decay. Spreads trading at 760. My profit target to close halves at six. I've not tried or tested that happy, but so you're saying after the FOMC release, they increased by 10%. I have not seen that. It usually starts contracting fairly quickly. You know, I guess it depends on where price moves, but we're talking about the same strikes.  You know, is it worth trying to, you know, pick, try to get the best fill for the entry, but missing out on the fill. You know, you start getting into that whole thing too. But you can certainly test that in option Omega. Just change the time of entry. Yeah, right when the data came out, we did get a little, I mean, it's pretty normal to get kind of a big fluctuate, you know, the bid-ask spreads get pretty wide in VIX right about then. So I don't know if it'd be considered a misprint or not. Previously, March had been more likely for a rate cut. Now it says March and May are both priced at about even odds based on the interest rate futures. Alright, so if we can get it to bounce here in about the next seven minutes, that'd be nice. He starts speaking in about 12 minutes. Yeah, 2.30 Eastern. Yeah, my PNL's now, it's hovering right around unchanged. Going to need a bounce to profit. Right about five and a half minutes till I exit. Back down towards loads of day. I've got a $4 stop loss, happy. So it's, so I got in at $8.55, so it's at $12.55. My spread's currently trading at 9.40, 9.30. Not giving me the bounce I'm looking for. New lows of day. Check the, I checked the test. You can actually hold it a few minutes longer and it's just as good or better. Going in a couple minutes past 25. Let's see if we can give it a little bit more room. I think he uses a pretty, pretty big stop, doesn't he Ken? If I remember right. All right, so I'm going to change my, see if I can get out of it.  All right, so it is time to start looking to close. I'm just giving it a couple minutes. See if we get a little bounce. Scratch out a couple of nickels. Press conference starts in about four minutes. Just a little bit more. All right, there we go. So the 8.50, so the 8.40, so the 8.35. All right, so basically a scratch trade. Paid for commissions. Plus a little lunch money. All right, so now I am going to wait until about five minutes after he starts speaking. So 2.35 Eastern, 1.35 Central. And I will be buying a long strangle. Oh, I still have my longs here. I'm going to go ahead and get rid of those. So my long strangle I'll have to do at the 30 Delta. Which currently would be the 48.95 calls, 48.60 puts. That's what it would be right now. I'm going to wait. Every bounce is getting shut down so far. What do you mean by IV is still above 25? What IV are you talking about? The implied volatility for the zero day options is 45.5. The expected move is 25. The thesis is that we've gotten some contraction. And so we're trying to buy premium to take advantage of the volatility of price really moving. So price came out. We got some decay. Of course price didn't go back to our center. Never passed back through our center. So we weren't really able to hit a profit target. But you still got some decay after the announcement and the move. I mean this was a pretty fairly muted move. I mean I guess it was 18 points. But I would assume we'll see a bigger range than that throughout the rest of the day. I mean the expected move still remaining is 25. J-Pow comes on the stand. The market starts to bounce. So I'll be getting in here in a few minutes. Most likely be hitting profit target on that iron condor. But that's not how it tests. All right. So it looks like the 4900 calls and the 4870 puts. Give it just another minute. All right. Going in 4900, 4865. So that 1080. So my profit target is 1460. All right. Jerome, do your magic. Make the market move. Make the VIX come up, Jerome. Has a skin tone, Maro. Jerome, drop the bomb. Do it. Do it. It will likely be appropriate to begin reducing rates sometime this year. I didn't catch that one in it. That's funny. What were they protesting? From to stop. Stop increasing rates. Environmentalist protesting to Jerome. I didn't know Jerome was a anti environmentalist. Oh yeah, that's going to send it down. All right. So I need a quick move to like 4863 or up to above 4900. The longer it takes, the wider it has to go. I mean, if a purple-haired woman barges into my office, I'd probably say the same thing as Jerome. Right back to where we started before the data release. Yep. Seeing that VIX go down, unfortunately. All time highs coming. Yeah, let's not take back all the downside we saw. I need about 4903, 4904 to hit my profit target, but I need it quickly. Up to 4900. Spreads trading at 1120. I need 1460. There's quick six points. Down you man. All time highs coming. For this day is over probably. It's unreal. Russell