And y'all are spread out all over the room. That's fine. Honestly, this is way more people than I was expecting at four o'clock on a Friday afternoon after a long week. So thank y'all for being here. In this talk, the unsung hero of Cloud Native, I'm going to talk to a little bit of history and a little bit of where we are in container Linux's or Linux's in general, Linux I. First, I know a few of you I'm already seeing faces in here. If you want to know me, please reach out. I love meeting new people all the time. I've been around in a couple of these different communities for quite a while. I lose track of how all these things overlap, but for this community, particularly in the last 10 years, have been involved in Docker since 2013 and then at some point, AppC. And now, if you've heard about the Open Container Initiative specifications, like how registries even talk together, how run times work, how images are packed, love playing with tar layers, please reach out to Commiserate. Most recently was with Kinfolk, and now for last year and a half, Kinfolk team is on with Microsoft Azure. Among the favorites there, Flatcar Container Linux. So I'll go ahead and disclaim that biases or otherwise frustrations, this is, I like to keep things very objective, but my most current, you know, still current affiliation is with Flatcar Container Linux, but I have been involved in aspects of a lot of things over the years, so leave it at that. So first off, Container Linux.  What would you say would be a Container Linux? Like actually, what would y'all say Container Linux means to you, thin, minimal, whatever. Anybody else? Come on. What? Purpose built, use case specific builds, hardened, hardened. You kind of want that from all of them, maybe not exclusive to Container Linuxes, but again, in the purpose built, you know, theme, you start figuring out what that means and you harden it down. I put Ikea versus artisanal, just because Cattles versus Pet kind of whatever. You go to Ikea and it's a warehouse of mass built things and good luck, but it's like mass produced and then anything artisanal when you see that this one thing doesn't quite look like the other, you've now got something tailored, not necessarily different than purpose built, but we'll kind of get into that a little bit. And the atomic updates, this gets into kind of a theme here. But first off, like you have to kind of back up and say, okay, cool, Container Linux, but then what is an actual, what is a Linux? Obviously, there's a good place for a well actually here. What makes it what you and your tools are expecting? That's really what people are coming down to and that's really been the most interesting part about cloud native and, you know, any distribution or otherwise that you have been familiar with, whether it was Solaris Zones, whether it's Windows, otherwise, like what tools, what are you trying to deploy? And at some point, the thing that you're deploying has multiple targets, so it kind of starts blending out and you really don't care at the end of the day whether it's Linux or not. Because Linux is so malleable, it's been a good target for that. But because Linux has been so malleable, it has made it wildly confusing for a lot of us who are either new to the area or having to support more than one use case. Would y'all say that's true or not? A couple of heads nodding, okay. Because at some point, you're going to be trying to figure out what about the thing that you're trying to deploy is having a grind? Is it that the kernel wasn't compiled quite the same? Is it not have the drivers that you're looking for? Maybe it's that you're on a real kernel that's 2632, but it somehow has the kernel features that you know weren't introduced until four or something. And so it's like, well, it's still kind of the Linux that I'm looking for, but it gets into the use case specific pieces. Here lately, some of the particular grinds, we figured out how to work around most of these like syscalls, iocdols, whether it's set comp, whether you know why something is not available to you or not. We kind of like work around it, sniffing around trying to see if it is the kernel config, how to work around it. Is it libc or is it GNU or is it muscle? Like you find yourself into edge cases, how do I do DNS resolution in a consistent way? Good luck. But it could even just be often, I would venture to say most of our times, not just the developers of the stuff, but the end consumers of the stuff, start figuring out like, oh cool, you tested only on Ubuntu, Kubernetes end-to-end test, where's Tim St. Clair, and Kubernetes end-to-end tests are only on Ubuntu and then you find yourself on a different version of Ubuntu or a, you know, RPM variant of some kind or whatever and the Etsy stuff is in a slightly different place and like, you can't rep, it takes a lot of effort and lift that you find yourself doing and you feel like you're dying in isolation because something is different than how the community tested. And it could just be something in Etsy or how the tools play with it, it's inconsistent. Early boot provisioning. There was ignition that came out of the CoreOS Container Linux project. Once it got into the Red Hat side of life, they actually changed the spec a little bit and it's progressed and there's good things about that. But version two to version three and then cloud init and the spectrum of colors that are in that cloud init landscape. Whether you're using the upstream or the particular build of the Ubuntu that you're using and all the patches in between, it's different. Where are you actually storing your secrets when you do that early provisioning? Like, are you storing your secrets for bootstrapping in your cloud init or are they coming through ignition? Like, people start figuring out like how and where they're doing all these things and you'll find conversations where people will think that this is just a Linux problem or this is how you're interacting with it, like make it consistent and we all know it's intentionally inconsistent. Like, get into your use case, figure and tailor it out, but to make these things consistent is the pain and the burden of this whole conversation, like how do we drive to that consistency? Whatever your flavor is on system D, whether you love it or hate it, it is an API of like interacting with these INI-esque files, like unit files, landing them somewhere on the host, dealing with them, reconciling them. System D might know what to do with them, but do you have tools that can parse those config files to know what the behavior of your host is doing? Are you willing to subject yourself to Dbuss? Anybody in here really willing to, who's interacted directly with Dbuss or written code to do it? Three people, there's probably what, 60 people in here, that's higher than I was expecting, but this is the nature of, there's a bias because you're here. Dbuss is painful and it's like, yeah, it's an API, but even the authors of it realize that it's painful, but it's that standard. And this last one is kind of ambiguous, the NVR, the name, version, and release. Any packages, this gets into a packaging conversation, but is the Linux the packages that you're using? How do you know that Bash 4. whatever is the one that you're expecting? And you can get into all kinds of like S-bombs, where did it come from? Who signed that package? Is it the same build? Did I just pretend to have the same version, NVR, so that your scanner will pass? I could do that all day, but how did you actually attest that whole chain? How did these things land? Did you compose it statically, test it, and then deploy it, or did it just happen to update on my system in a non-deterministic fashion? Is that your Linux experience? It might be. That might be what you're expecting, but don't just expect that that's the same for everybody else. If y'all have questions, I'd love you to interrupt me and just be like, what's going on with that? Happy to take them at the end as well. So as a real rudimentary history on this, I would venture to say the first kind of widely used read-only Linux that people are aware of would be Knopix, Knopix, Knopix. It was intended to be on a CD, so they often ran around 700 megs. That's not necessarily a point as the size on that one, was the fact that it was a read-only in memory state, or at least able to read and pick up from the disc. It was mind-blowing, the fact that you could have a disc and walk into somewhere and have an environment, a CD and a thumb drive, and you could have a workstation up and carry your work with you. How adventure for a lot of people was the initial dream, and we're still working towards that today, of like, how do you instantiate something and get off to the races immediately. To your point on Thin Minimal, did anybody ever put their hands on Dam Small Linux? Hell yeah, love Dam Small Linux. If you ever had those like business card CDs, I wish I had a CD round drive just to still have a business card CD, DSL would fit on a business card CD, so you could like fit it in your wallet and walk into some place. That was 2005 even, so in and around that same time, the Linux kernel was introducing namespaces. The first one happened was just new namespace around 2002, and then more started happening around 2006, so a lot of these things started coming together around the same time. Yeah, it's on the next slide, but through all this time, I mean like if you go look at the Wikipedia page for Linux distributions, it's fascinating. Unfortunately, it hasn't been updated in probably a year and a half, but still you can see how the sprawl of Linux distributions is exploded over the inception since SLS or whatever you want to say is the beginning, Debian or Slackware or whatever, it doesn't matter, but just constant amounts of sprawl, and every single one of those, this is not to say, this is like the ellipsis, like things happened, like everybody's been experimenting with lots of different approaches, do you thin it, do you make it thin, do you just harden it, do you just produce something that can build operating systems or render a file system really quickly, but there is something about like the kernel and like the user space tooling and how do you play with those things and make consistencies, that's probably single-handedly the most valuable part about in the open source area in general, in Linux distros specifically, being able to fork and play with a flavor of something until you see that like this is its own use case or it needs to kind of roll back in, we learned a lesson and you can let that thing die and you roll in some learnings over and over and over, so if you look at any one of those different Linux distributions, Debian, Ubuntu and otherwise, the different Fedora one, Red Hat other ones, but that they like learn along the way and some of them die and some of them merge into others, but it needs to happen, it needs to continue iterating, so then you get into kind of like, let's think about containers, like I mentioned namespaces, but really the first was putting those namespaces together was LXC started about 2008, things happened, there's, I'm glossing over things here, but particularly for this topic, CoreOS, original namesake was the OS, it later became CoreOS Container Linux, but CoreOS, the company and the distro started around 2013, it was in the spring of 2013, DocCloud did the demo with the Python scripts of Docker in the summer and then by the fall, winter, we had the emergence of the Go version of Docker and that there was kind of like some cross-pollinations in both directions there, lots of history, I'm not going to worry about, CoreOS Container Linux was based on Chromium, which was just meant for the Chromebooks, but to this day, still the predecessors of that distro still do the same kind of AB partitions with a variable, you know, readable partition, you have hot side, cold side, you can build in the trust at boot time, if one fails, it'll roll back to the other, tag the cold side is available for update and wait while it's running the workloads, that's like how Chromebooks to some extent work, that's how CoreOS Container Linux works, that's how Flatcar continues to work, whether you like or hate Gintu as an upstream, all of them used Gintu as an upstream, Chromium, Container Linux, and Flatcar. What's interesting about that, if just in like quick technical details, is that you can have your upstream of how like the ported scripts that you pull from or whether you're building up a snapshot so that you can test incrementally, and then you have your overlays and the Gintu overlays at least allow you to have, you can override, so you say here's our build of the kernel, like I know you don't have to go to great lengths to rip out the kernel that was in the upstream, you can just overlay it, and you can also add your own packages at that time, and then you can rebuild world. So it allows you to at least leverage a community, the speed at which they iterate, all that kind of stuff, and you could iterate faster, and you still just build a root of FES at the end of the day, and you have at least points in time to build from and know what you're building. 