The Ambassador of the Bahamas. Well, that's Ambassador. It's good to see you. It's a pleasure. Thank you. What's that? It's a... It's my daughter. That's my son. That's my son.  Thank you. Thank you. We're most appreciative of the cooperation in this work. It's not a problem. Okay. I think we're going to get this message here. And all of that. And by the having it. And all of them. I think we're going to get this message here. Well, thank you very much. We exchange our papers here. We're going to be a much nicer future together. Mr. President, I'm honoured to meet you. I'm your admirer, ladies. Well, thank you very much. Thank you very much. It's my wife. She's born here in Washington, Illinois. She's born here.  And then you will come in and join us. He's seeing you. He's just a guest to you. And he's a good friend of yours. And my wife of yours. And really, we are very important to you. And it's probably the peace in the world. We are sure it's the best. All that we have gained from them. But we are very grateful that you see Mr. President. We are very appreciative of your participation. Thank you very much. That's very kind of you. Please, with the relationship we have. Mr. President, I think the ladies are between us. Yes. The Ambassador of Portugal. It's the President. Nice to see you again. Nice to see you again. It's an honour for me and privilege. I have seen you in status before going to Lisbon. You produce your marvellous speech there. Because I'm coming from statuaries. Actually, my favourite sponsor. Well, I think the ladies are with us. Welcome. Welcome. Thank you. You've gone double on, Mr. President. They're running Mr. President. Still have seven. It's a four. The Ambassador of Zaire. Yes, hello there. It's a great pleasure to see you in the room. And this is Emily. Hello there. Nice to see you. These are the children? No. They're not. They're not. They're from the fire collection. Then all of you will join us for a picture. We'll just put it in our paper. We'll put it up to you. Let's open it. We'll put it up to you. Should we have a family picture? How do you do Mr. Ambassador? Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you. And Mrs. Call. Hello there. Nice to meet you. Well, please ahead. You will not have one in front of the fire. Let's exchange a picture. Then you will join us. Prime Minister and Co-Operation. Relationship. What did we do? We did the races. We did the ones. Scott, you should have been one. Well, I'll say hi to you about it. Well, the feeling is mutual. Excuse you, but I think I'll just... Take it in a minute, everyone. I'll give a mic to William. We will not... Professor, the Ambassador of Great Britain. Yes. Professor. We have a great opportunity. We're all up to a great time. It's wonderful. Please, if you mind, Mr. Guard, if you have the opportunity to... what do I answer to... the Royal Majesty, I should say. And to the Prime Minister, that's your job. Certainly, well, they asked me the need to say that they would, that warmest greetings, both from the Queen and from the Saskatchewan to you personally, and I saw the pair justify Kang and they would particularly give the warmest greetings to you and that affection from his family. And this is his daughter, Saskatchewan. I see you. We're very, very happy about the relationship that continues between our two countries. It seems to be a rather unique important. And I think it is just something that happened long and then soon. And I'll certainly work for that to keep it unique or special or intimate or whatever good attitude that one likes to call it by. And I think Mrs. Saskatchewan hopes, of course, to have a chance of seeing you again for too long, which is perhaps enough to come here for me in the suit of your schedule. I know what your schedule is like.  And you'll join us. Now that that part behind you in the painting is a rebel named George Washington. All right, Mr. Peskin, can I give you the plethora of that piece? That's a lot of things. I'll tell you again, a lot of pleasure, just being able to attend to my country. Well, we're pleased to have you. We hope your stay will be very pleasant. I had a wonderful, wonderful, and I'm sure I will. I just think we'll talk to some people this earlier today. And I was telling you about a little experience with your prime minister at the economic summit when we held in Williamsburg. And the first meeting is always a dinner night before the regular meeting started, the seven heads of state. So I was all prepared, as everything quieted down at the table, and getting to the dinner, I was going to say, and did say partly, I said, Marguerite, your predecessor, one of your predecessors, had been a little more clever. She interrupted me and said, yes, I know, I would have been hosting this gathering. Which was what I was going to say. I thought I would, I went to Williamsburg last weekend. See, I had been there before, but we had a happy weekend on that. I'd love to tell you what you were. You'd be nice to meet you if you were in the meeting. I say good to your terms. Yes, Mr. Peskin, thank you so much. Thank you, Mr. Peskin. Wonderful time. They come at the end of the evening. Very pleased to meet you. We've had a lot of just last night of the election on drugs. It was wonderful. We've been back in the town. You know, it was very, very professional. Thank you. The one of the four was from the S. We feel very strong, you know. I had pleasure as an exercise. This is very, very, very good. Thank you, Mr. Peskin. When you talk about this, I think it's the best time. And I think it's the best time. You're welcome, you're welcome. You're welcome. Feel fine, except this is the season of all ponds here. And I'm a little allergic to some of them, so I'm sniffing a little to the end of the room. All right. Well.


In this Knowledge Clip, we will explain some basic guidelines on how to cite the documents that you use to support what you write in your paper. The information in this Knowledge Clip is based on the 7th edition of the APA Guidelines as presented by APA, the American Psychological Association. APA presents guidelines for the citing of all kinds of documents you may want to use – think about journal articles, websites, policy papers, etc. In this Knowledge Clip, we will focus on the two most cited types of documents – journal articles and books. If you want to cite other documents, please refer to the official APA manual. The APA guidelines include rules on in-text citing and on how to present your sources in a reference list. Let's first look at the rules for in-text citing. In-text citations are brief references in your text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of your paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else's ideas or words. An APA in-text citation consists of the author's last name and the year of publication. There are two forms of in-text citation – parenthetical and narrative. This is an example of the parenthetical citation. The author name or names and year of publication is at the end of the sentence between brackets. The narrative citation works slightly differently. Here you see an example. The names of the authors are now in the text and the year of publication is included directly after the author name, again between brackets. Please also note that in case of two authors, the parenthetical citation uses the ampersand symbol and the narrative citation uses the word and. If a source has three or more authors, you only mention the first author and add et al. If you want to use more sources to support your text, you can put them all between the same brackets, separated by a semicolon. Please make sure the sources between the brackets are in alphabetical order. If you copy a piece of text word for word, for example if you want to quote a definition for one of your variables, you put the text between double quotation marks and add a page number to the in-text citing. Let's now look at the references. Your references are listed at the end of your paper. All in-text sightings should reappear in your reference list. Please note that the reference list is in alphabetical order. Let's start with some formatting guidelines for your reference section. First, make sure your reference list starts on a new page. Second, put references in bold as the title at the top of this page and center this heading. Third, make sure the line spacing is the same as for the rest of the paper. This means double spacing and no white lines between references. Fourth, indent from the second line of every reference. Here you see an example of the start of a reference list. Please note that the indentation of the references is the other way round compared to how you indent for a paragraph. In the example, the first reference is for a journal article and the second one is for a book. As you can see, they are slightly different regarding the information they provide as well as on the use of italics. Let's take a closer look at these references. The reference starts with the last name of the author or authors. The author may be a single person, a group of people, a corporation or any combination of these. Start with the last name of the first author, followed by a comma and the initials, separated by a period and space. Separate the names of multiple authors with commas. Before the last author's name, you should also insert an ampersand. Please note that infixes such as van or dur should be treated as part of the last name. After the author or authors comes the date. In the case of journal papers, use the year the volume was published. When it comes to books, use the copyright date. The date is between brackets. After the second bracket is a period. Next, present the name of the work you're citing. Put a period after the title. For a journal article, you now add the name of the journal in italics, followed by a comma, the volume of the journal in italic and the addition between brackets and another comma. Now present the page numbers and end with a period. Finally, you present the DOI number of the reference. Please note that the addition and page numbers are not in italic. The way you cite a book is slightly different. Now the title is in italics and after the title comes the publisher. The sixth edition of APA previously required you to include the city and state where the publisher was located, but this is no longer the case. Books do not always have a DOI, but if they have one, you include the DOI in the reference after the publisher name. When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages or other sources, capitalise only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title and proper nouns. However, capitalise all major words in the titles of journals. You are now at the end of this knowledge clip. Please be aware that there is also a knowledge clip on how to format your document according to APA guidelines.