And welcome to Figments on Reality. I'm Dan Leif and I go by Fig, that's the name of this show. It's season one, episode two.  I don't know how I'll define a season, but it just sounds cool. So I do it. And as you can see today's episode, we're gonna talk about good and evil in cyberspace. But first, let's talk about what I'm trying to do here so you know what to expect if you haven't seen it before. This is gonna be a non-political discussion and I'm gonna try to avoid vitriol. Okay, I have an aversion to politics, they're important and I exercised my politics at the ballot box, but I'd like to give you things to think about, not what to think. So if you have alternate views or wanna disagree or have a debate, drop me a line at info at phase-1.com and we can have a conversation. So today on episode two, I'm gonna start a new feature on Figments on Reality called Come On, Man on Reality. From the news, I'll find stories that just make me roll my eyes and say, come on, man. Yes, I did take this from a popular NFL pre-game show, but I think it still works here. So my first Come On, Man comes from the Chinese government saying that Japan was playing politics by providing much needed vaccines, COVID vaccines to the island of Taiwan. Now, since China claims Taiwan as a province and as part of their territory and the US and the world community have largely acceded to that view, why aren't they providing vaccines? And who's playing politics? If you look at the Chinese use of vaccines of some questionable effectiveness across the globe, they're the ones playing politics. So come on, man, get real. The other Come On, Man for today comes from a public service announcement that I recently saw that said that there are already more disposable masks, COVID type masks in the ocean than jellyfish. Now, first of all, we ought to be careful about how we dispose of everything that might go in the ocean, including masks. And we try to limit our use here at home and break the strings on them so they don't get entangled in sea life if they wind up in the ocean. But how do they know, first of all, how many jellyfish there are in the ocean? Who counted them? And furthermore, how do they know how many masks are in the ocean? So yeah, like I said, I agree with the concept, let's keep stuff out of the ocean that doesn't belong in the ocean, but who makes this stuff up? And that's what it is made up. And I don't know if that's fake news or made up news, but it's not helpful to use hyperbole that simply can't be supported scientifically. And I say it can't because of my own experience with jellyfish. There's a lake in Palau, and this comes from my travel experience, Jellyfish Lake, it's on the small island of Eli Malk in Palau. And I went there a few years ago during my travel with the Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies and went to Jellyfish Lake. And they put you on a boogie board and it's kind of face down, actually you're on an inflatable life jacket so you don't sink into the jellyfish. And the guide directs you to swim in a certain direction and the guidance was really exactly this. The swim in this direction until you see a hundred jellyfish, then keep going. When you see a thousand jellyfish, keep going. When you see a million jellyfish, you're there and just stop and enjoy the view. Millions of golden jellyfish migrate across this lake every day according to Wikipedia. And of course we believe Wikipedia. So how do we know how many millions of jellyfish there are in the ocean? I don't know, come on man, don't make stuff up, make your point without Maloney. So that's come on man, on reality for today. I'll tell you in a bit why I thought we'd make this Cyber Monday on pigments. But first of all, we had a family discussion last night over dinner, Alejandra and Alejo and I were talking about the good and evil cyberspace and how it influences it. And I've got my notes from it, but it was such a far ranging discussion, really good as always, that I won't go into detail, but there is good and evil in cyberspace. To understand that, I guess I should define cyberspace by the way I see it. And it's really this digital environment where we can do lots of things, some good and some evil. One of the first things we have is connectivity, both as individuals and collectively Facebook, social media. It really goes beyond that email. All of the ways you can connect with people, with companies, with your interests are truly remarkable and generally positive. Another area that the cyberspace has changed human life is the access to information, some of it real. But you can find anything you need. I don't take on a home improvement project without finding a video on YouTube that tells you how to do it. Why learn the hard lessons if somebody's already learned them. And we built a fence yesterday, a little privacy fence on our property. I should say Alejo built it. You did an awesome job, but it started with research on the web. So you can find how to build something, how to cook something, how to buy something, all there in a manner with accessibility that simply did not exist in years gone by. And I think that's good. You can express yourself personally. I'm doing that right now. I mean, 20 years ago, I couldn't have had a show like this without the cyberspace presence of ThinkDec Hawaii, a great organization. And I couldn't have gotten out and shared my views with you now, some of those views that are shared are frankly hateful and thus evil. So it's not all good, but we have a chance to express our views in ways that we didn't have. But the one that caught my mind in the reason that I'm talking about good and evil and cyberspace today is an article I found from Newsweek online about drastic. You can see what drastic is there. The decentralized radical autonomous search team investigating COVID-19. Now they weren't always called that and it's not as formal, it's not an organization. It's a collective, if you will, of interested parties, researchers, cybersluce and other folks who were curious about the origins of the COVID-19 virus. And sharing through Twitter, they got a cyber collective established and shared ideas and accessed information available online. And as you can see, Newsweek says that they kind of shamed the mainstream media into looking more deeply and giving more credibility to the potential that the virus came out of the Chinese lab in Wuhan. Now, I don't know if it did or not. I'm not advocating that views, but it is plausible. And it was largely dismissed for a long time until this crowd dug into things, including Chinese data in published research papers that they found in a Chinese website. Despite the official party denials that it could possibly emanated from the lab, there were papers that showed both by the nature of the virus and the actions that were and weren't taken that it might have. I really recommend that you look at that Newsweek article and read the detail because it shows how they laboriously sought the information translated and correlated it on Twitter of all things and built now an organization that has a bit more structure. And as you've seen in the past week, that's making the mainstream media, the traditional media look more closely at this theory. Again, I'm not advocating a conclusion. I'm just saying that this group, drastic through hard work and cyber slow thing they could only do in our digital environment can change the thinking. And an issue that's very important if we're going to avoid such pandemics in the future. My goodness, I certainly hope we are able to avoid those. The next topic I'd like to talk about. So read that article. I highly recommend it. Newsweek doesn't pay me. This is a non-commercial show is hopefully you know, at least I don't think I'm getting paid for it. But the next area of interest to me in cyberspaces, the evil side of it and it has to do with systems control and data acquisition. Yes, I did look down at my notes to make sure I got that right. It's normally called SCADA. It's a SCADA is a collection of software and hardware that enables processes like managing a pipeline, for example, or running a plant or organizing stop lights. So that in theory, they're sequentially green, et cetera to make traffic flow better. Then they're used on small and grand scales throughout the world. And really it was probably one of the first major, first manifestations of our digital environment in the evolution of cyberspace. The problem is that SCADA systems and the hardware and software are vulnerable to attack. And we've seen that lately. And the first one I'll talk about is the colonial pipeline attack, which is back in the news again. And in the colonial pipeline attack, this is a huge pipeline, I had no idea. It takes the fuel, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel all the way from Texas as far northeast as New York. And about 45% of the fuel consumed on the east coast of the United States is shipped by the colonial pipeline as you probably are aware. This pipeline and its SCADA systems suffered a ransomware attack that impacted the SCADA management of it. And the colonial pipeline company had to halt all of the pipeline's operations to contain the attack. Now, why was this done? Was this some nefarious nation state trying to hurt the United States? No, it was for money. And that's what the attackers have said. They did it for money. They requested and received a ransomware or a ransom of $4.4 million, I think in Bitcoin, within several hours of the attack. They sent, the hackers sent the colonial pipeline folks a software fix. It worked very slowly, but life, not just fuel, but life on the east coast was significantly impacted for days. And you can imagine if it were longer or let's say they mis-engineered their fix and the pipeline didn't come back up. That has great importance to your average person on the street, but it also has national security importance to it. The good news is that I just saw a headline, I haven't read beyond this, that the government has retrieved $2 million of the $4.4 million ransom that was paid. So hack number one, actually one of many, but one of the most visible ones. The second hack shows the global nature of both economy and cyberspace. JBS, a meatpacking company headquartered in Brazil, serves over 110 countries, largest meatpacking company in the world. Well, they were targeted in late May as well. And that's shut down slaughterhouses from Australia to Canada to the U.S. stood down over 10,000 workers, basically put them temporarily out of work and will continue to affect meat supply. And if you wonder about second order or cascading effects, it's likely to drive meat prices up and supply down in Hawaii as the effects ripple down the supply chain. So that affects everybody. Again, mostly a personal economic impact, but with potential national security implications over time. I don't just say that. The FBI director, Christopher Ray, said that the agency is investigating over a hundred different kinds of malware, ransomware throughout. And he compared, if we could go back to slide four, he compared these attacks to the threat posed by 9-11. And said that this is a shared responsibility countering these ransomware attacks, shared responsibility, not just across government agencies, but across the private sector and even the average American. I'd kind of put that in reverse order. It starts with the average American. You can't buy food for your family because the shelves are bare. That's kind of where it starts, but then the responsibility goes to the businesses to protect themselves from ransomware and build safeguards into the system, to the government to inform businesses of the threat that's out there and enable their response to them as much as possible. But let's take director Ray's comments a little more. This is 9-11. I was in the Pentagon on September 11th, 2001. Maybe I'll talk about that more some other time. And I saw the response and it was a military response. So if this is that big a threat, does that mean at some point, a nation, the United States or another nation will have to execute a military response against a non-state ransomware attack? In other words, something the meatpacking hack was attributed to Russian private hackers with maybe the government looking the other way.  