So, welcome back to the lectures in animal physiology. In the first two lecture, we talked about the introduction to physiology, cell and general physiology. So, that was our first section, we covered two lectures. Now, we are into the third lecture as well as in the section 2. So, this will be the first lecture of section 2 and our section 2 is about membrane physiology and nerves and muscle. So, this is section 2 membrane, which is the one of the most key feature of any entity and we will be taking two examples of nerve cells and the muscle cells and their membrane phenomena. So, in this section, we will be covering two lectures, sorry, we will be covering three lectures in this section. So, what we will do now, we will start with the first topic, which is membrane structure and dynamics. So, under membrane structure and dynamics, we will be covering the introduction to the, introduction to the membrane that will be our first topic, which I will be covering in this lecture. The second thing is the common characteristics or common features among membranes of different species. Say for example, we have plants, we have animals, we have many things, bacteria, algae, they all have membranes. So, what are the common features of membrane from diverse life systems? This is the second topic, which we are, third topic we were going to cover it will be, so this was our first, so again. So, third thing what we are going to cover will be the major classes of the lipids. As you remember in my last lecture, I told you the membranes are form of lipids. So, we will be talking about the complete classification of the lipids and then role of lipids at air, water interface and then we will be touching upon lipid bilayer and its significance. So, with this, let us move on to the first topic, which is the basic introduction about the lipids. So, there are wide range of lipids all over the system. So, the, let us start with the basic structure of the membrane. So, there are wide range of membranes all over the systems and we will be talking about the basic characteristics of the membrane. So, for example, whenever I, if you remember in one of my first lecture, I drew a cell like this and I told you this is the membrane and this is the nucleus. This is the outer membrane and what basically it is doing and it has another membrane, which is called the inner membrane and you have the nucleus in the inside the cell. So, what you will be dealing is, we will be dealing with the structure of this. So, this particular, these kind of membranes or any membrane as a matter of fact has some common features. One of the first common feature is that they are selectively permeable. This is the common, very, very common feature, selectively permeable. In other words, what does that mean? That means that any entry or exit of molecules across this membrane is completely regulated. It is a regulated event. It is not that anything can go in and anything can come out of it. It has to be very, very well regulated. So, that property is called selective permeability and in some books, you will find this is also called semi permeable membrane. It is not permeable to everything. It is permeable to only selective entities. So, all the membranes are like that because why it is very essential for us to understand why the membranes are semi permeable? So, we all believe the life has evolved from ocean and as you know, those of you have been to sea, ocean or bays, you must know that ocean water is very salty and it is exceptionally challenging for biological phenomena to happen in such a salt water. So, somewhere other life has to form. The first membrane has to form where we got rid of the salts and we formed an enclosed structure which does not have that much high salt concentration. So, that is why the first membrane which was formed and evolved may have developed a mechanisms by which it could regulate the solute concentration inside it especially the salt concentration like sodium, potassium, calcium and all these things. And we will be talking about this and how the concentration of this different ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium varies from inside and outside the cell and what regulates all these things and this feature falls under the selective permeability of the cell. The second feature is that what actually dictates the selective permeability of the cell? Selective permeability of the cell are governed by, so if this is the membrane you see, this is say for example, this is the inner round term membrane. There are wide range of channels out here, there are channels which are like gate you know, there are pumps which regulates. So, pumps channels and you have small pores, these are the ones, these features, these three features and many other features decides the semi permeability of the cell. So, this is another common feature among the cellular structure. The third aspect is in this stuff say for example, think of it whenever we feel heat or cold, our skin responds to it. In other words this is the skin, this is responding to some kind of hot or cold. So, it means these are consist of all different cells. So, these cells have different sensors on their body, on their top. So, in other words if I had to draw it, it will be like this, on top of this you have these kind of, so say you have sensors. These could sense several things, these could sense light, these could sense sound, vibration and we will come to that, this can sense temperature, this can sense once again, this can sense water and several other things and these features helps a cell to respond to the external stimuli, these are all outside external stimuli. So, this is another feature of the cell, there is another feature which is most of these cells say for example, if I draw the cell now like this, these cells changes their permeability and has the ability to generate signals, which could be electrical in nature, signal generation ability, signal generation feature. This is another common feature of the different cells, different membranes present in the cells, which includes the nerve cell, we will be talking depth eventually on this and the muscle cell, which includes both kind of muscle, the cardiac or the one which is forming your heart and the skeletal, which is forming most part of your body and apart from it, there are another set of muscles, which are called smooth muscles, which lines your intestinal or gastrointestinal tract. So, these have the potential or these cells have the feature of generating electrical signal as well as chemical signals. So, this is another feature of the, of these kind of membranes, which are developed and there is one more feature, which is very, very fundamental to the very core of our existence is the bio energetic features. That means, there are membranes, which is the ability to trap sunlight and convert it into electricity. What we see in the plant kingdom, which all of you must have heard something, a word called photosynthesis. So, what exactly happen in that is this, there are some specific organelles, which are present in the cells of the plants, which are called chloroplast. This chloroplast has the ability to absorb light and in the membrane of the chloroplast and this light energy is converted into electrical signal, electrical energy and by virtue of which the energy rich molecule or energy molecules are synthesized. And in our, this is of course, this is an example of the plant system, same happens in the animal king animal system, which we called as oxidative phosphorylation, by which oxidative phosphorylation, this takes place in the mitochondria of the cell. And we must be remembering, I was talking about the mitochondria in the last class and of course, we will go in depth into it. So, this is also a membrane phenomena. So, if I had to summarize, what all the common features the membranes have, the introduction, it is semi permeable in nature. The membranes have channels, pores and pumps in their structures, they respond to different kind of a stimuli, which includes light, sound, water, volatiles like a smell, you know, we smell through our nose, we could figure out whether this smell is bad or good or it is a perfume or is it some other stinking a smell. Then most of the membrane, there are series of membranes, which is the ability to generate chemical or electrical signal, which include nerves and muscles. And yet, there are some specialized membranes like membranes of the chloroplast in the plant kingdom and the algal kingdom, which is the ability to convert light energy into electrical energy, as well as there are membranes in the mitochondria of the cells, which has the ability to do oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy. And that is why in mitochondria is called the energy unit of a cell or the power strength of the cell. With this brief introduction, now we will go on to the part two of this membrane structure and dynamics, that is all these membranes are found in several systems. It could be plant, it could be animals, it could be algae, it could be anything and everything. So, what are the common features? So, now we will be talking about the second thing, which are the common features among common features of membranes among the diverse life forms, which are present on the floor of earth. So, talking about the common features now, now we are moving into slightly more details. Common features of membranes from diverse species of life form. So, this is the aspect, which we are going to deal with now after once we have done with it. So, the first and foremost feature, let me highlight here. Membranes are made up of, most of the membranes are made up of lipids. The major component is lipids along with proteins, which we have talked yesterday. And I promise that I will be coming back to the classification of the lipids of the structural or the membrane lipids in this lecture, and which I will do very soon. So, most of them are made up of lipids, proteins as well as on the top of these proteins and the lipids, there are carbohydrate molecules which are attached to them. So, in other words, if I put the first common feature about them is that membranes are made up of lipids. One of the key component, proteins another major component and third component is your carbohydrates. And these lipids and proteins are present at a specific ratio in all the membranes. They are 1 is to 4, 2 is to 1. This is the ratio in which these are present and on all these lipids, the carbohydrate moieties are attached or in the proteins. So, when they are attached to the lipids, they are called glycolipids. And when they are attached to the proteins, they are called protein carbohydrate things which are glycoproteins. So, it could be attached to the lipids, glycolipids. If carbohydrates are attached to proteins, it is called glycoproteins. So, this is the first feature of that the membranes are made up of lipids, proteins, the major component and the component of carbohydrates which are attached or covalently linked to the lipids as well as to the protein molecules. This is the first feature. Now, from here we will move to the second feature. Second feature is while I was drawing the membrane, it is something like this. So, what is the thickness of the membrane whenever we talk about this? So, most of the membrane varies from 6 nanometer to 10 nanometer depending on the life form 6 to 10. So, in other word it varies from 60 angstrom to 100 angstrom. So, this is the dimension of the membrane. Most of the membranes are of that dimension. Now, talking about the membrane structure, you have a specific I told you that they are a specific proteins all over the place. They are embedded like this and the rest is all lipids. So, these red ones are the proteins which are embedded out there likewise and the green shading what I am doing now are the lipids like this and we will come to the orientation and all those of the lipids something like this. Now, these specific proteins which are present in the red what you see out here in this picture, they have very very specific functions. They could be channel, they could be pores, they could be pumps, but they have specific functions, specific role to play and these are the proteins. Then, you have these lipids which are present there. We will come to the dimension of the lipids. Before that, let me tell you another very interesting feature of the membrane. Most of the membranes are electrically polarized. What does that mean? This is a very interesting feature. That means if I put an let me show you in the next slide. If this is the membrane like this and if this is a membrane and I have one electrode which I am putting inside the cell, another electrode outside the cell and if I measure the voltage across it, I will find that there will be a voltage difference. So, in other word, electrically both sides are standing at different voltage and this feature is called membrane is polarized. We will come back to this while we will be talking about the nerve and muscle. Membrane is polarized and with respect to outside, the inside most of the time stays at minus 80 millivolt with respect to outside, with respect to outside. In other word, outside is more positive as compared to inside. We will come in depth on into this as we will be talking about the nerves and muscle. For this, for the timing just accept this with respect to inside, outside is more positive. The next feature is I talked to you about, now I will come on to the features. How the, so this is the membrane, how the lipid molecules are oriented into it. So, the way lipid molecules are oriented in order to draw this, I have to recollect or take you back to my last lecture, where I showed you how the lipid molecules look like.  