So I have been promising a butter FS video for a very long time and it has been one of those videos where I've kind of just pushed it down the road because it was a very difficult video to make. But it is time for me to sit down and actually make a butter FS video. Now it's not going to be what I promised it to be way back when. This is not a tutorial and I'll explain why it's not a tutorial later on in the video. But needless to say if you were looking for a tutorial I'll leave links in the video description to a few tutorials that you can follow for various distributions.  What I want to do today is talk about what butter FS is. I want to talk about why it's good, why it's bad, why you should use it. I'll talk about some of the tools that you can use to manage it and along the way I'll sprinkle in some of my opinion on why I think that it's so good. So before we jump in if you'd leave a thumbs up on this video I'd really appreciate it. It really does help the channel so thank you so very much for doing that. So what is butter FS and actually before we talk about that let's talk about the name butter FS is not actually the name B3 FS is the name or we hear people call it just BTR FS I'm going to call it butter FS because other people call it butter FS and it just rolls off the tongue a little bit better why it's called butter FS or why I got that nickname I couldn't tell you I don't know I didn't create it so don't come into my comment sections telling me that it's not called butter FS I know that it just is one of the nicknames that it has so we're going to just move on away from that and all acknowledge that is a bad bad name but Linux and open source developers are not known to for being able to name things well so are we all that surprised no we are not so let's move on. So what actually is butter FS at its basis that the like the top level definition of what it is it's a file system similar to EXT4 EXT3 NTFS fat 32 ZFS XFS there's a ton of file systems out there butter FS is one of them however it's not just a file system it does have some features that kind of make it better than most the rest of them at least in my opinion so the primary benefit butter FS gives you is snapshots and we'll talk about what a snapshot is here just in a minute but let's dive deeper into what butter FS actually is and to explain that I have to explain what a copy and write file system actually is so butter FS is a copy and write file system and what I'm about to explain to you is probably going to sound like utter nonsense I'm going to try to do my best to explain this and just keep in mind that I've tried to record this video now approximately five times I've explained this in five different ways and none of them have actually been coherent enough for me to actually publish so we're going to we're going to hope that this time is the charm so a copy on write file system basically means that when you modify a piece of data on your drive instead of overwriting the previous version of that data it creates a copy that's the simplest way that I've discovered to say it now if you were anything like me you're probably thinking Matt why do I want this doesn't this just fill my hard drive up with needless copies of old data well yes it does and also know it doesn't basically what happens once you've made a copy of the new data is the metadata that used to point to the old version is now pointed to the new version and without the metadata pointing to that old version of the data the drive and the system can overwrite that data somewhere along the line with something new so yes that data technically does still exist until it's overwritten now there are and there's a big situation where that old data is kept and we'll talk about that here in a minute but the idea here is that the copy version which is the new modified version of the data is where the metadata is stored and that's the data that you'll interact with going forward the old version of the data just kind of stays there until it's overwritten so that's basically what copy and write means and you have to be wondering why is that good what what benefit does this way of handling data actually give me and the answer that question is a thing that we mentioned earlier snapshots snapshots is the premier feature of butter a fest there are other features as well but by far the one at least the user facing features that I care about the most and the reason why I think butterfests is so good is snapshots now what is a snapshot a snapshot basically if you keep in mind what copy and write means basically a snapshot is a set of metadata that points to the old version of the data so let's just say for example and this is a very simplified explanation you have a text file and you've opened up that text file in Vim of course and you've made some modifications you've added some some code or whatever and you save it colon w that's how you save in them in case you didn't know yeah you see you save that data and on a copy on right file system like butterfests instead of overwriting the older version of that data it's created a new copy and it's moved the metadata from pointing to the old from the old version to the new version so you have that situation in hand but the old data is actually still there what a snapshot does and what it allows you to do is basically create metadata that points to that old copy of that text file so that if you were to make a mistake in that new copy you could roll back to the old copy now obviously that's a very simplified explanation of what a snapshot is and to be honest with you it's not the best example that I could use let's use a different one with a more realistic example so let's just say you're using open Suza I highly recommend that you actually do use open Suza if you don't you know mind me moving around the microphone and making some noise in your headphones open Suza is a fantastic distribution you should definitely try it see my previous video the point here is is the open Suza uses butterfests by default it has a tool called snapper that runs every time you do an update snapper and we'll talk a little bit more about snapper later basically just makes a snapshot every time you do an update before and after it does it automatically right out of the box and the reason why it does that is let's just say you download a whole bunch of updates and it borks your system well because snapper has taken a snapshot of that previous state of your system basically your entire root directory it's taken a snapshot of that you can then boot into that old root directory and with one line while you're booted into that read-only snapshot you can roll back to it so your computer is no longer broken so if you think about that for a minute you're probably thinking wow that's a wonderful way to back up your data don't think that because snapshots are not backups and I know I'm pointing at you because I want to write this on your forehead snapshots are not backups that's the number one misconception that people have of butterfests snapshots and it's wrong okay out of the box snapshots are not backups what snapshots are are basically small portions of metadata that point to previous copies of your root file system so when a newer copy of your root file system is corrupted or can't boot or there's something wrong with it you can go back to the old version because we know that that's there and you can then reset your system to point to that version of your root file system basically allowing you to continue on using your computer when the updates have borked it in typical Linux fashion right so that is enabled if you remember back when we're talking about copy and write because the copy is created and the old version is kept now in normal times like I said back then that older version of the data is just kind of kept there there's no metadata associated with it with a snapshot there is metadata associated with it therefore that data is kept if data has metadata associated with it it's kept on your drive if there's no metadata associated with it it can be overwritten so the reason why I said that is because snapshotting allows you to keep multiple versions of your root file system on your drive at any one time so if you could for example if you wanted to and this is something that most people do when they use but our fest is create a baseline working version of their system and then immediately create a snapshot so let's just say you install Debian and you decided to set it up with butterfs and you're gonna use time shift or you're gonna use snapper one of those two tools in order to create your snapshots and manage your snapshots which I recommend that you do you can create a snapshot of your Debian system right there at the beginning and then go forth and experiment and explore and install and corrupt all your system all you want and you can create many different snapshots after that every time you do an update or install a program or whatever and if you wanted to you could go all the way back to that beginning system previous to installing all those applications or whatever and you could go right back to that beginning system and carry on from them there and start all over again if you want to now your user data would still be there because it's not a backup it's just a snapshot which is why they call it that all of that previous root file system that you can then boot into and roll back to so I hope that I've done a fairly good job of explaining what butterfs actually is and what snapshots are I will reiterate that snapshots are not backups if you're going to treat them as backups you're going to end up as a sad sad little person because you're going to lose data and you'll just be very very upset about that and then you're going to come back to me and tell me Matt I've been using butterfs but I lost all of my pictures and my the pictures of my children and all this that's all gone why didn't you tell me that snapshots aren't backups I did tell you that I told you multiple times don't blame me when it happens so you still have to do backups okay now there is a scenario where you can use butterfs to back up your system but you have to do that explicitly and it's not a great way to back up your system it's just not okay it works very very well for the root file system it works very very well for small pieces of data and the reason why that's the case is because it works really well with and really fast with those pieces of data right and you want it to be things that your system depends on not just random pictures of whatever or documents or whatever right now you can do that like if you have a documents folder you could create a subvolume for your documents and create snapshots of those that's a reasonable thing to do but don't rely on it as your sole backup system because at its base again you can say it with me snapshots are not backups so just to get that warning out there snapshots are by far the premier feature of butterfs as I've been saying and the reason why they're good and just to go back to our example is that if you were to do an update where you're something in your root file system or an application that you installed or some update or whatever you know let's just say you do let's just say for example we'll just give you another example for whatever reason you decided it was a fantastic idea to delete your Etsy file let's just say you