2014 Kubernetes, since then, particularly, again, thinking about the container Linux space, there's been a lot of iterations. There was the atomic project that came out of Fedora and Red Hat. And since then, it's now Fedora Chorus, and they have a rel, rel Chorus and a CentOS Chorus. Interesting, interesting, a good developments there, especially even though it has the namesake, the CoreOS container Linux to the Fedora CoreOS was not a jump, like there was a breaking change in there.  To do that, it was not, just by the namesake, a clean jump. But then you have like Talos is doing interesting stuff, and is completely rethinking the entire problem does not even have like a bin sh in the root file system. You interact over like different interfaces with it. So it's not like, oh, you do this thing, and then you SSH into the host. If you're SSH again, it's probably through a container, and it's not the actual host, like it's drastically rethinking what a Linux is. But fascinating developments in that space. Bottle rocket coming out of AWS, fascinating work, rethinking the whole, you know, situation as well. K3OS. I know I was told this at some point, but K3OS might likely have been using the Linux kit from behind the scenes. If how many of you put your hands on Linux kit, it originally came out of Docker. Cool. But like how do you how could you find the tooling that just needs to build the image that you can iterate on so like you can build your trust up to a certain point. And then rather than just consuming, you could actually build that thing for yourself and say this one package is in the base or whatever. Fascinating, but then you still find yourself having to own some amount of the same like, full testing, end to end framework testing and ownership of it rather than saying, we know it was good on a certain base and we just needed to add on top of that. Open source of micro garden Linux, which a couple of these, I would say, Talos Talos is building a lot from from the from like, as far as leveraging and upstream, the atomics and CoroS of recent CoroS is are leveraging whatever their relative Fedora rel or Centos as an upstream bottle rocket. Jesse, you could actually answer this for me quicker, but bottle rocket while RPM based, I know that they own a lot of those things, but does it particularly build from an upstream like I know Amazon Linux now uses Fedora as an upstream? Does bottle rocket also? Okay, so kind of a two step piece from those that couldn't hear was that bottle rocket being minimal in its way is actually a cargo Rust build system, but some of the packages it sources those from Amazon Linux, which has Fedora as an upstream. Still, so open source garden Linux is based on Debian as an upstream. Anyhow, and I'm sure that there's like again, this is one of these things that should and is organically always like people have derivate derivations, it might even just be internal and you're excited about it. And that's good. But there's more. There's other history. I've got to get repo of past talks. If that was ever such an interesting thing. So common challenges. How easy or would you say this is a point of frustration of when do you when something in your deployment, particularly in the Linux space, becomes artisanal? Like you did your best to put everything in a terraform ansible, whatever it was, and then somebody SSH done and put in an IP tables rule. Do you know when that happens? Probably not. Or they ran a job or they dropped in a unit file or something like, ah, this log directory keeps filling up. Let's drop in a system D unit to like, wipe it or log rotated or something who knows what. And then suddenly it became artisanal. Like this is almost an unanswerable question. Most of the time, due to the nature of things, it's not necessarily a problem. It is a problem. But it's the nature of things and it's kind of like embracing that piece of it. I've alluded to this piece already. Package management, where they came from. Do you trust them? Are you managing these packages? Are you like leveraging an upstream and their trust chains? But even not in that part of packaging is the determinism. And this bites everybody over and over and over. As long as your packages, whether they're Debian, RPM, long tail of other things, if there is a scriptlet that runs in them like a pre install, post install, pre uninstall, post uninstall, scriptlet, you have a non deterministic state period.  This is even if just for the one reason of being able to render a root file system and test it and then deploy is like a winning solution. Because when you would say, oh, we pushed something out like an unattended upgrades or like some other kind of update channel, and it deployed out and it had a scriptlet that ran and did something. Good luck. Like it this this causes outages all the time. So even just like being able to push out some kind of immutable blob or otherwise and roll it out is great. But even with that, the reason that so many people use scriptlets is because there are like file system API is how do you add a user to the file system? How do you do a lot of these different things? Like you can't just drop something into a users dot D on a system that he's talked about this, but there's like lots of these systems that you're like, no, no, then you have to go edit this file somewhere. Do you have to twiddle a file somewhere? How do you do that? That is the API of interacting with a Linux like it or hate it. It is like something we should expect. When you roll out a security update or not, who actually gets to say that this thing needs a reboot? Is it the maintainer of the kernel? Is it the maintainer of libc? Is it your admin? Is it your CISO or whoever security person that says, no, you took an update of any kind. It's not considered complete until you reboot or that a reboot is even needed. Or does what ran the update? Does it just get to reboot the node? Or do you actually have to talk to the cluster on top and say a reboot's needed? Who gets to say that? That experience. A is not consistent and B. There's no API for that. There's no interaction for that. Like that's that is mystical. And so most because of that process, you just say, reboots are pretty much always needed. And then immediately, everybody knows you're going to have customers or yourself say, do not reboot until some like you reach some kind of like higher thought or scheduled time or otherwise. But like, we all know that like people are that's why people are interested in K patch or splice or whatever it is. Like how long can we put off a reboot? But because of the non determinism of who gets to say when a reboot is actually needed, like is it a security issue that only is mitigated once the system comes back up? They just say you must reboot. But you this is almost an unanswerable question and appointed contentious contention constantly. The last couple of pieces here, I think I've already alluded to this, but one lesson learned in all the projects that I've been involved in is if you're not allowing a path for your users to stumble into the right way of doing things or to stumble into a migration path, you have screwed up. Like you have legit messed up. Like how do you migrate? So if you it's great that you innovate, it's great to find drastic new ways of thinking about it. But if your users didn't, like in an airplane, if they can't find that bright shiny path of stumbling into migrations or upgrades, you've messed up. Like just please stop and rethink it. Even if you have a great visionary thing in the future, you have to think about how to users get there easily. Because a lot of us are dying in silence for that innovation and cumulatively dying in silence. And what's the last one? Oh yeah, everybody thinking that their approach is right. So yeah, so again, I've already kind of talked about the deterministic piece of things. And this even adds into this. You're at KubeCon, you're hearing all about the Kubernetes. When you go to deploy or as a Linux distro person who's involved in those things or you're using them, when you go to deploy a Kubernetes, it is not just a single thing. It is like config files on yaml's will have implications on what's underneath in the host, whether it's like run times, networking stacks, kernel modules, all kinds of things. And it's not just like a thing. You don't just deploy a Kubernetes. That's why there's vendors and they're selling you solutions on how to make that easier for you. But it is not just like a thing that you deploy a Kubernetes. So as a Linux distro, how do you make that feel as easy as it's possible? It's difficult and near impossible, but that's why some of us are toiling away at this. Sometimes those config fields are implicit. Sometimes they're explicit thankfully, but it is a very strong common challenge. So all that to say, even however you render this file system or you're excited about the distro that you're building, even if you have ventured away from an upstream, in any aspect of a conversation where you'd say we're moving on to functions or some other higher level part of the stack and like, I don't have to think about all those other stuff, the packages and the upstreams that these distros are built on are absolutely critical. If at any point you think like we've moved on beyond that, like who actually still publish packages, RPMs and spec files. My gosh, they are absolutely critical. And if you don't think so, then you are like taking for granted thousands and hundreds and millions of person hours that are still working basically to make your life easier and all these other tools, you need, you need them, period. So it is highly relevant. You need those things. The kernel and the OS interfaces that you use absolutely matter. Like there's no, there's not yet enough of abstraction to get away from that. Every new feature that happens on the top, like I was just chatting at the party last night, somebody from Intel was talking about how do we public publish all the way up with like the function level, something that would have to do with cash and validation and otherwise on the hardware underneath, like bubbling it straight all the way through, it matters at every step, every new iteration. Yeah, and again, we're just talking to Brian and I was talking to Tim yesterday that at the end of the day, even though this is big and juicy and we can nod our heads to a lot of this stuff, when it inconveniences us, to have to deal with this, and I don't get any value out of it, I don't care. I just want to not be frustrated. Like all of us that are having to be like, oh, well this next version of the same thing is different. And I'm having to spend a lot of hours on it. I don't care. Like please make me not have to do this. And so like this is the kind of things like how could we actually start talking together to not have to do that over and over and over. So all that to say, and this is enough of a rant, but the big takeaway is all of us are feeling this collectively. If you're new to this space, and you are thinking that you're going crazy because you're frustrated with it, you're in good company. If you've been in this space for a long time and you think why haven't we solved this yet, you're in good company. Do not. Not that we have to get together and rant. Sometimes it's cathartic, but otherwise this is something that I think we've all suffered in isolation and collectively.  It's a channel now on slack and we're trying to figure out what would actually be success in that channel. And like how how could we actually elevate some of these interfaces? Again, everybody wants their baby to win, but there are obviously lessons learned and there's things that we could at least take away or make it easier for the tools to be more consistent to bubble these things up. Maybe it's to work around the kubelet and that API or to like begin to iterate on that. We love we love the control plane API of Kubernetes, but like the kubelet, everybody has something they wishes would be improved there. How do we talk to the OS is it through existing CSIC and ICRI, whatever is there something new? How much overlap is there between the kubelet and system D?  We just want it to run. We want to be able to figure out what's going on. So this is that conversation. And honestly, it's not about saying we're going to choose a winner. That is not that is honestly not the end goal here. There are use case specific things. There are we we the people that are involved in the space make decisions that have implications on everybody. And if those people that are having to suffer because of those choices, don't have a voice to be able to speak back and say the tools do or don't support it, then it's kind of a broken feedback loop. So this is kind of a gap that's been in the space because the OS has not mattered in a lot of the container, like people have moved on from that. But time is at least proving it absolutely matters. There's absolutely a place to have a conversation around this and the place to have good to maybe iterate on some some interfaces and make a step forward and like a migration path so that we can continue not caring and just do good cool stuff together. All right. Right. Almost on time. Find me online. VBATs at most places. Obviously online is great. And that's how most of us live. I love the human connection. So again, feel free to reach out to me. Don't feel like you can't reach out to me. And I look forward to working together on these projects. So cheers. And does nobody interrupted for questions. Does anybody have questions at all? Going once, going twice and sold. All right. Thank you everybody.