In other word, this part, the one which I am now drawing in red, this part correspond to this part. This is the part which I drew in red is water loving part. This is the one which loves water and the one now I am shading in green, sorry blue, sorry blue. This is the one. This is the water hitting part or in other word, this part is the hydrophobic part and the water loving part is the hydrophilic part. The way the membrane is arranged and we will come to that how it is arranged. Just I will draw it for your understanding sake is like this. The circle what I am drawing you see pointing on both sides.  These polar head groups what you see here, here, here, here, here, here. These polar head groups kind of arrange in a very specific fashion, the way I am drawing it you see. They are arranged like this in a membrane, something like this and we will come to that why they are arranged like that and what are the reasons why they form that particular geometry. We will come back to this, but what I wanted to highlight here is this. Then this membrane, these polar head groups, these lipids can move like this along the membrane likewise. These ones which are facing inside, if this is inside and this is outside, the one which are facing outside they could move like this whereas, the one which is facing inside could move like this. What cannot happen is that the one which is facing inside cannot flip to outside. There cannot be a flip-flop movement. Let me draw it for you that will make sense. So, for example, this is part of the membrane I am drawing. The red ones are showing or facing outside and say for example, the green ones are facing inside and these are the hydrophobic tail what they are having likewise. And as we mentioned, so this is say outside the cell, this part is outside the cell, outside and this is inside the cell. This is just part of the membrane I have drawn. So, now let me give them some numbers. So, this polar head group I number C 1, C 2, C 3, C 4 and I name this as H 1, H 2, H 3, H 4. So, H 1 can now be careful. So, H 2, H 3, H 1 can move where H 5 is or H 4 is. Same way, H 4 can move here. There will be lateral movement like this. They could move like this, but same way C 1 can move here, C 4 can come here, C 2 can go there likewise. They could move like this, but what they cannot do is that it is very rare situation when you see a red facing inside and a green facing outside. This is really tough and this kind of movement of flip-flop, this is called a flip-flop. Flip-flop is very, very rare phenomena. It does not really happen. It is really, really tough, but there will be a lateral movement and because of this lateral movement sometime a membrane is called also called a two dimensional solution of oriented proteins and lipids, two dimensional solution of oriented lipids and proteins, because they could only move in the two in the two dimensionally laterally. So, this is a very, very interesting feature about the membranes. So, these are some of the common features of the membranes and there is one more, which is very, very interesting for you guys to really realize here whenever again let me draw the membrane to tell you. So, let me draw it like this showing all the head groups in red outside and the head groups and showing the hydrophobic tail like this. So, another interesting feature about this kind of thing is that this is asymmetric in nature. What does that mean? This means the chemical feature of this, if there is some kind of say for example, carbohydrate modification or some kind of you know other molecule modification. The properties of this surface, the inside surface is entirely different from the properties of the outside surface, because of the modification on their chemical moieties and this feature is called asymmetric nature of the membrane. This is very, very critical. The properties here are different from the properties outside and there is one more feature, which is very critical in this structure is if I again redraw the membrane and if these are the polar head groups outside and these are the polar head groups of the lipids inside likewise. And here you have the, just for the simplicity sake, I am not drawing the full thing. So, what is very important here is that these lipids and the proteins, which are attached say for example, there are different kind of proteins say. Let me use another color, which will make it more easy like the proteins, which are attached likewise. This all these arrangements are basically a non-covalent interaction between lipids and proteins. This is very, very important non-covalent interaction between lipids and proteins. So, if I had to summarize what all the features we talked about. We talked about the asymmetric nature of the membrane. We talked about the fluid structure. You could see the lateral shift among the lipid moieties, but you will rarely or most unlikely you will see a flip-flop movement. We talked about the electrically polarized nature of the membrane. We talked about the different proteins, which are present. They offer different kind of features, which you could see here. They offer different kind of features. And apart from it, we talked about the ratio of the lipids and proteins is 1 is to 4 to 4 is to 1. And we talked about the thickness of the membrane, which is approximately 6 nanometer to 10 nanometer or another 60 angstrom to 100 angstrom in nature. And all these lipids are amphipathic in nature. In other word, most of these lipids have something like this. They have a polar head group, which is water loving and they have a hydrophobic tail. Let me choose another color that will make more sense. So, if this is the polar head group sitting there and these are the these are the hydrophobic tail, which is there. So, this is the one. These are the ones where you see the C carboxyl group sitting there and you have the hydrophobic tail out there. And this is called the polar head group and this is the hydrophobic tail. So, these are the common features of different membranes, what we talked about. From here, I will move on to the part 3 of the membrane structure and dynamics that constitute the classification of the membrane lipids. In the last class, we talked about the lipids. We introduced the lipids and I told you there are two kinds of lipids, the storage lipids and the membrane lipids. And I promise that membrane lipids needs a very separate treatment because it is a very broad class of lipids. And what I will do now, we will classify them so that people understand exactly where which kind of lipids are being used. So, we will go for a generic classification. From there, we will go for the specific lipids, which are present in the membrane. So, our next topic, we are moving into classification of lipids. We started the classification yesterday. Classification in the last class, sorry, classification of lipids. So, the broad classification of lipids are storage lipids and membrane lipids. These are the most broadest of the broadest classification. Among the storage lipids, in the last class, we talked about glycerol moiety. Those of you remember it, glycerol. And on glycerol, I told you there are fatty acids, which are attached to it, fatty acid, fatty acid, fatty acid. So, F A stands for fatty acids. So, these are called glycerol moiety these are the basic storage lipids, what we have already discussed. So, today we will start with the membrane lipids and all the classification of the membrane lipids. So, let us get into the classification of the membrane lipids. So, membrane lipids could be broadly classified into three groups. One is called phospholipids. The very moment you hear phospho, it means there is a phosphorous phosphate group out there. One second, let me get the spellings right. Phospholipids, then you have glycolipids and then you have some very special kind of lipids, which are only found in archaebacteria. We are not going to talk about this just for your knowledge. I am just putting it archaebacteria. They are not found in very many organisms and these are called ether lipids ETHM. They have ether groups in them. So, this is the group, which we are not going to really talk in this course, because this is not really our major interest. Our interest lies with these two groups, glycolipids and phospholipids, because these are the lipids, which constitute a big or the major chunk of the membrane. So, the phospholipids could be further classified into two groups. They are called glycerophospholipids. This is one classification. The other one is sphingolipids. We will come to that. What does that mean? Sphingolipids. Similarly, the glycolipids are classified into two groups. One is called same with the same name as sphingolipids and the other one is called galactolipids or sulfolipids. Galactolipids or sulfolipids. This is another class. Now, what we will do? We will talk about. Now, we will take up first the phospholipids. Within phospholipids, we will talk about the two phospholipids, which includes sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids. Sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids. Whenever you go through the books, you will find these structures to be very complex, but they are actually not very complex. They are very straight forward structure. Glycerophospholipids is very similar to the original lipids. Let us talk about glycerophospholipids and how they look like. So, glycerophospholipids looks like this. You have the glycerol moiety out here, which I was drawing yesterday. You can go back to my previous lecture and you will see the structure of it. Glycerol, which you have fatty acid attached, fatty acid. You have the second fatty acid, which is attached. Then, you have some modification. You have this bond and you have p o 4 or a phosphate group sitting there and an attached to the phosphate group is an alcohol or a OH group sitting there. These are called glycerophospholipids and this phospho is coming from glycerophospho. So, here is that phospho group. Glycerophospholipids. Next we will go talk about the sphingolipids in that class. Under the class of phospholipids, we talked about glycerophospholipids, GPL. Now, we will talk about sphingolipids. What are sphingolipids? Sphingolipids have a very similar structure. I will draw the structure of sphingosynmoiety that will help you to understand. So, this is the sphingosynmoiety, which I have drawn now. I will draw the chemical exactly the chemical nature of it, how that looks like. On that, you have a fatty acid attached here and under the underneath it, you have this phosphate group sitting there and it is attached to a choline. What so? There are two new things, which I have introduced now, which I have to highlight. One is what is this group? This group is called sphingosyn. Sphingosyn group and I introduce another thing, which is called a choline group. Phosphate, of course, I have in care. So, what is this choline group and what is this sphingosyn group, which constitute this? So, what I will do now? I will draw the sphingosyn group and the choline group for you people. Now, let me draw what is the sphingosyn group? Sphingosyn group. So, this is like ch, ch double bonded with ch, ch2. You have 12 molecules of it and then you have this thing and on this side you have the OH, alcohol group ch, NH, C double bonded with O and you have the whole fatty acid attached. So, this is the part of the fatty acids.  