We are talking about axial flow turbines and in the last class, last lecture, we talked about how to design and bring into the design steps and design features three dimensionality of flow through axial flow turbines. Now, we know that the flow through the axial flow turbines as in axial flow compressors is normally annulus in nature and that flow through the annulus space that is available to the turbines is often not exactly uniform. So, some aspect of the non-uniformity or some aspect of the variation from the lower radius to the outer radius or inner radius to the outer radius and more specifically from the root to the tip of the blade of a rotor needs to be factored into to begin with in the design and later on in the computations and of course, later on in the analysis. We have seen how some of these things can be brought into simple analysis that we had done in the last class without getting into more complex computational analysis. As I have mentioned, we shall do an introduction to computational analysis through turbo machines towards the end of this lecture series, but right now we are looking at turbine specific certain theories which factor in the three dimensionality of the flow and built it into the design. So, most of it is indeed used for design and then immediate post design analysis to find out how the turbine is actually going to behave. So, in today's lecture we will look at some problems that actually use these theories that we have done in the last class and then try to actually solve some problems which are prescribed problems and from the problem statement we try to figure out what kind of solutions can be arrived at using the theories that we have done in the last lecture. And towards the end we I will leave you with a few problems to solve by yourselves. So, that you can get the feel of the application of these theories to actual problems, realistic problems and you also get a feel of the numbers. It is essential for an engineer to get the feel of the numbers and that is why it is essential that we look at a few problems which are probably a little textbook problems simplistic problems where you know typically you have all the data you require in a real life problem you often may not actually have all the data that is required to solve, but we are dealing with problems where the problem statement gives you all the data that you require and now you need to use the theories that we have done to arrive at solutions and in a process one learns how the solutions would look like and indeed as I said you get a feel of the numbers what the numbers would look like. So, that is very important for all practical engineers. So, let us look at some of the problems related to three dimensional flow in axial flow turbines. Now, in axial flow turbines that we are going to do some solve problems and then I leave you with some exercise problems to solve for yourselves. Now, in the solve problems we will first look at the problem statement in the first problem the problem statement shows that a constant nozzle exit angle which we have designated earlier as alpha 2 is being used for axial flow turbine design in which it is prescribed that the temperature drop should be 150 k and at the hub the blade velocity or blade speed u is 300 meters per second and at the tip it is 400 meters per second at it is prescribed that alpha 2 is 60 which is constant as prescribed from a root to the tip hub to the tip and alpha 3 is 0 that is 0 will at the exit of the rotor. The radius ratio given for this particular problem statement is 0.75 that is hub radius to tip radius ratio is 0.75 that is prescribed here. The problem ask for solution in which you should complete the design velocity diagrams at hub mean and tip of the stage and thereafter calculate the velocity components if the design is a free vortex design for the turbine and compare the results of that with that of constant nozzle exit angle. So, one can look at the whole thing from a free vortex point of view and compare the results. So, this is a problem statement which we can now try to find a solution to. Now, at the rotor inlet station we have done in the last class the equation for variation of whirl component is defined by the variation of alpha 2 and that is given by C w 2 by C w m which is the mean and that is also equal to C a 2 by C a 2 mean which is also equal to C 2 by C 2 m which is mean and all these velocity ratios are equal to radius ratio r by r mean r being at any radius to the power sin square alpha 2. Now, this is what we had done in the last lecture following which what we get is at the rotor exit the actual velocity C a 3 square is equal to C a 3 mean square plus twice u m into C w twice m whole thing multiplied by 1 minus radius ratio r by r m to the power cos square alpha 2. Now, this is also the theory that we had the expression we had shown in the last lecture. Now, from the prescribed radius ratio that is given we can see that the mean to tip radius ratio would be 0.875 and mean to hub radius ratio would be 1.166 that is calculated from the hub to tip radius ratio that is prescribed in the problem statement. Now, the work done by the rotor is given by the Euler's equation which you are all aware of. Now, in this particular problem statement alpha 3 would be equal to 0 exit will component is 0 which means C w 3 indeed would be 0 and in which case the specific enthalpy rise or you know specific work that we normally use for aerothermodynamic relations that is C p into delta t would be equal to u m into C w 2 m C w 3 p 0 and from which we can write that C w 2 m would indeed be 492 meters per second and corresponding C a 2 would be from the velocity triangle that you can draw at station 2 that is before the rotor and that would come out to be 284 meters per second as per the prescription that also would be equal to actual velocity at the exit of the rotor C a 3 m. Now, at the rotor hub at the inlet of the rotor one can write actual velocity C a 2 h is equal to C a 2 m to the multiplied by a radius ratio r m by r to the power sin square alpha 2 and this would yield actual velocity of 318.8 meters per second. On the other hand the world component at hub at the inlet C w 2 h would be C w 2 m into r m by r to the power sin square alpha 2 and that would be 552.2 meters per second. So, you now start getting the components of the velocities at station 2 that is before the rotor at the rotor inlet. Now, at the rotor tip of the inlet one can now find the actual velocity using the same relation that is C a 2 m into r m by r to the power sin square alpha 2 and in which case the actual velocity would now be 257 meters per second and the world component C w 2 tip would be 447 meters per second. So, as one can see that the world component has actually decreased from hub to the tip whereas, the actual velocity has also decreased a little from hub to the tip and this is a consequence of the fact that alpha 2 has been held constant from root to the tip of this prescribed problem. So, as a result of which we now have all the velocity components that are required at the inlet to the rotor. Now, at the rotor tip outlet we can find what the actual velocity would be and this can be found from the actual velocity relation that we had done earlier and that is given by C a 3 equal to whole thing root over C a 3 square plus twice u m C w 2 m multiplied by 1 minus radius ratio r by r m to the power cos square alpha 2 and if you do that we can calculate the actual velocities at tip and hub as at the outlet as 262 and 306 meters per second. So, once you apply the relations that we had done in the last class for three dimensional flow estimation we now have the actual velocities at tip and hub at the outlet to the rotor. On the other hand if we calculate all the values with reference to the free vortex design we can see that the velocities that we get in comparison to the nozzle angle can be now written down in a tabular form and one can see that these values are the ones in constant nozzle angle are given in red and the free vortex values are given in black and the actual velocities as you can see in in front of the rotor and behind the rotor are constant for free vortex only the world component is changing as per free vortex variation from tip to hub. On the other hand for constant nozzle angle as one can see all the velocities are varying and essentially only at the mean the values of free vortex and the constant nozzle angle are same at the tip as well as at the at the mean the actual velocity the