Hey everyone today, I'm bringing you one of the hottest trends for spring sleeves Seriously, all of my favorite retailers are selling them right now and Taylor has this adorable jumpsuit Anthropology has this super cute dress J Crew has this button back top White House Black Market has this beautiful flowy top and I have McCall's 7542 I Talked about this top a little bit in my January makes video But I wanted to show it to you on me and also show you how I styled it for work PS it's also just as cute with jeans So I went to one of my favorite hidden spots in Charleston the Gibbs Museum of Art Garden to model my new favorite pattern This fabric is something I found in the clearance section at Joanne's I don't know the fabric content because hashtag bad vlogger, but I'm guessing some blend of poly rayon and lycra It does have a little bit of stretch to it I paid only two dollars and fifty cents a yard for this luxurious feeling fabric making this a less than five dollar top. I Made view D, but honestly every view on this top is so cute The pleated version is at the top of my spring to-do list. I'm planning it in a sear sucker I also love view a in a rayon shally or other super lightweight fabric I'm going to make another version of D out of some pink tensile. I got from indy so last year the key to making D and therefore B is Finding a fabric with a beautiful drape C and E can hold up to a little bit more structure like cotton and A requires something really lightweight to make sure your arms don't look like they have dog comb collars on them. I Seriously love my top even if the hook and I and the back doesn't hold and I can't wait to sew up the other versions What version is your favorite? You can't go wrong with any of these and what's really awesome is that you can add this sleeve to virtually any Bodice pattern you have add it to dresses or jumpsuits or jackets Seriously, anything with the sleeve would look amazing with one of these sleeve details I hope I have your creative juices flowing can't wait to see what everyone comes up with Follow me on Instagram to see more of my makes and until next time. Bye


In an effort to help find a missing Red Lake woman, the Bemidji Police Department has taken a social media to spread the word. According to the Bemidji Police Department's Facebook page, 27-year-old Amy Dow of Red Lake has gone missing. And the department asks if anyone has seen or knows of Amy's whereabouts to contact the Red Lake Police Department. Amy is described as 5 feet 3 inches tall, 98 pounds with brown hair and brown eyes. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


I'm trying to organize snorkeling in the marine reserve in front of the castle the world wildlife foundation runs Provides gear and things like that So I was thinking trying to do that Friday afternoon We need at least six people for them to come out with the gear and all those things And it's 20 euro per person And I think they show up with a guide and all sorts of things So if anyone else is interested I think and I don't know after this is over So two o'clock or something like that Just send me an email or grab me a coffee and and I'll get it all set up. Thanks Okay, so I'd like to introduce our first speaker Whose name I can't pronounce he keeps correcting me and I keep getting it wrong. So here goes Kaylin Vassigian who's gonna tell us about evolutionary dynamics of communities of antibiotic producing bacteria Thanks Peter. Well, it's it was better not perfect, but It's Do you hear me well is this thing on Okay, so first of all, I'd like to thank Daniel and Simon for Inviting me and also to all the other organizers Mattel Vittorio and Pan June for putting this incredible experience together Now I'd like to honor the place we're in which is the Center for theoretical physics in my talk Just like in the last talk Yesterday, I will emphasize more theory and I also sprinkled it a little bit with physics Way of thinking along the way Okay, so let's see if this is working. It used to work. I don't know. I'll just maybe use this Okay, it's working. I was working. Yeah Okay, so the story here, I'm going to tell you about started by thinking about Extremely diverse environments such as soil where people say that you can have 10,000 some people say 40,000 species in a single teaspoon of soil Okay, and I want to think about how diversity is generated and maintained in environments like that okay now Now there are at least two big Potential classes of explanations for diversity the first type of explanation is that the environment such as soil Are heterogeneous down to small spatial scales? Okay, and therefore you have many different abiotic niches there and correspondingly They harbor many many different species, okay So basically the diversity is driven by environmental heterogeneity the second type of explanation Which is not mutually exclusive is that the diversity is somehow maintained through a network of pairwise Or not pairwise the network is some kind of web of interactions. Okay Yes, we're going to talk about about that We're going to consider kind of the heterogeneity created by the microbes because I'm kind of Yes, I said at least two explanations there are other types of categories, but one obvious one is that Kind of there's some environmental gradient, right? It's not like a big puzzle why the power bears and the grizzly bears coexist because they there's they have it different environments, but Yeah, this is not a full list of explanations right the microbes Organisms create niches for their organisms. Let me start. Oh now it's working perfect. Okay So doing theory you cannot weigh the relative importance of these potential explanations But what one can do is kind of ask is this second type of explanation Where the interactions maintain diversity is even plausible Does it make sense is it self-consistent? And if it does kind of offer some particular mechanisms by which this can happen beyond a simple hand waving Okay, now we're going to focus on this second Category in order to eliminate the first types of explanations we're going to ask can we get emergent diversity in one niche environments and for the purposes of this talk What I mean by one niche environment is Let's say single food source no abiotic spatial heterogeneity though we can might have an emergent biotic heterogeneity, okay, and basically we're going to ask whether the situation where we have one species per one niche is Evolutionary unstable with respect to emergence of some diversity. Okay Now, why would that be? Well, one reason this might happen as it was discussed yesterday actually is that microbes do not simply Occupy niches created by Someone by God But they actually actively remodel their environment. Okay, and in this way they create niches for their microbes and kind of the primary way in which microbes do that is by secreting or removing bioactive molecules From the environment. Okay. Now all microbes do that because of the very minimum they need to eat and they need to secrete waste products and As it was mentioned yesterday Waste products secretion already gives us one mechanism for coexistence, which is cross-feeding. Okay It is a very well known mechanism, but perhaps what is slightly Less appreciated is the extent to which you can get diversity to cross-feeding and I think this is the subject of the next talk But for the purpose of this talk, I'm going to eliminate This known explanation. I'm going to shoot myself in the leg and said Let's imagine that waste products are just waste products and everyone is just eating the same food Can we still have a diversity that says coexisting here Stably in that environment. Okay, and the reason I'm interested in that question is because many microbes invest heavily into the production secretion of Bioactive small molecules such as antibiotics such as a their force quantum sensing molecules and so on Now we know quite a lot About the chemical structure of these molecules how they're produced how they act But we're not very good at understanding their Ecological and evolutionary consequences. Okay, and it's hard for several simple reasons first of all The effect of small molecules is kind of context dependent simple example antibiotic production might be Beneficial if there are sensitive bacteria around but it will be just a waste of resources and energy if there are only resistant bacteria around and perhaps because This is a benefit is context dependent many microbes have Evolved the capability to produce many different Antibiotic like molecules. Okay in some cases up to 70 different molecules. Okay, so what you see here It's it's basically for you know bacteria. How many? Biosynthetic gene clusters they have for things like a their force and antibiotics You see sometimes it goes up to up to 70 typically around 20. Okay, and And Kind of so that's an extra complication and the final ingredient that makes the dynamics very interesting for me Is that these small molecules mediate ecological interactions and these interactions can evolve really fast through several different mechanisms? I just told you that microbes can produce Many different small molecules. They call that the capability, but they don't they don't make them all at the same time so simple regulatory changes for example can Change the subset or quantities of molecules you produce right which of which antibiotics you make also the response of Bacteria to small molecules can easily evolve with antibiotic resistance being a famous example of that And finally both production and resistance are very modular Genetic traits so they can move Very easily through horizontal gene transfer. Okay So to summarize what I'm telling you so far. We have systems where we have strong Ecological interactions this ecological interactions can evolve fast. Okay, and This goes to the heart of the problem. I think we have with understanding Microbial communities in general this coupling between ecology and evolution. How do we think about it? Okay, I kind of when I think about ecology even though it's very complicated I have this picture of a non-linear dynamical system with some fixed dimensionality and you have some expectation that These trajectories can either reach a fixed point or maybe exhibit oscillations or maybe Deterministic chaos or something like that, but when you add evolution then it becomes very confusing because what do you do every time a New strain emerges do you add a new dimension every time a strain gets extinct? It's it's very unclear how to think about equal evolution. Okay, so this talk has kind of two teams one is Diversity which is how I got started and then the second team is equal version of the dynamics, which is kind of The way things evolved and kind of what's most exciting for me right now All right, so within this setup We're focusing exclusively on antibiotic interactions and we can ask questions on two levels. The first level is Entirely the ecological level and this is a work that I did with a Roy Kishoni and the student graduate student Eric Kelsey and In that part we focus on the question can we construct communities kind of in silico Where diversity is maintained? Where diversity between Organisms that have different anti-pollution production and resistance capabilities maintained in this one niche environments. Okay, and then we'll add evolution to the picture and ask If you can construct such communities does diversity emerged spontaneously if you allow microbes Kind of in a natural way to evolve their production and resistance capabilities okay, so First of all, it's not at all obvious that antibiotic interactions help diversity So it was not until 1997 that the mechanism was proposed for how this might even happen and in fact the person that proposes is Simon Levine and he also mentioned in in his talk and he in his talk he also kind of acknowledged contribution from Bruce who previously studied combinations of producers and sensitive communities of producers and sensitive bacteria and compared liquid versus Solid media So kind of I might summarize this by saying that Simon Levine Stunning on the shoulders of giant Bruce Levine kind of Recognized that Antibiotics kind of naturally very naturally lead to rock paper scissor games. Okay in the way this works is The producer kills the sensitive bacteria the sensitive bacteria out to be the resistant because of cost of resistance And then the resistant bacteria outcompeted the producer because