This is the CH2O and then you have this X, which is which could be anything and everything. We will come to that. So, sphingosyn is basically, this is the basic structure of sphingosyn. So, if you look at it, this is how it looks like. This and this and if we go back into the structure, it is very similar structure if you look at it from here to here and look at it. So, this is the sphingosyn moiety along with the fatty acid come back.  So, this X was attached to the phosphorous and there is a choline group. So, now, I will draw the choline group, how the choline group looks like. So, that choline group X is equal to will be ch2, ch2 plus ch3 plus ch2 plus ch3 plus ch3 plus ch3. So, this is the choline group. Now, if you go back to the structure of sphingolipids under phospholipids, you have sphingolipids and within the sphingolipids you have, this is the sphingosyn moiety. Here is the sphingosyn moiety. Here you have the fatty acid moiety and then here you have the p4 moiety and attached to the choline moiety. So, this is the structure of sphingolipids, the generic structure of sphingolipids and there are many other modification into it. From here, we will move on to the second class under the broad heading, there is a second class called glycolipids. So, I told you there are two classes. One is the phospholipids and another is the glycolipids. Within the glycolipids you have again two classifications we talk about. One is the sphingolipids. The very moment you hear this term is sphingolipids. So, you can pretty much blindly accept that there will be a sphingo moiety and then you have this galactolipids or sulfolipids and the broad heading of it. So, now what we will do, we will draw the sphingolipids under the glycolipids. So, that you do not lose track, I am repeatedly writing it sphingolipids and then on top of that you have glycolipids. Within that is the sphingolipids. So, what you can do, you can draw a sphingosyn moiety likewise and you can attach the fatty acid group. This is the sphingosyn moiety, this is the sphingosyn moiety which I am shedding in green now, sphingosyn and on top of this you have the x here and this x is replaced by a carbohydrate. It could be a monosaccharide, it could be a oligosaccharide, oligosaccharide or disaccharide. This carbohydrate could be a mono, you remember in the previous class we talked about monosaccharide, disaccharide or oligosaccharide likewise. It could be anything that x is equal to and these are called sphingolipids under the category of glycolipids and apart from it, there is another class within that within the glycolipids. Glycolipids is written for G L and within that we talked about the sphingolipids. Now, we will be talking about another one which is called galacto or sulfolipids. How these looks like, galacto or sulfolipids? So, this is how it looks like. So, again you have a sphingosyn moiety, sorry you do not have a sphingosyn moiety here, you have glycerol moiety, you have a glycerol out here, you have a fatty acid attached here, you have another fatty acid attached here, F A, F A, you have the two fatty acids attached there, then there is a modification here. You have disaccharide or a oligosaccharide attached here, disaccharide or let me put it as carbohydrate here and to that you have a deorite, you have a sulfate moiety SO 4 attached there. So, these falls under, so because of this, this sulfo here is the sulfo group, here is the galacto group or mostly the disaccharide because the galactose which is a disaccharide. So, you have the disaccharide here. So, that is why it got the name galactosulfolipids, in the words something like. So, you saw the galactosulfolipids. So, this is the broad classification of the lipids which is exceptionally essential for you people to understand. Whenever we talk about membranes, you have to have a fairly good idea about the different lipids which actually constitute the membrane and the membrane constitute of the two broad classes of lipids, what we talked about the phospholipids and the glycolipids. These are the two major classes and they have some very, very interesting features which play a key role in the whole evolutionary process and what we are today. So, now what we will do, we will talk about couple of very simple experiments which had been done to figure out what exactly is the structure of these membranes in terms of self assembling and why I was drawing. If you remember, I was repeatedly drawing something like this, whenever I have drawn the membrane, I drew it like this and I told you that I will answer this question once we finish the lipid classification something like this. So, these are the polar head groups which are I showed, these are the polar head groups of the lipids which are facing inside the cell and I am showing inside and outside by this is I inside the cell and this is outside, outside the cell and you have this fatty acid chains or hydrophobic tails which are facing inside in order to minimize the energy. So, why I drew it like this? So, in order to understand this, I have to take you to a very, very old experiment I think remember correctly it was done by Benjamin Franklin what I figured out. So, all of you must have seen this to explain this whenever you go to a bathroom or something and the oil spills out you see a oil forms a layer on top of the water or say for example, you have a beaker of water and you put some drop of oil, how much over you try to mix it it would not, it will form a layer on top of it or say for example, if there is oil spill in any kind of water or in a water body, you will see the oil is floating on top of it because it is a very low density. So, it floats on top of it, but exactly how the interface looks like because now I have mentioned that most of these lipids and everything they have a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group. So, let me redraw just to answer this question. So, whenever you talk about this is the polar head group and this is the or this is the hydrophobic tail and when you draw it chemically it looks like this C double on it O minus and you have this polar tail curve. So, this part has the ability to interact with water that is why it is called the polar head group polar head group and this one is the hydrophobic tail. So, most of the lipids are like this. So, what exactly happens when oil falls on the surface of water? So, there are two it is the interfacial phenomena there are two situations one part of the oil is facing the air and part of the oil is facing the water. So, at the air water interface. So, for example, let me draw it this is water. So, this is water and this is air and you have a drop of oil which is falling the way it works is that drop of oil which is falling all the polar head group which could interact with water they orient themselves like this draw like this. So, that you know they orient themselves like this and. So, these moieties can interact with water and their hydrophobic tail faces towards water this is how it works and not only that if they could form some of these could even form something called micelle in water micelle is a structure like this. So, say for example, there is lot of lipids like that and the hydrophobic tail something like this this is called a micelle and this is inside water. So, this is the micelle formation then why I was while I was drawing the cell why I drew it like this if you remember I was drawing it like this and I showed you like here I draw a by I draw a double layer why I drew it like this in other word drawing I made was like this why this was not similar to a micelle why it is like this the reason lies as I told you the membranes are formed from two major lipids which are phospholipids and glycolipids. So, these phospholipids and by glycolipids whenever you add them in water say I designate as p l and g l in water they have a tendency to form bilayer in other word the one which I was drawing let me go to the next page since they form a structure like this these are again the polar head groups this is their innate tendency and this tendency comes because of certain energetic reason where I will I will tell I will give an example of another lipids which does not have a tendency to form like that and which exactly form a micelle. So, you have to understand the difference between micelle and a bilayer structure. So, these are the hydrophobic tail so this is a tendency of this phospholipids and glycolipids to form like that because these phospholipids and glycolipids these hydrophobic chains are very very very bulky and they prefer they prefer to form a bilayer structure instead of forming a single layer micellar structure like this which I was showing you just before couple of minutes back I was showing you the micellar like structure this structure is only shown by some of the lipids like sodium palmitate and these kind of lipid they have a single chain. So, the reason is I told you that you know most of them have this kind of structure they have two tails or in other word the moiety has a structure like this is glycerol glycerol and they have this these bulky chains these are the fatty acids these ones prefer these kind of structures prefer to have bilayer kind of a structure. Whereas, if you have a fatty acids which is something like a single fatty acid chain like this these one prefer to form micelle and one such example which is used in soap in the soap is sodium palmitate sodium palmitate invariably will form micelle as compared to phospholipids and the glycolipids. So, this is what I expect for you people to understand like these are some of the very very basics of the lipid structures which are very very essential in understanding the how the membrane is formed and how it interact to in order to summarize. So, I will say there are five different features which is very essential one the feature one which is very essential is this bilayer formation which is directly linked to the energetic feature of phospho and phospholipid. Plus glycolipids this is extremely essential for you people to understand there is a major hydrophobic interaction between the limits between the lipids in order to form the membrane hydrophobic interaction between lipids is the driving force is the driving force is in membrane formation this is extremely essential. Next thing is that there is a van der Waal interaction between hydrophobic tails this is also very critical feature then you have electrostatic and hydrogen bonding attraction between polar head groups and water and water this is another critical feature and last but not least if I have to summarize it I will put it like this lipid bilayer are non covalent non covalent co-operative. Structure this much I expect all of you to understand this is what is this basic understanding is essential in order to understand the membrane physiology and the membrane processes which are key to our survival growth and evolution. Thank you.