decided that was a good idea let's see what happened you know well obviously your system would no longer boot that's what would happen if you had a snapshot of your system prior to you being a moron sorry you could roll back to your system with an Etsy file already there because that snapshot included the file before you deleted it you can just roll back to it and you could carry on and pretend that it never happened which I highly suggest that you actually do if you deleted your Etsy file you should definitely pretend that you never actually did that and definitely never tell anybody that you did it unless you did it like on purpose just for fun or somebody dared you or whatever you do you is what they say anyways that's another example of why snapshots are good so that all explains why you should use butterfs butterfs if it's set up properly is a tool that you can use to to enable snapshotting of your system so that if something were to go wrong you could roll back to a working version of your system butterfs is one of the things that enables things like immutable distros now not all immutable distros use butterfs but quite a few of them do and the basic idea of an immutable system is that if something goes wrong you can roll back butterfs is one of the things enables them to do that right so the primary reason to use butterfs is because of snapshotting now all that stuff sounded very technical but also very positive for the most part right why wouldn't everybody use this if it's so awesome and you could you should you can just do whatever you want like delete your Etsy file and roll back and pretend it never happened why doesn't everybody do this it's basically a time machine to a working version of your system why doesn't every distribution use it well there are some reasons why you shouldn't use butterfs and we're going to talk about those so first off as you can tell and throughout the cool content of this video butterfs is a complicated file system okay now the reason why I say that isn't because normal people can't use it but mostly because it's not a set up and forget kind of thing right whereas if you install you know arch Linux with ext4 as your file system you just use it right you don't have to deal with anything file system related probably ever right you just use it it doesn't have any special features it just stores your data it's very very stable and you go about doing your normal arch based Linux things right butterfests isn't like that yes there are distributions that come with butterfs out of the box yes there are distributions that come with butterfs set up properly out of the box I'm looking at open SUSE as the primary example of that but there are a few others but for the most part if you want to actually take advantage of the tools that butterfs enables primarily snapshots you need to be able to first know that those things are enabled if they're enabled out of the box also you need to know how to use them and create them and roll back to a certain version of your system you need to know how to how to do all that and it can be complicated it's not a just oh my goodness I made a mistake and I can roll back with a single command and technically it is a single command but you have to have actually done the work in order to enable that single command to work so just for example let's talk about snapper snapper is a tool that allows you to take snapshots every time you do an update or even if every time you install a program right that's basically what snapper is it's a it's a tool it also comes with several sub tools or it has several sub packages that you can install that will create entries inside of your boot menu now most people use rub is their boot menu some people use system debut whatever boot menu you use you can with certain tools that come along with snapper create entries inside of that boot menu that'll make it basically allow you to boot into previous versions of your system previous versions of your root file system I should say so if you wanted to go back before you did an update snapper will have created that snapshot and with the certain tools you can use you can actually boot into that snapshot which will be read only and then you can use one single command to roll back to that file system so you know it's working because you're there using it but you need to do that extra command in order to roll back but if you didn't do any of that setup work if you didn't install snapper if you didn't get it set up properly if you didn't install the packages that create the boot menu entries if you didn't do any of that stuff you can be using butterfs and have none of the benefits of butterfs that's one of the reasons why this is not a tutorial okay because not only do you have to do all those extra steps in order to get butterfs to function at its full potential but it's different on every single distribution so fedora does butterfs differently than openSUSE it does they both use butterfs out of the box they both create snapshots every time you do an update but they do them differently they both create sub volumes which is basically and I'm gonna get chewed out for explaining sub volumes like this but they're basically partitions they're not exactly the same they're mountable points on your system associated with butterfs chunks that's basically the way that they explain it you don't really need to know in this situation what a sub volume is because it's not a tutorial but just the point is is that both openSUSE and fedora do sub volumes differently they handle their snapshots differently and those are the two primary distributions that use butterfs out of the box those are the two like shining examples I have of butterfs usage the only other one that really does it really really well is arco linux arco linux if you choose butterfs out of the box will actually set up snapper for you it will set up the boot menu for you so you can boot into previous versions of your operating system and all that stuff those are the only three true examples of out-of-the-box usage of butterfs every other distribution you are required to do it manually so for example on Debian yes you can in the Debian installer choose butterfs as your file system but if you don't take the extra steps to do it properly it's gonna do do you absolutely no good so you actually have to get out during the install process if you want to do it properly on butterfs or for butterfs you have to get out of the installer go into the TTY you have to unmount the current mount points for where the ISO is pointing you have to create new mount points you have to create the sub volumes that you need to create in order for things to work so you need to create your home sub volume you need to create your root sub volume all the stuff you need to edit the etsy slash fstab file in order to actually have those things mounted upon boot once everything's done it's a process right and I just vaguely described that process and that's just the Debian way of doing it doing it on a boot to slightly different doing it on a art space distribution would be slightly different and so you guys get the idea why this is not a tutorial every single distribution does it a little bit differently and that's also another reason why you shouldn't use butterfs now I'm not saying that butterfs isn't good and I personally say everybody should use it but you have to know going in that it is very distro dependent on how it works how it's set up sometimes it's a fully manual process meaning that everything that you need to do in order to get to work is reliant on you doing that work some distros like openSUSA do it for you some distros like fedora do it for you but do it in a different way some you know you get the idea right so that's the probably the primary reason why butterfs isn't for everyone but there are a couple other ones and it is very important for me to say this butterfs is listed as unstable now if I had said that at the beginning of the video nobody would have watched that's absolutely the truth because nobody wants a file system that is unstable in fact a unstable file system is like having an engine in a car that doesn't work half the time right you don't get to go from point A to point B unless your engine works probably I mean unless you're going to push it you know so an unstable file system is not a good thing but and this is a big but I've been using butterfs now for two years maybe even longer probably longer and I've never had a single time where butterfs hasn't been stable I've talked to many different people who use butterfs and every single one of them bar a couple of exceptions have had the exact same experience that I've had that it's a very very stable file system for you to use you can rely on it it's not like it's going to crash and start eating your data none of that stuff as far as I can tell it is a very stable file system but it is listed as unstable and they do that for a reason because it's still in development it has been around for a very long time but they're still developing it you still get updates to it quite often and there with that situation going on such as it is it means that things can go wrong so if you were to use butterfs and like I said I would say give it a try you definitely want to make sure that you have actual backups not snapshots but actual like firm pieces of data on an external hard drive that you can grab should your file system blow up in your face okay so that's the big one I probably should have led with it at the beginning but like said I wanted people actually watch this video so butterfs is listed as unstable just you should definitely know that the other thing that bothers a lot of people about butterfs is the way that stores old data after it's copied new data now that sentence doesn't probably really make sense to a lot of people but remember we talked about copy and write it has a whole bunch of old data once it's made that those copies and when new stuff is written to the sub volumes or to the disk it's overwritten on top of that data that doesn't have metadata associated with it and because and this is very not technical so I don't want to get into the technical details of why this is sometimes when you have a piece of data it's you know this big and then the new piece of data is this big and because the new piece of data is overwritten over probably old data there's still a piece of the old data that's there that is just kind of left there as a fragment right now if you remember back in the old days back in the windows days when you're using windows you're if you were a longtime computer user you probably remember having to defragment your hard drives this is kind of the same thing now you don't have to defragment because that's you know it's a SSD it's going to work out fine in the end but a lot of people don't care for the fact that there's these fragments of data being left on their desk right and it can cause some issues regarding stability as the operating system or as the file system I should say actually progresses in ages right so the more fragments you have the more really weird the data can get and sometimes it slows things down sometimes it causes errors so that is an issue now I think that they're working on it I don't know if that's something that they can solve or whatever I don't know the technical details but it's definitely something that you should