Recording in progress. Okay, good afternoon everybody. It's always a pleasure, actually, to be here on this occasion of post-graduate diploma graduation ceremony. ICTP has been hosting this diploma course for over 30 years and we are very pleased of our track record. It's wonderful to see really this rainbow of young scientists from 26 different countries. This year, in fact, also our track record in gender in STEM is improving. We have had 40% of the total number of students are women this year, so I'm very happy about that.  It was a very nice event. Many of past post-graduate diploma students joined from all over the world. And we had Andrea Gates, the Nobel laureate as the commencement speaker, and it was a very nice ceremony to see all the past and the present students together. And this is after the COVID time, we are continuing with this. It's very nice to see people in person. I guess some of our former students have gone on to now. They might be in the audience. Some of them are doing their PhD at CISA. So I welcome them also here. The latch of the students next year will probably overlap with some of you, and I hope that you will help them and mentor them to get settled at ICTP. I'm also very pleased that this year we have Professor Dan Thun Son here who has agreed to give a keynote talk for this important occasion. He's a Dirac medalist so Dirac medal is a prestigious medal given by ICTP. So he was a recipient of 2018 Dirac medal together with two other people. He's originally from Vietnam. He graduated from the Moscow State University in 1991 receiving his PhD in Moscow in 1995 and he has been at Washington, at MIT at Columbia University and currently is a professor at the University of Chicago. Apart from the Dirac medal he's also a member of the US National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences so I'm very happy that we have a distinguished speaker for this occasion. These contributions actually would be interesting because this group of students is quite diverse. Son's own contributions also span from particle physics to condensed matter physics so it will be an interesting sort of view for you to get from an eminent scientist about sort of the unity of science in some ways and he will describe some of the similarities in the theoretical concepts like a quasi-particle in condensed matter physics and an elementary particle in particle physics how the two things are kind of related so I'm sure you'll look forward to his talk. He's also I should mention in passing that he's also a very strong supporter of science in the developing world especially in Vietnam. As I understand he has a blog addressing interesting science questions for young students so you should feel free to ask him questions so I welcome Son for his talk. So hello everyone, it's a great honor for me to be here at the great day of your career. You have worked very hard and you have achieved the results and congratulations for your graduation. I received the invitation to give this keynote talk at the ICTP graduation ceremony. I was very nervous. It's a customary for a keynote speaker on a ceremony like this to either offer the listener some word of wisdom, a few advices or to share something from the speaker's experience. And to be honest I'm not good at that. I used to give only scientific talks. I'm not good at motivating, sometimes even motivating myself to do something. So I thought a lot what I would tell you on this occasion. I asked myself what I would tell myself in the year of 1991 when I have just graduated from Moscow University full of enthusiasm, full of dreams, but lacking the type of experience that I have accumulated from 1991 to now. So I decided that I would share with you two, so first of all congratulations. I would share with you two episodes from my career, from my experience. Two episodes related to discovery in theoretical physics. Two discoveries that I have luck to be a witness and a participant. So I will do that with full recognition that some part of the story may be not totally useful for everybody in this audience. At the end I belong to a generation that may be 30 years older than you. The type of problems that people of our generation are concerned about may be different from the type of problem that you are concerned about. The word that you are entering now is very different from the word that I have lived around 1991. On the other hand, from my experience I think that a lot of aspects of human life is remarkably time translation invariant. So I hope that the stories that I am going to tell you today may be entertaining and even useful for some of you, for many of you. The first story began around the year 2000. So I was a young faculty member at Columbia University in New York. I was lucky to get a faculty job. At that time it was not easy for postdoc to land a faculty job. My job was possible because of a new machine that was about to start the relativistic heavy ion collider, or RIC. The RIC experimentalist was trying to create a state of matter called the Quagluon plasma by colliding two heavy nuclei. In the case of RIC these are the gold nuclei. In heavy ion collision people collect very big nuclei and they hope that if two big objects, as big as the atomic nucleus of gold or lead collide with high energies then there will be enough energy released in a small volume enough to heat up the vacuum to a very high temperature so that the Quagluon and the gluons which are usually confined in the nucleon become free and the state of matter that is created would be the Quagluon plasma a state of matter that presumably has existed in the universe during the very first moment of its existence. So what people were interested in are the following type of questions. Suppose you managed to collide these two nuclei together, are we sure that we have been able to create the Quagluon plasma? What we observe in experiments are not the plasma itself but the result of it decay. Whatever is created in these heavy ion collisions, collisions of very heavy nuclei live for very short amount of time and then it decays into particles that fly into the detector. That is the first question. Have we created the Quagluon plasma or not? The second question is suppose we have created the Quagluon plasma. Can we learn the properties of that plasma? So to give a very succinct answer to these questions one can say that most people believe now that at the relativistic heavy ion collider one has able to create the Quagluon plasma. And the Quagluon plasma that was created we have in a very strange but somewhat familiar way. We have like a droplet of liquid, almost like a droplet of perfect fluid with a small, very small viscosity. But now there is an event that at the first sight is not related at all to the relativistic heavy ion collider. But an event that would change my scientific career. When I was in New York I got connected reconnected to one of my old friends from Moscow Andrei Starinets. So Andrei told me about a problem that he and his collaborator Giuseppe Policastro from Italy was trying to solve. And he was telling me that they have some road blocks in their calculations. So what they were trying to do is to verify the so called gauge gravity duality. Which is duality between a gauge theory and a gravity in higher dimension. The gauge gravity duality is one of the greatest achievement in theoretical physics. It was conjectured by Juan Maldesina in 1997. It is duality which is equivalence between two theories that looks very different from each other. On the one side of the duality is a field theory in d dimension. In the Maldesina original conjecture that was the so called supersymmetric Young Mills theory. N equal 4 supersymmetric Young Mills theory. And that theory is supposed to be dual to some gravity theory in one higher dimension. The duality is very non trivial because it is a duality between a theory without gravity on one side and with gravity on the other side. A theory in d dimension on one side and d plus one dimension on the other side. Almost nothing on the two side match. But somehow Maldesina conjectured that these two theories are the two different descriptions of the same physical system. People were trying to check this very non trivial duality by doing calculations. In a typical check, one would compute the physical quantity in the quantum field theory. N equal 4 supersymmetric Young Mills theory. And then repeat the calculation in gravity. There is a certain so called dictionary that allows one to translate from field theory to gravity. So a quantity in field theory correspond to some equivalent quantity in gravity. And computing this quantity in the gravitational theory we get another result. And if these two results of the two calculations coincide then that would be a check. That would be an indication that the conjecture by Maldesina is valid. So Maldesina was motivated by progress in string theory. This conjecture by Maldesina at the first site doesn't have anything to do with say the Quakluon plasma or the collision of heavy ions. Andrei Starinets in Giuseppe Policastro was trying to verify the gauge gravity duality at finite temperature. That was a new thing at the time. Most of the verification, most of the checks was done at zero temperature. But what Andrei and Giuseppe was hoping that they would be the first people who managed to verify the gauge gravity duality in the new environment that is an environment of finite temperature. But right away there is a problem. The calculation on the gravity side can be done. It's related to some processes that happen in the presence of the black hole. But the calculation in field theory is now impossible. And the reason is that the quantum field theory that where we have to do the calculation is a strongly interacting, strongly coupled supersymmetric field theory at finite temperature. The finite temperature breaks supersymmetry and a lot of technique that one may use to overcome the problem of strong coupling works only at zero temperature. They would not work at finite temperature. So when Andrei told me about his problems, that was the first time I listened and I started to learn techniques from string theory. And at some point I realized that what they are computing is not an average, some generic quantity, some generic correlation function, a green function in finite temperature field theory. It is something that has a real physical interpretation. The quantity that they are computing, at least one of the quantities, is related to the so-called viscosity. Viscosity is something that we use to think in the context of normal fluids like water or air. But viscosity makes sense even in extreme environments like quantum field theory at finite temperature. What Andrei was computing is actually the viscosity. And so with this insight, we are able to reverse our point of view. Instead of viewing the calculation as the possible test of gauge gravity duality, we can look at the calculation and view it as a prediction for the shear viscosity of a strongly interacting quantum field theory at finite temperature. Though one cannot compute this quantity in quantum field theory because the field theory is strongly interacting, we were able to compute it using the toolbox of gauge gravity duality. And that was the first time such a calculation was possible, a calculation of viscosity in a strongly interacting theory, or any kinetic coefficient in a strongly interacting field theory. So I will skip a lot of details in the subsequent developments in the subject. But in short, what happened is that the calculation that we did originally in a very peculiar theory, non-physical theory, n equals 4 supersymmetric Young-Mills theory that seems to have no relationship with