back commanders and commanded it is I feel a madness and it has been far too long since we've played some XCOM 2 and by oh boy do we need supplies we need supplies for new rookies we need supplies for old nookies hey hey and also I yeah this is going to progress really badly really quickly isn't it oh I'll probably do something about that soon enough a but first I need my supplies excellent job now we can actually get to work I do believe making contact with Western Europe is of you see grave importance we need the Intel actually we need to pay with the Intel but we need the connection in order to counteract the alien threat these aliens they are crafty bastards but I'm sure we can stop them somehow first yeah yeah fair enough and pleasant but it was only to be expected commander Advent has discovered one of our resistance heavens they are targeting innocent civilians in a reprisal strike not where I was hoping we would concentrate the war efforts but it is necessary nonetheless let's see if I remember how to play this game and another good thing they actually managed to update this lovely little game which means that hopefully we will not be bogged down by unpleasantness let's see that I would say that I think we actually could go with a sniper right now I only have one sharp shooter to excuse me this is the lovely Miss Sonya song let's see how we do then shall we but first anything I'm missing load out yeah I think I'm going to go with some dragon rounds this is Carl experimental ammo and it blows up which is nice actually it's incendiary ammo if I recall correctly but enough talk let's see the team do the walk shall we can't help but be excited although those retaliation missions never liked them much I suppose I am not one for saving civilians we just got one of their aliens to kill with everything they've got I don't stand a chance against them our central you never do show up they all enemy huh he actually did just now what a surprise anyway how have you been dear viewer no you're not saying anything about a couple of fancy little weapons hostile forces are attacking the outpost eliminate all enemy units and protect those civilians forces came in hot and so does the prize you won't have a concealed position for deployment on this one yeah expected that much let's say we save the game first like to be safe sure let them react even more slowly than why not we've got plenty of surveillance and the good news is that we can stab most of them so they can't stop the mutant would have been really really great if I could have but we must not cry or rather the cry the missed opportunities of our time instead let us kill the aliens and their sympathizing come back not anywhere as much damage as I had hoped but with the help of my gun I should be able to finish this one off hope I won't miss good job indeed for points of damage that's actually a very solid shot in any case more solid than I originally expected fire to get better odds no we don't so I'm going to leave him an overwatch instead never watch his crafty like that and perhaps with this one it would be best if I were to start saving the civilians bye bye bye I'm still not happy with the frame rate I miss it's only to be expected hopefully you won't kill any civilians but he might what's up with the waiting time seems that Phyraxis have several issues that they have yet to fix we're seeing heavy civilian casualties commander we have to stop this things for the tip central I wouldn't have never figured it out for myself with a slight drop in settings actually it's kind of better now anyway we've got a missing mutant and I want to put a bullet through its skull actually in its skull let's say sounds much better than true please don't pass through the flames you did not pass through the flames well done clever boy that plan I'm not happy that I have a fairly weak choice of cover here but I will be risky and take this one because hey risk can be surprisingly good for you from time to time mostly when you don't play XCOM but sometimes in XCOM as well I'm very curious to see what the aliens avatar project is all about it seems to be progressing quite rather quickly with it I wonder if this mission along with some of the other tasks I'm doing will in some way damage whatever they are trying to accomplish obviously there are tasks that as I do them they are very big setbacks pro Jessica Walker at least it was not Jessica Jones but then again if Jessica Jones was here she would have smacked up mutant right in his ugly face as I was saying I'm very curious to see what happens with the dark avatar project damn it Sonia don't fail me like that I'm counting you let's see then 54 I have to go with 54 hey I actually got the shot right this time maybe if I know I think I'll be okay if I take this shot I can do a lot of damage let's see them excellent and here you see some more in Cindy Riamo I definitely got that one yes you did line good job excellent in fact and I think I will save yet another civilian getting to my turn right now and I will put this one and overwatch because I expect the Lancer actually there are two of them which is in itself quite a problem but I hope that I will be able to take out at least one of them oh god the face this now this is certainly becoming worse with every turn I've got four enemies and possibly growing and the civilians are biting the dust one after the other not by any means perfect but I will try to contain the situation as well as I can oh no lucky son of a gun that may be bad for you well you missed which actually is very good if you had stunned my Grenadier it would have been oh god of course unconscious see I hate those guys I absolutely hate them hello to you too little friend of beasts animals and all others what would I kill you six to eight as opposed to how much as opposed to six to eight so no that's a no absolutely not yeah let's take to take the faceless one first let's see what my sniper has to bring to the table she can take him by her lonesome either return fire I don't see a way around it I need this thing to die and I'm not going to miss in my mark so I'm going to put my shotgun through its greasy body eight points of damage I could have really used critical right now it would have made everything so much easier how many survivors have we got seven this is not by any means easy guys don't think it is 89% I want to know that I think this faceless out because I'm fairly certain if I don't or I could heal fireball yeah that's a good that's a good plan and then I will kill the faceless one please don't fail I don't think you can fail with that but with my luck I just might okay so that gives me a lot of room to maneuver 79 I'll take it right that's what I like to see now you here I would really like you to kill him please dearly and little miss sniper Sonya surely you will be able to kill him with but the gun no I never like to take needless chances I'd much rather keep him this way knowing that he's sure to die and so he is I haven't got a critical which is well needless it gives me extra points for style and this is never bad unfortunately I have lost yet another civilian poor Zoe no I'm really worried about you Alexander you dying is not part of my plans not by a long shot let's fire excellent shot and now you are burning good very very good actually I do believe I can slash to him I'm worried about aliens let's run quickly this way and save this for gone for saved to to go I'm going to be extra safe here I think I'm going to open the door and then I'm going to shoot you in the face a lovely way to deal with him I very much like how his body is still shaking right where do we have more civilians do you see any I don't see any that's unpleasant means we're going to have to go on a hike unfortunate think I'm going to reload my shotgun and then I'm going to get the high ground because who doesn't like high ground I mean Star Wars would have never worked without the high ground right maybe I should have kept silent yes I certainly should have now is he going to shoot I most certainly hope he doesn't succeed 100% now that is good I can work with it that is in fact an excellent shot I could get here let's see what Vladie can bring to the table nothing so far because she doesn't have bullets there they are I think I'm going to try and blow them both to hell seems like something I would enjoy doing only got the one not great but hey at least I don't like this 5774 what we've got another one with I did excellent shooting Alexander might as well reload and get going further I am from the action the more useless come and rub a cop can you do something are you just going to become a bunch of useless I need to finish my threat when I can instead shoot this guy and miss unfortunate no it's not what I'm afraid of is the fact that there is an alien somewhere in this building it freaks the hell out of me now much rather not have to deal with any alien shenanigans that is one overwatch and one loving aliens in the ties are removed which always makes me giddy let's see what the alien is up to shall we ah here you are are you trying to find me oh god you cannot miss come on yes excellent that was the right move before you get too close we might need this oh no there are more of them it's a faceless another faceless two at the same time that's unpleasant that sucks that's a royal pain in the arse hopefully you will not kill this civilian this innocent little delicious I will sit with not thinking of actually devouring because I'm certainly not accountable while they waving their long fingers at me anyway don't they know it's ridiculously let's see what we've got expanded magazine excellent that is very useful I can't wait to upgrade one of my top guys's weapons with it fire pistol that pistol very very strong I really like the gunslinger specialization maybe it's not as good as the other thing indeed the sniper but it is very I think we're done here that's it five status confirmed we're not picking up any additional contacts the AO is clear I did manage to save nine civilians out of 13 so I will say that is quite the win I enjoyed this I really really did oh and we even got a new record average enemy is killed per turn 1.25 let's see who moved the furthest sergeant plan botch it most in the fire flooding yeah she was actually poor variable and main most attacks Alexander what a fantastic warrior he's even got a nickname now overdrive it's a good nickname after all it was thanks to his overdrive that bloody got back to her feet and I did not die horribly I do believe he's now wounded but I'm sure as is bloody but I'm sure they will recover in due time and look at her she is as badass as ever smoking on and looking on with her monocle pure ballatary that's why she is which reminds me there is a new DLC coming with a lot of new customization options I kind of can't wait to see it gravy wounded and not just wounded now that is a pile of horse crap at least look at her 14 kills what a badass and I got an expanded magazine out of this whole deal impressive I've got an increasing income in all of North America best news all day poor Alexander this mission has shaken him quite a bit but hey this is only to be expected anyway thank you guys for watching I hope you enjoyed I thought that was a lot of fun next time we're going straight to my home Europe well down central anyway guys thanks for watching if you like this share and subscribe it would do me a huge favor bye


