I have great pleasure in welcoming the Prime Minister of the Republic of India, His Excellency Narendra Modi, and I invite him to address the Assembly, Mr. Prime Minister. It was a historic day when Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the United Nations General Assembly. The world decided to honour the glorious practice of Yogi by giving it formal international recognition. It is a historic day for us. Yogi, mind and body, thought and karma, the unity of the collective and the unity of the collective and the unity of the human being and the nature of the society. I am very happy that on the 21st of June, the day of the 21st of June was announced in the form of the International Yoga Day. On 27th of September, 2014, the Indian Prime Minister announced that the day of the 21st of June was announced in the form of the International Yoga Day. On 27th of September, 2014, the Indian Prime Minister announced that the day of the 21st of June was announced in the form of the International Yoga Day. On the 27th of September, 2014, the Indian Prime Minister announced that the day of the 21st of June was announced in the form of the International Yoga Day. Yoga is not just a meditation. Yoga takes back the loneliness of a lonely person and makes him feel lonely. Yoga calms down the restless mind. That is why we all should come and accept Yoga. We should also calm down our mind and move on to the path of Rishwasanti. Yoga is the cultural heritage of India. Thousands of years ago, all the human body, body, mind and soul were developed by our ancestors.  And many yoga gurus are behind it. In the whole world, people are taking advantage of the blessings of health and health. Yoga is essentially a spiritual discipline based on extremely subtle science. It is an art and science for healthy living. The word Yoga is derived from the Sanskrit word Yuga, meaning to join or unite. According to yogic scriptures, the practice of Yoga leads to the union of the individual consciousness with that of the universal consciousness, indicating a perfect balance between mind and body, man and nature. The science of Yoga has its origins thousands of years ago, before the first religions or belief systems were born. In yogic lore, Shiv, the first yogi or Adiyogi, transmitted his profound knowledge to his seven disciples, the famous Saptarishis or the seven sages. Yoga was practiced through the pre-Vedic period. It was Maharishi Patanjali, known as the father of modern yoga, who systematized and codified the then practices through his Yoga sutras. Later, many yoga masters contributed to the preservation and development of Yoga and the spreading of this wonderful practice. There are different schools of Yoga. These include Gyan Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga, Patanjala Yoga, Hatha Yoga, Kundalini Yoga, Dhyana Yoga, Mantra Yoga, Laya Yoga, Jain Yoga, Baudha Yoga, etc. Each school has its own approach and practices that lead to the ultimate aims and objectives of Yoga. Some of the widely practiced Yogasadhanas are Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana, Samadhi, Pandhar, Mudra, Shatkarmas, Yukta-Hara, Mantra-Japa, Yukta-Karma. A yoga practitioner should follow the guiding principles while performing yogic practices. Before practice, yogic practice should be performed in a calm and quiet atmosphere with a relaxed body and mind. It should be done on an empty stomach or light stomach. Consume a small amount of honey in lukewarm water if you feel weak. Light and comfortable cotton clothes are preferred to facilitate easy movement of the body. In case of chronic diseases or pain or cardiac problems, a physician or a yoga therapist should be consulted prior to performing yogic practices. During practice, practice sessions should start with a prayer or invocation. As it creates a conducive environment to relax the mind, yogic practices shall be performed slowly in a relaxed manner with awareness of the body and breath. Do not hold the breath unless it is specially mentioned to do so.  Perform the practices according to your own capacity. End the session with deep silence or Shanti Patu. Food or a bath may be taken only 20 to 30 minutes after practice. Welcome to the world of yoga. Welcome to the world of wisdom that is as relevant and beneficial today as it was thousands of years ago. Welcome to the world of yoga. Let us start Yoga Sadhana with Chalana Kriyas or loosening practices to increase micro-circulation. Neck exercises, forward and backward neck bending. Stand in an alert posture. Keep feet comfortably apart and your arms on the waist. Exhale and bend head forward slowly and try to touch the chin to the chest. Inhale, move the head as far back as is comfortable and come back with inhalation. Right and left neck bending. Exhale, bend the head slowly to the right. Bring the ear as close as possible to the shoulder. Inhale, bring the head to normal position. Exhale, bend the head to the left side. Inhale, bring the head up to normal position. Right and left twisting. Exhale, gently turn the head to the right side so that the chin is in line with the shoulder. Inhale, bring the head to the normal position. Exhale, turn the head to the left side. Inhale and bring the head to the normal position. Neck rotation. Bend the head forward trying to touch the chin to the chest. Inhale, slowly rotate the head clockwise while coming down. Exhale, rotate the head in anti-clockwise direction. Feel the stretch around the neck and loosening up of the joints and muscles of the neck and release of tension in the neck. People with neck pain and spondylitis should do the practice gently. Trunk twisting. Keep the legs about two feet apart. Raise both the arms up to chest level with the palms facing each other. Exhale, twist the body towards the right side so that the left palm touches the right shoulder. Come back with inhalation. Now, exhale, twist the body towards the left side so that the right palm touches the left shoulder. Come back with inhalation. Repeat, do slowly with breathing. Avoid this practice in case of vertebral and disc disorders and during menstruation. Relax in standing posture, knee movements. Inhale, lift your arms up at the shoulder level. Exhale, bend the knees and bring down your body to the squatting position. Inhale and straighten the body. Repeat two more times. This practice strengthens the knees and hip joints. Avoid this in case suffering from acute arthritis. Exhale while bringing down the hands. Now, let us move to Yogasana. Tarasana. Tar means palm tree. Keep your feet two inches apart. Interlock the fingers and turn the wrist outwards. Inhale, raise the arms up and bring them in line with the shoulders. Raise the heels off the floor and balance on the toes. Stay in this position for 10 to 15 seconds. This asana brings stability in the body. Helps to clear up congestion of the spinal nerves. Corrects faulty posture. Exhale, bring the heels down. Release the interlock of the fingers and bring the arms down parallel to the trunk and come back to a standing posture. Vriksha asana. Vriksha means tree. Stand with the feet two inches apart. Focus on a point in front. Exhale, bend the right leg and place the foot on the inside of the left thigh. The heel should be touching the perinium. Inhale and extend the arms up and join the palms. Stay in this position for 10 to 15 seconds and breathe normally. This improves neuromuscular coordination, endurance and alertness. Avoid this practice in case of arthritis and obesity. Exhale and bring the arms and right foot down and repeat the asana. Bend the left leg and place the foot on the right thigh. The heel should touch the perinium. Inhale, extend the arms up and join the palms. Relax. Pada hastasana. Pada means foot. Hasta means hand. Inhale slowly and raise the arms up. Stretch up the body from the waist. Exhale and bend forward until the entire palm rests on the ground. Maintain this final posture for 10 to 30 seconds. Those who have a stiff back should bend according to their capacity. Now, inhale. Come up slowly to the vertical position and stretch the arms above the head. Exhale and slowly return to the starting position in reverse order. Relax. Adhachakrasana. Support the back at the waist. Exhale. Drop the head backwards, stretch the neck muscles and bend backwards from the lumbar region. Relax with normal breathing. Stay there for 10 to 30 seconds. Adhachakra makes the spine flexible and strengthens the spinal nerves and improves breathing capacity. Inhale and slowly come up and relax. Hypertensive patients shall bend with care. Thrikonasana. Thrikon means triangle. Stand with your feet comfortably apart. Slowly raise both the arms sideways till they are horizontal. Exhale. Slowly bend to the right side and place the right hand just behind the right foot. The left arm is straight up in line with the right arm. Remain in this posture for 10 to 30 seconds with normal breathing. This prevents flat foot, strengthens the calf, thigh and waist muscles, makes the spine flexible.  