the standard model turned out to imply a result that can be compared directly to experiment. And surprisingly, the result matched very well with the value measured at the relativistic heavy ion collider. And that became very... make a lot of people in the string theory community interested in the physics of heavy ion collision and vice-versa. So what one can extract from this period, from this episode? I would extract the following conclusion. First of all, there are physical systems with no quasi-particles. From the calculation that we have done, we see no indication that the Kwakluon plasma, or the supersymmetric strongly coupled version, at least, of the Kwakluon plasma can be interpreted as a collection of quickly interacting quasi-particles, like in many cases we were able to do in condensed matter physics. The Kwakluon plasma at RIC seems to be also a system that cannot be described as a collection of quasi-particles. Another more general reason that I drew from this episode is that physics is an interconnected discipline. There is a connection that at the first sight is not obvious. The connection between string theory on the one side and finite temperature field theory and hydrodynamics, fluid mechanics on the other side. Later on, groups in India and in other places have managed to show a direct connection between the dynamics of the horizon of a black hole and dynamics of a fluid. Our work has established a connection between string theory and fluid dynamics, and later on, together with Kirchhoch, Pavel Kapton, Subir Sajdev we have managed to establish a connection to condensed matter physics as well. But there is another lesson that I would like to draw from this episode. From my experience, it is sometimes difficult to say whether one does at the moment would have application in the future. Sometimes something that looked useless in the beginning may become useful later on. When Andre and Giuseppe set out to do their calculations, their motivation is purely theoretical. They were trying to verify a conjecture by Maldesina at finite temperature. They were not able to do so because at finite temperature there was no supersymmetry. But we managed to reimagine the calculation as a prediction of the gauge gravity duality. This prediction, however, is still a prediction for very unphysical theory, strongly coupled theory N equal 4 with N equal 4 supersymmetry. But somehow unexpectedly for everybody, including ourselves, our result was later found to be very popular in heavy iron physics since it furnished a reference point for the value of the viscosity, which is not very far away from the value that one measures in experiment. I would like to add something to this point, though. Although one can never say in the beginning that a piece of calculation would become useful in the future, I would claim that some calculation that pulls together knowledge from different fields of physics, from different fields of science, had a good chance to become useful. In our case, we have draw knowledge from field theory, string theory, fluid mechanics very different fields, very different subfields of knowledge. And so maybe just the fact that it is a research that draw from different subfields make our calculation more useful, more have some chance to become useful. That is probably subjective opinion that I draw from this calculation. My second story has to do with one of the problem that is closer to the heart of condensed matter physics, the fractional quantum whole effect. When one plays two-dimensional gas of electrons, which can be realized in superconductors, in the very high magnetic field, many very strange quantum phases appear. One of these phases is the so-called half field Landau level, which appear when exactly half of the lowest Landau level, a state of electron in a high magnetic field is filled. And then among various other miracle of strongly interacting condensed matter physics, we have a situation in which the quantum states that appear at half field Landau level seems to have a quasi-particle that move in the straight line, which is very unnatural for a system of charged particles like electrons in the very high magnetic fields, where all the electrons have to move in a tightly curved orbit. There is a conventional explanation for the existence of such a quasi-particle that was proposed in the 1990s by Harper, Lee and Reid based on the notion of the so-called composite fermions, which in this picture is a bound object consisting of an electron and two attached flux quanta. This picture was very successful, but it has one theoretical problem that it breaks a symmetry of the half field Landau level called the particle whole symmetry. The construction of the composite fermions relies on the fact that it is a bound state of an electron with two flux quanta. So when already breaks, the symmetry between an electron and a whole when we make this construction. On the half field Landau level, there should be a complete symmetry between particle and whole because it's like a half empty cup which is also a half full cup. Now going back to in time, around 2002 I discovered a set of paper two very interesting paper written by Michael Peskin and another paper by Das Gupta and Harper. I was very excited about these two papers. These two papers establish the duality or the equivalence between two theories in two plus one dimensions that looks completely different from each other. One theory is a theory of a complex scalar field and the other theory is a theory of a complex scalar field coupled with a gauge field. The claim of these two paper is that at the point of phase transition, these two theories are equivalent to each other. And the equivalence works very non-trivial. A particle in one theory is mapped onto a vortex in another theory and vice versa. So this duality is called the particle vortex duality. I was so excited about this that I started to think about this problem and try to find out what kind of tests one can do to test this remarkable conjecture. So in 2002 I managed to even write a paper that proposed some tests. But it turned out that these things that I came up were not new at all. I think various people already know what I proposed probably a long time ago. I was very late. 2002 is very late compared to 1980. So although I managed to publish in this subject, I suspect that the reason the referee accepted the paper is that it was written in a way that some of the knowledge known in condensed matter physics into a language that is familiar to some high energy physicists. I even think that for many high energy physicists what I have written is not new at all.  I think that was, I thought this was probably one of the papers although it's published was a failure and then I moved on. What I didn't know is that my brief infatuation with duality in 2 plus 1 dimensional field theory would give me the basis on which I could build a new theory of the half field land-out level that is both consistent with all the symmetries and with experimental results. For such a construction is a fermionic version of particle vortex duality. That fermionic version of particle vortex duality was proposed in 2015 and using it one can explain the appearance of the composite fermion in the half field land-out level in a way that doesn't break particle whole symmetry. I propose a theory called the Dirac composite fermion for this purpose. It also clarifies in a very transparent way the physics of interacting states on the surface of topological insulator that was done by Max Mitlitzky, Ashwin Vishwanath, one in Central among other people. And in high energy physics it has motivated the search and the discovery of many dualities between different 2 plus 1 dimensional quantum field theory. A set of dualities that is now called the web of dualities in high energy physics. That was done by high energy physicists like Karch and Tong, Cyberg, Central, Wang and Witten. What kind of lessons one can learn from this episode? One lesson one learned is that the quasi-particle do not have to be a dressed particle. Often one learns in textbooks that if we have a particle, we can turn on non-interacting theory, we turn on interaction, that quasi-particle becomes a dressed quasi-particle. But it doesn't have to be always so. The composite fermion in the half field land-out level is neither a dressed electron nor a dressed hole. It is less thought of as a quasi-particle that appears from a duality between one field theory and another field theory. It can be thought of as a vortex, a fermionic vortex in the original theory. This example illustrates the deep connection between high energy physics and condensed matter physics. Duality is something that is quite familiar in high energy physics community, but the example of this example of half field land-out level is one of the examples where such a duality becomes useful in a real physical system. In this case we have seen the unity of nation revealed to us in a rather dramatic fashion. We have quasi-particles that appear almost as a miracle of duality. But I would draw another lesson from this episode, at least for myself. The lesson is one should not be too disappointed if one works very well, work very hard. One thing that one have achieved some results discover new facts in nature to be later discovered that this fact has been known for a long time. I sometimes tell a joke to my students that the short duality is named after the third person who discovered it. I learned this inequality in Vietnam as the Koshy Buñacovsky inequality. But jokes aside, when you discover something yourself, even something that has been long known your effort has not been wasted. The knowledge that you have obtained with a great effort becomes your own knowledge and most of the time you can understand it better and you can apply it much efficiently than something that you learn by reading from textbooks or research papers. So these are all my stories. Congratulations again for your great achievement and good luck for your next step in life. Any questions? Well you'll have opportunity to ask him questions over the refreshments later on if you want. Thank you. Thank you so much for a wonderful talk. I hope it was inspiring for our students. So I think now we can proceed with the formal ceremony. I join Son in congratulating you and I pass the floor to Professor Misha Kiselev who is the head of the diploma program to also to take over the moderation of the subsequent. Thank you. Thank you very much, Atish. Thank you very much Professor Son for your inspiring talk. I would like to say a few words but I'm not going to speak long so you come here almost a year ago beginning of September. You come from 26 different countries and for many of you it was first trip abroad. So you come here and first you meet your new friends you meet your new professors, your lecturers colleagues whom you start to collaborate and with your new family and ICTP became your new home for a year. Definitely you learned many, many things scientifically and a part of that I know that you all learned how to live in multicultural community and ICTP is one of the perfect models of multicultural community. You learn how to interact between your friends your colleagues, how to respect different cultures how to respect different opinions you pass some exams and you attended lectures and so many of you will soon come back to ICTP in a different style as a post-doc, as participant of conferences, as keynote speakers of the conference and what I hope is that you still be feeling ICTP as a home and keep this feeling for many years. You will keep your contacts with your friends even if you come to different places as a beginning of your scientific career. So this is your day. You