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's CaseBreaks.com coming at you with 2022 Bowman Chrome Baseball Hobby Edition. It's a double header. Two cases, total of 24 boxes, a random team break, all card ship, a lot of great stuff, a lot of prospect hunting, which is great. Big thanks to this group right here. We only ended up having to do one filler. Congrats to the people who won spots in that mosaic choice break. Another double header is up if you want to get on the next one. And there are the teams right here. Let's do it. Let's roll it. Let's randomize names and teams three and a six, nine times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and ninth and final time. After nine, we've got Javier down to Harry, three and a six, nine times for the teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. And good luck. Ninth and final time. After nine, we've got the Tigers down to the A's. All right. Javier with the Tigers, Fred with the White Sox, Matthew with the Reds, Jose with the Angels, Brian with the Red Sox, Sean with the Pirates, Jimmy with the Giants, Anthony with the Cubs, Joe with the Orioles, Ryan with the Blue Jays, Tim with the Phillies, Chris with the Rays, Steven with the Metz.  Danny was asking earlier, he honestly doesn't know what the good teams are. Twins aren't bad. Yasser Mercedes, I believe, is the chase that you're looking for. All right. We're going to see what's alphabetized by team. We're also going to pause the video. When we come back, we're going to see if there's any trades, and then we'll have the break. Stick around. We'll see you on the other side. All right. Welcome back, everybody. No deals were done, so that list you saw on the previous screen is now officially printed out and remains the same. Thanks everyone for getting in. We're going to have a little help from my colleague Evan in just a moment. This box, this case first, and we've got the second case right over here. One of these. Oh, you've got a knife already? Excellent. Sir, don't prepare it. Appreciate it. We could have two stacks. Okay. One per mini. One per mini would be lovely. And I think people can see this area right here, so you can stack here. Okay. And then across here, whatever you'd like. All right. Good luck, everybody. Big news today, Evan. Aaron Judge. Oh, yeah. Locked up by the Yankees. Yankees did it. They did the nine years, just what Judge wanted. They gave them the 360, just what Judge wanted. I mean, there's no way they couldn't, right? I think they were painted in a corner. Fans would, I don't know, would go nuts, I think, if they didn't lock down Aaron Judge. To me, I think if you can get a guy of that caliber, I understand that. I understand. Yeah. I mean, I think I'd be, I think I'd be just neutral about it. I don't really mind either way, but I could see that the first 0-4 game that Korea has, he's going to get boozed. Yeah, yeah. What's 100%? There's no Freddie Chance like Freddie Freeman, guys. You know what I mean? I think the vibe will be very different. Yeah, no, you're all kind of similar. I just, guys with that talent don't come around very often. Yeah. Also, I think Freddie, I think Carl's Korea is going to get like a multi-year deal, right? Yes. I don't think the Dodgers are willing to go more than a two or three years guys. For sure. And Korea just did that with a twin, so I don't think. And then where did San Diego get all this money? Don't know. Don't know. But they're the only game in town, I guess, if they're getting, they're getting all that pro money, the Charter's money that wasn't, it's not there. Liam Spence, 264 out of 499. That's going to be for Anthony and the Cubs. There's Oscar Colas for the White Sox, 304 out of 499. Refractor for the White Sox, that's going to go to, that's going to go to Fred. Here's Jason Curio, one of the chases for Cleveland, that's for Ed. His brother Jackson is the other big chase for the Brew Crew. It's got to be a hit. It's got to, if it was an autograph, yeah, it can't be too much, but if it's an autograph or if it's like a, it's a train whistle hit, it gets both, it gets double. If it's out of fives and under, it gets the double. It gets the Cleveland, this is for you, and the train whistle. There's a brand-all Mosquita, oh wait, I know, we really should, Dan with the Braves. Oh yeah, 17 out of 250. You might be able to put, I wonder if there's like an old, because that's an old Army slogan, Navy slogan for the CVs that can do. I wonder if there's like a vintage shirt that has like, there has to be, you might have to get that. Harry Ford, orange shimmer, five out of 25. Joe with the Mariners, nice looking one there. And you know, feel free to, oh, I guess Michael's actually, never mind. I was going to say, you can feel free to pop out there if you need to help somebody, but I'm pretty good. This shouldn't take so long. It's not like Ginter or anything. Chrome's a little bit easier. Here's Minibox, Minibox, Minibox, and Minibox. All right, next one, good luck. Ricardo Cabrera, 180 out of 250 for the Reds, Matthew Chara with the Red Legs. Michael Parallel, got an Orange Wander Franco, 23 out of 25, that's a nice shades of greatness insert card. Yeah, I can't believe Morocco just took care of Spain, that's the Cinderella story of the World Cup. I don't think so, Roderick Arias is the Yankees chase, one of them for Wes, Mr. Jeremy Pena for the Astros, yeah. They might not have given up a goal, which could be dangerous if you can just stop a team's creativity, frustrate them, and it might be enough. It might be. Ryan Mountcastle, 277 out of 299, yeah, there's always upsets and there's always going to be a random team or two that gets into the knockout stages and then wins a game, you know. One day is a knockout. O'Neill Cruz to 199, and JT Schwartz for the Met, Stephen Carney with the Metropolitan's. If the USA could find a striker, a proper striker, Sean Matikas the Pirates would get that O'Neill Cruz, Aqua, Lava, well there's that Ricardo Pepe kid, I mean he still, he wasn't even on this squad I think which was kind of a surprise for some people, but I would have given that at least, even if he wasn't going to feature, yeah just the vibe of going out there and just, I don't know, yeah, I just thought that it would just be, I guess we're not running the US men's national team, there's Noel V. Marte to 499 for the Mariners, Joe has the M's, there's Jaden Rudd, Toronto, Ryan with the Bluebirds, there's Michael Hernandez, 94 out of 99, Green Shimmer for the O's, that's for Joe Simone, so we're looking for like low parallels and autographs of the Ankil Fernandez for Colorado, that's going to be for Dan, this is for Bill, Bobby with Junior Rookie Cards, and Yas, Yas here Mercedes, Danny, that's what we're looking for this guy too, Boba Shet to 250, and Kevin Smith, rookie auto for the A's, 98 out of 499, oh Axios has some trivia for us, which team traditionally opened the MLB season each year with a noon start, wasn't the Reds, Grizzly Bees is saying Reds, Evan saying Reds, Reds correct, nice, why, I didn't realize that, we got a few more boxes out here, nice, and away we go, yeah, let's throw a parade, let's get the first baseball game of the year, but they don't do that anymore, right, I think everybody starts on the same date, yeah, there's Christian Vicaro, 11 out of 125, aqua parallel, there you go Simon, you'll find some ink for him a little bit later, there's Roderick Arias, and Drew Baker, the butcher, the baker, the candlestick maker going to Chris Butler and the Rays, we got a baker here in LA now, Baker Mayfields with the Rays, is he going to start, not tomorrow, but really, that's a really short turn around, there's Ryan Mountcastle the 499, that's pretty good, Victor Acosta, 299, Speckle for the Padres, Javier, where did the Padres get all that money, they offered Trey Turner like over 300 million dollars, they say that potentially they need Machado's leaving after later too. Tim with the Phillies, you bring Machado back to LA? Oh no, please. I think, well they might lose out on Juan Soto too. Maybe, yeah maybe. There's Tyler Collins, Speckle Lotto for the Braves, 299, so yeah, that's why they're probably throwing around money, they're like, we gotta make sure we fill in those spots. How about that detective? Yeah, how about that? Put us on the gates. And with the Braves, there's Robert Hassel speaking to the Padres to 499, Otani might be a free agent after next year too. Yeah, you know who wants them really bad, the blue. The Dodgers, I'll take it, I wouldn't mind, which is why I just feel like the Dodgers are like sitting the luxury tax reset button this year, and they're chasing after some guys next year. Yeah. They gotta extend some of the youngsters too, they might. Yeah, and this is a big year for Lucks too. I think it's a big proof of year, yeah. Miguel Vargas as well, Michael Bush, you know, Pepio, Bobby Miller, guys like that. Yeah, me too. This is Jay Allen's 99, Green Shimmer for Matthew and the Reds, Bobby Witt Jr. going to Bill and the Royals. How about Wilson Contreras signing for the Cardinals? The replacement of Yankee and the Queen. Going to the rival. Yeah. Rafael Devers to 250. So