Repeat for the left side. Avoid this posture in case of slipped disc, sciatica and after undergoing abdominal surgery. Do not go beyond your limits. Bhadrasana. Let us now get ready for sitting postures. Bhadrasana. Bhadra means firm. Sit erect with the legs stretched out straight in front. Keep the hands beside the hips. This is Dandasana. Now put the soles of your feet together. Exhale and clasp your hands together over your toes. Pull your heels as close as possible up to the perenium region. This is the final position.  Bhadrasana keeps the body firm and stabilizes the mind. Now stretch your leg and come to Visramasana. Avoid this practice in case of severe arthritis and sciatica. Ardhushtrasana. Ustra means camel. Come to Dandasana. Fold your legs and sit on your heels. Keep the thighs close and the big toes touching. Place the hands on the knees. This is Vajrasana. Now let us start Ardhushtrasana. Inhale and rise and stand on your knees. Exhale. Keep your palms on the hips with fingers pointing downwards. Keep the elbow and shoulder parallel. Bend the head back and stretch the neck muscles. Inhale and bend the trunk backwards as much as is comfortable. Exhale and relax. This is the final position. Now inhale and come up. Exhale.  Avoid this asana during abdominal injuries, vertigo and pregnancy. Shashankasana. Shashank means hair. Spread both the knees wide apart. Keep the toes touching. Keep the palms between the knees. Exhale and slowly stretch them full length. Bend forward and place the chin on the ground. Keep the arms parallel. Look in front and maintain the posture. This helps to reduce stress and anger. Inhale and come up. Exhale and come back to Vajrasana. Stretch your legs back to Vishramasana. Patients with osteoarthritis should do this with caution. Vakrasana. Vakra means twisted. Bend the right leg and place the right foot beside the left knee. Bring the left arm around the right knee and place the palm beside the right foot. Exhale. Twist the body and neck to the right. Comfortably remain in this posture.  Take out your hands with exhalation. Stretch your legs. Now come back and relax in Vishramasana. This asana increases flexibility of the spine. It helps to overcome constipation, dyspepsia and in the management of diabetes. Repeat the same on the other side.  Take out your hands with exhalation. Stretch your legs. Now come back and relax in Vishramasana. Pujangasana. Now let us be ready for prone postures. Pujangasana. Pujang means snake or cobra. Lie down on your stomach, rest your head on your hands and relax the body. Now join your legs and stretch your arms. Keep the forehead on the ground. Keep your palms beside the chest and raise the elbows. Inhale, lift the chin and chest up to the navel region. This is Pujangasana. This asana is best for stress management. It also helps to manage backache and bronchial problems. Exhale, rest your forehead on the ground and stretch your arms.  Shalabhasana. Shalabha means a locust. Lie down on your stomach, now join your legs. Rest the chin on the floor. Keep both hands beside the body, palms facing upwards. Inhale, raise the legs off the floor as much as you can without bending the knees. Extend the arms and legs well to ease the lift of the body off the floor. Stay in this position comfortably. This asana helps in sciatica and blower backache. It tones the hip muscles. Now exhale, bring the legs down towards the floor. Take out your arms and rest on the floor. Cardiac patients should avoid this posture. Makarasana. Makara means crocodile. Lie down on your stomach with the feet wide apart, feet pointing outward. Rest your head on your hands, relax. This is Makarasana. This asana is practiced for relaxation in all prone postures. It promotes relaxation of the lower back. Setubandasana. Now we move to supine postures. Setubandasana. Setuband means formation of a bridge. Join your legs. Keep the arms beside the body. Bend both the legs at the knees and bring the heels near the buttocks. Hold both the ankles firmly. Inhale. Slowly raise your buttocks and trunk up as much as you can to form a bridge. Remain comfortably. This is the final position. This asana relieves depression and anxiety. It strengthens the lower back muscles. Now exhale. Slowly return to the original position and relax. Lie down on your back. Please note women in advanced stages of pregnancy should not practice this asana. Bhavan Muktasana. Bend both the knees and bring the thighs to the chest. Interlock the fingers and clasp the shin below the knee. Raise the head and shoulders. Try to touch the knees with the chin. This is Bhavan Muktasana. This removes constipation. Gives relief from flatulence and tones up the back muscles and spinal nerves. Bring your head back. Exhale. Stretch your legs and relax. Avoid this practice in case of abdominal injuries, hernia, sciatica and during pregnancy. Shavasana. Shava means the dead body. This asana is meant for complete relaxation. Lie down on your back with the arms and legs comfortably apart. Palms facing upward. Eyes closed. Relax the whole body consciously. Become aware of natural breath and allow it to become rhythmic and slow. Remain in this position till you feel refreshed and relaxed. This asana helps relieve all kinds of tensions and gives rest to both the body and the mind. It is very beneficial in the management of stress and its consequences. Kapalabhati. It stimulates respiratory centers in the frontal brain. Sit in any meditative posture. Close the eyes and relax the whole body. Inhale deeply. Expand the chest. Expel the breath with forceful contractions of the abdominal muscles. Continue active exhalation and passive inhalation. Then take a deep breath. Exhale slowly and relax. This is one round of Kapalabhati. Each round should be followed by deep breathing. Now do two more rounds. Kapalabhati purifies the frontal air sinuses. Helps to overcome cough disorders. It is useful in treating colds, rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma and bronchial infections. Please avoid this practice in case of cardiac conditions, high blood pressure, vertigo, migraine, stroke, hernia and gastric ulcers. Pranayama. Nadi Shodhana or Anulom Vilom Pranayama is alternate breathing through the left and right nostrils. Sit in a meditative posture. Keep the spine straight and the head erect with eyes closed. Relax the body with a few deep breaths. Keep the left palm on the left knee in Gyan Mudra. The right hand should be in the Nasikagra Mudra. Place the right thumb on the right nostril. Breathe in from the left nostril. Close the left nostril. Exhale through the right nostril. Next, inhale through the right nostril. Close the right nostril. And exhale through the left nostril. This is one round of Nadi Shodhana or Anulom Vilom Pranayama. Repeat for another five rounds. For beginners, the duration of inhalation and exhalation should be equal. Gradually make it one is to two. Inhalation, exhalation. The breath should be slow, steady and controlled. The main purpose of this Pranayama is to purify the principal channels of energy. This nourishes the whole body. It induces tranquility, helps to improve concentration. It increases vitality and lowers the level of stress and anxiety. It also elevates cough disorders. Brahmari Pranayama. Brahmara means a black bee. During the exhalation of this Pranayama, the sound produced resembles the buzzing of a black bee. Inhale deeply through both nostrils. Exhale slowly. In a controlled manner, making a deep, steady, humming sound as that of a black bee. This is one round of Brahmari. Repeat two more times. This is a great tranquilizer. It's found good in the management of stress-related disorder. Now do the Brahmari with Shanmukhi Mudra. Close your ears with your thumbs. Place the four fingers on your eyes, middle fingers on the nostrils, ring finger and small fingers on the lips. Open your nose and inhale through both nostrils. Exhale slowly, in a controlled manner, making the deep, humming sound of a black bee. It is a useful preparatory Pranayama for concentration and meditation. Now, let us prepare for Dhyan. Dhyan or meditation is an act of continuous contemplation. Sit in any meditative posture. Keep your spine comfortably erect. Hold Dhyan Mudra. Keep your palms facing upwards upon the thighs. Arms and shoulders should be loose and relaxed.  You need not concentrate. Just maintain a mild focus between the eyebrows and be conscious of your breath. Dhyan keeps the mind calm and quiet. It increases concentration, memory, clarity of thought and willpower. It rejuvenates the whole body and mind, giving them proper rest. It helps to develop positive emotions. Meditation leads to self-realization. Continue to be in this state of Dhyan. Let us now take some Kalpa. I commit to make myself into a healthy, I strive to break the limitations of who I am right now and include the entire world as my own. I recognize the kinship of my own life with every other life. I recognize the unity of all there is. End the Yoga practice session with Shanti Pat or Universal Prayer.