are the heroes of the day and my congratulations to you as the heroes. Among other things I hope that you learn that one needs to work hard in order to achieve success and one needs to learn to work even harder to progress with this success and this is a day of your success today and as your day of success I will start to acknowledge the persons who actually contributed to your success. This is your success but I would also like to thank your family who supported you during your stay at ICTP during the hard time, COVID, vaccination leaving at ICTP campus. This is very important that family is with you and supporting you all the time. I would like to thank all your friends who helped you to be strong and I would like to thank the ICTP team in particular my first thank is to Patrice and Sandra with whom you communicated every day and without whom it will be impossible to achieve your success. Thank you Patrice, thank you Sandra. I would like to mention a few because it's always good to say words appreciation and target, say particular words appreciation. I would like to thank your lecturers and professors who are carefully teaching you science. I would like to thank your tutor, your junior colleagues who helped you in understanding of science and not only science. I would like to thank the ICTP library for providing you everyday support. I would like to thank ICTS, our computer section, which made your life easy and helped you entering to the electronic world of ICTP. I would like to thank the housing office for giving you this condition to leave and stay in the campus. I would like to thank the medical office for solving your emerging problem in a very efficient way. I would like to thank the ICTP cafeteria for providing you not only food for thinking but also food for your stomach, ICTP financial office for help you, ICTP visa office, ICTP coffee team, administration, director office and everybody from ICTP team who worked as the ICTP team and contribute to your success. So my congratulations and gratitude to all of you. Thank you very much. So now we start with the most important part of the ceremony diploma and we begin with high energy and astroparticle physics. Paola, please. Okay, so first of all I should say that as you might notice I'm not Giovanni Viradoro with the coordinator of the high energy diploma. Unfortunately Giovanni had a difficult week and he cannot be here so let me congratulate with you and I'm sure Giovanni will join in these congratulations. So how should I do it? Okay, so let me start. So we start with Alan Alonso Arties from Honduras and sorry, the title of his thesis is soft limits in effective field theories and his supervisor is Giovanni Liesmiro that is not at ICTP today. Congratulations. So let me also add that I would have addressed more properly if I knew that I had to give. Okay, second we have Quoc Trung Ho from Vietnam. The title of this is a positivity constraints in Lorentz invariant theories and I was his supervisor. So now we have Mohamed Khalil from Egypt. The title of this thesis is a minimal model of wind dark matter and his supervisor was Giovanni Viradoro. Now we have Mohamed Reza Kansari from Iran. The title of this thesis is conformal bootstrap and its constraints on effective field theories and his supervisor is Merdad Mirabai please. So we come to Thailand. So we have Warren Patrick McBlaine. The title of this thesis is slow roll natural inflation and it was supervised by myself and Borna Salayan. Now we have Alisa Mustafa from Pakistan. Her thesis was thermal production of sanctions and her supervisor was Giovanni Viradoro. Now it's time for Bolivia. So we have Indira Ocampo Eustiniano. The title of her thesis is a covariate shift in supervised the galaxy classification and her supervisor was Roberto Trotta. Last but not least, Johan Quenta Raigada from Peru. The title of this thesis is generalized global theories and his supervisor was is Pavel Putrov. Thank you. By the way, I encourage my colleagues to say a few words in a time of giving certificate because definitely I did not say everything which I wanted to say and there are many many other things to be said. Okay we proceed with condensed meta section. Three students of condensed meta section all you left to the United States are being admitted to program in Virginia Tech and Penn State and University of Houston. So Ms. Amalare Bakare who is in absentia and hopefully connected by Zoom. Amalare, are you with us? Yes. Yeah. So Ms. Bakare the thesis is analysis of molecular dynamics data on radiation damage. In tungsten the supervisor is Nicola Seriani. Congratulations Amalare for your success. Thank you. You will get a photoshopped version of the ceremony. The next is David Tespades Gonzalez from Peru. His thesis non-Marcovian quantum jobs were done under supervision of Marcela Dalmond and Giuliani Siraco. Okay Mr. Tonk Hulé from Vietnam also in absentia. Lea, are you with us? Yes. It's difficult. We knew that you may be connected after four but okay Lea did the thesis out of time with the staggered field under supervision of Alexander Silva. Okay congratulations Lea. Mr. Jericho Narvaza from Philippines did his thesis for the electronic spectroscopy investigation of some system and metals substrate under supervision of Delangela and Nicola Seriani. Congratulations. Ms. Huma Navas from Pakistan also in here. Yeah. Huma informed that unfortunately she cannot be online. She did her thesis amorphous molybdenum from machine learning in atomic potential simulations under supervision of Nicola Seriani and we will come to Ms. Germain Nezha Khuzana from Rwanda Mr. Polinario Tano from Philippines about two studies on the one to change and the other model is done under supervision of Antonellis Cardicchio. So unfortunately two colleagues are busy with the two weeks right away. They are here but Mr. Arn Vietran from Vietnam who's thesis on computational studies of uniform and boundary frustrated quantum spin chains is done under supervision of Martello Del Monte and Jesus Chanda. So now I'm giving floor to Mr. Tizas Chanda. Okay good afternoon and congratulations to all earth system physics diploma students. So we start with Moro Abdullah from Ghana who did a thesis on time dependent noise HV analysis as stations of a temporary seismic network installed after the M6.4 2020 Petrinia earthquake that was already an achievement supervised by Stefano Parolai and then Mustafa Almasri from Palestine who did a thesis on mapping crustal discontinuities using tele-seismic P wave Coda autocorrelations supervised by Cary Maudia and Harry Tapa. Yeah he's coming. Congratulations. And now Blanca Castillo Autista from Mexico did a thesis on analysis of extreme events over the great Alpine regions supervised by Ericka Coppola congratulations. But connected on zoom hopefully Cadia Floregali from Cameroon with a thesis on statistics of cold pools derived from high resolution cloud resolving models supervised by Adrian Tompkins. And now Minnesur Kibria from Bangladesh with a thesis on the role of topography in modulating monsoon precipitation over Bangladesh supervised by Ericka Coppola. Now we move to Michael Oyelakin from Nigeria with a thesis on modeling the Arctic amplification response using a simplified ICTP AGCM model connected on zoom supervised by Fred Kuharski. Congratulations Michael. So now Manitrinyana Ravoson from Madagascar Cary Maudia and Daniel Manumar. Got this Rikyoma from the Philippines with a thesis on transport of parses in the surface of the ocean using a Lagrangian particle dynamics supervised by Stefano Salon and Cosimo Solidoro. Congratulations. Mariana Salinas from Mexico with a thesis on impact of ocean model resolutions on the hydrography and dynamics of the southern ocean supervised by myself. And finally Muhammad Zafar from Pakistan with a thesis on numerical study of source and nonlinear effects for tsunami modeling supervised by Cary Maudia and Fabio Romanelli. So I also want to congratulate the mathematics students. So well done. So we start with Mohamed Alihwane from Algeria and the title of this project was an introduction to the McKay correspondence. Obviously I should have said that the supervisor was Fernando Rodriguez. Now the next one is Erden Baya Manjai from Mongolia. The title of this project was Introduction to Toric Varieties. I was a supervisor and I don't know, yeah, there he is. Congratulations Erden Baya. Now comes Maget Bey from Senegal and the title was Minimal Services in Romanian Manifolds. Supervisor Claudio Arezzo. Now we have Haga Ibrahim from Egypt. The title was Horseshoes with Internal Tensions supervised by Stefano Luzato. So now we have Tolybion Ismailov from Uzbekistan. The title was Calderon-Sigmund Theory for Singular Integrals Supervisor Emmanuel Canero. Now we have Roy Jamil from Pakistan. The title of the thesis is Sub-Shift of Finite Type and Supervisor Stefano Luzato. Now we have Jose Quintero Campo from Colombia. The title of this project is Introduction to Cala Manifolds and with Claudio Arezzo. The next one is Biswanullah from Pakistan and the title of the project is Invariant Measures for Gips Markov Maps with the Supervisor Stefano Luzato. Finally we have Laurence Fijaya from Indonesia and the title of the project was An Exposition to Small Gaps Between Primes supervised by Emmanuel Canero. Hi sorry, I just wanted to say one thing. Cadia Floregali, one of our ESP students, is not from Cameroon but is from Chad sorry about that. I just wanted to make that clear because he's our first ever student from Chad and we're very proud of it. So sorry Cadia for the mistake. Now for the Quantitative Life Sciences Diploma Program I'm very proud to congratulate with all of you. So let's start with Anna Maria Bupu Theses was a numerical study of phase transitions in low rank spike models supervised by Jean Bobier. Sahar Farak a convolutional dynamics in the gut microbiome supervised by Jaco Pugrilli. Gips, Nemadi Chakov, statistical storage capacity of a quantum perceptron with bias patterns supervised by Fabio Benatti. Christian Pajanonot, fluctuations in response in typical biophysical models, supervised by Edgar Rodin and Sara Loos. Marielle Bispatinho, measuring time and reversibility of a stochastic biological oscillator, supervised by Edgar Rodin. Layla Salih, Bulfurg's ear hair cell bundles as thermal machines supervised by Edgar Rodin. And we have Carlos Soto Lopez, quantitative analysis of the frequencies of letters in the alphabet as an explanatory factor of letter colors in aesthetics supervised by Matteo Marcilli. Carlos is there. Hi! Manuel Vasquez Ibarra analysis of genetic distance between strains of bacteria in the human gut supervised by Jaco Pugrilli. And now we are coming to something which was a secret before this day. We are announcing the best students of the section. To begin with to the best performing students in 2021 2022 postgraduate diploma program in high-energy cosmology and astro-particle physics, the diploma is given to Kwok Trunk Ho to the best performing student in 2021 2022 postgraduate diploma program in condensed metaphysics the diploma is given to Tonk Ho Le Please Tonk! Yes, I'm here professor. Thank you very much. Hi, can you hear me? On the screen? Hello I'm here professor. No, our congratulations. Thank you very much. To the best performing student in 2021 2022 postgraduate diploma program in earth system physics, the diploma is given to Minhatsul Kibriyya to the best performing student in 2021 2022 postgraduate diploma program in mathematics diploma is given to Erden Bayar Magnai the diploma for to the best performing student in postgraduate program in quantitative life the diploma is given to Gips Nevedmaji Tiakon. Everybody and now it's time when... I