So my beautiful people, I am back with another Elden Ring video and today I'm going to showcase you guys a crazy exploit which allows you to basically heal your health, free of charge any time you want, super super quickly without using any flasks whatsoever. How's it going guys? My name's DPjen, if you do enjoy the video, leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more, be sure to subscribe. Okay, so to do this exploit you need to get two masks, simple as that. You need this one, the Carolus Glintstone and you also need the Liveness Glintstone. I'll showcase you how you get these in a quick second, they're both basically from the same area. A boss is needed to be defeated but it ain't too bad, but yeah. So once you have these guys and you can see my health is relatively low, all you have to do guys is literally switch between them. Now you can see my health on the right hand side, the HP, let's have a look at this. Now I ain't going to do this very fast but I know you guys can do it much quicker but that was done. Simple as that, now you could do that much, I mean you could do that super fast like that even faster. Simple as that guys, your health is back, your health is done. How mad is that? How mad is that? Now that is world. Now I do want to say, this was sent to me by my pal on Discord but it's actually, I think the original uploader is a guy called FeweForge who I'll link in the video description if you do want to check him out and show him some love. But yes, a crazy exploit guys, it's going to come in so handy at times of need. So these two helmets, I swear to you get them. So if you come up to the Reia Lucario Academy this year, they're basically located here, there's one that you need to come to this crate to grab and the other one is from this one. It's located to you guys from the very start, how you get there just in case you haven't come here yet. To get into here guys, if there's a seal on the door for you, you need to come to exactly this spot on the map and there will be a sleeping dragon here, a sneak behind him and a key to unlock the seal will be behind, back there, you'll see, you'll see, just grab it and run. You can come back guys and remove the seal. From there guys, just follow the path I take on the screen now, like I said there will be a boss, I think he's got the, it's a red fox, I can't remember the exact name, but I think he's located around this area here, but once you kill him you can progress and get the second mask, it's as simple as that. So yes guys, we'll see on the screen now how you get these two masks and then you can use this exploit when you want. Enjoy. Guys, if you enjoyed the video, leave it a like, it helps out, if you like what you see and want to see more out there rings, be sure to subscribe and hopefully my beautiful people, I will see you on that next one.


This is State Tech Hawaii, Community Matters here. And aloha, how you doing? Gordo the Texar here. Welcome to another exciting and thrilling episode of Hibachi Talk. Grab yourself a libation, pull up a chair, sit down and join us, and we're going to have a ton of fun. And remember when Hibachi Talks, the world listens. Anyway, so I love saying that. It's so awesome. I think it's really important. Anyway, we have a great guest today, and we have a great subject matter today. Anyone thinks about developing apps? This is the man we need to talk to. We have an exologist extraordinaire, a visionary. But we also have my other favorite co-host, Rick's the Fundmeister. How are you doing there, bud? I'm doing well, Gordo. How are you? I'm good, eh? You just got back from Canada. I did. And what do you think of Canadians? Pardon? What do you think of Canadians? Be careful. You know what? The weather was just a wee bit cold. I didn't ask you about the weather. But we had a fabulous time. They are kind of nice people, aren't they? They are kind of nice. I know, thank goodness for that. So I'm glad you had a nice trip and stimulated their economy. They needed to do that. Anyway, I have Mark Sullivan.  I like that. Because you've written cocktail books. You've created an incredible mobile app, which we're gonna talk about in great detail.  Tell us, like, so where did you grow up? Burlington, Vermont. The Great White Coats. Oh, did they make carpets? Burlington. Call it this way, the Coats. Oh, Coats. Oh, the Frog Burlington. Okay, so Burlington, Vermont. Yeah, yeah. Raised there, high school, college, went to college there. Learned a 10 bar there in the 80s, late 80s, was some of the new while I was going to school. Worked at a large seafood house there for a while. Got a little college bar and then came out here. So you've been in the mixology business for quite some time? That's true. You look pretty healthy for someone who's been in the mixology business for quite some time. Thank you. So how long have you been in the industry? I mean, it's just a while. Well, yeah, from 86 to now, it's what? 80 and all. 30 years? 30 years. 30 years in the business. So you've seen a lot of changes. Yes, I have. So and, but why? Why would you get into this form of occupation as opposed to Mr. Maurer who just likes to count money? What's important is sort of the drinkology. That's true. There's the mixology and the drinkology. It's fun to do, meet lots of outstanding, interesting people. Nice word outstanding, I like that. And I don't know, I've worked in all sorts of situations, find dining and beach and pool and...  That's right, that's right.  You're now up at the Pacific Club. You've been up there for downtown Honolulu for over a year. You're one of my favorite beverage aficionados. Oh, thank you. Over there, I come up with all these great words. So anyway, so you got into this business for a long time, but I would tell you a little bit about it because you've written also written a couple of books. And so I saw one of them online was sell for $600. A steal. I know, it included shipping. And I'm not making this up, I saw, we were looking one day and I went, look, Mark, here's your book. Someone's selling it for $639, shipping included. It must be really a good book. It is a good book, I don't know if it's that good. Yeah, it's a couple of books, just the original cocktail recipes, they were fun to do. But we're in the 21st century now, so I thought we would go mobile. So then you went mobile. So you decided you're gonna create, and then when you're looking around the table here, you say, we have a few of Mark's recipes.  So these are some of Mark's Jell-O-Shots from his mobile app Jell-O-Shot Pro. That's right. And we're gonna talk about if someone wants to develop a mobile app, what it takes to do that. Because you think about, you're not a young geeky guy. No. No offense. Kind of tech-savvy, but not that much. You're not the kind of vision I would have of someone who wants to create a mobile app. Right. And just not like him either. I'm with him, but I don't have a mobile app. He's not even a mobile app. In your case, we developed an in-mobile app. I only bring you on the show to abuse you, son. An in-mobile app, you know, that brings a whole different context. Yes, that's more of not intake, but sort of. Okay, so the other end of that. The other end of that's true. So what possessed you to say, okay, I'm gonna make a mobile app Jell-O-Shot Pro? Well, I've been making these things for parties and barbecues and stuff like that for over 20 years now, just coming up with my own original recipes. And over the past few years, every time I made them for a party or for whatever reason like an event, somebody would say to me, you know, there should be an app for me to do this. So now, if I recall, you make Jell-O-Shots for the Pro Bowl or something, when you go to the Pro Bowl or something? That's how we got started with it. Okay. Back in, I think it was 1996, we had 10 tickets to the ball game. Okay. My sister was visiting from the mainland and I wanted to do something a little kind of different, you know, for the tailgate. For the tailgate. So I thought we'll make some Jell-O-Shots. I didn't do anything fancy, but I made five batches of 15, so I made 75 of them for this. 75 Jell-O-Shots. 10 person. For 10 persons. Tailgate party and you were gone like that. Whoa. I can understand why. They're just gone. I did not make enough. It was not enough. So then that starts to stimulate. So how did you make the next year? Next time around, I thought, well, that wasn't enough. Let's double it. Let's make 150. Same amount of people there. 