Hi everyone and thank you for being here on this important day to give the message loud and clear to Pretty Patel and the Home Office and the entire British government that they should do the right thing. They should block this extradition. It is a political case and it has a political solution that is to end this now. Julian has done nothing wrong. He's been put in a British prison. The UK is imprisoning a journalist and for all the spin that is attempted this is a the press freedom case of the century and it's playing out in the middle of London. Pretty Patel has the power to stop this. She should stop this but actually the British government could stop this at any moment even if she signs the papers because the extradition itself is in clear breach of Article 4 of the US-UK Extradition Treaty. They are acting in violation of this treaty by even entertaining it through the courts. So this has a political solution at any point. The political will of the British government will make all the difference here. Now the British government is rightly calling for people with evidence of war crimes in Ukraine to step forward. They're rightly calling for investigations into war crimes. They're rightly calling for accountability for war crimes while Julian revealed war crimes. And I'll tell you a little bit about one war crime that doesn't get much attention and I'm not talking about collateral murder which you all know about I'm talking about the Shaki massacre in Iraq, a village in which eleven people in a house were executed. Bullets to the head, they were handcuffed, four of them were women and five of them were children aged five and under. They were killed in a raid by the US military and we know this because the UN wrote to the US government asking for an investigation, asking for information and the US government just ignored them. That is an unpunished war crime committed by US military and personnel in Iraq. And in fact that event led to the Iraqi government ending the immunity deal that it had with the United States. It's important to remember that these aren't just publications in the abstract, these are tens of thousands of human casualties. Just imagine, visualize it, piles upon piles of human corpses, that's what we're talking about, no accountability. And the only person who is suffering the consequences of these revelations is the person who did the right thing to put it into the public domain because the victims of war don't get any justice. The only justice they can hope for is for the truth of their victimhood being known. And by putting Julian in prison they're trying to bury the record of their wrongdoing. And they're trying to silence everyone, they can't, that's right. Courage is contagious, we're going to fight this whatever happens in this building. This is a just cause, what happens in that building will speak for itself. But we're reaching now the end game, they're still appealed ahead if Preeti Patel signs this. And I ask you all to rally, fight harder, find new ways to fight. We constantly have to reinvent this fight for justice, this fight for freedom. I brought my kids today partly because I couldn't get childcare in time, but also because I want them to see the incredible support that their father has. I ask you to fight harder, shout louder, until he is free. We've won this before, we will win this again. Free Julian Assange!


So cover crops and crop nutrition and the previous speaker touched on some of those things before but I want to give you Some background on it so that when you get into a situation yourself, you know How to predict a little bit what the cover crop might do for you? So there's a couple of reasons why there is nutritional benefits with cover crops number one They can trap some nitrogen in the past if we come on a crop go out soil sample and sometimes the residual soil nitrate can be significant so the idea with the cover crops is that they can grow and use that Nitrogen that the previous crop is left behind so that reduces your fall winter spring nitrogen losses And then the second thing is if the Lugumes might produce nitrogen if they have enough time previous speaker showed that using the relay cropping and I'll reproduce that slide here in a little bit They can produce some man if they have some time But if they're just in for a short period of time, maybe 30 days or so Don't look for any miracles with that but lagoons could produce nitrogen if they have the time So the release of nitrogen from the cover crops and that's where the the nitrogen comes from when you're raising a cover crop It doesn't get squirted out the roots or anything it it comes from the decomposition of the of the material and that comes We can predict Pretty pretty close anyway what the release might be from looking at the carbon and nitrogen ratio of the residue itself It it can tell you if the if the nitrogen is going to be Trapped by the by the by the decomposing crop if it's going to be released So the next crop could utilize it or neither some some CN ratios or such that really none of that happens It's just a neutral factor And that's a that's a case whether you're going to put on manure or any kind of organic amendment at all But it's it's certainly true with a cover crop. So we'll go through a couple of demos here so that you understand what I'm talking about Soil organic matter ranges from about nine parts of carbon to one part nitrogen to 11 parts nitrogen to one part carbon and average is about 10 to 1 so CN ratio about 10 to 1 is about what you'd expect in The soil organic matter and that's important because the end product of any decomposition is co2 and soil organic matter So at the end all residue good decomposition goes into that 10 to 1 organic matter pool So let's take a couple of examples here. Here's here's sawdust and It has a carbon nitrogen ratio about 200 to 1. So what what do you think might happen if you put? Sawdust on the soil. I think some of you might already know but There is nitrogen in the sawdust. So if it decomposes is it released or what happens? I'll go through this little arithmetic for you See you understand when talking about an average value for the content of any dry plant plant residues is around 45% So if we use that 45% assumption and we apply 2000 pounds of dry sawdust to the soil What we're doing is is applying 2000 pounds of sawdust times point four five or 900 pounds of carbon So we we apply that 900 pounds of carbon the ratio is 200 to 1 So if we want to find out how much nitrogen is in this in what we apply We'd divide 900 by 200 and so we have about four and a half pounds of nitrogen in the sawdust in A typical biological decomposition. This is a ballpark figure, but it's not too bad About a third of the carbon goes into the soil as a soil organic matter and The other two-thirds Goes into the year as CO2 so in our 900 pounds of carbon that we apply with a sawdust 600 pounds of that carbon goes into CO2 and The other 300 pounds goes into the soil And at the end of the decomposition that carbon from the sawdust is going to have the same ratio of nitrogen as the soil so At the end we have 300 pounds of carbon from the sawdust that's going into the soil and it has a ratio of 10 to 1 with nitrogen To make that happen there has to be 300 pounds of carbon and it needs to have three 30 pounds of nitrogen for that 10 to 1 ratio But the sawdust only had four and a half pounds Where the other 30 came from it came came from the soil So 25 and a half pounds of nitrogen was required in order to decompose that sawdust fully So a sawdust with a ratio of 200 to 1 Carbon the nitrogen can tie up nitrogen So this is an example of something that can tie up nitrogen wheat wheat residue wheat straw is another one It has a carbon nitrogen ratio of about 80 to 1 to 100 to 1 and that'll tie up nitrogen too So how about a cover crop? Let's go through a scenario here your wheat comes off nearly August field seeded the oats It comes off after after rain About a week later by the end of October when the soil temperatures to get down about zero and it kills it you figure There is about a ton of dry matter per acre and the oats were yellow green in the middle of October So there was some nitrogen there, but not a huge amount So with that you should assume maybe around two and a half percent nitrogen on a dry matter basis So let's take all those assumptions. We have 2,000 pounds of oats And it's 45% carbon. So we again have 900 pounds of carbon per acre at two and a half percent the amount of nitrogen in the oats is 2,000 times 0.025 Because the two and a half percent is measured on a dry matter basis not on a amount of carbon So so we have 50 pounds of nitrogen per acre in the oats The CN ratio of the oats cover crop then is 900 divided by the 50 900 pounds of carbon divided by the 50 pounds of of nitrogen. So it's 18 After the oats decompose we have 300 pounds of carbon and 30 pounds of nitrogen because of the 10 to 1 ratio And since we had 50 pounds per acre of nitrogen to begin with then We have 50 minus 30 or 20 pounds of nitrogen that can be released sometime in the season So generally Residues with a CN ratio of over 30 tend to tie up nitrogen and not release it Residues with a CN ratio from 20 to 30 won't affect the nitrogen status of the crop short term And the residues with a CN ratio of under 20 tend to release nitrogen and those residues like that They have fairly low CN ratios very green residues if you have If you have any kind of residue, I don't care if it's oats or rye or turnips tops or beats or You know just dream up anything anything. That's just really green Usually has a nitrogen content of around four percent So you can use that as a ballpark figure to figure out what you have And those very green residues are going to release the nitrogen the quickest so this is from European journal, you know, I I think as you go through here And I think as you go on through the morning and I apologize for not being through the whole thing my Day started out in chaos and is ending up that way The what you're finding is is most of this research is kind of in the middle That we know some things about things, but we don't know everything about things And so I guess a word of caution for you do anything is to kind of go Go to this what? Moderately with your eyes open Don't think that any of this is just real-form science