world component velocity and the exit actual velocity they are all same at the mean but at the hub and the tip the constant nozzle angle gives completely different values compared to that of free vortex. Now, this is something which you may like to take a look at and you may like to sit down and draw all the velocity triangles that are born out of this two calculations two sets of design calculations and you will probably find that you get completely different blade shapes the blade shapes that come out of this two design exercises would indeed be quite different from each other and that would tell you that if you use different kind of design law or design philosophy you would in end up getting quite different blade shapes the three dimensional blade shapes. Now, if we go on to the second example in which the problem statement reads that it is proposed that for design of an axial flow turbine two design methods are to be explored. Now, first design method that is prescribed is C w 2 m is equal to C w 2 h that is equal to C w 2 t that means the world components at hub mean and tip are equal to each other. Now, this type of design is what we have called earlier a solid body essentially design that means the fluid behaves more like a solid body and correspondingly the world components everywhere are same. The second design that is prescribed is where C a 2 is equal to C a 2 hub into the radius ratio hub to tip radius ratio to the power sin square alpha 2 which somehow tries to make use of the constant alpha 2 prescription and that is your case B the second design that is suggested here in case B and in case C we have C w ratio C w 2 t to C w 2 h as equal to the radius ratio r h by r t. Now, that if you remember is nothing but your free vortex design. So, we have three design that is suggested for design of an axial flow turbine one in which the flow behaves like a solid body the second one in which one may use the alpha 2 equal to constant that is constant nozzle angle prescription and case C is which resembles of that of a free vortex design. What is prescribed are some common data and these are the axial velocity at the mean is prescribed as 200 meters per second entry alpha 2 is 60 degrees exit alpha 3 is 0 the degree of reaction is 0.5 at mean and radius ratio prescribed is 0.8 what is asked for is complete the velocity diagrams for all the cases the velocity diagrams are asked for because those are the velocity diagrams based on which final blade shapes would be created. So, the velocity diagrams would give a fairly good idea about the blade shapes that are being created by three cases A B and C. Let us look at how to go about finding a solution to this particular problem statement. From the prescribed data of the example 2 one can calculate that the radius ratio r m by r t would be 0.889 and r t by r m would be 1.11 this is calculated from the up to t radius ratio that is prescribed in the problem and then the world component at mean C w 2 m can be found from the mean velocity diagram that is C A 2 into tan alpha 2 and that gives C w 2 m equal to 346.5 meters per second and it is prescribed that alpha 3 is 0. So, C w 3 m would be 0 now C w 3 m equal to 0 is what we are done in the first problem also where it is prescribed that C w 3 m could be given as 0 or alpha 3 is given as 0. This is a fairly standard prescription for many of the designs because what happens is when the flow is going out of the turbine quite often the prescription often encourages that the flow going out of the turbine does not have any world component because the world component going out of a turbine typically of a single turbine or a multi stage turbine last stage would be quite useless. So, typically of a turbine it is quite often unless you know it is one of the earlier turbines or one of the middle stage turbines the prescription quite often comes with alpha 3 equal to 0 which leaves a 0 world component and if the flow is going into a nozzle or going into exhaust any world component present is quite useless only component that is useful for nozzle effect for thrust making is the actual component. So, giving a prescription of world component 0 is pretty much a practical and standard prescription for turbine design as I mentioned unless you are designing a turbine which is one of the middle stages of a multi stage turbine. So, as we have seen in both the problems C w 3 and alpha 3 have been prescribed to be 0 and as a result of which the problems does become a little simple, but the prescription is realistic it is not really idealistic. Let us get back at the problem for this particular problem statement it is given that degree of reaction R x is 0.5 now that means it brings us back to the symmetrical blading concept that you may have done earlier and certainly done in some detail in axial flow compressors. So, the moment you put a degree of reaction 0.5 the symmetrical blading concept comes in and then you have at the mean alpha 2 m equal to beta 3 m that would be equal to 60 degree as prescribed and alpha 3 m equal to beta 2 m equal to 0 degree as prescribed. This of course, makes the problem a little simple to handle. However, many turbines in the past and the early days of turbine design have been used using these kind of somewhat simpler design prescriptions and those turbines were operating quite well. It makes the designers job definitely simple and probably analysis also becomes simple. In those days long back 30, 40 years back if you may remember the aid from computational flow dynamics was not available and as a result the refinement that is possible in today's turbine design was not really available in those days and as a result somewhat simpler design prescriptions were often used for design and those were functional they worked fine. So, a similar somewhat simpler design prescription has been also prescribed here. Now, the blade velocity u m would come out to be same as C w 2 m because your beta 2 m is 0 and as a result of which it is 346.5 meters per second as calculated just a little above and at any radius we can now calculate the blade velocities from the radius ratios that we have just written down. So, the hub blade velocity would be 308 meters per second and the tip blade velocity u t would be 385 meters per second. So, the blade velocities vary all the way from root to tip as per omega into r concept. Now, for case a we have 3 cases to be actually looked at and as I indicated this is a fluid which is prescribed to be behaving like a solid body for a case which we have done in the last lecture n equal to 0 for the equation C w to equal to r to the power n. Now, when you put n equal to 0 it is a case which fluid behaves like a solid body. Now, the actual speed is calculated from the actual velocity expression derived from the energy equation for the case n equal to 0 and this comes out to be C a 2 is equal to C a 2 m whole thing root over 1 minus 2 tan square alpha 2 m into l n radius ratio r by r m. Now, this can be derived you can sit down on derive it the same way we are done earlier for the case n equal to 0 from the energy equation that we are written down involving the various velocity components. And you have to put the value of n equal to 0 there and you would arrive at this solution which we are looking at for actual velocity at any station with relation to actual velocity at mean radius along the blade length. Now, using this you can also calculate the angles across the rotor from the above considerations. If you do that the solutions that you get for the case a tells you that the actual velocity prescribed at the mean was 200 and C w 2 at the mean was found to be 346.5. On the other hand we found the actual velocities varying from tip to hub and both at the rotor entry as well as at the rotor exit at the rotor exit the C w 3 is prescribed to be actually 0. And correspondingly the value of alpha 3 also has been prescribed to be 0 the alpha 2 variation is shown here as part of our results it varies all the way from hub to the tip correspondingly the beta 3 also varies exactly in the same manner from hub to the tip. And the beta 2 values are shown here it is 0 at the mean as we have calculated as has been prescribed the degree of reaction being 0. However, there is a small value of beta 2 at the hub and a small value of beta 2 at the mean at the tip that has been shown here. Now, if we move to the results of case b the prescribed condition is C a 2 t is equal to C a 2 h into radius ratio r h by r t prescribed here in the problem to the power