The Veterinary and Livestock Services Division, in collaboration with the Archbishop Kelvin Felix, Archdiocesan Pastoral Center, recently concluded a sustainable honey production farmer-field school program promoting responsible and sustainable beekeeping practices. This comprehensive eight-week training program brought together 33 participants, ranging from beginners to seasoned beekeepers, all aiming to gain valuable insights and expertise in the world of apiculture. Facilitator and mentor within the program, Marcus Dennis, emphasizes that the practical experience and expert mentorship offered will serve as instrumental resources in facilitating the development of successful beehives and flourishing beekeeping enterprises. Not everybody will be actually honey producers, but there are many sub-sectors within the apiculture sector, such as even the provision of protective clothing. I used to see, I mean, when I used to be out there in the fields, I used to see an old bed that used to be the own snogers of teamwork and these kind of things, even their own extractors. So there are many things that we can produce locally to develop the sector. And what we need to do is to to continue doing that so we can bring down the costs to us as farmers. In addition to beekeeping techniques, the program also included essential full-stage training to ensure the safety and well-being of both beekeepers and bees. Chief Veterinary Officer Dr. Sharmin Melville Edwin explained that the sustainable honey production farmer-field school was designed to promote sustainable beekeeping practices with a strong emphasis on preserving honey bee populations and producing high quality honey. We look forward to the impact that this training will have. So not just the training that you see, but the impact on the honey production, increasing honey production in the sector, the impact on the economy as we tap into the the great potential that we see in the apiculture sector. The holistic approach taken by the Agriculture Ministry to increase capacity within the apiculture sub-sector reflects the Ministry's commitment to fostering responsible and sustainable beekeeping practices that benefit both the environment and the livelihoods of those involved in apiculture. From the Communications Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture, I am Anisia Antoine reporting.


So it's morning number one here in Tuscany and I always see pictures of the fog in the morning and you can see it here. Look at that. It's beautiful. So today's plan.  Today's the first full day in Tuscany. We only have two full days in Tuscany. Now the third day we have to go back to Florence to then head south. So we're gonna go explore our Airbnb guy, gave us some recommendations on things that we should go see. So let's go test it out. Alright, so we made it to our first recommended destination. Which is a place called San Guzmé and Drive-in, what do you think of the drive-in? It's amazing and then I promise that the view would be really nice for we're going because we said that's what we wanted to see and Holy shit He came through. Oh my goodness. Looks like the movies. Here's a little tiny village. San Guzmé. Want to show my dog? Here's our dog that we just found. He's just following us. Well here, let's get him. Let's get him over here. Go, go, go, go, go. This is what the inside of San Guzmé looks like. Looks like a Really really old medieval village. Looks like they have a little wine store here. Oh They got the view.  Up in her window. She needs some practice. That's what she's doing. Should we clap? All right, so here is the lunch we're having at this spot with our free concert. This is maybe the 10th time she played this. But so cute. That is cute and this is what we get. All right, so we have made it to the next destination. It's called Castle Brolyo Castle, which was a long way up here, but the long dirt road, we got some magical shots though. As we were coming up those castle walls. Sun coming through. You want to go explore? Yeah. Castle was built in 1316? Yep. Wow, so it's 701 years old. 701. Lauren found a little secret area over here. It's the crypt of the family who built this place in 1316. Wow, look at this. This is their private chapel. Wow. This is, uh, I guess the entire family that was buried down here. So we were wrong. This castle, the entire castle is here. It was built in 1080 and this chapel was built in 1316. And then the person who took it over was the Prime Minister of Italy. Italy? Italy. And then I guess it's him and his family are dead down there. I want this to be my house. This place is amazing. This is insane. No way. She's like, PAPA! Where she sees this little carriage coming down the road. Uh-huh. She's talking about that road, I guess. Yes. She sees this little horse and carriage come up and then, but he's like bending something. So he stops right over there and he like falls out. She's like, She's running down. This is where we are. We're here. That's a castle. This is the view behind me. That right there is my girlfriend. Right now we're walking on the top of the castle. If there were any intruders coming off, you'd be able to see them from here. As you can see for miles. Check out the castle though. Here's the, uh, Can you hear that in the distance? The church bells. Here's the, uh, the front of the castle. That's not the most castle-looking castle I've ever seen. I don't know what it is. But off in the distance, she's gonna take a castle selfie. Oh, there she goes. So that's it for the castle. This place was amazing. Really amazing. Definitely the coolest castle I've been to. It's better than the one in Bolsena. Which is the one we stayed inside of. But now, looks like we gotta take a drive home. This can take us probably about an hour to get back. And, uh, it's a fun drive, so I'm okay with taking it. So next time we'll see you. I'll see you back at the house. All right, so we've made it back to our place. The sun's about to set and, uh, view is insane. You gotta check this out. Look at all of these colors. Pinks. This is amazing. Look at this sunset view. You ready for the best part? Look at the moon. Well, I think that'll about wrap it up for today. We're gonna get some food, drink some wine, hang out, maybe hop in the jacuzzi. But, uh, I'm gonna be signing off for now. We'll see you later.


Be our robot. Be, be, be, be, be, be, be, be, be, be, be. Today we are robots. You can play too. Robot vest. To make a robot vest, you'll need a paper bag, scissors, tape, bottle caps, construction paper, foam boards, craft sticks, shiny stickers, pipe cleaners, markers, paper bag. Cut it up the middle. Cut the sides of the bags to make room for your arms. Cut holes for your arms and head. Repeat on the other side.  Can you give me a hand at putting this on? Sure. Decorate your robot vest. Twist the pipe cleaner around your finger to make it curly. Pipe cleaners for wires. I'm adding stickers to be buttons. I'm using caps to be the dials on my vest. Here's a screen on my vest so I can show movies. Ooh, stickers for buttons. This will be the power button. The dials will be an on-off switch. Print out a keyboard to put on your back. What is your robot name? My name is Boogie Bot. Here's the screen on my vest so I can show movies. I'm RoboKid 5000. Robot Dance Party.


Chavez started an irreversible revolutionary transformation, but to many Venezuelans, he was even more than that, he was a father, a friend, who made the poor visible, who dignified the elderly, people with disabilities and children. Do you know that he declared himself a feminist president? Since the beginning of his monumental political work, Chavez gave women a center role in the transformation of Venezuela, and we can see this today in times of great complexity and sacrifice, where Venezuelan women continue to the role as a historic vanguard in the unconditional defense of Venezuelan sovereignty and independence. The world is also a better place thanks to Chavez, he was a strong advocate for social justice and was the voice of the poor around the world, he wasn't afraid to speak truths to power, in fact, he was a key spoke person against the war in Afghanistan and Iraq, claiming that you cannot fight terrorism with more terror. Despite constant attacks from Washington, Chavez displayed a sense of solidarity to US citizens who could not afford heating oil in the winter or rely on the support of their own government or corporate social responsibility. He dreamed and encouraged us to believe in world peace and built it. People around the world are still inspired by Chavez leadership. We are. I am.


On a night where we could see that man crowned world champion Yarra Campbell is the only man who can stay in the world title hunt. We've lost Jason Krumpe, he hasn't qualified for the semi-finals and here we see the first semi-final. Tomasz Golub going off the inside in the red helmet. Nikki Pedersen goes off gate number two, Andrzej Jonsson is off gate three and Runa Holter is going to go off gate number four. Golub then off the inside in red, all the attention is on that man. No question about it, he's been in brilliant form once again tonight, really showing great composure. Will he make the start here Golub? He didn't quite make the start initially, but he got the speed into that first turn and he's done that many times today. Golub has the lead with Nikki Pedersen second, coming through into third in the yellow helmet, is Runa Holter with Andrzej Jonsson training in the back. Golub then looking in complete control after his first semi-final and looks to be heading through to yet another Grand Prix final. Andrzej looks terrific out in front, no question about that, Runa Holter steaming around the outside, he was all over the place earlier on and really finding it difficult, but Golub already is stretched to lead, but it's just going to be absolutely insurmountable. You know, he's looking terrific out in front, Pedersen settling in second place, can he make the second final on the bench? Wow, this race, Sam, the way that Golub is coming under control means that he could well be world champion within the next few minutes. Runa Holter has that third place, now it's a real battle for second third and the last place he goes. Jonsson locks up and almost takes Holter with him, sensational on the back. Runa Holter, he's going for the back, he's taken in by Pedersen on the ground, and they stayed on their bikes, that is sensational. Thomas Golub takes the victory and it's over to Yarra Campbell in the second semi-final. Yarra Campbell in yellow has to finish first or second here, otherwise Thomas Golub will be crowned world champion. Off the inside, Chris Harris in red, Greg Hancock goes off gate two in blue. Both those riders looking good for the top eight now for next season. And Zanderson goes off gate three in white, and Yarra Campbell going off the outside. He's picked through, watch on, remember he has to finish first or second, or that man will be world champion at the end of this race. Second semi-final, here in Terenzano, away from the start, they go and Hancock's got the lead early on. A superstar for the American and what could Hancock do in yellow now? Oh, Harris has come off the inside into second, Hancock's got third now. He has to pass Chris Harris, or Thomas Golub will be world champion. He'll be watching on in the pits as Hancock goes high and wide. The lead is with Greg Hancock, second place Chris Harris. At the moment, Thomas Golub, the man at the bottom right-hand side of your screen, will be the real world champion. He's been frustrated tonight, it's at speed, but he hasn't been able to get to the front. How do you split them from that picture? The referee is going to decide here, there's no question that Hancock, a yard after the line. He's definitely in front and on the line itself. We are hearing that Thomas Golub is the new world champion. We are hearing that Thomas Golub is the new world champion. We're just awaiting confirmation that Chris Harris has reached the final. Thomas Golub is the individual world speedway champion in the most traumatic of circumstances, because the result has been handed to Chris Harris in second. Yarra Campels and Thomas Golub is the champion of the world. Good morning, everybody. I'm very happy in today's world champion for me, in the 20 years in the race, in all weeks, all month, all year. You must win. Tonight I'm very happy and thank you for all team together in the working and my sponsors and everybody, thank you very much. 37 years has been a long time for Poland. It's very long, I'm sorry, 37 years and it's not got medal in Polish country. It's big difference. Tonight it's got medal in Poland. First world title for Thomas Golub, the celebrations will go on long into the night. There's the outgoing world champion, Jason Krupp. Congratulations, Thomas Golub. Thomas Golub in red, riding for the first time in his career as world champion. He's still got a job to do here to win the meeting. He'll be desperate for that, off the inside in red. Gate to his Greg Hancock, Micky Pedersen, gate three. Chris Harris off the outside and we can now officially say that three of these four riders are all world speedway champions. Yeah, Fabulous line up for the final tonight and there's no question that Golub will want to finish his style. Harris has been fantastic tonight. Some of the performances have been out of the top draw. Pedersen beginning to show much improvement. Away they go! And it's a good start from Chris Harris in yellow on the outside but Golub, the new world champion has just been passed by Hancock. Hancock the 1997 world champion has to lead. Thomas Golub is second, Chris Harris is third. Micky Pedersen training in the back. This promises to be some race now because you can be sure that Golub will be desperate to win on the night. Oh! Harris nearly collected him on the way through. He's got a brilliant somehow getting to the front up through a lap. Once again that's where he's been the majority of the night. He now settles out in front. Hancock now pressured by Harris from the outside to burps up from him. Yet Chris Harris passes Greg Hancock and now he's going to try and get after Thomas Golub. Here's Golub going to win his 20th victory in a Grand Prix. It's his 52nd final in his Grand Prix career. It's his 120th Grand Prix appearance tonight and here he is, sat on top of the world as the new world champion. Going into the last lap, Golub is going to win in style here tonight. Chris Harris well-behaved. Oh! Oh! Harris has had some speed as he ever down the back straight. Oh! Golub's had to respond in Chris Harris. He shakes Golub's hand. That was a heck of a race and Golub hangs on in there. Harris will be delighted to be running up here tonight. That is a real boost for his season. Greg Hancock was third and Nicky Penison at the back. Thomas Golub, six big points because your points count for double in the final of the Grand Prix. He wins the meeting and he scores 22 points.