keep in mind as as you go along so those are the two primary reasons why you shouldn't use butterfs now all that being said I know those are big ones right you know the instability the complicated nature of it the the fragmentation stuff all those those three reasons are big big reasons why you shouldn't use butterfs but it is so astonishingly good it is so astonishingly good to have those snapshots if especially now it's not as useful on say like Debian or Ubuntu you can use them and it can be helpful in some situations but the the primary reason of butterfs is those snapshots and you don't get a lot of updates on Debian or Ubuntu doesn't mean you don't get them and doesn't mean that snapshots can't be useful but they really shine I mean they really truly shine on a rolling release so if you're on Arch or if you're on open Suza or even Fedora even even though it's not technically a rolling release you know anywhere where you get a lot of updates and you have the potential for those updates that cause you issues a snapshot that can save your ass when those updates do cause you issues is priceless I can't even tell you that the it basically what it does is it gives you a sense of it's basically insurance it's like house insurance or car insurance you don't want to have to use it but you pay for it anyways because if you do go out and crash your car into a tree or run over a squirrel that causes you to do whatever you know you cause some major issues to your car you want to have that insurance so that you can get your car repaired that's basically what a snapshot is it enables you to have that peace of mind if something were to go wrong with your root file system where it no longer works you can go back to a snapshot that does work and continue on with your day that's what snapshots are good for it just gives you that peace of mind so that you can use your computer knowing that if something does go wrong you can continue to use it without having to actually fix the problem so that's butter a fast now I talked about why it's not a tutorial in this video but I also want to talk just briefly about some of the tools that go along with it so I talked about snapper snapper enables you to create snapshots during updates or installation of programs it is a fairly complicated tool to set up so I if you're going to want to try it out without having to go through that pain I would suggest using either open Suza tumbleweed in order to do it I'm not sure how how leap does it but I know tumbleweed does it right out of the box I'm assuming that they're the same but I don't know or arco linux arco linux if you choose butter fast from the drop down during calamari's also sets up snapper for you or at least it did and it'll out that will allow you to use it and experience the awesomeness that is snapper there are tutorials on YouTube and I'll link to a couple of them on how to set up snapper on other distributions so you can check those out the other tool that I should mention is time shift now time shift has been around for a very long time for for most of its life it was an r-sync front end so basically it was a backup tool right it now has the ability to use butter fs and it allows you to create snapshots just like snapper does only with a gooey right and it also has the ability to tie in with your boot menu so you can put into those snapshots if you need to it requires extra packages in order to do so it requires extra setup in order to do so just like snapper it can be complicated so those are the two tools that if you're going to get into this or if you're gonna jump into this rabbit hole you should definitely keep in mind engine look into now so there are a couple things that I want to talk about last and that is that I'm planning on some videos to kind of follow this up first I do want to do a tutorial on how to do this specifically on arch Linux so arch is a very major distribution I think that butter fs is probably the most useful on a rolling release like Arch and because it doesn't happen out of the box I would like to do a tutorial on how to do that so if you're interested in seeing that leave a comment in the comment section below leave a thumbs up so that I know that you want to do that another video that I want to make is talk specifically about snapper and I will basically set up snapper on a distribution and we'll talk about actually creating snapshots in that video so those are two videos that you can look forward to make sure you subscribed when those will happen I don't know but they will happen eventually so keep an eye out for those that is it for this video now this like I said was a very difficult video to make because I wanted to try to make sure I was explaining things the way they needed to be explained so I hope I did a fairly good job for that if you're confused leave a comment in the comment section below I'll try to explain or at least point you towards documentation that might explain it better than I can so comments in the comment section below questions and all that stuff you can if you haven't already leave a like on this video I'd really appreciate it it does help the channel thanks for following thanks everybody for watching you can follow me on mastodon or odyssey those links will be in the video description you can support me on patreon at patreon.com slash linux cast thanks to everybody who does support me on patreon and youtube because they're all absolutely amazing without you the channel just would not be anywhere near where it is right now so thank you so very very much for your support I truly do appreciate it just seriously thank you so very much thanks everybody for watching I'll see you next time


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I'm Rusty Komori, and this is Beyond the Lines on Think Tech, Hawaii. I was the head coach of the Punahou Boys Varsity Tennis Team for 22 years, and we were fortunate to win 22 consecutive state championships. This show is based on my books Beyond the Lines and Beyond the Game, and it's about leadership, character, and creating a superior culture of excellence. My special guest today is the highly respected owner and president of the cab. And you know the number, 422-2222. He is Howard Higa, and today we are going beyond taxis. Hey, Howard, welcome to Beyond the Lines. Hi, Rusty, good morning. Thank you very much for having me. Howard, you've been such a successful businessman throughout your entire life, but let's start kind of in the earlier part. I know that you graduated from Punahou in 1962, and tell me about the colleges that you attended. Yes, I did graduate from Punahou in 1962, and after my graduation, I went to a small Midwestern college called Drury University in Springfield, Missouri, and that's where I got my, I graduated and got my AB degree or BA degree. And from there, I went on to, of course, my whole life there, and I did go to two other schools. Well, I graduated and during the summers, what I did is I went to, instead of just doing nothing, we lived in Geneva, Switzerland, the family did. And so what I did was I decided to enroll at the University of Geneva to do language studies. So I went to the University of Geneva to learn French. I also went to K.O. University when I went to Japan to learn Japanese. So I actually went to two other universities besides Drury University. So, you know, that's my, basically, my college degrees. Wow, I love hearing that, Howard. And Howard, during the Vietnam War, I know that you enlisted in the Navy Reserve, and can you tell me a little bit about that? Well, you know, after graduating, we all were actually being drafted. We're going to get drafted. So at that time, before getting drafted, actually, we had a choice of actually joining the service branch of our choice, and mine was the U.S. Navy. So I thought I'll go in as a naval reservist and go from there because I thought that would be probably one of the safest branches to be in.  And I said, well, you know, probably I should probably get into something safer. So what I did was I joined the U.S. Navy Reserves, and I waited in San Francisco for my papers for active duty. When I was there, I actually waited about, so five, six, seven months, and I finally told the guy there. I said, listen, put me in the next big ship that comes in, and I'm in for that, just tell me what the ship is. So anyway, I get this call about five or six months, and I'm in San Francisco partying away and waiting to go to war. I thought, you know, I'm just getting tired of that too. So I need to get the service business out of the way. So this guy calls me up one day and he says, yeah, here you go, we've got this ship coming in, and it's gonna be in the Philippines, and you gotta meet it there. And so what kind of ship is it? He says, it's a carrier. So I'm thinking like this, you know, big carrier with the jets on there. And I said, whoa, that's great. And he says, well, it's not quite a jet carrier, aircraft carrier. It is an aircraft, but it's a helicopter. It's the U.S.S.E.O.G. and my LPH too. And I said, well, I guess it's big enough.  So within probably a few days, he put my name in and I got my tickets, my orders to go to the Philippines and to pick up my ship in Subic Bay. So that's why I stayed in there. And I went in as an enlisted because I was waiting around to get into office and training. But, you know, they said they were about two years behind for me to get to school there to do coming as an officer. So I said, you know what? I just need to get this business out of the way. I'm not gonna be a professional military guy. If I get my business out of the way, I serve my country, I'm good. So that's the reason I went in as a seaman. And really the first probably month or so I was on the boat. Of course, where they put the seaman's, they put them on the mess deck. So we're in the mess deck and I'm doing cooking and all this kind of stuff. And from the rear of the boat, the captain was standing way back there and he was watching me serving all this food and yammering with the staff and yammering with the crew. And he said, you know, Higa, come over here. I wanna talk to you. So I went over there and he said, so tell me, what's your educational background? He said, well, I have my BA degree. And he said, well, why went to an officer? I said, well, I told him the story. I said, you know, it's just too long to wait.  I need to serve my country and, you know, I'm here. And he says, I'll tell you what, when you're done, come up to my quarters.  