now what happens with the, I guess, the Red Sox are pretty close to getting Xander back? That's what I heard, a little hard to believe. Yeah, Sean Maddock with the Pirates, you don't think like, yeah, you don't think like the Giants or like the Padres at this point are just gonna throw that money at him? Not only that, but it just seemed like that. It had soured a little bit, yeah. There's Brandel Mosquita, there's also the Giants who had a 300 million judge offer out there, so now where does that, where does that money go? Correa maybe? That's true, I think it's on Carlos Vendone. I think that guy is a Dodger. Dan with the Braves. I think he wants like a five or six here deal. No, no, totally, but. 23 out of 75, but I think the Dodgers are going to be more in the trade market, right? Yeah, and they got assets. I feel like they're going to maybe chase after Willie Ademis and Corbin Burns. I'm not a big fan about Willie, but I do like Corbin. Yeah, but if Corbin can come in that package, right? Yeah, we'll take it. And Ademis is good for like, he's kind of like a hit 230, but you can get you 25 home runs from that spot, so it's not bad. No, it could be worse. What about the Marlins? Here's Luis Robert for the White Sox for Fred. Marlins have said that they're going to pretty much open up trade talks for their pitching staff outside of Alcantara, right? Right, which they got some really good guys, especially some guys that missed all of last year. And they need some bats. Yeah. Dodgers were looking at Pablo Lopez before the deadline last year. Right, right. I wouldn't mind that guy. But also one thing that's not being talked about, they're losing quite a big relief out of relief pitching right now with Dodgers. Yeah, it's more than Machandi and they got to retool that middle relief, especially if you're not going to help the starters. Right, full box. Another mini box. Let's go through another few boxes here. Good luck, everyone. Well, now that Aaron Judge is signed, I feel like the rest of the Domino's have to start following this weekend. Dori Lorenzo, 156 out of 199 for the Astros. That'll be for Harry. Got the Stroze and the Filler and a blue parallel, 136 out of 150. Ronesi Contreras, Rookie Auto, Pirates for Shawn Matic. There's Ryan Reckley. That's for the Giants. Jimmy with the Giants. There's Khalil Watson, Atomic Refractor to 150. This is going to be for Dan and the Rockies. Khalil Watson, Joe and the Miami Marlins, the fish. There's Ureland Confidana until 199. That's for the Reds. That'll be for Matthew. Other Yasser and Mercedes will be going to Danny and the twins. Let's look for parallels. Let's look for ink. And a Christian Vecchero for Simon. We've got a Jason Curio for Ed and the Guardians. Trey Sweeney Refractor to 499. And a Ricardo Cabrera Redemption, Reds. That's going to go to Matthew Chirac. Red Sox signing Masataka Yoshida to a five-year deal. Oh yeah, they got Kenley Jansen too. Is he a free agent? Yeah. I could see the dodgers doing that. I totally could see them. If they're like, hey, do you want to be in the bullpen? Right, right.  He wanted to get that opportunity. He got that in Toronto and mixed results, you know, but he might want to come back. And then I guess that's Japanese. Yeah, this Senga. Yeah, yeah. Greg Cullen going to Joe and the Orioles. Yeah, so Yoshida is going to end up in the outfield for the Red Sox. I think it's Xander back. Could be pretty solid. They're going to lose JD Martinez. That's a Dodger candidate too. I would love that. JD Martinez for a couple of years. How old is your son? Oh, Yoshida? Yoshida is 29.  Really? He's like a second baseman. Nick, your second baseman with power? Yeah. Who doesn't want that? There you go. Got one more. It's a double header. Let me actually clear some space for you though. There's Leonardo Balcazar for the Reds. That's going to be for Matthew Sharra. Actually, let's make sure that's on camera while you're ripping that open. There's some space for Mr. Evan here. There's a box there. There's a box there. There's a box. You can bring that case over here. We can see you popping that baby open. All right, so this is case one and we're working on case two right now. Edgar, what's up? The double header. You can check the schedule. That'll tell you exactly what we're doing and what else is coming up. Okay, so this was the second part of that box. We've got Helio Ramos to $4.99. We've got Austin Wells, Arizona Fall League, Tommik, and Alexis Hernandez, $83 out of $2.99. Speckle autograph. Oh, going back to Kenley Janssen, he got a lot of money. Because I was kind of half hoping that maybe he'd come back to the Dodgers at a little discount. I thought he was, but I was just like, hey, good for him. If Redtalks are going to give him that deal, fine. This is his first time in the AL, too. Wow. Yeah, you're right. There's Spencer Torkelson rookie for the Tigers. That'll be for Javier. I have a $1.99 Drew Baker, camp of fame. And that was a long time. He was a catcher, remember? Came up as a catcher and they converted him into minors. What a change. He was a catcher in the minors, right? Yeah. I did a little spotlight on him. And when I was doing a radio show one time, I was a converted catcher. He was a pitcher and he's throwing 100 to the minors. Nice, nice. 50 out of 150, William Bergola.  Got more color in here. There we go. We got Danny DeAndrade. 114 out of 150, blue, lava, autograph, twins. Danny, last spot mojo. Slotted in as the number 24 prospect in the twins' organization. Last spot mojo, 70% of time hits 100% of the time. You could probably get cheap source of power from a corner infielder like Brandon Jury, more utilities nowadays. Errol Vera, $2.99 for the halos, that's going to be Jose. And Logan Cerny, Tim with the Phillies. Little tried to trade, couldn't trade mojo. Gets this one thing. There's another Phillie earlier as well. Number 27, Phillies prospect, corner baseball America. Five was last night. I don't know what happened in that rule of five. I don't know if Dodger's got picked up or anything like that, maybe not. Pirates got the number one overall pick. Yeah, yeah, the first ever lottery. Yeah, it's interesting. They kind of deserve it. Sure, yeah, they do. Spending Montgomery to $1.99 for the rocks, that'll be for Dan. And Tyler Collins. So nice use of the canvas there, Tyler. Good auto, good big auto for Dan, and the ATL. Someone was asking earlier, Evan, are the Phillies the team to beat with all the recent moves they made? At the moment. You think so? For the NL. The NL? Yeah, I don't know about the whole league, but there are still some very good teams. Pete Crow Armstrong to $1.99. Got a lot of good teams in the NL. Yeah. It's James Wood. Ooh, piece of candy. Bowman Ascension. This is your one per case. Sometimes we've seen two, but usually it falls, the odds are usually one per case. So that's for the Padres, and that will be for Javier. It's a good-looking card there. Julio Rodriguez for the M's. That'll be for Joe. It came to the league. Jose Ramos. That's the voice that you would use for those old horror movies. There's Chaden Rudd. Ryan with the Blue Jays. All right, so here comes the final box of the first case. And then stacked up here, you can see the second case happening right now here in the doubleheader, Freddie Freeman Refractor, $238 out of $4.99. That goes to Adam and my daughter. Does Freddie Freeman win another MVP at some point in his career? I think he's got a two more year window. The guy's sweet, so sweet. And even post-prime, he'll still be really good. Not MVP good, but he'll still be like all-star good. He definitely has one of those beautiful scenes. Oh, absolutely. I really thought Cody Bellinger would pick up some tips from him as a fellow lefty, but there's Jason Moravell, Rangers. Jimmy with the Rangers. Which will change the scenery, maybe. And there's Willy Fannas for the Met, Stephen Carney with the Metropolitan's. Now, Tray Turner got a huge deal and my initial inkling was like, oh, but like the back end of that deal is going to be terrible because once he loses his speed, if he gets older, blah, blah, blah, blah. But then someone made a point, I think I read this somewhere in an article, I'm telling you, Ramos is 75 for the giant, that since he has such elite speed, when he slows down, he'll still be fast. So they're it's not going to be like a striker in soccer losing that speed. That's fair. And look, the last couple of years, he's been down, so he maybe saved himself a little bit. Right. This year he'll be back up with the bigger bases. And the no pick offs? Yes. Or limited pick offs to the same base or whatever. Let's move in. Did you know that second base is also being moved in? No, I didn't. Really? So apparently the way... So they're rearranging everything then? It's still 90 feet, but the geometry was a little weird. I don't even know if I can explain it, but...  