don't think it was possible to crack him at that point he'd already made up his mind no matter what happened obviously from what we'd seen in court he wasn't going to say he did it he was going to fight he was going to fight to the end and he did it did work out so well for him but yeah but I agree with you I think the interrogator did a fantastic job and I comment his partner too because our compliment his partner as well because he did such a fantastic job of sitting there just lobbing little things in here and there just at the right time it's almost like you're baking something or cooking something you got to put stuff in just the right time and he would I thought he did a fantastic job and I think again it's a great study in illustrators and I've always used the OJ Simpson ones where he talks of any answers they don't land when they're supposed to these are so big and so huge where illustrators are landing where they're not supposed to and happen when they're when there's nobody when he's not saying anything but expecting him to be accepted as words or statements I think that's fantastic I'll be using that as well I'm pulling those things probably this week sometime to start using all right fellas I think this was a good one and I'll see you next time


The Jack Benny program, transcribed and presented by Lucky Strike. The cigarette that tastes better. Light up, Lucky. It's light of time. Be happy, go Lucky. It's light of time. For the taste that you like. Light up, Lucky Strike. Relax. It's light of time. This is Don Wilson, friends, and you know, the right time for a Lucky is any time you feel like enjoying a really great cigarette. The right place? Well, that's any place you happen to be at the time. It's true you can depend on a Lucky to give you better taste every time it's light of time. That's because of the truly fine tobacco that goes into every Lucky Strike cigarette. LS, MFT, Lucky Strike means fine tobacco. Tobacco that's light and mild and good tasting. And then that fine tobacco is toasted. Yes, before that naturally good tasting tobacco is made into Lucky Strike cigarettes, it's toasted to taste even better, cleaner, fresher, smoother. So when you buy your next pack or carton of cigarettes, remember, Lucky's taste better. And be happy, go Lucky. For the taste that you like. Light up a Lucky Strike right now. Light up a Lucky. It's light of time. The Lucky Strike program starring Jack Benny with Mary Livingston, Rochester, Dennis Day, Bob Crosby, and yours truly, Don Wilson. Ladies and gentlemen, tonight Jack Benny does another television show. But meanwhile, let's go back to yesterday morning at Jack's house in Beverly Hills. Rochester is just entering the kitchen to prepare Jack's breakfast. Oh gee, I'm still sleepy. I better get Mr. Benny's breakfast started. The first thing to do is light the gas. Well, now that the room has lit up, I better turn on the stove. I've got his arms used in the refrigerator and the coffee is on. What else should I make the boss?  I don't mind making the pancakes, but it's so much trouble if wouldn't he pluribus unumon them. Well, the griddle's hot, so I'll pour on the batter. Now, uh-oh, I forgot to take the cover off Polly's cage. Good morning, Polly. Do you feel better today? Stomach is still upset. Pancakes are just about ready. Hold still, Polly.  Look proud. Remember, you're posing for them. Good morning, Rochester. How much milk this morning? 12 quarts. And how much cream? Four pints. Let's see, that's 12 quarts of milk and four pints of cream. Uh-huh. Well, give them to me. That's a great cow Mr. Benny has. It sure is. Wait a minute, I'll get the stuff out of the refrigerator for you. You know, Rochester, it's against the city ordinance to keep a cow in Beverly Hills. Uh-huh. Well, how does Mr. Benny get away with it? He painted stripes on it and told everybody it was a pet zebra. Well, here you are. Let's see, I better carry Mr. Benny's breakfast up to him. Have I got everything on the tray? I wonder if I should bring him the morning paper or not. I better take a look at it first. Yeah, if I can take it to him, the stock market is up again. I'll never forget that day, the market crash in 1929. Mr. Benny cut his throat. But luckily, the iodine swallowed cured him. Good morning, Rochester. Yep, I got up a little early this morning. Well, here's your breakfast. Hey, this looks real good, Rochester. Oh, look at those pancakes. What's wrong? No date on them. Be a little more careful. I don't want to wind up an Alcatraz before you in pancakes. Oh, stop, I just want my food to look appetizing, that's all. This coffee is delicious. It's that new instant coffee. Instant coffee? Yeah, Mr. Coleman said it on his windowsill to cool and it was gone in an instant. Rochester, you shouldn't have done that.  What does she want to do, get kicked out of Beverly Hills? You know, Rochester, sometimes I think that... Want me to answer the door, Mr. Benny? No, you take the dishes back to the kitchen. I'll go to the door. Don't worry, then I can't sleep. I count my money instead of you. Then I fall asleep counting my money. Good afternoon, Mr. Benny. Why, Professor LeBlanc, I didn't expect you. I didn't know I was supposed to take a violin lesson today. You are not. I came over to talk to you. Certainly, Professor. What is it? Mr. Benny, I have a chance to play first violin for the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. Oh, that's wonderful, Professor. Is there anything I can do to help? Yes. Don't tell anyone I ever gave you violin lessons. Well, in other words, you want me to give you character references. Just tell them you don't know me at all. But Professor LeBlanc, a word for me might be very helpful. After all, I am a big star. Mr. Benny, in comedy circles, you are considered one of the biggest laugh getters in the country. Unfortunately, you are considered the same in music circles. Well, at least I can wish you luck. Thank you, Mr. Benny. When will you give me my next lesson? I am giving you no more violin lessons. We are through, finished. Well, Professor LeBlanc, I guess this is goodbye. Oui, Mr. Benny, au revoir. Oh, just a second, Professor. Our association has been such a long one, and now it seems to be terminating. So I'd like to give you this extra money as a little bonus. No, thank you, Monsieur. I'd like to remember you just the way you are. Well, you've taught me into it. Goodbye, Professor. Goodbye, Mr. Benny. Gee, I haven't practiced my violin in months. Well, I've got nothing to do today. Maybe I ought to start right now. O'Rochester. Yes, sir? I'm going to do a little practicing.  Your violin? But boss is broken. Broken? Yes, didn't I tell you?  And when I unpacked it, I found it was smashed. My violin smashed? Yes, sir. It's broken to bits. You'll never be able to play it again. Well, the Express Company will have to pay for it. Oh, they'll pay. Never mind. And not only will the Express Company pay for it, but so will the Insurance Company. What do you mean? Well, don't you remember when I told my agent I was going to play on my personal appearance tour? He suggested I take out accident insurance on my violin. No, no, boss. That was on you. On me? Yeah, don't you remember the blue cross turned you over to the red cross? And the red cross declared you a potential disaster. Well, look, it sent it out to be fixed right away. I want to get... Oh, hello, Don. Oh, Jack. Hello, fellas. Oh, for heaven's sake. Jack, the sportsman is going to be busy the rest of the week, so can you listen to the commercial now? Oh, sure, Don. Sure. Come on in the den. Would you like a cup of Coleman? I mean coffee? How about you, fellas? Oh, they have much time to do. Oh, come on in the den. Would you like a cup of Coleman? I mean coffee? How about you, fellas? Oh, they have much time to do. Oh, come on in the den. Would you like a cup of Coleman? How about you, fellas? Oh, they have much time, Jack, so we'll have to get right into the commercial, and I'm in a hurry, too. Well, how come? I've got to go to the doctor and have some x-rays taken. X-rays? What's the matter? Well, you see, coming over here just now when I crossed Sunset Boulevard, the traffic was very heavy, and I think I swallowed an MG. All right, Don. All right. I'll go along with your little joke. You can go to the doctor and have your x-rays. I'm sure if you swallowed an MG, it must be causing you quite a bit of pain. Oh, that's not what's worrying me, Jack. What? I want to find out if there was anyone in it.  