sin square alpha 2. Now, this of course brings us to the fact that all the velocities at the tip and hub and mean can be the ratios of them can be put down as equal to each other all of them would be equal to some relation to alpha 2. Now, this allows us to write down that for constant nozzle angle which is the prescribed case b that we are looking at C a 2 can be now written down as C a 2 m into radius ratio r m by r to the power sin square alpha 2. And in case of C w 2 that will be C w 2 m to the into radius ratio r m by r to the power sin square alpha 2 and C 2 is equal to C 2 m to the multiplied by radius ratio r m by r to the power sin square alpha 2. So, for constant nozzle angle case all the velocities C a 2 C w 2 and C 2 which is the absolute velocity can be found from the mean values that is at the mean radius to hub to tip at any radius by using this radius ratio concept. If we do that at the station 3 at the exit of the rotor it is prescribed that alpha 3 is equal to 0 and C w 3 is also equal to 0 the expression for actual velocity comes out as we have done in the last lecture is C a 3 square is equal to C a 3 square 3 C a 3 m plus twice u m C w 2 m multiplied by 1 minus radius ratio to the power cos square alpha 2. Now, this allows us to calculate C a 3 at exit of the rotor if we now use the relation that we have done which is essentially for the case B which is exit angle from the rotor is held constant from root to the tip of the blade. Now, this is something which we have discussed in the last lecture that holding the exit angle from the rotor constant from root to the tip of the blade makes the rotor untwisted or very likely twisted. Now, this is important for stator nozzle blade cooling purpose we shall be doing the cooling technology from next lecture onwards, but this particular design philosophy of holding alpha 2 to equal to constant from hub to tip or root to tip of the blade of the stator essentially caters to cooling technology and if we apply this in this present problem what we see is the results that we get for case B. Let us look at the results of case B what we see here is the actual velocity is now varying all the way from hub to the tip at the hub it is 218.5 at the mean it is prescribed as 200. So, the variation of actual velocity at the entry as well as at the exit is quite pronounced from hub to tip the values of C w 2 are also variable from hub to tip quite substantially C w 3 is being held constant alpha 2 by prescription is held constant alpha 3 by prescription is 0. We get a variation of beta 2 from 17.9 to minus 19.4 and we get a variation of beta 3 from 54 to 69 from hub to tip. So, these are the results of the case B which is of a constant alpha 2 from hub to the tip of the stator nozzle. Now we can move to the case C now case C is what we had seen was actually the free vortex design. Now free vortex design as we have mentioned before is not the most popular design for actual flow turbine even though it is a very popular design for actual flow compressors for turbine it is not the most popular design, but it is the simpler design it of course works if you make actual flow turbine with free vortex design it will surely work there is no reason why it should not work, but it is not the most popular design today and ever since the cooling technology came into the market the free vortex design has been essentially replaced by the constant alpha 2 design which is the more popular design philosophy for turbines essentially as I mentioned to cater to cooling technology, but let us look at the results that we get for this problem statement problem 2 case C for free vortex design philosophy. If you apply free vortex design philosophy the world components at tip and hub the ratios are directly related to the hub to tip radius ratio. Now if you apply the same at the outlet also C w 2 also is held constant as per free vortex principle across the blade at mean radius. So, C w C a 2 is equal to C a 3 and if you apply all this in the as per the free vortex law we get a set of results directly as per very well known free vortex law prescriptions the results that we get are that the actual velocities are held constant from hub to tip as well as across the rotor C w 2 varies substantially from hub to the tip as per free vortex law and which would tell you that you would end up getting a substantially twisted blade C w 3 is being held constant. So, the trailing edge would be rather linear on the other hand the value of alpha 3 is 0 corresponding to the prescription alpha 2 varies from hub to tip and the C w 2 variation shows that and then of course, you have the variation of beta 2 which goes minus at the tip and this is something that comes out of the free vortex design and as a result of which you get a variation of beta 3 which also varies from hub to the tip of the blade. So, you have the results of the case C tabulated here and then we have three cases a b and c these variations can now be all put together into one table which essentially tries to compare the three cases a b and c and as you can see the case a is given in red the case b that is a constant nozzle angle is given in b and the free vortex design is given in case c and all three of them are brought together if you sit down use the velocities that are given the angles that are given and if you draw the velocity triangles of all the cases you would probably get a very clear picture of what kind of blades actually come out the three dimensional blade shapes that should come out of the three cases that are prescribed here. The three cases that are prescribed here had certain commonalities that is the mean actual velocity prescribed where 200 the exit angles were prescribed to be 0 the will component of the exit were prescribed to be 0. So, with those common prescriptions we try to put together the blades that would come out even with those commonalities and we see that three completely different blade shapes are likely to result from three cases that are prescribed here for axial flow turbine design. So, as I mentioned you can probably sit down and actually draw the velocity triangles and you would find that three different cases three different blade shapes and you would indeed need to choose different airfoil shapes different blade sections from hub tip for each of these three cases. So, you end up having three completely different blade shapes for three different design philosophies even though we started off with common data prescriptions for all three cases. So, this is an example which tells you with certain simplifications a simplified problem it still tells you that if you have three different design philosophies you end up with three completely different blade shapes.  So, let us look at some of the problems you can solve for yourselves. The first exercise problem the problem statement reads that an axial turbine rotor is prescribed with a rotor inlet and outlet flow in radial equilibrium which means the static pressure and the dynamic pressure are balanced at the inlet and outlet of the rotor. The world component of the flow is designed to vary radially as per this prescription as C w at the inlet as a r minus b y r and at the outlet as a r plus b y r. Now, a and b are the constants and what is required for you to find is find the inlet and outlet exit velocities and the expressions for those velocities. In this case you can see the answers given here and the axial velocities of course, would remain constant across the rotor. So, we are dealing with the rotor only. So, the problem statement is essentially for rotor. Part b of the problem is it is prescribed that at mean radius given value is 0.3 meters the actual velocity is 10 meters per second and the degree of reaction is 0.5. The blade loading coefficient is prescribed as per the definition psi rotor is equal to work done specific work done h 0 by u tip square and the rpm is 7640 rpm the radius ratio is given as 0.5 and at 80 percent of the rotor radius it is required for you to find the rotor relative flow inlet and outlet angles. So, what you are required to find the beta values beta 2 and beta 3 for the particular problem statement that is given here. Now, the answers given are 43.2 degrees and 10.4 degrees for beta 2 and beta 3. So, you can try to sit down and see whether you can arrive at those answers. The second exercise problem that is given is the gas exits from the turbine stator or nozzle at a radially constant angle alpha 2. So, it is a constant nozzle exit angle problem. The gas is