Yeah. Because I think they were measuring it from like heat... I don't know. There's an article... Just look it up. There's an article that explains why second base is actually moving closer to home, but like the angles are still the same. It's very interesting. Yeah, look it up. Look it up. All right. So there's a mini box here. There's a mini box there. Mini box here. Another mini. Another mini. Come on guys. Settle down here. So my only base hole to move second base closer to home plate is part of 2022, but I think they... I think they have officially made it happen. Sources tell the athletic that the second base is going to move second base inward, so it'll be closer to first and third base by about 13 and a half inches. It's over a foot. The interesting thing about this move of the base, it draws attention to the fact that bases aren't actually exactly 90 feet apart. Second base is a bit off and has been for well over a century. The easiest way to grasp this is probably looking at this image courtesy of the MLB rule book here. I'm going to drop the link into the chat so people can see it. The diamond here, follow the line around the actual baseline. Just ignore the layout at the part. It shows a line segment on the bases as exactly 90 feet. Notice the line takes a 90 degree turn around both first and third base and home plate for that matter, but this turn at second base happens right in the middle of the base. Right, so you see that line turns, right? So that's at the outer edges of the base, right? But at second base, they measure it from the middle of second base. So that bag should be in so it's on the outside like the other two bases. I don't know if they've actually employed that in Major League Baseball. I want to say they did, but maybe they haven't moved that bag yet. You got to unplug that hole in the middle of the infield, move the whole forward, drop it back in, re-landscape around it. All right, there's Luis Mesa to 499. The Bobby Whit Jr., of course, goes to Bill and the Royals. Luis Mesa, Refractor for the Blue Jays, that'll go to Ryan. This is the beginning of our second case, ladies and gentlemen. We are flying. Thanks to Evan here. Appreciate it, Evan. Sean Maddock, Brew Crew. Maybe we'll find a future teammate of his here, but we'll get the Antonio Pinheiro. And we'll do an autograph recap at the end of this break as well. I can't memorize and I wish I could. These shimmers are not numbered, which I'm why I'm breezing by though, but they are, they will ship, all-card ship in this. Another double header is loaded up if you want to run it back. Got some full spots, planning on a couple fillers. There's Aaron Judge to 250, locked up by the Yankees. No doubt about it, right? They were stuck. They couldn't let him walk.  There's Simon Muziotti, 36 out of 499, refractor autograph for the Phillies, Tim. And speaking of Judge, we are doing the MVP live act in the store. Oh, nice. Bringing your judge and your goal, Schmidt. How long is that going? March 31st, actually. Oh, so a lot of time. Yeah. Out of 199, Jason Dominguez, maybe a future teammate of Aaron Judge now. Yeah. Wow, that could be quite an outfield there. Talk about some muscle. Get Giancarlo in there, too. Right. Just rotate him around the DH, give him a little rest here and there. There's Benny Montgomery, 99, Rockies. Sherman Oaks, that'll go to the Rockies, that'll be for Dan. That's right. It's Andy Thomas, Seattle. That's going to be for Joe Simone and the Ems. I like this photo of Andy Thomas here. Look at that hustle right there.  He's pumping his arms. He's ready to go. He's a gamer. Gamer. I like that attitude. Kevin Smith, Oakland A, that's for Harry in Oakland. Can you believe that the A's have another Max Muncie? It's crazy. Did you know the exact same spot, the exact same round or something like that? Did they really? It was something crazy. They had the same birthday. Oh, same birthday. Yeah, something like that was just remarkable. But they're like 15 years apart or something like that. Yeah, 15 years apart. Yeah. So it's not like it's not like their parents named him after Max Muncie. Right, right. Yeah, he wasn't in the mainstream. Yeah. So it's just. It's crazy. It's all the names. Of all the names. And then to be drafted by the A's, same team. They're like, we are not missing out on another Max Muncie. They're James Triantos to 299. Exactly. You think when that draft time, I would have loved to be in the war room when they were like, are we really doing this?  Like he's the best guy on the board right now. We have to take him, sir. Just here redemption time. It's like, are we taking another Max Muncie?  Yeah, just making people money left. We made Andrew Heaney money. Yes. We made Tyler Anderson some money. Yeah, for sure. We're going to make Shelby Miller money next year too. Oh my God. Shelby Miller, we're going to another Dodger Reclamation project. I couldn't believe that that was like their day one signing. It's Joe Simone with the O's. Now, Shelby Miller is going to go like, have a 10 and 2 record. Is that one of the worst trades of all time, especially first overall? Yeah. Jason Kurio shimmer for Cleveland. Yeah, it's one of the one of the more recent worst trades of all time. Although maybe the Dodger trading Yordon Alvarez. For a guy who pitched a third name. Josh Fields, that's right. Yeah. You're Donnie Delos Santos 250. I think, I think Andrew Freeman has publicly said that, yeah, that's probably, that's probably the one I'd like to have that. And you know what, I give them a lot of credit for that. Right. Most GMs wouldn't say that. No way. There's Jimmy with the Rangers, but I like how he owned. I mean, he's had so many other good moves that he can say that, you know, but I also like to think about, you know, there would be no Freddy Freeman. Yeah. There's certain things that just kind of, they just work out in certain ways. He's got a ring in Houston. He got Freddy Freeman. Here's Adran Placencia, 68 out of 199 for the Halos. That's going to be for Jose. Evan, have you done Dodger's ring training? I have for, I did the three years I was in Arizona. Oh yeah. That's right. That's right. You were going to school there. It is fantastic. Oh, Simon, there you go. Christian Veccharo. That was the auto he was looking for. There you go, man. The Draft Fortal. Yeah, I just noticed that. Yeah, he's the Draft Fortal. Only makes it. Let's just scout all the Max Muncie's out there. Joe Ryan for the twins. That'll be for Danny. 99. So it's fun. The whole experience is fun. You know what? The atmosphere is fantastic. It's a lot of families. The stadium is beautiful. Everything's cheaper. Players are talking to you through the dugout. You get there early. They're signing autographs. It's just a fantastic environment. Everybody's excited for the upcoming year. And I did a few of the stadiums there and they're all really cool. Nice. I think it's easy to get it. I got to do that. Yeah, it's totally worth it. There's another twin, Danny Dandrade, 226 out of 250. Got a Danny for Danny. You can say you saw someone first at bats for some prospects and things like that. That is pretty cool. All right, Brian Acunha, Ronald's brother, Speckle for Danny. 006 out of 299. Got a Julio Rodriguez rookie card. Yanquil Fernandez for Colorado. Dan with that one. We're looking for Parallels, looking for his autograph. Yas for the twins. And then we've got a George Kirby for Joe and the Mariners. Florida. Yeah. In the whole spring trading atmosphere. Another box. You know, I don't know. I'm sure someone will give him a chance. I don't think it's going to be the Dodgers. The Dodgers are actually waiting on a definitive ruling, actually. That hasn't been said yet. Yeah, there's nothing said yet. So, I feel like they got some money off last year. I think they did. But I think he's got two more years, I want to say. I'm pretty sure. I think it was a three-year deal. So, that's another reason why the Dodgers haven't been as aggressive. Because at least with long-term deals, because they actually have no idea. Yeah, it's a three-year deal. So, this upcoming season is the last year. So, they got to know, hey, are we on the hook for $32 million? Because that's going to affect how what we're going to do in the off-season. Or we're going to get a little bit of that off, for their know. They're Shane Bosz of $2.99. I mean, that's a superstar, all-star player. There's Christian Vicaro, Nationals, Simon, Spencer Torplesen for the Tigers, Javier. And they're Shane Bosz of $2.99. That's right, I agree. Yeah, Dodgers playing chess, not checkers. Listen, this guy, once Trevor Bowers is completely clear of the books, and among others, Shoei Itani could be a perfect addition to the Dodgers. To a lot of teams, and I'm sure the Dodgers will be one of the teams chasing them. Juan Soto could be a free agent. Aaron Noll, I think, is a free agent after 2023. There's a lot of names out there. There's Victor Liberada for Seattle. That'll be for Joe. We don't know yet. That's the backer. That'd be kind of funny. Yeah, you can Google that, Grizzlybees. We'll see what happens. So that's what we just asked. I said no, and Joe said he doesn't know. I mean, he, I don't know. Yeah, I think. And that's exactly why I think that Trevor Bower will play Chris Butler with the Rays. I think after 2023. Someone gives him a show me deal. Yeah, I think after 2023, maybe he doesn't pitch 2024, you know, and then someone will pick him up again after after he does some sort of apology to listen to them like that. There's Kyle Lewis, 49 out of 50. Gold. Soto's a Padre for life. John, say yeah. I can see that. Nice. Thanks, Evan. Appreciate it. Big thanks to Evan. I think he shaved probably 30 minutes off this break. That'll be for Chris Butler. There's Alexander Suarez, 150 out of 499. That'll be for the Giants, Jimmy, for the Giants. There's Harry Ford to 299. Yeah, I don't, I mean, I don't think the daughters are getting Carlos Correa. But to see them in the same locker room, that could be pretty, pretty funny. Westbrook and Patrick Beverly on the Lakers. They're on the same team. It seems to be fine. All right, there's another Wanderfranco rookie card for Chris Butler. Spencer Torkelson, rookie card for Javier and the Tigers. We got a Christian Veccharo for Simon. Paris nicely with that autograph we saw earlier. Jason Curio, Jake Berger. Oh, not numbers. So that might be a variation. Ian Lewis to 48 out of 499. That's for the Fish, Joe Simone with the Marlins. Fred with the White Sox gets the Jake Berger. Jason Curio going to Ed in Cleveland. Jaren Duran Duran, 147 out of 199. Brian with Boston. Willie Fanas, 249 out of 299. Metz, that'll be for Stephen. And Cooper Bowman. What a perfect product for him to be in. That's going to go to Wes and the Yankees. Another box here. Esteven Machado. It's going to go to Toronto. Ryan with the Bluebirds. Cal Raleigh to 199. Nice season for him. Mariners, Joe. Ian Kil Fernandez for the Rocky. That's for Dan. No, don't think so. If you look at the schedule, it's going to be after the HTA case. I think the shot will be closed up by then. It's Jason Curio to 150. Ed with Cleveland. Charlie Welch, 142 out of 150 for the ends. Joe, thanks, Grizzly. Maybe someday we will. We expand the Jaspie's Media Empire. Raphael Devers to 499. Red Sox. That'll be for Brian. Bryce Harper Blue, 97 out of 150 for the Phillies. That'll be for Tim. They've got Yossar Garcia to 299. Phillies, Speckle. And Cal Conley. Dan with the ATL. In New York, there's a radio show called Joe and Evan. Just fly. I guess maybe that just flows. Joe retired though. I'm trying to retire. But I think we've got a lot more Bowman Chrome cases to sell if I'm going to get there. There's Tyler Black, one out of 50. The Invicta insert. A little bit thicker card stock here. Brew Crew. That's going to be for Shawn Matic. There's Edison Poligno, 51 out of 75. Yellow Parallel for Boston. That's going to be for Brian and Boston. And nice. An Invicta autograph. 