Worth considering and not in a question that has a myriad of not just legal implications but moral implications, then I'll throw in a word from my conscience and say that I think it's become too easy to find reasons to apply military force. And I regret that more on that, maybe again, some other time. But really is the United States going to execute a cyber or other attack against a non-state malware provider? I don't know. We need to think about that. So let's take a breath, take a break because I will get back to good that they're in cyberspace.  Alternating weeks, we have pigments, the power of imagination. And in the next show, a week from today at 2 p.m. white time, the day being Monday the 7th June, I'm sorry, I know these are often viewed after the fact. I'll have my great friend, Lieutenant Colonel Rick Bard retired, Greg Slick Aguirre. One of the best pilots ever and certainly one of the most pilots in terms of flying and what he's flown ever. He dreamt he could fly and fly and flying. You'll hear his amazing and very humble story next week on pigments, the power of imagination. So next let's talk about artificial intelligence, something that is very powerful, a notion that's very powerful, machines that learn, that learn like humans, from humans that could take over the world perhaps. And there is some fear of the role of artificial intelligence, but it can be good as well. And it's best artificial intelligence in my experience, when it's used to enable human magic. I don't, maybe I'm naive, I don't think so, but I don't believe that machines or artificial intelligence are able to or intended to replace humans. I do think they can enable human magic, because the magic and we see it every day and the people we meet, people we see on TV or whatever, we see the magic of the human mind. And I don't think you can zero and one that into digital form. I do think that artificial intelligence can learn. Let me give you an example from my experience about how I think artificial intelligence should be used. Believe it or not, for a couple of years, I was a member of the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board as a retired Air Force guy. And at that time, a defense industry executive. And it was that there were 40 people on this board, all of them smarter than me, scientists, engineers, really brilliant people trying to help the Air Force solve its problem. I was there to provide comic relief, I think. Remarkable organization and we would do summer studies where all of these unpaid volunteers could get together and look at a tough problem. One summer, we looked at a problem that was kind of data driven and I can't go into detail, but the problem was folks in the military had access to so much data that they needed to assess and act upon in real time that they were swamped by it. And there was a technological solution of sorts to it. But what I witnessed, what I found, was that the solution was intended to enable the machine. The approach, the fundamental approach that the engineers and acquisition community had taken was, well, let's make the machines work better. No, let's make the machines, and the humans were there to enable the machines working better. And in my mind, that's the reverse of how it should work. Free up the humans from tasks that they don't do or don't do well to apply their reason, their rationale and their morality to make good decisions quickly. And there's no way, and so I think that's the good of artificial intelligence. And it can be used that way. And I think there's no endeavor where it has more potential than in education and learning. And if you've seen figments on reality, season one, episode one, and I've commented on it, otherwise, I was not a good learner. I had trouble learning. And that's because we all learn differently. And the traditional way of teaching didn't reach me. No, some of it was because I was a knucklehead as a young person, maybe still now, but a lot of it was that the mode didn't fit the way I learned. And I think I can learn stuff since then. So I work for an adaptive learning company as a paid senior advisor. And this is the disclaimer. This is not a commercial for the company that I think very highly of. It's for the thinking of using artificial intelligence to enable that human magic in the learning environment. The company is called Serigo. It's a memory management and adaptive learning company. Google it, you're not gonna buy directly from it because that's not how they work. They provide their learning platform right now to institutions of higher education, to businesses that have to train or educate, and the area that I work in, government and military. And it's being used in teaching folks who are learning dentistry or neuroscience, as well as how to run the high speed rail system in Japan or how to fly F-15E fighters in the US Air Force. So it can be used to teach anything. And the reason it's so powerful is that it employs artificial intelligence end to end from creating the learning material to presenting it and refreshing it to assessing how well somebody learned. I think that's pretty good. And it's something that frankly, a teacher can't do, but it can enable the magic of both the learner and the instructor. And I've got one quick slide that shows you how they do it. And again, not a commercial, I just like it. In the traditional way of learning, you get all the information presented in a class through lectures and books. And if you study really hard, okay, that was not my skill. Initially, you reach a peak of what you know, but it fades really, really quickly. That black curve, it just fades dramatically 80% in a very short time down to near nothing. But using artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the really bright scientists and engineers at Sergo found that they could watch how somebody learns and not just did they get the question right or wrong, but when will they, how long will they remember it? And when will they forget it? And the key to that is they learned that they learned that when you learn something, as it's fading from your memory, there's a point of desirable difficulty that line you see in the middle of the chart. And if you retrieve the information that you still kind of remember, just as it's fading from your mind, you'll retain it longer next time and so on and so forth. And that's what Sergo does. Again, not a commercial, but it's pretty magic because you learn better, but you retain about four times as much. That's shown in some of the studies. The beauty of it is it takes half the time. And time is money and so you learn faster and better and it feels better because we all learn differently. So my friend Ross Roly who I had on Figments, the power of imagination. Last week, a mathematician, a great student, he's going to learn differently than I will. He'll get bored if he has to go at my pace. I'll get overwhelmed if I have to go at his pace. And this approach using artificial intelligence and puts us at our own pace and the learning feels better. Now that's some artificial intelligence magic. It also provides, and this gets into an area that we should all be concerned about, potential risk from artificial intelligence because we can provide, because it looks at millions of not jellyfish, millions of elements of how you're learning a topic, where you get some real insight into the learning capability and the retention of an individual student or a collective group. Group on the plus side that enables a professor and instructor, a trainer, teacher to know how folks are doing, know what they're struggling with, put the classroom emphasis or the one-on-one emphasis on the areas that are troublesome and recognize, okay, they've got that and leave it alone and not waste their time with it. But you get a lot of insight into the individuals with it. So I think artificial intelligence and the cyber stuff in learning and education is very powerful and something that can revolution how well we all learn regardless of our modes of learning. So cyberspace, good and evil, they're both out there and the risks are clear, but the benefits are mirrored as well. I have forgotten the last couple of shows to address what would FIG do because we're talking Cyber Monday FIG would be real careful. And I am about what I share online about the security systems and programs that I have about using two-factor identification. But remember two-factor identification doesn't always work. I did a webcast or a webinar rather for the Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum last week on the attack on Midway. And many of you know the Japanese code was broken but they knew where they were going. But the Japanese in a cryptological sense had two-factor authentication and double encrypted the dates and time. But guess what? The Americans figured that out too and knew not just where but when. So check your security, be careful, change your passwords, all those things, please. Well, that passed quickly in a cyber flash if you will. I hope you found it informative. I thank, as always, ThinkTek Hawaii, a great organization for the over 20 years for hosting our shows.  Go to ThinkTekHawaii.com and see how you can support with the donation, big or small. They need your help to do their wonderful work and give so many voices in cyberspace to the Hawaiian community and really around the world. Please join me Monday for Figments, The Power of Imagination. And Dr. Slickagiri had dreamt he could fly and fly and fly and he did. So mahalo and aloha. Thank you.