and the Dow are both green. S&P still down 26. NASDAQ still down 140. So Steve, again, tomorrow, what's the day after look like? Usually you mentioned a little bit about it earlier. Yeah, kind of my experience of trading it. And again, this is more anecdotal, but it's more trendy. So things kind of get digested and the market just kind of moves in one direction. Just like a slow grind one way or the other. Yeah, I like to kind of try to figure out which direction is going and trade futures in that direction. I had a lot of success doing that. It didn't give you full profits unless you held it, Chris. All right, five more points. Quick little five point push up. Trading at 13. Nice Murph dog. Fees, yours hit two. You must have got a little bit lower strikes. I need one more little push. Trying. Trading at 13.50. I need 14.60. It's going to keep going. It's going to keep going. I just need less pauses before it gets there. It's not quite getting there. Every time it does a little pause and pullback, then it has to go a little bit higher. So power hour times in about seven minutes, $4 strikes are 10, 20, 30, 35 wide. We're not doing any other trades after FOMC. And it's hoping to get out of this one before we signed off. And they need another quick push up though. Is Apple today? Tomorrow after the bell. Coming back down. Options still showing a 20 point move remaining. And we're going to come down. Let's get down to like 48.50.  Let's go. That's what I'm saying. Just blast through loads of day. Just there makes trying to creep back up towards 14. It's pal into the questions yet. Oh yeah. He's been in the questions for a while. He's really, they're staying on the business channel here. He's really trying to say the right thing. He's trying to step on toes lightly. Like he's, yeah, he's being very soft. Google stayed still down 6%. Microsoft still about the same and about one and a half. All right, my friends, I'm going to sign off here. I need a, I need price to get back up to towards closer to 4910 or. Drop into the 60s. 50s or 60s. All right, also, as far as live stream tomorrow tomorrow is the first day of February. So Chad will be streaming live in the morning.  All right, all have a good rest of your day. Take care.


ITL-BPO continues to expand its operations in St. Lucia, having opened its doors on the 15th of July 2020, with 30 employees. The business now employs some 400 St. Lucia's, featured in the program in the know, produced by the Office of the Prime Minister, founder and chief executive officer Ioni Epstein, explained that the company has been working with investing in Lucia to expand even further. The business is already outfitting another facility and is looking to increase its staff complement to 1,200. With the second building, we're coming up close to about 700 employees on the ground with the additional 30,000 square feet who want us to be closer to about 1,200 employees here in St. Lucia. We love the south, although I love the north, we have intentions to go to the north. We feel very confident of being in this campus-like facility. In the second building, we just finished building a canteen as well too and I'm told that the caterer is going to take over on the 1st of June and that will just really make life a lot easier for our team members and everybody to be in one area and we enjoy the south. It's easy to get in and out of from our perspective as well as the quality of staff that we're seeing in the south are great and I understand from a transportation perspective those that are coming from outside of the south have a fairly easy way to get here as well. So it's been a great partnership, it's been a great marriage just far and we're going to continue growing. In St. Lucia, I tell BPOS able to hire new employees who had lost their jobs in other sectors including the tourism sector due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We noted that St. Lucia employees have exceeded expectations thus far. Every country that we're in has their uniqueness and I would say what we've seen with St. Lucia so far is we're seeing greater productivity, we're seeing lower absenteeism and lower attrition than some of our traditional countries that we operate in and to me that just says a lot for going back to our four Ys, the quality, the quality of staff are producing as good or better than more senior sites so that means that they actually have more to gain. When you think about reliability, we're confident they're going to be coming to work because we see our attrition lower, we see our absenteeism lower. When you think about integrity, we're not having to worry about certain aspects of potential fraud or cyber crime or things like that here in St. Lucia and then family they've I mean we're coming up June, July 15th last year