and the annual climate certainly has a great Implication on how successful any of these things are going to be Anyway in this this study conducted in California They looked at the cover crop decomposition and conventional and organic fields. They were all the same The half-life of that oak veg cover crop incorporated was between 13 and 38 days So if the soils warm temperatures are good you have good moisture a lot of that really green residue can decompose really really fast Their initial effect on that was that it tied up nitrogen for a very brief period of time And then after that the CN ratio declined back down to its 10 to 1 and that's usually what happens This will work out in Massachusetts and the people on the east and the south have been raising cover crops for some time They're probably 10 10 to 15 years ahead of us as far as far as research goes and the reason they were interested in this Courser is great There is great public pressure to to clean up any kind of Nitrogen that comes off their fields. They're in a much wetter climate than we are 10 to 20 inches of rain more than we have and their their seasons are very extended In fact their winters hardly have any freezing soil in them and all And so cover crops have been a part of things for quite some time so a lot of the things that we We work with and and look at and try to figure out how it's going to relate into what we're doing in here in North Dakota Come from the east or the south so what's happening here as we have There's several different nitrogen rates in each one of those each one of those curves and As you can see they kind of plop on top of each other So the nitrogen rate that was used and head of the cover crop the residual nitrogen They had to work with isn't nearly as important as when The cover crop was was tilled under and here is this is a winter cover crop And so they've allowed it to grow all winter Which we don't have the luxury of doing a course But they let it grow all winter and then on the 1st of May they they went in and and incorporated it And then another series of treatments they incorporated that about two to three weeks later And then about two to three weeks later. So what you're seeing is a decomposition time So so we're seeing dry weight remaining in the soil from May 1st to June 1st going down about two-thirds or so and steady stating out that around around 20% for that early Incorporation and around 25 30% for the second and about a third or so for the for the third so As when they went into the season and got out of the coolness Got into the more dry conditions the decomposition rate was slower And they ended up with more dry weight more residue with the end of the decomposition period during the during the drier part of the summertime What also happens when the when things Let's see if you see this little arrow. You see the little arrow. Yes, we can Okay, here's a little arrow, and we'll just look at the first incorporation date that May 5th And this is the this is the zero end rate 60 120 180 pounds before their before their cover crop is was grown As as you go through time Here when let's Let's give it what 60 that's more likely our conditions We've a we started out with a ratio of about 29 or so as it as you go along What happens is that the more resistant materials to decomposition are left and the nitrogen is utilized And so as you go through decomposition The the CN ratio increases As you put on more nitrogen the CN ratio decreases within each one of these Treatments you see it goes from 29 to 24 and from 44 to 35 And so that's what happens the greener the things are the The higher the lower the CN ratio and the decomposition over time the residue that's left Not the stuff that's in the soil organic matter But the residue that you're seeing is really really high CN stuff and it takes more nitrogen from the soil to To get that to rot This is what happens in our environment. This is the mineralization right through the season. This is how fast things rot We look at it And there shouldn't be a tail here This is just an artifact of the program. But anyway if we go in the March, it's really cold There's ice in the ground nothing's happening as the soil warms up We have have this burst of activity out into May and early June and this is the peak This is the peak of our of our residue mineralization, right? And then as we go back into the fall then the things go down quite a bit And so as we go out into September October or so When a lot of your fall cover crops are gonna go a lot of that mineralization doesn't happen in the fall And that's a good thing because if it did then we might lose that nitrogen over the winter time So so it goes down to this very almost zero level and then the real Decomposition of those residues happens then in April and May and that's a good thing for all of our crops because There's those are the periods when the crop is going to need it most so If we do get some nitrogen stored in the fall of the year Then we can expect it to be released fairly early in the spring time because that's our crop growth spring We eat we're putting it in in April sometime. Hopefully And and so the nitrogen and the peak of the nitrogen mineralization just precedes or just Just hits that area really really Rapid growth and nitrogen uptake so it's it's not a bad it's not a bad mix All right, so how do you do this? There's a couple ways to do it I'll show you two ways this boat this first way is the most scientific way So if you have a if you have a little scale You can pick these up at a hardware store for I don't know 20 30 bucks or so What you do is you go out with a square You put some PVC pipe together or so and throw a few of them around and you collect the the above ground plant material from that foot-by-foot material you dry it and then you weigh it and So if you have two thousand pounds of dry matter and acre that's going to weigh 20.8 grams on a foot-by-foot basis so in another way, you know for every one gram That you find per square foot. That's Roughly a hundred pounds, you know exactly pretty close to exactly 96 So if you want one gram is a hundred pounds. That's a pretty good rule of thumb So that's one way that you can measure how much you have And then if you figure that your that your cover crop tops are very green Then you should assume that it has about four percent organic matter And then you can kind of figure out about how much nitrogen is left from the carbon nitrogen ratio at the end Every hundred pounds of dry matter is going to contain four pounds of end per acre for the next crop then figure about a third Available if it's conventional tiller if you're a no-till you can't figure that much because the decomposition is slower So about 20% if it's no till on one pass seeded So those are the numbers you need in order to figure out what you have if you want to do it scientifically but If you don't have that much time and math is not your friend Then you could do it this way if you have if you have a cover crop out there And you've seen pictures of cover crops that completely cover the field once you have the the field completely covered With the cover crops with an annual legume a pea Let's say you you grew peas you dist them down and then you have them come back up again, and you have a six inch height That's two thousand pounds of dry matter and every additional inch in height is about a hundred and fifty pounds of dry matter So you could do this with just a yardstick If you have rye or any kind of a annual small grain Eight inches high completely covering the the field a really dense stand. That's around two thousand pounds of dry matter Let's give you an example of What we see sometimes this is the field that I work with and in a corn study this year done by Rutland and the grower Had fall cover cropped and then grazed and then the strip tilled in the fall and implanted in the spring And in between the rows you can see the residue this left In the fall of the year it looks monstrous, but once cows come through It's doesn't look a whole lot different than just having beans double out there a lot less dense than if you have weeds double A lot of not a cycling going on in this field though the the growers been in no till for over 20 years So he has a lot of help for bugs in the soil that helped to turn that stuff under Another reason I put this in here is because this is this is my only what attempted at cover crop research won't call it that But I had 20 sites this year and my corn study in the east couple of them were out at Carrington The Greg Endress took care of But most of the rest of them were in the east and this one in Rutland was the only one in Sargent County And it was the most efficient use of in I gave If you figure out the total available land that that was That I could figure out He would give a 50 pound credit for long-term no till that's something we found in our wheat research a couple of years ago And it seems to so far be valid in the corn research I've done he has a 50 pound credit because the organic matter is over 6% So that's another 50 pound credit his residual nitrate before the Before the study happened in the spring was 68 pounds But then I subtracted off 30 pounds of that Because he had a really good wheat crop the year before and so I subtracted 30 pounds off for excessive straw So He raised about 190 bushel corn an acre with Around 138 pounds per acre of known available land plus the 40 pound end rate So it's a little bit less than a pound of end for bushel, which was my most efficient site So I'm gonna be working with them in the next couple years on some some sites It also had cover crop and and see if they continue to be different from the other sites that I manage right now I don't know if this is real or not or if it's just a An artifact because it's it's not replicated it's just a site that's different than the other 19 I want to I want to put this in here To see how well your glasses work. No, I put want to put this in here to Show what happens when you put multiple crops in When you put multiple crops in it's it's kind of like putting a crop and a weed together There's a lot to talk about cocktail mixes and all that's great But there are certain there are certain plants that are going to just kind of take over So this is this is some work with some oats seeded with a clover crop And what we're