of cost of production. So this leads to Diversity by the way this works is it only works in spatial setting and basically you have these different Single species patches that start chasing around like the scissors chase the papers and the paper chase the rocks And you have these beautiful spiral ways waves but as Simon And other people later realized This only works if spatial structure is very carefully well preserved as soon as you start introducing kind of microbial diffusion or microbial dispersal Diversity collapses, okay So this kind of limits the utility or it apparently limits the utility of this mechanism for explaining natural diversity In soil for example If dispersal is high, yes And this oil for example this antibody producing bacteria that we work in the lab There's a sport forming their hydrophobic spores every time it rains these parts will be carried at large distances So even in spatial structures preserved temporary in the long run over the course of tens of years It will be a bit scrambled So this leaves us with this more Pointed question, which is can we have diversity? Without perfectly preserving the spatial structure at all times, okay and kind of the way We made progress with that question the inside came from an experiment I did with Eric where we looked at higher-order interactions in bacteria And what we discovered is that a month bacteria from the genus Sceptomyces at least antibiotic degradation is a very common higher-order interaction. So basically many bacteria Degrade the degrade antibiotics and and this is ecologically interesting because This antibiotic degradation medias higher order interaction the degrader cross protects the sensitive Bacteria from the antibiotics or sensitive bacteria can survive near an antibiotic producer if there is also an antibiotic degrading bacteria near it Okay so We put this in a very simple mathematical model and Basically, we have different Strengths with different phenotypes. We put them on a plate the producer secret antibiotics in a certain neighborhood Degraders destroy antibiotics in a certain neighborhood if there are sensitive bacteria covered by antibiotics They get killed and finally We kind of collect all the spores from this virtual plate mix them up They loot and plate again. Okay, and so we work in this perfect mixing limit And the reason we do that is that's because this is the most interesting limit from a theoretical perspective given this limitation that I Explained to you. Okay, and also thinking ahead about experiments. It's a very natural way to do experiments You plate spores on a plate then you collect them Okay, so to make a very long story here Short what we discovered is that if you add this extra ingredient antibiotic degradation rather than just a regular resistance We can in fact construct stable coexisting Communities where the strains only differ in their antibiotic production and resistance capability and eat the same food whereas If you have just pairwise inhibitor interactions without cross-protection we can never Construct such communities no matter how we play with interaction network. No matter how we adjust the growth rates and when I presented this kind of I Think it was a year and a half ago Jeff Gore made this comment that well, it's There definitely it is definitely possible to have stable coexistence with just pairwise rock-paper-scissor games and While this is in general true kind of the constraint we have here is that we're ignoring The possibility of predator-prey interactions basically we assume that the producer and the sensitive bacteria They eat the same resource they compete for the same resource So the producer bacteria is not better off if there are sensitive bacteria around So no single strain is bringing extra resources to the table, okay So within this constraint kind of this Statement is is true. Okay. It's impossible with this pairwise interaction So only to have this table communities, okay And this here shown just one example of a kind of nicely symmetric community with inhibitions and Degradation interaction show once dashed lines as you can see Here what this triangle shows is that if you mix the species in many different abundances The dynamics nicely close to a stable fixed point here. So there is a big basin of attraction That particular community and kind of the other nice thing is that if you start playing with the growth rates The relative growth rates of the species this mechanism is robust to big changes in growth rates We can have coexistence even for like ten fault differences in the growth rate between microbes Which is kind of huge for microbes like one micro growing ten times faster than the other All right, so one thing that will be relevant in a little bit is that kind of the simplest Community that we could construct within this framework Maintains coexistence between three species on two antibiotics and all the resistance is coming from antibiotic degradation, okay, and kind of just to Connect to with what Jeff Gore was saying Yesterday about these three different types of pairwise interactions dominance and by stability coexistence it turns out that even though We kind of started with this picture of rock paper scissor games these communities that we find in fact Not like classical rock paper scissor games where you have three dominance interactions in a line But they are what I would call conditional rock paper scissor game. We have Dominance here dominance here, but this is kind of by stability. In fact one can prove mathematically that you have You need to have at least one by stability for these communities to work. Okay all right, so We're super excited about this result but There were few outstanding Issues that I wanted to address before kind of fully embracing this mechanism as a viable option for explaining diversity in Natural environments kind of the first limitation is that as you try to construct bigger and bigger communities It gets increasingly harder to choose parameters that Have coexistence So it's not at all obvious that evolution Continuously will find these strange Communities that coexist. Okay, so that's kind of the big question if you let if we let evolution naturally happen Whether it will find these communities and finally kind of this model that I showed is very stylized and that by design You wanted to want it to be very simple, but there is always a danger that if you simplify too much Maybe what you see is an artifact of some simplification. So we wanted to add realism stuff that we know Is happening from our experiments in the lamp and see if the mechanism of Maintaining diversity through antibiotic production and degradation will still work if we add some realism so kind of one of the realistic features we added was The life cycle of first step to my sis So they start the spores these parts germinate they form mycelium colonies and As resources get exhausted They Sporilate okay, and here at the onset of sporulation. They usually flood the area with antibiotics and that's because What feeds the sporulation process is that mycelium commit suicide? And the released resources are used to to build the spores, okay So they're not as smart as fungi maybe to kind of internally incorporate these resources a the resources leak out into the environment through So it's kind of a protection mechanism. You don't want someone else. You're unable to steal your resources So there are three essential features. There is growth There is antibiotic production and then there is a sporulation phase Okay, and here is how it might work in a simulation you scatter some spores on your virtual petri dish the colonies grow and they crash into each other and By the way here in this way of doing things basically the biomass you get per colonies exactly What will was saying it corresponds to exactly to the what is it called the? Voronoi Desolation and then different Colonies have different properties. So what's shown here in the red red contour serve antibiotic producer colonies So they produce antibiotic that starts diffusing what you show them here in say on our antibiotic degrading colonies They start degrading colonies and kind of Over time you start getting this many different micro environments Okay, just because of the randomness of who? Who is neighbor to whom and then at some point you have a sporulation phase Basically what?  Okay, so this is where the benefit of inhibition comes This is where how it inhibition pays off in the model and That's kind of important because for evolution you need an immediate benefit of inhibition. Okay? Yeah, so each colony Secrets antibiotics this antibiotic starts to diffuse away just just regular diffusion then Degrading colonies they act as a sinker to the antibiotic. They just destroyed antibiotics. I don't assume that The antibiotic destruction think diffuses away just like the colonies Start destroying antibiotics then you assume that there is like a standard zone of standard response curve So if this is the antibiotic Concentration and this is kind of log survival. So there is something like the analog of MIC if you want in our model and after that there is an exponential decrease in the probability to survive per unit time and that's that's it and then after Some time we just said okay, and now we're done with that now we're going to do sporulation And you'll sporulate proportional to How much life cells you have? But there are also these But then you assume that there are these background of resources created From dying mycelium or from killed bacteria and these resources started diffusing Okay No, it's by antibiotics That are produced by the producer colonies Does that make sense? Okay, we can talk a bit more later Yeah, the antibiotics usually are degraded by enzymes and there are two options. Either the enzyme is diffusing Or it is linked to the surface. I'm kind of assuming it's linked to the surface So it was degrading the enzymes is not really diffusing. It's kind of the more conservative assumption if you Know that degrading enzymes stay stuck to the cell wall of the Of the bacteria that degraded at least in this model. I mean it's you can easily change that with one line of code Okay, and kind of most importantly you can add evolution and to do evolution properly We kind of go beyond these discrete phenotypes degraded sensitive resistant producer and kind of assume Continuous possibilities of different phenotypes in particular You assume that you can adjust your level of antibiotic degradation continuously You can adjust your level of antibiotic production continuously and we know the gene regulation can do These things so it's a very natural assumption And kind of on this branch here We assume that on the blue branch bacteria also equipped an efflux pump Which is kind of to simplify things and don't And not introduce an extra dimension. We assume that the efflux pump Kind of is feedback regulated and automatically brings the concentration up to this point To avoid any inhibition. Okay Yes Yes, I deliberately Assume that just because that allows me to have a one dimension per antibiotic Otherwise, I have more dimensions and it become more complicated But we assume that you cannot for example produce and degrade antibiotics You cannot have an efflux pump a db degraded that simply to reduce the complexity of the problem But you agree now that we have some interesting stuff in the next thing I can relax this and see all this all this good thing still working if I realize that assumption. I haven't done that Okay, and so we have this in these simulations We work with either one or two antibiotics and then you have a Each point in this space Is kind of a possible strain And then we assume that you can have mutations that you can either tweak The phenotype with respect to one antibiotic or kind of drastically change the phenotype And I showed you in the beginning some mechanisms to which that might happen For example to jump from here to here. Maybe you can turn on a silent antibiotic cluster or you can acquire antibiotic from someone else And since such a low dimensionality actually doesn't matter what the mechanism actually is what we assume Is it's easy to make small changes and it's easy to make big changes of antibiotic production and degradation And in this simulation we started a single strain that sensitive to all the antibiotics Okay, and then we just run Thousands of different simulations with different cost of production and resistance