I'd like to welcome everybody to today's presentation. We're going to be talking with Sharon Selby, who wrote Surfing the Worry Imp's Wave. It is an amazing children's book that helps children understand a little bit about what causes anxiety and what causes sort of false anxiety so they can start figuring out how to deal with their feelings as they come up. The book has a lot of activities in it that allow children to work through with their parents, with their caregivers, with their therapist, whomever, each one of these tasks. So it's not just a read it and go, it allows the children and the families to really partake in a developmental process. So welcome, Sharon. Thank you so much. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. So I'm in private practice in Vancouver, British Columbia. I have been counseling for 20 years now and most of my practice specializes in anxiety with children and teens. Okay, and your website, which we'll put up a little bit later, is just an absolute wealth of information. You have a lot of blog articles that people can go look at and learn about all kinds of things, some of which we're going to talk about today. So what prompted you to write this book? Well, since I've been in the counseling field for 20 years, I've seen a huge increase in child anxiety and it's quite concerning how much anxiety is out there. And I really think if we can teach children about it when they're young, we can hopefully turn things around so that it's more manageable and doesn't really turn into an anxiety disorder when they're older or as teens. So I noticed there wasn't a lot of resources available for parents and professionals in the age five to 10 category. And that's an age I work with a lot. I also run groups for children with anxiety as well as working with them individually. And so I wanted to put all of my curriculum that I use into a fun story that would be engaging but also give them concrete strategies and give parents especially a resource. And one of the wonderful things I noticed when I was previewing this book was a lot of the strategies that you are teaching through this book are the same strategies that I teach adults when they come in, we just go about it a bit different. So when parents are working with their children to help the children learn how to deal with anxiety, the parents are also potentially developing skills that they may not have. Because a lot of times what I see is when the youth have high anxiety, parents also tend to have difficulty coping with anxiety. So through modeling and through teaching, the parents are actually gonna get a lot out of it in addition to the youth. Exactly, these are strategies that are based on CBT which is cognitive behavioral therapy as well as mindfulness. And that's known as the gold standard for treating anxiety. So it's just a way to teach it to younger children and really, as you say, the book is for all ages. It's just written in a children's format. Right, and it's kind of funny.   And there's really no fire, but there's smoke. Or when we have our windows open and the wind blows really strong, it'll set off our fire alarms. Again, no problem, but we need to check it. So kind of the same thing as encouraging people to check in and realize that not every alarm means there's actually a problem. It's just sort of a, hey, might wanna check this sort of thing. Exactly, and I think that's really, the difference between anxiety and fear. Anxiety is more about the perceived threats that could happen and then your body thinks it's really happening. And so it goes into that fight, flight, or freeze mode. But when it's true fear, it's happening right now in front of you, it's an emergency. And yes, you do need to go into fight, flight, or freeze. But if you can teach children and teens that really, this is a false alarm and that you're having a perceived moment of feeling there's a threat coming and it's not actually happening right now. Right, awesome. I talk a lot in my classes about basic fears of rejection, isolation, failure, loss of control, and the unknown triggering this fight or flight response or fight, flight or freeze. What types of things did children worry about? I mean, more specifically just school, peer pressure, what is it that you see a lot in the youth? I think for the younger children, separation anxiety is huge. So a lot of children is when they're starting school, whether it be preschool or elementary school, that's a really kind of scary experience for them. And they feel like there could be some kind of threat out there and they're only safe if they're with their parents. Same when it comes to joining a new activity or sports team and for some children sleeping independently. Nighttime can be scary with the dark and so they want a parent to sleep with them and their imagination starts to think, all the worst case scenarios could happen at nighttime, including imagination like monsters and things like that. Then as they get older, separation anxiety can still be a big one. I've known 12-year-olds and 13-year-olds that still don't want to sleep alone or go to outdoor school, things like that. But then we also start getting into more of the social anxiety as they become teens because there's so much pressure around fitting in, being popular and with all the social media, you don't get a break from it. Children tend to come home and then go on to their devices and then they're still surrounded by it and they can see who's hanging out with who and where they might have been excluded or they see these beautiful photographs that have been photoshopped and edited but it makes it look like everybody's got these amazing lives and makes them feel kind of hopeless about themselves. Sure, okay. Why do children worry about things that adults just really don't worry about? I mean, sometimes my kids will be worried about something and I'm like, you know, in the big scheme of things. So why is it that children worry about things that adults may not? Well, I think part of it is, again, that dependence on their parents. So the separation anxiety is big for that. Also, of course, the wise owl brain, the prefrontal cortex isn't fully developed yet. Not until about age 25 and then we know when you're a plasticity, it can keep on growing but at a much slower rate. So their rational brain isn't really able to function as strong as their instincts. And so as soon as they get stressed or worried, their instincts, you know, think this is real. So I'm going to, you know, prepare you for fight, flight or freeze.  So it must be real. And we have to help them distinguish between what's real and what isn't. And then again, for younger children, distinguishing between fantasy and reality is hard. And that doesn't really happen until about age seven. Right. Mistakes and bad things happen. So how does the concept, and I know you talked about this on your blog, so I wanted to bring this out. I love this series. How does the concept of fault versus responsibility impact a child's anxiety? For example, if parents divorce, you know, do they feel it fault? How much of it's their responsibility? What are we talking about there? All right. So of course, when parents divorce, that creates a lot of uncertainty about the future. And that's what the worries feed on because the worries are always getting you to be worried about what might happen, what could happen in the future. And so it's the time when definitely the anxiety is going to increase. And so then for the child, they have a lot of questions they don't understand probably why their parents are divorced. The parts they think maybe they can control is their own behavior. So maybe they start to take, you know, some of the blame and think, okay, if I behave better, this will help my parents get back together. But ultimately we have to help them realize, you know, they are not responsible for their parents' feelings. They're responsible for their own and that they need to, you know, find ways to separate what's going on with their parents from themselves and realize again that with the anxiety, it's just all the what if questions. And we don't have a crystal ball. So I neither do the worries. So we don't actually know what is going to happen in the future. We need to just try and stay in the present with the moment that we have right now. Okay. What are some signs, you know, I know that the signs of depression and anxiety are different in children, adolescents and adults. So what are some signs parents should look for to identify that, hey, my child may be struggling with anxiety issues? Mm-hmm. So when they're really young, you may notice that your child is quite sensitive. So we can recognize this even in newborns and there's been studies done on this. And this might be the child who startles more easily or certain textures might make them cry and certain tastes are difficult. And when you have a more sensitive child, there is more likelihood that that child will also be more anxious. But we don't know that for sure, but it's something to look out for when you have a really young child. Then as they get a little bit older, the signs we start to see are the clinging, they're not wanting to leave you, sometimes the stomach aches. And so that can be, you know, definitely big red flags that there's some anxiety happening here. If your child's asking a lot of what if questions and they're asking for a lot of reassurance and you seem to answer them once, but then after that, they keep asking the same question over and over again. And then we're kind of caught in that worry cycle as well. And so we wanna be careful not to get caught up in that because then we're actually reinforcing the anxiety. So then as they become a bit older, you might notice they're avoiding things more and they're also not wanting to go on sleepovers, things that kind of are usual for their age. And then you're noticing that they're not wanting to participate in that. So definitely those can be some of the signs. Okay, so if you have a child, for example, who's middle school, high school age, and they just sort of become apathetic about school, about friends, about anything, they're just, you know, what in an adult we would kind of think of as depression, you know, persistent depression maybe. Would that be anxiety in children or would that be leaning more towards depression? Yeah, I mean, it's hard to know exactly, right?  