prescribed to be in radial equilibrium. The actual velocity variation at that station is given as C A 2 into R to the power sin square alpha 2 equal to constant. This is what we have done in our lectures also and for a turbine in which the actual velocity at the radius 0.3 is again prescribed as 100 meters per second and if the turbine as stated above is designed with a constant alpha 2 equal to 45 degree find the actual velocity at that station at 0.6 meters radius. Now, the answer given here is very simple and that is 70.7 meters per second. So, it is a constant exit stator exit angle problem and you have to apply the relations that we have done in the lecture or in the earlier problem that has been solved for you. The third and the last problem that is prescribed for you to solve is an actual turbine is designed with free vortex at stator nozzle exit and 0 whirl at stator at rotor exit. So, it is a free vortex problem applied at stator nozzle exit and a rotor inlet. So, the station between the stator and the rotor carries free vortex prescription. For the following operating condition that is at the entry T 0 1 is equal to 1000 k, mass flow is given as 32 kg per second, the hub radius is 0.56, the tip radius is 0.76 meters, rpm prescribed is 8000, the degree of reaction is 0.5 and actual velocity is constant that is 183 meters per second and it is prescribed that the inlet and exit absolute velocities are equal to each other that is C 1 is equal to C 3. You are required to find C 2 that is the nozzle exit velocity as you know it expands hugely from C 1 to C 2 and then you are required to find the maximum Mach number at the stage. In this particular stage typically it is most likely to be somewhere in the nozzle exit and then the reaction at the root, the power output of this particular working turbine and T 0 3 and T 3 at the stage exit. So, these are the numerical values that you need to find out of this prescribed problem. The answers solutions that are given here is that the nozzle exit velocity C 2 is would be 480 meters per second, the maximum Mach number in this stage is solved as 0.818, the reaction at the root is 0.08 and you remember at the root it is quite often especially if it is free vortex it is likely to be very close to 0 and 0 of course would mean an impulse turbine and we are looking at a problem in which the solution actually comes pretty close to giving you an impulse station or impulse section at the root of this particular turbine and then the power output or work done for this particular rotor given the mass flow is 3.42 megawatts and the temperatures at the exit T 0 3 is 907 and the static temperature T 3 is 892 k. Now, you can sit down and try to solve this problem and see whether you can come. You can use standard values of gas constant R that is 247 joules per kg k and the value of C p as 1147 joules per kg k. So, you can use those standard values to solve this problem in which numericals are given and you are required to find the certain prescribed velocities, Mach numbers, work done and the exit temperature. So, I will leave you with these problems for you to solve for yourself. So, that you can get a feel of the numbers that typically come out of actual flow turbine design. So, some of these problems would give you an idea how the turbine design is indeed proceeded with and what kind of numbers you get, what kind of variations you get, you get a feel of the numbers by solving these problems. In the next class, we will be looking at turbine blade cooling because in this class and in the earlier lecture, we had looked at the design philosophy of alpha 2 is constant from root to the tip and we have stated again and again that this particular design philosophy essentially caters to turbine blade cooling. In the next lecture onwards, we will devote ourselves to looking at this turbine blade cooling technology and how it impacts the turbine blade, the turbine blade shape and essentially the aerodynamics or aerothermodynamics of the flow over the turbine blades is very strongly impacted and essentially the aerodynamics of the blade changes hugely by application of cooling technology. We will look at various cooling technologies and how do they actually impact the turbine design of modern actual flow turbines. Specifically, these cooling technologies are very widely used in aero engines and we will look at some of the typical examples of these applied cooling technologies in turbine, actual turbine, rotor and stator. So, we shall be doing turbine cooling technologies from next lecture onwards.


so this quest guys is the longest quest i've ever done in any game ever not seriously but it's still long i must be on my ninth ninth step guys ninth step and yeah it's all good and down to me uh floating with this bird yeah but i want to get the best reward this game has ever offered i mean i don't even know what this next step is but i'm probably gonna be so i knew it i'm gonna have to look for more i must collected 100 bucks so far and the problem is it's the breaks in between each step as well it's craziness guys this has taken me a total of what 10 hours to do this it's it's wild people the best part about it is coming and talking back to her i gotta get more bucks in there i gotta get more bucks jesus people now this book club is located within the library within the pk floating fortress is it yes it is right here in central loop guys this is one crazy ass quest it is one crazy ass quest i'm hoping this is the last step because i can't deal with this shit no more man so let's go get these books and come back okay so i've got the books and now i am back jesus people this quest is so long man it's wild wild yes aiden will be immortalized people we know this so is that it oh my days part 10 part 10 if it isn't my intellectual sparring partner i see you brought albert a copy of playdoh's republic petty stuff i haven't read it but albert was sure excited if it has paid albert's excited but here's a question if you had to make a choice would you choose to be just or to be happy we said we had to choose in the first place but that's the point of the exercise to make a choice you're not playing fair that's not very just albert's shelves are nearly full i suppose you'll stop visiting soon we just have to see about that well no not more books oh my days man okay so let's pin this and go and get these more backers okay so i think we are finally done now just 10 steps pay poor jeez man the fact he keeps putting that book always in that like slight little gap does my aiden every book i've brought him is putting that little gap there okay okay two thousand comebacks p two thousand parkour points and level three gear turn in the page next quest talk to falia okay books you brought on the origin of species and treasure island caught my eye and probably inspired a question indeed so how do you view yourself are you a pioneer like darwin or a pirate like those found in treasure island uh pioneer i like to think of myself as a pioneer oh really i can go places most can't i've seen things most will never see aren't we full of ourselves today i'm just saying i get around like a pioneer on that note it looks like i finished my work with albert oh so it means you won't be coming back yeah i mean as hard as it is to admit it at least a part of me is really sad to hear it the feelings i've read about that's nothing compared to what i feel what i'll miss our conversations yeah me too thalia do you think it's possible that i could see you again very possible you can visit me at home if you want i've marked my flat on your map what the heck the sunset okay see you there what what is edin's getting down here people edin's getting down here let's go switch this shit tonight time what the jeez i know i was flying and this that and the other but man where is this going where is this going where's my bet what time is it oh it's night time what we ain't got a sweet shit but i put my health up though i might need that stamina you know i mean people i'm gonna beat her back to her own apartment here i don't know how but i'm gonna time to pull out my broomstick you know what i'm saying thalia's gonna be seeing my broomstick this is wild this is wild 10 step this quest guys so long so long man do you want to live not even far away what right here are you kidding me oh i think i have to go down one are we on this floor better switch on that light oh here we go pull out that weapon it's a nice place thanks at least here you can pretend that this whole nightmare isn't