And so on and see what happens So let's start with the one antibiotic case. So we have a single Uh phenotypic dimension here. So this is the space of possible phenotypes And we also kind of color coded them all the producers are magenta all the degraders are green the sensitive limit is black We have resistance in blue And we run for let's say 30 000 ecological cycles and I kind of zoomed into the first 500 cycles because Uh things happen fast And what you see here what I wanted to see is that kind of very quickly in a matter of Let's say 100 few hundred ecological cycles you get these three species communities forming So it's a three species communities between a producer strain Uh sensitive strain and a degraded strain So it's uh like Community the simon proposes but instead of a resistance strain you have a degraded strain But now it's spontaneously emerging Okay, and moreover it's evolution. It's evolution is stable state and what I mean by that I mean it's ecologically stable if I turn off mutations it will persist indefinitely and you can see the nature of the tractor here And second of all no mutations exist that can destroy the community Actually in practice what happens is even after a while you can have fine tuning mutations here One producer dies off another comes in So the community keeps fine tuning itself very very slowly after a time But uh, uh, it's stable. So this is like a Nash equilibrium between three species that emerges and persist Okay, and it kind of snaps out of nothing Now, uh First of all see that Kind of in what I showed you before with the simpler model. We had we had We we required two antibiotics minimally to maintain three strains Here we have coexistence with only one antibiotic of three strains which is emerging spontaneously But kind of if we if we focus on just on the pair wise interactions again We see the same pattern. We have a dominance interactions dominance interaction Then we hear this by stable interaction and this by stability just emerges. I mean, it's not for any Values of production degradation. You have by stability just that wherever we see This evolution is stable state emerging you also always see this this by stability And you can understand it because both antibiotic production degradation They're like cooperative mechanisms in this model. Okay, you might be a lone producer And that might be insufficient to inhibit a degrader But maybe if you find there are five producers surrounding a degrader, they can kill it Similarly with degradation like a lone degrader degrader might not be strong enough to protect itself But if there are many other degraders that might help them, okay So, uh, again, uh, we don't have a classical rock paper scissor game. We have for this kind of conditional Yeah, rye Yeah, there is a Is there a cost of production? Yeah, we assume that the the more you degrade There is a Linear cost of degradation. There is a linear cost of production. We also imagine there is a cost of having this efflux Pump mechanism another cost to we have is an operational cost for the efflux So resistance in this model if you have an influx plant is not just like a constant genetically in quality It depends on the antibiotic concentration of the environment kind of basically what you assume is that So if this is a cell and there's some efflux pump, so this is the outside antibiotic concentration This is the inside concentration So we imagine that you expand some Energy which is proportional to some constant Time to and this by the way the inside concentration we assume goes to whatever is Non-inhibitory So basically you have this operational cost for the efflux pump And we all these costs all these different cost parameters to the model in which Yes, yes, that's a Of course true. Yeah, if you have a compensatory mutation, for example, you cannot get stability I mean every if for example the ability the possibility of compensatory mutations exist Obviously every antibiotic will get absolute over time and you never get any evolution stable community, right? So it's very important and actually I think Martin also has In his talk later he'll discuss situations where maybe there might not even be a cost to production and stuff like that We assume there is cost to resistance. We assume there is cost of production here. All right so kind of To connect a little bit again with what jeff was telling yesterday about no rock paper scissor games existing And so I decided to show you a bit of our data So we did many experiments similar to jeff's where we mix many step-to-mises in the lab and propagate them just kind of on petri dishes and monitor the outcome and unlike His collection of strains this random soil antibiotic producing bacteria from the genus leptomises They very often exhibit by stability. You can see it for example here. You can see it here It's kind of very striking you put one strain at 60 percent the other 48 wins then you flip it the other strain wins But then just by trying few random triangles three combination strains you already can see that kind of this dominance dominance by stability this weak Or conditional rock paper scissor game already emerging in terms of the pairwise interactions And just like jeff we never see this dominance dominance dominance rock papers is wrong game So obviously here in this community that we see the higher order interactions are not correct to Sequel existence, but at least looking at the pairwise interactions. There is nothing that discourages from thinking that there is something wrong about our way of thinking all right Now we can do two antibiotics and Here is what you see now with two antibiotics You have a two-dimensional space We plated we look at it over time these are the strains above 0.1 And very very quickly actually you cannot even see it on this time scale of five species Evolution is stable state emerges. Okay, you can see how it emerges again in a matter of a few hundred generations and then it stays on And we have covered all the different phenotypes to help us look at this and you see some selective sweeps keep going this community Refines further and further but this is an evolution is stable state once it forms it stays there forever There are no mutants that can exist. So it's an example of nasi equilibrium Evolutionary nasi equilibrium that emerges very very quickly and kind of snaps so again The this is the kind of complexity which is much higher than what we've been seeing In this much simpler model when we were trying to manually construct communities here we get much greater complexity for free All right and With the single antibiotic there was a single evolution stable state of the type I showed you here We have two different types of evolution stable states for different parameters. So there's no by stability. It's just like for one set of parameters we get This the type of community for others we get this type of community and just to orient you a bit Here we have a antibiotic producer to one antibiotic Production of another antibiotic degradation of one antibiotic regression the other antibiotic and this is kind of a double sensitive strain For other parameters, we have the same thing but instead of a double sensitive strain. We have a double degrader Here and there is some kind of modularity to this community If I take these three strains with one antibiotic They form again this producer sensitive degrader. This is ecologically stable It's not evolution is stable obviously, but it's ecologically stable. This is also ecologically stable So we have this kind of one antibiotic modules that stuck together somehow To make these bigger communities and you can keep going like with three antibiotics. We we can see seven seven species coexisting Okay, so for the rest I want to simplify kind of our Our notation so instead of having these two dimension three dimensional diagrams of phenotypes over time I'll project the phenotypes into one dimension like that and then we're going to look at Phenotypes in some abstract space versus ecological cycle and you can look at what happens with the different lineages Okay So first of all to summarize what I've shown you so far. I've shown you That we have emergent diversity in one niche environments If we allow the bacteria to freely evolve their investment in antibiotic production and antibiotic degradation in kind of realistic multi-scale model and moreover the types of communities we see Kind of more complex than the ones we were seeing initially so adding Realism and adding evolution not only didn't hurt our mechanism. In fact, it made it work better Okay, so this This is kind of what we were hoping to see that's why I started the project looking at diversity But then when I started looking at the data for many different parameters many different cost of production resistance in looking at these kind of diagrams Something struck me and what struck me is that as we change the parameters There are there are several Different types of patterns that you start to see I call them different modes of the equal evolution dynamics So what I show you so far are the evolutionary stable states Which we kind of know and love and know how to think about them But there are several other Equival modes and I'll go through them right now one of them Is what we call rapid turnover or red queen dynamics there you have diversity at every point in time But you don't have evolution stability ever So the so the community keeps changing and changing and changing no single strain as you see there are no straight lines here No single strength persists for very long So we call it red queen Because you need to keep evolving in order to survive No one that doesn't evolve survives for very long. Okay The next thing is kind of if you look in between the evolution stable state And it's a rapid turnover state A striking pattern we see is intermittency. Okay, so we see this Uh Kind of apparently stable communities that survive for thousands of generations Kind of of the same same type as the evolution stable communities five species community And then suddenly this community would collapse then you have random rapid turnover for a while Then you will get a kind of stable community that survives for a long time again And here is another example. We just see it over and over and over again And this is a particularly strike a beautiful example of it You see the community there are some selective sweeps happening within that community and finally it collapses then it's random random random random Finally it hits into another community then it collapses again. Okay, so we call this Intermittency Okay, so we have two qualitatively different regimes with very different statistical properties That persist for long times thousands of generations and sometimes switch from one to another Okay, and I called it intermittency because that's kind of a Famous phenomenon in physics in particular in the context of turbulence Imagine I adjust my the waterfall On my top for the low setting then I have a nice laminar flow If I increased of the on the flow rate, I'll get a turbulent behavior But then for entire range in between You get what you see in the picture kind of the dynamic stays in one regime Then switches to another regime stays in the regime for a while and switches back. Okay, so basically it's kind of a Non-phenomenon in physics that's when you transition to chaos There is this a dynamical range where you see this intermittent behavior And I think down again our case is that kind of the ordered phase is the evolutionary stable state Then we have this chaotic rapid turnover phase and we see this intermittency in between So that's one way To think about it Kind of another parallel one can make is can make is with phase coexistence in physics so So imagine you start with vapor and then you start compressing it down at constant temperature It will eventually turn into liquid, right? But there is this entire finite size regime Where both the liquid and the vapor will coexist with each other I think This is what we have here. We have a rapid one phase. We have another Kind of a equal equal phase. Yeah I'll do this guy Yeah, yeah, so so basically this This brown guys they appear occasionally in this chaotic phase Okay, but they don't start this intermittent see but once you're in the rapid Yeah, the random phase sometimes you get this this brown guys are double antibiotic producers actually Okay, so, uh, anyway, we have the rapid