And so usually it starts off as anxiety and then when the anxiety gets to be at a point where it's unmanageable, you start to feel that hopeless and helpless feeling that comes with depression. So if somebody, as you know, they're starting to not go to school and you're getting a lot of school refusal, they're not wanting to see their friends, they're just wanting to sleep all day, you know, definitely there could be some undercurrents of anxiety, but then it sounds like at that point it's also heading more towards depression, definitely a time to seek some counseling help. Sure, and probably to deal with that depression, they're gonna have to deal with that undercurrent of anxiety because they need to develop the sense of self-empowerment. Exactly, and a lot of what we do in CBT is talk about cognitive thoughts. So the C for cognitive behavioral therapy is cognitions which are your thoughts. And so there's a lot of irrational thinking that happens, especially in the teen years as well, because there's so much fear of judgment and what others think. And so you can really build up irrational thoughts. And then if you're believing all those thoughts, it gives you these very negative feelings. And then of course that leads to your actions, which means you don't want to go anywhere and you want to hide and sleep all day. Sure, and one of the things we talk about in my groups with adults, the fact that there's thoughts when you're thinking based on feelings, and instead of thinking based on facts. And so if they feel like it's scary, then they automatically start thinking, this must be something that's really scary and then they can talk themselves into it. So sometimes even feelings can trigger thoughts that support the feelings and it's this downward spiral, such as going to a sleepover as the example you gave. If they think it's kind of scary, then they're like, well, what if I go and I wet the bed or I burp or something that children and young teens tend to find just mortifying. Then they start thinking about all the what-ifs, as you said, that could happen and they can really get themselves wound up. Definitely, and I think sometimes it's a negative association.   When really we know the probability of that happening again is really slim, but they create this belief that A must equal B and that's where the irrational thinking happens and we have to help them break that down and create a new thought. Right, right. Okay, now in the news around here a lot, we've been hearing about school shootings especially, but we've also had earthquakes and hurricanes. I mean, it's been kind of a busy 12 months for disaster type things. So after a traumatic event such as one of those things, what types of stress and anxiety reactions might we see in youth, both the youth that are directly exposed to it, as well as children that live hundreds of miles away but they're seeing it on the news over and over again. Yes, exactly.  So it's as if they have a little antenna and they're on the lookout everywhere they go for possible danger. They're constantly checking their devices for news updates. So we have to help them to manage all of that. It's not healthy to be looking at the news over and over again, repeating those images, hearing those stories over and over again. We have to help them to realize that we have some kind of plan in place. So if it's an earthquake, we've got our meeting place, we've got our emergency kits ready, the schools usually have some kind of plan in place where they do a lockdown if there's an intruder in the building. So we can give our child that information that there is a plan, a safety plan in place but then beyond that, it's out of our control and no matter how much we worry, it's not gonna change the outcome. By worrying, we can't make things happen and we can't stop things from happening. And that's the illusion of worry is it makes us think we're gonna be safer because we're worrying about it but actually it doesn't make us safer. It's exactly the same. And so then that's where we have to recognize the difference between living in trust versus fear and living day by day and moment by moment and recognizing that if an emergency happens then we will deal with it the best we can with the plans we have in place but otherwise we still need to be able to enjoy our lives moment to moment because the rest of it is unfortunately out of our control. And I see so much of this even and it's something that parents can really take in. I remember way back when, when we had 9-11 and it was just on the TV. My son was 18 months old at that point but I remember watching it and watching it and keeping it on the television and not really thinking much about it but for adults it's the same thing. If we keep seeing it over and over again it keeps it ever present. We are able to differentiate. We know it's not happening anymore but it keeps it present for children. It seems like it's happening over and over again I would think because they may have difficult especially younger children may have difficulty realizing that okay, this was from three months ago and things have gotten better but we're still seeing pictures of whatever the disaster was. So go ahead. And so also they start to think it's, it's gonna happen like the next day and they're not able to look at the statistics and realize that as tragic as these incidents are they're still quite rare. And the fact of it happening in your exact school or in St. Vancouver, we also live in a zone that's known to maybe have a big earthquake one day but when we look at the statistics has there ever been the big one? No, not yet. So we've got to look at the evidence and look at the facts and that's one of the tools that I teach in my book. Okay, awesome. Aside from reading this book with children and going through the discussion and activity guide because children really need to involve all their senses and you've done a great job of laying it out so they can actually hear about it, see it and practice with it. What can parents do to help their children prevent anxiety? Well, I think modeling of course is a huge one and there is sometimes a genetic link with anxiety running in families. So it's really important to be aware of your own anxiety and we all have anxiety to some degree. It's just to what degree? And so just really trying to keep our own anxiety in check so that our children aren't modeling that and seeing it and then being able to have these kind of discussions with them where you have a close relationship and you can talk about thoughts and feelings. I really believe in bedtime being that golden hour where you're not trying to rush it and make it happen in five or 10 minutes. You take time when they're younger to read a story and have rituals but also have some quality time where you can have little chats, lie down on the pillow together and often in the dark or when the lights are dimmed and the busyness of the day is finished. That's when stuff comes up and you can have these really insightful conversations and then even with teenagers you can. If this is something that they've always been used to my daughter's turning 15 next week and I'm fortunate I still get to lie down next to her in bed at night and have these kinds of chats because she's never known anything different. We've just always done that. So I really encourage using bedtime to be that special time to have these kinds of chats. And it also helps them kind of quiet their mind a little bit so they're not laying down and like you said, when it's quiet they're alone with their thoughts and if they don't have a way to get them out those thoughts just kind of bounce around in their head. So using that time really helps them de-escalate and start getting ready for a good quality sleep. Yeah, we all need to process and so it just helps to process with a caring parent who has wisdom and a different perspective and can listen and maybe give some support if needed. Which that's kind of the cool thing. We may not be the smartest people in the world but we have more experience than our children. So we have been through similar things probably and we can share not to invalidate them obviously but we can give a slightly different perspective sometimes on things that may be anxiety provoking and we can help them look at, let's stop and look back at times when you've gone through something like this before and it's been fine and you've done great. So maybe the child's getting ready to give a speech or something. So those are definitely things that and whether we're a parent or just an objective person who's not in that emotional mind we can maybe point out some of their strengths and resiliency. And I think it's important that children don't just identify themselves as anxious. It's really important to externalize it. So that's why I created this little worry imp character for my book because imps are imaginary but they also like to play tricks. And so when we can call it the worry imp that's playing tricks, then it's easier to see it as something outside of you that you need to speak back to or not listen to or do the opposite of.  So they can realize, oh yeah, that's my anxiety voice talking again. Okay, I don't need to listen to that. What other thoughts can I have that might be more grounded in reality? Exactly, exactly. I noticed on your website that your blog quite extensively talks about issues related to anxiety, attachment, discipline, self-regulation and resilience which are all wonderful topics.  