happening outside you know it had a dream a dream that one morning i went outside there were people on the streets kids playing people in the cafe just gonna start off another quest i think i'm done with quest guys i think we all share that dream do you think if this world were different would you get married build a house that seems unlikely it's so detached from what my life is my everyday life is in my imagination in literature i'm probably just a weak little girl to you no you're sensitive but that doesn't mean you're weak those who are weak just give up they stop caring about anything give up on life but you you still care it means you still fight someone told me once that only the gentle are ever really strong who you hold me a what the can we pretend that what's outside isn't happening just this one time oh just one time all right palia just this one time what what oh my day is one and done to fight people to save was that a quick little one night stand maybe you well what the heck didn't you say yours was the world of imagination but not delusions i'm glad this dream has come true likewise i know jesus aiden without one night stand failure what the heck so i'm guessing that's my reward for this move to put our mission i'm not going back in there i want to go back in people what the hell aiden's little sneaky romancy sex one night one night stand we failure all my days wow i actually didn't think there's going to be any kind of like romancy in this game to be honest well well there you go guys there you go if you want to see that or maybe not you can do this mission which is literally and i mean literally i've done it now what was it called again book club if it was that 10 11 11 steps wow unreal absolutely unreal uh that's just part one that's just part i mean that's just one part it goes it's it's the longest quest i've ever done in this game why am i all to have a knocking knocking with failure one night stand jeez people i'm gonna leave it there if you enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out feel like what you see want to see more dine like be sure to subscribe and hopefully guys i will see you on that next one


Welcome to the conference. My name is Justin Pettit, and I'm a senior staff engineer at Google. I work on Istio and Google Service Mesh offerings. One of the most exciting projects in recent memory for Service Mesh is the Ambient Mesh data plane, which we launched last year. Ambient Mesh brings the traffic management, security, and observability of Istio in a sidecarless model that makes it easier, safer, and cheaper to deploy Service Mesh. Across a cluster, Ambient Mesh uses less memory and CPU than sidecars. It is also no longer necessary to make complicated resource reservation calculations, which makes Istio easier to deploy, and it frees up node-level resources, since each pod doesn't need to allocate a proxy to handle its potential peak usage. This translates directly into cost savings of 90% or more. Keep in mind, this slide shows a small three-node deployment, so the dollar amount will be quite substantial at a larger scale. Here we see a traditional Kubernetes network with a CNI and a few pods running on two nodes. With a sidecar data plane, we would need to modify the pod specification and restart the pod for each workload that participates in the mesh. With Ambient Mesh, we replace the sidecar with a node-level component that handles the zero-trust MTLS encryption, L4 policies, and observability. Workloads that wish to participate in the mesh are left unmodified, and their traffic is simply redirected through this component. At the time of the Ambient announcement, we created a reference implementation in Rust called ZTunnel. This was done to make a fairly portable implementation that could be integrated with many existing CNIs. When L7 policies are used, the L4 components securely redirects traffic through a waypoint proxy, which is a full proxy that can handle the L7 requirements of Istio. Similar to the L4 component, the Ambient Reference Implementation provides an envoy-based waypoint proxy deployed in its own pod to handle L7 policy enforcement. The waypoint proxy is deployed in the customer's cluster and managed by Istio. While an improvement on traditional sidecars for many users, it still introduces another layer that must be managed and provisioned. While this is a great way to deploy Ambient, we've always had in mind that this ZTunnel functionality could be baked into new enhanced CNIs. This brings a number of benefits, fewer moving pieces, fewer redundant resources, and a cleaner integration, since there can be overlap between CNI and Istio functionality, such as service resolution. Some work has already begun to add this functionality to existing popular CNIs to allow them to integrate with Ambient Mesh. We imagine a future with a clearly defined Ambient L4 interface to allow multiple implementations to interoperate. We will similarly define a standard interface for securely connecting to waypoint proxies to allow alternative implementations. One could imagine alternative waypoint proxy implementations with custom functionality and scaling mechanisms that could even run as managed load balancers that run outside the customer's cluster. As you can see, there's been a lot of exciting discussion around Ambient Mesh and its components, ZTunnel and Waypoint proxy. These are really just a reference implementation. It's a good option to deploy Ambient Mesh for existing Kubernetes deployment, but it's still another layer users must manage. We envision a future with different interoperable implementations, and Ambient becomes a design pattern for service mesh, as opposed to simply a discrete set of components. These alternative components that we've been discussing and enhanced CNI with ZTunnel functionality and a managed waypoint proxy mere existing components in most cloud providers. By extending the capabilities of the CNI and making use of a managed load balancer, we can provide Istio Ambient Mesh without introducing a new layer for the user to manage. It becomes the responsibility of the cloud provider to maintain and scale the service mesh so users can focus on building their applications. Finally, we expect even greater resource savings because Ambient can leverage the provider's resources instead of them being deployed as part of the cluster. I hope this presentation has given you a glimpse at some of the exciting plans we have for Ambient Mesh going forward. Thank you and enjoy the conference.


Hi guys, so welcome back to MPS Goes To Life. So we're joined here by Karla, who is just teaching house yoga on the main stage. So Karla, how are you? Yeah, great. So she did a brilliant performance right here at the party stage at the beach. It was absolutely fabulous. So Karla, why do you think it's important to have something like yoga at a festival? Well, it's just really good. It's just really important to sort of be good to your body. Yes. It's the yoga that I do with the house music. It's in line with the beats and you breathe with the beats. So it's quite, you can kind of get high on your breath. Yeah, and you're just nice because people are getting high on all kinds of things, which aren't good for them. So it's really nice. It's really nice actually. And it's fun. It makes you feel really light and easy. And it's something with different actions. Yeah, it's something different. Because how many people in Ireland are doing this type of thing? I just made it up myself. Exactly! So it's absolutely brilliant. And what has been your favourite act of life so far? Oh, I've only been here... Well, I was here last night. Who did I see that was very good? Oh, I saw a bit of Republic. You know, I'm from Waterford and Republic were really good. Great, great, great. That was nice. Perfect. And are you performing any more yoga throughout the weekend? Well, it looks like it says that I'm on this stage here tomorrow at 11, but I'm not sure if that's true. But I am going to the vintage factory and tomorrow at 1. Perfect. And I might just try and sneak into the reggae or the place and see if I can take over a good house music. And we're going to try and get a bit more recordings of you tomorrow. It would be really nice. Because if we all, when we move with the beat and breathe with the beat, everybody's in rhythm. And you were saying it's like a flash mob? It's like an instant flash mob. Let's do a bit. Okay, okay. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. One, two, three, four, five...