turnover phase. We have the evolution stable state and you have this I think the intermittency is just the phase coexistence between the two Okay, uh, we can also think about It in actual biological terms. So when you look at this long persistent communities You can see that they're ecologically stable But they are not evolution is stable. So mutations exist that can co-opse these communities single mutations can come up and co-opse these communities So why do they persist for so such a long time? Sometimes tens of thousands of generations? Yeah, very very good. Yeah So so it's it's temporal Coexistence and the reason we don't see spatial like a simultaneous coexistence is because at the end of every cycle We destroy all of spatial structure Completely, okay But I think if you have an extended Maybe you don't have the computational power right now, but if we if we had had a big spatial simulation It's conceivable And I might be wrong, but there will be one region which will be in the Kind of nice five species community phase. There will be another region over there that will be rapidly fluctuating Okay Not exactly Yeah Yes, yes Yes, yes, because I showed you there is a single evolution is stable state. There is a single type of community that can Snap together and persist for a long time. So that's why you always see the same thing Okay, so This community is an ecologically stable. They are not evolution is stable Why do they persist for such a long period? It turns out the mutations that collapse them They're always very close to existing phenotypes. So here the five species the five strains And there's some mutants that collapse, but they're very close. You have to zoom in to To see them and because they're very close to residents their selection coefficients are very tiny Okay, because the selection coefficients are tiny. They're almost neutral mutations. They're very It's very hard for them to escape stochastic loss initially Even if they escape stochastic loss It will take very long time for them to invade even if they increase in frequency They'll stabilize the community only very weakly it will take Hundreds of generations. So all these things accumulate and that's what kind of is the Proximate cause for this Intermittency but there is a very simple intuitive way of thinking about that if you're in the rapid chaotic phase They're all the time Big unexploited ecological opportunities. So the selection coefficients are huge once somehow Five species community forms it kind of Almost exhausts all the ecological opportunities there And there might be some Some beneficial mutations that might arise but But these opportunities are Not strongly selected for okay So the so this exhaustion of ecological opportunity slows down the the evolutionary dynamics All right, and kind of my favorite fixture and I have slides later to show you that is like The rapid emergence of evolutionary stable state corresponds to this funneling dynamics. So if you think of This bow as the state of the system And this is kind of the ecologically stable communities Once an ecologically stable community forms in this regime It's kind of funneled down to the evolutionary stable state Termitence is the same thing but the funnel is open down on the bottom So basically the bow goes into the funnel spends a lot of time there drops back and it keeps doing that it's kind of related to mechanisms in physics such as Long-lived excitations Let's say if you shine light on phosphorus atoms they absorb the light But then they'll go to this Other state and the deactivation will be very very slow. So we have this long Lived loops that there's like some randomness that excites the system, but then it's very slow to come back All right, so this is physics Yeah, how I just take five four minutes Okay So, uh, here's some experimental data This is from michael the side lab with east and this is kind of free analysis for the long-term experiment by richard richard lansky and what is Data shows is sometimes you have situations where you start in a simple vanishing environment and then Some ecological diversity emerges then it persists for a long time and then it collapses again So this is in this case is this is just two species species diversity But it kind of is reminiscent of this Intermittency kind of in a much simplified context. So I'm hopeful that as we Uh Otherwise As we have more longer and longer time series data and richer data will start seeing this phenomenon More okay, the final mechanism I wanted to point out which is very interesting Is sometimes you see these long persistent communities. They can be more than five species six seven species that persists seemingly indefinitely They look like an evolutionist table state, but then you stop the mutation and then disappear So how uh, that might be even possible So this state here multi species state persists despite a barrage Of mutations, but then you turn off all the mutations and everything collapses. Well, it turns out That uh What stabilizes communities are a loss of function mutations which we kind of put into the system because we thought oh This is something that will happen biologically. So like producers sometimes will lose their production and go directly to being resistance Or the greater will become sensitive or producer will become sensitive all these loss of function mutations the If if the corresponding source strains are abundant The they'll kind of add almost deterministic correction to the ecological dynamics and these dynamics turns out to be stabilizing Now I want to emphasize that this is not neutral Neutrally maintained community because you have coexistence of strains that cannot be recreated by these loss of function mutations okay, but But their stability is maintained by the loss of function mutations. So we have this strange persistence without ecological stability Okay, and then we have some other mouths And kind of the final thing. I just wanted to to mention and I'll be very quick is That all these things that I told you the emergence of a revolutionist table state All these interesting Equal evil mouths. They only work In the finite mutation Limit, okay If I if I tune down the mutation rate alone Everything interesting in this model disappears And what I mean by mu going to zero limit is that the limit where I introduce a change to the community Wait a very long time went wait for the community to equilibrate And only then introduce the next mutations to the community then wait for a very long time Uh, okay, and we know that in practice in for pretty much for every community It won't be the case right you have many mutations arising in the community So once the mutation arises and kind of leads to some ecological transient another mutation will also arise so this is kind of The realistic limit here But kind of the strange thing is just almost always when we think about Evolution dynamics very implicitly in this one change at a time and let's wait and see what happens Kind of mindset at least this is how my thinking was okay So this is the reality Finite mutation rate we see all these different things in this Mu going to zero limit where mutations happen one at a time and we'll wait long interval between them The model is completely boring Uh, and there's this disconnect between reality and how we think and really this captures The essence of equal evolution dynamics, right? Ecology and evolution happen on the same time scales if you bring the evolution in timescale mutation rate way below what is reasonable Uh, things become boring. So this is an example of a model which is only interesting in the equal evolution limit and then becomes boring in the In the kind of in the kind of the traditional limit we have and just to kind of Make one final analogy and then i'm done Uh, what I was arguing on the slide that skipped that you can Make this a good analogy is between mutation rate and temperature. Okay. The mutation is what creates these fluctuations in the system Now in physics, we talk about these states of matter. They're like, uh, liquids gases crystals Liquid crystals plasma glasses you name it many many different states of matter But many of these states of matter. Let's say liquid. They only make sense At finite temperature there is no such thing as liquid That's uh in the zero temperature limit. I mean there are superfluids, but that's a separate state of matter, okay So it's fundamentally impossible to think of liquids without fluctuations Similarly all these interesting things that I showed you they don't exist in the small mutation limit But that's because these evolution fluctuations are fundamental to their existence and since this is The realistic situation for the entire ecosystem Mutations are not too rare. I think that's where we need to focus on To to study equal evolution dynamics Okay, and I'll just summarize we found Emergence of diverse communities beyond that we've identified all these interesting equal modes That suggests that we need to go beyond classical notions of ecological stability evolution stability This one mutation at a time mindset when we think about evolution Now data sets long-term data sets are still kind of There aren't many very many of them. It's hard to do Experimental evolution, but one thing we can do right now that we are ready for Is we have these powerful computers we can do this Large-scale multi-scale equal evolution simulations and And we can do a lot more of that in many different settings. Look at these equal evil modes and see If if there is an infinite diversity of such modes or there are only like few that keep repeating Okay, so thank you


call. There being no further introductions it is now time for member statements the member from York Simcoe. Thank you Mr. Speaker and Mr. Speaker today I rise to draw attention to the opposition in my riding of York Simcoe to the Liberals latest tax plan. Mr. Speaker young couples often dream of buying a home. A home to build a life in. A home to raise a family in. This is a dream that has been shared by generations. However the Liberal government is threatening to make this dream even further out of reach. The proposed municipal land transfer tax is simply another tax on home buyers. If introduced this tax would make Ontario the most expensive place in North America to buy a home. Adding about $4,600 to the price. Recent studies show that more than 1 in 4 Ontarians agree that this proposed new tax would limit their ability to buy a home. When asked if they oppose the implementation in their area that number jumped to 9 out of every 10. When this tax was introduced in Toronto in addition to the already existing provincial tax there was a decline of 16% in the sale of single family homes. Mr. Speaker add all the taxes Ontarians pay and then add to that they're ever-growing hydro bills at the ill-advised ORPP. Quite simply our taxpayers are tapped out. This tax is an unfair burden on our young couples and families who are working hard towards their goals. Thank you member statements to the member from Kanoa Rainier River. Thank you Speaker. I have been inundated by pleas for help from desperate Northerners who are struggling to stay afloat. Northerners are telling me things like quote I live in Dryden and food prices are terrible. You cannot afford to buy meat unless it is on sale. The writer Joanne goes on to say it was cheaper to buy food in Sioux St. Marie when she was there on a trip and drive it back to Dryden frozen in a five day cooler than it would be to buy it in her home community. Jamie writes when I'm visiting my dad in southern Ontario and see how cheap groceries are there in comparison to here I am in total disbelief. Food prices are getting exorbitant and unaffordable and these are examples from the urban areas in my riding. Only Ontario's one percenters can afford to buy nutritious food in our remote First Nation communities. Speaker Northerners are pushed to the brink and they see the writing on the wall. We know what happens when the cost of living outpaces our wages pensions and social assistance rates. It means we can no longer cover essentials like food housing and hydro bills. As one Northerner succinctly writes between the price of food and ever rising cost of hydro I think many more of us will become homeless in the next five years. Speaker this government has a lot of catching up to do to ease the heavy burden on Northerners. We're looking to this provincial government to do the right thing and act now to make life more affordable in Ontario's north. Thank you. For the members. The member from the political center. Thank you speaker. This week Mr. Speaker is hold more awareness week and I'm standing to pay tribute to the whole more. This week we pay tribute to the 82nd anniversary of the famine genocide known as the whole the more when Joseph Stalin closed Ukraine's borders confiscated all grain to destroy a Korean population that was opposed to his rule a population that sought the same freedom the same independence that the people of Ukraine are fighting for today. 