67 out of 99. Curtis Mead. Raise. Chris Butler. Back to back. Minor League Baseball Low A East Player of the Week. Axios is saying your entire fancy season comes down to Devontae Adams having a huge game tomorrow night. Need you to call in some Rader Joe Mojo? You got it. Let's go Raiders. Let's go Devontae Adams. Get that Rader Joe Mojo out there. Let's let Axios have a big week. They've been trending in the right direction, my Raiders. Rams have been trending in the opposite direction. So Raiders should be able to take care of business. All right, so that's it. Nice. All right, let's get the final three boxes going here. Good luck, everybody. And again, big thanks to Evan for helping us rip open some boxes that saved us. I mean, looking like it's saved us an hour. Solo. This would have probably been closer to a two-hour break. 361 out of 499. Willie Vasquez. Christian Vicaro for the National. Simon. And then there's Ryan Duncone. Dodger's Autograph for Adam. Hi there. No, no National Treasures boxes today. Or actually we have National Treasures Collegiate Football, but if you're looking for National Treasures World Cup, we don't have that at the moment. The only National Treasures we have is Collegiate Football. Jason Curio for Cleveland. Spencer Torkelson. Wander Franco. Denzer Guzman, Purple Shimmer. 161 out of 250. That will be for the Halos. That will be for Jose. Again, all those Wanderers are going to go to Chris Butler and the Reyes. Spencer Torkelson is going to Javier. There's Curtis Mead again in his folly gear. There's Luis Rodriguez. 105 out of 125. You might see him in action next year. A spring training for the Dodgers should be pretty interesting. It's going to go to Adam and the Dodgers. We've got Alex de Jesus for Adam and the Dodgers. And Roderick Arias for the Yankees. That'll be for Wes. We've got Rodolfo Castro, Aqua, Lava, 134 out of 199. Sean Matik and the Pirates, not Padres, but Pirates. And another redemption. It's going to be William Bergola. Bowman Chrome Prospects Autograph for the Fightin' Fills. That's for Tim and the Phillies. Christian Vicaro Shimmer for Simon and the Nats. Another Wander Franco, another Spencer Torkelson. And there's the case. It's Jason Dominga's Bowman Ascensions. Insert, short print. Wes with the Yankees. Edison Poligno to 150. Brian with Boston. And Dylan Dodd for Dan and the ATL. Got Gavin Stone, 477 out of 499. He might be one to watch. He's been flying up the system. Adam Liddett for the Dodgers. He's been kind of flying up the system. And he's got a lot of swing and miss stuff. He's got a lot of swing and miss stuff, from what I understand. He has a nice spring. Might be in the Dodgers' plans in the rotation. It's Fernando Tatis Jr. to 499. Bobby with Jr. for the Royals. That's going to be for Bill. Got George Valera for Cleveland. That's to 125 for Ed. And the last mini box. The Simon Juan. Purple Shimmer to 250 for the Mets. It's going to go to Stephen. Colton Kouser to 50. And our last autograph, Speckle Auto for the Brewers. That's Antonio Pineru, 195 out of 299. And that's Colton Kouser to 50. Nice one, ladies and gentlemen. That was 2022 Bowman Chrome Baseball. Hobby Edition. A double header. A 24 box break. Random team break number one. We've got another one in the store if you want to run this back. Some full spots plus a couple fillers. And thanks, everyone, for getting in. Here's your recap. A lot of nice color. A lot of nice prospect hunting. Tons of other numbered cards available to going your way. Those will be all top loaded before they're sorted and shipped out to you. Once again, big thanks to my colleague, Evan, who helped us rip open boxes. And we were able to get this done, I think in record time. We're clocking in at about an hour. Saved ourself probably an hour. So thanks, Evan. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for getting into the action. Appreciate it. I'm Joe for JasperJasperCaseRakes.com. And I'll see you next time for the next break. Bye-bye.


Okay, so when we're talking about structures and bodies, we have to have some very specific terms to describe where we are, and the terms are relative. So what we'll find is that unless we have a standardized set of words we can use to describe things, structures to each other, it's super confusing. So the directional terms that we're going to learn today, we're going to use every day. The first thing that is important is to know that homegirl here is in anatomical position. So take a look at her, facing forward, chin up, hands. Look at the position of her hands. Her palms are facing forward. Her toes are facing forward. This is standard anatomical position. If you don't know, we tend to think about or talk about position of a person in relation to standard anatomical position. That's the first thing you need to know. The second thing you need to know is that all of these directional terms are relative. So let's look at our directional terms. I am frustrated. I've been recording this freaking lecture since 5 a.m., and it's 9 a.m. now. This is not sustainable. All right. You have a list of directional terms with this lady to label. And let's look at these terms. First of all, anterior versus posterior. My anterior is front.  So if you, like, think about the position of your nose, like, my nose is anterior to my sternum if I'm in standard anatomical position. However, my sternum is anterior to my vertebra if I'm in standard anatomical position. My sternum is posterior to the tip of my nose, and it's, um, my vertebrae are posterior to my sternum. My sternum is anterior to my vertebrae, but posterior to my nose. The point is that my sternum was anterior and posterior. That means absolutely nothing to tell me, oh, the sternum is anterior because it's anterior to what? The sternum is actually posterior to, like, skin. It's behind the skin. There's another term that we have for that. In fact, I'm going to give it to you right now. Um, my other term is superficial versus deep. I might throw away this little tablet. Like, throw it away. Garbage. It makes me cranky. Superficial versus deep. Superficial is closer to the surface of the body. Deep is beneath that. If we're talking superficial and deep, we're actually talking about sticking a pin in something. If I take a pin, this is a lovely thought, and I stick a pin in my chest right here, the end of the pin, the little bobble thing of the pin, is superficial to the tip of the pin, which is deep. Does that make sense? You could use posterior, anterior, or superficial deep to describe the same structures. It's relative. Okay, this one, also relative, standard anatomical position, the head is always superior to anything below it, to the toes. The toes are inferior to the head. The knees are superior to the toes, but inferior to the head. It's all relative. Medial and lateral refer to the midline. Things that are closer to the midline are medial. Things that are farther away from the midline are lateral. So my sternum is medial to my shoulder. My sternum is sort of always medial because it's totally right on the midline. My pectoralis major, I had to think about that one for a minute, pectoralis major is lateral to my sternum, but it is medial to my shoulder. So again, relative terms. We did deep and superficial, proximal and distal, focus. Proximal is closer to an attachment point for a limb. It's probably safe to use proximal and distal to only describe a position on a limb, on a leg or an arm. And there will be exceptions to that, but for the most part, if you compartmentalize and say, okay, proximal and distal, I'm only going to use those terms to describe limbs, it will be super safe and come up with another word to describe everything else. Proximal is closer to the joint, to the attachment point. Distal is farther away. Distal is distant to that attachment point. All right, those are, oh, one more. Those are all of our anatomical terms for relative position, but something else that we're going to see frequently is the term supine, the term zuh, supine versus prone. Supine, okay, I'm going to give you a hint, because I got it wrong on YouTube. Last time I recorded this lecture. Supine has the word up in it, which means if you are supine, you're lying on the floor, face up.  Our cadavers, when we start working with them, they will be either supine or prone. We can flip them, but knowing and having, being able to talk about, oh, is George supine today? George, no, George is prone. Esther is supine, awesome. We will have those conversations.  Bye-bye.


We have at least somewhere anywhere between 64 and 70 rooms. And then as we hear folks start moving in. I don't know, that'll be a sit- I'm looking for, because I knew what condition this was, and it's folks who live in. So like, yeah, I got you. Yeah. Hey, how's everybody doing? See, just how you doing? How are you doing? All right, when it rains in here it goes in. I was at Brigades Armageddon, Hawaii. She had wired open. Okay. Howdy! Yeah. Howdy. Kevin. Yeah. The six buildings that they built from Third Brigade, they set up all brand units. It's easier to maintain and clean. That's my priority on the work order status, as well as the work order here. And we're swapping out some furniture.