How do you see all these things as being related? Right, so if you have a strong attachment that creates a secure base in the family and that's the founder of attachment theory, John Bowlby that called it that, the secure base. And that's really crucial in every family. But then it's also really important we don't become overprotective because if we're too protective or we jump in and rescue our children too much or solve problems for them, then they don't develop the resilience that they need. And then also they need to develop self-regulation so that they can learn how to handle all these big feelings, anxiety being one of the big ones. And then the discipline part is important because the roots of the word discipline actually mean to teach. And so that's an important part of parenting because that's where children learn boundaries. And if they're not having limits set and they have no boundaries, then they are going to become anxious later because they're gonna get themselves into situations where they don't know how to handle it and they've gone kind of out of bounds because they don't know what those limits are. And then on the other hand, if it's a very strict authoritarian family where the parents are kind of controlling the children then the children don't know how to think for themselves. And so then that's gonna create anxieties they get older and need to make decisions for themselves. So we wanna try and be in the middle and have that backbone bamboo style of parenting where you're firm but flexible and still have limits but also have a strong attachment. Sure, and so as you were talking, I'm thinking of growing up in a family, if you grew up in a family where there weren't any limits set, it might feel like mom and dad didn't care. So that could trigger some anxiety and disrupt the attachment process. And likewise, if the family is over authoritarian, it might feel to the child like their parents don't trust them and their parents don't think they have the skills so they need to be afraid because they're vulnerable. And being undermined, exactly. So it sends a lot of confusing messages when you're at either end of the spectrum. So we've talked a lot about anxiety and children and everything and I can't say enough about this book. I don't usually gush about books but it's so pretty and it works so well. So where can people get surfing the worry imps wave? So right now it's available on my website which is my name, SharonSalby.com and soon it will also be available on Amazon. It has just come out. So that's great. Yes, thank you. It's very exciting and it's after a great start. And it also comes with a digital discussion and activity guide. So that's like a PDF so that parents have got extra support to help them with the concepts in the book and also for professionals and it has extra copies of the different activity worksheets. So if you were a professional working with a group then you could make up 10 copies of the different activity sheets. There's guided meditations and there's even a worry imp song in here and there's a recording of my daughter singing the worry imp song. So yeah, it's my aim is to make it a really comprehensive resource for parents and professionals for children around the ages of five to 10. Okay, awesome. And again, if people go to your website, SharonSalby.com it is a blog and there are a ton of resources that people can look at to learn more about your approach and I think all of it builds on what is in the book. So once you go through the book, there are other things and there's a lot of tools for parents specifically. The book is geared towards children and a lot of tools for parents on your website that they can use in concert with what they're learning in the book in order to help their children prevent anxiety, if possible. I always think prevention is a whole lot better than intervention later. So parents can learn a lot even by getting this book for their children who aren't anxious yet, but to provide a good foundation and help them figure out what's going on. I know as a parent myself, when my kids were younger, I loved them to death, but communicating with a child is so much, young child is so much different than communicating with a teenager or something. And sometimes it's hard for us to communicate in a way that we can engage children. They can understand, but they're like, so this book really allows parents to communicate on that level that'll engage the children and they'll kind of get excited because now they've got a mascot for anxiety that they can deal with. Well, I really appreciate you being here today and I think there was something else you wanted, oh, you wanted to talk about. I have another free gift for your audience. So if people would like to receive my free ebook, the eight common mistakes to avoid when your child is anxious, they can do so at SharonSalby.com forward slash free dash ebook. So SharonSalby.com forward slash free dash ebook. And it is also available on my homepage of my website, SharonSalby.com as well, but that will hopefully help you to be proactive when you see little bits of anxiety popping up and you want to know how to help. Awesome. So those links will also be in the notes for the video and they will be in the podcast notes. So if any of you are listening and you're driving right now, you can go back later and find those links if you don't remember them so you can get the free ebook and you can also buy Surfing the Worry in Suave.


International Network for Public Schools is a national non-profit organization that focuses on school development and school support to ensure that we have equitable outcomes for newcomer recently arrived immigrant students and refugees. With the current changing landscape it is important that the teachers know how to adapt to that shift in demographics and really serving and catering their instruction to the students in front of them. Across our district we're seeing an increase in newcomer students in our schools and really saw like we need to improve the services that we're providing them from education to social emotional support but a lot of what was happening was outside of the classrooms and we were having success but we're like how do we bring them into the classroom to serve more students. I can use give one get one to practice English. I have had students who have been in the country for maybe two weeks. We need a lot of professional development around language objectives. What can you do as a teacher to make students you know practice English to write in English to hear English. The International Network for Public Schools focuses on five core principles, heterogeneity and collaboration, experiential learning, language and content integration, localized autonomy and one learning model for all. For our teachers who are new to the program a lot of them would really have to get some form of professional development around developing empathy for their students. So one of the things that we offer for example in their summer institutes is this workshop called experiencing the internationalist approach where a workshop is basically run in another language. In the first half of the lesson it was much more of the traditional western hierarchical the teacher's way and it's a lecture and you do this. I felt very anxious and a little bit afraid of the teacher because I wanted didn't want to mess up and also felt very shy and did not want to participate and then eventually I was just bored because I was like I have no idea what this person is saying. And then you then take that same instruction but you model it where you put them in groups where there's some form of scaffolding some available forms of structured language they could use in the class and then you see the shift in the way teachers are able to produce products that they thought they weren't able to do. He used a different tone of voice. He would approach students differently and he pushed the community and the members of each table to engage with each other and support each other. Teachers of newcomers often teach in isolation from other teachers. We see professional development and learning as places for learning with each other among adults is equally important as the way in which you would structure the kinds of learning experiences you want for your students. Students need to interact. Students need to participate with each other. Students need to help each other because if they don't have anyone else to practice English with how are they going to speak right. So that's one of the things I loved about the model it really encourages student collaboration. So Alex what is your name and what is your coordinate? My name is Alex and my coordinate is B75. What is your coordinate? International classrooms have more intentional ways of integrating language in the content courses. So what does it look like to have academic discourse in the language of mathematics? What does it look like in a social studies context? And so I think it's important that you teach that explicitly and it's embedded into your practice. One thing that I do not see in your answer guys is the word unit. So make sure you're using the word unit so like five units to the left. In the past we'll think that oh yeah we need to learn English first and then learn the content right. But then we realize that no we can actually do both things at the same time. We always have the content objective and the language objective. We have word banks for daily English, academic vocabulary for math, you know technical words. First we must practice our keywords past tense verb, sequence word. We are very tightly aligned in the language functions that we are teaching. So it's like the best feeling ever when a student tells you oh miss we learned this in biology class, we learned this in math today. And they make those connections between the content areas and language structures. We can't expect teachers to do this work in isolation. They have to be done across different disciplines in order for the learning to actually be reinforced but also a way for teachers to really learn from one another. When I compare to what we were providing newcomers before to what we're providing them now it's the night and day. Our students feel comfortable in the classroom, do really think that the teachers believe in them and our kids are engaged in the content. The teachers are really good here. If you have any personal problem you can tell them and they are even stay after school and helping you. Students too like they became my friends and they are also helping to speak English. I really want to frame this conversation as a transformation approach for systems change within a school district and essentially this program is about continuous learning of all of us as a system to achieve greater outcomes for kids. Our English language learners are brilliant learners and it's fundamental to an international's approach. It's fundamental to what we are trying to do as a district that we see our students and the riches that they bring from the countries they are coming from as assets and that they are brilliant, brilliant learners, they're just learning English.