when we open the site officially so we're coming up on a year in St. Lucia and they've just immersed themselves into the family culture as if they've been here for years. The founder and CEO indicated that the plan has always been to expand hiring new staff and increasing clientele. Some aspects of this plan will fast track due to the COVID-19 pandemic which has affected business operations the world over. We went out to a few clients, we set a target, we said you know within the first year let's attempt to get to 200 employees and we're really sure how the client take up was going to be because although I may believe St. Lucia has what it takes our clients also have to believe that it has what it takes because they're taking a gamble as we know it is an industry that has been here for some years there is experience in it however it's not widely known so our clients took a gamble with us and basically because of the the power of our brand and I tell saying to them you got to try St. Lucia come with us test it out let's see they said you know what it's worth it we want to expand our footprint we want some country redundancy we trust you guys you guys have done great work first let's go and as we started on that that journey of going to different clients and I think also the pandemic actually helped to fast forward that because people wanted more and more redundancy there was you know different protocols and depending on the country went to there was lockdowns because of what was happening in a particular country or in a major city so this gave them greater coverage. Founder and Chief Executive Officer of ITEL BPO Yoni Epstein


Welcome to Toffy TV, it is the Everton News Daily. Everton have emerged as frontrunners for 19-year-old Ecuadorian midfielder who plays for Independiente de Valle, Moises Casido. He's attracted the attention of a host of European clubs, including Manchester United. He's also attracted an interest from major league soccer clubs as well, but according to reports in the Diaro Extra in Ecuador, Everton are the frontrunners for his signature. He's a box-a-box midfielder in the mould of Angolaw Cante, that's according to Tim Vickery, who thinks he's better going forward than Cante and said that if Everton were to sign him he'd be a fantastic coupe by Everton really. Marcel Brands is apparently an admirer of him, so whether there's anything in this or not, we know that Brands does like South American players. We've got scouts down there and if we could get a young box-a-box midfielder who could go into the current group that we've got, then that would be a good thing. But at the moment we're unsure whether there's anything in this, but that is what's been reported. He's made four appearance for his national side and scored one goal. Everton goalkeeper Jonas Lasall may be moving into Miami, that's according to reports today. The Danish goalkeeper's contract is up in the summer and he wants to move on, get some 13 football before the Euros that are scheduled for this summer as well. Into Miami have a made as a possible destination, apparently they're speaking through Everton and he could make his move this January as an appeared for Everton in any game, any competitive game since joining from Huddersfield 18 months ago and he did spend the second half of last season on loan at Huddersfield as well. Phil Neville, in other news, is reportedly set to take over as into Miami boss, so David Beckham's franchise there could be getting Neville in and Jonas Lasall in, so again, let's see what happens with that. Everton have apparently not yet received an official bid for striker Moise Keane from Paris Saint-Germain, that is despite reports over the last couple of days saying that there has been a bid of over £30 million for a 20-year-old striker. He scored nine goals and 13 stars for PSG this season so far, he's currently on a season-long loan from Everton and according to reports today Everton wouldn't be against selling Keane to PSG in this window and it would give them some money to go and strengthen elsewhere in the squad, so let's see what happens with that one. And finally, Neville's yn cwnghwyr has been speaking to the Everton website, talking about how much he's learning every day at Everton and learning under Carlo Anciolotti. Yn cwnghwyr said that he wants to prove to Anciolotti that he can be countered on and wants to build on his first team appearance so far, he's made four first team appearances so far since his move from Marseille. Yn cwnghwyr could be in line to play at the FA Cup third round against Rotherham and Gullison Park on Saturday kick off 12 o'clock. That is it for the news daily, make sure you give this video a thumbs up, subscribe if you haven't, if you want more daily live videos, become a patron. See you later.