Hello, my tachonians, panathorians and kings of all lovers everywhere. As you know at this time of year we usually do a clash of kings book. It takes all we've learnt and gets the tournament and gaming seed ready for what's coming in the year ahead. Balancing, rebalancing some new armies. But we realised after three years of which some of them have been quite weird times as we all know We've got the rule book, the main rule book, which is a big old heavy book. You've got the Uncharted Empires. You've got Fragner and Anverton, Questions and Answers, FAQs. You've got two clash of kings books to help his rift. Suddenly you're carrying around four or five coding books to tournaments and weighing all that type of company. We go to Mandu by lots of new books with just three rules in it and carry them around the world. No, not Mantik, one book to rule them all, that's us. So what we've done is a super cool 3.1, 3.5, not 3.5, super cool version that brings everything together in one player's handbook. What does it mean? We took the fluff out, we're going to put that as a downloadable. We've consolidated all of the changes because Clash of Kings 2022 was a massive book. Lots of new points, lots of new armies in there. You have to take that book, you have to take Uncharted Empires is in. All the changes from Clash 2022 is in. Everything that's been updated in those four years is to this new rule book. So it really is one rule book to rule them all. Everything consolidated, all lovely, one thing to carry around. Let's be honest, you're almost probably getting a bit shabby by now. No Clash of Kings book, so the money you would have given us is a little bit more than that, but not a lot. A few quid, a few dollars. But you've got one thing, everybody's playing to the same ruleset. Hurrah, what else? Well, new ways to play Kings of War and Bush, a lesson of thousand point battles. We're really super excited about this because we think it will give everybody a chance to introduce their mates to Kings of War. And because we're not going to be updating the core rule book for a couple of years, everyone could just go crazy with getting people to play. And what's the biggest, hardest thing about Kings of War? Painting that new army, getting a few units on the table. Well, and Bush allows you to get playing with three or four units. A hero and a couple of units. How cool is that?  So we've got legendary battles in here. How do you play 3000 plus points all in here? How do you play sieges also in here? So we're going to have two years of awesome, fantastic, just wowsy Kings of War fun. And this book is just going to bring it all together in one place. One thing to carry, one thing to do. We've got lots of other cool miniatures and releases coming. We've got an app that's going to make life super cool and super ace. So we are all getting super excited about all things panathor, all things Kings of War. I hope you're as excited as I am. What else have we got? Well, we don't just have the rules. No, no, no, we have so much more. We have got hard plastic ogres. Yes, we do. No more knobbly knees, no more PVC. Let's get excited about these beauties. Not just the ogres, the chariots. The chariots are coming also in hard plastic and therefore goblin chariots. All the armies that used those kind of shantily clad, shantily clad. Wooden chariots, they're in it. They're getting it. It's hard plastic. It's going to keep rolling through. Very exciting. We've also got lots of cool big things. As you know, Empire of Dust just had a massive, massive lot of love a couple of months ago, which not only got lots of hard new plastics, cavalry and infantry. If you haven't checked it out, please do. They're beautiful. They got the monolith, the idol of show pick. There's some big nice chunky stuff coming, but it keeps coming. The Rift Forge Orcs, the new style orcs that are slowly, but surely inexorably taking over are getting their Storm Giant. And I have to say, I think this is probably the most beautiful giant we've ever done. If you happen to be collecting them in threes, what a beautiful addition to your collection of three. If you are playing them with our games, I mean, it's just absolutely lovely. Watch out for that. And we've also got the Stormbringer on Wing Slasher. So they're getting some of their big stuff to finish off their army. Absolutely again, looking beautiful. So lots of very cool releases coming. Keep watching this space. So we've already spoke about Kings of War 3.5, Game of the Year, Platinum Deluxe, Super Reprint Edition. It's the updated of all things cool. What are we putting alongside? We're putting alongside it an updated app. And this is just going to place to keep your army lists. It's going to be always updated. We're still loving and friendly with our easy army. But this is going to be a bit more immersive, a bit deeper, a whole lot more. It's going to be also some of the other gaming systems too. So all of your Kings of War, all of your Mantik in one place. Development to come. I'll do a full vid and a breakdown on it. But you can just see some of the screenshots here. We're capturing.  We're going to be putting books and novels and all manner of things in here so that you can be picking up all of your things. Mantik in one place. So very exciting stuff to go alongside. The one edition to rule them all. And all of the plastics we've got coming. So keep watching, keep enjoying and thanks for playing.


So the topic, or the course, Introduction to Data Communications, we need to, like we tried to explain yesterday, we need to cover the basics of how we communicate between computers. And hopefully by the end of the course we'll understand a little bit more about how the internet works and other communication systems, not just the internet, mobile phones, telephone networks, have been around for a long time. So different communication systems and how they work. Today in this topic I want to just give a very short introduction to different aspects of data communications and introduce what do we mean by data communications and also networks. So what is data communications? What does it mean or can we define it? Well, communicate. When we communicate we are sharing information. When I'm lecturing you the idea is that I have some information and I want you to have that information as well. So by me talking I'm communicating that information to you, hopefully. So we have information we want to share amongst multiple entities. Entities may be people or computers in general. We can have local sharing face to face so when you talk to someone, like in this room we have local sharing information where we, using usually audio, we talk to someone. But more so we'd like to allow remote sharing. So sharing information where you're not within talking distance but outside of talking distance and still want to share information. So communications is about sharing information. What information? What different types of information may we want to share? There are many different types but the common ones will see text when it comes to computers at least. Text, that is text files, characters, numbers, images, pictures, photos, audio. So when someone talks or there's music being played we want to share that or exchange that between two different locations. And video, common types of information or common types of data which contain information. Video is a form of data that contains information which may be a movie or a screencast or something that we want to watch that we get some information from. So there are different types of data. Communications is about sharing information. The information is usually represented as data. There are different types. We'll see some as we go through the course. So data communications is exchanging data between two or more devices over some transmission medium. So this is a little bit more formal definition. Still, sharing information, exchanging information, what type of information? Well, data, text, numbers, audio, video. Between two devices, one person to another, one computer to another or two or more. One computer sends to many computers at once. Similar to this lecture. There's one person sending and many people receiving. So it's not just one to one. Via some transmission medium, that is the thing that separates or connects the two entities communicating.  And in this case it's air. We're sending wirelessly in this case. But we'll see some other examples of transmission mediums. So that's a simple definition of data communications. Data communications is quite complex. We need to cover it in this topic and then even more details in future subjects next semester. We can't cover it all in a single lecture or even a single course. But to try and understand data communications, we can think of it from a simplistic view. So here's a model of a communication system that we'll commonly use. We can talk about five different blocks in some communication system. And the first two are part of what's called the source system and the last two are part of the destination system. So the source wants to get information to the destination in this case. So we want to get information from here to here. The source system, we think if we start with some information that we want to communicate to someone else, the source creates that data. So in terms of a computer, let's say the source creates an image. The image contains the information we want to share, creates an image file, a JPEG for example. That's the input data that we have to send to the destination. Then we have a block called the transmitter which takes that data that we want to send, the image in our example, and sends it via our transmission medium or more generally a transmission system. So we need to talk about what do we mean by a signal. We'll see some examples in a moment. But we take some data and we transmit that data as some form of signal across a transmission system. The transmission system delivers that signal to the other endpoint, to the destination. And the destination therefore receives some signal. The receiver is the block that takes that receive signal and converts it back to data. And then the destination consumes that data. If it's an image, the data is an image, then the destination maybe presents it on the screen for the user to look at the image. So a very simple view of a communication system. We've got something that generates the data, the source, the transmitter takes that data and converts it into a signal that can be sent across some medium. The transmission system delivers that signal or the information to the other side and we receive a signal, receiver converts it back to data and we get the received information. Together the source and transmitter often go in the one device. They don't have to be but often they're in the one device so we can group them as the source system and the destination system and then the transmission system. What's an example of data? Well, going back, I hope. So here's an example of data. Let's say the data, the easiest thing I think most of us can think of is binary data. So a JPEG as an image which is just a sequence of zeros and ones representing some photo or a movie for example. So that's the data, that maybe the input data and that should be the output data that's received. If we send an image from source to destination, they should receive that image. But what about a signal? What's an example of a signal? What types of signals do we have? How do we send, so imagine this is one computer, this is the destination computer, how do we get information from source to destination across some cable or even without a cable. Well, generally we send what's called an electromagnetic signal. So electromagnetic signal, I never remember all the physics that's not so important but contains is some signal that contains an electric field and a magnetic field together and often is represented as some waveform, like some sinusoid. It's more complex than that. But think of say if we have a electrical wire connecting two computers together we can send an electrical signal across that wire where we generate the electricity here at the transmitter. It's sent onto the wire and it's received some electrical signal is received here at the receiver which then converts that electrical signal back to data. That's the idea here. We're going to spend a couple of topics studying the signals in detail. I have some pictures, some from old lecture notes, some just from the web just to make it right. Here's a simple view of a signal, an analog signal where over time the amplitude of that signal if we think of an electrical signal varies. Nothing exciting there. From a perspective of a base electromagnetic signal this is trying to capture that a signal really contains an electrical field, the blue component and a magnetic field at the same time, the red component. But often if you just focus on the blue component we represent a simple signal as a sine wave, as a sinusoid. Can we come up with a little bit more realistic or complex signal as this is someone's recorded the signal from a Wi-Fi transmission. So a laptop is transmitted to an access point and they've had an extra device to record the signal. It's hard to see and visualise signals. It's hard to see electricity or radio waves but you can get devices that capture that. It may be hard to see here but it's the top parts capturing the signal with respect to the different frequency components inside that signal. So there are frequencies here and the signal contains strong, a high strength, high amplitude for some frequencies and low amplitude for other frequencies. And the other part, it's very hard to see on the screen, the other part here is how the signal's amplitude is changing over time. For some time the signal is strong