17 people per minute 1000 per hour and 25 thousand per day were dying at the height of the whole of the more. Mr. Speaker the world was silent and millions died as a result. My grandmother was one of the people who survived the famine and she used to say that she would hope that the victims of the whole the more would not only be remembered but honored honored she said meant not just remembering or commemorating them but taking the steps to make sure that a tragedy like this one never happens again and that is why I'm so proud to stand here today with our Premier and with our Minister of Education because they have worked with the community to do several things that are very important. They've ensured that the whole the more is in the Ontario curriculum so that every young person can learn about the whole the more and they have provided funding to the whole the more mobile classroom in the whole the more awareness tour to a bus that has been retrofitted that will travel the province educate our young people across Ontario about the whole the more and the lessons of the whole the more. This week is important that we not only commemorate speaker and we remember we also redouble our effort and our commitment as a people to learn from tragedies like this one make sure that tragedies like this crimes like this never happen again and today by taking these steps the Premier the Minister of Education I think I've done with my grandmother and what so many victims in the past have asked for they have helped to commemorate the victims they've helped to remember the victims and they have helped to honor them. Thank you. Thank you. Mr. Speaker, I am honored to rise today to speak about Tamil remembrance day. I would like to welcome to the Legislature my friends from the Tamils for Patrick team, the trans national government of Tamali Lam, the Euthan newspaper, and CMR Tamil radio. We all remember and mourn people who were killed during the war in Sri Lanka for the for the people of Tamali Lam and for Tamils living in Canada and many many other parts of the world. The 27th of November is the day on which they remember and mourn over 100,000 people who were killed during the war. None of the perpetrators of this war crime have been brought to justice. The genocidal onslaught for the Tamils in the island of Sri Lanka is still a reality in many parts of the island and they seek the attention of the greater Canadian community and its support in order to live with dignity and freedom in their own land. On this day, they seek to rededicate themselves to the cause of justice, freedom and elimination of racism for those who have died shall not have died in vain. Like all free people in this world, the Tamil population also want the freedom to express their political will through a referendum in accordance with international norms on the island of Sri Lanka and in the Tamil diaspora. Too many friends in the Tamil community, some who are here today that have made Ontario their Ontario their home after experiencing the tragedy of this genocide in Sri Lanka. The Tamil population has contributed significantly to our province and their warm just generosity and rich culture is reflected in what makes Ontario great. On behalf of our leader Patrick Brown and the PC caucus, I say that we stand firmly with you in your quest for peace, freedom and justice in Sri Lanka, as well as the elimination of racism everywhere. Regretfully inform all of our members that are observing you're only allowed to observe and that any demonstration is not allowed. And I would appreciate if the I would appreciate if the member from Hamilton Mountain would not do any coaching the member from Timon Bay. First of all, Mr Speaker, I want to make sure that our guests here understand that New Democrats support what was just said. I'm here today in order to report some good news, Mr Speaker, from the James Bay coast and at a Wapaskat. As you know, some time ago last December, there was a diesel spill at the Ottawa Wapaskat Hospital, a fairly new facility that was built some 20 years ago. And the fuel handling system that feeds the generators and feeds the eating system. For some reason, this brand new system that's supposed to prevent a spill spilled and the diesel was contaminated underneath the hospital. As a result, we ended up having to evacuate that hospital. People had to be sent pretty far away from the community to be able to secure a bed for them. Those that stayed in the community. We had to double up at the health center and other places to offer services. I want to say that the work of the community working when a bagel hospital, but also the work of our minister, Minister Hoskin, was key in order to be able to get this thing unstuck. I want to make this point. We had a diesel spill in Ottawa Wapaskat at a school. It took over 20 years and a death of a young woman for that school to be rebuilt by our federal government. And I just want to say that our decision to have transferred health care on the James Bay from the federal government to the provincial government was the right thing to do because in this case, because the Ministry of Health and the provinces and the business of delivering health care in this province, we had the capacity to respond to what was a crisis. The minister did his job. The people in the community did their job. Winnebago did their job. And what's best, Mr. Speaker, is our hospital is now opening. We still have some issues that we have to deal with, but I think it shows that when the promises involved on First Nations issues on reserve, we can do a heck of a lot better than I think the feds can. And I want to thank all those people, including the minister who was involved. Thank you. Thank you for the member statements. The member from New Market Aurora. Well, thank you, Mr. Speaker. With the current Syrian refugee crisis gripping the national conscience, communities need to come together to welcome these families with open arms to ensure their basic human rights are met. One organization in my writing of New Market Aurora is making a difference. It's the Interfaith Refugee Resettlers. This organization is made up of members from Trinity Anglican Church, Aurora United Church, and the New Market Islamic Centre. Together, they're working to sponsor a refugee family. This includes, of course, raising funds for accommodation, food, clothing, and ESL training to help the family transition to life in Canada. Together with or a Canadian charitable organization that is assisting in the sponsorship and resettlement of refugees, the Interfaith Refugee Resettlers have set up their subcommittees, and they're well on their way to raising their $30,000 target. In fact, they're confident they'll be able to raise double that and perhaps bring two families to New Market Aurora. It's their hope in mind that the residents of New Market Aurora and communities across the country come together to support future families that will be starting new lives in Canada. I'm also proud to represent a government that promotes a welcoming and inclusive society by supporting the plan to bring 10,000 Syrian refugees to Ontario. However, without the assistance of community organizations such as Interfaith Refugee Resettlers, this goal is not attainable. As Eleanor Roosevelt once said, where, after all, the universal human rights begin in small places, close to home. Organizations such as the one in New Market Aurora demonstrate how local actions can help make this world a better place. Thank you. Thank you, Speaker. You know, it was just over a year ago that I stood here and talked to the death of Art Fleming, one of the most respected and beloved figures in West Niagara. And today, sadly, I want to acknowledge another great man from the community, a Beamsville in West Niagara, who he lost to cancer on November 15th. And sadly, it's Art's son, Thomas Fleming. And I can't imagine the depth of loss. Such a young age and a vibrant man that his wife, Joanne, has gone through with their children, Andrew and Rachel. And my heart particularly goes out to his mom, Val, who sadly has buried both her husband and her son within a year. You know, Speaker Tom learned a lot from his dad, both in business and in life. He had strong business smarts. He successfully ran the local family business Fleming chicks. And he's a Queen's Park many times. I suspect many of my colleagues here will remember Tom. He was a leader in the poultry sector. He's known for his firm, warm grip, his bright smile. I suspect Speaker, he voted the right way, but he had tremendous respect for this institution and the work that's done under this roof. He always said a bit of mischievous twinkling in his eye too. I remember one of the first times I spent with Tom, who is always a great advisor to me on agricultural issues. I went to the Fleming chicks. So newly hatched chicks come out on a conveyor belt and they go around in a circle. And then those working at Fleming chicks sort out the chicks between male and female chicks. They grow at different rates. So he asked me to take part in this. And there's no pink or blue diapers for the chicks. So I did confess. I hope it's parliamentary. What most people would do, I looked between the chicks legs. But that was the biggest route. It doesn't work so hot for chicks. It's something to do with the wings. I don't know if I still have learned, Speaker. So Tom and his team had a good laugh at that. I suspect it was not the only politician who has been put through that process. But I spoke to his spirit, speak fondly of his strength in the community. He also was a great singer, always led his choir. So knowing Tom's character, his strong Christian spirit, his great singing voice, and the fact that he's not afraid to throw a few elbows from time to time, he's probably leading a choir of angels now, Speaker. What do I say? Great man, sad loss. One of our leading citizens of West Niagara. I feel he missed. Thank you. Member Stavis, the member for Bradley Springfield. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. In recent weeks, there have been, there has been an upsurge in racially motivated and unprovoked attacks on the Muslim community. Here in Ontario, a string of suspected hate crimes have taken place in the days following the horrific Paris attacks. A mosque in Peterborough was badly damaged by a fire that appears to have been set deliberately. In Kitchener, Hindu temples and windows were broken by rock throwing vandals and in Toronto a Muslim woman reported that she was attacked while on her way to pick up her children and that two men who beat her called her a terrorist. These are just a few of the incidents. It is likely that these incidents are misguided retaliations by a few malicious individuals for what happened in Paris, but that does not make it acceptable. Such violence has no place in our society. These hateful incidents are completely conflicting to Canadian values.  