10, 15 people or so, you know, just having fun before the ball game. Gone like that. Go. Go. The kids slept well. Thankfully, I didn't have children back then, but. Yeah, yeah. Wow. So that wasn't enough. So the next time around, we had a few more tickets to the ball game. I think we had 20 that year. Yeah. So my friends are like, you know what you have to do? Not. You had to, so you had 150.  You doubled it. 300. 300. Were you selling them in the stands or what? I didn't have to. Didn't have to. You know why? They were gone before game time. Oh, wow. So you listed to come up with some pretty good recipes then that they were pretty popular. But how long would it, don't tell me you made more than 300. What's the most you've ever made? Oh, well, a year after that, I doubled it again and that was 600. And then after that, I sort of dared to do 1200, but I didn't really. Yeah, no kidding. How much, who has that much refrigerator space? Nobody. All this food's going back, keeping your jello shots chilled down. That's right, that's right. We've come up with so many, making so many of them, I thought, well, we'll make some funky recipes. So I started adapting cocktails for jello, like making Mai Tai jello shots or pina colada kind of stuff for kamikaze, margaritas, strawberry margaritas, the whole bit. So, and jello shots have been around for how long? Do you remember jello sets growing up? Yeah, well, yes I do. Okay. As near as I can remember. Yeah, I mean, I'm... Sort of in the college days, I... I never went to college, so I never got to experience your experience. Because you went to Berkeley? I did go to Berkeley. Oh, did you? Did you actually know how to make things in Berkeley like jello shots? I mean, that's meant spending in a kitchen. Yeah. We were, we were... All the Berkeley fans... We were nodding. I'm gonna be getting text messages like crazy now. So... I don't exactly remember where it was. I know it wasn't in a kitchen per se, but yes. When you were making them or drinking them or eating them or whatever it was you do with a jello set. Yeah, I couldn't eat it. Neither of them, neither of those locations were generally in a kitchen. That's right, okay. So, you use 600 jello shots. Okay, how many refrigerators did you have to put 600 jello shots in? Two. Filled them. I started it a couple of weeks in advance. It was a dare. It was a challenge that I had to meet. No wonder third world countries hate us. That's going on. So 600 jello shots, you go to the Pro Bowl. Thank you for supporting the Pro Bowl, which we don't have here anymore. Yeah, that's well. Well, I'll see you at the UH Games. So you got into the jello shots and then you've been doing this business for a long time. So now you decide what, I'm gonna make an app? Well, we were talking about whenever I would make them, somebody would say to me, there really should be an app for this. This would be perfect for an app. And at first, I just kind of blew it off one because I wasn't sure if it would be really functional that way. Right, too, I thought there had to be at least a dozen of them out there already anyway. So why would I want to be part of the pack? Right, and I checked on Apple and I checked on Google and I found two of which one is yours? One's mine. And so amazing. I did the same thing about a year and a half ago. I said, well, let's look into it. Let's see if there really are any out there and see if they're any good or if they do the kind of stuff that I do and there weren't. So I've got a picture that shows some of your, from your app and we'll talk about going through that development process in the second half of the show. But you know, everything you need to know about making Jell-O-Shots like a pro, but also in this show, we're gonna talk about how to make the app and how it get it put up on the way. But this is right from Mark's app, which is so cool. And the graphics are great. And Hawaiian logo on there. I like the logo. I like the color. It's very inviting. We were going for a kind of a retro Tiki kind of feel with like the beach sand and all that. It's really, really nice. So how many recipes? 75. 75 recipes. 75 recipes. Yup. Who's in charge of quality control? And why are you looking at me like that? You guys during the break. During the break, I'm in charge of quality control. And if you do quality control, I'll monitor him. Absolutely. So 75 recipes. That's what I've been making for years and they've all been crowd pleasers. I have over 100 recipes, but I came down to, thought this was a nice round number and all of the recipes in the app are all that I've made dozens and dozens of times. Everybody loves them. And you've got in the app too, and is there some secrets about making these correctly? And so, sure. We did a little section for like a how-to make them yourself. Things you'll need, sort of like kitchen equipment that you need. Your DIY do it yourself, I think. And then we had a little section on tips and tricks on how to make them come out right every single time. Yeah, I know. One of the things I think is you don't, what's that, don't use sugar-free?  Okay. And if you use sugar-free jello, it comes out even less firm than that. So it ends up being all gooey and kind of like that. It's a gooey shot. So don't use sugar-free. It's raw. Okay. Sorry, you're talking about that. So, I wouldn't say that. That just wouldn't work. So it comes out a little bit so less. So you got, so there's tips and techniques in this. So it's not just the recipes, there's tips and techniques. Do I get, so, well, I have an idea for a jello shot pro 2.0. We get to rate them. Ooh. Or I get to go through all of them. And drive. You can do it. I'll call my internalist and say, my liver's about to be shot. So we'll go. We can rate the different flavors on jello. Yeah. See, there you go. Yeah, you can use my liver as a gauge. There you go. What's going on? You still have one. Well, it's out for debate right now. The liver is out for debate. So, so all of these 75 you have experienced in your lifetime. Oh yeah. Every single one. And you look so young. It's amazing. Thank you. Well, not every day. No, not, okay. Oh, okay. That's a clarification there. Not every day. So, so they got 75. So what's the most popular one that you would, that you see right now? Oh, by far, that one right there. The acid one? Surfer on acid? By far. By far? Okay. I have not tried the surfer on acid. We should hurry up for the break. We can arrange that over the break. One'll be missing shortly after the comeback is one guy. So, that one by far. By far. Has Jagermeister and Shambord and coconut rum in it. Oh, sounds, it sounds. By far the best one of the bunch. Okay, so anyway, we're coming up on halfway through. So like I said, we talk about this and then we're gonna talk about how you got this app published and how you got it up on all the different sites which is in and of itself a challenge. I go through a lot of these Jell-O-Shop pros just to get the damn thing there. Anyway, so we'll be back in a minute. In case you haven't realized, we're talking about a mobile app development. Jell-O-Shop. Jell-O-Shop with Mark Sullivan and Rick's the fundraiser. He's so cheap he won't even buy the Jell-O-Shop. I have to buy them for him. Anyway, we'll be back in a minute when Angus has a gadget. I can hardly wait. This is Think Tech Hawaii, raising public awareness. Good afternoon. My name is Howard Wigg. I have the exquisite pleasure of hosting a Think Tech Hawaii program titled Cold Green. I have some of Hawaii's and the mainland's most fascinating energy efficiency experts as my guest. And each one of them brings us a bit closer to realizing Hawaii's goal of 100% clean energy by the year 2045. For the first time, Think Tech Hawaii is participating in an online web-based fundraising campaign to raise $40,000. Give thanks to Think Tech. We'll run only during the month of November and you can help. Please donate what you can so that Think Tech Hawaii can continue to raise public awareness and promote civic engagement through free programming like mine. I have already made my donation and look forward to yours. Please send your tax deductible contribution by going to this website, www.thanksforthinktech.causebox.com. On behalf of the community enriched by Think Tech Hawaii's 30-plus weekly shows, thank you for your generosity. This is Think Tech Hawaii raising public awareness. And welcome back to Hibachi Talk. And we've got Angus coming back here to give us a gadget. Angus, Angus, buddy. How you doing? Over here, buddy. Look to the camera. There you go. Oh, hey, Alex. How you doing today? Wow, we're doing real well. Hey, mister, hey, sir. How's it going, sir? Awesome. Oh, I see you have Ed Sullivan here. Is that your uncle? That's one of them. That's awesome. You know, I really love your jello shots. Oh, thank you. Oh, so good. Anyway, I gotta figure out a way to make it faster. So I got a gadget for you. Very thematic. Make the show thematic. It's called a jellynator. Oh, what's that? Yeah, well, I got a picture of it. And it's actually a real gadget. You can make your jello shots faster. Faster. Faster. Wow. So get ready. You know that 1,200? You're going to make 1,200 of them. And you got that gadget right here. So my gadget on the link is the jellynator. Or the jellynator or the jelly terminator. You know, I had one of those jelly thingies early, and I couldn't talk anymore. I'm losing my sight. Not really good. Anyway, Mark, thank you for introducing me to Jello Shot Pro. I can hardly wait to 2.0.  