seeing over here is If we're looking at the total biomass over here of the two of them together Let's say up here at the at the August 5th They're looking over what two and a half ton or something like that a total biomass, but But over two and a half ton of that is Is the oats only a very small amount of that is the is the clover the clover really doesn't take off Until the oats give up and that's what you'll see a lot of times if you put lots of things together That the more aggressive plants the ones that like that whatever conditions are there when when you're seeding them Those are going to take off and tend to dominate if you continue to grow after after a while until that aggressive thing is either cut or Or dies away then the other crop is going to take over but If if you're seeding thickly enough to be a very good cover crop I would try to tend to avoid things that are going to smother the other things out Especially if you're going to put it in the fall of the year and it's only going to grow So you put it in the middle of August and you've got September and October that you can really count on before the weather turns horrible so In that 60 days you just want to make sure that you have that that you spend your seed dollar wisely and put things in that They're actually going to have a chance of being of assistance to you not not like this if we gave this 30 days or so From the from this planning date you'd have decent growth with the oats, but But hardly hardly anything with the with the clover so so think about what you're doing before you do it make sure that All the crops are going to do well The thing to thing to remember is the cover crop legumes are only going to make nitrogen if two things happen one They have a long enough time to work Which means more than 30 days and the second is if there is plenty of residual nitrogen afterward They're not going to make it make any nitrogen at all. They'll still be green. They'll still be healthy They may even nodulate but as far as nitrogen production themselves They're not going to make any nitrogen until the nitrogen in the soil is depleted So the last couple years has been a no-brainer you go after after small grains and the nitrogen in the soil is Extremely depleted and so that really hasn't been a problem, but let's go back maybe three years ago West River when they had the drought and they had a hundred hundred hundred twenty pounds of nitrogen In the soil and then maybe you got some rain afterward And then you try to put in some legume to to get some more nitrogen that legume won't won't make a pound of nitrogen Because all it's doing is just sucking up the nitrogen in the soil so Think about think about the benefits of legumes especially if they're going to be If the seed is going to be much more expensive than something else that you could grow If you do grow a cover crop and you're not of course not putting any nitrogen on there Your job is not to feed the cover crop your job is to feed the crop that's going to pay you But if you put a proper crop and and you find that it's kind of yellow green or even yellow The chances of that really supplying a nitrogen for the next year are very very small because again the CN ratio will be so large That it it probably would just be a neutral factor to the coming coming year There's some work with this a number years ago back in 95. There was a year when There was a lot of volunteer grains after wheat harvest and so a member of our department went out and and took took Took residue from areas where the Where the volunteer wheat was green and yellow green and yellow and he found a good nitrogen contribution with the really green wheat a So-so Contribution with the yellow green wheat and if the wheat was really yellow. It didn't have any nitrogen benefit the following year So that's another thing to keep in mind is you're looking at your fields and figuring out Trying to figure out what the benefit might be the next year so that you might be able to take a credit so A lot of the green things Harry vetch for example where it has a nitrogen replacement value of about 50 to 70 pounds an acre There's probably a lot more nitrogen in in the vetch than that But this is this is what's available remember that some of that carbon is going back in the organic matter So not all the nitrogen that's that's being produced by these crops are held by these crops are going to the next crop so Again if you figure out that you have say, you know 80 pounds of nitrogen in In a in a cover crop Don't give a 80 pound credit because only a portion of that is going to be used by the next crop and then In their study with the rye If they killed it directly had a seeding it actually had an initial negative nitrogen replacement value 20 30 pounds of n per acre And they got by this by killing it a couple weeks beforehand Whether whether you want to do that a lot of times we get such a hurry in the spring time because we have to All the water we've had lately that we don't have the luxury of waiting a few weeks in order to plant so What what certain cover crops depends on on how much nitrogen they have in them They could have a negative nitrogen replacement value if they don't have enough nitrogen One of the things I worried about when people started putting oil seed ranish in the ground was that that family of crops does not Support my cariza which is a fundus fungus in the soil that supplies a lot of our plant families with Phosphate and some micronutrients zinc for example And a lot of our crops corn wheat soybeans sunflower Are very dependent on the my cariza in the soil flax particularly so But the mustard family crops and lamb's quarter family crops don't support them So I was worried that if if we put out oil seed ranish that maybe in the next year We went into a crop we might get into some phosphate deficiencies because the micro riso was decreased Well, there was a study what last year published that The micro riso wasn't in inhibited by the cover crop. I guess, you know, it's not around long enough in order to To make the my cariza population go down enough that it hurts the next crop rye actually enhances the the my cariza and I think a lot of other Other plants would too, but the oil oil seed ranish all of those family crops you'd expect sugar beets to be the same way Those don't seem to inhibit The the my cariza if grown just for a very short period of time if you grew them all season they certainly would just like canola contributes to a fallow syndrome after canola and Sugar beets contributes to fallow syndrome on corn So how about studies that looked at the yields the next year and and these have been what? All over the board some have seen some Some seen some advantages and some have not There's a recent study in Iowa We started looking at At cover crops and they used an inner seeding of of cure clover Which is an adapted clover for that area? And it didn't influence the soil nitrate before during or after the season seemed to be a neutral factor Sometimes the excessive clover growth reduced the corn yield and I think this had a lot to do with the water Situation during the year The suppression of the clover during the corn growth resulted in similar corn yields In in both the cure and the non-cura system So it I guess the bottom line the Iowa study is it really didn't wasn't very helpful to them Cons condel which some of you some of you know, you know, I don't know if he's on the program today or not But you know, he's not maybe you should be given us, but he's done a lot of work at NDSU during his Days as a PhD candidate He worked with intercropping sunflowers legumes, and I've seen this done in the organic community They've done this for a very long time They used at five site years and prospering Carrington black lentil hairy vetch Oh, yellow blossom sweet clover snail medic seeded at the time of sunflower seeding it reduced the yields Except with black lentil it didn't seem to and the yield of sunflowers wasn't suppressed when it was seeded a v4 v10 So that was good and then the biomass of legumes at later seeding day range from about 1,500 pounds for the v4 seeding to about 800 pounds an acre for the v10 so He one of his conclusions was that the sweet clover seeded v4 could act as a cover crop for the next growing season two since it's a biennial So there were significant legumes produced with this method In a companion study, he also looked at what happened to the wheat crop afterward And what he found was that the spring wheat seeded the year after the sunflower Wasn't really enhanced by the intercrop legumes Couldn't really explain why that was but the data supported that that was the case What he didn't show was could he save any nitrogen and I don't know if he Brought that out or not. I don't think he did So most of our cover crops, you know, it's thinking about cover crops after we combine corn or combine soybeans I think is his most year is going to be a Non-issue because they're late enough in the season harvesting. There's really no time So most of our cover crops are going to be seeded after short season crops such as barley, canola, or spring wheat And then you've seen the data from this before how the relay cover crop just growing an annual legume And then let it grow again Also, the Organic growers do this sometimes with buckwheat to let the buckwheat grow and then they'll disc it in and the buckwheat comes up again And then I'll turn that down as a cover crop and it actually helps their phosphate nutrition So we do that with the with the field peas and that works pretty well for the most part the We look at the numbers here 63 69 you can generally assume that after pea crop you're gonna have a maybe 20 pounds of in In the top couple feet. So probably about 40 to 40 40 to 50 pounds of this end Is due to the nodulation. They had enough time between the harvest and That mid-october date When they read the biomass that they're getting about 40 50 pounds of in and here in a really really thick stands were as the As the presenter said they didn't have a combine said as well as they should they could have There they really had a lot of nitrogen produced in that in that situation And then one more thing I wanted to mention we haven't talked about moisture at all but I think in these times of Excessive water and that just having an extra crop out there to use more