We must accept everyone as equal human beings. The safety of all Ontarians is a collective responsibility of this government and it is my job as a member for Brampton Springdale to raise issues affecting my constituents. I call on our law enforcement agencies to ensure swift action is taken against these perpetuating violence and ask everyone to remain vigilant. Ultimately, whether it happens in Paris, Baghdad or Buru or here in Ontario, an attack that causes terror is a terrorist attack. Such cowardly attacks of violence are affiliated with nothing but their own evil. As Ontarians, as Canadians, we must stand in solidarity in condemning terror, which has no place in our world. I stand with all our brothers and sisters of the Muslim community in condemning these acts. Family, friends, colleagues and neighbours have been affected by violence and vandalism. Let us stand as one in providing support to those deeply affected by these horrific attacks. Thank you. Thank you. Member Stevens, the member from Etobicoke Lakeshore. Thank you Mr. Speaker. In the spirit of the season I want to bring to the legislature's attention that for the past 25 years Santa Claus has arrived a little bit early in Etobicoke Lakeshore. As our residents celebrate the start of the holiday season with the annual Etobicoke Lakeshore Santa Claus parade. This is the 25th anniversary of the parade ranked as one of the four best in Ontario. The parade plays an important role in our community bringing together local businesses, industry and residents to pull together the best possible event to welcome Santa Claus to our neighbourhood and to the region. There will be 15 amazing floats created by volunteers, 10 marching bands, representatives of first responders, athletes and mascots like Carleton from the Maple Leafs and Jason from the Argonauts and over 250 local volunteers, costume, discharacters, clowns, polar bears and smirks. Local organizations like Storefront Humber and Lamp Community Health also get in on the fun. Mr. Speaker, this parade is filmed by Rogers Cable. It attracts about 60,000 people out each year and again I want to thank the BIAs of Lakeshore Village and Long Branch for getting together to help launch this 25 years ago by just borrowing some trailers and getting a group of local people together to work on it. People like local realtors Carl and Liz Port who donated a great deal of time and spirit to have this done. I have the honour of having helped the organizers to secure their very own Santa's workshop over the years where they can work and store the floats throughout the year and my six-year-old daughter can't wait to join me at the Etobicoke Lakeshore Santa Claus parade on December 5th and greet Santa to Etobicoke Lakeshore. The only thing that saved you was invoking Santa Claus so I just thought going over time. I do want to remind all members of their work count it's time consuming and although it's friendly we try to stay within the time frame. Thank all members for their statements as


Alright, we're going to be defended. Watch. Just watch when somebody shows up. Watch what happens. Now! Ah! Deon! Deon! It didn't work out! It didn't work out! I didn't do it in time! De- DEON! Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2, the only Dragon Ball free-for-all game. Well, technically in most three versus three lobbies, it's considered the right way to play by facing one-on-one with somebody, but I like to play by jumping around and just getting as many people as possible. Of course, when there's three spots for players, that only makes sense to involve the three idiots, so I also invited Siriax and Rhyme to come and play with me. If you guys want to see more Xenoverse 2 videos like this, definitely let me know down below and leaving a like and letting me know in the comments. But with that said, let's go ahead and get straight into the games. Gojita! Great! Siriax! It's what I'm playing. Oh, I thought we were all going to say our names, bro. What's that? What's that? What's that intro? Is this that one? Hold on. You got to say trunks now, Dino. T- T- Trunks! No, no, no, no, no, hold on. You can just say trunks. Daddy! I don't know about that one. Hey, the hottest killer, come here. Yeah, the best part about Xenoverse is I just get to jump whoever I want. I mean, pose it all the way, man. Bro, I didn't even care about his attacks. I'm better than him, stronger than him even. Pose on him. Turn my back to him. Bro, I'll face Zombie Swag after this. I have a perfect block every day of the week. Combos? Oh, he's out of stamina. I got a stamina. Oh, I almost kicked him. I almost actually kicked somebody else, too. Victory rush! That would have been my...   Okay, he's using his evasives. No! I'm mad. Damn! Shunning Slash! Oh, he went Super Saiyan? It's a little late, bro. It's a little late for... Yeah, keep using the evasives, brother. It's not going to... Guys, I'm almost dead.  I don't want to encourage jumping. Great save. It's like I'm coming up with that. It was very funny to me. Oh! Oh, I'm a scream at him. The hottest killer. Get out of my lobby. Get out of my lobby. There, there, there. Oh, not that manly. No! Oh, perfect block. I'm behind you. Nothing personal, kid. Bro, rohancho. Hey, Zombie Swag. Zombie Swag. Nothing personal, kid. Oh, wait. You're the kid version of me. Hey, the audience likes you more than me. Nothing personal, kid. Ugh! I just hit the entire... Hey, Zombie Swag. Nothing personal, man. Get out of my... Get out of my lobby. Come here, bro. I got him. I got him. I'm about to break his stamina. Hold on. All right. Everyone circle him. Just look at him. Circle him. Can I kick him? Can I kick him in the face? Can I kick him in the face? Can I kick him in the face? Can I kick him in the face? Here he is. Finish Zombie Swag. Finish Zombie Swag. Zombie Swag. Zombie Swag. Zombie Swag? Wait, the hottest killer still. What happened? This is real 3v3. I got you. I got you. Sword! Hey, Roe Huncho. I'm just wondering if you could talk to the hand. Talk to the hand. Wait, wait, wait. I got, I got, I got, I got. Here, here, here. Hold on, hold on, hold on. Yeah, that'll stop, stop, stop. Stop, stop, stop. Okay, okay, okay. Okay, okay, okay. All right, all right, all right. Dino's got to do something first. You're going to make him dance. Yeah, yeah, make him dance. Hey, I got some bands, sir. Oh, hey. No, none of that. All right, do it again. You're just dancing there, bro. I need a key. Dino, get him, get him, bro. Ah, time! Dino, this is your fault. I wish I would have just kicked him in the face. You should have kicked him in the face. Yeah, well, I didn't want to interrupt. That would have been rude. That would have been rude. I'm glad somebody has Bandos around here. Shout out to my one KO. Yeah, why go to you to smiley like that? Is he not allowed to be happy? I don't know, he was like a crooked smile. He was like, you know what? I'm slyly pretty happy about this. Hi, this is After Video Dotto. Can you guys like the video? Thanks. Anyway, guys, stop what we're doing. Wait, wait, wait. Movie characters. Oh, movie characters? Movie characters? Yeah, I'm turn— No, no, no, I'm Turtles, bro. Movie characters. Get any Force after. All right, fine, fine. But only because I respect your opinion as a friend. Oh, I'm about— I'm about to do, do, do, D, D, D, Lee all over these dumbasses. I am going to Stinger Town. I got an Ocarina, bro. I got— Actually, you know what? I think that was in the Ocarina of Time. Can you put it— No, editor, put in the clip of Link playing that song in the Temple of Time.  Hold on, I actually have a great idea. Dotto, come to me. Okay, where you at? Hold on. Are you here? Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Am I am? from close to me? I am? Alright, on the ground. As close to, as possible to me. Alright, we're gonna be defended. Watch, just watch when somebody shows up. Watch what happens. And now, ah, Dotto! I didn't do it in time. D.O. Dotto! What? I am getting jumped, bro. What's up, bro? I was doing something.  So you're apparently pretty good at the game, huh? The hottest killer just body who's doing an ultimate what just happened am I getting try beam I I don't make the rules the hottest killer, but somebody said cut your life into pieces So I'm here to oblige me. I missed I missed my ability and now I'm truly going to pay the price I Died they have Dan you'd be slicing and dicing. Yeah, bro. I'm cutting this man's life into pieces.  We gotta do is the proper way pick you pick your force character Oh, we are we are to gain you force. We are gonna pick all our spirit animals right now We're gonna win wait. Are you making me pick the one that you guys assigned me? Yes, hold on Tells you you're somebody else other than getting you Or whatever Dino is be who you want to be follow your heart I just want to follow my heart right now because everybody knows I have a lovable Australian accent there.  Yeah, bro. I mean Toddler we're in our underwear I know it's more embarrassing for him. Hey, we all have shoulder pads though So we're gonna be protected on our shoulders. Oh my I'm gonna put these guys on the body Now guys you got to start on the fighting pose Oh, I hit this guy right in the sternum right away. Yeah, why do you actually got Godfish now?  Wait a minute He's kind of busting it down sexual style What oh My guy So you guys are just sorry gonna let me get away with that. Hey, don't jump anybody I don't know how to break your row hunch. Oh, but you're not that guy Ryan We got a we got to both survive so that we can use our combo attack. Oh Crushable, I'm gonna be I need help. I need help. Oh my god. I don't even know what happened I'll be there when you need me My god, I'm breaking on him You need help. Oh, yes, I'm coming right. Where are you? He tried to hit me. He tried to hit me with spearball with them I'm gonna I am guys time for a tornado tornado tornado tornado tornado Time for tornado zombie. So I get a good rush of all, but I'm Why'd Crusher ball set him into a spiral?  He's being good at the game now Dion get this guy off me Every Body of yours, bro. Let me let me see what that body do bro. Wait, wait, wait You saw me in the background helping out Yeah, I'm Goku now this all ended up wait, uh, wait, where are my chaos editor slightly shift up the chaos There we go, who do you want? Who do you want? Who do I want? We're all playing piccolo's. I mean Nemeckian's Which one are you? Piccolo Dino, are you nail? I'll pick nail.  Oh, yeah, I knew that Dottle seven episodes to figure that out. Don't worry guys Why nail like five seven but stands like a hearty six to Killer going to do anything with it. Well, look at this loading screen Vegeta blue You're looking at us. Why are you staying stuff like that? Well, because we know we're confident.  He's decided that not me and he's fast too. I'll have to be even better Oh beautiful perfect attack, but I've got that too. This was a well fought match between two hearty foes Yeah, this is why he's going to jump somebody not on my watch.  Is that the plan because sadly you're sorely mistaken if you think you're getting away with that I think you tried it whole zombie swag down canonical. I missed Oh He took my body and gave me a character. I'm better with brah. I'm happy why the cameraman fell over dead though Time to party has joined can I I'm gonna fight him if you guys don't mind time to you want to let him know What those lobbies all about bro? Who do you? Who do you want the other? Who do you want? Who do I want?  All right, so that's not gonna happen at all. All right, you know what? I'm gonna talk to them with am I a god. I'm fine 16. Yeah. Nope I'm fighting 16 When other people run in fear I run in Bro, I'm about to be built different data cut to this beat down.  No, I didn't get the back step I got the run so a lot of damage you got there so a lot of damage need some help Dotto Don't worry. I got all the people in the comment section's energy. What is going every oh my god He's he's dying in here. Actually, you've managed to escape Enough energy hold on down try beam Damn yeah, go to sleep be purified, bro And now it is time for me to put time to party away.  All right. Well, then it's time Neo try beam one two three Here's the question does he leave hey, can you guys pull your weight, bro? Can you spare a KO bear KO spare KO Spleen squidward in the box It roll hunter just Recommend we pick our custom carrots for the last one. Okay, yeah Right as I drank I don't know what CAC to be. Oh brother. This guy's got more than one character. I am a cabin. He's not Bro, I miss him. Who is this bro, bro? This is reacts. What are you talking about with the father of Dio? Oh, is it? I was gonna say Universe one character and now he's an old man. You could have given me a piece of the absorption series But here we are now. Oh, I forgot what I look like. Here's doya my character. Oh my character is so much less I got bodied to the next week. I actually I don't know where my other is I was like, where is this guy come here? Oh, you thought I was done.  Are you good? Using a lot of words because he's getting cooked and doesn't know how to take it.  I didn't miss a single one I'm running I'm running help. I'll call for help mercy Wait, wait, what's today? What's today? It's probably like a week. Yeah, I did the wrong attack. Whoops.   Also, that was the end of the video.