at this frequency where it's red and then at some time later it changes to this different frequency and change and is strong here. The next, not the next topic, the one after that we will discuss what are these characteristics of signals, this thing of frequency, amplitude and other characteristics of signals. So this will start to make sense. So we have some information we want to communicate to a destination. In a simple model we represent that information as data. The transmitter converts that to some signal which is transmitted across the transmission system. It's received, the received signal is converted back to data and then we've got our received information. That just describes those steps. Here's a couple of examples of that model, a little bit more realistic. Well, here's a case where we have two computers. For example, my two laptops, the grey laptop and the blue laptop, we want to connect them together for example, direct via a LAN cable. I think some of you may have done this so just different ways to connect two computers direct together. You plug the LAN cable into one and this and into the other and we have what we see in this case. Where we plug the LAN cable into the socket there is part of the transmitter and in a LAN or on a computer it's called a network interface card or a LAN card, a NIC. So we can think the network interface card on the source computer is the transmitter part of the device and on the destination computer is the receiver device and the computer itself, computer A is the source system. It contains the source and the transmitter. Computer B contains the receiver and the destination. So the old style LAN cards that you, in the past you would insert into your desktop computer and now they're built into computers. But think of these as the transmitter and receiver devices. Actually, they are transceivers in that each device can both transmit and receive at the same time. So you plug them into your computers and connect. Whereas the computer generates the data so that acts as the source. So that's a very simple case of a communication system. We can transfer data from computer A to computer B and in the opposite direction as well in practice. And this is an example of where the transmitter and receiver are built into the source systems, source computers. And the transmission system is very simple. It's just a single link or a cable. Another example. Anyone use dial-up internet before? Okay, you remember the sound when you connect, that strange quacking sound. The dial-up modem. So here's a picture of a simple view of such dial-up internet. The reason I chose this is it's closer to our transmission system. If we use the current, say, ADSL internet, the picture's more complex. But the way that it worked, you had your computer and often you had a modem. Either a separate device or maybe more recently you had one built into the computer as a similar device like this but the telephone cable plugged into it. That was your modem. And the modem had a telephone line going into your socket in the wall at home. And that went across the telephone network. So I represent the telephone network owned by TOT or someone else as this cloud. And sometimes you could dial into a server which basically gives you access to that computer. The server's just another computer which also has a modem. So a similar system and you dial in to the server and you get access to that server and maybe that server also provides you access out to the internet as well. So here's an example of a transmission or a communication system. We could think of this block as the source system. The source computer and the transmitter is the modem. The telephone network, which is quite complex, it may cover the entire world. In Thailand this may be in the US. The telephone network is the transmission system. And the destination system is this server plus the receiving modem in this case. So this is a little bit more complex example of a communication system. Source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, destination is the server. The transmission system is not just one cable. In this case the transmission system is very simple. It's just a cable. In this case it's multiple cables going to telephone exchanges across the world. So a transmission system we don't just mean a single link or a cable. And more generally internet access. You have your computer, some web server, computer B. They both have their own transmitters and receivers. And then we have the transmission system as the internet. Which again is a very complex communication system in itself. It's not just a single link between your computer and the Facebook web server. There are many components inside here. But we can view that as a source, has a transmitter, the internet is the transmission system and the computer B is the receiver and the destination system, or the destination. Just as an aside, in this case when I connect my two computers together directly, they would have the transmitters and receivers would use the same technology. If I plug them in here, the transmitter and receiver are both LAN cards. To be able to talk to each other they need to use the same technology. Same protocol or standard. On the internet, does computer A and computer B need to both use the same transmitter and receiver device? The same technology. If computer A is your laptop and computer B is the Facebook web server somewhere in the internet, computer A you may be using your LAN card. Computer B could be using something completely different. Because it's the role of the internet to sort that out. To make sure that it doesn't matter what you're using here, inside here, inside this cloud, it converts it to the right format eventually to be received by computer B. So when we get to how the internet works, we'll see the main advantage is it allows people with computers using different technologies to communicate with each other. Whereas say inside a LAN, inside our office or your home, all of the computers need to use the same LAN technology. Whereas across the internet you can use different technologies. So what's inside the cloud there? What's in here? Although we can represent it as a transmission system, it's much more complex than that. Here's a general model that tries to capture all of those example cases. We can think of it as if we have our source and destination. In fact the source sends to some other computing device, which then sends on to a next computing device and so on. There may be many in between here until this last one sends on to the destination. So we have these intermediate systems in general in a communications network so that the source doesn't have to have a link directly to the destination. The source just has to have a link to the first intermediate system, which then has a link to the next one so long as we can find a path to the destination, if we're using the right technologies, we can communicate from source to destination. You see this captures our three examples. This is the simple case where there are no intermediate systems, the source directly connected to destination. That's very simple but not very convenient in most places because you need to be close to each other. In this case, the computer really communicates with the intermediate system, the modem, which communicates with another intermediate system, the telephone exchange run by your ISP, which actually usually goes to other telephone exchanges and then towards the destination system. Similarly in the internet, your computer sends to some other device in our SIT network, my laptop sends to this wireless access point on the wall, an intermediate system, which then sends on to another device and till it reaches the destination computer. So we'll sometimes capture it and draw it like this. Source generates data, intermediate systems receive signal from the previous system, A receives from the source and then transmits it to the next system and so on. The link or the connections between a source and the next intermediate system between two devices is called a link. Let's refer to this as a link. From source to destination, we have a network. So we have one or more links in this case and that forms a network. So we're distinguished between a link and a network. Link communications and network communications. A network we communicate across one or more links. Any questions, any problems at the moment? Very simple concepts at the moment. So this topic we need to look at, well how do we actually communicate across a link, say from source to intermediate system A, how do we get data across this link, across this cable, or maybe there's no cable, it's wireless communications. How do we transmit a signal across there? And if we can communicate across a link okay, still we have problems if I can communicate across one link, how do I get data across a set of links? Across a network. So we're distinguished between link communications and network communications. Link communications, we'll focus on, we have some input data. We have a transmitter that converts that data to a signal. The signal is transmitted, sent across a link. The receiver receives some signal and then converts it back to data. Bits for example if we're using binary data. Some of the challenges here. Well how do we convert the information into transmittable signals? Transmittable signals are electromagnetic signals, say electrical signals in most cases. How do we do that conversion? What are the characteristics of those signals? You've heard of things like frequencies, maybe bandwidth, but other characteristics that we'll care about for those signals to make sure that we get good performance. The transmission media is the link here. What media do we use? What physical device or what media do we use? So two options. Wired or wireless? Wired is we have some cable, wireless we have no cable. So there's the first choice. And with wired transmission media, well there are different materials we can use. If we're sending an electrical signal from transmitter to a receiver we need to send that across some conducting material. Copper is a common one. So you get copper, if you look inside, make sure I have one somewhere. If you look inside these LAN cables you'll see that it's just pairs of copper wires in there. So the copper is used as a conductor to carry the electrical signal. But there are other materials that can be used. For example, if we send light we can use some glass or plastic fibres and we get optical fibre communications. If we use wireless we don't have a cable. So we need to send some radio signals from transmitter to a receiver. What are the characteristics of those signals and which media to choose? We have a topic on data transmission which we'll talk about the first and maybe in the second one. We have a topic on transmission media which we'll cover this question. Then the next thing is we have data, for example, bits. And we want to convert that into a signal, some form of electricity. Say a sine wave. How do we convert it? How do we use a signal to represent that data? And a common way is to think of a sine wave. One way you could say generate a signal which has a high level when we want to send a bit one and maybe a low level, the trough, when we want to send a bit zero. And just alternate the level of the signal that we transmit depending upon the bits that we want to transmit. But there are other ways than that and we'll look at how can we encode the data as signals. Unfortunately in life nothing's perfect and what commonly happens is when we transmit a signal, the received signal is different from what is transmitted. And as a result we may get errors. That is we receive a signal which is not an accurate representation of the transmitted signal and the data that we receive is therefore in error. How do we deal with those errors? And maybe we'll get time to deal with the case. This is a simple case. We have one source, one destination, two entities. In the signal we can have more than two. We could have a single source sending at the same time to many destinations like I am in this lecture. Single source, many destinations. How do we deal with that? How do we make sure that works well? If we can do all those things and in fact there are a few more that we won't get to cover but if we can answer these questions then we can do the basics of communications across a single link for one to another. Then the next challenge is, well, when we have multiple links, how do we deal with that? If I can send across a single link, how does this intermediate system send across to the next one? How do they know which intermediate system to send to? Why did I, my source, send a system A, then the system B, then on this path? Why not choose a different path? So we'll look at some questions of how to select which intermediate systems to send by. It's called routing. What happens if I send data? It gets to A, it gets to B but B fails. It's a computing device and for a short time it runs out of memory and it loses the data. The data doesn't get to the destination because it was lost here. How does my source deal with that? We'll see in many cases if I send data and it doesn't get to the destination, that's not very effective. And of course as we move up, how do we create applications that you as programmers can create such that you don't have to deal with all of these details? So you can write a new web browser and not care about the signals being sent, how these intermediate systems are selected and how to deal with these errors. As a programmer you don't want to care about all of those details. So we'll look at how that's achieved. That's our course. The first few topics are on link communications and the remaining topics after midterm are on network communications. Try to answer most of those questions. Just to finish this topic and we'll start the next one in a moment, this one. Some words I've already mentioned that may be new to you. What have we mentioned? We've talked about signals. Data is communicated across links by sending signals. We'll cover those types of signals in more detail soon. What else have we mentioned? Down the bottom yesterday I think we mentioned addresses. We talked about domain names, URLs, IP addresses. There are other types of addresses. So we use addresses to identify who we want to communicate with. It's very easy in this case. Addresses are not so important because there's only one other person that A can send data to. It only has a link to B so whenever it sends something it will definitely go to B. But in general my computer wants to send to another computer on the internet. I need to know the address of the destination. So addresses are important. What else have we mentioned? Protocols are a set of rules. A protocol is a set of rules that the devices use to communicate. The computing devices communicate by sending information to each other.  