He says, I said, well, I can write. And I says, I'll tell you what, why don't you be my public affairs officer, acting public affairs officer? And I said, okay, so what do I do? He says, so you report to me and me only. And what I want you to do is write good stuff about the ship. I don't want to write anything else about who got hurt or whatever it is, how many jets went down, where you were on duty. I just want to write good stuff. So that's, I said, I can do that. So he took me on and I had a lot of publications, reviews on Navy times and things like that. And he was happy about that. So anyway, during the period of time I serviced there in Vietnam, but maybe for six months a year, there's a, at that time, telegraph that came in. The Navy has run out of money and they're going to be releasing 30,000 reservists. And I happened to be one in that group. So I went back to the skipper and I said, listen, I like my job and I thank you for what you did for me. But I have my life to deal with and I would like to, for courtesies tell you that I'm going to put my name in to get released. He says, oh, no, no, I really want you to spend another deployment with me out in Vietnam. He says, well, Skipper, his name was Captain John Shepherd. I said, Skipper, I really can't do that. I mean, that wasn't my agenda. And I think I sort of lucked out and I got the release, early release with full honors and full credits. So I said, I'm going to take that option. So I did. And so that's how I really got out of the service. But I tell you, I was, during that period of time I was very, very proud to serve the country and I still am. I think that maybe that gives the, at that time, that generation, gave them a pride for the country, to serve the country and to do what they had to do, even if it meant that. And I said, you know, I was good with that because I had family.  So you have to fight for your country. And I believe that and I think that's true. So that's what we did. And I felt really, really good about it. Howard, that is absolutely so honorable.  And before you took ownership of the cab, can you tell me briefly about some of the businesses that you own previously? Sure. Well, I actually spent about 30 years, 20 years, 25, 30 years going back and forth to Japan. I lived in Japan for about 15 years and most of my businesses were in Japan. And I had a travel company in Japan. I also had a driving school or driving academy, which I started there and well, actually ran. And then I had a trading company. So I did many things in Japan during the 25, 30 years. In the meantime, I was flying back and forth to the mainland for certain things. And that's of course stopped off in Hawaii.  I'm from Hawaii and you're gonna come back and forth. You live in Japan. There's a lot of things that go on in Japan. Japan is a nice place, but I'll tell you Hawaii's better. So for me, I was coming back here and I said, you know, I need to form a business here. Because eventually I wanna live in Hawaii. So what I did was I actually started some companies here. And one of them was, I was involved with a company called Honolulu Cellular Company. And as you know, Honolulu Cellular was the forerunner for AT&T Wireless in World. So I was probably the only local guy that actually invested in the company. So I'm really proud to say that I was one of the investors into the present AT&T Wireless. And I saw, I had a vision for that and it really worked out. And there's a little story to that. So my father actually met me here in Hawaii one day, one evening.  And he said, well, what's that? And I said, well, I believe one day everybody's gonna be running around with a phone in their back pocket. He looked at me, you know, he's a, at that time he's a older generation guy. He said, are you crazy son? I spend money, I send you to school, I educate you.   Phone in the back pocket. Listen, I've been a businessman for 50 years. Don't tell me I need a phone in my back pocket. I've been successful.  I spent a lot of money doing that.  And I said, you know, dad, I really believe in this. So from that day on, we never really agreed on anything. We actually kind of parted ways. But I kept on going and I did become one of the founders of Honolulu Cellular. And that, you know, the rest of the story today. I mean, everybody has a phone in their back pocket. But that's one of the things that I was involved in and I was really proud of that. Then I formed another company called Rampaging. I don't know if the younger kids know what paging is, but I was one of the founders of this company called Rampaging and everybody did have a pager. And we went from paging onto cellular. So when cellular got really cheap, the pagers went out of the market. And now today it's just the cellular phones. So that reasons I got involved then, I got involved in some hotel business here in Hawaii. I owned a couple of hotels and eventually sold them. I thought, you know what? I don't want to be in the hotel business. I want something with more action. So meeting up to how I got involved with the cab is, here I was, I was young and I had a lot of experience and, you know, I made some money. So, you know, kind of like a, just a free life guy, just doing anything I wanted to do. And a friend of mine came into the office one day and he said, you know, Howard, once you, can you lend me some money? I says, well, you know, I do a lot of things, but I don't lend money. I'm not a bank. The bank's down the road right here. So I said, you go there and if they lend you money, good for you. He refused to leave my office. He came back two or three or four times and he said, listen, I really need to borrow some money. And I said, okay, I'll tell you what. If I loan you the money, when you get out of my office and don't bug me, he says, okay, I'll do that. So I loaned him the money and he left. He left and about a year later, he came back and he threw some keys on my desk and he said, well, I'll tell you what, he didn't work out. And I said, well, I told you, it's not gonna work out and now we're enemies. We used to be friends, but now you can't pay me back. And you're saying aloha. I mean, what am I supposed to do with this thing? I said, just out of curiosity, what are the keys to? He says, oh, it's a cab company. I said, oh, no, no, no, I don't do cabs. I do a lot of things in Japan. I do other accelerator business, you know, just other businesses, but cab business, I don't understand the cab business. And I don't wanna be in a cab business, but I had no choice. He said, okay, well, aloha, I see you. I'm sorry, I didn't work out. So the keys sat on the desk for about a year. And I looked at that thing every morning, I come in and said, boy, you just made a big mistake. I was like, you shouldn't have learned the money. You should just forget about it next time. But I looked at the keys and I finally said, you know what? I'm gonna try and look at this thing and try to restructure it. In the meantime, it already got to be probably a million dollars in debt. And I said, well, I can either shut it down and write it off or take it on as a challenge. So that's basically what I did. I took it on as a challenge and I thought, well, you know, I'm gonna redo the whole thing. I'm gonna be in the cab business. I want the perception of cab drivers. I'm gonna change that. Everybody knows the cab driver. Oh God, he's probably the lowest on the totem pole.  He knows all the dirty things under belly of the world is and blah, blah, blah, blah. I said, you know, I can change that. And how I can change it is, give the company a better reputation. Ah, we can use Frank Nima. He's a comedian. He can give a great reputation to the business. I didn't know Frank. Well, one of the people at the channel two, yeah, K-O-N said, you know, I know Frank. I can get him to a meeting and you can talk to him. I said, okay, we'll go ahead and talk to Frank and see if he's interested. So our first meeting, I said, you know, Frank, we wanna do the cab. And my daughter was with me too. We can do this business. I wanna do you as the person, the spokesman really for the company. So he said, well, what is it? Oh, it's a cab business. And I could see his eyes go down on the ground and looking at the table like this. And I said, Frank, are you sleeping or what? You know, I'm thinking. I said, well, what are you thinking about? Well, I've never been in a cab business. I don't know what a cab business is like. And I said, I know what you're thinking.  You should do anything, right? You just didn't wanna be associated with the cab.  And we met at Zippy's restaurant. And he said, yeah, okay, I'll try it. And from that day on, he loved it. He did his work with passion and he actually was a great face for the cab. And as you can see, he sold this to the people, the local people here in Hawaii. Everybody loves him. Everybody knows the 422 number and my hats off to Frank Delima. Well, I love hearing that, Howard, that's incredible. And then you guys just recently honored Frank Delima on 422-22.  And it's absolutely fantastic. And Howard, you have a beautiful family. And I mean, Shannon worked with you. Now you have your granddaughter Riley working with you. You said you have one of your nephews working. I mean, how special is that to have some members of your family with you in this venture? Rusty is so special. At this age, you're beyond trying to make money, trying to make a living and all this and that. So you're more in the name backstage and watching stage. Just to sort of see my granddaughter working with me and also the people that actually worked with me for 15, 20 years in the company. It's so special for me to just see all this going and everybody's learned a lot of things about the business. And for me, it's just like, I'm in retirement, but I'm not. And so to me, it's really special. Yeah, and Howard, your leadership team, you guys are so effective. You guys are so efficient. What's one of the secrets and why you guys are so good as a leadership team together? Well, you know, Rusty, I'm going to bring your book up again. So when I read your book, you know, beyond the game, I mean, that was a great book for me. It was great reading. And I'm coming to my point on this thing. So I know you don't pay me to advertise for your book, but I'm telling you this, one of the greatest books and motivation I read because it did, it said everything that I actually was doing. And on top of that, I laughed at some of the stuff that was so funny. I was so happy to see some of the players there, I don't know, just killed the competitors, but then they did it in the right way as a gentleman. I cried, there was a thing in there about one of the players dying. So it was a book that just used all my emotions. Like, I'm happy about the business, I'm happy about reading about business, I'm happy about reading how people should act and behave themselves and win the right way as a gentleman. So to me, that book really created something.   And I said, yeah, I'm the boss. But when I read your book, I says, I'm not the boss, I'm a leader.  Their job is to make money for the company or for themselves, whatever. They're mainly money oriented, but a leader, what he does, he cares about the people. So getting to your point, I've always felt that for many years ago. So I chaired for my people, I really did. I treat all the staff, the management people as family. So we're different in that respect than other companies. We do have a chain of command and all that. But in reality, we're in the same boat, having the same canoe. So if no one fail, we all fail or we all succeed. So we act as family, we eat as family and some of the things, we do a lot of functions like bowling and things like that, caught okay with the family, things like that we do. And this is to create a trust between myself and the people. Because unless they trust you, unless they feel that you cannot, you can't trust it, like you have some of your players in the past, they're not gonna do anything. They're not gonna put their 100% down. They might put 80% but not 100%. With the trust, they will go full board and work with you. And that's what happened. I believe that's true. I completely agree with you, Howard. And I really saw that when I had lunch with you and your assistant Dorothy and your granddaughter Riley. I mean, I could really sense the pride that they have in seeing how you took the cab to number one and how you're creating this culture of excellence among your entire company.  