Is Ronnie Stanley really in the conversation of the NFL's best left tackles? If Jaylen Ramsey not getting a new contract, could Baltimore be a new landing spot? Could all this overweight talk about Michael Pierce be making a way for the Ravens to trade him? This and much more on this episode of NFL Questions from Subscribers. It's engraving and Raven put in the cone, it's engraving and I know that y'all been waiting. It's engraving beats, engraving beats, engraving beats. YouTube team keep it clean, what's going on is engraving here with another video and another episode of NFL Questions from Subscribers. A series where you can ask me any NFL question you want to based off of any NFL team and we answer it in a video just like this. If you want to be part of NFL Questions from Subscribers, just send me a DM on Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, Facebook. Or if you don't have either one of the four, you can send me an email at teamkeepitclean at gmail.com. Appreciate all y'all that have been buying the merch, the team keep it clean merch. Thank you for all of y'all that actually watched the entire videos and listened to everybody's question. And I continue to thank you all who have been sending in your questions and being part of Questions from Subscribers. We got plenty to answer so let's go ahead and jump straight into it. First question came from, oh I keep cutting off the names on Facebook, I gotta start, stop doing that. So I can't see the name but he sent me a few questions on Facebook so he'll know and I know he watches the entire video so with his question being up first, there you go. His question was, do you think Pierre Garçon's NFL career is done? He was just a thousand y'all receiver like two, three years ago and he's only 32. I think I'd rather have him other than Michael Floyd competing for Raven's roster spot. Pierre Garçon is somebody that I wanted, he is somebody that I wanted to sign, he is somebody that I wanted to Ravens to get. But that was about, yeah, two, three years ago. After last year's Pierre Garçon, a lack there of him, nah, I'm good on that. I would rather like neither one of them to be competing for Raven's roster spot because I'm ready for the Ravens to turn over a new leaf. And I still don't think Michael Floyd even makes the team. But I just, I love the fact that they were getting younger, they have gotten a lot younger at Y receiver. So that can give a chance to Lamar and the receiver to really grow together because that's something that Fleco really didn't have much of. It's funny that the only receiver that he really got to grow with is the one that he had the most chemistry with, that being a Tori Smith. But hey, it is what it is. Next question came from my boy Ibrahim Rao. He said, how far do you think Matt Patricia has to take the Lions in 2019 to avoid getting fired at the conclusion of the season? I say anything less than a playoff birth is unacceptable based on the fact that Matt Patricia was hired by GM Bob Quinn for his Patriots connections. And there was a lot of hype surrounding his arrival because he was going to recreate the Patriot way in Detroit. And all he has is his first season. All he does his first season is go six and 10 while being late to team meetings along with losing respect among some of the players. And since Detroit can get out of the staffers contract after 2020 season, do you think they will if he doesn't bring them a playoff win in the next two years? Because they're paying him a ton of money and he's been starting on a regular basis since 2011 after dealing with injuries in 2009 and 2010. Shout out to my guy Ibrahim Rao because he has clearly done some extensive research with this question. So if they can get out of the deal after the 2020 season. So that sounds like after 2020, like the 2020 going into 2021. If they can get out of the deal after that, then I think he would definitely at least have this year to end next year just to give him one last hurrah with Matt Patricia with him being a new head coach. Last year was his first season, I believe, right? I think it was his first season with the Lions. But I do not think a head coach, unless they just like just terrible and just all really just awful. I just don't think a head coach should be fired after one season because you don't even have a chance to really incorporate your rules, your ways, your just your culture into the system into the team after just one year. Because if you have the team as a new head coach after just one year, you're still dealing with a lot of players that were from the previous regime. You're going to be dealing with players from the previous regime for at least like maybe like two years, even three years. So you don't really get to like take over, take over for a couple of years as a head coach, as a GM, as a whatever, as anybody new in the front office. So I think if those numbers are accurate and they can get out of Stafford's deal, I mean, yeah, Stafford's deal after the 2020 season, then I think he would have two years. But what does he need to do to stay? And you said anything less than a playoff berth is unacceptable. I don't know about the playoff berth, but I think he'll be safe. Based off of his, his where he came from, because Patriots coaching staff, their names hold a lot of weight, excuse me. And just based off of the timeframe, man, because I just don't see him getting fired, especially if they can sort of relate his time there as a head coach with Matt Stafford's time that he has left before they can get out of the deal. I think they would, they would, they would allow him to stick around. Next question came from a boy Brandon Tillman. He said, if you were the head coach for the Ravens, who will you pick up for the contract? Michael Pierce or Chris Moore? I will pick up Chris Moore because he will play any position from special teams to receiver. I do like Pierce, but he only plays one position. You can't move him around like a DN. So that's why I feel like, yes, the Ravens will trade Pierce because of Matt Judon and Chris Moore. They will be on their last year of contract for next year.  Michael Pierce or Chris Moore? I feel like, um, Michael Pierce, that like that, that answers so easy. And I feel like, oh yeah, that's easy. But then when you break it down like that, uh, Chris Moore can play different positions. You can move around on special teams too. So he provides more value. Chris Moore, he would be a lot cheaper than Michael Pierce would too. Michael Pierce is one of the best interior defensive linemen in the league. Chris Moore is not, he has not established himself as one of the best wide receivers in the league. He, so his, if you do decide to keep him, um, you are going to be able to keep him for a significantly less amount of money than you'd be able to keep, um, Michael Pierce for. But as far as who I would choose out of those two, I would choose Michael Pierce. Chris Moore, while he is a versatile player and I do appreciate him. Um, I feel like Michael Pierce provides more value to the team. Uh, now, and, and I, because yeah, he, he does not move around. He, you can't move him from D tackle to DN and all that stuff. Pass or you can't do that. But his, he's a better player in his role. Chris Moore, I mean, we'll see what happens with Chris Moore this year. Um, I think he'll get much more of a role this year. And they may even take him off of special teams. We'll see though. Um, but he has been a pretty good special teamer. Um, but I think they could end up, especially if his role increases by a lot, they could end up taking him off of special teams and be like, Hey, you're done with that. You graduated. Um, and then of course we have Matt Jude on coming, going into the final year of his deal, Chris Moore in the final year. He is Michael Pierce, um, peanut. Uh, so we got some guys that, uh, a lot of people are up. Not everybody's going to get paid. Not everybody's going to be a Raven next year. So, uh, but you added those two, I picked Pierce. Next question came from a guy, uh, Tim Mateo. He said, good morning, sir. Shout out from Brazil. Love your vids. Appreciate that man. Shout out to Brazil. Um, do you think the Ravens are going to use McSawley just like they did with Lamar when Flacco was on the field? Or is he just going to be a backup quarterback? I think he's going to be used for more than that. Um, I think they will try to throw in some little plays here and there. Um, but I think he's going to be somebody that may line up at running back, may line up at wide receiver, may line up at tight end, uh, may line up at quarterback, may line up just on special teams, just like, uh, Taysom Hill, think he's going to be the Ravens version of Taysom Hill. And I think that they are, um, they definitely going to try to use him. Uh, and just use all of, maybe even line them up on defense sometimes too. Uh, cause some of y'all told me that he played safety too. So I think they're not just going to use them as a backup quarterback or, and they're not just going to use them like they did with Lamar when Flacco was a quarterback, but they're going to just use him all over the field, not just their quarterback or wide receiver, but a bunch of other positions too. Next question came from a boy, Papa Mike. Well, he said, um, Ronnie Stanley is cool. But the last time I saw him play, I saw Melvin Ingram give him that work. So I can't call them the best yet. But he said, I know engraving viz will probably do a video on this shortly. And what he did, he quoted the tweet from the Ravens where they said, uh, when the NFL's best left tackles are being discussed, Ronnie Stanley wants the conversation to start with him and coach Harbaugh agrees. I mean, that, that's, that's a good, um, that's a good goal. Uh, yeah, that's a great goal to have. Um, so I think he, he, that, that he's aiming high and he should, he needs to be, um, because if, if you don't want to be the best at what you do, then what do you want to be going to be? Oh, I'm, I'm fine being, I'm fine being the, the fifth best guy. That's cool with me.  That's fine to each his own. But with, um, Ronnie Stanley with him aiming to be, uh, talked about as one of the NFL's best left tackles, I'm down with that. Yeah. Uh, that last game in the playoffs, it wasn't, it wasn't sweet. Um, and Ronnie Stanley, he does have his little hiccups here and there, but he is a pretty good left tackle. Um, we could have done a lot worse. Um, he has been solid for the most part. He's been healthy at a couple of games where he's been a little banged up and he missed, missed some time, but he doesn't miss much time at all. Um, he is reliable and he, I'm glad we got him. Instead of Larry Tunsel, I'm glad. Um, I'm not glad that the, the, the bong video came out of Tunsel, but, um, it worked out in our favor that we ended up getting, um, well, you know what? Larry Tunsel, he shouldn't have been doing that anyway. So yeah, his team keep it clean, man. That's not keeping it clean at all. So he should have done that anyway. I know he, uh, I did he sue somebody.  