So, good afternoon, those that are still awake. I want to congratulate you to the big luck you have, that you are seeing the Document Liberation Project first time, presented in public. We launched today at 1300 Central Europeans Daylight Saving Time and we are going to wash your brain about what we are doing and who we are. So, the agenda, so the public agenda is to speak about the project and give you some boring details about what happened since last year and for the hidden agenda you will have to be careful and listen because it is between the lines and it will be revealed towards the end. Oh, this thing works. OK, so the history of the project is that it was launched officially today and how it came to be a group working on file formats within LibreOffice since the beginning formed from 2011 around Google Summer of Code project that produced Libvisio library to parse and render visual files. And since the beginning when this library was still a little we started to feel that we are doing something bigger than LibreOffice and that we are actually opening the file format for the free and open source world and we were taking it as our mission as a service of LibreOffice community to the wider false world because LibreOffice is using enormous quantity of open source code that we didn't produce so it was also a good thing to give something back and this feeling was confirmed because there are many other projects that now use different libraries that they produced like Inkscape, Scribbles, Caligra, some proprietary applications also because we are released under NPL2 so they can use it but they have to give us back the code if they modify a library. We came at certain point to proper scalability issues because there is a hardware limit for an individual that can't produce more than 24 man hours per day so we realized that there were two possibilities either someone will pay us to do this as a day job which is not extremely easy to achieve or we attract more people that is also not easy but it looks in order of magnitude easier and why also we split from LibreOffice we are still part of Document Foundation but we split from LibreOffice proper because we don't want other people to feel that they are making a treason to their project because they are contributing to LibreOffice so we extracted these libraries from the very beginning out and now if you need to do something on file formats that are proprietary and they are not open you can always come to the project and nobody can ever tell you that your LibreOffice developer. About our project, what we believe we have beliefs about ownership of documents we think that documents and their content belong to the creators and not to software vendors. As a second step, we believe that access to content that you own should not be hindered by the fact that an application that created this out of life and operating system you are running is not running that application. We believe that truly open standards are the only long term solution for document interoperability and preservation of digital content for future generations but we also believe that in the intermediary period that might be quite long because we are not determining how long it will be having a free and open source implementation of LiarOff parsers for file formats that are not documented is the only way how we can assure that we will be able to read them in the future because the open source libraries you can always look at the code and you can actually from the code understand how the file format is composed. So, and what is in that case our mission our mission is to try to understand the file format by looking at them in HEX editors in trying to apply brain to them and try to cut them and, yeah, all these nice long winter nights activities and implement parser libraries for those that we understand enough. It means to extract data from them and data we say not only content strict or censored but also formatting, positions basically convert them. And we also want to be good citizens of ODF ecosystem although we actually have generators for other file formats than open document we generate for all the graphics we generate SVG why we settle around open document because open document is a file format that covers many types of documents and basically these are the types of documents that you can find in the wild you can find spreadsheets you can find text documents, graphics you can find presentations, databases although database is not specified in open documents so, now the interesting part finished and we are going to tell you something about the boring details Valek, we tell you something about Oletoi actually I decided to not take too much of the time to talk about all small details that happened in Oletoi I chose three most important things so I will tell two things and show one picture the first thing which is very important for us now we understand ad-op page maker format and even library was started to implement importer for that it's for versions 3 to 7 of the format so once it's done I believe Scribble's team would be able to use it for rare application second most important thing is that now we have one more contributor to Oletoi, the tool which he used to reverse engineer files and that's a tall, shy guy here David Tardon he implemented support for few file formats so very listed on the screen it's software 602 text Zoner Kalista also known as draw Zoner Zebra which is predecessor of Kalista and also newest version of Apple Keynote 6 page 5, number 3 which is become binary suddenly and now last thing and it's especially for Simon he ask it for few years if it would make sense to implement binary div to do all these things so it was implemented it's actually at the moment on the screen there are two dialogues in the middle I don't know if I can use something like that no of course, okay, well there is a small dialogue which allows you to select which parts of a file you are going to compare and when it's generated it's a bigger thing it shows here we have two things orange is the bytes which are different between two parts of a file and green is where you need to add something yesterday we successfully used it some of our reverse engineering activity and also it could be blue if you need to add something on the left side that's all my boring details and now I'm giving it back to Friedrich for real boring details so, very quickly new library, so we added some new library since last year David, he produced a library that is called Lipetonek I want to know what it supports you can read it from the other side and it supports keynote documents and we are extending support from numbers and pages so the free and open source software will be able to open those funny Apple documents another one is Lip ebook that supports the host of ebook file formats parses, different flavors of HTML and imports them into a normal document Lip free hunt we started the library but we are not shouting so much about it because we don't have yet the fields so it's a library that parses free hunt file format is one of the most funny file formats that we ever seen and not reverse engineered but still it was quite fun to do around Christmas we told ourselves how it is possible that we can't open Abivor documents so I told myself that in the it started to be dark early in the evening so we wrote Lip ABW that is now we can load documents of our cousin and there are more libraries coming if we are still alive we added new document types in the API so before we were able to convert graphics and convert text documents but we realized that we will want to do some more things so we added APIs for representations of presentation documents that were we first told that actually the drawing and presentation will have similar APIs but presentations have some things that drawings they don't have so we had to basically make another file model I don't see so and we extended it also to the spreadsheet so now we have four document formats but it's not very interested for LibroGraphic because we were always supporting graphics we split these libraries we have a library that is called Lip ODF Gen it's a library that takes these document models the document models are basically callbacks that the libraries are calling and you can make generator we can generate from these callbacks documents we have these generators generator for ODF and since Femke was showing me those numbers that I don't understand I will try to go a little bit faster and we made something that we called Lib Revenge it's nothing with Revenging although we say that Lib Revenge is sweet but it's from reverse engineering so Lib Revenge basically before all these APIs that were embedded in the first library that we produced for the type of document like Graphic APIs were in LibWPG that was the first library that we used for Graphic we are going quick ok I would be really surprised if someone was not hearing me my wife she has to put the parts in her ears so that she can be quiet a little bit so basically we extracted the APIs plus common types in a library that for example a Graphic application doesn't have to introduce LibWPG that is a library that parses v all perfect documents just to have some types and this basically created a nice structure we have some stream interfaces in this library so that again is C++ library so you have purely virtual interfaces and you have different implementations and you have