What's up everybody? Jayce here for jazby's casebreak.com 2021 tops chrome sapphire baseball five box break random teams number two And again guys 30 total spots everybody gets a random team in the MLB all-cards ship Just please note though that some teams may not have all autographed possibilities But everything is sapphire edition everything will ship beautiful stuff here and again Look for some very nice colors here. There's the colors autographed parallels there as well so This is also a promo break I so we can sell the last two breaks on the promo We can unlock the promo giveaway $800 and break credit So everybody here if we do sell the promo not only we have a chance to get some hits here I also have a chance to win some extra money so from Chad down to Steve and Atlanta, sorry Arizona dime backs down to the Washington Nationals dice roll it You got a four and two six times. Good luck one Two three four five and six Matt down to Josh six times Uno dos tres cuatro cinco seis Six times six times boom boom Giants down to the Minnesota twins There's everybody there So Matt you have the San Francisco Giants Tony with the Cardinals willing with the braids Steven Kendrick with the Philly Steve birch of the Yankees Eric with the Cubs Richard with the Red Sox Eric with the Rays Ricky with the Orioles Josh with the Mariners Brady with the Rockies Steve with the Dodgers Indians John with the Marlins Logan with the Brewers Tom with the Padres Josh with the D-backs Jeremy Port with the Royals Chow with the Blue Jays EA you have the Oakland A Steve birch of the Rangers Josh with the Pirates Steve birch of the Nationals Logan with the Mets Matt with the Angels Brian Crouch with the Red Steve birch of the Astros Brian K with the Tigers Ryan with the White Sox and Josh Smith with the Minnesota twins Now I'm gonna go grab the five boxes But when I get back if there's no trades We'll start the break All right Anybody gonna trade? I don't know de cons. It still can we're only down to six. We could do that potentially after The basketball baseball hit parade and I think we can also squeeze in flawless again Flawless is now down to three left and three left guys And we're giving away a free spot in those flawless breaks again Logan and Brady do you guys want to trade her? If not, I'm closing it. No problem. No worries. No worries. Try to trade couldn't trade mojo. Good luck us It can end up being an even trade in the future guys, you know, because if you don't hit If you trade Rex is no spot. He has to pay for your spot. All right Now wreck has to be paid. I have to pay for that Christian patch a transition and Matt Shoemaker, that's a purple One out of ten for the Toronto Blue Jays. It's gonna chat. That's a rookie there And there's your autograph Dalton Varshio for the Diamondback zone of Josh First auto And league leaders Shane Biebs the Biebs 11 out of 25 Shane Bieber for Cleveland Steve Birch last Bob Mojo and Zach Birdie So the shipping team will penny-steal the rest of those cards. I'll just penny-steal to top load the bigger hits So those box numero uno Alpharo nice Nick Modrigo for the socks white socks going to Ryan P and Das Cameron for Detroit And Brian K Mary Weller, you got a purple coming up And it is a shirts in a postal One out of ten very nice there for the Texas Rangers and Steve Birch. Let's go to the next one Box three. All righty. Good luck. Next box Brooker or Rooker Whitley and Das Cameron orange ice Another autograph 19 out of 25 this time Detroit very nice hit blanket And a JT Romuto for the Phillies orange ice The 25 here we go guys Last two we got Miguel Rojas to 25. Oh, we got a green I've seen a green in a while Andrew Vaughn and Debbie Garcia green for the Yankees number to 50 Yankees going to Steve Birch Leona Tavares a red is coming up Wow Jake Cronin worth that is a red Jake Cronin worth three out of five Wow That's going to the Padres and Tom Jones. That is pretty amazing and Leona Tavares is the autograph Steve Birch a lot of a double autographs Joey Bartz really nice Das Cameron and an orange color color match Wade Leblanc Number to 25 awesome. Wow. Oh, it's really fun All righty guys and there you go very nice couple boxes here I'll top load all these right now But here's all your colors and your autographs a lot of orange some purples and we did get one red Which was a Jake Cronin worth of rookie? Three out of five. So appreciate it guys. This was sapphire baseball five box break number two on jaspyscasebricks.com. Appreciate it