Aloha, go jello. Well, thanks, Angus. That's really good. We're glad that you're here with us today. And we're going to be looking for the jellynator. I think that that might be a way to consume them. I think we ought to get one for the show, a jellynator. Just have it hanging around every day. Yeah, well, let's put it on a drone and throw it over it. Perfect. OK, so the first part of the show, we talked about your background.  We talked about the recipes and everything is happening. So now you've got this mobile app. OK, so when you don't have the mobile app, you've got to develop it. So what do you do? How do you develop a mobile app? Well, first off, I decided to get all the content I wanted to put on there ready. So we went through all the recipes and cleaned up the wording and all that. And wrote the little bits about how to and the tips and tricks and all that stuff. And then I set about shooting photos for each one. So I thought each recipe should have a photo to show what you're going to turn out with. And that took some time making shots of all different colors and putting them in shot glasses and plastic cups and things like that. Where was quality control? Did you have to call me again? I know. I don't think we had met. I know we had not. I was a while ago. And I shot the photos in my kitchen with my sons who were 8 and 10 at the time, helping me stage the photos with flowers and little hool dolls and all that stuff. They must have had. There's a dad child bond. They had a ball. And they're quite proud of their work. And so am I. They did a really awesome job. That's very cool. And so we got all the content together. And then I thought, well, how am I going to build it? Yeah. How are you going to build it? Can I do it myself? You're not a pro there or something. I have kind of rudimentary skills and HTML and stuff, but just not really enough to do that. So I looked around it. There are lots of places online where you can get some DIY software. There are lots of people online that you can hire to do it. And I looked into the DIY stuff. And it was just way past my knowledge, experience, and my pay grade, really, to get to that. Well, you get a lot of tips. That's what I do, but still. But still. That's not in the grade. So there are a couple of services that I tried, but I just could not get the app I was trying to build to do what I wanted it to do. So you were using an outside third-party developer. Did you go offshore like to India or did you try any of those kinds of things? There's a ton of those, too. But I wanted to keep it local because I wanted to deal with somebody who I could talk to in person to discuss design ideas and all that stuff. So you found someone locally here that could do this? I did. Oh, good. We need to have that person on the show, or person, so whoever they are. So tell me. Wahine Net Designs. Wahine Net Designs. She did an awesome job. And we just, we sent me an estimate and we agreed on that and went and sat down and talked about design ideas to kind of feel what we wanted. I said, you know, I wanted to have kind of a tropical sort of a retro-tiki kind of feel. And I wanted the elements to be that way. And sent her all the photos and put her to work. Wow. So how long did it take? I'm not going to ask you how much it costs. But because she may, if she gets any business from this. I hope she does. She can ship me some really good stuff for us. So how long did it take to develop this app? To get it from that point to when it would be ready to upload, it took six weeks, a couple of months. So a couple of months for her to develop that. Sounds pretty fast. Both platforms, Android and the iOS for apps. So that was my question. So you decided to go on both platforms, so the Android and the Apple platforms. So you got it developed, took about, let's say, two months, six weeks to two months. And you were ready to launch. That's right. OK, now, and how easy was that? So I think for someone who wants to develop the app, and I've been joking and having a lot of fun on this thing. But if you're going to develop that, there's a lot of, I would say, I liked what you did at the beginning, is you got all the content done first. Yeah. You knew what you were going to do. And now with the content, now you're going to say, OK, now I got the app. She develops the app for you. And now you've got to go to Apple or Google or whatever. Apple and to Google and to Amazon. And anyone can upload an app there and sell it quite easily. Amazon was free to create a developer account. Google Play was a one-time fee. And Apple iTunes is a little bit more, and it's an annual fee. Annual fee, so they've got the portal so you can move your app up. That's right. But they're not going to let you just take that app, move it up, and then they just put it out there without some kind of quality control or whatever. Did they get to taste all the recipes? I wanted to send them some samples. I can see they Google the app going. Well, I don't know about this app. I'm on number 37. And it's only Tuesday.  You can upload the photos that go with it, put out a bullet point app description. You can tag the page with keyword tags, that kind of a thing. So you've essentially got to build your own portal for them to then begin to agree to accept a look at your app as it's coming up there. So you have to send up all the photos that you've pre-done.  Screenshots, all that. All the screenshots and all that stuff. And in addition, you have to have the app. And you upload the app with it as well. The app, our app is a very small file. It's only like 8 megabytes because all the photos with the recipes are all hosted online. So it's not, they don't go in as part of the app. So it doesn't take up a lot of storage space. Ah, so that's a good concept and a good thought on this, that I don't have to have everything in the app. Because it could be a gig. That's too big of an app. Yeah, it would have been. With all those photos, 75 photos? With the photos, it would have been a really big app. It would have been like 80 or 90 megabytes. And that's a big app. That's a big app. So then you got it up there. So how did you do that? So did you send them all at the same day? Or did you do the each one? I started building the Google page and the iTunes page on kind of the same day, sort of in the same time frame. OK. And you did the same thing for both. Same thing for both. OK, so we got to move fast if we're down to two minutes. I hate this and haven't. So you set it up. And there's an approval process. Takes how long? Takes well. For Google, it was really fast. It was less than a day. For Apple, it was five or six days. They accepted it first time? No, they both rejected it the first time. The photos weren't exactly what they wanted. I had to change that. Google was really quick with the next approval, but Apple took a couple of days. Apple took a little while. They're a little more picky. Yeah, demanding. Justidious? Kind of. OK, I'll let it work today. They should have had a quality control. That's right. So I like the sequence though. You did all the content first. You then got the app developed. You set up your pages on Google and Apple. You then sent the app up for them to authenticate. Then you had to go through the vetting process, which took, you said Google was like a day or two? Google was like, got rejected in two hours. I