water is a good thing and 15 years ago somebody would never have talked about this Because at that time you wanted to save every drop of water that you wanted to but there are many times during the past 15 years 12 years or so, you know since what 92 or so this has gone on for a long time, hasn't it? That we've had excessive water So sometimes for certain crops having something else out there that's using water is a good thing This is a Minnesota study and I I worked with this study too. They got much better results than I did. This is this is cool soybean. It is chlorotic and this is No nitrogen With the cover crop over here. This is oat seeded the same time that the soybeans were applied were put in They just the field with the oats and then planted the soybeans on top of them So here without the cover crop we have lots and lots of chlorosis and here we have a little bit But they're much more robust and green. These are both pictures shot the same day And then with a hundred pounds van with residual in out there With no cover crop the soybeans are really really suffering here the excess nitrogen nitrate in the soil actually increases amount of The monoclerosis that you have and here with a cover crop Again much much greener much taller much healthier. So so by taking Some nitrogen from the soil They're helping this but also the biggest benefit as you can see up here where there wasn't any nitrogen applied at all It's just the moisture conservation as the soil becomes drier There's more not there's more iron available for the plant When the when the soil becomes saturated That's when bicarbonate is produced and and the chlorosis becomes really bad so If a person has a real chlorotic field an old cover crop and then kill with roundup or another another herbicide is Not a bad not a bad cultural tool to try to get rid of some of that chlorosis because it can injure the plants a lot So summarize this a cover crops have the ability to tie up available and and protect it from loss The timing of the cover crop release isn't you know of nitrogen is critical to its success But I don't think we have a problem with that given the amount of mineralization that happens in the fall And it's and then the early spring it seems to nick pretty well The carbon nitrogen ratio of the cover crop helps to determine how much nitrogen is becoming available And the legumes in the mix may or may not have time to nodulate and produce and in many years So they need about 30 days if you don't have that then It's it's not going to be worthwhile to pay extra money for and then also This whole cover crop thing is is driven by a number of a number of factors But when you go out and look at field tours and different things I want you to keep something in mind that when you're evaluating it Remember the data without replication is not data. It can't be evaluated Critically it's it's really no more use than copies coffee shop talk If you if you look at what the grower has done and he does it in replicated strips And has a yield monitor or some other way to measure Measure the progress and in related statistically Has an oversight partner as a collaborator. That's that's real data And that's what takes so long on our end and to Give really firm recommendations about something so complex as this is that It takes time and energy and patience to Get data that's that's really really useful so with that I think I can take some Questions if you have some Are there any questions for Dave? We got one over here Dave. What's the question? I might have to repeat it The question was has there been any data or experience in using cover crops to break down land that's coming out of CRP I mean break down the residues. I Assume so yeah And speed like it's like all that type of stuff. No, I don't I don't know of any I I think something like that would would still be long term. It takes a while for To get enough cycling and enough diversity of your microbiology Population in order to make that work Dave. They've got an ongoing one down at Pingry wrong leader holds and The Stutzman County STD had one looking at that. I don't have any of the data But I know they did start that They did the cover crop not dead this year was their test crop here So the cover crop went in last year Their cover crop would have went in the fall of 09 Summer fall of 09 But I haven't seen any of the data, but that's what that's the only thing that I know of okay. We'll have to get a hold of that


Ahoy hoy and welcome to r slash dank memes from site 19 where I go over the dankest memes for the r slash Dank memes from site 19 subreddit whilst looking like a homeless person that lives in the woods Let's get started. I don't know. Maybe my hair is not quite long enough yet for that, but I'll get there This is starting to annoy me I trimmed my moustache a couple of days back and My start well, I'm on a couple days about like a week and a half ago. Maybe not starting to get in my mouth again All right, let's get started Oh, yeah, I've already had this open ha There's an official SCP light novel that was released in Japan. It's actually very good and true to the foundation was also has an SCP waifu I Think that's how you pronounce that it could get adapted into a manga in the future There's a very real possibility that we could be seeing an official SCP anime in the future Well, okay, I Actually don't know about the SCP light novel because it's in Japanese So I don't know if it's very good or true to the foundation. I Don't know about it getting adapted into anything in like a serious way, especially not an actual official Anime because well, it's creative commons You can sell the stuff, but nobody's gonna put any real money behind it Animations expensive. I don't know how expensive anime is, but I imagine it's just as expensive as modern Western animation If not similar It's just not not very likely Giga The Ouroboros cycle every other one proposal there are other long one proposals Kalinans is pretty long It's like six different documents Each the individual or a borrow cycle OO ones is Incredibly long though. So that is fair to make a point about I Don't know. I think the I don't think link necessarily equates to quality I'll say that the Ouroboros cycle is very good But so are some of the very short other ones of course some of the very short other ones are pretty shitty, too I've always felt like It's the best way to put this I've said this before to people and I don't think everyone agrees Mainly because there's a lot of people out there that still want to do their OO one and they kind of have it in their heads that like writing an OO one is some sort of prestigious Wonderful thing, but there's like 30 to 40 of them at this point like give it a couple more years They'll probably be like over a hundred OO ones and then what? It's gonna turn into just being a basic. I mean, it's already to me that way.  I mean if friends of mine write it or people I know Write quality works write something sure. I'll give it a read but most of the time Sorry Right, I am pretty sure this is a joke. Well, I'm not pretty sure absolutely sure. I'm not I don't know Is this this is a joke about the pandemic? I? So I Guess this is either from some site. This is probably a GOC stuff So this is either from the site or from the actual It's not a sister site, but it's an old old site that was created for the GOC Sort of house their tactical bullshit They have names for everything Pretty sure they just decided hey wouldn't it be cool if we made up a whole bunch of fun names for everything No more GOC SCP foundation and obelisk objects must be contained in order to further research MC&D anomalous objects should be sold in order to make a profit the GOC. Do you want to explode? I? mean I Think the MC&D has the the best They have the best business model for short. I think they have the best model in general So it's the SCP foundation do once they research things they under they research them to understand them better And then once they understand them better, they just leave them in a box forever like oh well We figured it out the GOC is like let's destroy it MC&D is like let's see how this can best help mankind and also us I'm just saying Capitalism isn't always bad.  I guess I It's been it's been rough. It's been a rough week in general Variety of reasons, but especially the Capitol Hill Insurrection Man, I did a video. Here's a funny part. I did so I did a video about SCP-5000 for called you're wrong about Trump and lost like 60 subscribers that day and on the one hand I'm like, all right, I guess I'm cool with that the other hand it's like really Like you didn't know by now, I mean even then I wasn't even being political It's not why I'm not defending myself because I don't need to defend myself But I wasn't being political in the video. It was about a dead CP Just acknowledged that a thing had happened and then moved on But uh, yeah, you can't escape it every time I figure every time somebody says something like I don't like seeing politics in my In my entertainment what they really mean is they don't like seeing politics that they disagree with in their entertainment Cuz like if you agree with the politics of a thing, you don't notice it It's only when it goes against what you think and believe that you notice it And you're like, oh, no, no, there's no politics and anything like the SCP foundation in and of itself is a Commentary on authoritarianism and like the problems with Morally neutral science in general And it's like completely missed. It's there's no political statement in the scv foundation. It's just spooky scary monsters Those are the people who spend too much time reading series one articles just saying like there There's there's a certain level of like you're not reading too many series one articles It's okay to like what you like But if you think the scv foundation just it's doesn't on its own have a core political message You're either not paying attention or you just totally agree with the authoritarian Statement that it's making and don't notice Just saying just saying It's okay not to notice by the way, and I'm not gonna say that that necessarily means you agree But if somebody points it out to you and you still resist the idea that it exists Pretty sure that's cuz you agree with it. And that's why you can't see it Just saying I went on I went on a