Well, let me say something about Dorothy, but we have two really successful managers or leaders. This company, one is Darwin and the other one is Dorothy. I believe without these two people, they were with me for many, many years. Without these two people, we would not have the cab. I am very serious about that. Of course, it's not that unimportant, but I believe that a leader has to have people that really believe in you and the company. If you don't have that, you don't have a company. So that I will say. Yeah, that's so true. And I feel so humbled that someone like you really liked the book. So thank you, Howard. Well, Russ, it's my pleasure, really. I mean, I read it. I don't read that much. I read enough financial statements every day and all that. So when I go home, I cannot do any type of pleasure reading, but that book I decided was given to me by Linda Wong and Danny Calotini. And we met over there at Day at Wildlife Country Club and said, you know, who's this young guy wrote a book and what is he for? You know, I don't understand. What's his background to write a book?  And I said, I'm going to read that book. And I did from cover to cover, basically one scene. I said, you know what? I can't put this book down because it tells so much. And I'm telling you, if someone wants to follow some of the stuff in the book, they can be successful. But they still have to have, I believe, the perseverance to do what they're doing and they have to have the passion. And I'll talk about passion and they have to need the perception. They have to create a possession for themselves. But to me, one of the most important things is passion. And passion is really a tough word because what is passion? We think about it. Passion encompasses a lot of things. You know, of course, hard work and you've got to have the right product. You have to have the passion to pursue your dream. You have to have the passion to convince other people that you're on the right track. And that takes money. That takes all this other stuff that makes people interested. But once they pass the money part, then passion becomes like kicks in. And they see you working at this job or working at the business with passion. You know, they start to join you and passion draws them to you. Money, you know, is okay, but that doesn't last too long. It's the passion, how you feel that the feeling you have for your company, the feeling what you're doing is what draws people to you. Yeah, and that's right. Exactly what you said. The passion becomes so contagious and everyone can see that. And Howard, I want to ask you about Uber and Lyft. How has Uber and Lyft affected the cab? And what are you doing to adapt and adjust to continue to grow your business? Well, let me tell you a story. So let's say maybe about 10 years ago, the cab had about 800 drivers. We were probably listed as second or third largest in the continent of the United States in Honolulu, Hawaii. So that kind of surprised me that in such a small island, we have like 800 drivers and being listed as at least top 10 in North America. And so we were riding high and said, you know what, I'm in neutral.  Well, parallel comes Uber. They're the market disruptors and they come in this market. So they didn't listen to any rules and regulations. They don't follow the rules and regulations. So the city council and the legislature made a lot of adjustments to accommodate them. I really believe that. And yet they have the controls and the cab companies. So I did a lot of testimonies at the city council, the legislature. And I said, listen, I don't mind competition. I love competition because competition draws my blood and gets it boiling and get going at the same. But what I cannot afford to do is not have an equal playing field. In other words, I don't have an equal playing field. You got rules and regulations on me, but you don't have it on Uber and Lyft.  I'm good at competition, but I'm not good with just a one sided deal. Well, anyway, long and short of it, we went from 800 cars to 500. I said, well, you know, that's a big drop. Throughout the country, most cab companies were seriously hurt and they kind of devastated the cab industry, the taxi business around the world actually. Fortunately, we had a big base of 800 drivers. So to fall back to 500, we're still operable and we're doing pretty good. And I said, well, you're okay, well, we'll build up. And I just couldn't figure out until I read your book why those even 500 guys stayed with me. And I thought, I need to look at the same because whatever, why they're staying, I gotta figure this out and I gotta continue to do what I was doing. And what that was, I'll tell you, reading your book and everything else showed me what I was doing actually. You really, I found like a passion for my staff and what I do is a boss works for money, but a leader, he cares about the people. He cares about the people. So to me, if you were to ask me what big ammunition I have against Uber is that I'm a boss because I'm a leader for my staff and I care about them. So can Uber do that? I don't believe they can. They're too large to worry about all the people they worry about the bottom line. They're burning, there's a big bonfire to Uber. They're burning billions of dollars a year. So to me, it's simple. If I had a lot of stockholders gave me billions of dollars, I can buy this market and that's exactly what they did. So I felt that if I can be a good leader, then I will not lose everybody. I'll have a core of drivers that believe in me believe in the company that's gonna keep the company going. So that's what I did. And that's what I, you know, that's what I did, but I didn't know that that's what I was doing. So I created this, I don't see, you know, for a choice of a better word, I created this culture setting atmosphere in the company. So these guys, as you know, all of them are immigrants, basically about 95% are immigrants that I have for the drivers. And, you know, the thing is, they come from Vietnam, they come from Korea, they come from Africa, whatever. We got all the immigrants working for us. So what they deal is, is that they're very clever and smart people, because they're immigrants, they're fighting for their own. They got put food on the table. One of the things is over all the years, 20 years, I realized one thing is that they, of course they're working for money, but they also believe in the company and they believe in me.  And so I got a lot of drivers coming in and says, you know, Mr. Higa, American dream, I didn't get my American dream, you know? And I said, okay, but let's look at this. So the other day I was talking to this one driver and the same thing, I didn't get the American dream. So, you know, I'm a cab driver. But wait a minute, let's look at this. So tell me about 10 years, 15 years ago, you used to bring your son in here. I know that a couple came into our office just a week or so ago. They brought their son in and said, where is your son? What is he doing now? And they looked down and says, well, he's in New York. And I said, okay, so what is he doing in New York? Oh, he's a doctor.  I said, you know, it takes a lot of money to send your son to medical school and become a doctor. And he says, yes. And you know, they're very humble people. Most immigrants are very humble. Then I said, well, he's a doctor. You know, I got the same going on. No, they just stood there.  You had a daughter too. I remember that. So what is she doing? Well, she's at the U.A. She's gonna be a biologist. Oh, and she wants to be a doctor also. Well, I said, let me tell you something. What I believe is that you have attained your American dream. And they looked at me kind of confused. And I said, you know, the American dream comes in many ways, your children are your American dream. If you look at most of the drivers out here, they spend so much time working and they spend so much money sending their kids to all the schools, the good schools. For example, this is a while back.  They're really crazy people. The wife, look at their cars. They got pass, they got stickers on there. Pula Ho, they got Ilani. They have a Harvard, MIT, Northwestern. I said, you know what, you ever figured this out? You know why they have the stickers? Not that because they love stickers on their cars. Their kids go there. What? Their kids go there and says, yeah. You know what it cost for Pula Ho? Ah, I know it's a lot, but you have to find out because that's what these guys are doing. They work 10, 12 hours, 15 hours a day, seven days a week. And that's how they send their kids to school because they want their kids to have something better than they have. They came here from Vietnam, some of them are both people. I mean, from Korea, from Africa, like Bangladesh and people, we have those drivers and they work hard. And this is what America used to do. This is what Americans used to do, work hard. Today, I don't see that, I see that dissipating. And I said, you know, that's the reason why I believe that working in this business gave me the opportunity for payback really. So the money part about it is okay, but maybe I get rewarded by seeing these immigrants in their American dream. And I was part of their American dream. Hundreds of drivers, hundreds. So I always believe you can, if you can create something good for one person, one individual, you're a leader and you did a great thing. But how about doing it for several hundred? Wow, it just blows my mind. I mean, to me, that is my payment. That's my, to me, that's my American dream. I was responsible for being responsible for part of their success in America. So that's my story. The money's okay. The cabbie is a great talk, but I'm telling you the reward, fantastic. Howard, it's absolutely priceless.  And I really wanna thank you for taking time to be on the show today. Well, Rusty, thank you very much for giving me the opportunity to share my experiences. I'm a lot older than you are. And I'm glad that I can share that with you because you can carry that. And hopefully that helps you or helps anybody that's watching your show, gives them some sort of leaping stone in what they wanna do. And at least if they hear from all the different speakers that you have on there. I mean, you know, one thing is the older people always have a lot of experience to share. An experience is the best lesson. Writing a book would be the best, but I mean, I don't have the time to write a book. So I read the book and I enjoyed the book.  Because he put down things that I should have put down on my book. Howard, you are the best. Thank you. And thank you for watching Beyond the Lines on Think Tech Hawaii. For more information, please visit RustyKamori.com and my books are available on Amazon and Barnes & Noble. I hope that Howard and I will inspire you to create your own superior culture of excellence and to find your greatness and help others find theirs. Aloha. Thank you so much for watching Think Tech Hawaii. If you like what we do, please like us and click the subscribe button on YouTube and the follow button on Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn and donate to us at thinktechhawaii.com. Mahalo.