re-submitted it after making a change. They accepted it two hours later. And then six hours later, it was up. Well, that's not true. Amazon was the same way. They didn't reject me because I knew what I had to fix. OK. And Amazon was like 12 hours. Apple was the last guy I took. They took a while. They rejected me after two days. I resubmitted it, rejected me again after two days, and then had me change some other stuff. So it's not bad though. You go through all this process and so on. So the total duration to do the, from the photos to get it up online? Six months? Oh, the whole thing was really closer to a year, finding a designer and all that stuff. So that's the thing to know. Anyway, so for those watching this show, you've learned about Google Shots and recipes. You've learned about the app. I got another shot. So when you download the app, you can get a hold of Mark here. Email right to me. Email it right to Mark, Jell-O-Shop Pro, to get in touch with you. Like us on Facebook, Jell-O-Shop Pro on Facebook. Facebook. Follow us on Instagram. And Instagram. And where else? That's it. That's it for now. Instagram and Facebook. Follow them on that. So at the end of every show, we give our guests a autograph solo cup. And so this is for your number 139 in the series. Awesome. You can put that up on the shelf with who knows what. Can't wait. I can't wait either. So anyway, we have a tagline we say at the end of your show to make sure everybody pays attention. At least our two followers in Canada. There's two. And now your sister. And now your sister. That's right. Anyway, Gordo the Texar, Rick's the Fun Monster. You're awful quiet today. I'm sorry. You guys were just going at it. There was nothing to say. You're stacking up Jell-O-Shops too, I might ask. Yeah, that's why I'm quiet. Yeah, you're hogging them. You're hogging them. Anyway, like we say at the end of every show, one, two, three, how are you doing? I'm doing better now.


Hey everybody, it's Tim McFarney here with a new Dodge. What do I have here? This is my last 2019 2500 Cummins motor. It's a long box eight foot box. It's a beautiful Laramie truck. The insides is gorgeous on these. Got your power folding mirrors, power pedals, heated seats, cool seats, 8.4 screen, spring and bed liner, side steps, mudflaps, wheel locks. That would be over $96,000. Guess what? With everything in, except for GST, you could buy this truck for $80,000. So just GST only. So where are you going to go? Mountain View Dodge. Who you going to see? Me, Steve McFarney. Have a great day.


I'm Lisa Martin with theCUBE on the ground at Google for the sixth annual top women in cloud awards event with cloud now. Very excited to be joined by my next guest, Ajit George, the managing director of the Shanti Bhavan Children's Project. Welcome to theCUBE. Hi Lisa, it's great to be here. So I was so excited to have a chat with you. The Shanti Bhavan Children's Project is incredible. Tell us about it 20 years now. Tell us about what that is, how your family is involved, and what it's helping to do for these young children in Bangalore, India. Sure, Shanti Bhavan was founded by my father, Dr. Abraham George 20 years ago, and its goal is to educate children, but also to eliminate poverty and change entire systems of communities and governments. The way we achieve this goal is by taking children from the poorest communities in India, giving them a high quality boarding school education from the age of four until they graduate from 12th grade. And we cover everything during that period. So their healthcare, their clothing, their boarding, food, all of that is taken care of, as well as training in soft skills. So debate into personal, in interviewing skills, leadership skills, and the whole nine yards, while we educate them in the highest curriculum, the toughest standards in India.  So that is 17 years of high quality intervention per child. From the very first day they start school, for the very first day of work. That's incredible. And you have a very high college graduation rate, isn't that correct? Yeah, that is correct. If they pass out of high school, the high school graduation rate is about 97%. University graduation rate is 98%. Wow, 98%. It's been pretty exciting. And they go on from college to multinational companies like Mercedes-Benz or Amazon or Goldman Sachs. So our kids who come from urban slums or rural villages with huts with no running water or electricity are making more in the first five years than their parents will make in a lifetime. So it's a quantum leap. It is a genuine breaking the cycle of poverty and the ability to become both either the primary or the sole breadwinner for their entire family. So four or five other people are dependent on them. They're at the age of 21. And that's incredible. I was watching there is a Daughters of Destiny Netflix original docuseries. I saw the trailer of it today, incredibly profound. One of the things that, a couple of things that really stuck out to me was this is taking children from poverty to possibility. And also one of the young girls that was in the trailer had said, I've got a lot to lose. It's now or never for me. These children seem to really understand the gravity of their situation and genuinely recognize the opportunity that they've been given. Yeah, sure. Every single Shanti Bhavan child understand that it's almost like they've won the lottery. They've had an opportunity that no one in their families have ever had, but no one from their communities have had either. They're the first person in their family for generations to get any kind of education. And so that's a powerful opportunity, but it's also an important obligation or duty to give back to the family and to make an impact for the community because they are given this golden ticket and they want to do something important with it. If they don't succeed, nobody gives them a second chance. From kids from that kind of community and from that kind of circumstance, don't really have a second chance if they aren't able to make the most of it. So when you hear those stories, they're talking about, hey, I really need to seize this moment. I need to seize this opportunity. Maybe my mother is back at home and she needs my help. Me and me and my father's bedridden. A lot of these kids have generational debt. So they owe money to like a money lender, which is an illegal lender. And that's a couple of generations back. Maybe their grandparents have taken out that stat. So they've all these debts piled up on them and they've healthcare bills piled up on them and they've got housing and all of these other problems. Then they have to educate their younger brothers and sisters and pay for dowries for their family members. It's the enormous responsibilities on one child is huge, but they're able to step up because they've given this powerful education this great opportunity. So there's a lot of pressure, but there's also this great knowledge that they have a horizon out there that no one in their family has ever had before. That's incredible. And so in the last couple of minutes here, Cloud Now, where we are at the awards event tonight, they've teamed up with Intel, Absara and CB Technologies to launch the Daughters of Destiny STEM Scholarship. So exciting. What's that going to mean for current students at Shanti Balvin or the future students? Right. I think I'm really, really thankful first of all to CB Technologies, Intel and Absara, as well as the Cloud Now. The scholarship is the first of its kind within our program. And it allows these three young ladies who are the first recipients of the scholarship. And hopefully there'll be many more recipients, but these young ladies to get a high quality college education in the STEM fields, which is their passion. So it opens doors for them for their education, potentially for internships and maybe job opportunities after college. So I think this is a gateway to something bright and beautiful. Oh, I love that. And how you described it for these children as a quantum leap is as profound as what's been shown in the Netflix series. So Audget, thank you so much for joining. I wish we had more time. It's such an incredible project that you're working on, but we thank you for stopping by theCUBE and sharing it with us. Thank you so much, Lisa. It's great to be here. We want to thank you for watching theCUBE. I'm Lisa Martin on the ground at Google for the Cloud Now Top Women in Technology Awards. Bye for now.