So let's hear the song instead. Okay, fellas, hit it. Here's a clock that works all right. It works all right, but not exactly quite. Instead of going tick, tock, tick, the crazy clock goes tock, tick, tock. The experts come to here and see. Now, none of them can solve the mystery. We call Professor Einstein, too. He said there's nothing I can do, the man who made it rain and rain, because nobody could say why this silly clock behaves the hickory dickory way. It has a sink of pay to take, a steady rhythm really kind of slick. It has a beat that we all like, as pleasing as a lucky strike. It's light up time. Let's light up a lucky strike. It's light up time. Round and firm and fully packed. It's light up time. Better tasting, that's a fact. So let's light up a lucky, bump on a lucky strike. The smoke that you will. The taste that you will like. Come light up a good or lucky strike. If we just could find a rhyme. You know, we'd say, let's sell this MFT. That's a cigarette for you and me. Round and firm and... Right on the show. Ah, glad you liked it, Jack. Oh, say, before I run along, I was just thinking, if you're not doing anything, maybe we can play some golf this afternoon. Oh, I'm sorry, Don. I've got a date. You see, Dennis Day and I are going out on a picnic. Just the two of you? No, we're going with a couple of girls. Well, I hope you enjoy yourself. So long, Jack. So long. Say, look what time it is. Oh, Rochester. Yes, Mr. Benny? The Dennis Day call? Yes, sir, he's got a call and he won't be able to go on the picnic with you. How do you like that? And I made a date with these two girls. Gee, I don't know what to do. Now, who can that be? Hello, Jack. Hey, Bob. Bob Ho. Well, good to see you, Bob. Come on in. Okay, but tell me when 12 minutes are up, I'll only put a penny in your parking meter. Don't worry, I'll validate your ticket. Gee, it's nice you're dropping on me like this, Bob. Well, this isn't exactly a social visit. You mean you have some business to discuss with me? Yeah, Jack, I came over here about several big business deals. What are they? Well, I'd like you for a guest star in my television show, also my radio show. I want you to play a part in my next picture and I need three quarts of zebra milk. I appreciate your thinking of me, so you want me to do a picture with you, eh? Yeah, Jack, it's going to be a very exciting one. You and I play the part of two oil prospectors down in Texas. Say, that sounds good. Tell me something, Bob. Are the people down there really as rich as we keep hearing about them? Oh, they sure are. In fact, Texas is the only place in the world where they send care packages to Beverly Hills. Care packages to Beverly Hills. Oh, it's true. Down there, Howard Hughes has declared a vagrant. Bob, I meant to tell you, I read your book. Your new book, Have Tucks Will Travel. I read it. Say, that's... $350 for the cloth cover and $1 for the paper cover. That's your regular bookstore. How'd you like what I wrote about you, Jack? Well, it was very nice, Bob, but I felt that you could have devoted more space to me in your book considering the fact that I'm responsible for your success in pictures. How are you responsible for my success in pictures? Well, if I hadn't been so lousy, you wouldn't have gotten anywhere. I feel better. No, but I would have told you. You shouldn't talk that way about yourself, Jack. I think you're great in pictures. In fact, I think you're great in everything you do. Really, Bob? Yes, and that's not just my opinion. It's also the opinion of your writers who wrote this script. Hey, now, Jack, getting back to the picture, do you want to be in it with me? I guess so. What is it going to be called? The Road to Dallas. Hey, wait a minute. You make all of your old pictures with Bing Crosby. How come he's not going to be in this one? Well, as I told you, it's going to be made in Texas, and Bing is a little sensitive around about Texas since they turned him down. Turn him down for what? He wanted to buy it. Enough. I know. I know that Bing is loaded. I mean, he's got a lot of dough. But how could any one man buy the state of Texas? Gary's working now. Oh, yes, I forgot. Okay, Bob, it's a deal. Good. Well, I guess I'll be running along. So long, Bob. It was nice. Hey, wait a minute. Hmm? Bob, you can do me a big favor if you're not doing anything this afternoon. Not doing anything. I have a radio rehearsal. I have a script conference for my TV show. I have to go to a bookstore and autograph copies of Half-Tux Will Travel. I have to be interviewed for a fan magazine. I have costumes fittings for my picture. Oh, it's a shame you're so busy, Bob. You see, I have a date with two girls. Where do we pick them up? At their apartment. Now, we're late now, so I'll call the girls and tell them that you're coming instead of Dennis Day. Right on the phone, Mabel, was Mr. Benny Gertrude. He says Dennis Day can't come with us on the picnic. That's too bad. So he's bringing Bob Hope instead. That's even worse. What are you talking about? Well, I know a girl who's been out with Bob a couple of times, and she complained about that nose of his. And some knows he's got. Very economical. With Bob, a girl can get kissed and have her ears pierced at the same time. Bob and Jack. I kissed him once and it was awful. What's wrong with kissing Benny? Well, with his eyes and those thick glasses, you feel like you're studying a blue bottle fly under a microscope. What do you write about this day? How do I look? Okay. Are the seams in my stocking straight? This one is. And this one is. But this one isn't. We're arguing. We're supposed to wait in front of the house. Okay, I'm ready. We got a real nice day for the picnic. Oh, I gotta go back in. Why? We got the opener for the canned beer. Don't bother with Hope's nose. We won't need one. I'm the block. Wave to them. I think they see us.  Well, don't worry, Jack. The pleasure's all mine. Oh, look. Look, there are the girls we have the date with. Those? Those? Those? Wait a minute. Don't look so disappointed, Bob. I'll admit they're not exactly chickens. Oh, I don't know. The tall one has feathers growing out of her neck. Now look, Bob. Jack, are you sure we're taking those two on a picnic? Yes, why? They look more like something you'd find at a picnic. Bob, please act nice. Come on, I'll introduce you. Hello, Mabel. Hello, Gertrude. Hello, Jack. I'd like you to meet a friend of mine. This is Bob Ho. Hello, Bob. Hello, girls. Look, it's getting late. Now let's get started for the picnic. Hey, let's rest. I'm getting tired. Okay. Here's a couple of nice places where we can eat our food. Here under this tree or by that little stream. Well, let's eat here under the tree, fellas. It's safer. Why do you mean it's safer, Mabel? Well, in case something starts chasing us, we can climb the tree. What's going to chase us? Don't look at me. Come on. Let's just have some fun. Let's go waiting in the stream. Okay, Jack. Come on, Bob. Come on, Gertrude. Boy, what slow folks you are. I'm the first one to get my shoes and socks off. Hey, Mabel, look. Look what funny feed he has. Only five toes.  Gee, that's a big frog. It used to be a cow. This is silly. I'm getting out of it. Oh, I'm standing. The water's only three inches deep. Fire, I'm getting a chill. Okay, but I haven't got any matches. I haven't gotten any. I haven't gotten any either. How do we start the fire?  The feed he and everybody else has. Can you imagine being knife like that doing a benefit? I should have never come over to this network without taking shots. Look, that's all I have going on. I have my cigarette lighter here. I'll start the fire. Ah, that's better. Come on, let's see. We can start with sandwiches while the wieners are roasting. Oh, gee, this beer is good and cold. You see, Mabel, I told you we don't need a can opener. I don't miss Crosby at all tonight. One of those sandwiches, please. Here you are, Jack. Thanks.  Yeah, we certainly have a beautiful sunny day for our technique. That's right. Hey, you know, Jack, it's funny. What is? Well, here we are, two comedians, and between us we must have told millions of jokes about how it rains in California when it really doesn't. Yeah, but our listeners know that it's all in fun. If you're anyone who's ever been here, knows it never rains in California. If it did rain, what would be funny about telling all the jokes? That's the basic humor, the whole thing. I'll have another chicken sandwich, Mabel. So will I. You know, Jack, we should thank our lucky stars that we live in California. Yeah, well, our country. Well, it's about time we started back. Should we go get in the car? No, let's wait here till it floats by. We're downhill. Okay, here's the problem. Ladies and gentlemen, Jack will be back in just a moment to tell you about his television program. It goes on at 7 p.m. But first, let's hear that catchy, lucky strike light-up time tune again. Light up a lucky. It's light up time. Be happy, go lucky. It's light up time for the taste that you like. Light up a lucky strike. Relax. It's light up time. Yes, sir, when it's light up time for you, light up a lucky. You couldn't make a better choice. Here's why. Lucky strike is the cigarette of fine, light, naturally good tasting tobacco. Lucky strike means fine tobacco. And lucky strike is the cigarette that's toasted. Yes, it's toasted to bring lucky's naturally good tasting tobacco to its peak of flavor so that it tastes even better, cleaner, fresher, smoother. Fine tobacco, and it's toasted, add up to real deep down smoking enjoyment for you. So be happy, go lucky. Buy a carton and try them out. When you light up, I'll bet you find a lucky is the best tasting cigarette you ever smoked. For the taste that you like, light up a lucky strike. Right now. Light up a lucky. It's light up time. Ladies and gentlemen, I was going to tell you about my television show, but we're a little late so tune in and watch it. Good night, Bob. Good night, folks. Tonight's show tonight was written by Hansberg, John Takkeberry, Hal Goldman, Hal Gordon, and produced and transcribed by Hilliard Marks. Filter smokers, true tobacco taste, real filtration, famous Tarleton quality. They're all yours when you smoke filter tip Tarleton. Filter tip Tarleton gives you all the full rich taste of Tarleton's quality tobacco and real filtration, too. Because filter tip Tarleton incorporates activated charcoal, renowned for its unusual powers of selective filtration. Look for the red, white, and blue stripes on the package. They identify filter tip Tarleton, the best in filtered smoking. The Jack Benny program is brought to you by the American Tobacco Company, America's leading manufacturer of cigarettes.