generators we generate several file formats from these APIs like SVG there is an exception this SVG generator for drawings it's in the main library because we were producing SVG for example for Inkscape since LibVizio started to exist so we didn't want to split it in an optional library if it's basically needed for applications and yeah I will upload it to slideshare so that you can go through it and internalize all this crap that I wrote here what is the advantage of the design the parcel library is independent and self-contained it's easier for filter writers it's easier to find where the APIs are and we also avoid sucking in unrelated libraries and it's also a considerable reduction of code duplication which is good because it creates less risk to have bugs that are fixed in one library still existing in another and also for someone who wants to write a library parsing a document it is faster because the APIs exist the type exists you can just start to write your first function and then go through it from it ok, now as I see in your faces you are all excited and you want to be part of this so how you can contribute you can develop code it's very easy you can contribute to one of our existing libraries or start a new one and we are there to advise to guide you to pat your back to Facebook about what you are doing and everything or you can help if you like to look into Hex as editor until you are blind you can help in understanding and documenting file formats we use Oletoi that Valek presented because it is much better than to count offsets in Ghex or I don't know how it's called in the other site or you can prepare sample documents for us although we have many of these applications I still don't see we have many of these applications through our MSD and subscription and these kind of things we don't have everything I don't have many Adobe applications so if we need to understand Adobe file formats it's good if someone of the graphic people has an Adobe maybe page maker in design and generates a host of document with atomic features so that we can try to understand how the documents are done what is the future we have some projects that might go through in Google Summer of Code within LibreOffice students will be extremely blessed by that because they will be working with outstanding mentors like David, like Valek and we have some file formats that are already reverse engineered and now they are ready for straight engineering and they are up on numbers and pages there is a project for that in Google Summer of Code and we have actually a student who wants to do it so let's see whether there will be a place for him or Adobe page maker we also have a student and we are just seeing whether we managed to push our will inside the project to have this project so thank you you can actually go to our handle of twitter we tweeted a nice okay nice, we are not designers we are just zeros in design but there is a wallpaper that you can put on your computer there is no values in it and it's not calling home or you can check our website document liberation.org and see everything that I said here with Valek but in more intelligent soon thank you so well last visitor is setting up we have time for one question my question is about WMF and EMF the windows meta file formats would those also fit into this model or are you planning to leave the support for those in open office as completely separate open what? in liberal office, sorry to the microphone so we know that there is a big demand for WMF and EMF the problem is that it's not very easy to extract the code from liberal office because in liberal office for EMF and WMF is not a converter code but it's a renderer code and it's the design of this is extremely intelligent so it's quite it takes the the records and it channels them into some file format and it puts them to the renderer and the renderer renders it I have skeleton of EMF plus library there is specification for it so provided that someone would be interested to help with it we could have mentoring bandwidth for it but I see that there is some support so it's more fun for us to open something that nobody ever was able to open a load for the vile ok more questions before we go into a second bonus question we're looking for a small hdmi mini hdmi mini normal to be converters can anyone provide one ok so your question is the same like mine one more at some point I tried to reverse engineer some binary file format it was like lighting design program so I tried to get some information about how to reverse engineer and how to reason about binary file formats and I failed to find proper documentation or maybe books and stuff so you guide me about something I need that so the question is how to do it ok well for me it started as take a binary file make a binary file or take it from the source because at that time I did not have access to video so I asked my friends to send me files with some specifications make small changes save a file, look for differences that's why Nomis was asking for div because it seems to be natural to try to find differences in two files where you know what difference should be and when did you say if it's difference here that should mean this and that and I've used Gnomeric as a tool for storing because all this information surprisingly the guy who use Oli Toy to make Yamaha Yep file converter also was using spreadsheets for that and once I found that it's not that performance of this process is too low I've just made an application which looks like hex editor on steroids and when you do that you just open files and there is no thing that will allow you to open file and say this one is this, this one is that and it so just comes with experience when you work with some file format suddenly you will find out that you open it, look on it and say this one is 8 bytes IEE 754 fraction normally what you do you know that file starts at the beginning so you look at 8 bytes integers and you try to see some of them in whichever endian they can point to something within the document and then you try to go there and try to see that there is some sense and you try by errors that's why it's good for long winter evenings


OK. And after it is verified by nodes, if there is no accident, it will be included in the blockchain and the block. So the block has the field, previous block hash, and timestamp, and the transactions. And the blockchain is actually the chain of blocks. And it is chained by the hashes. So let's see this blockchain. The block A, block B, the block B's block hash is set to the block A's hash. It is chained. And it is append only. So if you want to make a new block, you must append to the existing block, blockchain. So assume there is a block C. You must set the previous block hash as the latest block. And it will append it to the existing blockchain. And the purpose of the chain of blocks is it makes attackers hard to tamper the blockchain. Because if you modify any fields, anything in the blockchain history, you can find out that when you do calculations, when verifying the whole blockchain. And a transaction is confirmed only if it is recorded in the blockchain. And the order of transaction is determined because inside one block, there is an order of transactions because it is a list. And between the blocks, because you know the order of the transactions, sorry, you know the order of the blocks, so you can determine all of the transactions order. And this blockchain is used to serve as the single history for all nodes. So all of the nodes just believe in this single history. And there is some question like how to extend the blockchain. Actually, everyone can extend the blockchain. But the one with more power has the bigger chance to extend the blockchain. So the incentive of doing this is money. It is so-called mining. Let's assume there are two people here, two nodes. And one is bigger, one is smaller. So the chance to extend the blockchain is bigger for the one with more power. And let's define power. In Bitcoin and the current Ethereum, we use proof of work, which is known as POW. And this is the one with more computing power, has more power. And another famous one is POS. This is the idea is the one with more stake has more power. The stake means how much money do you have in the blockchain? Yes. And let's talk about Ethereum. Ethereum, it has its own blockchain. And you use POW. And we will change to the POS in the future. Maybe some people already heard of the keyword Casper. It is still in the testnet testing. And another feature of Ethereum is it has a smart contract. So the right-hand side is co-snip it, a snippet in Viper. So it is the basic contract that maintains the counter. And it has a method that allows the user to call. You can increment the counter. And then you have a method to get the counter's value. And currently we have a scaling issue. Many people are concerned now because the current transaction per second is slow. Like Bitcoin has a TPS of 7, and Ethereum is 15. And while the Visa has thousands of TPS. And there are more and more applications appearing in Ethereum, like the tokens known by everyone, ERC20, and CryptoKitties. It is the famous game. And there is one period that the transaction of the CryptoKitties stuck the whole Ethereum network. So make the payments hard in Ethereum at that time. And CryptoDonb and other games. So we need a higher TPS. And what is the reason causing this? Actually, one