TheCube at Hadoop Summit 2014 is brought to you by anchor sponsor Hortonworks. We do Hadoop. And headline sponsor WANDISCO. We make Hadoop invincible. Hey, welcome back everyone. We're here live in Silicon Valley in San Jose for Hadoop Summit 2014. This is TheCube, our flagship program. We go out to the events and extract the signal from the noise. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconAngle.com. I'm here with WookieBond.org's own Jeff Kelly, big data analyst. And our next guest is Peter Bond, the senior research scientist from Voo University in Amsterdam. Welcome to TheCube. Thanks. So we love having computer science guys on, especially when they're also professors and also practitioners. I want to get your take. Honestly, we're talking to the Akvian folks who have a nice little momentum going here at the show with this hashtag cut Hadoop loose, which we'll get to in a minute. What is some of the things that you've been involved with? And take us through the history of what's happened with this hottest database technology that you guys have. Thanks for the question, yes. So I'm a research scientist at the University of Amsterdam, but also an advisor to Action Corporation. So my involvement with them is that my spin-off, my recent spin-off, vector-wise, was acquired by Action and now sold as the Action Vector product. An Action Vector is an analytical database system that's leading the TPCH charts for the past, well, since its existence actually, in the single server category. So it's a really, really fast database engine, the fastest on the market. And it pioneered a number of techniques that are now becoming very popular. One of them is vector processing. So vector-wise, length, its name from vector processing, which was invented by me and my PhD student, Marcin Czikowski, who worked on that, and who we were the driving force behind. So take a step back onto vector-wise, because that's some of the most cutting-edge vector technology. Take us through, why did you guys do that and how does that relate to why it's relevant today? Right, well, previously vector-wise, we had experienced building a new analytical database system called Monetiby. Monetiby is an open source column store. It's one of the earliest column stores and it's kind of started the wave of having specialized analytical database engines in the relational domain. And well, Monetiby was great, but we definitely, after working on it for a couple of years, had some new ideas. We saw new opportunities and these got realized in vector-wise. So that- You like doing spin-offs, don't you?  You like to get tickering and then spinning him off the little highest buyer, in this case, Actium, right? Right, well, computer science is an applied science. Certainly my area, database systems. Now, there is a huge demand for database technology. You see it now happening again in the Adobe ecosystem. People are really discovering the needs to have database systems there as well. So there is a tremendous opportunity to apply database technology and I think if you're a good research scientist in this applied area, you should do spin-offs. So I got to ask you, so my co-founder of CrowdChat, Danny Ryan, Georgia Tech, Karsten Schwann, as an advisor and a participant in our venture, he's the large-scale distributed computing, but what you're talking about is databases aren't necessarily viewed as large-scale, so I want you to specifically connect the dots for us. Now, with big data, you have to go large-scale. Certainly the unstructured stuff with Hadoop makes a lot of sense, restoring piles of data, but when you try to intersect large-scale distributed computing with large-scale databases, there's challenges. Can you connect the dots of that concept? Sure, yeah, today actually is cutting loose Hadoop and it's actually unleashing a new product called Vortex, which is the Hadoop version of vectorize. So the best relational database engine around in the analytical domain is now coming into Hadoop and really integrated in Hadoop. What I see as big data, the need for databases in big data, it's becoming more and more evident. So people are using and adopting Hadoop, typically starting with unstructured, messy data, running that produced jobs, cleaning data, finding out things using data mining algorithm, but the output of those cleaning and analytical steps is less dirty, so more clean and more structured data and in the end, the end products of big data pipelines want or need to be consumed by a SQL engine or let me rephrase that, there is tremendous value of being able to use the end of the data, at the end of a data pipeline, of a big data pipeline in Hadoop to have SQL systems and SQL processing there and in the spirit of large-scale, you shouldn't then copy out that data to some existing outside database engine. The best is to really process also the SQL queries inside Hadoop. So that's what's driving, not only for Actium, but for the whole industry. So who's using the large-scale databases that Actium has? What's the prototype use case, customer use case? Well, I'm a database research scientist, so I'm not day-to-day involved at Customer Cases. I mean, Vector-wise has hundreds of customers. You're going to be talking about customer names, talk about the environment, what applications would use it, leverage the value of that? It is very diverse. So on our wall, we've got all the customers and they come from the financial institutions, but also social networking sites, energy, medicine. People deal with a ton of data. It is quite broad. The adoption of big data is also quite broad. So you mentioned, Peter, that the Actium SQL on Hadoop technology is native to Hadoop. Can you describe a little bit of what does that mean? Because as you say, you design the database eight years ago, it's kind of a single server environment. When you say it's native, what does that really mean? Very good question. So I kind of think you can look at it like we escaped lucky in the sense that the design of how vector-wise is really fits Hadoop and HDFS. HDFS is really difficult to port an existing database system to because it's an append-only file system and append-only file system and databases, they do in place updates all the time. So typically it won't really work to do a straight port, but compressed column or storage like vector-wise uses is really not a friend of updating place. So in a column store, you actually are looking already for other ways of updating data. And this is what actually is in the DNA of vector-wise anyway and that made it for us really easy to go native on HDFS. Second is, I mean, the second pillar of being native Hadoop is yarn integration. So you've got to play with resource management in Hadoop to be able not to be trashed by other jobs and also to not get in the way of the other users of the Hadoop cluster. So it's so interesting, so when you developed vector-wise, it was not, you know, this was, you know, Hadoop was also quite young and it wasn't something you were thinking about the time. 2004, yeah. Good minds think alike in similar approaches. Is that kind of a way to look at it in terms of the compatibility? I think it's about latency. So the reason why HDFS is the way it is, is that for Hadoop, you've got to deal with network latency. And that led to Hadoop and HDFS preferring very large block transfers and appends only to keep things, to make the consistency algorithms feasible. So, I mean, if you look at what David Patterson, a great computer scientist has said, is that the biggest challenge in computer hardware evolution is latency. So latency is not going away, it's true for networks, but it's also, for the kind of vector-wise, IO latency is also a big problem and that's why column stores end up preferring large sequence of IOs and avoiding updates in place. So in some sense, the underlying force, the danger of latency to an architecture of a software system is there in both cases. And I think coming back at, sorry, I think coming back at, let's say, other alternatives in the marketplace, you see that there are quite a few SQL-induced solutions that are based on what I call the wrapped legacy. So they take a legacy database system and then I mean a database system that wasn't designed