So we hear the HPE booth and who are you? I'm Dennis Floyd, I'm part of the Apollo 70 team and I'm holding the Apollo 70 compute note. It's the first armed compute note actually designed specifically for the HPU market. This is a one-use note, there's also a two-year note which allows for two presses or two GPUs. So where did the GPUs go? Where did the GPUs go? The GPUs, there's one slot here and one here and they're actually risers that they mounted to. So that could be like a regular NVIDIA 1080 or something like that? The original one is with AMD Fire Pro. So AMD GPUs that's especially made for supercomputing? Cool. So right here is the Thunder X2? Thunder X2 from Cavium. It's the next generation of the ARM SoC. And what are you talking about here and on the wall? You're talking about the whole cooperation? As part of our development model we worked with the Department of Energy Labs on a program we call Comanche which is essentially an early adopter program. We provided them with the Apollo 70 early on and they've been working to develop a software with it and to utilize it in their space. And so there's a software stack of AHPC, there's ARM Alinear Studio, AMD GPU software, everything just works together. And some stuff going on with Melanox and Red Hat, Susie. And what are you showing over there? The corner there. This is actually the two-year version of it. And the chip. Can we look under it? And on the back of it is to have all the connectors. And this one you can open? Yeah, I can open this one. So that's two. And it sits in the Apollo 2000 rack. So it's a known rack we can use it. Okay, so standard size. And let's jump over there. Can you introduce these guys what they're doing over there? This is Lisa Pilotti, I'm short on the machine. Hello, so who are you? My name is Lisa Pilotti and I'm a senior system engineer working for Helipackered Labs. And what are you showing here? Is this an ARM solution? It is an ARM solution. It is the first instantiation of the machine of memory-driven computing architecture. This is the machine? This is a prototype of the machine. It's called the machine? The machine. Why? Because the idea is that the technology that we're developing as part of the machine program can really be used in a variety of different ways. It can be used in servers for an exascale-type solution. It can also be used in smaller systems. So we called it something a little bit non-specific to re-emphasize that it's really the technology and the architecture that is the focus of the program. So there's a whole bunch of special things going on here, right? There's an ARM server here? Yes, this is a high-performance ARM processor. It's a Cavium Thunder X2. Thunder X2 right here? Correct. And then what's going on around here? So out of the ARM processor, there are ICI links that come out. This is an FPGA that provides translation from the links coming from the processor out to the other parts of the system. So this is a memory semantic fabric. It's the precursor to Gen Z. So once you're at Gen Z, you can talk to fabric-attached memory anywhere in the system. For instance, over here... Gen Z is right here. It says Gen Z. So that's a new idea? Yes, it's a new fabric. So think of Infiniband or Ethernet. It's a new memory semantic fabric. There's a consortium of, I believe, over 40 different people, different vendors, server, operating system, networking components, a wide variety of partners. So was that originally your idea or somebody at HPE, right? And then they decided to open it up? Well, it was really a group effort. We certainly are one of the 12 founding partners, but it really is a collaborative effort across all the different vent companies. So is the idea to have one ARM chip with a ton of RAM, or is that what it is? So what you really want is you want to have, with memory-driven computing, you want to have a very large pool of non-volatile memory. And then you want to have processors that talk directly to that memory. In today's processor-centric architectures, you have memory that's attached to processors, and if you need more memory, you have to scale them in lockstep. And then this processor has to talk to that processor to get to this memory. What if you had a really large pool of non-volatile memory and the processors could talk directly to that memory? And because this memory is non-volatile, you don't have to be moving your data from main memory to storage and back and forth. And what if, because you're talking to that large pool of memory with the Gen Z fabric, any type of processor can talk to that main memory. So if your application wants an x86 processor, great. If it wants a GBGPU to run on it more efficiently, great. So you get to pick the processor and the application that works best for your application. So what are those cables going on over there? So this is just an electrical interconnect from that it has the Gen Z fabric going off to this large pool of fabric attached memory. Here we have four FPGAs, and they are memory media controllers. So they're converting the Gen Z fabric to whatever memory or storage media you happen to have. In this case, it's DDR4 memory because that's what we could get for a fairly low cost. So we have 160 terabytes in four enclosures, and so we could get that in DDR4 first. How much terabytes? 160 terabytes of RAM. In four enclosures, but that's 24 terabytes. How many on processors run that? So there's four terabytes and one processor per node, 40 nodes. So four terabytes of RAM? Just on the node. Correct. Four terabytes is a lot. People usually talk in gigabytes, right? Yes. Four terabytes is a lot. 160 terabytes, exactly. But that's the idea behind this memory-driven computing architecture because now if you have that large pool of memory and it's non-volatile so you don't have to worry about moving it out to storage because it costs too much to refresh that amount of memory continuously, you can just keep it there. And so it's readily accessible by all your CPUs when you need it. And you're out paying to refresh it if you don't happen to be using it. And the Thunder X2 is great at managing four terabytes of RAM? Yes. So the idea again behind the architecture... It has no issues with that. It can just work with so much RAM. Well, we are up to four terabytes, yes. Once you get to a certain level, you run out of physical addressing. So we have a scheme where we have aperture windows. So only so much of the physical memory is visible to the processor and then we switch apertures if what you need is outside of that window. And what are you talking about here? So we have a Linux team that has made changes to support a memory-driven computing architecture. We call it Linux for the machine. And so they submitted over 4,000 submissions to Open Source because we're kind of building the ecosystem around this memory-driven computing architecture. That's why we're part of the... This is a logo right here. The machine. That's correct. Sounds like a movie or something. Well, we were in a movie. We were mentioned in The Ghost. Really? This one was Scarlett Johansson. Really? The Ghost? My colleague, my school friend was acting in that one. Oh, yeah. It was the second role. So in The Ghost, they're talking about how much RAM using per ARM CPU are. They're not mentioning... They just very fleetingly mentioned the machine. They're not like...  Yeah, it's a great way to add some RAM to the ARM processor. But they didn't mention that. They did not. So the machine is eventually going to take over everything? Is that what happened? Well, because there's an explosion of data, right? I mean, there's still going to be need for your traditional processors, but they're estimating that the explosion of data is coming right at the time where our ability to keep up from a computer point of view is running out because Moore's Law has served us very, very well for many, many years, but it's starting to run out of steam just at the same point that the amount of data that we're having to deal with because we all have our six or seven devices and more is occurring. So that's why we think a revolutionary new architecture is needed like memory-driven computing to deal with that amount of data. Is this video also talking about that? So this video, yes, is on the machine. So here we're running an application on it. Here you can see some of the video of the machine. And here this node is getting plugged into an enclosure. And we have people talking about it. So how soon is this going to take over the whole supercomputing market? I think it will take some time. It takes some time to build a completely new ecosystem. Why? Can't you just get a few more extra help and stuff and get it done? Well, that's why we have submitted all the changes we've made to Linux to open source, to GitHub. We have a machine users group so that people can learn more about the machine and think about how they can make modifications to their applications to take advantage of it. We're part of the GenC consortium. We're working with vendors to support their processors on GenC and in memory-driven computing. And a more basic Apollo 70. Is that a stepping stone? You could think of it as a stepping stone. So this has the same processor as the Apollo 70. But, again, here's our product with the ARM processor. And why is it shaped like this over here? What's over here? So these are switches. There's four switches. You have a whole bunch of those and this is a different place in the rack. What happens is that this is a single node. So it has one processor and up to four terabytes. This is the processor, sorry. You flip it up vertically and ten of them plug into this set of switches. And these switches are GenC and GenC out. So they allow any processor to access fabric-attached memory anywhere in the enclosure. Do you talk about, is this FPGAs too? These are FPGAs. Do you talk about what FPGAs you're using or are they secret? So we have not told which vendor of FPGAs that we're using. But the vendor that you're using is probably very excited about this. I would hope that they are. Or they're trying to fight to be the one that provides the best solution for this. Well, they're obviously very high-performance state of the art FPGAs. So we're helping them push the extremes of their technology. And what would you be able to demand? Because the Thunder X2 is great, right? It's fantastic. Right. But you have some demands for Thunder X3. What do you think would be great for the next ARM chipset? Would it be a support more than four terabytes? Oh yeah, I think that we would always love to be able to support a larger set of physical address memory space. That would be great. It would be wonderful if processors had the GenZ links incorporated into the processors or itself, because then we wouldn't have to go through a bridge chip and we'd have even less latency to talk to that fabric attached memory. So you just ask them, they will add it, right? They're very good at adding a lot of stuff in their SOC. I am sure that Capium is part of the GenZ consortium and so I'm sure there are a lot of discussions happening. I'm not part of the consortium, so I don't know. Where's the bridge chip? This is the bridge chip. Is it an FPGA then? Yes. So you use an FPGA, it would be nice to have it. There's some other FPGAs around. Right. So there's not only those, there's some more. Right. I mean, you can only have so much because what you want to do is with your memory media controllers, you want to go from GenZ and you want to be able to support different types of memory or storage media, right? Cool. And so the biggest cost right here is around, right? The arm chip is kind of relatively low compared to everything else. When you're using really large 128 gigabyte DIMMs, yes. That's the highest cost. So hopefully the cost of RAM is going to go down or something. I could help this. The cost of memory does go down over time, right? So you use the largest capacity DIMMs available at this time.