little bit of rant there. I got a little political. I don't know Funny guy on the internet is go a funny guy. We'll see how funny I am funny guy on the internet is going to lose subscriber Dr. Simmer Simmer Ian or whatever. I don't read SCP. I'm gonna guess that this is a guy called Ian. I Don't recognize the person but I mean I think I do recognize this person But I don't know from what but I put this in here because I thought it was clever and interesting and Mostly because it includes me and Nothing if not. What's the word? Self-absorbed with a hyphen so it is one word Take a shot every time r slash SCP talks about a tail me dried up. I Don't know about r slash SCP, but I know that the date memes Subred I because I browse it from time to time Myself without somebody else putting together shout out to yassi who puts these lists together by the way But I do browse it myself from time to time and I see them talk about tails mainly the things that Stick out to me because I am so self-absorbed is when they talk about one of my tails I have a couple really really silly tails including clef bright and or Simmerian and they get mentioned every once in a while and So they do to talk about tails over there All the time it's still kind of rare, but I don't think it's as rare as it is on other places r slash SCP I guess just only talks about SCPs Which makes sense. What's the name of subreddit? Yeah, and I think old SCP 166 was much better. Yeah, that's the right look for that because like Boy, howdy if it if you okay, so let's let's that's way to put this If you think the old SCP 166 If you didn't think about the SCP 166 if it was not something you considered that's All right, I guess if you can somehow read that and not come across feeling like I don't know if this websites for me That's fine.  I hate change I want to see it go back to being about what it was before it's about an underaged girl Who cannot wear clothing who everyone is sexually attracted to and who has to consume? Something that I'm not gonna say because I don't want to get demonetized in order to survive it is male fantasy in SCP form and In the most troubling of male fantasies, let's be clear about that It does not belong on a site that people that the public can read it belongs on some far-off Fanfiction thing and what they've changed it into is much better. I'm not saying that the writing is necessarily all that great I think they were just kind of what's the word? Limited by the original content because they didn't want to change it too much It's not that much different Overall the message outside of the incredibly troubling sexual stuff is still the same mostly They just got rid of the problematic stuff Get over it.  Well, we're dying. Anyway might as well might as well un uncork the bottle. I Don't know feels like it might be another problem. I'm not a big. I don't think the big feeders Nice as they say they're gonna be Everybody on 12 31 20 panicking for what could happen me knowing that they're going to activate SCP 2000 relaxed see This could have been I guess panic calm mean probably Maybe that's a little overdone. I don't know but I Love the idea that they're there probably are people in the SCP foundation universe who like See world the possibility of world-ending shit going on nuclear war or whatever and they're just like yeah But if it happens it happens. We'll start over again. Who cares? That is a nice relaxing feeling. I imagine Anyway, thank you very much for watching if you enjoyed the video Please scroll down and hit the subscribe button, and I'm talking to you Carl you motherfucker and then head on over to patreon.com Ford slash D Samarian and pledge at any level like everybody here on the screen already has including Dr. J redacted and Syngerique you both pledged $100 and Morgan who's pledged at $40. I hope you get to feeling better It's nice to know that I'm not alone out here, and I will see you all again on Thursday took me a second to remember what day of the week it was


the most prestigious all India institute of medical sciences is being set up at BB Nagar Telangana. This initiative comes as a boon to strengthen medical infrastructure in the state. We now present a short video on all India institute of medical sciences BB Nagar. Foundation shall be laid by the honourable prime minister in a short while. Can we have the AV please? Medical college 387 bhar khar 660 ho gaye hai. MVBS ki seat ek yawan hazaar se bhar khar 1 lakh ek hazaar se adhik aur PG ki seats 31 hazaar se bhar khar 13 hazaar se adhik ho juki hai.  Bite 9 varshu main. Bharat main bhi swathra sevawon ko lekar bhaot imaandari se bhaot kushalka se kaira karne ka payas ki a gaya hai. Health aur wellness ki disha main aise hi tez qadam vadahte huye aaj aims BB Nagar Telangana ki aadhaar shila rakh rahe hai. Hamare yashasve pradhan mantri ji. Aims BB Nagar ka laab Telangana aur padu si Rajju jyasi Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra aur karnatak ke karodon parivaarung ko hoga. Solahumodular operation theater aur 750 bishtaru wale is aims se sasti aur vishvastariye swasthi sevadhai logon ko aasani se milsakingi. New aims me hoge tertiary care ki sevadha. Yaha neuro surgery, cardiac surgery, urology, endocrinology aadhi super speciality vibhag honge. Accident and emergency, cardiology, par-a-merical jyasi 40 se adhik vibhag kaam karingi. Vishvastariye atyaath niklaa bhi hoge jaach. Saad hi saath yi medical ki uchche sheksha aur chikit sakya nisandhan ka kendra baneega. Yaha Ayushwing ke saath ek ikrit chikit saa pranali hoge. 201 ekar ke bhukhand par. 1,366 karod rupay ki lagat se banni wale aims BB Nagar ko prekort samay me tayar kar liya jayega. Ek aur aims ke saath deshne vadaaya hai. Swasth bharat, sambridh bharat ke aur ek aur kadam. Abhi hum anrode karthe hi ki adhaniya pradhaan mantri jayega. Ye pari hojana kar samkistha kan kare, bathar dabakar. All India Institute of Medical Sciences BB Nagar, samkistha pana jayu samdhar mo su chitaka. Gaurav pradhaan matrishi narindra mo degaru. Sila palakum avish kari chitaka. Subha karuram. Katni ga chapat ke tohti nabakar liya. Thank you sir. Thank you. Yentha gano vej chitusa na 20 railway project. It is indeed a memorable moment for the people of Telangana that a host of railway projects are being launched by the Honourable Prime Minister. We now present to you a short video on the rail developmental projects in Telangana being launched by our Honourable Prime Minister in a short while. Can we have the AV please? Indan railways holds a place of pride in every Indian heart, linking villages, towns and cities and strengthening the spirit of ekabharath, shreshtabharath. As the growth of Indan railways is directly linked with the country's growth journey, our dynamic Prime Minister, Shreen Narindra Modi Ji emphasized on the transformation of railways. Railways is fast becoming modern, safer and inclusive with world-class infrastructure. Today, everyone is working fast to connect with nature and nature. The Indian train is a very big proof of this. Today, travelling in Indian railways has become a happy experience. We have provided significant railway facilities to the state of Telangana like upgradation of stations, new lines, electrification, doubling and tripling of lines, construction of bridges, road over bridges and road under bridges. Continuing these efforts towards strong rail connectivity for the people of Telangana, today Honourable Prime Minister is flagging off the prestigious Vande Bharath from Telangana, to connect IT city of Hyderabad with the abode of Lord Venkateshwara Tirupati. It will further the economic, social and cultural activities in the entire region. Indigenously built semi-high speed Vande Bharath express will enhance the travel experience of passengers by providing a safe, fast and comfortable rail travel between Hyderabad and Tirupati, while reducing travel time by almost 3.5 hours. Facilities like 180-degree rotating recliner chairs, automatic doors, Wi-Fi, coverage, specially designed toilets and touch-free services will give world-class travel experience to passengers. Taking rail services closer to sub-urban rail users, 13 new MMTS services are being introduced in the sub-urban section of Hyderabad-Sikhandrabad-Dwayne city region. These services will provide fast, comfortable and cost-effective travel to daily commuters. Honourable Prime Minister Shree Narendra Modi ji is also dedicating to the nation 85 km of rail line doubling with electrification project of Sikhandrabad-Mehbubnagar section worth Rs. 1,410 crore. It will not only decongest this highly saturated section and give seamless connectivity, but will also help in increasing train speed as well as facilitate introduction of more train services. This vital project will strengthen the connectivity of Hyderabad and Sikhandrabad with Kurnul, Anantapur, Tirupati and Bengaluru. Prime Minister Narendra Modi ji is also laying foundation stone for the redevelopment of Sikhandrabad station with modern architecture and world-class amenities at a cost of Rs. 720 crore. The new station would have iconic buildings, spacious air concourse, separate entry and exit lifts, escalators, travelators, easy signages, multi-level parking, food courts and modern public announcement and information system thereby enhancing passengers' convenience. These railway projects will give boost to agriculture, industrial and tourism sectors in the state and propel Telangana to new heights of development. Thank you, sir. Thank you very much. That is a detailed video about the railway projects. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. The railway station is the new station for the redevelopment of Sikhandrabad. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Sikhandrabad railway station is the new station for the redevelopment of Sikhandrabad. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev, Sikhandrabad railway station is the new station for the redevelopment of Sikhandrabad. Thank you very much. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Sikhandrabad railway station is the new station for the redevelopment of Sikhandrabad. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Sikhandrabad railway station is the new station for the redevelopment of Sikhandrabad. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev. Now, let us hear from Prime Minister Mananeev.