A couple years ago, our coalition did a pedestrian plan for the City of Ufala, and this is one of the projects that we were able to do with the funding we received from Alpro Help. So Alabama Extension, the City of Ufala, Youth Leadership Barber here today to help us lay out everything as far as the tape, the paint, we're putting in a few more parking spots. And one of the reasons we really need this is we've done a traffic study. People were just going everywhere on this intersection, didn't know when to stop, didn't know when to yield, so this is really going to help the traffic pattern. And this is really a testbed to show off how it can be used across the city and across the state of Alabama. It's particularly important for this intersection because we've noticed that there's a lot of activity in downtown Ufala and a lot of cross traffic between pedestrian cyclists and vehicles that we need to make sure that they interact safely and use the intersection as intended. And roundabouts are a great way to control that movement and slow everybody down so it's easy to get through. This has been an amazing collaborative effort between Alabama Extension, the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and the City of Ufala. We have worked really well together and it's amazing. Even today, as we were laying out the plans that we had drawn up, the ideas coming from each of those three different entities to make this really work has been incredible and is making this a very successful project.


Hello and welcome to the session in which we will discuss Roth IRA. The first thing we want to know is why is it called Roth IRA? Well the senator that sponsored the plan William Roth, Senator from Delaware, it's after his name William Roth Roth IRA. Now when we discuss Roth IRA we have to compare it to a traditional IRA because we want to see the difference between a regular or traditional IRA versus a Roth. The traditional IRA contribution are deductible. The deductible means what? It means you can deduct them on your tax return. So if you contributed 6,500 which is the maximum for this particular year. The 6,500 reduced your taxable income by 6,500 so if your tax rate is 30% you will get tax savings of 1,550 in tax savings today. So that's the main benefit. One of the main benefit of a traditional is you get a tax deduction tax benefit now. Roth IRA guess what? Contributions are none deductible. In other words if you contributed 6,500 to a Roth IRA what do you get today in a deduction? Zero. No deduction. You might be saying okay why does it exist? We're going to find out why. Okay and how much can you contribute? Let's first find out how much you can contribute. The maximum allowable contribution is 6,500 usually the same as a traditional IRA or 13,400 spousal IRA. Same thing with traditional 6,500 or you can double it for spousal. Obviously you have to be making that money 100% of the individual compensation for the year. You have to make some you have to have some compensation and the contribution just like with a traditional IRA is that when I talked about the traditional IRAs for looking at year X7 you still have till April 14th year X8 to contribute for year X7. So they give you enough time to contribute. Now let's go back and discuss what's the benefit? So if you're telling me I'm not going to get a deduction what is the benefit of having a Roth IRA? Convince me. Well here's the case. Qualified distribution are tax-free. Remember you're putting money away today. You're putting money away today for the future. You're not going to get a tax deduction now but in the future if you have a Roth IRA and your distribution qualified distributions are qualified they are tax-free. It means you don't pay any taxes. You don't pay any taxes on the original amount. You don't pay any taxes on the earnings versus a traditional IRA. You get you get a tax benefit now but everything is taxed later the amount that you put in plus the earnings. But we need to know about the rules. How do we qualify for the Roth IRA and this is what we're going to be discussing in this session. Before we proceed any further I have a public announcement about my company farhatlectures.com. Farhat accounting lectures is a supplemental educational tool that's going to help you with your CPA exam preparation as well as your accounting courses. My CPA material is aligned with your CPA review course such as Becker, Roger, Wiley, Gleam, Miles. My accounting courses are aligned with your accounting courses broken down by chapter and topics. My resources consist of lectures, multiple choice questions, true-false questions, as well as exercises. Go ahead start your free trial today. Here's what happens if you have a Roth IRA and you hold the Roth IRA for at least five years so you open a Roth IRA you put money in it. A taxpayer can withdraw funds without incurring any tax obligation if they meet any of the following obligation. The first thing you have to do is wait until you are 59 and a half and obviously you have to open the account five years earlier so you can meet the first requirement which is hold at least five years. The distribution is made to a beneficiary or the or the participant's estate following the participant's death so if you have a Roth IRA and you die guess what your estate don't get taxed. The participant becomes disabled so although you did not reach 59 and a half but you pass away before that time also not taxable. It means it's a qualified distribution. You want a qualified distribution. The qualified distribution means no taxes on the original amount obviously because you already paid taxes on the original amount that you invested but also no taxes on the earnings and this is the benefit of the Roth IRA. And the withdrawal is used for qualified expenses or first time home buyer subject to attempt $10,000. Other distribution might be taxable. Okay so if you meet those obligations guess what you'll get your money out tax-free all of it tax-free. However if you have to take money earlier distribution first treat it as non taxable non taxable return which is return of capital to the extent of your capital contribution. So when you take money out of the Roth and you don't meet those qualifications the first thing they assume is you're taking money you're taking your original amount out which is good. The remaining distribution once you exceed your capital your contribution then it's taxable. Don't worry you would look at an example. At the age of 40 Adam opens a Roth IRA and consistently contributed $5,000 annually for two decades. Twenty years later the account has grown to 162,400. The amount contributed by Adam is 100,000 and the account the investments generated in additional 62,400. Now remember this is a Roth IRA. In other words Adam did not get any tax benefit when he made the contribution because if he got benefit let's assume he got its traditional IRA. If it's traditional IRA on average let's assume his tax rate was 25 percent he would have saved $25,000 in taxes overall without looking into the time value of money but that's not what happened with Adam. Adam used a Roth IRA means the money was taxed it's after tax money he contributed this money. Now Adam reached 59 and a half has fulfilled the five-year holding period. He's eligible to withdraw the entire amount tax-free that's great that is excellent. Now you can take all the money tax-free and specifically the tax-free amount is 62,400 no taxes he doesn't have any he doesn't have to pay any taxes on the earning of 62,400. So just to show you the benefit if his tax rate is 30 percent 62,400 times 0.3 he saved on his taxes 18,720 which is good and you might be saying but he could have saved $25,000 on the 100,000 but when you take the 100,000 under a traditional IRA you still have to pay taxes so under a traditional IRA he would have to go 162,400 times 30 percent so 162,400 times 0.3 he would have to pay taxes 48,720 if it was a traditional IRA and he took the money out because all the money 162,400 is tax-free taxable so all so what he did he said okay I'm gonna pay the taxes on the 100,000 then my earnings will be tax-free but the key is if this rather than 62 let's assume the earnings were 100,000 or 200,000 then all of it is tax-free it doesn't matter so you're upside you have really huge upside also the benefit of a Roth IRA is the government don't force you to take the money at 72 remember and in the traditional IRA you have to take start to take the money at 72 because you already pay taxes on the original amount they will wait for you to get your earning and what happened in the Roth IRA most people they keep it they die and they pass it to their family tax-free because they have money from other sources what they do they don't take the Roth IRA out they would say you know what let's keep it to our family and our family will get it tax-free as with the traditional IRA congress is generous to a point there's always a phase out for everything for the phase out the phase out will start at 138 of adjusted gross income it ends at 153 which is the range is 15,000 the range for married finance only start at 218 a little bit higher but the range is only 10,000 and for married finance separately it goes from zero to 10,000 and you would lose it let's look at an example Noah single wanted to contribute at 6,500 to a drop IRA for the year 2023 his adjusted gross income is 150 well here we go 150 is above 138 but below 153 so so Noah is within this range okay so we're gonna figure out what's the how much is inside the range because the range is 15,000 the range is 15,000 and he's 12,000 within the range 12 divided by 15 he's 80% within the range that means he cannot deduct 80% of his contribution so 12,000 divided by 50 because he wanted to contribute the full 6,500 times 80 50 200 cannot be contributed to a Roth IRA just simply you cannot put it in a Roth IRA you want to put it maybe in a non-traditional IRA if you want to that's fine but not in a Roth IRA so what's the benefit of non-traditional IRA well it will accrue tax-free but eventually you have to pay taxes on the earnings so non-traditional so let's see so this is so what what can he do the best next best thing is since I cannot so let's take 6,500 6,000 5 to 5,200 they will take this money and go to a non the next best thing non-traditional IRA and put that money there okay so what's the benefit the benefit is it will grow tax-free but the earnings once once Noah takes it when he's you know above 59 and a half the earnings the 5,200 already taxed so that's that's not taxable but let's assume he earned 15,000 on this month so he's going to end up with 20,200 the 15 the 5,200 as I told you tax-free the additional 15,000 that's taxable if he was able to put this 5,200 in a Roth IRA and it grew to 20,200 none of it is taxable because they already pay taxes on the 5,200 and I'm repeating this because it's very important to remember that how you put your money initially matters if you already pay taxes on it you're not going to pay taxes on it when you take it out but in a traditional IRA it's not taxed that's why you pay taxes on both very important now what should you do well you should do is you whether you are a CPA candidate accounting student or an enrolled agent Roth IRA is an important concept work multiple choice true false to help you understand this concept better good luck study hard and of course stay safe