So let's continue our look into the null space. Now yesterday we had a few examples, but in some sense there were very special examples and I don't want you to think that that extrapolates to all examples. So let's have here three equations and four unknowns. We don't have enough equations and our matrix of coefficients would be 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 3, 2, 4, 10, 3, 5 and 13. You can take the matrix of coefficients which would make our matrix A. You can make the augmented matrix. If it's all zeros as well, you're going to end up with the same thing. This is the row reduced form of the matrix of coefficients. And if we had done the augmented matrix, there'd be another 0, 0, 0 here. That would happen here. So what are we saying here? We're saying that x sub 1 plus x sub 2 plus x sub 4 equals 0. In the second row we have the fact that x sub 3 plus x sub 4 equals 0. And in the last row we just have zeros. We just have all zeros. So that doesn't help us at all. So what do we want to do from here? Now in these circumstances, let's just look at that first one. And there are four unknowns and I have three in that first one. So it's very easy for me to alternatively make this a 0 and this a 1 and then make this a 1 and this a 0 and see what happens. So if I make 2 a 1 and this is 0, that means x sub 1 is minus 1. I made this a 1. Now what happens to 3? Well if I made this a 0, this means x 3 must also be 0 and I made x 4 a 0. So all I'm doing here, I just solved this first equation for x sub 1. So that's minus x sub 2 minus x sub 4. And this second one we can also make that's minus x sub 4. So in the first instance I made this a 0 and this a 1. That made x sub 1 negative 1. I made this a 1, so it is there. If I made x sub 4 a 0, x sub 3 is a 0. Now I'm just going to swivel that around. I'm going to make x sub 4 1 this time. So I'm going to make, so this was in essence making x sub 2 into 1. But there's only a combination of that. If I could have made it a 2 or a 3, doesn't matter. This would be sort of the simplest form I can get to. And if I make x sub 4 a 1 in this instance, and that means x sub 3 is going to be a negative 1. And if I made this a 1, well if I made this a 1 and this a 0, x sub 1 is still minus 1. And I made this one a 0. And this was x sub 4 remember that I did. I made x sub 4 a 1. And what we are saying here is, now this is going to be different because there's not a 0 there. There's a 0 and there's not a 0. There's a 0 and there's a 0. But there are not two 0s there. So I can't just say any linear combination of this. It's got to go to our special, it worked out for us especially in our previous examples that there was a 0 there, for instance, and I could do linear combinations. But what we are saying here is linear combinations of these two. And in our instance here, making x 2 1 and there we made x 4 1 and x 2 0. There x 2 was 1, there x 4 was 1, x 2, x 4 was 0 and x 4 was 1 and x 2 was 0. So let's do linear combinations of those. So that is going to be minus x 2 minus x 4. There's going to be an x 2 there. I'm just adding them up.  And there, that is linear combination of these two. What we are saying is that these two special cases, that special case and that special case, that is our null space. So it's our special cases in our null space, these special cases, special cases. So I can solve, I can plug this one in there, this one, I can plug this one in there. But if I want to look at the whole null space, it is linear combinations of these together with this, together with this. So in that instance, so now if I sit, let's do something very wild. I'm going to set x, let's make x 2 equal to, let's make that negative 3 and I'm going to make x 4 into 6. That means a linear combination of this is going to be minus, minus 3. That's 3 minus 6 and x 2 is minus 3 and x 4 is 6. So that's minus 6 and x 4 is 6. So I'm left with this, I'm left with minus 3, minus 3, minus 6, 6. That will also be, that would also be in my solution space. So that makes up this whole null space. So be very careful when you look at these. And sometimes this feels very tricky, you know, what do I do? Solve each of these lines for our pivot here, which is x 1, that one's x 3. And then this first one is very nice because I can just play around with these two, which means it gives me a solution to this. So alternatively make this 1 and 0 and make this 1 and that 1 0, which gives you, if you make x 1, x 2, if you make that x, if you make that equal to 1, this is your special case. If you make this one 1 and x 2 0, this will be your special case. But the linear combinations of these are the linear combination of this, which is that. So I can plug in values for this is my x sub 1, this is my x sub 2, this is my x sub 3, this is my x sub 4, so that I end up with this. If I make x sub 1, this and x sub 2, this and x sub 3, this and x sub 4, this, I have a solution to my, I have a solution. That will be a solution. Linear combinations of these will give me a solution to this problem that I have here. So very, very important for you to realize how to construct these two. And it is linear combinations of these two special cases in this form, in this form which will give me possible solutions. And that null space, that is a special, that is a subspace. That, this null space is a subspace in R4. If we took that, all these coefficients here and all the solutions here must be real numbers. This will be a subspace of R4 called the null space of our initial problem. So I hope you see that distinction from what we had yesterday. So here we are in Mathematica and let's have a look at this example that we just had on the board. I've created the augmented matrix here. I've called it uppercase a, lowercase a, could have called it anything. And let's just hold down shift and enter. It is there, let's just look at it in matrix form. And you can see, different from what I had done on the board, this is the augmented matrix. And let's get that in row reduced form. So row reduced a, a, and I want to see that in matrix form as well. And you see that all these zeros on the right hand side, it's going to work out like that. This is all the right hand sides are equal to zero. So in effect, if I were to read this off, it says one times X sub one plus one, one times X sub two, there's no X sub three is there. So X plus X sub four, that's zero. And there I have an X sub three and X sub four is zero. And I solve here, X sub one is then minus X sub two, minus X sub four, and X sub three is minus X sub four. And I'm going to just look at that first one, because you can see X sub four isn't the second one. So alternatively, I'm going to make X sub two one and X sub four zero to solve for X sub one. And because I made X sub four zero, I also have a solution for X sub three, and then I'm going to swap it around. I'm going to make X sub two a zero and X sub four one, which also gives me a solution for X sub three, whilst giving me a solution to X sub one. Okay, so let's go carry on. I've just now made the matrix of coefficients. I've left out the zero, zero, zero. I want to do that because there is a null space function inside of the Mathematica, but you can only enter the matrix. Remember, we are writing AX equals B. We are really interested in that matrix of coefficients, not really the augmented matrix. I just did the augmented matrix here just to show you how we get. It's just an easy way to see how we get then from here to these equations that we have here. So let's just have A, and now I can call null space, null space of A. It's going to give me two rows, but I actually want the column view. So I'm just going to transpose it. Remember to always transpose it when you print it out to the screen with the null space, and I want it in matrix form. And there we go, I should say the null space of A. And there we go. And we see what we had on the board, the negative one, zero, negative one, one. It's just in a different order than we had. Here we can see X two is zero. And in this one, we see X four is zero. And here in the first one, X four, X up four is one. And here X up two is one. So it's just in the reverse order. But it gives me that exact null space. So just as we did on the board, the Mathematica is going to give you this exact same solution. Now let me show you how we can just test what we did on the board. So I'm going to show you how to construct a function in Mathematica. I'm going to call my function F1. And I'm going to, inside of square brackets, give it all the variables that we are dealing with. Just as you would have done in algebra or in calculus, you say the F of X, or in multivariable calculus, you would say the F of X comma Y. So let's put in X one. But to tell Mathematica that this is a placeholder variable, I'm going to put an underscore after that one. Comma, there's an X two. I'm not going to do the subscript notation. I'll just keep it easy like this. Underscore, I have X three underscore. And I have X four underscore. And I underscore, there we go. And I close my square brackets. Now I don't want any immediate execution here, or any immediate equation of the right-hand side to the left-hand side. So I'm going to use this notation, colon, forward slash. And look what happened. These turned like a greenish color. And the colon means don't execute now. This is just a placeholder function that I'm creating. So just as null space row reduced was a function, I am creating my own function. And one of the functions I can create is just normal mathematical functions. And remember our initial thing we had here? It was a system of linear equations.  And instead of times, I'm leaving a space between the two and X sub three plus two times plus, what did we have three times? Times is a space X sub four. And I'm going to put a semicolon because I don't want that expressed to the screen. So let's press Enter. And I'm just going to copy and paste here from my second screen, the other two. So all I'm doing here basically is recreating my linear system that I had initially. And they're all equal to zero. And the trivial solution is, let me show you that. Let's shift and Enter. Let's do the trivial solution. I'm going to say if one and the placeholder see that it's just like a mathematical function now. I have all these arguments that I have to pass to my function. It just so happens to be this time around a mathematical function. So zero comma zero comma zero comma zero. If I were to do that, I get the solution zero. The zero vector is a solution. But let's do something special here. Let me say a new style. And I'm going to choose, I'll bring it in for you. I'm going to choose display formula numbered. Let's do that. And remember, this first one was X sub four and the second one was X sub two. So let's make X sub four. Let's redo that. Let's make X sub four. Let's make that equal to, let's say, six. And we're going to make X sub three. X sub three, we're going to make that equal, say, negative three. And remember, this was in reversed order. So this first one was X four. And this one, that should be X sub two. The second one was X sub two. So let's just do that and see where we get to. So I'm going to say minus, this minus negative three, times this minus one, that's three, minus six. So I'm going to end up with, I'm just going to do some placeholder text here. So that first one is going to be a negative three. And if I do minus, or six times zero, zero, and a minus three, so that's also going to be a minus three. And if I do six times minus one, that's minus six. So this is going to be a negative six. And if I do six times one is six. And the negative three times zero is zero. So then I'm going to end up with a positive six. I'm just doing a little placeholder work for myself there. And let's see what happens if I take F one. And I pass this now. It's negative three, comma, negative three, comma, negative six, comma, six. And if I pass that, it is zero. That is a solution. So remember that you have to multiply this first null space here, that's x four times this, plus x two times this second one. And that's going to give you a new solution in the subspace. And you can check any one of these. Let's just make sure. Let's just do F two there. F two was let's do a negative three, comma, negative three, comma, a negative six, comma, six. If I were to do that, also zero. So that is a legitimate solution. Let's just check F three as well. And it's negative three, comma, negative three, comma, negative six, negative six, and a six. Close there. It's a solution. That linear combination of x four times this first one and x two times the second one gives me a new vector. And I've just wrote it here just for convenience sake, because I don't want to remember negative three, negative three, negative six, negative six. But I've created this function called F one, F two, F three to represent my system of linear equations. I pop in this new solution there. Pop in these new there and I do get zeros. So I know that this is a solution. It is in this null space, which is a subspace of R four. It's R four because we're dealing with four dimensions here, four unknowns. And you see how beautifully this works out. And you can also see my two special solutions here. And linear combinations of those, remember where the x up four and x up two there, those linear combinations make up the full null space.