for analytical workloads. So not a column store, not vectorized. There's something like, well, very often, Postgres or Derby, so an open source solution, people then put that as a component in a SQL-induced product. The problem with that is that SQL-induced workloads are truly analytical. So you're putting a query engine there that's really not suited to do fast query execution and that's why, well, vector-wise is so much faster than those legacy systems. The other point is that if you put Postgres or Derby in HDFS, you'll get into the problem that HDFS is a pandome. So you have to switch off, basically, updates. So there is no SQL-induced solution right now that supports trickle updates. Even Hawk, they're all disabled, the possibility to delete a tuple and to modify a tuple. And for SQL users and use cases that are considered mature, this is a big drawback and Vortex is going to change that because Atyan has this very different way. So vector-wise is a system that doesn't do update in place, it has a special patent data structure called positional data trees, which are differential updates. So you're writing on the side, not in the files. And this allows Vortex to support updates without running into HDFS problems. And I think with that, it will also be unique in the market. So I got to ask you about the future. A lot of database architects are trying to figure out two things. What can I do today to create an architecture as a database guy or an analytics guy that's solid for today, but also gets me down a no pun intended, a vector that's in line with the market. In other words, I want to create a viable architecture today, but I don't want to have to go back and deal with re-changing it again. So take us through your advice to those folks. Well, I'm not sure. So the thing is that the hardware environment and the workloads, they are changing and these factors can change what makes up a great architecture. Another thing that I have to add to that is that to create a mature database solution, a SQL solution that's mature, that's considered mature, you're actually running against time because this takes a lot of time. And this is also something that systems like Impala and Hive are experiencing. A lot of effort is being put there. These are systems that are being designed as native analytical database systems. And they are on the right track, but the problem is they will need years, I would say a decade to get to the maturity level that customers really expect from SQL systems. I'm talking about workload management, access control, internationalization support, wide APIs, complex queries, trickle updates, doing all of that, a windowing functions takes a lot of time and a lot of effort. And in the meantime, of course, the landscape is changing. So this is an interesting corner. Where do you see the technology heading? So what's around the corner from a research perspective, from a practicality perspective, what do you see around the corner for future technology? Well, I'm very excited about the democratization of cluster computing, which is now happening around the do. So you see really widespread. Cluster computing where around the world? Yeah, in IT in general. So it used to be only big organizations who would be able to leverage clusters. And now it's becoming easier to do this because people are also standardizing. A very important factor is human skills because to administer a cluster and to administer a system based on cluster technology takes skills. And these skills for, let's say, specialized MPP database solutions used to be very rare. So it would be almost impossible to find people to maintain that. And now people are rallying around to do. And redub knowledge is going to be, is already much more prevalent than, let's say, specialized Teradata knowledge. And this allows the industry as a whole to adopt a Hadoop-based or cluster solution. So both that, both standardized software and also cloud computing will really see a much broader set of IT projects being executed on clusters. And this is actually also in hand with, goes hand in hand with the general trend that we are at the end of silicon scaling. So, this is- That's software, shifts to software, right? So you're thinking- Well, if it isn't so easy to buy your way out of a problem or to get a competitive advantage by just buying a faster computer, we all have to go to clusters, cluster solutions more in the future. So how do you see that when Intel's doing with systems on a chip, obviously there is some limitation on silicon. Some argue there's some new stuff around that. But assuming that it's getting down to a diminishing return on silicon, what advances do you see that's going to really take to the next level? Is it virtualization, data virtualization? Is it system of chip, software particular? Anything that makes it easier to scale on clusters will do great because if that's the only option, then people will try to go there. But until now, the barrier of doing so is just very high in terms of skills and finding people to do that. Scales is a problem. Let me ask the question the opposite way. What scares you around stuff that doesn't scale clusters? What things do you see that you go, oh no, that's not going to scale a cluster? What should people pay attention to as problem areas? Well, there are many because writing parallel programs is notoriously hard. It is really difficult. So we are already in that world of pain right now. Because even on a single server, you also have to write parallel programs if you care for performance. This is also, by the way, so the fact that you need to write software that runs on parallel hardware, and this is almost black magic for the average programmer, is the reason why MapReduce, but also SQL on the Duke, are becoming more important because these are standard technologies that out of the box run an IT problem in parallel. So these kinds of software are the only solutions to this drive for more parallel processing. So you're saying homegrown parallel processing path is not a good solution? No, that's only for the few elite soldiers that can do that, right? That's a really, really few.  It's really high-end computer science. So you're saying is look for the tools that abstract away the complexity. Exactly. And what would they be? MapReduce, what else? MapReduce, as SQL on the Duke, and you see also, I mean, there is something between MapReduce and SQL on the Duke. It's not entirely clear what that is. So Spark has been maving waves with Scala-based programming. It's not clear. I mean, it also depends on how that's going to be adopted, but there are many algorithms, data mining algorithms, analytical algorithms that go beyond SQL, but yeah. So tell us what you're working on now. Final question, what are you working on now? What's getting you excited? What's the technology drug that you're taking? Well, I'm still very much involved with Vortex. Vortex is announced today, and there is a whole roadmap that of yarn integration, of elasticity. Elasticity is very important to share. To share a Duke cluster between many different applications. All this update work. What's the elasticity piece more applied to? Be specific on that. The elasticity piece. The elasticity.  