We are back with another training series. This time, instead of training for 100 mile ultra, we're training for a fast marathon. Sub three, maybe that's the kind of goal we're aiming for. So over the next 12 weeks, I will be taking you out with me on my weekly training runs, giving you the lowdown of every training run I do, how fast I go, how slow I go, what my heart rate zones are. And today's video is all about last week's training. So I'm at the beginning of my second week of training here. So we're gonna talk through last week's training block. Let's go. So let me tell you where I'm at. We are training for the Paris Marathon. So the Paris Marathon, you know I've done that many times before. I think this will be my 11th time. And I am gonna try and go as fast as I can. So whether that is sub three or not remains to be seen. I am feeling already at the beginning of my training, I am feeling a little bit of a lack of confidence. So I need to get that back. Cause I feel like I'm slow. I feel like I'm fat from Christmas. And from that video I did. So I feel like I feel a bit less positive than I should do.  But I don't feel that at the moment. I feel a little bit negative. So I need you guys to help me along. I need you guys to kind of give me some confidence to make sure that I can get up to speed, get faster, get confident for the Paris Marathon. Now the plan for the training, I'll tell you about in a second. So because we're training for a flat fast road marathon as opposed to a hilly ultra race, training does have to be slightly modified. I'm going to try and increase the number of fast, hard efforts that I do. So with that in mind, on a Monday evening, I have started track sessions with my club. So doing track intervals on a Monday. I'm also going to try and do more park runs, more fast 5K efforts on a Saturday morning. And then we also have an interval session on Zwift on the treadmill on a Wednesday evening. So that's possibly potentially three fast efforts every week. And other than that, we're going to stick to the 80-20 principles. So 80% of my weekly effort will be low heart rate, slow, easy paced running. So let's see how that goes and let's now talk through what I did last week. So first week back at training was Monday the second of January. As you can imagine, the track wasn't open. We weren't doing track sessions on a Monday. So I went on Zwift and I did 10 easy kilometers, low heart rate, nice, relaxed, easy start to the week's training. Tuesday morning, I was back on Zwift. I do a regular Tuesday and Thursday climbing session on the treadmill where I put the treadmill at 12% and I climb up 500 meters. As part of the film I run 500 with Noble Pro. So we're doing it on a Noble Pro treadmill and climbing 500 meters. Did I say feet? Meters, 500 meters. So 1,000 meters of climb each week just on the treadmill. So that was Tuesday morning and then Tuesday evening, another nice, easy 45 minute relaxed Zwift run. By the way, if you're enjoying the video and you're not a subscriber, please do click that subscribe button now. Be much appreciated, really helps out the channel. And while you're at it, click the notifications bell and the thumbs up icon as well. That'd be greatly appreciated. And if you're subscribed to YouTube Premium, then you're all good. But for the rest of you, time for an advert. Wednesday last week was my first tough session. So it was on Zwift. We are doing Paris Marathon training sessions on the Zwift platform. So if you wanna come along, by all means, 6 p.m. every Wednesday, live on Zwift, you can watch the live stream or you can even come and take part in the interval sessions. We did a ladder interval session where we ran very fast for one minute, slightly slower for a minute and a half, slightly slower for two minutes, slightly slower for two and a half minutes. Then we sped up and ran for two minutes, sped up again for one and a half and went as fast as we could for one minute. So that was the interval session on Wednesday. On Thursday, I was back on the film My Run 500 with Noble Pro. That's our climbing session in the morning. And then in the afternoon, I did another Zwift session called Bag That Badge on Zwift. So on Zwift, there are various route achievement badges that you can get for running around the different courses on Zwift. And so I lead a session where we help newcomers get their badges on Zwift. So Bag That Badge was on Zwift. And that was, I think that was 5K on Thursday evening. So because I'd had such a relatively easy start to the week, Friday I needed to make up some mileage. So I put in a half marathon effort on the seafront. I did it as a progressive run. I have to admit, there's no real reason why I did it as a progressive run. I just kind of felt I wanted to go a little bit quicker each kilometer and it ended up being progressive. So that's what happened on Friday morning. I did a half marathon Friday morning and then did 10K very easy on the treadmill in the evening. So Saturday started off quite spicy. We went to Seaford Beach Park Run on a very wet and windy day.  So I've been wanting to go to a different park run each week just to gain some park run tourism as I approach 200 park runs. So I've got eight to go now.  It was supposed to be a very easy run. And then Saturday afternoon, I was running the Bex Hill Cross Country as part of the Sussex Cross Country League. So that was a hard effort, 10K of very muddy hills. And it was tough work and I was very slow, but it was still a hard effort if you look at the heart rate. Yesterday, Sunday, we did 16 kilometers on the hills, me and some of the lads from my running club. And that was a nice, easy, relaxed end to the week's training. So what does my week look like in terms of my training effort? Well, we did about 50% of my running outdoors and 50% on the treadmill. I think it was 53 kilometers outdoors and about 48 on the treadmill, 100K in all that 62 miles. And in terms of effort, so we look at zones four and five as being a hard effort and anything else is easy effort. And I spent 15% of my time and this week, last week, doing a hard effort run. If we look at it in terms of the number of runs I did, I did 11 runs altogether and three of those I would class as hard effort. So that's about 27%. And then if we look at it in terms of distance covered, 100 kilometers, well, it's about 20 to 21%. Of my distance covered was hard effort. So that's how it's been broken down. That's how I'm intending to do the next 12, 11 weeks of training for you to see. And if you do want to follow along, we'll be here all the way to the marathon on April the second in Paris. If you wanna come and join us, by the way, we have quite a group of runners coming out to Paris to run the Paris marathon. So sign up and we can all meet for coffee afterwards. If you'd like to watch the video I made about breaking sub three hours for a marathon, then click that link right there. Otherwise, if you're not subscribed, please go and do that now. Click that notifications bell and the like button as well. And I'll see you on the start line for the next in the series of the Paris marathon training videos. As long as I don't get knocked over in the meantime.