الحمد لله رب العالمين له الحمد الحسن والثناء الجميل واشد أن لا إله إلا الله وحده لا شريكا يقول الحق وهو يهدي السبيل واشد أن سيدنا ونبينا محمد سل الله عليه وعلى آله وأصحابه والتابعين لهم بإحساني إلى يوم دين أم بعد أحب أن أتكلم بردن أخي أريد أن أتكلم ببنافق معكم أتكلم ببنافق إن شاء الله أتكلم ببنافق أنه يبنافق معي the speaker ويأتي أحد منكم يتكلم ببنافق شاء الله وعلى آله ومعرفت أنه يبنافق ببليفة الله يسف ذكر فإن ذيك لا تنفع المؤمنين ببنافق ومعرفة ببنافق ببليفة أتذكر أخي أخي ببنافق ومعرفة ببنافق ببنافق أحمد ومعرفة أنك أتكلم أخي أن أتكلم ببنافق في التي هو فيه من الل into hisa he never knows بببنافق ببينه أخي ي probable he has been a charger where way he was sitting on that day we prayed وما Southwest We have spoken about him but what it reminded me الله تعالى أنه يخبرنا كل نفسه في ذائقة الموت وإنما تفونا ودوركم الله يخبرنا في ذائقة الموت أن كل شخص سوف يأخذ موت موت is something that's for everybody but then Allah tells us that He's going to take us all with actions and righteous deeds that we have done it doesn't matter the size of that deed that you've done الله يقول if what you did was very literal and small you'll still see it on the day of judgment whether it be good or bad you're going to see it so don't be literal righteous actions so the thing that came to my mind the first point was how heedless we are and how we forget that our time can be any minute when Allah spoke about the hour and the hour for every one of us brothers is when he dies as it's narrated from the Prophet anyone who dies his hour has started when Allah spoke about the hour when he spoke about death he spoke about it as though it's close he says the hour has come close and the people are heedless الله says الله also says الله also says الله also says many verses in the Qur'an you open the Qur'an and you'll see it الله always says it is close very close that every single one of us his hour is going to come if it's that close the Prophet ﷺ they said to him why don't you smile why don't you enjoy yourself and he said how am I going to smile how am I going to laugh how am I going to enjoy myself when the angel who has been given the trumpet has placed it on his mouth all he waits is for Allah to tell him to blow into it so for each and every one of us there's no there's no reason for us to believe that that person couldn't have been us here we are again a year or a month later we're in the same place again the question is I ask myself from that period of time what good have I accumulated what good have I personally done and when I ask myself that question it makes me really scared it really worries me any have I really I haven't taken a lot of lessons from it I have not taken as much as I was needed from me I haven't stayed away from what Allah told me I haven't stayed away from I haven't come with the goods that Allah had wanted from me so my beloved brother and sisters we need to prepare the wise one is the one who takes who takes his Z who takes his provision with him before he travels he prepares everything which he needs places it in his bag and once he takes the journey he's got everything he needs whilst he's in his journey the wise one is that one my beloved brother and sisters we've got a journey ahead of us we've got another place that we're going to and as a word prepare the best provision in brother's priority to be conscious of Allah سبحانه وتعالى you're going to stand in front of your Lord الله سبحانه وتعالى he's going to ask you questions he's going to ask you questions that you already know the question and you already know the answer to it and you can only pass it by making sure you have those answers for those questions والله it is not rocket science brothers it worries me more than it worries one of you I am more worried I am more concerned I came to visit a person who is ill in the hospital just looking at the sheets the white sheets it reminded me of the shrouds of the graves when everybody is going to be shrouded with that shroud that's what's going to be your shroud أما والله لو علم الأنام لما قولوا لما هجعوا وناموا لقد قولوا لأمر العظيم لو رأتوا عيون قلوبهم تا هو هاموا حياتهم ثم مماتهم ثم حشروا ثم أهوالوا عظامهم والله if we were to know what was waiting for us on the other side as the prophet told us لو تعلمون أما أعلم if you knew what I knew لضحقتهم قليلا and you would laugh little ولم بكيتم كثيرا and you would cry a lot if only we knew what waits us death resurrection accountability and a lot of us will spend the rest of their life depressed and sad and worried I ask Allah سبحانه و تعالى He makes us people who wake up who realize what's ahead of them what they need to be preparing for what is it that they need righteous actions the prophet said يَتَلْعُ الْمَيْيِ الْتَلَاتَةَ 3 is going to go to you in your go with you but 2 are going to come back وَأَرْجِعُ الْتِلَاتَ وَيَبْقَا وَأَحِدُوا 2 are going to come back and 1 is going to stay with you in your grave the one thing that's going to stay with you in your grave my beloved brothers and sisters is your actions it's your actions and it is your actions brothers that are personal enter jannah ودخولوا الجنة بِمَا كُنْتُمْ تعملون because of the good that you have done it's that action that we need to be friend it is that action that we need to come with if we're not if we lose and we don't make it through to jannah and we end up going to the hellfire we have no one to blame even الشيطان will tell us tell us that وقال الشيطان وَلَمَا قُضِيَ الْأَبْلُ إِنَ اللَّهَ وَعَدَكُمْ وَعَدَ الْحَقْ وَعَدْتُكُمْ فَأخلَفْتُكُمْ وَمَا كَانَ لِي عَرِقُمْ مِنْ سُلطانِن وَمَا اتُمْ بِمُسْرِخِينِ إِنِي كَفَرْتُمْ بِمَا كَانَكْتُمْ وَعِمِنْ قَبْ إِنْ لَلْضَانِ مِنَا لَهَمْ عَدَيَمْ وَعَدَيْمْ Don't blame me الشيطان is saying this to you Don't blame me Don't put the fault on me This is all your fault Don't blame other people for your own sins for your own shortcoming for the own problems that you're going through Don't take that finger and place it and point at other people The reason why you're falling short in your religion The reason why you're falling short in your deep is because of yourself no one else and the minute you recognise that the minute you get up and the minute you start working towards that that's when you're truly going to get righteous actions my beloved brothers and sisters It's A'amal it is actions the Salaf al-Saleh the pious predecessors they realised that they knew that and that's why they spent the rest of their lives crying they spent the rest of their lives weeping they spent the rest of their life knowing what to expect on the other side إمام أحمد رحم الله said if I spent one leg in Jannah and the other leg was still out I'll still be worried I'll still be scared I've got one leg in Jannah the other leg hasn't yet gone in I'm still worried and I'm still concerned so he's already half in Jannah and he's worried and he's concerned and he wants to get through to it you haven't got no leg in there you don't know what you're going to end up ربا رضي الله I was promised Jannah a life أبو باكا was promised Jannah a life أرسبان was promised Jannah a life أعليم نبي الطالب was promised Jannah a life and everyone of them was promised Jannah a life but that didn't stop them from working hard أو الله wherever our youth are in the world whether it be America whether it be Canada whether it be Britain UK, Europe Africa, Asia Middle East it doesn't matter أو الله wake us all up Muslims whether it be old elders and it be youngsters أو الله wake us up make us realize what's needed from us and make us those who come with beneficial knowledge and righteous actions أو الله forgive us for our sins our private sins our public sins that which we know no one else knows of us and that which you that everyone else knows of us أو الله forgive us for everything and also forgive us for the sins we don't know that we are done أو الله the other one who is able to do that سبحانك الله وبحمدك أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله أستغفرك و أتوغلي


Hi, Gampy David. How are you? Hi, David. How are you? Hi, Sarah. Oh, there's Teddy. Thank you for helping me. People here have been getting that. You got like five minutes. Okay. Give Jim a kiss. Okay, that's good.  Look at me. That's great. Scott, I'll hand you the teddy bear when you get over on the other side. Here, go by dad. There you go. How are you? How about that? It's great. Ladies, stay up close to dad.