just want to say that No, I think there is, I just want to congratulate you one more time. Let's clap to ourselves. No, I just want to say that I'm sure you had oftentimes the students say that being at ICTP leaves an imprint on their life and I hope you continue this connection with ICTP and you remain the part of the ICTP family and I'm sure many of you will visit us again in different capacities whether you remain in science or you leave science I think ICTP gives you this international spirit and which I think with you and I congratulate all of you again I think you have learned many things here besides physics from, I don't know, table tennis to dancing and swimming so congratulations and we will now celebrate after this. No, it's still time typically we give a floor to students to those volunteers who would like to say a few words to share your experience, to criticize us which we will take. If somebody from the audience or from Zoom audience would like to say something, please don't be shy, please. So I actually knew that we could share something like two days ago I wanted to share about my experience, I had a unique experience at ICTP and to be honest around eight months ago during the Christmas vacation I was talking to one of my friends from Egypt on the phone and I said if I could go back in time I would just stay back home and I'm happy to say that standing here today I take this back if I could go back in time I would just do it all over again with all ups and downs because I actually grew a lot scientifically and I learned a lot in different subjects that I couldn't have learned staying just home and I mean I struggled a lot during most of them but I also had fun learning some of them I had a lot of fun and it's not just academically I also grew a lot as a person because coming here to ICTP I had all these hopes and dreams and thinking that life can be pink and purple and all these kind of nice things but I learned that it's not pink and purple but it's also not black because life is misty and it comes in all different colors and it's always ups and downs and it's up to us to know how to enjoy the good parts of it even if they are very small or tiny and to push through the hard parts of it and of course I'm still in progress to learning how to do this in practical but I'm grateful for the experience I'm thankful for ICTP for the great opportunity that was provided for me and for all my colleagues I'm grateful for the second chance and I'm grateful for my coordinator, Professor Ducha for all the help and support I really couldn't have been here without you, thank you so much and thank you all for listening to me So would somebody else want to say Apollinario? I'm from the condensed matter section I'm Apollinario Tan, I'm from the Philippines and I was able to give a talk but to say a few words so it's hard to condense everything into a few words so I would like to put it in gratitude so from the very beginning from around May when it was the height of the pandemic and everything was still unsure when we were given emails saying that we were accepted it already felt like it was a long time coming the plan was set in motion and I know it's been repeated words of gratitude from Professor Kislev but I think it deserves to or even a lot of repetitions so thank you to the ICTP staff for helping us do something that's seemingly impossible to bring students from all over the world into a place in the height of the pandemic thank you so much I know it's hard to deal with we're still kids at heart thank you so much for your patience and to the Galileo reception cleaning staff in the cafeteria they were very helpful the unsung heroes of the year because they were very patient with us and we're very glad to have them in our day-to-day life they made it easier they made it feel like we were just at home to the ICTP community to the other PhD students to the postdocs to the professors that we can see eating in the cafeteria outside of academic activities to playing ping-pong to writing in the blackboard to seeing in Dopolavoro thank you for making it feel like a really good community to the teachers to their professors specifically to the ones in Condensed Matter to Professor Kiselev for making sure that we understand the difference between a gap and a gapless spectrum special thanks to Professor Ali Asanali for treating us to ice cream that one day and there's a lot we're run out of time to if I mention every other professor but I'm sure that we would like to send our gratitude to you especially and this is to our classmates to my classmates and to my batch mates thank you for making for making it easier for me personally it was hard it was hard to go out of my comfort zone and to each and every one of you it made me feel like I had a second home outside of my country and to my classmates specifically in the Condensed Matter thank you for tolerating alright no this is not for the Condensed Matter but to everyone thank you for tolerating Condensed Matter's noise in the diploma room I hope it was still okay and that's all I have to say and thank you so much for ICTP and to everyone here thank you Apollinario please hello my name is Layla I'm from QLS section so I am as well was volunteered to say some words and I got really excited then when I was showing for my colleagues what I wrote they were like no no no no take another page from this is a lot this will take forever so I think I will repeat some words but it's necessary so actually this year has grown so fast and it feels like yesterday we stepped out of quarantine in September to seek our dessert freedom and excited for all pasta, pizza, gelato and four coffees of coffee every day so excited but it became an addiction to us, usual addiction to us now the diploma program of ICTP was definitely intense it's called postgraduate intense program for a reason and we had to work really hard under extremely high pressure stress like of sleep tiredness but it was all worth it and in return we learned to think critically and as well to manage for example to submit a homework project thesis at 11 5.59 p.m. before the deadline and yes while having for example one of our colleagues Patty using three computers at the same time but most importantly we learned how to be bold and not being afraid of asking a lot of questions even the silly ones or expressing our opinions about the particular idea or topic in class because simply why not and in case if you run out of questions just take the advice of Gibbs our classmate and ask people how they end up doing their work in research that will work definitely every time more than this wonderful scientific community that ICTP has as Apple mentioned ICTP felt like home for some of us it was our first time living alone without our families we felt homesick, we felt lonely sometimes but the relationship that we built with our classmates and other diploma students and professors felt like home our classmates and I we constantly were there for each other even in the smallest things like bringing and picking up breakfast when we don't catch it and yes thank you ICTP, thank you professors for all the help patience, guidance, encouragement and motivation you gave us classmates for the wonderful memories and company that we had together and for the nice cafeteria ladies of course and we don't want to forget the security guards that let us stay really late at night to finish studying until I don't know really late and we're going to miss all of this moments and small celebration we had after our exams and we had together as a group, classmate and eventually friends and despite being so different I wish you all the success and finally I will finish my talk with our QLS gang sign and stay positively convex every time thank you more volunteers, please Good afternoon, I'm from the Philippines and as my colleagues, my friends would say and from Apple himself I would start with thanking everyone, the staff, our professors, the cafeteria the security personnel, our guest houses personnel and everyone in general as well as my colleagues thank you for making each other's lives a lot easier and better so in behalf of our of my section the ESP section, I would start with maybe a timeline of how our life was from the day we started here so we were the first batch to go out as a group as a batch and we thought that yes, we can go out of every after exams, it didn't happen and actually we'd never got the chance to go out as a group anymore and at that time I think all of us was very shy to say the things that we did not like about each other so we just, I'm so hungry, why are you sitting there? like that, but you will find later that I think we got too honest again with each other towards the end especially after the defense so and so months has passed by and the Earth system section broke up, yes we did break up the solid Earth went on their world Earth, the climate went into their world and so we never, we rarely see each other but despite that whenever we see each other I think slowly we got to mock each other and so on the day of our defense I think one of us was very, very honest and full of self love to a point that he called himself pretty boy and that when we stand together in the picture he said that we don't look very good to some way at least pleasant, but I Mr. Pretty Boy we'll see each other very soon my world before was very small, it was like a point, when I came here the world was 360 spherical world and it was here at ICTP that I learned it's true that there will be those people who are both left and right brained people, if I remember it correctly I did a cheat sheet earlier, if you're right brained you are good in arts you are creative, but after seeing one of our colleagues play the piano play the piano yesterday I realized that oh they do exist, the left and the right brained people oh my gosh, and they witnessed it real time, and then I said yeah I think even though I play like a kindergarten maybe I do have a chance maybe 30 years after, I hope that I'm still alive but we'll see sometimes I talk too much, sometimes I don't after a point that my friends would tell me oh long time no see but here I am now, you see me I'm alive hi, so to wrap this up my world went bigger and I'm very sure that to some extent all of our worlds went bigger from where we were before, and to the next diploma students I'm sure you will experience it too, thank you and good afternoon so I see one raising hand in zoom so this is Ocadia, could you unmute your microphone and can you hear me please yes yes I just want to say a short word because I cannot stay there after something I would like to thanks ICTP because I'm the first student from CHAL and when I was coming to Idlib I was kind of struggling because I have to meet new students speak new language and everything so it was not easier for me and all the professors make it easy for me, so I would like to thank everyone especially Professor Panleti and Professor Tomkis thank you so much and God bless ICTP thank you nice words, somebody else I always see who is going to be volunteer, please oh so this is how the podium feels like okay so good evening everyone, so my life here I'm probably the worst person to speak here because I barely leave my room throughout the year but my life here in ICTP to quote one of the speakers before is pink and purple referring to all the bruises and blood, sweat and tears throughout the year but you know what, we made it give ourselves a pat on the back good job okay so I don't really have much to say, I just want to thank everyone involved in this year long process I just want to thank the secretariat, thank you very much for maintaining everything in order to thank all the staff in the ICTP, all the professors all the staff for everything I want to thank Professor Paolo, thank you very much for your words of encouragement actually my few months during the project was one of the best times in this year and I just want to thank all of my friends, so I'm not really good socially, but so many of my friends have managed to lure me out of my room with food with game of cards and everything and I somehow lose and I have to get out of my room once in a while, so thank you very much okay, we are going to make a group picture before I say the last words, there will be group picture here and then we will go for this refreshment and to the kiss and cry area to take last selfies, last pictures so again, congratulations to all of you with your success and I wish you great success in the future and please come to ICTP and fill ICTP at home as being at home