Good afternoon everybody. My name is Hadley Gamble. I am CNBC's senior anchor and international correspondent It's fantastic to welcome you all here to the World Economic Forum and to welcome this gentleman his excellency Ukraine's foreign minister Dimitri Kulubov sir. Thank you so much for joining us at such a crucial time for your country It's my pleasure and thank you all for coming. I want to kick off by asking you to Respond directly from or to the comments made just a couple of days ago by Henry Kissinger He's essentially said that Ukraine must give up territory in order for Vladimir Putin to save face. I Respect Henry Kissinger, but I appreciate that he's not holding any official position in the US administration He has his own opinion, but we strongly disagree with it and this is not something that we're gonna do In fact, I believe that this whole line About Ukraine who has to make a concession to stop the war failed From it had failed in the in between the 2014 and 2022 Because the policy was always okay. We have to convince Ukraine to be constructive To engage Russia to make a concession to engage Russia and it never worked and in the end it all it brought us all to To the biggest war in Europe since Second World War If it failed once it will fail twice So we would I don't even thinking rationally about this approach I believe it's float and it's not been a work, but a crushing defeat on a proud people Does not necessarily ever end well and I take you back to the First World War and the response to that of course was an Economic and social unrest for ten years in Germany the rise of fascism and it off Hitler in the Second World War So there seems to be some merit to what he's saying. No Well, if I remember history correctly The German army never admitted that they lost the war. They said they were betrayed by At home by the unwillingness of the people and the government to keep to keep fighting So of course, they will always be difference in the assessment of the situation between civilian civilians and and military The truth is I don't know this war is not a copy paste of any of the previous wars and will never be every war is special But what I know for sure is that there is no it's black and white. There is nothing in between it's either them or us and Everyone in the world has to make a choice. Where do they stand in terms of a negotiation in terms of a piece the last Time that you and I saw each other was in Antalya in Turkey That was a conversation that you had with your counterpart Sergei Lavrov that went nowhere Where are we today with the possibility of a negotiated piece? nowhere It's You know Russia is conducting a large-scale offensive in Donbas and this is the real, you know You can recall any movie about World War two and You can easily imagine what kind of battle is taking place now in Donbas tanks artillery combat helicopters air attacks multiple launch rocket systems everything is involved when You are conducting an operation like this. You basically say no to negotiations if Russia had preferred talks to War they would have behaved differently. Yeah Walk us through What you believe you need to win this war? Where is it coming from and are you getting enough support? I'm talking about from the United States from Europe in terms of weapons and money when you at war you literally need everything everything and Of course the key issues now The situation in terms of supplies is weapons supplies is much better compared to where We were even a month ago and it's worth commanding the United States For taking the lead on mobilizing international support and helping us with the supply of artillery for example in other weapons and this Rammstein format set by set up by secretary of defense. It's working So big thanks to the Biden administration to Secretary Austin Secretary Blinken for making it all happen But there is never a moment in the war when you can say, okay, we did our best. This is it As long as the war continues, it means that more needs to be done So now we are facing a big issue with multiple with the lack Critical lack of multiple launch rocket systems Russia has plenty of them and they cover squares of our territory with fire killing and destroying Everything so we need these weapons as soon as possible. We are desperately waiting for them to arrive on the financial front our economy suffering more from the Russian Destruction and Russian attacks then Russian economy suffers from sanctions I'm not trying to say the sanctions are useless But as long as Russia makes money on selling oil and gas their pockets are pretty full so we also need macro financial assistance to help the country running to keep the country afloat and The third the third element is actually again sanctions as I mentioned Russia feels pretty comfortable with current oil and gas prices and We have to seriously reconsider the sanctions policy Do you believe you're making any progress on that in terms of your European counterparts hungry? Obviously being the major holdout when it comes to sanctioning Russian oil for now There is there are you know, there are two ways to approach sanctions. The first one is to say, okay we will focus on oil and seek ways how to Stop the purchase of Russian oil There is another way you can do a more in-depth analysis and come to a conclusion for example that the vast majority of Russian oil sold To the global market is carried by by maritime Means so by vessels so if you sanctions if you tell shipping industry that everyone carry in Russian oil Anyway in the world Will face problems that will mean a big a big issue for Do you believe they should sanction the shipping industry my see my message now my mess I was very constructive and engaging and Always trying to understand concerns of partners where it came to sanctions But now after three months of fighting my message is very simple kill Russian exports As accept some critical critical items that the West needs but we need a broad strategy aimed not at Blocking this or this but the goal the strategic purpose should be kill Russian experts Stop buying from Russia stop allowing them to make money Which they then invest in the war machine that destroys kills rapes and tortures people in Ukraine Let's talk about the money a bit because we are here at the World Economic Forum Just a few days ago president Zelensky essentially saying that we needed as much as five hundred billion dollars to rebuild Ukraine That was in some estimates a conservative estimate frankly But when you talk about that kind of money, you know a year ago when we would talk about Ukraine We'd talk about it as one of the most corrupt countries in the world a country run by oligarchs today though Everybody's a hero But folks here at the forum who understand money we think Have real concerns about that kind of cash going to Ukraine how it's going to be used how it will be deployed and whether or not It's going to just end up in the pockets of an oligarch. How do you respond to that? Maybe guys here at the forum go as wrong on corruption as On their estimate that Ukraine will not survive three days because the Ukrainian army is corrupt everything is corrupt and they will fail I think the best evidence of the fact that the issue of corruption in Ukraine is Exaggerated it's actually the fact that we are still fighting if we had an uncapable state run by oligarchs and Corrupt bottom up We would not have sustained the pressure we would not have been sitting here and talking I think we are in the moment when we all Can it allow ourselves to be honest with each other? And if people are saying wow, we underestimated you on your capacity to defend yourself Perhaps the same people have to reconsider their stance on the scale and the threat of corruption in Ukraine Back to be back on track that everyone likes when Ukraine is covering its head with ashes Recognizes all of its disadvantages and everyone else is sitting and appreciating this act of self humiliation I can say that of course we are open to building All necessary mechanisms that will ensure transparency and efficiency of the use of costs that will be allocated for the reconstruction of Ukraine What we want to avoid in particular is also that some of this money will be lost on the way to Ukraine because of the numerous intermediaries involved in the in the financial seat in the financial model and this is why You know for example take the European Union. They are providing us with macro financial assistance $1.2 billion to go straight to the budget Right Would they be doing it if they had no trust in us? No, this is big amount of money for us 1.2 billion true But you already have the Germans for example pushing back on the idea of taking on debt To rebuild Ukraine. I mean they're actually the Germans They're essentially saying we can't ask our taxpayers at a time when oil prices gas prices through the roof to take on Debt for rebuilding Ukraine So you've already have difficulties there in terms of how much money you think you're going to end up getting from I I totally agree with you and I don't think that American German or any other taxpayer in the world has to pay for what Russia is did There is a way. There is an alternative way to To recover Ukraine. It's to make Russia pay for it And we're talking about the seizure of asset absolutely seizure seizure and transfer And this is why the European Commission has recently come up with certain initiatives on how to create the legal framework for that Canada passed the piece of law that Allows not only the seizure of assets, but also the transfer of