The Equitable Life Assurance Society presents this is your FBI This is your FBI the official broadcast from the Files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Presented transcribed as a public service by the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States and the Equitable Society's representative in your community Equitable Life Assurance Society has nearly eight thousand trained representatives from coast to coast serving over four million members Tonight one of our Equitable Society representatives has a brief but important message on social security The recent changes in the social security law mean 10 million new people are now covered for the first time Others have had their benefits greatly increased Considering these changes this Christmas season is a particularly good time to take a fresh look at your future To examine just where you stand to help you do this job easily The Equitable Society has revised its famous fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers Let me advise you to listen carefully when in about 14 minutes. Mr. Keating will tell you more about this equitable chart Tonight FBI file number 298 it's subject The Christmas season it's title the return of St. Nick The United States is a young country in the family of nations But already it has its share of national holidays Holidays that belong to these 48 states Those holidays are spaced from February to November and of every one of those days It can be said that they belong to the people of United States exclusively But there is one legal holiday observed in this country that does not belong to us exclusively Any more than it belongs to any nation It too celebrates a birthday a Birthday which has come to mean much in the hearts of millions of people a Birthday we call Christmas Tonight's program based on the holiday theme has by your requests become almost a tradition in our series It opens in an FBI field office located in a large eastern city It is two days before Christmas and special agent Jim Taylor has just entered the office of agent and charge Sheridan Morning, Jim. Good morning, sir. I got my report here on the Henderson case. Oh, fine. Just leave it on my desk, will you? Well, you're officially on leave aren't you Jim? Yes, sir as of this morning But I wanted to hand this in before I left. No You going out of town for the holiday? That's right sir flying home this afternoon. Good How long since you've been home on Christmas? Oh three years Well have a nice trip Jim. Thank you, sir and a very Merry Christmas. Same to you Yes, what is it son, where's the FBI tried down there at the end of the hall? Thank you. Oh, wait a minute What do you want with the FBI son? We've got some trouble and I thought they could help us. Oh I'm a special agent. You think I could help. Are you a G man? That's right Kind of trouble do you have Santa Claus is missing? That is trouble his name is mr. Norton and we've got to find them. We've looked all over who looked all over Sodafell's at the settlement house We want every place all of you older fellas, huh? How old are you son? I'll be ten next month. I see can you help this mister? Well, I don't know but I'll tell you what we'll do first Let's get downstairs and get an ice cream soda and you can tell me the whole story This is the settlement house mr. Taylor. That's nice looking building here. We go in this door Go ahead Williams office is in there. He's a nice man. I'm sure he is Store here. Yes, but first we must knock. Oh, I didn't know that Hello, Eddie. This is mr. Taylor. How do you do it? Mr. Taylor? I mean to sir. Mr. Taylor is a G man Yes, yes, I got him to help us find mr. Norton. Oh, I see I've got a run now Choir practice starts in ten minutes.  I'll explain everything to mr. Taylor I'll see you later Eddie. Thank you mr. Taylor I'm sorry. You were bothered by Eddie mr. Taylor. Oh, it's no bother at all mr. Williams that he made me feel genuinely concerned I'm sure he did. We're all very concerned about mr. Norton Well, if there's anything at all I can do unofficially, of course, I'd be very happy to that's very nice of you What happened to this mr. Norton? Who is he? Well, pop Norton has worked here at the settlement house longer than anyone can Remember, I've been here 15 years and he was here when I came I see how old would you say is I'd guess around 60 or 65 and his job nothing in particular He did odd jobs around the house and returned for his room and board and a few dollars a month The biggest job he had was being Santa Claus every year at the Christmas party Every child in the house was crazy about him and he loved every one of them in return Eddie said he was missing is that true? Yes, I have no idea where he could have gone what made him leave. That's the odd part of it No one seems to know Yesterday he sent in one of the boys with a note to me saying he was leaving immediately. I see I went to his room He was gone I'm afraid it's not gonna be much of a Christmas for the children without pop or mr. Williams Do you mind if I take a look around his room? Well, not at all. Maybe I can find something there There were ladies to wear Santa Claus is hiding Williams may I see you for a moment? Oh, certainly Keep singing boys. Did you find anything in mr. Norton's room? Mr. Taylor? Oh, nothing rooms cleaned up. Tell me what do you know about mr. Norton? What did he do on his day off or his friends? He never took a day off that I can remember oh the only pleasure he got out of life besides serving the kids was reading You always had three or four books from the library down the street Well, I've a hunch mr. Norton isn't going to be too difficult to find why do you say that well from what you've told me He's a man of about oh 60 with no outside interests only thing he likes or reading in children That kind of a man doesn't usually run very far. Oh pardon me. All right boys. You can rest a while Sorry, mr. Taylor, please go on. Well, I was about to say that. I think he's probably still here in the name of Mr. Taylor. Mr. Taylor. Hello, Eddie. Excuse me. What is it Eddie? I've been working on the case good for you What did you find I spoke to a boy who saw pop just before he left? Well, it's fine. Eddie. What did he say? He told me that he was playing with pop yesterday when two ladies came into the gym two ladies Yes, pop saw him and he went and hid in a closet until they went away. When was this Eddie just before milk Just before milk. Well, that's at four o'clock. They all get milk and cookies. I see well Thank you, Eddie. You've been a big help. Well, you're welcome. Well, I'll stay here a minute Eddie I've got another job for you. Gee. Thanks story of this. Do you know these two women who came here yesterday? One of them was a mrs. Chester. She's on the board of governors She brought a wealthy friend of hers to try to interest her in contributing to the house I see and do you know this friend's name? No, I don't but I can find it out for mrs. Chester I'd appreciate you doing that Eddie you're ready for your assignment. Oh, yes All right, I want you to go to the library down the street and see if mr. Norton is there Yes, and if he's not there you wait around for him. I think he might come in for some new books Mr. Sheridan may I see you a minute? Well, I certainly Jim come on in I Thought you'd be on your way home by now. So did I know what happened? Well, when I left your office this morning a young boy stopped me in the hall and asked me for some help Yeah, what kind of help only belongs to the Murray Street settlement house and it seems that their Santa Claus has disappeared He wanted us to find him I went back with him and I talked to the head of the house Well, what's the story? Well this mr. Norton has worked at the settlement house for about 30 years and then yesterday suddenly quit Why nobody seems to know sir except that he saw two women come in and he hid in a closet until they left and he packed His belongings and disappeared. I see I know this isn't our case, sir But well, I'd like to ask a favor. What is it? We have no picture of this man, sir And I'd like to have an artist go over to the settlement house talk to the kids and make up a composite picture Mr. Norton Well, what do you want that for? Well, I have a hunch that mr. Norton is still in the neighborhood I'd like to circulate the picture and see if we can't get him back to the settlement house and time to be Santa Claus again this year Well now, what about your trip home, Jim? Oh, it can wait a day. I don't mind. All right Go ahead. We'll find an artist and more than that. You can use any facilities. We've got thank you very much Sheridan speaking is mr. Taylor there. Yeah, it's just a moment. It's for you, Jim Oh, thank you, sir Hello. Hello, mr. Taylor. Oh, hello, mr. Williams. I've got that information for you. Oh, that's fine The woman with Mrs. Chester yesterday was a Mrs. Norman Montgomery. She lives at 310, North Jackson Avenue Mrs. Norman Montgomery 310 North Jackson. Thank you very much, mr. Williams. She must have been the one pop was afraid of. Oh, why do you say that? Mrs. Chester's been on friendly terms with pop for 15 years. No, I see. Oh, mr. Williams I'm sending an artist over I'd appreciate you letting him talk to all of the children so that he can make up a Composite picture mr. Norton for us. We'll do anything we can to help mr. Taylor. Fine. He should be there in about though half an hour Oh, wait a minute. Eddie wants to talk to you. Here he is Hello, Eddie, what did you find out? Well, you go back there Eddie and keep watching don't give up so easily Not a boy and Eddie you tell all of your friends up there that if it's at all possible for the FBI to find Santa Claus We'll have him there tomorrow night for that party. Mrs. Montgomery. Yes, my name is Taylor. I'm from the FBI Here are my credentials, ma'am What can I do for you mr. Taylor?  