Before we get into the video guys, I'm giving away 11500 Apex coins to be with a chance of winning and make sure you're subbed to this channel, drop a like on the video and leave a comment down below. What is going on guys, welcome back to the channel and I appreciate you being here. Today I bring you another Apex Legends video and today I bring you more news surrounding the game including a possible raid coming to the game. Like what? Yes, you heard that right people, a raid coming to Apex Legends. Before we go any further guys, if you do enjoy the video and would like to show support you can by hitting that like button. If you are new around here and enjoy Apex Legends videos like guides, top five, gameplays, news, just let everything make sure you subscribe. Okay so over the past week I have covered literally every leak we have seen so far with Apex Legends and I will continue doing so right here on my channel and today we have even more files day to mind and mainly today people we speak of a certain few modes we see which just can't be ignored. Okay so thanks to Apex Game Info for the news, his twitter can be found linked within the video description. So the data mining files speak of many new game modes and firstly we see right here on screen now is a game mode called Raid.  Like what the heck does this mean? Does this mean we'll be getting some kind of raid in Apex Legends? I mean to me it doesn't seem that far-fetched. The game is flawless. For sure it starts its life as a battle royale game but it's made a true mark on the game industry and I believe Respawn can take this game absolutely anywhere they like and with Apex Legends and the fact it's a game which offers many unique characters all doing and possessing different abilities a raid isn't that hard to imagine. In fact I can see now teams of maybe 3, 4, 5 or even 6 diving deep into a raid completing puzzles learning stats to take out buses and being rewarded ultimate loot. I actually feel it could really work that is for sure. What do you think about this? Let me know down below in that comment section. Now the files we are seeing it is important to say no doubt they are placeholder items but if and when Respawn decided to make these modes a reality let's hope that happens. Again important to mention because such files can be found via in-game files doesn't necessarily mean what we see day in mind is definitely coming to the game so keep that in mind. So let's move on and even though I don't think anything will top a raid mode coming to Apex Legends I still have more information to drop on you guys. So we also see of a mode mentioned in these files. Within these files we see a survivor mode which I've already made a video on. If you guys do want to check it out you'll find it linked within the video description. Mind this your force on a survivor mode where that if it was done right it really could be amazing. The other day to mine files we've seen on this survivor mode were that it included NPCs and even had a commentator. So it could be quite decent and it could be coming. Any more information drops in that guys I will have you coded right here on my channel. We also see a game mode called Speedball. I actually have no idea what this could be. If you guys have any ideas, insight us in the comments section. We also see FFA which we know stands for through through all. I've also covered this in a previous video and quite frankly I believe it's clear that Respawn will bring a solo mode as well as a duals mode to the battery outside of Apex Legends. I mean so many people want them they are definitely coming. Other modes we've already seen are Team Deathmatch 2. We've seen 6v6, 12v12 and 24v24. We've also seen data mine files of Titans being the game and also vehicles. But I'm guessing Titans and vehicles were probably being the bigger game modes like the 12v12 or the 24 and 24 or maybe even the 6v6 which could be Team Deathmatch. We don't know yet. Again any more information drops on any of them I will have you coded right here on my channel. Another mode we see and it's the first time we've actually seen this and that is CTF which stands for Capture the Flag. A classic game mode consisting of two teams fighting their way into each other's territory to capture a flag and deliver it to their own base. A game mode I loved in my old school call of duty days. So that could be good. If this mode is to come to Apex Legends well I'm intrigued to say the least but it's for sure. But yeah guys just a quick video update you guys on the latest news surrounding Apex Legends. A raid coming just sounds absolutely crazy but I can see it now. But yeah guys if you enjoyed the video on one step today with the latest Apex Legends news make sure you are subbed to the channel and have that bell button ticked so you never miss a video. But guys thanks as always for stopping by I hope you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on that next one.


Teaching English in South Korea, the Salary and Budget Guide The following guide will help you answer the question, How much can I earn and save teaching English in South Korea? You will also find information on the local cost of living in order to figure out how much to budget for when moving to South Korea. The typical salary for English teachers in South Korea. There are many different teaching positions available all across South Korea. The salary usually depends on the type of school you work at and your qualifications. English teachers in South Korea can expect to make between 1.8 and 3 million Korean won per month, currently $1,600 to $2,675. Though is teaching at a university or international school, however, can make up to $3.5 million, $3,120 United States dollars. If you are a first-time teacher, you can expect to earn between 1.8 to 2.1 million Korean won per month, which equates to around $1,600 to $1,780 US dollars. Salary also depends on where you are based. Seoul traditionally pays the highest salaries but also has a higher cost of living compared to other cities around South Korea. Other benefits to expect when teaching English in South Korea. Besides this salary, most teachers in South Korea also receive free housing or a housing allowance from their employer. Additionally, most schools pay for the round-trip airfare for their teachers. Healthcare is also very affordable in South Korea and there is also a pension scheme in place for a lot of foreign nationals. How to earn extra cash while teaching English in South Korea? A lot of teachers top up their salaries by taking on private students for tutoring. You can easily make a couple of hundred dollars a month when tutoring students in your free time or more when you have the time. Most parents pay between 30,000 and 50,000 Korean won per tutoring hour, $26, $45 US dollars. The cost of living in South Korea. The cost of living in South Korea is on the rise and amongst one of the highest in Asia. However, it is still lower than in most Western nations. The high salary and attractive benefits as an EFL teacher allow you to live a comfortable lifestyle during your time in Korea. Many teachers can even afford a lifestyle they wouldn't be able to enjoy back home, such as traveling every month, eating out on a regular basis and going out to bars and clubs regularly. Below, we break down the cost of living in South Korea for individual aspects. Cost of living in South Korea. Food. When you eat out at local restaurants and buy your produce and ingredients at local supermarkets, you will not only gain an amazing insight into the Korean way of life, but also have more money in your pocket for fun and adventure. Milk, 1 liter. 2,401. Eggs, 12. 3,201. Apples, 1 kilogram. 7,001. Chicken breast, 1 kilogram, 9,801. Rice, 1 kilogram. 3,901. Bottle of water, 1,5 liters. 1,201. Bottle of Korean beer, 0,5 liters. 2,201. Cost of living in South Korea, leisure activities. Koreans love spending time out with friends and family and there is a lot to do around the country. Most people enjoy frequent meals out so be sure to try your way through the wide range of Korean cuisine while you're there. You can also hang out with friends at clubs and karaoke bars, work out at the gym or get a massage and relax. South Korea's leisure activities have something for everyone. 3-course mid-range restaurant dinner. Quick restaurant meal of rice or noodles. 7,001. Spicy rice cakes, a common street food. 2,001. Massage, 30 min, 25,001. One month fitness club membership. 30,001. Movie ticket, international release. 8,001. Cost of living in South Korea. Transportation. When coming to Korea, you might be surprised by the modern and efficient public transit network in the country. In fact, it is one of the most advanced in the world. Taxi prices are also affordable and biomes and subways are inexpensive allowing you to explore your city and beyond. Metro ride. 1,201. Taxi rate per km 901. Start fare 3,001. 20 min taxi ride across town. 18,001. City bus. 1,201. Monthly bus and subway pass. 55,001. Intercity express bus, sold to Jeonju. 15,001. Cost of living in South Korea. Travel in Korea and beyond. While South Korea isn't that big of a country, there is a lot to see and do, plus countless beautiful islands to head to. The express trains are incredibly fast and affordable and domestic flights out to Jeju Island, the largest island in Korea, are also quite cheap. Plus, you can visit neighboring Asian countries like Japan and China in just a couple of hours. One night in a mid-range hotel, 60,001. High-speed train, sold to Busan, 2.5 hours. 59,801. Slow train, sold to Busan, 5.5 hours. 28,601. Flight, sold to Jeju Island, 1 hour. 80,001. Flight, sold to Tokyo, 2 hours. 150,001. Sample monthly teacher budget. To give you an example of how an English teacher in South Korea spends their salary, here is a sample monthly budget. Gross income, salary. Average salary 2.5 million won. Rent. Zero, paid for by employer. Utilities, electricity, gas, water. 80,001. Phone and internet. 70,001. Food. 300,001. Insurance. 30,001. Remaining disposable income. 2 million won. How much you can save when teaching English in South Korea? As you can see from the sample budget above the high salaries in South Korea, allow you to save substantial sums of money during the length of your contract. Because rent is usually paid for by the employer, you will save a lot of money that would otherwise go on housing. Depending on your lifestyle, ESL teachers in South Korea are easily able to save anything from $500 to $1,500 per month. Are you ready to teach English in South Korea? For more information about living and teaching English in South Korea, check out our South Korea country page. Apply now for your TEFL TESOL certification course and start teaching in a matter of months. Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us toll free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.