those assets to the per to the recovery or to the project associated with Recovery of Ukraine make Russia pay for it. I mean we why everyone is trying to be merciful in Russia Why why some countries are or some leaders or some politicians are concerned that we We should not go too far in putting pressure on Russia Putin betrayed even those who tried to help him by launching a large-scale fool Open aggression against a sovereign country the aggression that will go into textbooks as the most apparent Example of an aggression of one country against another make Russia pay for it. There's a counter narrative Which is that? President Biden of course is called President Putin a war criminal There are those in this room, and there are those attending this forum in countries in the Middle East India The broader world beyond the West who would say actually it's President Zelensky That's the criminal for continuing a war that is killing his own people and costing the world a heck of a lot of money Because now we're not just talking about inflation stagflation the possibility of recession We're also talking about an energy crisis as you know, that's been ongoing for a long time and famine How do you respond to that? One has to be a political pervert to put blame on Ukraine for continue fighting against the country that attacked it against The army that committed unspeakable atrocities in Ukraine and against The country that's basically challenged the entire rule-based Order what we are having now is the permanent member of the United of the United Nations Security Council Who possess? Who possesses the nuclear weapons? Attacked another founding member of the United Nations a sovereign country for no good reason and Is trying to destroy it denying the right of this country to exist Now today which we saw the statement by the Russian official from the Russian Deputy Foreign Minister who said for example, Russia will unblock Ukrainian ports To allow exports of Ukrainian agricultural products to the global market if sanctions are imposed against Russia are lifted So this is a clear blackmail You could not find a better example of a blackmail in international relations if anyone is buying it I think there is a problem with that person And we shouldn't waste too much of time trying to to change to to understand why that person is making that point I understand what you say But does the whole world have to pay for the fact that Ukraine refuses to give up territory to Vladimir Putin? by famine by higher energy costs I Think that We live in a world where everyone can make Its own choice on what to do and what not to do some believed in the beginning of this war Some countries believe that this will never affect us. This is just Russia And Ukraine this is their fear now this can't some of these countries are already feeling the pressure of the food crisis And they feel the repercussions of this war on them And this is only the beginning and if we allow president Putin to continue his military madness The crisis will go deeper and deeper because let me just explain one thing where we're heading to If Russia does not lift its blockade So if we do not export our crops currently stored In the territory of Ukraine we will soon harvest another crop We will bring it and put it next To the current storages which are filled full And while there will be food crisis unfolding in some parts of the world Ukrainian grain will be getting rotten under open skies Now if this problem is not resolved Ukrainian farmers will not plant another crop And we will end and the whole agricultural cycle in Ukraine will be interrupted and that will mean a multi-year food crisis Now if anyone tries to say that it's Ukraine to blame for fighting for each other It's the same thing as you see a criminal and a victim who is fighting for survival and you blame the victim for fighting too much There's just been a report in the press that Vladimir Putin has decided to lift the retirement age of the military essentially say that he can keep more people in the Military for longer in terms of what's happening back at home How would you Assess the strength of Russia's military capabilities today Because they're undoubtedly lethal they they extremely strong when it comes to ground heavy weapons Artillery military Multi-launch multiple launch rocket systems all kinds of radio jamming tanks But not because they are more advanced than other similar weapons in the world But because they have a certain quantity of them that they can throw on us one wave after another Their morale the morale of the Russian soldiers is very low. They don't understand what they're fighting for But if you take if you imagine like a trench with Ukrainian soldiers who hold the ground one attack after another But on the other side there are commanders who send more and more soldiers and tanks and artillery and helicopters into the battle You cannot win if you do not get sufficient amount of heavy weapons to oppose them one day or sooner or later They will break the line and this is this is this is the risk and do you see President Putin like Stalin before him Willing to use his own people as cat and fodder This is the difference between us and them we care for human life, and he doesn't this is I think it's one of the conceptual differences between Ukrainians and Ukrainians and Ukrainian and Russian systems That for him human life is nothing well be it Russian soldier or Ukrainian civilian Not to mention Ukrainian soldiers, of course, and that's why in Donbas now the he for example, we hold the position Our soldiers repel attack kill thousands of Russian soldiers There is another wave coming they kill them and instead of changing the tactics rush Instead of changing the tactics Russian commanders or there are more and more of their soldiers to go into the battle What about the loss Eventually of public support when Ukraine is not necessarily on front page news anymore It's not leading the news in the evenings or in the day times. It's not on Instagram It's not on Twitter You've been very very active on social media, and that's all no doubt helped your cause But when you think about what happens next look at Syria I understand that we all live in a big TV show and the situation to a large extent depends on what people see on on television and on their social media the difference between Such people who are it's hard to blame them and us is that they can afford Getting bored and we can't so even if the entire world Changes refocuses its attention to another catastrophe or another war or something We will have to continue fighting whatever it costs with whatever it The cost will be because this is the war for our existence as a nation for our identity And that's why you know there is no gray zone in this war.  Are you already experiencing that to a sense when you speak to European counterparts in the US? Not really not really I don't I don't see the fatigue But some decisions take too much time to make and we are talking about Brussels The and the price for every delayed decision be it Brussels Berlin Washington or any other capital is The loss of life and loss of territory So what seems to be just a decision-making process for some is real blood tears and sufferings for us It's it's I must tell you that we saw since since 24th of February. We saw some Revolutionary decisions made in Washington And I remember calling secretary blinking one day and he said Mitra Half of my day is signing is about signing different papers related to supplying weapons to you And I will always remember what he did and what he keeps doing. I really appreciate that But some some countries were Dragging their feet on the issue of supplying us with All the necessary weapons that we see we're talking about Germany We simply lost time and and and some small pieces of our territory Allow me to be a diplomat to remain a diplomat at least here, but But I can make you I can tell you honestly that Often quite often we heard that you know Countries are reluctant to give us certain weapons because anyway it will take too long for Ukrainian soldiers to train how to use them and therefore There's this is not something urgent and At certain point I said to a foreign minister Of one of one country and I keep saying it every time I hear this argument that guys It takes Much less time for Ukrainian soldier to get trained on your weapons than for you to make a decision to hand over that weapon to us So but again, I don't want to complain the situation now is much better compared to one month ago. Yeah President Macron Continues to have a dialogue with President Putin. Do you believe that's counterproductive? I believe it doesn't mean somebody be negotiating for Ukraine without no one is negotiating for Ukraine without Ukraine but I think that some you know the very the European political culture is based on the principle of dialogue and President Macron called president Putin many times Before the war and we are still where we are so he keeps calling him and talking with him Fine, we we do not see that he's compromising us in his conversation with Putin if he believes this is this helps He can continue doing it with his he runs a sovereign nation and he believes he does what he believes is the best But we don't see a lot of sense in it What about NATO today? We're talking now about Finland and about Sweden becoming a part of NATO and President Putin again and again warned that if they were to take that decision There would be problems. There would be repercussions now turkeys a holdout at this point But I'm told that that's only