In which aspect? To the MapReduce? If you, yeah. So, a Duke cluster has many different uses, and one of the big arguments for SQL and Duke is that a single cluster installation can be used by different kinds of users, different kind of jobs. So MapReduce jobs, pick jobs, what have your jobs, and also Vortex jobs. And the best situation is where the sharing of the same hardware cluster resources, and also the cis-admin resources that go with it, allow you to balance out the use of the system. So when one type of job is not very busy, then this room is given to the other kinds of jobs, because not all of them are peaking at the same moment, very likely. So the new version of Hadoop Yarn has a lot of new features that are really awesome around resource management. Exactly. What's going on with that area of innovation, and what's the new compelling thing coming out of resource, around yarn in particular? Well, I mean, we would like to have in yarn capabilities where you can dynamically, while a job is running, the ability to adjust the resource usage, because now it's when you start up a job, you request a number of CPUs and a quantity of memory, but you cannot change that while the job is running. And you can view a SQL and Duke server as a very, very, very long-running job. And so we are right now trying to, we are working around this limitation of Hadoop. So it would be actually great if yarn, so it would actually be great if yarn would be able to dynamically change the resource footprint. That would be good. It would also be great if network would also be monitored, because network bottleneck is dangerous for both for HDFS access, it's dangerous. It could lead to query stalling, so currently yarn is not really looking at that. It's always the plumbing that everyone gets, everyone pissed off, it's always the network guy, right? Right, right, right. Okay, final question for you. Thanks for coming on the queue, really appreciate it. Where can someone get information around Hadoop and vector resources? How do I get more information? Is there a public open source project? Is there a community? Is there obviously Acvian? Vortex, so vector for Hadoop, vector Hadoop edition, as it's called, is a commercial product. There will be an evaluation version out, so you can try it for free. That will happen at the end of June. Go to www.action.com for that. You can also, if you want to read in-depth about what Vortex is, go to databasearchitects.blogspot.com, and there is an in-depth post on how Vortex works, so I recommend that. Peter, thanks for coming on the queue, really appreciate it, great to hear from you. Black magic and a lot of this high-end computer science and the beautiful thing about, we had the same amount of data scientists too, like there'll be some black magic, some high-end skill sets, but the winners will abstract away the complexity and create tooling and automation for the rest of us. So we really appreciate the work you're doing and good job at acting. They scored some good IP and great team, so congratulations, thanks. Okay, we'll be right back with our next guest after this short break.


This video will cover the following objective from the respiratory system, identify the major structures of the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. The mucous membrane lining the majority of the upper respiratory tract as well as the trachea is known as the respiratory mucous membrane that has a ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells which secrete mucus to help lubricate the surface and the mucus will trap particles that are inhaled and then the cilia can beat back and forth the function as the mucociliary escalator mechanism that will transport inhaled particles of dust along with mucus out of the respiratory tract the nasal cavity as well as the nasopharynx the region of the throat that connects to the nasal cavity are lined with the respiratory mucosa the mucous membrane that has a ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium then the larynx the trachea and the bronchi also are lined with the respiratory mucosa that has a ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium the region of the throat known as the oral pharynx and laryngeal pharynx that connect to the oral cavity are lined with a stratified squamous epithelium in order to resist abrasion from food that passes through those regions into the esophagus um then in the lower respiratory tract after the bronchi branch into smaller airways known as the bronchioles the mucous membrane lining the airway transitions to a simple cuboidal epithelium and then in the smallest bronchioles known as the respiratory bronchioles there's simple squamous epithelium similarly down in the the air sacs the eliolae the lining is a simple squamous epithelium air enters the nasal cavity through the external nairs also known as the nostrils into the anterior region known as the nasal vestibule then air flows through the nasal mietises which are tube shaped passageways just inferior to the nasal conchi as air flows through the mietises the pattern of airflow is turbulent which helps to increase the humidity and warm the air as it's entering the nasal cavity the superior surface of the nasal cavity is the olfactory epithelium that contains the olfactory receptors to detect odorants for the sense of smell the nasal cavity also opens into the paranasal sinuses within the sphenoid bone frontal bone ethmoid bone and maxillary bones the paranasal sinuses function to decrease the weight of the skull they also resonate vibrating air to influence the quality of our voice and they're lined with the respiratory mucous membrane of a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium the nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through the internal nares within the nasopharynx the posterior wall of the nasopharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsil that's a mucosa associated lymphoid tissue that helps to protect against infection coming in from the nasal cavity the opening of the auditory tube is also known as the opening of the eustachian tube the auditory tube or eustachian tube is a flexible passageway of elastic cartilage that connects from the nasopharynx to the middle ear to allow the equilibration of the air pressure in the middle ear with the atmospheric air pressure the uvula is a fold of the soft palate that can move superiorly to close off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx the oropharynx is the region of the throat that connects to the oral cavity so during swallowing the uvula folds superiorly to prevent any food or drink from entering the nasopharynx and nasal cavity the palatine tonsils are found in the lateral walls of the oropharynx and our mucosa associated lymphoid tissue that helps to defend against any infection coming in from the oral cavity similarly the lingual tonsil is guarding the entrance to the oropharynx and is found in the base of the tongue the the oropharynx then connects inferior to the laryngeal pharynx the oropharynx and the laryngeal pharynx are lined with the stratified squamous epithelium to protect against the abrasion from food that passes through the oropharynx and laryngeal pharynx into the esophagus but but air will flow from the oropharynx into the laryngeal pharynx then down into the larynx so the larynx is commonly referred to as the voice box and the opening of the larynx is the glottis and so on either side of the glottis are the vocal folds or vocal cords that vibrate to produce sound for speech air will then flow from the larynx down into the trachea and so the larynx is located just anterior to the esophagus and just inferior to the highway bone at about the level of the fourth through sixth cervical vertebrae this illustration shows us the three regions of the pharynx the pharynx is commonly referred to as the throat and the superior region that connects to the nasal cavity shown in green here is the nasopharynx then the blue region in the illustration is the oral pharynx that connects to the oral cavity and the purple region shown in this illustration is the laryngeal pharynx the laryngeal pharynx which connects into the larynx as well as the esophagus the larynx consists of nine segments of cartilage the thyroid cartilage is the large anterior shield shaped hyaline cartilage on the midline is the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage which is commonly referred to as the Adam's apple and is larger in men than in women and the increased growth of the larynx in men is what contributes to the lower pitch of the voice just in fear to the thyroid cartilage is the cricoid cartilage the cricoid cartilage is a complete ring that wraps around to the posterior of the larynx the thyroid cartilage is connected to the cricoid cartilage by the cricothyroid ligament in an emergency procedure known as a cricothyrodomy the cricothyroid ligament is cut to provide an emergency airway to prevent someone from suffocating if the upper respiratory tract becomes blocked and then the trachea is located just inferior to the cricoid cartilage there are several small cartilages that are located on the posterior region of the larynx that can be viewed from the lateral illustration on the bottom here