this special edition of CN Live, season five, episode nine, Turkish elections towards the east or west. I'm Joe Laurier, the editor-in-chief of Consortium News. The Turkish presidential election on Sunday ended with no winner forcing a runoff vote on May 28. Turkish President Raji Tayyip Erdogan, who was running behind in the polls, did better than expected but still fell short of the required 50% plus one of the vote. Kamal Kalichtorolo has been the opposition leader since 2010 of Turkey's oldest political party, the People's Republican Party or CHP, founded by Mustafa Kamal Ataturk in 1923. Kalichtorolo heads a coalition of several parties, but they also fell short of the 50% required and will face off against Erdogan in the second round. It's a pivotal election for Turkey's future, not only at home but in its orientation in the world. Will it return fully to the western camp or continue to look increasingly eastward? Our guest today is Adawan Vatandas, a Turkish investigative journalist, specializing in political science and international relations. He's the author of 13 books, many of which have been bestsellers in Turkey. Reporting from the bridge in Hungary for power, Erdogan's witch hunt and the abuse of state power are the first two of his books that have been published in English in the United States. Adawan is the founder and the editor-in-chief of the English language, hollyturko.com, highly recommended for news about Turkey. Adawan, thanks for coming on the show today. Thanks for handing me Joe. Now let me just ask you what the result Sunday is surprised for you. The polls indicated that Adawan could actually lose. Well honestly, I wasn't surprised. This is what I was expecting, not because Erdogan was successful, just because I knew the structure of the Turkish political system. So Erdogan is running the country for almost 22 or 23 years. It's been a long time. So he has consolidated too much power. So even though the Turkish political system looks like that it's a democracy, but it's not. So there is no separation of power, separation of powers in Turkey. So we don't have free elections, free and fair elections. So these are some important methods to measure the quality of democracy. We don't have free media. We don't have free election system. And when we look at the election results, we have to question where the election results are coming from. So one of the most important sources is Anatolian news agency and it's a state-owned news agency. So controlled by Erdogan government. And second one, it is the high election board. So this organization should be an independent organization, but every single person who is working in this government body was responsible to regulate the adjustments about the elections were appointed by Erdogan. So it is very reasonable not to trust this high election board. So when we compare the election results with the documents which the opposition party possess and reveals and the election results coming from this high election board are contradicting. So what now we are seeing in Turkey is that there are thousands of reports coming from every cities of Turkey indicating the election France. So right now the people, the public opinion is waiting for the opposition leaders to come out and raise their voices, raise their concern. So today two important developments happened. One is there were two important figures in the opposition party who were responsible to register the votes in their system and release the results to the public. And the other one was responsible for media communications of the opposition party. So opposition party fired these two figures considering them bribed or being affiliated with the Erdogan government. So the people started to realize how and how the Erdogan government facilitated these you know, frauds efforts during the election. So it is so interesting to see that for example the Kurdish voters in the southern eastern part of Turkey, so it is impossible for the Kurdish people to vote for a nationalist party which is a partner of Erdogan governments. So they have their own political party represented in the system, you know, who was which was running for the elections. But when we look at the, you know, the graphs and the reports, it seems that they voted for the nationalist party. So there are thousands of different reports right now coming from different parts of Turkey. So it was on Sunday evening, it was 2330. So the results were showing the opposition party leader Kemal Alkalic-Doroglu had won 49.5 percent of the votes and Erdogan was exactly the opposite. It was some 44.5 or something similar to that. In 30 minutes, the high election board reversed the results and replaced probably the 3 percent of the votes to the, you know, the AKP. If they manipulated the votes that way, why didn't they just give Erdogan 51 percent and have him win out right then? This is exactly the question that the people are asking right now. So they just stopped Erdogan's votes on 49.5 percent. So it was so easy for them to make it 50 or 51, but they didn't do it because they already knew that they lost the election. Do you understand what I mean? So they already knew it, but they just reversed it and they just, you know, told them, let's finish it during the second round. How do you know about this? How do you know about these earlier figures that were 3 percent less? Was it on television? It was all documented. Yeah. I mean, there was only one credible news channel. It was Televon. So they were just spreading the real results coming from the high election body. It was 1130. They showed all these results. In 30 minutes, something happened. Something happened and they just revert the votes. Right now, as I told you, there were two important figures in the opposition party. They were fired today. There were some suspicions about these two figures for the last two or three months. The people were actually recommending the opposition to fire these two people because there were some allegations about them. So the mistake that the opposition party did during the election to keep these two figures during the election. So they were too late to fire them. So right now, you know, they will have to upgrade their IT systems, their systems, which are responsible to count and the results on time to their system and to release these results to the public immediately. So this is what's right now. The Turkish public is right now thinking and discussing. If you can follow the social media right now, you can see thousands of reports coming from everywhere. And some of the opposition leaders already started to raise their concerns about the accuracy of the results. And yes, this, I mean, the people also are expecting the opposition leader Kemal Kalustarov to come out and tell the people that they are objecting officially to the high election board. They are objecting the results on local levels, but they have to do it by going to the high election body and declare that they do not accept the results. So we are waiting for these kind of developments as well. I see. So why, is there a reason why he would not do that? Kalustarov, why he would not make a formal This is a very good question, Joe. This is a very good question. So as I told you, last nights, sorry, on Sunday nights around 11.30, 11.30 p.m. Turkish time according to you. Yeah, according to yes, according to Turkish time. Yes. So as I told you, the results were so obvious. Kalustarov was ahead of Erdogan. They changed it. They did something. So Erdogan went on Erdogan went to Ankara and started to give a speech. He didn't declare a victory, but he gave a speech that, you know, it looks like that it is, they have to try it for the second round. So he also declared that he is very much ahead of the opposition. So just put yourself in front, you know, as the opposition leaders. So they are watching Erdogan's, you know, Revelation's Erdogan speech. Erdogan says he is ahead of the opposition and they will try the second round. So opposition has two options. They would just declare that this is a lie because they already know the results. It's in their hands. Okay. Or just call the people to the streets. But Erdogan has the power of the military, intelligence, police, and some paramilitary groups. So what I understand is that the opposition leaders wouldn't put the people's lives to risk. They didn't want to take that risk. So I think they just wanted to make it, you know, in a more peaceful way so that they wouldn't put the lives of the people to risk. Right. So the polls showed that other one could lose. So you're saying the actual results were more or less in line with what the opinion polls were before the election? Absolutely. So probably, yeah, probably Kalichdar Olu got 51 to 52. The polls were saying that he would probably get 53 to 54. Yeah. But you know, this is what we are seeing right now. Probably they got 51, 52 points of votes. But we will see how these objections will end up with. Tell us the audience about the coalition that was formed. This was something new, I think, that Kalichdar Olu wasn't just a Republican party. He put together how many parties who put together. Yeah, CHP represents the secular values, secular Republican values and principles. So as you had mentioned, it was founded by the founder of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. And then E-party, E-party was part of the nationalist party. So the leader of the party is a lady, a medal actioner. So they represent, you know, the nationalist and conservative values. And then we have Ali Babacan, Ali Babacan was part of AKP. He's very liberal and he is expert on economy.  So they are the predecessors of AKP. So AKP being Erdogan's party, correct? Yes, right. So AKP was actually coming from Saadet Partisi, Saadet Party.  And then we have a democratic party. It's not, this party is not that big, but the leader of the party has a PhD from Harvard University. So he's a very credible person as well. So this is the coalition. This is a coalition of different perspectives and opinions of the Turkish nation. Also, the Kurdish voters actually supported this formation, so the HDP. So they supported this party, even though this coalition didn't promise anything to them. So this was something that had to be, you know, appreciated about the Kurdish voters in Turkey. They voted for democracy. Tell me, explain again what happened with the Kurds. Were they not allowed to vote for? No, Kurdish people supported this coalition, even though they were not promised anything.  