a matter of time before they Decide that Finland and Sweden can be a part of NATO What's your take on that because when we first met at the end of last year We talked about Ukraine's ambitions for NATO and for Europe and you said if we were a part of NATO right now We wouldn't even be having this conversation Thank you for Memorizing my words. That's really nice of you and yes, I can say it again. I believe that Sweden and Finland understand now understand Ukraine Much better even better than they did because they feel now they know now How it feels when you are trying to get into to join the club and a member of that club is like saying I have questions I have issues about that but seriously I don't think Putin has any serious leverage to prevent Finland or Sweden from becoming members of NATO and that once again proves that the whole Discourse about Ukraine not being ready to get Ukraine on board or NATO not being ready is not based on On specific merits, it's based on the political understanding of who belongs with us And who doesn't? The NATO is about to absorb a country that has like what around about one Many hundreds kilometers of joint border with Russia Right next to Saint Petersburg and no one is taking care of all the arguments that Putin is making about the speed of the missile And the vicinity of the NATO military base to the capital to the capsule of Russia When it comes to Ukraine the moment you raise the issue you immediately hear hundreds of arguments why this is impossible Yes, people were saying our army is not ready. Look at our army. It's the strongest. It's now the strongest army in Europe. I Mean among the among the European nations. We do not compete with the Americans For obvious reasons NATO standards We are fighting a war against someone who is much bigger than us and Knock on the wood. We are more successful than anyone expected So all these technical discussions about standards criteria, you know once there is a political decision that these guys belong to us We are part of the same Everything else follows As long as there is no such political decision you are hearing hundreds of arguments why this is impossible We understand how this business works But I believe that many in NATO lost moral and professional ground to make any comments with regard to Ukraine Do you believe that you will ever be part of NATO? Now I'm focused on something completely different, you know, we are not focused on winning the war and You know, my people criticize me for saying that NATO did nothing since the beginning of the war and My experts my NATO experts. They say I have to be more constructive, but I am constructive My point is very simple. We see allies Helping Ukraine out. We see this group of allies NATO allies helping us But in the beginning of the war the people of Ukraine it was a public sentiment They believed that NATO is the strong force and EU is only capable of expressing different various levels of concern and that's it But the war is always a test that rips masks off and We all saw real faces. What we saw are some revolutionary ground-breaking decisions taken by the European Union Which even they themselves did not expect to make and We see NATO as an alliance as an institution Sidelined and doing literally Nothing, I'm sorry to say it. I do not complain on allies. Do you see them as irrelevant? No, I think it's I think it's actually the decision of the allies themselves No, I mean not to do it not not to allow NATO as an institution to act under these circumstances Because for their for their concerns which they have like NATO Russia at war all this stuff But again when it comes to accommodating Finland and Sweden No one is making the point that this increases the risk of NATO and Russia coming at war with each other So there is a little element of hypocrisy in this. I understand it. This is life We as a country, you know, we spend 30 years fighting prejudices and stereotypes In attitudes towards Ukraine so I can live with it. Don't get me wrong I think NATO is important the European integration of Ukraine to NATO is part of our constitution Jens Stoltenberg as Secretary-General is a man who really does his best But we see that these circumstances are not the good ones for for NATO to show its best and Therefore we can speak openly about the status quo I want to ask you about oil and the OPEC plus group. Do you believe that they have made the right decision to Continue to include Russia as part of that alliance In the first two months of the war I became an expert in weapons And I spent the last months of the war becoming an expert in oil and global oil market So you can rival me excellent. No, no Still far ahead of me, but at least I know that if I get fired I will find myself a job Either selling weapons or or doing well helping with oil business I Think it's complicated. I think the oil thing is more complicated than people than people think and The issue now in my view is not in the amount of oil available on the market But in the logistical capacity of the global market to to restructure itself to the new reality we are facing and I still have I'm still Trying to understand this market in all details, which will help me to come to a Judgment on the position of one country or OPEC plus as as an organization So your message to them My message to them is very simple if you're making first if you're making extra profits because of the High prices This is the only reason for that is because Ukraine is suffering Because it's the war the Russian aggression that brought this change the to be honest We were in an energy crisis long before the war second second whatever Your second work with Europe to help them overcome Current difficulties with oil and then gas Because I think you're one of the lessons that Europe learned Since 24th of February is that Russia uses oil and gas as a weapon for many decades Russia's strategy was to convince everyone in Europe that they are reliable suppliers This is not the case anymore And I think that the Europeans realize that that they cannot trust Russia and they want to diversify So it's really important to help for other countries who belong to OPEC except Russia, of course To help Europe restructure its energy balance and solve at least some of the issues that are solvable That's what I would want them to focus This the situation now is ridiculous because what is happening is the following Europe is allocating huge amount of money To help Ukraine on a parallel track They pay even more to Russia for gas and oil Russia is investing this money into its war machine this war machine This inflicts more damage on Ukraine and The Europeans are allocating even more money to mitigate the consequences of this war So it's a vicious circle that has to be broken Is there a point when you believe that Ukraine will start exporting its own energy? And I'm talking about electricity because I understand that that's tied up in the parliament at this point Yes, there's no this is one of the good things happening. There are very few Good things happening in Ukrainian economy. I have to be frank with you but one of the good things is that European Union accepted us as part of the joint Electricity grid and so we and we are heading I think we are kind of one months away from actually becoming a participant on the market and Next now to in two weeks, we will be for example in two weeks We will I will be seeing foreign ministers of some European countries with whom we will be discussing the Export of Ukrainian electricity to the EU market because we make EU electricity grid more sustainable and This is something that really makes it's a win-win situation for both Ukraine and the European Union and then when it comes to exports I don't think we will ever become exporters of gas Not to mention oil because we produce gas but not oil in sufficient quantities But I think we should seriously look into renewables, especially in green hydrogen the European Union sees us as the Production facility for green hydrogen and this is something that we will definitely be able to export to once all necessary Infrastructure is put in place your excellent seat before I let you go At the conclusion of most of our interviews and I think we've spoken about four times prior to the invasion and since then I often will ask you do you believe that this is a war that you can win and you've consistently told me not only will We win but we must win What's your assessment today of how long president Putin can keep this up because wars are expensive His military not doing that. Well, although as you say he continues to just throw people into into the can is mouth But there are economic and social and frankly even bigger than that world consequences to what he's doing This war is the war of sustainability Putin believes that we will collapse before he does. I mean we as a country So we cannot allow thinking about timelines. No, this is definitely Again, not the case because as I said, this is the war for our existence and for our identity It's not just an economic conflict or a piece of land or a source of revenue This is a war for identity. This is the war between Russia as a state and the people of Ukraine and I think it's impossible to win a war against the people No end in sight You know one of my favorite sayings is that if you see the light in the end of the tunnel Make sure it's not the light from an incoming train So there is always something in the site, but I'm not sure whether it's the end or the incoming train Your excellency. Thank you so much for giving us your time. Thank you