Well, I'm checking up on something and I'd like to ask you a few questions What sort of questions? Well, the first one would be were you at the Murray Street settlement house yesterday? Oh, yes, I was with the mrs. Chester. What is that to do with you? Oh, there's nothing to do with me mrs. Montgomery, but it might have something to do with a man who disappeared What are you talking about? Well, this man who disappeared seemed to be afraid of being seen by you according to what I can gather Well, that's merely a theory mrs. Montgomery. Why would he be afraid of me? Well, that's what we don't know. Who is this man? Well, this is a composite picture made by one of the artists in our office. There you are What do you recognize him? Yes, I do I Haven't seen her talked with him in 30 years, but I know him. Oh, who is he? He's my brother, Kenneth Why would your own brother try to avoid you? He had a good reason. What's that mrs. Montgomery? Kenneth is a common thief In just a minute to tonight's exciting case from the official files of your FBI now a short announcement from the equitable life Assurance Society on its famous fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers this year There has been an unprecedented demand for this fact-finding chart our revised 1950 edition is practically exhausted So better make a note to ask your equitable society representative for your copy right away This is the last time you will be reminded to do so on this program. Remember this 1950 edition of the chart has been revised to take into account the recent changes in the Social Security Act These changes mean that the social security benefits of 35 million Americans have been increased 50 to a hundred percent and The names of an additional 10 million of our citizens have been added to the Social Security roles in either case The equitable fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers is just what the doctor ordered when you get this chart You pretend for a few minutes that the breadwinner of your family has died before his time The family's regular monthly income is cut off But the children still need shoes a roof over their heads nourishing food And how much is all that going to cost the fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers will give you a reliable and accurate answer with their new Social Security benefits how many additional dollars will they need every week until the youngest child finishes high school in five minutes The fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers gives you an answer that you can trust Guides you every step of the way with simple easy to understand pictures once you have the facts before you you can plan intelligently Chances are that with your present life insurance and your new Social Security benefits only a small amount of additional life insurance Will mean complete security your equitable representative will be glad to work out a sound and economical program for you In any event the first step is to ask him for a copy of the revised fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers No charge of course and no obligation So get in touch with your equitable representative soon or right care of this station to the equitable life-assurance Society That's EQ UI TA BLE the equitable life-assurance Society of the United States And now back to the FBI file the return of st. Nick Hate is a vicious emotion which feeds upon itself and becomes greater as time goes on It utterly destroys every person that possesses Because it ruins their judgment by robbing them of their ability to see both sides of any question Ultimately, it must warp the mind to such a degree that only a paramount shock can restore any degree of mental balance As you can see from tonight's case from the files of your FBI Hate can make two members of the same family stop talking for 30 years For a period of time that is almost half the allotted time of man on earth That kind of hatred can consume a person an industry or a nation For when a nation hates that way the lone possible outlet is war No one person can prevent a war between nations But every one of you can make this a much finer holiday season for yourself by resolving to live your life with full dignity as a human being and Full respect for the rights of every other human being on the face of the earth Tonight's file continues in the apartment of mrs. Montgomery. Mr. Taylor. I assume that your business with me is concluded Yes, I'm afraid it is mrs. Montgomery and I'm sorry because you're the one person. I hope could help us find your brother What do you want to find him for? To arrest him. No indeed. No Now until his disappearance he worked at the Murray Street Settlement House and the children there love him It's very important to them that he be found so that he can play Santa Claus at their Christmas party Well, I haven't seen him for 30 years. I have no idea where he might be and frankly. I don't care This is Montgomery. Why do you believe your brother is a thief? Would you mind telling me? Well, if you'll promise to keep it confidential I Naturally want no publicity. I assure you your story will not be publicized very well More than 30 years ago shortly after my father's death Kenneth forged my name to a check for ten thousand dollars. How did you find out that he did it? It's perfectly obvious. He was an irresponsible young man and shortly after the forgery. He certainly had a lot of money Anyone ask him where he got it? Yes. He said he made it as a result of an investment Of course, that was a lie. Did you discover the forgery yourself mrs. Montgomery? No, I didn't but a mr. Bryant who was the executor of my father's estate and an old friend of the family's found out about it He came and told me Are you never prosecuted the matter? No, mr. Bryant convinced me that I shouldn't risk ruining our family's name Mrs. Montgomery did ever occur to you that your brother might have been telling you the truth He couldn't have well if you don't mind my saying so I think that anyone who has his record with children deserves more of a break than that A New bunny chance still have that forged check Yes, I have it and would you have any samples of your brother's handwriting of that period? Yes, I kept all of the papers in the case in a special file. Do you have that file handy? Yes, I wonder if I might borrow it. But what purpose I'd like to see if a hunch I have about your brother's innocence is correct Oh, hello Eddie have a chair. Thank you Eddie Eddie, what are you doing wearing a mustache? I bought a disguise kit mr. Taylor so I could state the library and watch out for mr. Norton without him recognizing Oh, that's a good idea Well, tell me you see mr. Norton. Yes, I did it did one. Well, he didn't show up at all last night I stayed until the library closed But you told me to stay on it So I went back this morning and he came to the library about 10 o'clock stalked me I tried to talk to him, but he said he didn't know me. He did Yeah, so I took off the red wig. I was wearing but he still said he didn't know me I didn't think you'd do that and then he turned around and walked out of the library I trailed him just like I saw a detective do in the movies. Where'd he go? I wrote down the address mr. Taylor. I hear it is 71 Vernon Avenue That's not far from the settlement house is it? No, it's only about two blocks. Oh good work, buddy Here's that report from handwriting mr. Taylor. Oh, thanks very much. What's that mr. Taylor? I had some papers analyzed by our handwriting expertise. Are you going to go to see pop now? In a little while at first I've got another call to make look you go back over to the settlement house. I'll see you there later on Good morning, mr. Montgomery. Good morning. May I come in? Surely thank you. I have some news about your brother What kind of news? Well, I took your file of papers down to the handwriting analysis department at our office Why did you do that? Because I wanted them to study the signature on that forged check and then to compare it with samples of your brother's handwriting I don't understand why you had them do all that. Well, mr. Montgomery when this crime was committed Modern scientific handwriting analysis was not used in cases of this kind So or so today it's possible for experts to examine handwriting and to make a sound judgment based on their study Well, those experts have just written a report stating that your brother did not forge that check I can't believe it. Nevertheless, it's true I know it isn't very polite to speak ill of the dead But according to the report the executor of the estate mr. Bryant is the man who forged that check Mr. Bryant, that's right I don't know what to say Well, I think that whatever you do have to say ought to be said to your brother But he's disappeared. He was found this afternoon in a rooming house on Vernon Avenue. Mr. Taylor I'm not a young woman anymore And about all I have left is my pride Will you ask Kenneth to come to see me tonight? Well, I I'm sorry, mrs. Montgomery, but I think your brother has some pride himself After all he ran away when he was innocent No, I'd suggest that if you want to see him you'll meet us. Yeah, well if everything goes well We'll be at the settlement house at eight o'clock tonight. Mr. Norton. That's right. I'd like to talk to you, sir Come in. Thank you. Mr. Norton. I'm from the fbi Here are my credentials What do you want here? Well, I came up to ask you to come back to the settlement house I'm sorry, but I I don't think that's any of your business. You're quite right, sir. It isn't May I ask you a question? What is it? Why did you leave? Oh, well, I I just got tired of listening to all those kids yelling and screaming in my ears I find it pretty difficult to believe, sir, that anyone who spent 30 years with children as you have would suddenly get to dislike