I think we're about ready to get started. Thank you everybody for coming. This is the introduction to the JAN's Graph Database. My name is Jason Plurad. I'm a developer in open source. I work in the IBM Cognitive Applications Group. What we do is we focus on open source and specifically around data and AI. And what we try to do is identify open source projects that we think could be strategic to help improve our products and our services. And we reach out to those communities and try to continue to build them and grow them so that way we can have a healthy ecosystem in the data and AI space. Is anyone here familiar with JAN's Graph? Okay, great. So JAN's Graph is an open source, scalable graph database hosted at the Linux Foundation. So this is an introductory talk and we're just going to start at the beginning. We'll talk about typical graph use cases, what brought us in IBM to the graph, some of the open source graph evolution we've seen over the years. I've been involved in this space probably since 2013 or so. And where we see JAN's Graph progressing. We've been at the Linux Foundation since 2016 and continuing to grow, even though it's still a relatively small project. So we're going to be talking about graphs today. We're not talking about graphs in the sense of a bar graph or a pie graph. We're talking about more of the mathematical graph, specifically a property graph model. It contains vertices, edges and properties. We're going to go into these more in depth on the next slides. This here is the typical example that we show in JAN's Graph. This is called our Graph of the Gods. And it's a rich model. It connects different types of objects or vertices. Those are your entities in the graph through edges, which would be the relationships. So specifically the vertex, it's the entity in graph. It always has an identifier and a label. And it can't be connected. It doesn't have to be connected to other edges in the graph. Obviously the most value is if it is connected to other vertices via an edge. You can also have additional properties on it. We'll see on the next slide with edges. So edges, these connect your entities. So it's a directional relationship. Now this is key. You have the out vertex. This is your source. It connects to the in vertex, which would be your target. So in this example here, we have the father edge. It comes from the father and it points towards, or it starts at the son and would be pointing towards the father, or the child pointing towards its father. Edges are similar to vertices in that they have an identifier and a label. And they can also have properties as well. You can also have multiple edges between the same vertices. And you can have edges between a vertex and a self-directed edge. The way that you work through a graph is through these edges. So being able to jump from one vertex to another, that's what we call a traversal. Then again, properties. Again, these are on both vertices and edges. These are typically how you store additional data. So more specific attributes that would help differentiate one vertex from another or one edge from another. Typically, these are simple key value pairs. You can have a collection of items as your value, whether it's a set or a list. So what we like about graph, specifically the property graph model, it's very rich compared to what you have in a relational model. Because you don't have to pre-define the scheme up front, like you would with a relational database. It's very easy to connect data, add additional later as it comes available. And the flexibility is really what attracted us to it. Being able to connect data to each other as more relationships or more properties become available, that gives you a lot of flexibility to get your data together and run an analysis on it. One of the first use cases that we had was around engagement analytics. In IBM, we use a product called IBM Connections. It's our social product. It has forum posts. It has blogs. It has file sharing, those sorts of activities. We've been using this product for years internally, and we just wanted to be able to derive more value out of it. The interesting thing about the IBM Connection product is that each of those applications that I had mentioned, forums and blogs, etc., they were all developed independently using a relational database. So their data was siloed. So there wasn't that opportunity to really understand how people were interacting with each other across the whole suite of applications. By putting that data into a graph, we were able to easily connect that kind of a data. So here we can see some of the relationships that we were able to gather through work of putting the data into the graph and through analysis from our data scientists of how different teams were connecting with each other. Now, how this can be interesting is that you can better identify different clusters of expertise, whether it's regional or by technology. You can identify who are the information brokers, who are the people that actually connect those pockets of information that would be strategic that to be working together better. Where we found that to be interesting, those connector people, they're very valuable to the company. So from an employee's respect, retaining those people became an interesting proposition because typically what we would find is that if those people, those highly connected, those central people that are able to connect diverse teams, those are the ones that are valuable. If they leave the company, they're more likely to take the senior technical people away with them to their next job. So the idea of retention of your resources was very interesting. More on an individual level, we thought it would be valuable also to give some information back to the people who are using the social tools to really understand what kind of value that they're driving both for themselves and for the company by using the connections collaboration tool. So here, this is a personal social dashboard using the same exact data, but more geared towards the individual so that they can better understand how they were contributing through the social tooling and how that connected them to other people. So here along the bottom, we have scores based on how they were able to share with other people, what kinds of people reacted to the things that they reposted. Eminence is more of a measure of how more broadly your posts were shared by your peers and obviously your network, this is pretty common these days. And one of the big aspects that we had to consider with building this was the idea of privacy as well. People were very concerned up front what my manager sees this. They were afraid that it was going to be possibly a performance indicator. But really, the idea was to give a personal feedback loop so you can understand what are your gaps, where should you look for mentoring, where should you look for training. Because in the spirit of openness, having that feedback loop really would help. Next use case we ran into was around airline routing. We worked with a major airline in the United States on this. IBM is, they are currently running a lot of the backend systems for the airlines routing right now on the main frame. But what we wanted to see was how easy would it be to get that data into a graph database. So that way when the airline needs to worry about routing a passenger, say when their flight gets delayed or gets canceled, what would be the next route to go from one hop to another? This graph here is actually a representation of the geo coordinates of all the airports in the graph. It was generated by one of my colleagues. And we actually use this ultimately as a learning tool inside the company to help teach people how to use a graph and how to understand. Since it's pretty simple to see how well connected everything is, and it's relatable from a personal level, the travel aspect of being delayed at an airport and trying to understand how to jump from one to another. What other rules do you have to put on top of that? If I need to connect from the United States to China, I might not want to transit through Canada because that would require perhaps other visa restrictions. Next, cloud databases. This is a photo from our cloud offering. In 2015, we acquired a couple cloud-based database companies. One was Cloud and one was Compose. Compose is our portfolio of managed open source databases. And we added Janice Graph into that as another open source offering. Because I think what we were finding with our customers is that open source databases are great. Running them in the cloud is another story. Being able to have a 24-by-7 managed cloud offering lowered the bar in terms of them being able to adopt open source databases. Many of our customers are big companies that are well-entrenched in older technologies. So having a lightweight model for them to play with an open source database on the cloud was great. We had some additional features on top, such as the visualization browser below. Which allowed them to better understand how their data was connected once they put it into the graph.  But typically what we found is that once we started seeing a graph, it was easy to find a graph in many different areas. Just because in the graph database space we like to say that the graph itself is, it's a whiteboard friendly type of model. It's easy to understand once you get up to the whiteboard to draw your vertices, your nodes, your entities and then just connect them. So it gets pretty addictive and that's typically one of the first things that people want to see. They say, where's my graph? Let me see it. Because once you can visualize it, you can better understand your data. So moving on to how we progressed in the open source. One of the first projects that we got involved with was TinkerPop. When we were thinking about doing graph, the first thing we did obviously was go out to the open source to see what was going on. And what we found at the time was that all of the open source or all of the graph databases were actually implementing this open source stack called TinkerPop. It was a vendor neutral open source project that was created by Marco Rodriguez and they were all implementing the stack and that was great. That gave us the flexibility to use the same model and compared the performance characteristics of different graph databases at the time. And what was going on was pretty amazing because the implementation of this open source project was being done by both proprietary and by open source databases. And that was great. So TinkerPop itself, it provides the graph model definition and it provides a graph server. It provides the graph traversal language which we're going to go into more depth in the next few slides. So we worked with Marco and his team to get them moved into open governance at the Apache Software Foundation. So they went into Apache top level I think in 2015 and they're continuing to grow. Many of the major graph vendors, graph database vendors, are still implementing the TinkerPop stack today. Neo4j is probably the biggest graph database right now that people may know about. But other big entries are the data sacks and the prize graph Microsoft has a cloud managed Azure Cosmos database. It does graph and other different styles in those SQL databases and Amazon Neptune which notably does property graphs and RDF graphs. RDF graphs are the, it's the semantic web type of graph. So we talked a little bit about the graph structure before. Now with Gremlin, Gremlin is a domain specific language for graphs. It defines how you would walk from one vertex to another along the edge. So that's what a traversal is. And Gremlin, you've seen his character part of the documentation actually from TinkerPop. I didn't mention before, but I'm a PMC member on Apache TinkerPop. So we use Gremlin, the characters all through our documentation. It helps to make concepts more approachable. The Marco, our founder, he actually worked with a graphic designer upfront to use the characters. So that way to make it more relatable and pretty much just tell the story of graph. And I think it's been pretty effective. So we're going to go through an example of a graph traversal. So the graph here is a pretty simple graph. I don't know if you can read all the details on it, but this is the TinkerPop modern graph. It's a very simple graph, six vertices, six edges. It contains people and software. So some of the people know each other and some of the people created some software projects. So when I work with teams who want to work with a graph, we always say, well, what information do you want to get out of the graph? So the best way to do that is just to speak it in your language. What projects did Margot's colleagues create with others? And this is what the query looks like in Gremlin right here. And we're going to take that step by step and kind of break down what each step does. Gremlin itself contains probably about 60 different steps, but they break down to five different categories. But it's a turn complete language. It's pretty flexible. And a lot of interesting things are happening in the TinkerPop space. So we'll start at the top, g.v. So g, that stands for the graph traversal source. Basically, that's your graph. .v would be all the vertices. So I've designated here with the little