Alright guys welcome back to Comic-Ginn. I'm Shannon and today for your Funko Pop review I'm going to be reviewing the pop heroes DC super heroes number 91 Firestorm vinyl figure Firestorm has always been one of my favorite heroes from DC Comics very underrated hero Doesn't get enough love as you can see on the side you got firestorm Got his head peeking up there on the front you got picture of firestorm And on the side you got the full image of firestorm On the back you do have firestorm here pop heroes number 91 DC comics super heroes collection And number 91 is firestorm 92 black manta 93 super girl 94 power girl and number 95 cyborg So let's go ahead and open this guy up and take a look inside Sorry for such a high view of this My selfie stick that I usually use to hold my phone on the tripod It busted while filming for twisted zombie productions my horror channel the other day alongside john So i'm kind of using A windshield mount cell phone I had to Make adjustments to it because it was made for a smaller cell phone. So I anyway It's a lot higher up so You get this view. I'm hoping that sometime this week to get a new Selfie stick though. So you'll do a few better quality videos for you next week So included in firestorm is the legion of collectors dc comics little Little card Our debut our debut box featured items from batman v superman You got the shirt you got The armored batman little mini funko You got the superman and aquaman chiwis Looks like a wonder woman pin or whatever Every box 100 exclusive every item Join today at legionofcollectors.com for only $25 you'll receive 100 exclusive dc conics collectibles created by funko Each box contains exclusive pop vinyl guaranteed Boxes ship every other month six boxes per year. No fluff every box features at least $50 of value Join a community of fans and get news direct from dc comics join today at legionofcollectors.com For those of you who don't know I do not make any money off of this Um, I haven't got any advertising contracts or anything yet Maybe in the future Once viewership increases or whatever But right now I just wanted to kind of practice With this And since it comes in the box Might as well You have the original firestorm here ronnie rayman With professor martin stein Inside his head As you can see this is the original version of firestorm because he's got the yellow yellow trunks Very nice figure like I've said before I've been a huge firestorm fan since I was really young since superpowers Super friends galactic guardians was on the air The one episode that really sticks in mind is the episode when firestorm Killed superman with kryptonite. So as you can see like with most funko's His head does turn all the way around He's got the white eyes He's got the red um Partial cowl I guess you'd call it Uh got the translucent orange and yellow fire on top of his head He's got the yellow costume With this firestorm symbol Red undershirt and red pants with yellow gloves and yellow boots The paint detail on this guy is really nice So for a little bit of comparison We're gonna go ahead and compare him to the dc legends of tomorrow pop television number 381 firestorm As most of you who watch this show know This firestorm was my very first funko pop um saw him at target and I had to have him is he's the only firestorm on the shelf The original firestorm is just a little bit taller Um Let me see if I can bring this down a little bit There we go He is just a tiny bit taller mainly because of the fire on his head, but as you can see um Jefferson Jackson firestorm from legends of tomorrow His head does come down a little bit lower The bottom of his cheeks Are uh lower than ronnie's they both his eyes are also a little bit lower than ronnie's Also with the jefferson jackson firestorm He does have fire in his hands as well unlike the ronnie rayman firestorm, which does not Also with this firestorm He's got the screen accurate um Matrix device To help contain his powers Ronnie's firestorm. It's just a symbol for his chest. You got the sun here with the little Nuclear pieces there still really cool. Um The jefferson jackson firestorm has a little bit more yellow In his fire as opposed to ronnie Who's mostly orange? But I really like them If I was the type of person To store them out of the box um I would love displaying these two out of the box, but I I like keeping them in the box too much They they make good displays in the box And even better displays out of the box, but Like I said, I'm the type of collector who stores them in the box So there you have it my friends the Funko pop pop heroes dc comics superheroes number 91 Firestorm vinyl figure Stay tuned next week when I review Exterminate Exterminate the funko pop doctor who Dalek See you then


Assalam-u-Alaikum. Welcome to Virtual University. I hope you are enjoying your lessons. Today's lesson is about mainframes. Large computer systems or mainframes as they are referred to in the field of computer science are those computer systems found in computer installations processing immense amounts of data. These powerful computers make use of very high speed main memories into which data and programs to be dealt with are transferred for rapid access. These powerful machines have a larger repertoire of more complex instructions which can be executed more quickly. Whereas smaller computers may take several steps to perform a particular operation a larger machine may accomplish the same thing with one single instruction. These computers can be of two types, digital and analog. The digital computer or general purpose computer as it is often known make up about 90% of the large computers that are in use. It gets its name because the data that is presented to it are made up of a code consisting of digits, single character numbers. The digital computer is like a gigantic cash register in that it can do calculations in steps one after another at tremendous speed and with great accuracy. Digital computer programming is by far the most commonly used in electronic data processing for business or statistical purposes. The analog computer works something like a car like a car speedometer in that it continuously works out calculations. It is used essentially for problems involving measurements. It can simulate or imitate different measurements by electronic means. Both these computer types, the digital and the analog are made up of electronic components that may require large rooms to accommodate them. At present, the digital computer is capable of doing anything the analog once did. Moreover, it is easier to program, cheaper to operate and cheaper to operate. A new type of scientific computer system called the hybrid computer has now been produced that combines the two types into one. Really powerful computers continue to be bulky and require special provision for their housing, refrigeration systems, air filtration and power supplies. This is because much more space is taken by the input-output devices. The magnetic tape and disk units and other peripheral equipment then by the electronic components that do not make up the bulk of the machine in a powerful installation. The power consumption of these machines is also quite high not to mention the price that runs into thousands of dollars. Now all this was in the past. The future will bring great developments in the mechanical devices associated with computer systems. For a long time these have been the weak link from the point of view of both efficiency and reliability. Now you have read three paragraphs dealing with mainframes and the information that you read dealt with computers in the past. We have moved a long way from that time. Anyway, we will now ask you the similar questions. You are familiar, we will start with the main idea. You have read the three paragraphs. Now can you find out what the main idea of the passage was? Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? And after you've done that, you will have to say why you eliminated the other choices. The first sentence, hybrid computers are a combination of digital and analog computers. Is that the main idea of the passage? Number two, digital computers are used more than any other type of computer. Is this the main idea? Does this statement express the main idea of the passage? Number three, there are three types of mainframes. There are three types of mainframes. Was the passage about this? Number four, analog computers can do more varied work than digital or hybrid computers. Now out of these four statements, which one? Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? I'm sure you have made the right selection. It is statement number three. There are three types of mainframes. It is statement number three. There are three types of mainframes. Number one and two. Number one, two and four. Don't express this idea. It is only statement number three. There are three types of mainframes. This statement best expresses the main idea of the text that you've read. Now that was understanding the passage. Now let us look at another way of understanding the text. Right? You will see a number of statements on your screen and you will decide whether these sentences are true or false. This is also a way of understanding your comprehension of the passage that you've read. You will refer to the information in the text and you will judge whether that statement is true or false. After you've done that, the statements that are false, that you think are false and you later on find out that they are true, you can convert them into true statements. The first statement. A mainframe is the type of computer that can sit on top of a desk. A mainframe is the type of computer that can sit on top of a desk. Now is this statement true or false? It is false. A mainframe, now how will you convert this into a true statement? A mainframe is a large computer system requiring a special room. Nowhere does the text say that a mainframe is a computer that is put on top of a desk. So statement number one was false. Let us look at statement number two. Mainframes are very powerful and can execute jobs very rapidly and easily. Now is this statement true or is it false? This is a true statement because your text does say that. This was a true statement. Now the next statement. Statement number three. Digital computers are used more than analog computers. Digital computers are used more than analog computers. Is this statement according to the text or is it false? I am sure you made the correct judgment. It is a true statement because it does say so in the text. Statement number four. The analog computer is far smaller than digital computer and therefore occupies very little space. Listen again. The analog computer is far smaller than the digital computer and therefore occupies very little space. This is a false statement. Now let us correct it and make it true. You can make it true by adding the word both. Both analog and digital computers are used more than analog computers. Analog and digital computers are large computers. Both analog and digital computers are large computers. Statement number five. The hybrid computer is a combination of both digital and the analog computer. The hybrid computer is a combination of both the digital and the analog computer. It is a true statement. Those of you who have studied science know the meaning of hybrid. Hybrid means picture of two. So that statement was true. Now statement number six. The analog computer does its calculations one at a time. The analog computer does its calculations one at a time. True or false? False. Now let us correct this and make it true. The digital computer does its calculations one step at a time. The text did not say that the analog computer does it. It is the digital computer. Now statement number seven. The digital computer continuously works out calculations. The digital computer continuously works out calculations. True or false? Again it is false. And let us make it correct. Let us correct it. Let us make it true. The