All right, we have a final conversation for this morning. We're looking at the 2023 census of Nigeria. It will be the first national census held in the country since the 2006 census. I don't know if you remember the 2006 census. I remember it because I was part of the exercise. Over 190 billion there has been allocated for the 2023 exercise. The National Council of State, an organ of the federal government of Nigeria responsible for advising the executive on policy matters, last year made a resolution that Nigeria will hold its national population census in April 2023 after the general elections, which is slated for February and March in 2023. This is 17 years after the last census was held, like I said earlier, in August 2006 and according to Nasser Isakwara, who is the director general of the Nigerian Population Commission, the current data in use by the country is obsolete. We call it obsolete projections. Those are his words. Now in August last year, President Buhari at a national stakeholder summit on the 2023 population and housing census reiterated the importance of an accurate census next year, saying that the correct figures will help the country in planning for the citizens. Joining us this morning to discuss this, we have Suleyman Akande. He's a public affairs analyst. Vasum from Abuja, Suleyman Akande. Good morning to you. Thank you very much for your time. Good morning. Thank you for having me. All right. Why does Nigeria need another population census? I know we've had from the president and we've been talking about it since last year, but why does Nigeria need another population census? Yeah, um, census is as important as any first set of our capital human development, because this is the data that guides us on what we really need as a people and as a nation. Central, unlike any other thing, you know, we've had a lot of numerous what are evaluating data in Nigeria and people have argued that, okay, we have things like the national identification management scheme, the voters card, the international passport. All these are never enough if census data is not there for the government to use. Why census is important is that it allows government to plan, policy, budget, and even how to direct each of their programs and who to direct it to. As you rightly said earlier, our sensors, the last sensor was in 2006. You can see the number of years that we are right behind us. We are using the data as old as 2006 to make plans for ourselves, just like in every shopkeepers. If you have a shopkeepers, I have the number of ways he has in his stores. You need to keep in place what are those ways that are still available, what are those that are obsolete or obsolete and where they didn't need to also improve, what they didn't need to stock in among other things. Just like a father, a father that has one child in 2006 can be making the same plan with one child where by now he now has about five children to get up for. So, census data is very, very important for us, a people, so that we'll be able to plan on what we're spending. And not just only that, that is why you can see some of the developmental goals we have subscribed to as a nation, like the SDG. That is why it's not really serving its purpose. Because we're not really planning with the accurate data. You can see some of the figures that are out there. Some will tell you that we are 250 million, we are 300 million. Optional, we will not even give the accurate data that we are in the accurate population of the country. All are just based on projection. So, I must tell you that these census is coming at the very right time. And we really need it and it should really be an exercise that should be given all the seriousness. Why in your opinion has it taken this long, 17 years for Nigeria to have a national count? Yeah, I think it's just our normal ways of attending to issues. It should be a national issues. And I think just like someone says that without data, you're just like any other person out there. What that data does a lot to people, even in a small company or even a small family, having a good data even help everyone to plan. So, having it taking this long, I believe it's people actually some people have argued that the amount that is being a mark for the census is too much because we have other pressing issues. And as government, sometimes they will claim that although they are trying to prioritize other needs of the government that spending such amount of money on it is too much. But personally for me, that no amount is too much to know the number of people that live in a country so that we can have a better planning so a better planning and know what to do for each area of the country. The previous census in the country, they've been embroiled in controversy with most people believing the figures being put out by the government. I mean, of course, we're used to not knowing how many we are because we're still, we're a country of about 150 million people. We just, oh, I think now we've taken it up to about 180 million people, we always guess. And it'll give us a chance to know how many we have. But the controversy surrounding the exercise as simple as the census is real in this part of the world. Why do you think it's always a controversial subject and an exercise that people really, really come out to talk about in this way? We've talked about maybe trust, we can talk about issues of trust. It's usually controversial. A lot of people do not trust that the government may do the right thing. Why is it such a controversial subject census in Nigeria? Yeah, it will always be controversial because you remember in demography, we used to say that population itself is an asset. So people always try to aggregate a particular number to the asset so that when it comes to the sharing of maybe resources or allocation of resources, you always give more resources to a region or a place that have higher population. But sometime, the population is an asset. But at the same time, if that population, that those numbers are not converted into something meaningful, it will be an asset whereby to be a problem to the people. You remember there is a kind of, the figure in 2006 was contested by the Lagos state government. The Lagos state government even need to go ahead to conduct their own census and says that the figures roll out by the National Population Commission does not reflect the true population of Lagos state. And Lagos state came out with their own personal sensors and they came out with a figure. So likewise, but one good thing about this age and now is that in 2006 census, I think it's the first census that GPS and geospatial approach was also introduced to our population sensors and exercise. But in 2023 now, we have even a better technology to solve the issue of sensors. One good thing is that we can have a unique number allocated to each person. However, you have things like biometric fingerprint and everything. So it may even make it hard for people to allocate figures that are not the true reflection of what is on ground. So people do that naturally because you have something to boost up. That is, my state has social number of population who can use that to negotiate what will get to the table among other things. But I think MVC just need to at least improve for what we used to have before and have an exercise that will really reflect the true population of each state and each region. So you're saying it's a political tool that the population is political tool for sharing the national cake and you need to have more people if you want to have more of a cake. I don't know if you're confident that we can have because now all I see from what you're saying is corruption, the age old corruption, the way have been used to in this country finding its way into something as simple as counting how many people are in the room, something how many houses are in the country. That's that and corruption has entered because of greed. In 2006 I was a happened to have the privilege to be part of the census exercise from the MVC angle. And I remember that it was a particular local government area in a particular ward where after going through the training or by MVC officials or MVC took some persons, you know ad hoc staff and trained them, they were meant to go do the enumeration accounting proper after doing the training and all that and lo and behold from nowhere they were told this those the enumerators were told that oh you can't go ahead and do the count. The community people they ward and the locality the village villagers themselves they have people that are going to come and do it that's what we had you know as a matter of fact I remember clearly that a particular counselor from that local government was always coming for the trainings and coming for the programs because then I was involved in one way or the other and it was always coming around and at the end of the day people who government spent money to train did not even do the counting they took people from the local government indigents they were insisting they must be allowed to count you know so are you confident that 2023 will be different from trade 2006 where a state like Kano ended up having more people than legal state? Yeah that is why I said MVC should at least all be again this time around with this all happen there is cultural differences to every national exercise who must establish that fact first that is if you go to if you go to a conservative society whereby you can just budding to be pushed out and start doing exercise you must be able to get someone from that locality that really understand the integrity and how the environment works so number one is this MVC needs to do a kind of cultural analysis of our fears as it do as it has to apply to other each day and I say fortunately now I think part of the I think I heard in a MVC report part of the exercise would be that we always link the population sensor to also the NIN wherever you have a unique identity code and we must not also forget census is not people it has to also be that household housing deficit socio-economic living condition of people among among other things so things like that need to also be work on they have an existing data to work on you mark all that data then you also have something new to do learn from the lesson of the past whereby you have people that are really don't miss out in that community to do it but we have taken also I understand that if you ask people to in a community to do it this can also be a kind of they can abuse that privilege but with technology in place you can use this to also checkmate any anomaly or any new introduction that could be made to also the data yeah that's what happened in 2006 should not repeat itself whereby states would have to come out and say that no this is not the reflection of our data so we should have an exercise that every Nigeria will agree with and say oh NPC has done a very great job do we need to have some sort of you know input from the international community to ensure fairness in such an exercise so that we don't see some part of the country rejecting the figures at the end of the day sure there's nothing wrong with that they can serve as an observer and they can also serve as a maybe a kind of in address capacity that is advising the Nigerian government on their experience in other parts of the world on what to do and how to do it I almost understand one thing there is also the kind of land mass immigration if you have a place whereby just like you