All they can do is follow what's programmed into them. So a protocol defines exactly what the computer should do to make sure that the two entities can communicate. For example, my computer may be programmed to say if I receive a message of this type from another computer then I take this action of sending back a response. What action it must take and how it responds to receiving a message is defined by a protocol. So a protocol defines the rules. We'll mention many protocols through the course. Standards are usually documents that companies, organizations have agreed upon or have selected protocols that they agree to use. What's an example? Wi-Fi. Anyone know the official name of the standard for Wi-Fi? IEEE 802.11. IEEE 802.11 is the name. IEEE is the name of a standards organization. 802.11 is just the number given to that particular standard. IEEE creates standards for electrical and computer systems. So there are many standards. But 802.11 is one of the standards for how one Wi-Fi device can communicate with another. If my laptop, I buy a new laptop tomorrow and it doesn't implement the 802.11 standard, if it doesn't implement it, then it will not be able to communicate with devices which do. All the devices which are manufactured that want to use Wi-Fi must follow the standard. And therefore I can buy a laptop. As long as I know it follows the standard, I don't care who manufactured the wireless device. We don't care about the manufacturer if it follows the standard. We'll see and come across many standards in the course. What else? Packets, headers, layers. Maybe just mention packets. We haven't mentioned it before. I want to send a video, a large video, 10 gigabytes from this laptop to this laptop. Just transfer it across a cable. Most protocols are designed such that we don't send it all at once. We don't take that 10 gigabytes and try and transmit it all at once. We divide that 10 gigabytes into smaller chunks and send a chunk one at a time. Why? Why would we do that? In case the connection is corrupt. If there are problems, then it's better to send small chunks and have to fix only those small chunks. You may have heard of the saying, don't put all of your eggs in one basket. You're walking around with, you have to take 100 eggs home. You put them all in one basket and you drop the basket and all of your eggs are broken. So what do you do? You take two baskets and you put 50 eggs in one and 50 in the other. You walk home. If you drop one, you only lose 50 eggs. The same concept here. We want to transfer 10 gigabytes of data from one computer to another. If we send it all as one package all at once and something goes wrong in the communications, we drop that message in the network or in the transmission system, then what do we do? Well, we lose all of that data and generally what we'll do is we'll have to resend all 10 gigabytes to make sure that the destination receives it. But if we break it into many smaller packets, say 10,000 different packets, and send all of them, if we lose one packet then we only have to retransmit that one. It's much more efficient in the case that we have errors. But there are some problems. What about my basket of eggs? What's the problem of having two baskets instead of one? Slower? Well, what way? Why did it affect me? I put my eggs, let's say I got someone else to put the eggs in the basket. What's the problem of me carrying two baskets instead of one? It's heavier. The same number of eggs, but now I have to carry a second basket. The basket itself has some weight, so I have to carry slightly more. So we say there's some overhead in splitting it up. The same name applies in packets and the way that we do data communications. We break our data into smaller chunks. Those smaller chunks are commonly referred to as packets. But there are other names like messages. We'll see datagrams, frames, packages, some people call them. But I'll try and refer to them as packets. The problem is that when we break them into smaller packets, that's good if we lose some. We only have to resend those individual packets. But it's bad because each packet normally has some small overhead. And the more packets we have, or the smaller the packets, the larger the overhead in total. So it's a trade-off there. The overhead is often referred to as a header. We take the data and attach some extra information ahead of. We'll come back to that. We'll see that in more detail in some later topics and see this trade-off between errors, overheads. That's a later topic. Layers we will not try and mention now. We'll move on. Questions? Any problems? Network socket. You mean the physical socket or the programming socket? So you may hear of sockets in two contexts. Sometimes we talk about an electrical socket where we plug something into. So sometimes you may hear this where I plug the cable into as being a socket. That's just the mechanical interface where we plug our cable into. The other context that... So there are many different types. Same as there are many different types of electrical sockets, different countries. There are many different types of sockets that we plug our cables into. They are defined in standards. So if I want to use a wired LAN, there's a standard called Ethernet or IEEE 802.3 that defines the exact pin ordering that we use in this socket. The other place you may hear sockets, I know all of you are excellent programmers, you start to program internet applications and you want to create your own web browser, your own instant messaging client or some application that communicates across the internet. Sockets are an API that allow you as the programmer to send data across the internet without worrying about all of these details. So let's say the red entity here is an application. Your application, you're writing the source code for it. You as a programmer don't want to have to worry about which intermediate systems your data go through, what are the signals being sent, how to deal with errors. So what most systems do today is that you write your code in Java, C, Python, whatever and it provides an API that says really create a connection to this destination, send data. Sockets is the name of that API that's commonly used. So that's where you'll hear mainly about sockets, the physical interface or the programming interface. We won't say much more about the physical interface, the programming interface you may see in some other courses. We've covered it a little bit in the lab in some years if we have time. Other questions before we move on to the next set of lectures.


So our next case is a 42-year-old woman with a recent diagnosis of right breast cancer, which was initially discovered on a baseline screening mammogram as a right retrorheal or mass. And that mass was biopsied and found to be an invasive ductal carcinoma, which was kind of a surprise. And she had fairly dense breasts on mammography, the size of the tumor was a little bit unclear based on the mammogram and ultrasound. So MRI was requested for evaluation of extent of disease. So here's the patient's mip, which really shows a lot going on here in the right breast. So the area behind the nipple that had been biopsied was just this mass. But you can see that there's a lot more going on in the right breast. There's some non-mass enhancement. There may be other masses. There's a suggestion of a lymph node here in the axilla. And she has a fair amount of background prankimal enhancement as well. So we'll go ahead and look at this a little bit more closely. We'll pull in our T1 and our post-contrast sub. And you can see that this patient has a lot of fibroglangular tissue. And on a mammogram, that would manifest as breast tissue density. So she does have heterogeneously dense to dense breasts on mammography. And that was making it difficult to interpret her mammogram. But on her MRI, you can see that even in places with denser tissue or more fibroglangular tissue, she doesn't really enhance very much. But then on the right breast, she has a lot of enhancement. So the area that was biopsied was this mass. So that's an invasive ductal carcinoma. But then she had this surprising amount of non-mass enhancement in the lateral right breast extending from front to back. And then another mass or masses posteriorly, most of her issue is here in the central breast to upper breast, but it does extend lower as well. And there are a few other masses in the medial breast as well here anteriorly and posteriorly. And she also has multiple large lymph nodes in the right axilla that are enhancing several large lymph nodes. So we looked at this with our source images as well, T1, pre and post contrast. And you can see the same findings, particularly these large axillary lymph nodes. So we read this as a biorets for, because what we wanted to do was biopsy or do a second loc ultrasound and biopsy of one of those right axillary lymph nodes. And there was some discussion before reading this as to whether she would need anything else done in the breast on the right. All of this enhancement was suspicious on the right kind of biorets 4 slash 5, almost certainly cancer. We elected not to do additional biopsies in the right breast because it was felt that this would probably be needing to be a mastectomy. And we went ahead and did a biopsy, ultrasound guided biopsy of a lymph node in the right axilla and that showed metastatic disease. So this was biorets 4. And I think in some of these cases there's a fine line between biorets 4 and 5. This is almost certainly going to be a cancer. So biorets 4 or 5 would be appropriate here.


Today you will learn about the major categories of forensic evidence and how to determine which kinds of evidence fall into these different categories. There are four main classification schemes for evidence, physical versus non-physical, real versus demonstrative, known versus unknown, and class versus individual. So let's start with physical versus non-physical. Physical evidence includes any kind of tangible item from a forensic crime or accident scene. This category is what you normally think of when you talk about evidence, things like bullets, shoe prints, fingerprints, blood samples, fiber evidence, etc. Non-physical evidence includes items of evidence that are non-tangible, things like eyewitness testimony or an opinion from an expert witness. The next category of evidence is real versus demonstrative. Real evidence is a broad category that includes any evidence generated by criminal activity For example, blood spatter left by the criminal or shell casings left from a fired handgun. In other words, evidence created by the criminal at the scene of the crime. Some of this overlaps with physical evidence. Demonstrative evidence has any kind of representation of an object designed to present in the courtroom. In other words, things created for courtroom purposes after the event of a crime. Examples of this type of evidence would be photos, diagrams, x-rays, models, things like that. Another category of evidence is known versus unknown. Known evidence is evidence in which the source can be determined with certainty at the scene of the crime without later laboratory testing. For example, a blood sample taken from a victim at the scene of the crime. Individual evidence is when you do not know the source of the evidence without performing laboratory testing at a later date. Examples of this would be blood spatter evidence at the crime scene.  Last but not least, a very important category of evidence is individual versus class evidence. Individual evidence is evidence that can be linked with only one source. This source can be a person or even an object. Examples of individual evidence would be DNA samples, fingerprints, and specific wear patterns, including wear patterns on fired bullets, shell casings, tool marks, and shoe prints. Class evidence is evidence that is common to a group of objects or people and cannot be linked to a single source. Hair evidence is a great example of class evidence because you can never link it to a single source. Other examples include blood type evidence, hair evidence where you don't have the root which contains DNA, or shoe prints when you don't have individualizing wear patterns. So as you can see, some pieces of evidence can fall into multiple evidence categories. But it is important to understand the major distinctions between these classifications in forensic cases, especially the difference between individual and class evidence. It is critical that forensic scientists and jury members understand this distinction, as the ability to pinpoint evidence to a single person can make the difference between a conviction and an acquittal.