analog computer continuously works out calculations. All you have to do is change from digital to analog. And statement number eight. Mainframes are huge powerful machines whose peripheral equipments take up a lot of space. Mainframes are huge powerful machines whose peripheral equipments take up a lot of space. True or false? True. I am sure you made the correct choice. It was a true statement. Statement number nine. Mainframes are expensive to buy and to operate. Mainframes are expensive to buy and to operate. Correct. It is a correct statement. And the last statement. Statement number ten. Mainframe technology has reached the end of the road. No further development is needed. Mainframe technology has reached the end of the road. No further development is needed. Well, it is obvious. It is a false statement. And we can make it true by converting this statement into. There will be great developments in computer technology in the future. There will be great developments in computer technology in the future. Now we will do another exercise. You will locate information in your text. I shall give you the clue and you go through the text and locate where this information is. The first statement. Smaller computers may take longer to perform an operation. Smaller computers may take longer to perform an operation. Now this you will find in paragraph one. Just came over the text. Very easy. It is in paragraph one. Statement number two. More technological development is necessary in the mechanical devices associated with computer systems. More technological development is necessary in the mechanical devices associated with computer systems. This information is to be found in paragraph three. There are only three paragraphs in this text. Paragraph three. Have you located it? Right. I am sure you have. Statement number three. Mainframes can operate quickly and execute more complex instructions. This information is to be found in paragraph one. So it should not be difficult for you to locate that information. Statement number four. The hybrid computer is a combination of both digital and analog computers. The hybrid computer is a combination of both digital and analog computers. And the information is in paragraph two. Found it? Statement five. Digital computers are used more than analog computers. Digital computers are used more than analog computers. This information you will find in paragraph two. Have you located it? Good. Statement number six. Mainframes are large powerful computers. Mainframes are large powerful computers. And this is in paragraph one. Right there in front of you in the first paragraph. Shouldn't be difficult to locate. Statement number seven. An analog computer is comparable to a speedometer in the way it operates. An analog computer is comparable to a speedometer in the way it operates. Paragraph two. This information can be located in paragraph two. Found it? Let's move on to number eight. Statement number eight. Digital computers do calculations one after another quickly and exactly. Digital computers do calculations one after the other quickly and exactly. And this information is in paragraph two. Right. Now shall we move on to looking at references. Look back at the text and find out the words or phrases that you see on your screen in bold type. We've done this exercise many times before and it shouldn't be difficult for you anymore. Right. In paragraph one look at the word which the whole phrase which can be executed. This you will find this phrase is in paragraph one which can be executed. And what does the word which refer to? You just have to scan the sentence before the sentence after and you'll find the information. Which refers to instruction? The word which can be executed the word which in this phrase which can be executed. Number two. As it is often known. It in this phrase as it is often known. What does it refer to? If you go back to paragraph two you will notice this phrase. It says as it is often known. What does the word it refer to? It refers to general purpose computer. Number three. In paragraph two you will find this phrase that are presented to it. In paragraph two you will find this phrase that are presented to it. What does the word that refer to? It refers to the word data. That refers to the word data. And number four. In paragraph two again you will find this phrase in that it can do calculations. In that it can do calculations. What does it refer to? The word it refers to digital computers. Number five. In that this is again in paragraph two look for this phrase. In that it continuously works out. In that it continuously works out. And the word is it. It refers to analog computers. This time it is analog computers. In the last phrase it was digital computers. Now let us look at number six. And again it is paragraph two. The second paragraph is fairly long. I am sure you have noticed that. Number six, paragraph two. Both of these computer types. The word both in this phrase. Both of these computer types. And the word both refers to digital and analog computers. That was easy. Number seven. Again paragraph two. That may require a large room. That may require a large room. What does that refer to? That refers to electronic computers. Statement number eight. Again look at paragraph two. And look for the phrase that combines the two types. That combines the two types. What does that refer to? That refers to hybrid computers. And number nine. Now move on to paragraph three. The next two statements deal with paragraph three. Statement number nine. Require special provision for their housing. Require special provision for their housing. What does the word there refer to? T-H-E-I-R. There. It refers to computers in paragraph three. And the last statement. Again in paragraph three. That runs into thousands of dollars. What does the word that refer to? It refers to the price. Now we'll do an exercise where we will look at your vocabulary. Another way to increase your vocabulary. Go back to the text. Refer to the text. And find words that are used in paragraph three. Refer to the text and find words that are similar in meaning. Find synonyms. There is a word that is exactly the same in meaning as the word area. Look in paragraph one and find a word which is more or less the same in this context as the word area. You have the word field over there. Field. Field and area have more or less the same meaning in this context. Number two. Look for a word again in paragraph one. You can use the word acted on. There is a word over there which has the same meaning as acted on. And the word is executed. Executed. Number three. Again refer to paragraph one and look for a word which has the same meaning as do. You do something and the word is accomplish. The word is accomplish. Accomplish and do in this context are synonyms. They are synonymous. One can be used or substituted for the other. Now move on to paragraph two and look for a word which is similar in meaning as composed off. Composed off. Is there a phrase which has the same meaning as composed off? In paragraph two you have a word. A phrase consisting of consisting of and composed of carry the same meaning. Again in paragraph two look for a word which has the same meaning as principally. And the word is essentially. Now we look at words that are opposite in meaning. Again refer back to the text and find antonyms. Find words that are opposite in meaning to the words that I call out. Paragraph one there is a word which is opposite to the word ignored. Opposite in meaning to the word ignored. When you ignore something the opposite would be when you deal with something. And you have the word the phrase deal with. The opposite of deal with would be to ignore. And in paragraph two find a word which is opposite in meaning to seldom. Once in a while the opposite would be often. Coming happening again and again. In paragraph two look for a word which is the opposite in meaning to little. Little something small the opposite would be gigantic correct. And move on to paragraph three and find a word which is opposite to the word small. Opposite to the word small. And the word is bulky huge in size bulky again. Same paragraph look for a word which is the opposite in meaning to weak. Weak meaning not strong. So what would be the opposite of weak? And the word you will find over there is powerful. Powerful. Right. Now we will see a number of words. They are all verbs and well not all of them are not verbs. Some are verbs and some are nouns. You have to choose the most appropriate form to complete the sentence. And you can look up the differences in meaning of those words in your dictionary. The first sentence is it is usually not blank dash space. You fill it with one of the four words given on your screen. And the words are permission permit permissible permitted. It is usually not to smoke in a computer installation. The word is permitted. It is usually not permitted to smoke in a computer installation. B. Computers dash space people to use that use that time more effectively. Computers permit people to use that time more effectively. And C. Building dash space. Building is usually required before starting any renovations in buildings for computer department. Building is usually required before starting any renovations to a building for computer department. So building permission the word is permission. Let us look at another one. Four words continuation continue continuing and continuous. You have three sentences and you have to see which one is correct. A. If computers if micro computer sales dash increase it won't be long before every household has one. And the word is continue. If micro computer sales continue to increase it won't be long before every household has one. B. Computers can do repetitive operations dash without getting bored. Computers can do repetitive operations and the word is continuously without getting bored. And number C. There is a dash interest in discovering new areas where computers can be used. There is a continuing there is a continuing interest in discovery in discovering new areas where computers can be used. And the third group of words are measurement, measure, measured and measurable. A. The analog computer is essentially used for problems involving what? Measurement, measure, measure, measurable it has to be measurement. A. The analog computer is essentially used for solving problem for is used for problems involving measurement. Number B. Because computer equipment is often bulky the area used for a computer installation must be measured out carefully. The first in the first blank you used a noun here it has to be a verb must be measured out carefully. And the last sentence in the third group the number of employees a computer company has can be seen as a dash of its success in the business world. The number of employees a computer company has can be seen as a measure of its success in the business world. And the fourth group of words are association, associate, associated. A. Computers are with speed and accuracy. Computers are associated with speed and accuracy. B. There are many computer dash around the world to which computer professionals belong. What could it be? We've already used the word associated and you are left with two choices. The correct choice would be there are many computer associations around the world to which computer professionals belong. And number C. Very easy. You've used up the other two. You are left with only one choice and that is the one. The correct one. Business dash in different cities often communicate with each other via their computers. Business associates in different cities often communicate with each other via their computers. Right. Now number 5. The fifth group of words. Efficiency, efficient and efficiently. A. Using a hand calculator to do simple mathematics is an dash way of working. Using a hand calculator to do simple mathematics is an efficient way of working. B. Computers can solve problems faster and more