of the reasons is every node handles all of the transactions. So if we want to deal with the problem, we must make one node only deal with part of the transactions instead of all of them. So it is the idea of sharding. About Ethereum sharding, the basic idea is we just divide a big blockchain into multiple shards. So think of it as a really big, big blockchain. And transaction processing capability of the main chain. And we have the shard count is big OC. And transaction processing capability of the shard chain is also big OC because it is a chain. So the total of the whole sharding system will be shard count times. And I have a scenario of the collater how it works. And the scheme I just mentioned is the old spec instead of a new one. The new one is becoming more complicated. So I just introduced the old one. And the phase two is, oh, sorry, the phase one, basically we don't care about the execution of transactions. And until phase two, we edit back, which means we allow transaction executed. And phase three is like high on the state protocol. And phase four, we will implement the cross shard transactions. This is actually a hard problem. And we're still figuring out how to do it. And the phase five, the type coupling with main chain security. Because as I just described, we're doing something like we depends on the main chain. That is loose coupling. So everything in the shard chain is determined by the main chain. So in this phase, we will change that. And the phase six, we will achieve super quadratic sharding. And that's my talk. So the reference from Bitcoin, White Paper, Ethereum, White Paper. And the sharding phase one spec is in our forum. It's a post. So if you're interested, you can check it out. And then the sharding FAQ, it describes the problems we encountered. And we're still discussing about. And the sharding repo, it contains the old code in our sharding POC. And we will put our new contract there and the documents there. And the current implementation in pie EVM is this repository. That's it. Go back to the roadmap. OK. So Kabi, you are working on which phase now? Phase one. Phase one. Yes. Then the last phase, phase six, your target completed year, which year you complete? Target to complete a whole phase of six. Sorry. Can you repeat that? My question is the whole phase is six phases, right? Yes. So your target always or target complete all the phases? Or is it timeline? Timeline? Yeah. I think it is not clear for now. Yes. Because still progressing, something are still under discussion. Yes. So how many people are working on this with you? You mean sharding? Yeah. Like five people? Yes, currently. And some of us are in Taiwan. And some of one researcher is in London. And Vitalik will give us a lot of suggestion. Is it like an open development model or are you? It is open source. What's this part of Q? Can you go back one slide? OK. So I know the one that had the URL on it. URL, OK. So look at the third URL, sharding phase one spec. That research board is where you can sort of see it little by little. And if you want to get more working on it and talk to them, you get. Yeah, if you stand, you'll be. But what's your first thought? There are actually a lot of posts discussed in the whole spec and the problems. Sorry. So inevitably, there's going to be like shards that will be executing transactions that will be consistent, right? You mean cross shard? Or shard A and shard B might have transactions when they resolve to maintain my conflict? My conflict? I don't think so. It should be separate states. So the execution within one shard does not affect it by another shard. What if the execution in shard A empties all of Alice's account and execution in shard B tries to take money out of Alice's account as well? Both of those can't get part. For my understanding, we separate the state previously. So if we want to do some cross shard things, we will go back to Manchin. And the consensus will be made in Manchin. Is it that the code that splits the shards in the first place guarantees there's no conflicts conflicting accounts ahead of time? Or is that resolved when you try to reconcile in the main block? You can think that in our early stage, if you want to do some operation in some shard, you have to lock your money in Manchin. And therefore, you can create some money in that shard. So the operation will not be affected. How far are you into the phase one implementation? How far? Well, where would he manage to move in? It is a good question. Because we just have a new spec. Yes, so many things still need modifying a lot. Yeah. Could you describe the other things that are being done to improve the transaction state? Oh, OK. So for sharding, it is a layer one solution. It is down inside the blockchain. And there are still other options, like layer two solutions. It is on top of the blockchain. And there are state channel. And there are plasma. And like state channel basically make many of the transactions offline. So many micropayments transactions, they are not going to the blockchain. So it dramatically reduced the number of the transactions. Yes. I know some of that. And so there is a nice post on medium. It's called making sense of a serious layer two scaling solution. State channel plasma throughput. So if you just google plasma space throughput, it will probably get it. And it's pretty good. Thank you for sure. So I can see how this would increase the volume of transactions that we have been processing. Yes. But the introduction of breaking out the shards and break it down into shards, is that in practice is that going to increase the latency? Like going to make it take 10 seconds. It's not going to be 15 seconds. But instead of 1,000, we can do 30,000 transactions. Is it going to increase the latency of the transactions? latency of transactions? You mean within one shard? Or? Well, ultimately what counts is that it gets to the final blockchain. So the time from introducing a transaction to it being on the final blockchain that everybody in the world can see it, right now it's approximately 10 seconds. With sharding, I see that it's going to give you a larger volume of transactions in that period of time. Will it also increase the latency that it's now taking 15 to 20 to 30 seconds before it shows up? Or are you still doing that for the 10 second time? OK, so in the sharding phase 1, one period has one collision. And the current period is five blocks in main chain. So there are five times. The current block time is about 15. So it's 75. So in these settings, the latency will increase. But there are still some research about this, like reducing the number of blocks within a period, maybe reducing it to one. And it will make the latency just like the one in original Ethereum. Yes? So in general, most people increase latency. There are a couple tricks you can do to hydrate back and remain a little ambiguous how people are going to help surface switching to the state. We'll see if you can see that. But I mean, in short, there's a lot of trade-offs for these things, whether it be like block latency, how many conductive do or some finality in decentralization. And in general, our road map is we're not trying to match that on any one of these. We're trying to be kind of decent and normal. Obviously, if you have a system that you want to be real, say you want to play Starcraft and boxing, you will probably never be like for you. Yeah, and we've just worked with this as a design system that we're trying to do decent on with all of these. Yeah, I don't think the best thing to do, because I think it certainly has a real record, right? I think we want the volume to be real hard enough that we're getting it soon. Yes. Any more questions? OK. Any shots, do you think, about 800? Currently, in our phase one spec, it is 100 currently. But it should be larger. It can be extended. It's because 100, the latency increased by 100. Anyone give us shots? You mean latency? Or? OK, just like you said, the latency increased. It is not because of, it is not due to the short count, number of shots. It is not because of that. It is because we set the period as five blocks in mention. Yes? Ethereum, is this just going to magically happen that you're using a sharded system versus the main block? Or like for phase one, it sounds like I'm referring that wallets will choose whether to go into the sharded system or whether to go and wait on the main system. So it's an active choice now? Any idea, Sam? How do you know if your transaction is going on a shard or not shard or if they're a choice or if it's happening? I'm not so sure of it, actually. Yes, but. You have shard in working now. I think we'll get some transactions that go through shard. You're going to end up on the blockchain now, right? Yes. So how do those transactions get on the shard if they had to choose to do a shard in contract? If a node wants to send transaction to a specific shard, it needs to listen to the network of that shard. So the node makes the decision? Yes. The node makes the decision. So you can actually choose which shard which you are interested in. When you say phase one doesn't implement the EPM, does that mean it only implements the transactions but no smart contracts? Yes. In phase one, we just treat the transaction data as the data. So we don't actually execute them. Because we want to focus on the data availability problem. Yes. Any more questions? OK, thank you.