They didn't promise anything in the government. They didn't promise anything, but they just believed that this change, this tendency for change in the country is something that they had to support. And they support the Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu coalition. Right. And one also, I forgot to mention about Ahmet Davutoglu. He was a former prime minister of Erdogan government. So he also established his own party, Gelecek Partizan's future party. They also represent similar conservative and Islamist parties. So you see that there are different ideologies and, you know, political views in this coalition, including the Kurds. The Kurds were also supported this coalition. Basically, the entire country, all the parties against Erdogan. That's correct. So you understand that the Kurds had no reason to vote for a right wing, an extreme right wing political party in the south, in the east. So this is how we can understand that there was, you know, the frowns going on during the elections. Prod, a manipulation of the votes. Okay. Interesting. Now let's get a little bit into the issues of this election. The western countries, the power is, it seems like they clearly wanted Erdogan to lose. They are concerned about his drift towards Eurasia and against, away from the west, especially towards Russia and China. The Economist magazine had a huge cover story and basically they called for him to be defeated. How was that received in Turkey? Was there any backlash? Because the west made it so obvious they wanted Erdogan to lose. Well, no matter what the west says about Erdogan government, even though, you know, if they would say something positive about the Erdogan government, so they have the tendency to have this entire western sentiment, anti-western view, because this is what they are using. They are saying that the west is jealous of the Turkish leadership, Turkish, you know, developments. So this is what they are using all the time. United States is trying to destroy Turkey. European Union is trying to destroy Turkey. So no matter what the western countries say, this is how, what actually they would sell to the Turkish public, because this is how they are feeding the Turkish nationalism. So they said that the western countries are against them and supporting the opposition party. So I don't actually have a clear picture to make this claim personally. So these are people from the AKP, from Erdogan's AKP party that have accepted this narrative that the west and the US and Europe are trying to destroy Turkey? That's correct. That's not widely believed amongst the opposition parties, correct? Right. I mean, you can say that western countries prefer to see a democracy in Turkey, because this change in Turkey would affect some illiberal democracies, illiberal political systems in the world. It may affect Russia, so you know that Russian hackers and Russian, you know, circles, maybe intelligence-related circles support its, you know, Erdogan during this election. I don't have any, you know, clue. I don't have any documents, but this is what the opposition leader said several days ago. So they accused Russian governments for making this kind of efforts. Yeah. I was going to ask you about that, this allegation of Russian interference. You know, we had that in the United States too, in cause such division in the country for so many years, and there really was no evidence that Russia so you're saying you don't know what the truth is about that allegation? I don't know. I don't know what the truth is about it, but the former Turkish intelligence servers made that claim several weeks ago. He said that they would expect the Russian government to try this kind of efforts, and also the opposition party leader made that claim several days ago when they see some, you know, doctored images in the social media. So this is what they saw, but I don't think that, you know, AKP or Turkish intelligence would need the Russian's help. They can clearly make these kind of things by themselves. Right. Well, I think it's clear Russia would prefer to went to win just like they would prefer that Hillary Clinton lost, but that's not proof that they actually look, you know, Turkey, you just make Joe, when you look at the Ukraine War, Erdogan is playing very interestingly. So Erdogan is selling drones to Ukraine. Right. So and Ukraine is using these drones against the Russia, against Russia, the Russian army. On the other hand, Turkey looks like that Turkey has a good relationship with Putin or Russian government. So it is not so easy to make, you know, that's assumption. I mean, where I mean, which country is where I don't see that picture very well. Before I get deeply into that issue, which I want to talk about extensively about the foreign issues, there were also parliamentary elections, correct, on Sunday. And that was who did better there. And it seems like that the other one's party did better than the coalition. But that's that's correct. Based on the same, you know, based on the same crowds related to the election results. So I told you, for example, it is not possible for Mehepe, the Turkish, you know, nationalist party to get some 11 points of 11 percent of the votes. It's impossible. So they cannot get votes in this Kurdish populated areas. And no one can explain it.  They don't like each other. No, the MHP explained this is not the ones party, but they're aligned with they haven't aligned. So there's okay. And you're saying the Kurds would never have voted for that part. But so the parliamentary results showed what that he that it shows that I don't want is going to dominate the parliament. Yeah. So if if they keep that, you know, like this, and at the end of the day on May 28, if Kılıçdoroglu would win the presidential elections, it is going to be difficult for them to run the country because they might have some kind of gridlock that we have seen in the United States in the past. But we don't know exactly what's going to happen. You know, we don't know whether the opposition party will go and ask for their rights. You know, they might go to the high election board and object the results and we will see what's going to happen. Now, it's ironic because it was in 2013 or 14 that Erdogan changed the system from a parliamentary to a presidential system when he was prime minister at the beginning, he was the leader of the country. And then he made it. So had he kept it a parliamentary system, he would have won right now. And that would be the end of the matter, right? Absolutely. It didn't work. Didn't work this time. Let me ask you about this coalition, the headed by the Republican Party. What is their policy towards, what's their foreign policy in relation to Erdogan? In terms of moving towards Eurasia or back towards the West, would they be more oriented towards NATO in the West than Erdogan has been? Well, when I look at what they had already said, which they all gave some interviews to Western media, they said that they will help the expansion of NATO. They will work with NATO and Western Alliance. But this might be only rhetoric. This might be just politics because CHP is well known with its independent policies. So it was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. So they also have nationalistic perspective along with secularist perspective, but they also are Turkish nationalists. And when we look at Akşener, Melan Akşener, E-Party, they are also nationalist. We have Ahmet Davutoglu and Ahmet Davutoglu had some anti-Western sentiments as well. Ali Babacan is very pro-Western, liberal and democratic party leader. He is pro-liberal and pro-Western, and Harvard graduates. Well, we see that there is a power struggle on Turkey between the West and the East. We understand that. But it is not easy. It's not that easy to say that Turkey would just leave Russia and its relations with Euro-Asian countries and just turn itself to the West. It cannot happen. So they need to find a balance. And I'm sure that they would find a balance. So they wouldn't increase if the opposition would win the presidency, would they try to increase? They wouldn't try to increase more support for Ukraine, problems for Russia in the Black Sea, that kind of thing. They wouldn't want to take any risk because the Turkish economy is in a very bad situation right now. So they don't have that power. So the first thing that they would want to do is to actually base something on the Turkish economy, because the people are suffering. I understand that the Western countries might want Turkey to take a position, take a more aggressive position in Ukraine and use their military against Russia. I don't think that they would do that. And they would go on with a similar perspective. They will try to find a balance between Russia and the Western coalition, I guess. Okay, before we go on with foreign policy, you raised the economy. Was that the number one domestic issue or were there others? Yeah. And human rights violations also. That's an issue. Rights violations is a big issue. The media freedom is a big issue they would create. They would try to create democratic institutions again. There are thousands of people in prison. There are thousands of people who were illegally fired from the government position. So they have to do something about that. There are political prisoners in Turkey like Senat in Demirtas, the leader of the HDP, the Kurdish party. He is in prison. And there are some others in prison. So they have to do their best to change this undemocratic tendencies in the Turkish system. How many journalists are in prison now in Turkey? I think that more than some 250 journalists are still in prison. Yeah. So that was an issue in the campaign. That's quite interesting. Yeah, because they realized how important it is to have a free media because they didn't have, you know, in a free and independent media. This, for example, Anatolian agency is a state-owned agency. And everyone is paying to this institution. You know, we are all taxpayers. So, but they only give one perspective, which is the government perspective. And that's why the opposition is so upset about, you know, these tendencies in the media. So almost 99% of the entire media is controlled by Erdogan. And this is what they promise about it. So they want to change this environment, media environments, you know, the human rights violations. So the bureaucracies controls, you know, they are working as they are employees of Erdogan or the AKP government. So the government officials also should be loyal to only to the constitution, not to the parties or the leaderships. Right. Back to the economy for a minute. I remember that Erdogan came to power and was sustained for a long time on the strength of the so-called Anatolian tiger, a great upswing of the economy outside of Istanbul in the center in the east of the country. What's happened to that? Has that run out of steam, that economy, that economic boost that he had? So the corruption, I guess is the most important reason because, you know, in every whatever they are doing, the government is also taking percentage, you know, Erdogan government. And so they are all revealed right now. Nothing is a secret anymore. So there was a person who was a, who was coming from a very close circle of Erdogan. So he revealed everything about these things. And so the corruption is the main reason of the, you know, economic recession. And they used, you know, the Turkish financial assets for many black budget-related efforts. So back to foreign policy, Erdogan, what about Iran relations with Iran? Would it make a difference which party or which president Turkey had in this election? How would that be affected? I don't think that the relations between the upcoming, I mean, if the opposition would be in power, you know, after Erdogan. I don't know whether this is going to happen or not, but I don't think that they would change the relations between Turkey and Iran. As I said, you know, Ahmet Davutoglu is part of the government. So he was the prime minister when they had very good relations with Iran. So he's going to be the vice president. And also remember that Kalistar Ali is coming from a different sect, you know. So the Shiites and the Elawites or Alevis in Turkey have some sort of, you know, a relativity or some sort of, you know, affiliation. They are not the same. Our Alevis in Turkey, they are very secular, but we cannot deny that they have an historical past with Iranian Shiites theology. So that's why I wouldn't expect Kalistar Ali would reverse the relations between Iran and Turkey. And you can also guess that if the government would change, Kalistar Olu can change the relations with Syrian regime. So the Elawites in the south regime also have some sort of, you know, connection with the Elawites, the Alevis in Turkey. The difference is that the Elawites in Syria, they are speaking Arabic and they are ethnically Arabs.  