What's going on everybody got Kyle and Shawn here with Leighton sports cards and we are ripping the legacy of luminance This is four box NFL mixer number 14 or random team style did a randomize for the break I'll show you guys again the results Brian K with the chiefs down to Brett G with the Steelers Give me one second. I'm posting those results to the website Here is your link Go guys can always check those results on any of the breaks we do on our website Leighton sports cards calm underneath the results tab at The very bottom good luck. Good luck go with legacy first It's pretty on the base that base split Here's a Rishi rice gonna be our first hit is gonna be a RPA futures for the chiefs nice for a sheet RPA to 249 Chiefs Rishi rice got generations dual will roll a dice for this one guys. There's a couple different of these generations One two three will go to the top four five six will go to the right on all these generations unless they are numbered Got six. I'll go to the bottom bottom on these generations duals I want is JJ and TJ. I believe it's stickers JT. I don't remember if there's any on-card sets Thank you drew taking a couple teams in gold standard my man drew. Thank you, sir That base there is Rakeem Jarrett for the bucks on the rookie orange.  Yeah, what are we doing here? Yeah, Trevor throw the ball. What are we doing here? Jax is a orange Joe mix into 125 little color match for the Bengals Got Miles Murphy on the refractor. I believe also Bengals Jackson Smith Mike Meyer See young rookie Shane buying one and I'm back Mr. Shane two to go Two to go breaking here after our next mixer Just a little under the lights will Anderson for the Texans Tanner McKee Brian Branch. I want is green Christian a coyates 100 that one's gonna be for the chiefs as well Last from the past and they will levis prize prospects mingo Jalen Carter No, I don't remember him early at all Giant is he a fullback running back running back. Oh geez nice one here for the lion It's gonna be Hinden Hooker on the orange under the lights auto little color match for the Tennessee Jersey Nice one there A prize prospects of Rishi. Oh, no way got picked. Oh, no Oh, so that's what they called up on Fort down Skaransky and I was four down. Oh third down third 10. Yeah I'll say it was not very good. Oh, man Jags are in trouble Jags are in trouble right now Ooh, there's a glitter under the lights is gonna be Devonte Adams for the writers Raiders got a been a Terry for the ages. What's up, Shane? That's right, my man That is right. Got stash and trash cursing Gonzalez tank dealt Appreciate you grabbing some spots and I'm back my man a spot Terrorist Marshall this one could be for the Cardinals Clayton tune on the rookie to 199 decade of dominance young blood Will Anderson Zach Evans on the base Now we doing a nice shame What you've been getting into Sides trouble. There's a Andre Carter that one's silver on the rookie many Charlie Joiner Coye, there's Devon a Chan Xavier Hutchinson Silver Clayton tune rookie for Cardinals Staubach Working at Denver nice man. Very nice, man It's pretty cool and traveling a lot Shane. I know you've been saying you've been a couple different places recently Staying on the move Red is Gino wrote me off then right back to 99 for the Seahawks for the ages is Eli Sean's boy Eli Manning sleepy.  Yeah, goober goober mcgoogle. This is man even that base Even yep home for a couple weeks after this trip. That's nice. That's nice Shane He's get to be home a little bit Brockford Is gonna be Harry Carson that one is for the Giants number to ten on the goal that Jersey auto That is a throwback there. Look at those shoulder pads That face mask look at those elbow pads everything Number to ten Harry Carson for the Giants on the Jersey auto Five out of ten five out of ten on that one. Oh, no Prize prospects Jordan Addison James time and clutch is a James time and clutch. Oh boy. Say flowers Dalton Kincaid James will clutch it up It's a bronze camp Smith that one is a Bronson 100 Legends Heinz Ward Joe Thysman, there's Jameer Gibbs and Jordan battle winning rookie the NFL right now for the AFC. I'm thinking CJ Stroud NFC um Little tougher, maybe Bijan can keep it going. I don't know NFC is a little bit tougher Say Matthew Stafford a one-fifth. I think puka might be the uh leader right now for the NFC puka For the ages we have a James Harrison. I would like CJ Stroud to win it though for the AFC I think he's been playing well enough so far. Hey, Sean Boutet, Brian Brice One is orange Aaron Donald for the Rams on the mini Um to 125 under the lights Quentin Johnson for the Chargers Legends Thurman Thomas got a Jordan Addison and Quentin Johnson Charles About you who you think was I'm gonna win. Coke. There's a Brock Purdy under the lights for the Niners Newsome and Smith got Dontevian Wicks Nolan Smith orange for the birds is AJ Brown to 199 Decative dominance Irvin Through Smith, Warren Moon on the base Skarotsky and Richardson base for the Colts CJ he keeps it up. Yeah, I mean it's hard to Hard to bet against me this time. He's been killing it There's a nice one Ravens. It's gonna be Zay flowers under the lights That one does have a little dent in it guys got this in a box with the Ravens It's a dent right there on the left you can see on the corner Under the lights Zay flowers not numbered for the Ravens Send a box Decative dominance is Riggins Arnold Washington and CJ Stroud. There he is St. How we doing today my man? How we doing st? Blast from the past this one is Jim Kelly Joey Porter and Josh Downs Kirk Herprie said a close Thursday game. What's going on? Haven't seen that yet This one is the 10 we're gonna have to do a random on this one Say another um dual this one is the Watts JJ and TJ Watt five with ten We'll do a random at the end between the Texans and the Steelers Texans and the Steelers We are not sold out we have a few spots in um, let me see iMac has Two to go two to go on iMac collegiate We've got gold standard um pyts and then nt pyts So only one more random team. It's iMac collegiate and then we're getting some pyts Got 11 and 10 on gold standard and then eight to go on um nt Miles Murphy, there's Bijan for the Falcons The Saints gave it right back Under the lights silver is Marvin Mims Broncos This one will go to the top or the bottom bottom Gary Wilson Actually, they're both jets never mind both jets Tank big speed rookie Darnell Washington No one is um Steelers Marvin Mims last pack here with a legacy. We'll do luminance next Let's say orange prize prospect is Marvin Mims. That one is for the Broncos little color match 249 Joe Montana blast from the past Mike Vic and rookies will levis and clayton tune for the Cardinals All right guys luminance box number one Good luck. Good luck Let's go Christian Kirk Christian Kirk Oh man Game is closer than I thought it was gonna be Let's go What's up, John? John What are you doing today my man? What up? Some vet base Debo Okay, no connell There is the 175 rookie Jake Hainer and we got some points. We'll do a random at the end all teams there 250 Jake Hainer was the 175 for the Saints and a almond raw vestige and christian kurt That's a big play Herbie josh allen michael parson's Say we'll levis nice to 50 on the um On the orange for the titans Nice levis and this one's gonna be bears on the rookie out of the 350 roshan johnson Bears and unforgettable cd Not that many jt a lot of times it'll usually be like if we see like archman and quinn ewers Um, that'll be most of the random sometimes there's a few other guys There's a few but most of the guys are on teams or at least have been on teams at some point We're drafted. We're on training camps that kind of thing To 150 nice bijon on the rookie for the falcons And this is for the chargers to 100 derrius davis on the rookie autumn cubic engaged cj stroud rookie A shorter This one is for the fins. It's going to be a vintage material zack thomas e for the dolphins vintage materials Got a marvin mems that one's going to be to 200 broncos rookie and jamar chase the 250 bangles Vestige of kenny picket And last one here box number fourth Yeah, so there are a few the uh quinn ewers is in there um, believe kaleb williams is in there and um arch manning are the ones that don't have teams because they're still in college But for the most part besides that Yeah, most of the guys have been on a college of some sort or a team of some sort There's definitely a few exceptions might see a few DK another points This one is uh davis allen for the ramsa 200 and 250 more points Do another random there. We'll do one random um top two. We'll each get one And engaged is Devin whites Miles murphy rookie This one is panthers brian berns go nulls to 150 on the blue Nice one here for the lions going to be a rookie out of 350 sam la porta Very good looking tight end out of iowa vestige mica parson's schoonmaker rookie This one is zack evans going to be rams rookie to 25 nice low number there for the rams Got a brinton strange that one's going to be a um rookie out of the 350 for the jaguars And savage is channel jones Pushing mac right into the dirt So awesome poor mac Thank you john taking one and thank you. Um jared taking one Sold out iMac collegiate Just some pyt style breaks last night guys two six boxers of gold standard and a nt Tank bigs me on the rookie Jersey is going to be for the texan that's damien pierce bright beginnings jersey There is a kamaric ulta 250 Nice jackson smith for the seahawks to 150 rookie out of osu and to 100 that's going to be savage etn for the jacks Hey appreciate you jt appreciate you my man Let's see what we got sir. I have one more break right before that This is the bit. All right guys. Let's do a quick hit recap. I gotta do a couple of um, yeah that one and then these are So we'll do two randoms here after the hit recap couple of 250 points And then a random between the texans and the stealers for this dj tj and jj watt to 10 So we had auto to 350 britain strange jags Um lions to 350 sam la porta to 100 derrius davis We had to 350 roshan johnson zay flowers on the under the lights auto to 10 harry karson gold for the giants Um hinden hooker orange that wants to 149 and a rishi rites to 249 on the rpa chiefs All right guys. Give me just a moment. Let me roll two dice. We'll do a random Top two spots. We'll get 250 points. Then we'll do a random between the dual card We'll go six times on it four and two Let me just a moment here texans texans Steelers stealers All right, good luck guys six times on this random We'll do the points first got all teams in here six times top two. We'll each get one Let's go six one two three four five And six falcons and titans falcons and titans Each get 250 points and then we'll do a random jj watt and tj watt number to 10 on a dual The texans texans stealers stealers we'll go six times. Good luck one two three four five Six going to the texans jj watts on that one to 10. All righty guys. Thank you. That'll do it for a little um the Legacy of luminance four box mixer number 14