them that way Well, maybe that's not the reason Maybe I've got reasons of my own that I I don't want to talk about Could it possibly be because of your sister? Who told you that? Well, I'm sorry if I seem to have pried into your affairs, mr. Norton, but I've been to see your sister What for? Well, I went there because I was trying to find you She told me about that check for ten thousand dollars She did? Yes, and with the aid of the FBI laboratory, we showed your sister that you didn't forge her name. Mr. Bryant was the guilty one What did you say? I said mr. Bryant was the one who forged that check How do you know that? Handwriting analysis proved it Mm-hmm. You told this to my sister. Yes, sir Did she believe you? Yes, sir. She did And she'd like to see you She'd like to try to make amends I asked her to come to the settlement house tonight I don't want to see it No, no, mr. Norton. No, mr. Norton. It's Christmas Eve. This is no time to feel that way She's coming to the settlement house. I I won't go back. Oh now look mr. Norton You're not going to let all of those kids down. Well, I just told you that I won't Now if we hurry we can get there for the beginning of the party Started the snow just in time Kids will be happy You know it makes you seem more like Christmas when it snows Sure does Well, here we are You go ahead, mr. Norton. Thank you And a little late. I I suppose the party's already started. I think so I better hurry upstairs and get into my Santa Claus suit. Oh, it's in mr. Williams office. He told me to bring you right Oh, fine fine You go ahead in sir. I'll wait for you out here. Well, thank you Grace Taylor was Kind enough to invite me to the party Yes, I I know I know You haven't changed much, can I? You can Grace Oh, there there now don't please. Yes. I falsely accused you Let's forget it Grace. It's all in the past. Can you ever forgive me? I already have Oh Look now now now now. This is no time for crying Grace. Here. Here's my action. Oh, yeah Let me dry your eyes there. That's right Now Help me on with this costume. Will you? It's a santa claus suit This is my annual job around here. How wonderful. I got to really hurry to party's already started Say, will you hand me that wig and beard surely? Here you are, can I? Boys are starting to sing. Yes I better be getting out there. I Will you join me at the party grace?  Norton. I know Merry christmas, sir Very christmas mr. Taylor Begin a new year A year that can bring us happiness prosperity and a rich full life But those goals cannot be attained without work without hard work and long concentration There are a few bits of advice that are applicable to everyone But there can be no doubt that for each of us Life will be richer and fuller if we follow one set rule If we live every day during the coming year With the love and kindness in our hearts that we have on christmas eve For in that way lies peace on earth Goodwill toward man For a quick message from our equitable society representative on behalf of nearly 8 000 equitable society representatives I wish you all a merry christmas Next week phone or drop a note to your nearest equitable man He'll be glad to bring you the fact finding chart for fathers and mothers Revised to fit the new social security benefits or send a postcard care of this radio station To the equitable life assurance society of the united states The incidents used in tonight's transcribed equitable life assurance societies broadcast are adapted from the files of the federal bureau of investigation However, all names used are fictitious and any similarity thereof to the names of places or persons living or dead is accidental Tonight the music was composed and conducted by frederick steiner The author was gerry d lewis Your narrator was william woodson and special agent taylor was played by stacey harris Others in the cast were victor rodman jeffrey silver peggy weber roland winters and carlton young This is your fbi is a gerry divine production This is larry keating wishing you a merry merry christmas from the equitable life assurance society of the united states And the equitable society is representative in your community And inviting you to tune in again next week at the same time to this is your fbi Stay tuned for the adventures of azi and harriet. There's fun for the whole family when azi and harriet come your way next


Welcome learners. This is the third video lecture on market segmentation. Outline of the program. After going through this video lecture, you will be able to define market targeting. Then you will be able to evaluate market segments and target market selection. Then you will be able to describe the market positioning. And at the end of this video lecture, you will be able to discuss about positioning strategies. First, we will discuss the market targeting. Market targeting is a process of taking decision regarding the market segments to be served. The marketer distinguishes the major market segments, targets one or more of these segments and then develops product and marketing programs tailored to its selected segments. In market targeting process, firms have to evaluate the segments and decide how many segments they can serve, effectively with its available resources and capacity. Now we will discuss evaluating market segments and target market selection. So in evaluating market segments, the firm must examine these two factors. One is relative attractiveness of the market segments. That means like which segment they have selected, whether this segment is attractive for the customers or not. And then companies capability to serve and compete in various segments. If they have decided to go for more than one segment, whether they will be able to serve the customers as per their requirements or not, that needs to be considered. First, we will discuss the relative attractiveness of the market segment. Here, first it depends on the segment size. Whether the segment size is large enough so that the companies can able to earn profit from that. And then segments growth rate. Whether the selected segment has proper growth rate as per the requirement of the company. And then another factor is your price sensitivity. How sensitive this particular segment is. If they are very much price sensitive, then it is very risky to select only one small segment. And then another factor which needs to be considered is nature of competition. Like how competitive that particular segment is. If the segment is not at all competitive, then it is easier for the marketer to do business. And if the segment is very competitive, then the marketers need to update themselves, upgrade themselves each time to meet the competition. Then another factors which I have already mentioned is company's capability to serve and compete in various segment. Whether the company is able to serve in signal segment or maybe selective specialization. Or maybe product specialization and maybe on market specialization. So, either like the company may be able to serve only one single segment and they may dominate that particular segment. And then instead of that, the company may select few segments like where they are specialized. Suppose like Sony, their music system is very good. So, they have specialized in that selective segment. Then suppose product specialization. Some companies are there where they were very good in one particular product categories. So, based on that also they can segment the market and then market specialization. Like whether they are good for urban market or whether they are good for rural market, again it depends. And then full market coverage means there is no segmentation and we are covering the entire market for our business. Now, we will discuss the market positioning. Once the decision as to which segment of the market a company will enter, it has been made, then it must decide as to what positions it would like to occupy in those segment. A product's position is the way the product is defined by the customers on important attributes. The place of the product occupies in consumers mind relative to competing products. So, how the customers were positioning your product, that is very important. Then as per Phillip Kotler, he has defined positioning as positioning is the act of designing the company's offer and image so that it occupies a distinct and valued place in the target customers mind. Now, we will go to the positioning strategies. There are different positioning strategies based on the type of product you are marketing. Like positioning on product attributes, then based on the benefits you are offering, you can do positioning, then positioning according to users' occasions, then positioning the product for certain classes of users and then we can do position directly against the competitor. Our product is better than competitors, that we also companies can place their position, then positioning away from competitors. Like as other brands are providing these things, we are providing something separate. That is the way of positioning away from competitors and positioning as to different product class. Like for different product categories, we can have different positioning strategies. So, we have come to the end of this video lecture as well as end of this chapter 3 market segmentation. So, here whatever we have discussed, I will just sum it up. First we have discussed about target marketing. Target marketing is a strategy in which the marketer distinguishes the major market segments, targets one or more of these segments and develops product and marketing programs tailored to its selected segment. And then we have discussed about positioning. Positioning is the process of creating a distinct offer and communicating it to the consumers. Positioning is created by distinguishing our marketing mix which is suitable for the target market but is different from marketing mixes for other products. The selected marketing mix has to be communicated to the customers. The process of positioning is continuous in nature and it should always be proactive. So, before targeting or positioning a product in the market, the marketer should first analyze the market and then based on the requirements, they should segment the product, then they should target the market and then they should position their products. I hope you have understand this video lecture. These are some of the further readings. Thank you.