so we can see the aratnoid cartilages are located just superior to the cricoid cartilage on the posterior the aratnoid cartilages are attached to the vocal cords and muscles can move the aratnoid cartilages in order to change the tension of the vocal cords to regulate the pitch of the voice just superior to the aratnoid cartilages are the horn shaped corniculate cartilages and then just anterior to the aratnoid and corniculate cartilages located in the lateral regions of the larynx embedded in the mucous membranes known as the vestibular folds are the cuneiform cartilages so the cuneiform cartilages as well as the superior large lid of the larynx known as the epiglottis are made out of elastic cartilage and are more flexible so the epiglottis is a spoon-shaped elastic cartilage flap that projects from the anterior aspect of the larynx and folds down to close over the glottis during swallowing to prevent any food or drink from entering into the lower respiratory tract here we have a superior view of the larynx where we can look down into the opening known as the glottis on either side of the glottis are the true vocal cords which are elastic ligaments that vibrate to produce the sound of our voice just lateral to the true vocal cords are the false vocal cords also known as the vestibular folds which are mucous membranes that contain irritant receptors sensory receptors that respond to any dust particles or food or drink that touch them and will stimulate a coughing reflex to help clear the airway and prevent any particles from entering the lower respiratory tract air flows from the larynx down into the trachea the trachea is reinforced with tracheal cartilages which are c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that help to hold open the trachea during inspiration when the pressure of the air inside of the trachea is lower than the atmospheric pressure that low pressure could be a force that would cause the airway to collapse but the hyaline cartilage helps to hold open the trachea to prevent collapsing of the airway so the lower respiratory tract starts at the larynx and continues down towards the lungs with the trachea and the larynx as well as the trachea are lined with the respiratory mucosa of a pseudostratified columnar epithelium then the trachea will branch into the main bronchi also known as the primary bronchi which will carry air towards the lungs during inspiration or carry air out from the lungs during expiration the superior tip of each lung located deep to the clavicle is known as the apex of the lung and the inferior broader region of the lung that rests on the diaphragm is known as the base of the lung there are two lungs located within the thoracic cavity on either side of the heart the right lung contains three lobes and the left lung contains two lobes so the two lobes of the left lung are the superior and inferior lobes and they're separated by the oblique fissure the medial surface of the left lung the superior lobe contours around the shape of the heart and this contour around the heart on the medial surface of the superior lobe of the left lung is known as the cardiac notch the right lung has three lobes a superior lobe is separated from the middle lobe by the horizontal fissure and then the middle lobe is separated from the inferior lobe by the oblique fissure the lungs are surrounded by the pleural membranes which are cirrus membranes consisting of a simple squamous epithelium and an areolar connective tissue that supports that epithelium there are two layers the outer layer known as the parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity and the inner layer known as the visceral pleura is anchored to the surface of the lungs the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura are separated by a fluid filled space known as the pleural cavity the fluid inside of that pleural cavity helps to reduce friction allowing the gliding between the pleural layers as the lungs expand during inspiration and recoil during expiration there is normally a negative pressure of the pleural cavity and that meaning that the pressure inside of the pleural cavity is lower than the atmospheric pressure it's also normally lower than the intra pulmonary or intra alveolar pressure and that negative pressure helps to create a force that holds the lungs open to prevent the lungs from collapsing at the inferior end of the trachea the last segment of tracheal cartilage is known as the carina where the trachea branches to form the primary bronchi also known as the main bronchi or the right primary bronchus and left primary bronchus the right primary bronchus connects into the right lung and the left primary bronchus connects into the left lung where the primary bronchi will then branch into the secondary bronchi which connect into the lobes of the lung and then branch further into the tertiary bronchi and the tertiary bronchi then connect into smaller segments within each lobe of the lung together the primary secondary and tertiary bronchi form the bronchial tree and the inner surface of the bronchial tree is lined with the pseudo stratified columnar epithelium and the bronchial tree is reinforced with hyaline cartilage to help prevent it from collapsing under the lower pressure during inspiration when the pressure inside is lower than the atmospheric pressure the tracheal cartilage helps to reinforce the airways preventing the airways from collapsing during inspiration the bronchioles are smaller airways that branch from the tertiary bronchi the bronchioles are not reinforced with cartilage but have a thick outer layer of smooth muscle that can regulate the diameter of the airway through the bronchioles which helps to regulate airflow the smallest branches of the bronchioles are known as the respiratory bronchioles that branch from the terminal bronchioles and so while the terminal bronchioles do not participate in gas exchange the respiratory bronchioles form part of the respiratory zone of the lung so everywhere that we've covered before the respiratory bronchioles all the larger airways the terminal bronchioles the tertiary bronchi secondary bronchi primary bronchi trachea and larynx and upper respiratory tract are all the conducting zone of the respiratory tract and the conducting zone does not directly participate in gas exchange in contrast the respiratory zone is where external respiration occurs between the air within the respiratory zone and the blood within the pulmonary capillaries so the respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles that then branch into smaller airways known as the alveolar ducts and each alveolar duct connects into an alveolar sac and the alveolar and the alveolar sac consists of numerous small air sacs known as alveoli the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli have a thin wall consisting of a simple squamous epithelium and the simple squamous epithelium is surrounded by pulmonary capillaries the respiratory membrane is the location of external respiration where gas exchange occurs between the air within the respiratory zone and the blood within the pulmonary capillaries the respiratory membrane consists of the simple squamous epithelium forming the wall of the alveoli or the wall of the respiratory bronchioles and the simple squamous epithelium that forms the wall of the pulmonary capillary oxygen diffuses from the air within the respiratory zone into the blood within the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood within the pulmonary capillaries out to the air within the respiratory zone there are three major types of cells found in the respiratory membrane in the wall of the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles the type one alveolar cell is the most numerous cell type found in the alveoli the type one alveolar cells are forming the simple squamous epithelium but there are interspersed type two alveolar cells that function to produce secretions known as surfactant that help to reduce the surface tension of the watery mucus lining the inner surface of the alveoli and then there are macrophages as well and the macrophages are leukocytes that help to defend against infection and remove any cellular debris or dust particles that enter into the alveoli