dash than humans. Computers can solve problems faster and more efficiently than humans. And C. Dash is important in any service industry. What is important? It is efficiency. Efficiency is important in any service industry. Now we shall review the contents of the text that you have read just to see how far you have grasped the text. And you will go back to your text, refer to your text and select the word that fits in that sentence. The first sentence. The dash dash system is a computer which has combined the features of both the dash and dash computer. Now you know what you have been reading. We have been reading about two types of computers in this text. And the computer that is a combination of both is called a hybrid. The hybrid computer system which combines the features of both the analog and the digital computer. It is used mainly in scientific research. Number two, dash you have to fill in the space over here which computers get their name from the word dash. These are single character numbers that make up the in which the data are presented to the computer for processing. Digital computers get their name from the word digits. Very simple, digit and digital. Digital computers get their name from the word digits. These are single character numbers that make up the code in which the data are presented to the computer for processing. Number three, look at the sentence are usually found in large something. Now what is found in large and your text was about main frames. Main frames are usually found in large computer installations. And number four, the last sentence the most commonly used language of in the business community is the most commonly used language of programming. In the business community is digital. Now first we reviewed the contents of what you had read. Now we shall look at the way the information was organized. What was the main idea of this text that you read? The main idea was that main frames are big powerful machines which process an immense amount of data with great speed and accuracy. That was the main idea of the text that you read and there was a major detail as well. Something that supported the main idea and what was that? That was that there are three types of main frames. Digital, analog and hybrid. Now let me just go over for you. The information in this text that you read was organized in this way. There was one main idea and the main idea was that the main idea was that main frames are big powerful machines. And these machines they work at immense speed, great speed and with great accuracy. That was the main idea and the major detail was that there are three types of main frames. Digital, analog and hybrid. The minor detail was about the digital computer and it told you six details of the digital computer. The first detail was that it is also called general purpose computer. Number two, the second detail was that it makes up 90% of large computers which are now in use. The third detail was that data are presented to it in digits. The fourth minor detail that was given was that the digital computer does calculations in steps. And the fifth minor detail was that it is very common for business or statistical programming. And the sixth detail given you about the digital computer was that it requires a large space to accommodate it. Now that was one minor detail dealing with the digital computer. There was information given you about the analog computer. And the details were number one that the analog computer is continuously does calculations. Number two that it is used for problems dealing with measurement. And the third detail about the analog computer was that it requires a large room to accommodate it. And the fourth that it is more expensive to operate and more difficult to program. And then you were given information about the hybrid computer. And you were told that this computer combines the two analog and digital in one. So that was how your information was organized in this text. Well I am sure you have seen that some of the information that you came across is dated. Not all of it but some of it. Keep reading and be up to date. That is all for now. For now, see you next time.


Big reveal time! I'm ready! I'm not really ready, but I'm kinda ready, I'm kinda scared! What's up my beautiful babes? So I did post on my Instagram today Who won the Live Your Extra Life contest It's super exciting If you wanna know who won, go to my Instagram at BradMondoNYC And if you're not already following me Like, what are you doing?  What, come on And then I have 722,000 on YouTube Where are you guys on Instagram? Instagram is my sh** I love Instagram, follow me on there You won't regret it, you'll see a lot of behind the scenes of my life I post a lot on my Instagram story I don't use Snapchat so I use a lot of Instagram story So if you wanna get to know me a little bit better Follow me on Instagram girl And I always love to see all your beautiful faces on Instagram See who is behind the camera, who are you Who is watching me Follow me on Instagram and I will see your face And I will probably like your pictures Cause I always like everybody's pictures And I comment on things And I love communicating with you guys Because I actually care about you Believe it or not So it's been almost 3 weeks Since my last Bleach Fail They're very close to being my favorite reaction video that I do I just think they're so entertaining And people mess up their hair So badly and I just Cannot believe what they do to themselves So today I am gonna watch this video By Sofia De Sanctis Sanctis Sanctis I'm sorry Sofia I literally have no idea How to pronounce your last name And her video is titled To Blonde from Black Box Bleaching Mental Breakdown And then she has in parentheses Ammonia Free Thank God it's Ammonia Free Who cares if your hair broke Or like it was orange or whatever At least it was Ammonia Free Right? Let's get it started Today I'm gonna be doing some pretty cool scary stuff I'm actually Going to be going from This Level 1 Pretty much artificially dyed hair To I would say Realistically Anywhere between a 6 and level 7 Lift So We are gonna be using Bleach Eventually just totally terrifying I wanna say that I'm one of the most Cautious people Because I've bleached my hair before And before Like I'm talking cotton candy Stretching Hair never dries Have to cut it short and wear a wig For almost a year And that's about to happen again I like the dark on her I don't know if it's dry But I went through my hair A couple of days ago I have no split ends My hair is In pretty good shape It's thin Relatively straight But I have a lot of it I have no split ends I don't wanna lose a lot of it In this process I'm freaking out Perfect We haven't even applied the bleach yet And she's like I'm freaking out Oh my god this is bad This is turning out bad Prevana Hair extractor kit I got One and two Because That's going to keep the bonds Of my hair In a Relatively healthy state I got ammonia free Powder lightener I've never used this Scalp I also got the highest volume That they had in the ammonia free Developer Which is 32 volume Which is not Not necessarily the way I wanted to go Because Olaplex does Dilute The power of the developer So essentially this is 32 volume Using Olaplex is going to make it a 22 volume I don't have that much experience with Olaplex But I'm pretty sure Olaplex Will make a 32 volume Into a 16 volume It'll make whatever it is half of that So basically that's not gonna be Powerful enough at all To break through black box dye I also got An 18 volume developer Just in case 18 developer and 32 volume developer I also got a couple of toners B35 because it's like a beige Blonde like almost a champagne blonde And that's really the color That I want to go for But I also got a medium blonde Intense ash And then the rest of the stuff that I got Is just stuff that you need Just gonna say one more thing Before this starts She's probably spent I'm guessing over Probably more than that On supplies to color her own hair I hope she realizes that If she went to a salon She would have paid I mean A bit more than that But not a whole lot more than that If you're gonna already commit to $150 To do it yourself And waste your time And break and damage your hair And make more of a problem for yourself Why don't you just go to a salon And have a professional do it Save yourself the time Save your mental health It might sound like a big investment To spend upwards of $300 On your hair color But it's worth it It's your appearance Hair is important to people It's very important So that's all Sophia, that's all I wanted to say Okay, so just a little update I've already mixed parts 1 and 2 I winged it She winged it One half of my head done And now I'm just working on the other half So she's stripping out the color first Which is a good idea Not with bleach But with her color stripper You don't really have to be It's just gonna take out the artificial Hair color molecules Out of her hair Okay, good sectioning So I'm gonna finish the rest of this head Doing a thorough job Okay, so At this point I just finished this side And I don't know if you can see it But it's already lightening Or not lightening But it's Taking those artificial Hair color molecules out of there Wow It made a big difference It's a good place to start I think I'm just gonna stop here Oh my god, yeah There's a little heat on it Even though there's already some heat going on Actually I can feel it on my roots Which is bad because I didn't put any Purposely put any Dye Or bleach on my roots I didn't want to do that Because I'm like, well it's gonna take Root process quicker And I feel Heat on my roots So She ended up applying The bleach to her entire head And now it's processing I just hope this doesn't turn ugly And like the whole reason why Oh my god You can see how Splotchy and terrible it looks Already It's a I'm not using gloves She's so pissed I'm freaking out right now I'm freaking out I made this decision because of the effort required I told you Should have just gone this long Not because I'm not looking what's happening Just way too much effort Blashed I'm ready to see it I put Olflex in my hair For about Five minutes and then Make sure that all the product is out I wasn't paying attention I'm ready to hair Big reveal time I mean she lifted it like seven levels That's a lot And especially because She had black box dye It's gonna be very difficult to lift that out And I'm satisfied with this result Honestly I'm so mad at my hair it looks like that I think I'm just gonna So mad Put that consistency bleach all around Went on For about 40 No 50 minutes left that all in I know that there's like dark spots And stuff like that I'm not super concerned about that What I'm gonna do is Try to bring it back As long as you're not concerned about it As good as condition as I can There's some yellow spots There's some other stuff But the point is that my hair Is still in a decent enough state Where it's not breaking I can feel the developer Working and that scares me So I'm gonna go print it out And then I'll be back I can feel the developer working That scares me It's supposed to work I'm impressed It's not bad Definitely blonde For what she came from And got to Chuck I'm Chuck Her hair looks super healthy Some super gold Good job, Sophia Obviously she needs to bleach it Two times to get to Her gold Pretty good job So just because Sophia didn't completely Fail at coloring her hair at home Doesn't mean you should do it I know you're getting ideas Even she said I regret this Just because it's taking so much time And so much effort Like, not worth it Just go sit in a chair at a salon And get pampered and Just pay the extra money for it It's worth it, I swear And make sure you check out my Live Your Extra Life merch And today's Instagram shout out Goes to Olivia This is her Instagram name And this is what she looks like Olivia says, hey I love your videos so much And I'm thinking about dyeing my hair What do you think?