green guys, the little gremlins in each node. So when you call g.v, now we have a traverser, a little gremlin who's going to walk at each vertex. The next step is HasNameMarco. So this is a filter step. And what it will do is it will select only the vertices which have the name of Marco. So here the only green guy left is over here, the Marco node. All the other traversers, they have been killed. So you can see what the problem is here is that with the g.v in the previous step, we selected all the vertices and now we only have one left. If you have a large graph, that is not very efficient. It works fine in a six node graph, but if you have millions of nodes, that's a bit of a problem. So typically what you'll see in a graph database implementation is that you'll have an index. So here we have utilized index on property name to do this. So it'll go directly to that one node. So indexes will increase that performance, being able to zoom in on a single node instead of doing a full scan. Beautiful. All right. So next we're moving out on the nose edge. So starting from here, from the Marco node, what happens is the traverser splits. He splits across both of these edges. So he knows two edges. So now we have an alive gremlin here and a live gremlin here. Now we need to see what projects were created. So following along the created edge here, so out E, we're only looking at the edge because we're going to, in the next step, filter on properties on that edge where the weight is less than one. So this has a weight of one. Only this gremlin is still alive. Following inward towards the target vertex. So the gremlin moves from the edge to this vertex. Amid the values of the name. So here we can see that the name of this software project is LOP. So that's just one way to walk through this graph. We could have gone through a different direction. We could have done this in many different ways, just like any other programming language for that matter. But that just gives you a flavor of how you would do a walk. So that covers TinkerPop. But going deeper, TinkerPop doesn't provide a full implementation of a graph databases. And that's where we turn to something called TitanDB. This fills in the gaps that TinkerPop leaves behind. So this was actually a project that created by Marco Rodriguez and his partner, Matthias Brokler. It was the full implementation of a graph database. Again, it was an open source project, Apache licensed by this one consulting firm, Aurelius. But what happened was they were getting good adoption from the community, but they got acquired by Datastacks in 2015. When they got acquired, they kind of left the community hanging. They didn't say what the future of the project was going to be. So even though it was still open source, development had slowed down significantly. And meanwhile, they released Datastacks Graph 1. So the community was left hanging out there, not sure what to do. We knew from being in the community long enough that there were plenty of other companies out there that were in the same boat that we were, that we were using this great TitanDB product, and we wanted an alternative. I should mention that Datastacks Enterprise Graph, it was an enterprise commercial license only. So we got together with some partners and we made a fork of the Titan Graph database and turned it into Janice Graph at the Linux Foundation. As I mentioned, 2016. And really the goal here was to reconnect the open source community and embrace open governance. Since we were hosted at the Linux Foundation, no single company controlled it anymore, and we can just move together as we were before. So we have our founders, Google, IBM, Hortonworks, now Clutera, a good set of companies. But I mean, since then we've continued to add new companies and individuals as well. They're all listed there. I mean, these are big companies. Pretty much anyone who's looking for a scalable open source graph database, Janice Graph is probably one of the top options that come to mind. Right now in the graph database space, most of the options are proprietary. We're seeing some good adoption from other open source projects as well. I've lifted some of them here. In particular, I'd point out the ones that are actually hosted at the Linux Foundation. First is the project called Ageria. It falls under the ODPI umbrella. It's for open metadata and governance. So what you're able to do with that project is keep track of your data sources, add governance around it, add access control, things like that. It can use Janice Graph as a primary data store as an example because it has a pluggable model. Onap, if you went to some of the keynotes earlier today, they talked a lot about how this is pretty much becoming the standard around networking. There's a component called Active Inventory, Active and Available Inventory in the Onap project. Which uses a graph database to store how the different network components are connected together. Again, that's another classic type of graph use cases, the connections in a network. This is a graph slide of the Janice Graph architecture. So in addition to being an open source project with a good open source license, one of the key things that we liked about Titan and now Janice Graph was the flexibility of it. So here in this diagram, the light green items, those actually come out of the TinkerPop project. The TinkerPop APIs, the structure and the language. But these darker green boxes, this is what Janice Graph provides. It provides a management layer for managing your schema. It provides the database layer for doing transactions and data management. But probably the best part for us was the flexible storage and indexing layer. So this is an abstraction that allowed us to experiment again with different storage backends. So on the storage backends, we have Apache Cassandra, HBase, Berkeley DB. Since then, we've added backends for, I believe there's many others, there's FoundationDB, SillaDB. It goes on and on. What's great about that is that you can take advantage of the skills that you have already. So if you already have skills or you already have a data center of HBase, you can use that and you can do graph on top of it. Or if you wanted to, say, compare the performance characteristics of Cassandra versus HBase, you can do that. Google or partner, they have Google Cloud Bigtable, which is based on the HBase spec. So you can move easily using Janice Graph from on-prem to the cloud. Similarly for the indexing backends. So the reason that we have different backends here for the storage and the indexing, your primary storage, this is for storing your vertices in your edges. If you wanted to do things like full text search, numerical search, geospatial search, that's where we have additional data stored in these other backends, whether it's elastic search, Apache solar, we've seen. So again, you have the flexibility again to use whichever backend. From a community perspective, the most popular are Cassandra and elastic search. So again, the key benefits here again is the licensing, that's number one, having a free software license that's permissive and lets you do what you want with it. Right now in the database base, there are a lot of vendors like MongoDB and elastic search that are starting to move more towards a restrictive license. To protect how they want to operate. But with the Apache license, you can do whatever you want with this software and not having one company leading it just means that it'll always be open for you to use and collaborate with. I already talked about the pluggable storage options. We found that really to be the most interesting because like I said, you have the choice of using either open source options, you can write, use your own proprietary backends, whatever you need to suit your use cases. So again, I'm from the open source group at IBM and our commitment to open source, it comes down to code content and community. So we already talked about some of the some of the code, you know, with Janis-Graph. But we built many different assets around helping people getting onboarded with Janis-Graph. So I have some links down here and you can take a look. But we have some utilities, some blog series to help people get started. We have an end-to-end application where you can ingest data, query it out. So lots of good stuff there, free and available to help broaden our scope and your exposure to Janis-Graph. So from a project perspective, like I said, we started in 2016, we're continuing to grow. We've added both committers and technical steering committee members since the onset. Many different companies have onboard. But it really is just going, continuing on with the idea of diversity. One of the key gaps that we had from the start was around client driver support. The stack is built in Java, but many of our programmers these days are working with other languages. So over the past year or so, there's been a big push to get client drivers out. Right now, we've already released the .NET driver. I think Python is very close to being done in JavaScript. Those are the top three languages that people have been asking for. Different platform support. Most people are using Linux. I'm at a Linux conference. But there are still plenty of people who use Windows and those people have been looking for support. We recently released Docker images for the first time, which is fantastic. Getting on board with that. Apache on Bari. This is more for the operation side of the house being able to have an operations console to easily be able to deploy. This is good if you're using Apache HBase and Solar. So you can easily have Janis-Graph in that environment. I talked a little bit before about the back end support. These are mostly coming from the community. FoundationDB, Apple recently open sourced this last year. One of our TSC members started fleshing out a back end support for that database. What's interesting about FoundationDB is that they used to be open sourced as well. They got bought by Apple and then they went closed. Then Apple opened them up again. When they were originally open sourced, they had a back end adapter for Titan. It's coming full circle on them. Everyone wants to be open. As a database, what we want to continue focusing on is performance. Being able to benchmark. This isn't necessarily benchmarking against other databases. With the flexibility that you have different storage back ends, I think the key right now, people always ask, well, which back end should I use? Being able to benchmark there, that's something we want to focus on. Developer experience around bulk loading and ETL, that could all use help. From an industry perspective, this property graph schema working group, there are several vendors right now who are trying to get together and get some standards around graph databases. I think the outcomes from the property graph schema working group, there's going to be W3C, the World Wide Web Consortium. They're going to have a graph standard. That's where we're headed with a standardized graph language. From a jazz graph perspective, it's been our mission to be an open source implementation of TinkerPop. TinkerPop will also be compatible with that. Thank you again for coming out. I work in the open source. I work in the open. Pluridj in most places. Feel free to reach out to me with any questions you have. I can take some now. Thank you. I want to introduce you to the performance benchmark of the DNS. I don't have any benchmarks with me. I believe you can probably find some. From a performance benchmark, that's something I think our community can work better to publicize and produce, but right now we don't have any benchmarking in the product at all. It's been done by other parties, so I don't have that. I want to know what's the difference between the DNS and the Neo4j or the Tiger Graph? Tiger Graph. So Neo4j came about, it's probably the oldest graph database. The key difference that people like to point to with Neo4j is that it uses Cypher. Originally they were implementing TinkerPop, and they have Gremlin support, but over time they decided to create their own graph language called Cypher. That's one of the main differences. It has a GPL license, and once you get beyond a certain scale, you're required to get a commercial license. It's a good product. As far as differences, it's single vendor control, so there are good things that come with that. They have more tooling available. They have dedicated people to do marketing. Those are some of the differences. Same with Tiger Graph. Again, that's another proprietary database. Again, single vendor commercial license. I think that they were founded by former Twitter engineers, so I think when I've spoken with them, what they're trying to do is go after Neo4j, more in the large graph arena, and they have a different language. Tiger Graph does not implement TinkerPop or OpenCypher. They have their own language. I think they call GraphQL. But again, like I mentioned before, and this is why the graph database space is still emerging. It's still, I mean, after so many years, it still isn't standardized like the relational database with SQL is. But I think moving forward with the W3C and getting onto a graph standard, it'll help settle things in the industry around graph databases. Thank you. Any other questions? Okay, thank you.