But as I said, they are theology. And the way that they view the world and Islam is very similar. So I wouldn't, I think it would be much better for Russia, you know, to see, you know, Kalistar Olu government in Turkey, because it would definitely positively affect the relations with the Syrian regime. On terms of Syria, but maybe not in terms of Ukraine. But it's interesting because I interviewed Kalistar Olu back in 2013 in Washington when he was visiting. And that interview he said, he was very critical of the other one, government's Syria policy. And openly, they were supporting extremists in Syria trying to overthrow Assad. But, you know, since China broke this extraordinary deal between Iran and Saudi Arabia, it's had a kind of seismic, in my view, effect all over the Middle East because the relations between Iran, sorry, between Iran and Saudi Arabia had an influence in almost every conflict in the region. And to bring those together has had, particularly in Yemen, but even in Lebanon or in Iraq, we might see change and Syria specifically. And Russia has played a big role in this diplomacy as well. So is it a bit of a humiliation? Because for Erdogan, because we see him kind of changing his Syria policy now, he's gone to maybe withdraw all the troops from inside Syria and the Arab League just readmitted Bashar al-Assad. Where is Erdogan now on Syria? And isn't this kind of this reversal, if he falls, if he comes through, is an economy humiliation for his previous? Yes, that's correct. That's correct. Some two weeks ago, I guess, Erdogan, in a TV interview, claimed that they, the Turkish intelligence eliminated the ISIS leader. But we haven't seen that this allegation was confirmed by some Western credible intelligence services. So we didn't learn, we didn't understand why he made this claim. But yeah, ISIS and El Nustral, the Turkish intelligence were affiliated in the past, so they had very positive communications in the past. And the Turkish government was also providing some ammunition and some weapons to them. And this was deteriorating relations with the Syrian regime. I think, as I said before, the opposition parties, I mean, a potential prospective government led by the opposition would be much trustworthy by a South regime and by a Russian government as well, along with the Western governments. Because what they would do would be visible and transparent, I guess. Okay, but the issue of charisma has come up here. I mean, whatever we think about him or what other his opponents think that he's acted in dictatorial ways, that he has so many people in prison, including, as you say, 250 journalists, he has apparently something because he's been in power for 20 years. So Calistro has got zero charisma. I have to say, as I said, I spent in his hotel room in Washington. And at that time, in that interview in 2013, there was a lot of talk about this Mustafa Saragul taking over the party, and he actually told me that he would be willing to step down as the leader if he thought that Mustafa Saragul would be a better, more charismatic. What happened to Mustafa Saragul? This is 10 years later. What's happened there? Well, Mustafa Saragul didn't have any charisma. He was a handsome man of a district in Istanbul. And he supported his lot, but he just supported Calistro. He actually did the right thing for this election. But when it comes to charisma, the charisma without democratic leadership is not something good for the societies because Hitler had charisma as well. And authoritarian charisma always polarizes the people, creates enemies, and authoritarian charismatic leadership with narcissistic personality disorder leads their country's destruction. This is what happened in Germany because the people couldn't see what is coming for them. So that's why they were delusions with Hitler's visions and many other things. We have seen a similar delusion in Turkey. The people were mesmerized by Erdogan's rhetoric claiming to resurrect the Caliphate and Ottoman Empire. There is a similarity between the German nation and the Turkish nation. They lost the First World War. They were allies. So when Ataturk came to power, he just tried the Turkish nation to forget that defeat. Erdogan tried to remind that defeat to the people and he just promised them to heal that wounds. And this is how the Turkish people were trapped by this rhetoric. And they supported him believing that one day they would have the Ottoman Empire and Caliphate back. But it was just a lie. It was just a lie. So right now, the Turkish nation is facing not to establish the Ottoman Empire, but they are facing whether they would survive. They would keep their country united or not. Because these kind of leaders like Hitler always separates the country or destroys their country. What happened in Germany? We didn't have the German Empire, but Germany was separated into two countries. That's quite interesting. What's happened to all of these grandiose plans of Erdogan to restore something like an Ottoman Empire? Now, he certainly has increased the influence of Turkey outside of the region in Africa in particular. He's gotten more involved. He's certainly, what has he achieved with Central Asian, Turkic speaking republics? But how would you assess in 20 years the entire career of Erdogan? I want to ask you, particularly his farm policy, but how would you look back from 2003 when he became prime minister? Till now, how would you describe his what he set out to do and what he's achieved? These are his final times. These are his final times. First, he's not good. His health is not good. He has really serious health issues. This is the first thing. He's old and he sometimes struggles to walk. Then the Turkish people actually, they decided to quit him. I mean, don't take the election, don't take this election results very seriously. Okay, even though it looks that he won, actually, he did not. He lost it. He couldn't make it in the first round, even though let's assume that the results were correct, but he didn't make it. He couldn't make it. So he already realizes that he is losing. And just it would affect his narcissistic personality as well. This is the one thing. The second thing is that the people are going to be more poor during the time, and it's not going to be sustainable for Erdogan to pursue his expansionist policies in the region. For example, they were competing with United Arab Emirates in Libya. They were representing different political camps in Libya. They were fighting. They had proxy wars in Libya. But when the Moab leader, Sedat Peket, moved to Dubai and started to make some revelations against Erdogan government, Erdogan had to go to United Arab Emirates and had to deal with them. And they started to sell drones to the United Arab Emirates government. And they started to use these drones in Libya against Erdogan's proxies. So you know how they lost their interest in Libya just for one man, just because of one man who was talking against Erdogan. So it means that he's a pragmatist. He can easily leave the country's donations interest when it bothers him. So I don't think that from now on Turkey would have expansionist policies because eventually they will lose. Eventually they will lose. And this Ottoman Empire rhetoric and the resurrecting the Caliphate, they were just rhetoric. They were not real. So what do you think happens in the runoff? I don't any predictions? Well, it depends on how the opposition would take it seriously this time. They would take some risks. It's not easy to challenge estates because it's a state establishment. If some circles in the state establishment would realize that they will not be able to go on with Erdogan, they might want to take sides with the opposition. So right now we will see. I'm not that sure what would happen. So remember, for example, there were some bureaucrats in Germany during the Hitler's time. They tried to stop him, but they couldn't. Right now the Turkish nation is trying with democratic means to stop Erdogan, but they also need some support from the bureaucracy. If they would find that bureaucracy, I know that a lot of documents are being revealed by the bureaucracy to help the opposition, but it's not enough. At the end of the day, the opposition would see where the military and the intelligence stands. Yes. You referred to Hitler a few times. Did Erdogan once make some sympathetic statement about Erdogan? That's correct. He did. Do you remember exactly what he said? I don't remember exactly what he said, but once he did. And remember that the sources, some of the Islamist sources about anti-Semitism come from the Nazism sources and right-wing extremist sources. So there's also that kind of affiliation. I need to ask you the Fethullah Gulen movement. Many people have been fired or jailed after Erdogan blamed them for the coup back in 2016. What role has any has that issue, the issue of the Gulen movement played in this election? Is it important anymore like it was? They don't have any power. They are influential in social media because the people in Turkey are not capable of getting the real news from the Turkish sources. So they are looking to get sources from different countries, the international, the journalists in exile. This is one of the things. I mean, they have their own institutions in the Western countries, but they don't have any power to have any influence in the Turkish elections. Right. Now, if Erdogan wins and he's president, some commentators are speculating that there could be a lot of protests like him. You said before that the opposition doesn't want to risk people's lives by doing that. Could they stop them? And could there be any Western influence pushing those elections in a so-called color revolution? Is that a possibility if Erdogan wins? If Erdogan wins, I don't think. I mean, if they would be convinced that Erdogan wins, it's fraught and manipulation. If they would have seen the accurate documents claiming or indicating that actually opposition won, they can try and go to the streets. Because it happened in the past during the Gezi in 2014 or 2013 or 2014. They tried and they can try again. Yeah. Okay. My last question, and I thank you again for your time, Erdogan, is in the United States, every election is called the most important pivotal election history. So it becomes a little tiresome because they can't all be the most important election in history. Let me ask you about this Turkish election. How pivotal is this election to the future of Turkey? I mean, you're talking about the election on May 14th. May 28th. Yeah. It is. It's a milestone in the Turkish political history because it's going to determine whether Turkey is going to be a fully totalitarian regime or a new Turkey that would take some steps to heal itself because it's not going to be so easy. They will need years and years to heal this country. It's going to take a lot of time. Thank you, Erdogan Vatundesh, for your time. You're welcome. About the Turkish political situation. No problem. Thank you so much. For CNN Live, this is Joe Laurier. Until next time, goodbye. If you are a consumer of independent news and the first place you should be going to is Consolidating News, and please do try to support them when you can. It doesn't have its articles behind a paywall. It's free for everyone. It's one of the best news sites out there and it's been in the business of independent journalism and adversarial independent journalism for over two decades. I hope that with the public's continuing support of Consolidating News, it will continue for a very long time to come. Thank you so much.