said in the last exercise I remember in places like and I was in a Yobi around around that time so moving from one particular place to another is also very very hard and how do you assist people in the interland how do you assist people in the riverine area how do you do this how I'm on god that is so we should understand that it is an exercise that is very very capital intensive it is also it also need a lot of personnel it need a lot of technical know-how and it also need a lot of commitment from the all just look at what happened in 2006 I think sometime it's happened in the weekend well the question is this will you take the sensors during weekdays most and they do that they I think they do that during weekend sometime or should what should we declare if national public already for a whole week to take sensors all these are question NPCs we answer or should we just have it in weekend they don't or also have it during the weekdays number two is this we have people that the state of residence different from state of origin are you getting that so that shouldn't be a problem but we need to a kind of uh match these uh interest to get that so that I can reflect what really exists so in places like in Lagos now whether you have a lot of population so how do you deploy people to make sure that these people are count and counted when will you have to are you coming in the morning to do that are you coming in the evening which time is best to meet people at home and in their location so all these are questions that need to be answered before the exercise comes in we haven't noticed the population sensors with the population and housing sensors do you foresee this you know yes sensors given Nigeria some sort of way to data to help it solve the housing deficit problem in the country yes it is um very big it is it is coming at the very right time as you remember we have a very big out there housing deficit in this part of the world and if we can use that type of exercise it will come in handy to solve the problem the problem is that I used to my argument has always been this it is not even the problem of housing deficit it is that kind of housing affordability some of these houses are run from to Abuja here the houses are there but people cannot afford it even the rural urban migration is causing what we refer to as urban poor so if we can have a population that is a population and housing consensus that's a comparison we'll be able to also know that the social economic condition of every Nigerians what type of housing should we provide for them and what type of housing can they afford so that you can aggregate between their income and the type of housing they could access so as you rightly said I see it at least it will solve our housing deficit problem oh very interesting indeed I would like to leave it at that Suleyman Akande a public affairs analyst thank you very much for your time this morning thank you for having me all right and we look forward to successful 2023 national housing and population census with the figures that will have a very very good effect on the Nigerian economy and the state of affairs generally generally rather in the country all right please follow us on the social media platforms of plus tv africa on twitter facebook instagram and youtube and indeed a plus tv africa lifestyle is our second youtube account you can also search for our website where we update regularly news stories by the minute my name is kofi Bartels on behalf of the entire team the crew here uh camera men technical staff production staff uh from our studios right here in victoria island because thank you for your time i'll be back tomorrow good morning


Good evening everyone and welcome. This is Melissa Arma with the Stock Swoosh And I'm here looking at the Amazon earnings that is happening right now live 521 Eastern Time and what is Amazon doing? Gapping up as Melissa Arma predicted, which is me and What did I say? What did I say this morning at 1015 Eastern Time and as well at 330 when I looked at the chart again right before the close right before the earnings announcement happened And remember I have no information about any of this stuff other than the chart Okay, and yet I make these predictions and they turn out to be true. I Predicted that Amazon would gap up. I also predicted would gap up over $500. I said the target was 550 dream target 575 Now it's it did it. I mean it absolutely did it and actually Amazon today Okay at the close of business it closed at 482 18 Okay, you see this here. So the stock closed at 482 18. Let's just say that you took a thousand shares of that Let's just say that you could all right You wouldn't be up right now Well, it's not quite a hundred dollars. It's not quite. It's like shy a hundred dollars by like 15 bucks You'd be up like $75 now. So let's just put this into perspective if you had to take in a thousand shares long of Amazon As an equity trade you'd be up 75 grand right now and how long did it take you to make that money a millisecond? Actually, well it ran up here in three minutes right up to 558 Didn't quite get up here. It is 575 right there, but it really I said 575 for the dream target 573 45 cents that's pretty darn close people and I also predicted the gap So again, I'm very good at reading money in the market. I'm very good at predicting things before they happen How do you make money in the market by being able to predict something before it happens? Because it doesn't even matter if you're getting the trade after the fact you cannot make money after the move is gone You could not make money after the fact So I have a 26 point rating system that I teach in a class which teaches how to train the gap Whether it's a bullish gap or a bearish gap, although I prefer to short, but as you can see here I can call longs just as well as shorts and you would really actually You know This is just I mean, I wonder what the room is gonna say tomorrow I mean, I have made a couple calls like this this year actually Amazon Google Netflix the market I have made some phenomenal cause this year This is just gonna go right into the pot of all of them where I look at something and I say no chance of failure NCOF and I said that about Amazon this morning No chance of failure doesn't gap up and no chance of failure that doesn't gap up over $500 and this is something that is above and beyond the gap course that I teach This is me. This is Melissa Armum my ability to be able to read money in the market My ability to be able to be read something before it happens Okay, which I which I share with people the traders in my room You right now in this video and I did the video earlier today where I made the prediction I have a gift to do this and I am sharing it with people through video and Television mediums and you really it can learn a lot from me about how money moves to the market Specifically in reference to gaps If you want to make money you have to get the momentum in the stock and in the right direction And you've got to be able to take it before it happens So this is Melissa Armel with the stocks whoosh just reviewing the Amazon call here tonight Phenomenal call by me just amazing because the fact that I actually predicted the direction of the gap and the numbers and And it just it's got to the dream target. I mean, it's basically there I mean 575 is like within $1.50 of where it just ran up to and also it's not over tonight And he knows where I'll be tomorrow morning. I'm not even gonna think about that right now But the fact is that this was a beautiful call in a beautiful move Some people probably did options in it before I closed out the room on the prediction that I made that it would gap up I'll have to find out tomorrow morning But it's one of these things where to see something ahead of time this far this this in advance This far in advance without any information other than the chart is Phenomenal because many people when they're predicting things that our analysts are looking at fundamentals and other Information to make predictions reading reports and going over the financials. I don't do any of that I don't do any of that at all that plays no factor in anything. I do in the predictions that I make I'm able to make these predictions based on my price analysis and my 26-point golden gap reading system and and I can do it and I do it and I do it every day And this is why people are in the live room with me making money And this is why people are taking my class and making money and this is why I have a successful business And this is why I'm also a successful trader So have a great night everyone if you'd like more information on the next golden gap class It's August 1st and 2nd email me at Melissa at the stocks wish calm and have a great evening everyone


O'r llefnodau credu i'r hollai, o'r llefnodau credu i'r hollai, o'r llefnodau credu i'n credu ploedd. Yn yr holl ydym ni wedi'w ddweud drwy'r holl yn cael gwybod y mi yn mynd ysbyty. O, some people have come back to me and quite rightly and said when Ted Bowlee was buying Chelsea during every day they were quiet noisy, you know, American takeovers genuinely tend to be noisy, they want to push the chest out and all that, I don't know whether that's what's happening there, but they seem to be they were the only ones who have put the head above the parapet, we've had another story this morning saying that Felly, os rydw i mor gael, ar y cynghwyliedig gyda cynghwyliedig gyda fod yn ystod, rydw i gael cymryd yna, a'r cymryd yn ei gilydd, yn y gweithio'r cynghwyliedig. A'r cymryd yn ei gilydd ar y cyfan, ac mae'n bwysig, a mae'n bwysig i'n fyddi ar gyflogu. Ond oes, rydych chi'n gweithio'r gwaith o'r ddweud ei gweithio'r gwaith o'r gwaith? Rydw i'n fwy i'n gweithio'r gwaith o'r gwaith o'r gwaith o'r gwaith? Mae, ond ychydig, ond y gallwn i'r pleiddiad i'r ddysgol o'r ffordd. Gweithio ei fod yn ymddangos arall y ddysgol a'r ddau.  A'r cwrsau, mae'n cwrsau fel y byd ar hyn oherwydd, ond mae'r cwrsau yw 90-94, sy'n effeithi cyfrifiadau, a oes yn gallu chawch. ac mae'n rhaid i roi. If that was the case it would just be happening. You don't feel the need to say, oh, we hope it's going to happen within the next three weeks. Why in the next three weeks? Why not tomorrow? You know, if you've got far ahead on the hook that says... Cos you're supposed to have a heads of terms that says we'll buy it off you for X, subject two, and then far ahead go and have a look then. Right, go and have a look. But we're still getting one side briefing really. I don't know why they're doing it to be honest, but if it's an Americanism, it's an Americanism. I'm not saying that is, I'm just saying that's what people are looking for. Yeah, but I mean, the other one was worldwide sort of exposure and it was for four and a half billion or whatever it was, dollar wise you know. So I still stand with the view that others are interested and if we're not progressing more than one in parallel, at the football club, perhaps far ahead is, and I don't know about the timing of these things, but it tends to smack off, you know, it's all gone a bit quiet, I mean for the consortium, and trying to publicly put pressure on the guy they're trying to buy from to move it along.  Why share that? I think if I'm far ahead, this consortium has just told me they're prepared to wait two or three weeks for an answer. So watch the rest of this video and to access exclusive live content, scan the QR code or click the link in the description to join us over on Patreon.