Alright, here is the progress. Yesterday turned into a, uh, kind of an errand day. So did half of today, turning to me, returning about 80 items to all of my favorite hardware stores. By the way, my favorite hardware store so far is Ace. Ace is definitely the place. So today, I got a late start. I got a late start. These guys were here helping me out already. So thank you MojoBus for all your hard work and help. So they've both been working on these things today, and today is going to be ToeKick install day. I'm not really sure how to install a ToeKick, but I think I have an idea. So we're going to see how that happens today. We'll get a brief instruction from Justin MojoBus. By the way, this hardware is awesome. Look at that. See that? That goes into a locking position, and then unlock position, self-closing drawers, locked. Nothing's going to fly out. We're also doing the same thing for the fridge drawer. I don't know if it's going to hold it. I hope it will, but it will be pretty heavy, and I'm not sure these things can withstand the weight. I put yet another layer of paint on here, and it looks fantastic. I also did the back bumper, and I painted over this little yellow, sorry not yellow, this black piece of, I don't know, rubber. So everything is nice and painted yet again. We have MojoBus in his natural habitat here. You want to run through what you've been doing today? Absolutely. I don't remember where I started today, but we have these nice locking latches that we installed. Yep. So when they're closed, buttons in, they don't open. We installed new knobs. Matching knobs. I took one of these loaves and this very similar kind of shape and metal. Some little locking mechanisms for the cabinets. So when it's loaded, it's not going anywhere. You've got to really put some force on there. Open it. Nice. Yeah, we just got all the drawer fronts. We're leveling them all out, making sure all the gaps are even. Looks nice and smooth. And the last thing is this big old drawer front here that I'm trying to level out and get even, where the fridge is going to go. Nice. So these are 500 pound slides, and we measured someone's fridge, assuming that I would get the same fridge and all that. Hopefully we are right on our measurements because that's all we have to work with. So something has to go inside. So if we're off, I've got to get a smaller fridge. We don't want that. Nah. Today's Mojo Bus' last day with me. We did talk about finishing up these things. Renee's outside helping to sand, paint, and prep the couches, the benches. But as you can see, there's a whole ton of wiring, which I still need to do next up on my agenda after these guys take off is to work on the solar, the electrical. I have been working on the horn in the past few days. I got some Bondo. I primed it yesterday. And then I just hit it with Elastomeric today, and then I'll install the horn. Got a new horn. Anyways, you'll see the horn in the next video, I think. All right, we're going to show you guys what we've been doing. Wow. By me, I mean Justin. So right now we're putting in the, this bad boy, the push to lock. And so we're trying not to make the mistake we did yesterday. We're starting to have to put wood on the back. Sorry. What's that? So we're starting to have to put a block of wood on the back so we can blow it out. Yeah. Okay. So we used a spade bit yesterday and kind of blew out some of these things because it, this has a chop, chop, chop, chop, chop, chop, chop, chop, chop, like a helicopter. And it kind of damaged some of the wood. But today we are learning from mistakes. Show you not to make the same, let me give you a hand. Cool. All right, so what we're doing is drilling holes for this part to get pushed in. And then on the other side it goes into the, into the wood and then screwed in. And then how these things work is you push it and then it goes up, slowly getting bigger as we go. I think a hole saw would be ideal for these, but we didn't have the little pilot. So we ended up using, here try this one. That's 15, 16ths. We're trying to gradually make a hole, but when you have that much to cut through, we just doubled it. We just went from like half inch to an inch basically. That's good, right? Yeah. Cool. Let's see if it, let me clean it out real quick. Cool. So this part is supposed to, yeah, we do have one inch here. Oh we do? Mm-hmm. So that should be the perfect size for that to slide in. It's nice and snug right now. So all right, so that's basically what we're doing here. Measure and then we put that little thing in and thank God like, unlike yesterday. So we'll do the second one, just like we did the first. All right, we got Mojo bus over here and myself and we just put in the final touches over here on the fridge. What are we calling this thing? Like a fridge box, fridge slide. So push button, push those and then boom, you open it up and then that's where the fridge is going to live. So you will not be able to see the fridge and hopefully these things don't break. I tried to get all metal ones but it doesn't really exist. So we got metal and plastic and yeah, and thanks to Mojo bus. If anybody needs some custom cabinetry work and they get a hold of you. Go to my website mojo-bus.com and you can contact me from there. Hell yeah. And he's also doing, he's also a graphic artist, he's a jack of all trades. So he has graphic art, logos, websites, all kinds of stuff. So I'm sure he will give you a very friendly price and if you guys want cabinets for your school bus van or home, hit them up mojo-bus.com. Mojo-bus.com. Here is what it will kind of look like, minus the wires and then add some cushions in the front. But we just put the freshly painted couch bench pieces in, we're going to have to cut off I think about a half inch on both sides so we have a little bit more room to slide. But wow, look at how nice this looks, holy moly. Yeah I can get used to this, plenty deep as you can see but it will change because we will have some cushions here but this is looking pretty badass and I really like the cream color that we went with. This side, you get a better idea of how pretty it will be with the shaker on the bottom part and then of course the pull out, slide out chest table, dining table. I think we'll be under, shoot maybe this one I'm sitting under. But anyways, it is coming together, this gives me great hope thanks to mojo-bus for helping out but this gives me incredible hope that I will be done sooner rather than later. I still need to do the solar, I know, I know, I know, I know, I'm going to work on it next week I promise.


After having introduced the molecular partition function and also having discussed how to express the molecular partition function mathematically, in this lecture we will extend our discussion to a uniform ladder of energy levels. Remember in the previous lecture we talked mostly on a system which has only two levels ground state and upper excited state. Now let us go to more number of states and first we will talk about uniform ladder of energy levels. We have talked about how to express molecular partition function and then we also talked about what is the effect of temperature on fractional population of various states, which is seen in this figure. See beta e is e by k t beta is equal to 1 by k t that means when the temperature increases the beta e value is supposed to be lesser. This direction is towards increase of temperature and the bars shown here talk about the fractional population and the corresponding value of molecular partition function. As the temperature increases the value of molecular partition function also increases and which is reflected in the form of fractional population of various states. As the temperature increases the population of various states also increases and the value of molecular partition function also increases ok.  So therefore, as the temperature increases and the more and more upper states or upper levels are getting populated the value of q will start increasing ok. Now let us talk about a uniform ladder of energy levels. What is a uniform ladder of energy levels? That is a set of energy levels in which the spacing between the adjacent energy levels or states is same. This is e or epsilon whatever way you call. So each one is same maintained e or epsilon. So ground state is 0 then first is e, second is 2 e, 3 e and so on. This is a uniform ladder of energy level. An example is a harmonic oscillator when you talk about vibrational energy levels considering harmonic oscillator let us say for a diatomic molecules and that will have the same spectrum of energy levels. That is a harmonic oscillator will be having energy levels in the form of uniform ladder that is 0, second is e, third is 2 e, fourth is 3 e etcetera etcetera etcetera. We are going to discuss how to obtain an expression for molecular partition function for a uniform ladder of energy levels and then how does the population of each state change when the temperature is varied. We will show that the expression that we will get for the partition function for a uniform ladder of energy level is going to be 1 over 1 plus exponential minus beta. Let us see how do we get this. We start with our description of q as j exponential minus beta e j. Why I am not writing g j because you notice here that each state is known degenerate over here. So each g value is equal to 1. So I am not including over here. So what is then q is equal to first one e 0 1 plus second one is e exponential minus beta e, third one is exponential minus 2 beta e because it is 2 e, third one is exponential minus 3 beta e and then more and more. I can write this as q is equal to 1 plus exponential minus beta e plus exponential minus beta e whole square plus exponential minus beta e whole cube etcetera and we want to write the sum. If you carefully examine this expression it is like 1 plus x plus x square plus x cube. I repeat it is like 1 plus x plus x square plus x cube plus so on. It is a geometrical progression and you know that the sum of a gp 1 plus x plus x square plus x cube plus so on sum is 1 over 1 minus x. So therefore, I can write the sum over here. It is going to be q is equal to 1 over 1 minus x, x it is a common factor which is minus beta e and this is what I had written in the beginning or I can write this in this form q is equal to 1 over 1 minus exponential minus e upon k t. So therefore, for a harmonic oscillator in which the various energy states are like a uniform ladder of energy levels the