Okay so in the last step we created a new material and then got the material editor open, so in this step what I want to do is quickly talk about what all the different panels in the material editor are for, so let's jump straight into that. So as I've already covered this entire window is called the material editor. As with the level editor at the very top you've got the tab bar and the menu bar. The tab bar shows you which tab you're currently working within and it offers you the option to move tabs around and dock them to different windows like we did in the last step. The menu bar is where you can find all of the menu options available for the material you're working on and as you can see these are file, edit, asset, window and help. Next is the toolbar and this gives easy one-click access to a range of tools and actions that you'll make regular use of. This includes saving your materials, applying changes, searching within the content browser and your material and toggling display options such as allowing nodes to update in real time. This area here in the top left is the viewport and in this panel you'll see the material you're currently working on being displayed on a mesh. You can move around this viewport in a similar way to how you move around in the level editor. You can also change the type of mesh your material is being displayed on. These mesh options include cylinder, sphere, plane and cube. This panel here is called the details panel and it contains all of the properties of the material or material expression or function node that you currently have selected. You'll use this panel to make changes to the properties of each part of your material.  You'll be able to create and connect a range of material expressions and functions and they all work together to create your material. This window can quickly become confusing so it's important to keep things as neat and organized as possible. The node that you can see on screen here is called the main material node. Over here taking up pretty much the entire right hand side of the material editor is the palette and this panel lists all of the different nodes that can be included in your material. To add any of them to your material you can drag and drop them from this panel into the graph panel. There's also a search box at the top of the panel which makes it easy to find the nodes you're looking for and finally down here at the bottom we've got the stats panel and this panel contains important information about the material you're currently working on so that includes a number of shader instructions and any compiler errors there might be. It's worth remembering that the fewer instructions there are in a material the lower the impact will be on the render time. Okay so that concludes our quick tour of the material editor. In the next step we'll be using the material editor to change the color of this material so join me in the next step for that. Thanks for watching. If you want to take your learning further I recommend an introduction to Unreal Engine 4 by Andrew Sanders and Unreal Engine 4 Game Development Essentials by SatishPV. Check them out using the links in the video description below. Special thanks to my awesome patrons whose names are displayed on screen for supporting this video. If you'd also like to support my channel then go to patreon.com forward slash Shane Whittington.


Everyone, it's gift to Gustavus Day. Some of you may not recognize where we are right now, but we are in the new area of Lund, and we are celebrating the I Heart Gusty Athletics Challenge. This fun helps us keep the lights on in facilities like this, and since we're reaching the end of our giving day, we wanna walk around to our coaches and see if they can give us some good luck charms to push us through the rest of the day. So Gus, let's go say hi to some of our coaches. Let's see, who do we have here? Brendan Huber, a head men and women's cross country coach. Do you have a lucky charm for us? We do, we have our stopwatch that we use every day to help our gusties get fast and finish strong. That's fantastic, and our gusties are fast. We know that, thank you so much. All right, let's see, who else do we have? Oh, all right, we have Lori Kelly, the head women's basketball coach. Lori, do you have a good luck charm for Gus? I do, Gus, this is our conference championship that we did that for last year. Oh my gosh. We did lots of luck. Awesome, thank you so much, Lori. Woo! Thinkin' good progress, this is good. Who else do we have? We've got Chris Vanderheide, the assistant men's basketball coach. Chris, do you have a good luck charm? I do, here you go, Gus. This is my Mobius Strip. It's a one-sided figure, and it reminds me that we're all on the same team. That is incredibly cool. Chris, thank you so much. Let's see, who else is down here? All right, oh my gosh, we've got Zoe Eath, she's the assistant women's soccer coach. Zoe, do you have a good luck charm? We do, we have a rock that one of our players painted for us, and we look at it every day to remind us of our team. That's right, go, Gusty Soccer, that's awesome. Thank you, Zoe. Oh my gosh, and I see two coaches ahead of us, Gus. You got quite a handful there. Oh my gosh, it is Heidi Carlson, the assistant women's tennis coach. Give it to your Gus. And Alex Lindstrom, the assistant swimming and diving coach. Do you guys have good luck charms for Gus? I for sure do, I've got a necklace that says GAC on it that I wear every tennis match in the spring to give our team some good luck. Awesome, love it. What are you doing? We have brand new training bags. This pumps up our athletes every time they're in the water, ready for a good set. There you go, Gus. Awesome, thank you guys so much. Let's see, who else is here? This is my first time being in this area of London. It is so beautiful. Coley Reeves, head softball coach. Do you have a good luck charm? I do, it's a charm that says wish it, dream it, do it. Oh my gosh, that's fantastic. Thank you so much, Coley. Gus, you've got quite a handful. How are you doing with all that awesome, awesome? I can feel the luck radiating right now. Laura Brunette Curry, she's the head women's soccer coach, do you have a good luck charm? Yes, I have a sparkly ribbon that I'm supposed to wear in my hair from an alumni. Oh my gosh, that's fantastic. We love alumni gifts, right? And over here we have Tommy Valentini, he's the head men's tennis coach. Do you have a good luck charm, Tommy? Gus, do I have the good luck charm for you? This is a 1970s Arthur Ashe competition, tennis racket used by our legendary coach, Dr. Steve Wilkins, and this is gonna get you over the line, Gus. Woohoo! And left to Aaron, thanks guys.  Do you have a good luck charm for us? Oh my gosh, Gus, I've got you my lucky Wayne Rooney. There you go. Whoa! Who's Wayne Rooney? Wayne Rooney is one of the best English soccer players of all time. Incredible, incredible. Good for Gusty soccer players too, also the best. Thank you. And last but certainly not least, we have Peter Haugen, head Gustavus football coach, Peter, do you have a good luck charm for us? Gus, I've got something for you. Get your hands full, I'll put something on your head and let's go right there. Oh, awesome! Hard to make a Gusty football without the iconic thing and then, 106 years, 106 seasons, excuse me, of Gusty football. 106 years of Gusty football and to many more with gifts from you. Thank you so much, Peter. All right, Gus, let's go see what we have. You got everything? This is awesome. Let's see, oh my gosh, so many good gifts from all, from all of our coaches. Here we go, all right. You've got everything, spread out, Gus, will you come sit by me? Wow, look at all of this stuff. Good luck for Gusty athletics. We know that they're winners and that's why we need your help too to cross the finish line. We've got all the luck and now we need a generous gift from people like you. Gus, will you help me make a wish?