So anyway, um, Ronnie Stanley, I'm glad we ended up getting Ronnie Stanley. Um, he has been, he's been pretty good for us. Has he been great? No, he hasn't been great, but he's been pretty good. Um, so hopefully this year, uh, this is essentially contract here, not technically, but this is the year he'll, he'll be getting his deal next year from the Ravens. All right. We've got a lot of people to pay. They got a lot of people to pay. Um, but I think Ronnie Stanley is definitely going to be one of next question came from a boy, but no, McDaniels. He said, Jaylin Ramsey said today, or it was yesterday, uh, that he will not extend his contract this year. So if this is true, could there be a possibility he could come to Baltimore? And if we were to release a corner, who would you pick? My personal guess would be Jimmy Smith. Okay. So with Jaylin Ramsey, yeah, I did see that. He said he was not going to be getting an extension this year. Um, and if this is true, could there be a possibility he could come to Baltimore, possibly, possibility. Yes, but the likeliness of it. No, Jaguars are not going to let one of the best cornerbacks in the league, uh, just be on up out of there. It ain't going to happen. I don't, I don't think he's going to be leaving Jacksonville. I don't see that happening at all. Like at all, don't see it happen. Um, and it would be nice if, if we could get them, but I just don't see it happening. I was, I was also talking to my guy, uh, Dre earlier, and he sent me the same thing, the thing about, uh, that Ramsey not going to deal this year. Um, and I said that I don't think it really makes a difference for the Ravens, because the Jaguars ain't going to let Ramsey go. And he said, he told me, he said, we got it. We're going to have enough cap space for him next year. But I said, you, you got to pay Marlin though. You got to pay Marlin Humphrey. Marlin Humphrey is next up for, well next year, he can't get it this year, but Marlin Humphrey is next up. So they're not, I just cannot see them paying Marlin Humphrey, um, and get into Jalen Ramsey too. Cause you're going to have, that'd be nice. It'd be nice. We wouldn't, I wouldn't be complaining. Like, oh, we got Jalen Ramsey and Marlin Humphrey. But next question came from my guy, Brian Benjus. He said, why pay Brandon Williams all that money? If he can't or won't be a dual threat like Nada. Um, so with that, he, his job, he's not, he's not, uh, I mean, did I say Yonda? I meant Nada. I don't remember if I said Nada or Yonda, but I meant Lody Nada. Um, he wrote Nada. So I don't, I don't even know what I said. But anyway, um, why pay Brandon Williams all that money? If he can't or won't be a dual threat like Nada. Well, because, uh, that was the going rate for defensive tackles at that moment. Um, and his job is not to be a Lody Nada. We love Lody Nada. Lody Nada was a beast. Um, but Brandon Williams, that's not his job. That's not what he does. He eats up blockers. He takes up space so other people can eat. He makes everybody else around him that much better because he takes on one or two blockers, sometimes maybe even three. So those people can run free. So the linebackers can run free. So those other, uh, interior defensive linemen, they can rush to pass. And so the, the past rushes can do their job and rush to pass it too. So that's why Brandon Williams is making a lot of money. Do we feel he's overpaid? Uh, yeah. But at the same time, he is underappreciated. Next question also came from a boy, Brian Bingers. He said, is Lamar Jackson a better passer than Joe Flacco in the early part of his career? No, he's not. That's why he's been having to work so much on the passing. Flacco didn't, he didn't have to work on the passing like that. Flacco was already a natural pass or the regular pass or whatever. But Flacco just had to work on, uh, just decision making. He had to work on just maturing as a quarterback period. Um, and of course, and Lamar is going to have to work on that too. And that comes with more game time, more reps, more practice, more, all of that stuff being in different situations, uh, that, that comes with the territory of being a quarterback. So, but at this point in time, he is not, um, a better passer than Joe Flacco was in the early part of his career. Next question also came from a boy, Brian Bingers. He said, if we didn't get any or many injuries, which is uncommon, how can we expect our team to get better? Hmm. So if we didn't get any or many injuries, which is uncommon, how can we expect our team to get better? I don't, I don't really understand that question. Um, if we didn't get many injuries, how can we expect our team to get better? Are you saying that, you said, how can we expect our team to get better? Are you saying that like, how can we expect our team, like the depth of the guys to perform so we can see what they can do? I'm kind of lost on that one. If we didn't get any or many injuries, which is uncommon, how can we expect our team to get better? I don't, I really don't understand that question. I'm trying to, if y'all made it in the comment section could break that question down for me or Brian, do you want to just run it back and ask it over, um, or explain what exactly what you mean? Cause I just, I really don't understand that question. Um, but his other question was, who would you honestly say is the most improved team in the division? The Browns, the Browns without a doubt. Um, and he said thanks. So there ain't no problem, man, but let's run that question back. That, that, that third question that you asked, because I just, I, I don't know, I just, I don't understand it. Next question came from a boy, Michael B. And he said, do you think this overweight talk about Michael is an easy cop out just so they can trade him? So is this overweight talking easy cop out just so they can trade Michael Pierce? Oh, and he asked this question on stream last night and I was like, whoa, didn't think about that.  I was like, wait a minute now, wait a minute. Are the Ravens putting this out there so they can trade him? And it's funny because like I talked about yesterday, timing, timing is everything. Everybody knows Michael Pierce is a beast. Everybody knows his potential, but then everybody knows he's in the contract year. It's time for him to get paid. It's time for him to cash out. But if this guy who got all this potential, who's a beast and not even just potential, he's been showing it. So potential is something that you would bank on for the future, but no, this guy's been showing it. So I take back that potential thing. But he's about to cash out. He's about to make a lot of money. Then this is his year. But if that guy comes to comes to the first mandatory camp overweight, it can be like, oh, man. But if you make that public, you put it out there, then it can be like, oh, hold up, what's going on with that? The other teams could be looking like, what's going on with Pierce over there? What? He's overweight. What? And that could sort of make the Ravens look like it can make the Ravens seem like, oh, man, like this guy, maybe he just ain't cut out for this final year. And then if they think that the Ravens think that if other teams think the Ravens are thinking that, then they could be like, oh, well, maybe, you know what, let's just send them this offer. See if they want to talk. We just we just want to talk. We just want to talk, send them this offer. See if they just willing to accept it and nothing's concrete. We're just going to send it out to them. See if they if they willing to talk about it. And that could make the Ravens start putting Pierce on the block. I mean, he made himself a block, but now they could they Ravens could put him on the block. And what I was saying yesterday too, that is it would be very tricky keeping him. Somebody asked a question from subscriber with the Ravens history of drafting and developing defensive linemen so good. Pierce could be another one that ends up being gone.  They just drafted Daylan Mack. They got Gerald Willis. They still got Willie Henry. You got Wyrmley, got Silo. So the other guys there that are waiting, they are waiting.  And the Ravens could be on the same boat. They could be on the same. They could be like, oh, um, Pierce, we ain't trying to pay too defensive linemen. We just don't want. And even though the Ravens are going to have the most money that they had in a long time next year, Eric Dacosta said he wants to be financially responsible. He said he wants to be financially responsible. So if they pay Michael Pierce this year, then they will probably have to back load a deal because they can't pay him too much guarantee money up front because they didn't got it like that right now. So being financially responsible is not backloading the deal. And it's, it could be one of those tough decisions, man. It could be one of those tough decisions. But Eric Dacosta has already shown that he's not afraid to make those tough decisions. He's not afraid to make those tough decisions. Eric Weddell, where's he at? CJ Mosey, where's he at? Tarell Suggs, where's he at? Where they all going? Where they going? Cut Weddell. Was trying to resign Mosey, but kept it at a certain price and said, I'm not going over this. They tried to resign Suggs. They said, we kept it at a certain price. We're not going over this. Suggs opted for somewhere else, Arizona. Mosey opted for New York with the Jets and Weddell was released. So they're not afraid to make these tough decisions, even with fan favorites. And Michael Pierce is definitely one of those fan favorites that people love, people love Michael Pierce. Because he's nice. He's nice. He's a real good player. But this this whole story about him being overweight. Could it be a sort of trade bait just to put him out there? It could be. It could be because NFL NFL is it's a it's a dirty business. It's a very dirty business. There's a lot of deceit that happens. There's a lot of like tricks that happen. There's a lot of pettiness that happens. It's just a lot of games that happen in the NFL. It's already it's already the game, the sport of the football. But in the front office and stuff, there's a lot of games that happen there, too. It's probably even more games that happen there than during the 16 game schedule. So, yeah, this it could be it could be. And oof, this is such a tricky situation, man. It's a tricky situation. And then I said in a video yesterday, too, I said, I honestly wouldn't be surprised if he got traded within the next two months. I really wouldn't I wouldn't be surprised because that would because I don't I do. I just don't see the Ravens if they're not going to keep him. If they're not going to sign him to a long term deal. I don't see them walking away from Michael Pierce for nothing. Well, I don't see them letting him walk away and them getting nothing in return. Not the whole comp pick thing. I don't think they just want to comp pick for Michael Pierce. And they could get a they could possibly get a third form. They definitely get a fourth. But I just in that formula still so tricky with the comp picks. But I think they will try to get something for him now. And I said, and we talked about it last night on the stream. I think they could definitely get a third form for it via trade. But I think it's a possibility they could even get a second. I really do. I think it's a possibility that they could even get a second. You trade them to a team for the trade to be official. Y'all got to exchange whatever you're going to trade in whatever he got to pass the physical. So let's see what happens today. By the time you see this video, we will probably already have more news on Michael Pierce from today. But we'll see. But yeah, this offseason is just wild, man. It's wild. It's a lot of stuff happening. But yeah, I do not think it's far fetched that Michael Pierce could be on the trade block.


At her uncle's house, they played out in the backyard, Ann Marie, Ellen, and Kirstie. They were outside playing and having a great time, and they played all morning and afternoon. They finally went in and sat down to rest, and their uncle arrived home from fishing all day. And he asked how they were doing and how their day went, and they were fine. And then his expression changed. He became very serious, and he told Mom, tomorrow is going to be a good day for fishing. And Mom said, the weather is going to be good. And Uncle responded, said, yeah, it's going to be a good day. Ann Marie watched the exchange. She did not understand what was going on. If you're curious, go ahead and read.