partition function is given by this expression. We will use this result later on when we will talk about the vibrational contribution to molecular partition function. For the time being let us keep this expression for molecular partition function in mind. Let us move ahead so we just talked about q this is how we can write q. Fractional population of each state is going to be exponential minus beta e i upon q. Let us substitute for q 1 over q 1 over q is 1 minus exponential minus beta e this is 1 over q into exponential minus beta e i. That means if I have information about e and the energy of ith state that allows me to calculate fractional population of each state. Remember that these expressions that we are deriving for example, this expression that we have derived is for a uniform ladder of energy levels. These expressions are going to be different depending upon the system under consideration. Let us talk about calculation of proportion of iodine molecules in their ground first excited and second excited vibrational states at 25 degree centigrade. The vibrational wave number is given to us what we have to calculate is the proportion of iodine molecules in the ground state first excited state second excited vibrational states at 25 degree centigrade. Proportion means we want to calculate fractional population of these molecules. So, we are going to use some approximation over here. Now, please remember that in our discussion so far we have used several approximations. The first approximation you remember was sterling approximation and then we brought in the Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers. And here in this discussion discussion of this problem we are approximating the vibrational states you know for the sake of ease of calculation we are going to approximate this as a uniform ladder of energy levels. And we remember that for a uniform ladder of energy levels the partition function q was equal to 1 over 1 minus exponential minus beta e. We are given the energies in terms of wave number e is equal to h c nu bar beta is equal to 1 over k d i can write here e is equal to h c nu bar. Of course, if you want to write more precisely e for a vibrational number is v h c nu bar ignoring 0 point energy ok. And we have already discussed that beta is equal to 1 over k t k is Boltzmann constant e is the temperature in kelvin. And then we discussed that p i is equal to exponential minus beta e i upon q which is equal to we have just derived this in the previous slide 1 over q 1 over q is 1 minus exponential minus beta e into exponential minus beta e i. We are interested in knowing p 0 we are interested in knowing p 1 and we are interested in knowing p 2. What are these numbers this is what we are interested in calculating very easy. For p 0 is energy is 0 for p 1 the energy you know it is a uniform ladder of energy levels. So from the value of wave number you can easily calculate e i. We need the value of Boltzmann constant we need the value of temperature we need the value of Planck's constant and we need the value of c. Remember that energies can be calculated from h c nu bar you need the value of Planck's constant you need the value of velocity of light and you need the value of wave number. And for calculation you need the value of Boltzmann constant sometimes it becomes easy to combine all these constants at a given temperature let us say here 25 degree centigrade you first convert that 25 degree centigrade into Kelvin 25 degree centigrade is equal to 298 Kelvin and at 298 Kelvin k into t over h into c is equal to 207 in 0.226 centimeter inverse ok those who would like you can memorize this number because if you memorize this number at a given temperature that is a 25 degree centigrade then the calculations become easier. Otherwise you will have to put the value of Boltzmann constant you will have the put well put the value of Planck's constant you will have the to put the value of velocity of light and then calculate beta e ok. So k t upon h c is 207.226 centimeter inverse beta e is equal to h c nu bar by k t you already know k t by h c you can substitute there and wave number anyway is there in centimeter inverse. So beta e turns out to be 1.036 and for any vibrational quantum number p v it is equal to 1 minus exponential minus beta e into exponential minus v beta e right if you look back e v is equal to v h c nu bar or e i is equal to v into e that is the fact being used over here that is e i is equal to v into beta e beta e you have already calculated 1.036 times the vibrational quantum number which will decide the value of p 0 p 1 p 2 etcetera. So therefore when v is equal to 0 p 0 is going to be 0.645 here when v is equal to 1 you substitute and calculate p 1 is going to be 0.229 p 2 is going to be 0.081 these are the fractional populations this is the value of n i upon n. So what you notice here is that p 0 p 1 p 2 as the levels increase the ground state to first excited state to second excited state the fractional population at a given temperature is decreasing. But still it is significant even if we consider this first 2 or first 3 the occupancy fractional occupancy of ground state first excited state are significant and the second excited state can also not be ignored. We can obtain some more insights the given example is for iodine iodine has i i bond the i i bond is not stiff because the atoms are very heavy and from the knowledge of vibrational spectroscopy you can connect with that results that for this type of molecules where the bond is not stiff and atoms are heavy the vibrational energy separations are small and at room temperature several vibrational energy levels are significantly populated. Now at this point I would like to bring in some discussion on different types of modes of motion what are the different types of modes of motion a molecule can possess an atom can possess. Translational degree of freedom rotational degree of freedom vibrational degree of freedom electronic and if there are any other and when the temperature is increased this is the order in which the degrees of freedom or the various modes of motion become active. For a gas molecule translational degree of freedom is always there at room temperature rotational degree of freedom is mostly there and then it comes in this order translational then rotational then vibrational then electron. So for the vibrational energy levels to be populated the temperatures has to be high. The example that is being discussed over here that is iodine since we talked about that iodine bond is not stiff and atoms are heavy and vibrational energy levels separations are small and even at room temperature you see several vibrational levels are significantly populated. Here when I say several that means I am talking about P 0 P 1 P 2 and fractional population is 0.645 0.229 and 0.081 and since P i P i or P v whatever way you want to express is equal to n i upon n you can always calculate the number of molecules. Result is in terms of fractional population but if I know n total number of molecules we can always calculated how many molecules will be there in the ground state in the first excited state in the second excited state. Now let us take a look at the value of partition function partition function since here we are talking about the uniform ladder of energy levels. We have already discussed that for a uniform ladder of energy level partition function is going to be 1 over 1 minus exponential minus beta e. We know the value of beta 1 over k t we know the value of e at c nu bar and therefore we can calculate the value of molecular partition function at 25 degree centigrade. The value of partition function is 1.55 the question is this value 1.55 very small or is this very large. As we will see ahead that the value of partition function for translational degree of freedom is going to be very very high. For rotational degree of freedom also the value of partition function is relatively large. For vibrational contribution to partition function generally at room temperature the value is nearly 1. Here in this special case of iodine for the reasons that we already discussed the value of molecular partition function which is 1.55 here although it is a small number it reflects a small value but there is a significant spread of populations. Why am I saying significant spread of populations? Because if you look at the values of p 0 p 1 p 2 in fact if you calculate p 3 also you will see there is a significant spread of populations. So, what we have covered in today's lecture is how to write expression for molecular partition function for a uniform ladder of energy levels. These are very simple examples because the solutions can be easily achieved. We could easily derive an expression for a uniform ladder of energy levels and we can easily calculate the fractional population of each energy state. By taking the example of iodine molecule and by using the harmonic oscillator approximation we could calculate the partition function and the fractional occupancy of in fact we can calculate for many vibrational states which definitely the population is going to depend upon temperature. With this basic background knowledge of molecular partition function the way how to express molecular partition function for simple systems we will now start discussing the partition functions for different modes of motion like translational, rotational, vibrational, electronic etcetera and those we are going to discuss in the next lecture onwards. Thank you very much.


The destruction of cultural heritage is a problem that's been around for millennia. It's a global problem. It's not specifically focused on any one region. The really big issue and a very large money issue in a global sense. People facing heritage destruction are obviously severed from their past, their heritage, so it's probably a very emotional impact. There also can be a financial impact if sites are destroyed because tourism is motivated in many faces by people coming to see heritage sites. And also there's a scientific impact for the cultures and people outside those cultures who are interested in the rise of civilizations. My reaction to the looting in Cambodia was sheer horror because this is a fabulous civilization that gave the world anchor at the top of its game. My hope would be to see an end of the destruction of heritage, see an end to the sale of cultural heritage around the world. It's a long shot dream, but small steps can improve this to all march towards that goal.